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3,212,635,537,506 | arxiv | \subsection{Proof of Lemma~\ref{lem:PIocn}}
\section{PSPACE-hardness} \label{sec:pspace-hard}
Recall that a language is \emph{definite\xspace} if it is a finite Boolean combination of languages of the form $w\Sigma^*$, for $w \in \Sigma^*$.
In this section we prove the following result which, in particular, i... |
3,212,635,537,507 | arxiv | \section*{Abstract}
{\bf
The study of non-equilibrium dynamics of many-body systems after a quantum quench received a considerable
boost and a deep theoretical understanding from the path integral formulation in imaginary time.
However, the celebrated problem of a quench in the Luttinger parameter of a one dimensional ... |
3,212,635,537,508 | arxiv | \subsection{Computational Complexity}
We first analyze the computational complexity of a Massive MIMO base
station. Figure~\ref{fig:proc_dist} shows a high-level block diagram
of the signal processing for an OFDM-based massive MIMO system. Other
modulation options can be used, and single-carrier schemes may be
preferr... |
3,212,635,537,509 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Computing perturbative scattering amplitudes in gauge theories is a key tool in confronting
theories of particle physics with experimental results and there is considerable demand for new predictions particularly
at ``Next-Next-Leading Order'' (NNLO)~\cite{Bendavid:2018nar,Azzi:2019yne}.
Am... |
3,212,635,537,510 | arxiv |
\section{Results at other redshifts}
\label{app:red}
In figure \ref{fig:otherz} we show the ratios of both the 1D and 3D
flux power spectra for the {\it massive} and {\it rescaled} simulations
at redshifts $z=4.5, 3.5, 2$.
We have matched the mean flux
and temperature at mean density. The ratios of the 1D and 3D flu... |
3,212,635,537,511 | arxiv | \section{Low-energy limit of the four-band model Hamiltonian of a type-II Weyl semimetal}
\label{4band_derivation}
The dispersion along the $k_z$-axis (for $k_x=k_y=0$) of the four-band Hamiltonian \eqref{Hmodel} is given by
\begin{align}
E^{\rm high}_\pm &= \pm b \pm \sqrt{(2t-\mu)^2+t^2+2t(2t-\mu)\cos k_z}, \\
E^{\r... |
3,212,635,537,512 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Modification of general relativity is a viable explanation for current
cosmic acceleration and has several further predictable consequences
beyond the expansion history, such as the change in large scale structure
growth relative to the expansion history, change in light deflection
behavior,... |
3,212,635,537,513 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Attacking a machine learning model with adversarial perturbations is the process of making changes to its input to maximize an adversarial goal, such as mis-classification \cite{Szegedy2013IntriguingPO} or mis-translation \cite{zhao2018generating}.
These attacks provide insight into the vulner... |
3,212,635,537,514 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Following the discovery of topological insulators~\cite{RevModPhys.82.3045,RevModPhys.83.1057}, the search for novel symmetry-protected topological phases of quantum matter has become one of the central themes in condensed matter physics. Topological crystalline insulators (TCIs)~\cite{PhysRevLe... |
3,212,635,537,515 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Person re-identification (ReID) aims at matching persons of the same identity across multiple camera views. Recent works in ReID mainly focus on three settings, \ie, fully-supervised~\cite{zhang2020relation,zheng2019joint,zhou2019omni}, fully-unsupervised~\cite{lin2019bottom, lin2020unsupervis... |
3,212,635,537,516 | arxiv | \section{\label{s:intro}Introduction}
One of the most remarkable achievements of the past decade concerns the advent of experimental studies in ultracold fermionic atom gases of the crossover from the regime of Bardeen-Cooper-Schriffer (BCS) weakly bound Cooper pairs to the regime of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) o... |
3,212,635,537,517 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and Main Results}
In view of the well-known Riemann mapping theorem in classical complex analysis,
the unit disk $\mathbb{D}=\{z\in\mathbb{C}:\,|z|<1\}$ is usually considered
as a standard domain. The analytic functions such as convex, starlike, and close-to-convex
functions defined in the unit ... |
3,212,635,537,518 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Direct laser subwavelenght micromachining is currently a challeging topic. Photonic jets have already demonstrated the ability to reduce the laser etching size beyond the diffraction limit using micro--beads \cite{Abdurrochman,Munzer,Wu,Guo,Grojo,Mcleod} or more recently using shap... |
3,212,635,537,519 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The recent calculations of nucleon parton distributions within
the chiral quark soliton model (CQSM) exclusively utilizes the so-called
Pauli-Villars regularization scheme [1-6]. This is to be contrasted with the
fact that most of the past calculations of the nucleon static observables
were carr... |
3,212,635,537,520 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Recent prevalent pre-trained language models such as ELMo~\citep{Peters2018DeepCW}, BERT~\citep{Devlin2018BERTPO}, and XLNet~\citep{Yang2019XLNetGA} achieve state-of-the-art performance for a diverse array of downstream NLP tasks.
An interesting area of research is to investigate the interpret... |
3,212,635,537,521 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
String theory is a powerful and multifaceted formalism for studying topics in physics and pure math. Included among the subjects encompassed by the formalism are formulations of string theory based on the field $\mathbb{Q}_p$ of $p$-adic numbers.
The notion of $p$-adic string theory was introdu... |
3,212,635,537,522 | arxiv | \section{Introduction \label{sec:introduction}}
Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) offer an attractive framework for model building beyond the Standard Model (SM). Fermion unification in the large GUT representations, on top of gauge coupling unification, makes them a natural environment for addressing the flavour puzzle, i... |
3,212,635,537,523 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Many laboratory experiments exist today to search for or otherwise strongly constrain deviations from Newtonian gravity on submillimeter scales
\cite{Adelberger:2003zx,Will:2014kxa,Burrage:2016bwy,Burrage:2017qrf}. These often give tight bounds on the parameters of hypothetical Yukawa fifth forc... |
3,212,635,537,524 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Information gathering using mobile robots in dangerous or hard-to-access environments has significantly improved humanity's ability to understand our world~\cite{Cliff-RSS-15,dunbabin2012robots}. Research in improving the capabilities of these robots has largely focused on automating low level fu... |
3,212,635,537,525 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
One critical step for cancer diagnosis and treatment is pathologists' analysis of histological glass slides obtained from a patient's tissue sections to identify evidence of tumor patterns and determine the diagnosis (\eg benign {\em vs.} malignant) and grade based on medical guidelines.
Such... |
3,212,635,537,526 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recent years have seen significant interest in the study of theoretical and experimental aspects of optomechanical systems~\cite{aspelmeyer2014cavity}. In particular, the reported achievements of ground-state cooling~\cite{chan2011laser,teufel2011sideband,delic2020cooling} as well as the entan... |
3,212,635,537,527 | arxiv | \section{Introduction \label{sec:intro}}
High energy physics theories for dark energy causing the accelerated
expansion of the universe face issues of naturalness -- why is the
current dark energy density measured so different from the initial
conditions of the high energy, early universe, and how is the current
l... |
3,212,635,537,528 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{section1}
The inner\footnote{Here the term ``inner'' refers to objects distributed inside the Sun's galactocentric distance} Milky Way (MW) contain a significant population of globular clusters (GCs) with a wide range of metallicities ($-2.37<$ [Fe/H] $\lesssim0$; \citealt{Harris1996}, 2... |
3,212,635,537,529 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Given a graph $G$, Postnikov defined a graph associahedron $P_G$ as an example of a \emph{generalized permutohedron}, a polytope whose normal fan coarsens the braid arrangement \cite{postnikov:2009permutohedra}. Graph associahedra were also introduced independently in \cite{carr.devadoss:2006cox... |
3,212,635,537,530 | arxiv | \section{Approach rationale}
Safe Interactive Model-Based Learning (SiMBL) aims to control a deterministic dynamical system:
\begin{equation} \label{eq:ode}
x(t+1) = x(t)+ dt\ f(x(t), u(t)),\quad y(t) = x(t),
\end{equation}
where $x$ is the state and $y$ are the measurements, in this case assumed equivalent. The s... |
3,212,635,537,531 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
Recently there has been considerable progress in understanding the notion of
ellipticity on noncompact manifolds and manifolds with singularities. For a
wide class of manifolds, ellipticity conditions for operators were established
and the corresponding finiteness theorems\footnote{Stating that... |
3,212,635,537,532 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Gabidulin codes \cite{Gabidulin_TheoryOfCodes_1985} can be seen as the analogs of Reed--Solomon (RS) codes in rank metric.
There are several efficient decoding algorithms up to half the minimum rank distance.
However, in contrast to RS codes, there is no polynomial-time decoding algorithm beyond ... |
3,212,635,537,533 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Galactic globular clusters (GCs) are key to improving our understanding the formation and evolution of our Galaxy. In most GCs, stars are formed over a very short time span and with very similar compositions in most chemical elements \citep{Bastian18}, and they are all at the same distance from... |
3,212,635,537,534 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The purpose of this paper
is to prove the following theorem
and explain its context.
\begin{theorem}\label{twoconj}
Suppose $\mathcal{R}$ is a dense subring of $\mathbb{R}$,
$A$ is a primitive matrix over $\mathcal{R}$ and
$B$ is a matrix over $\mathcal{R}$ which is shift equivalent
over $\ma... |
3,212,635,537,535 | arxiv | \section{Appel and Jonqui\`{e}re Integrals}\label{sec1}
The polylogarithm $\Li_{s}(x)$ is defined by the power series
\begin{equation}\label{sec1-eq1}
\Li_{s}(x)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{x^n}{n^{s}}.
\end{equation}
The definition is valid for all complex values $s$ and all
complex values of $x$ such that $|x|<1$. T... |
3,212,635,537,536 | arxiv | \section{Introducción}
Una de las maneras de estudiar el clima es por medio de modelos numéricos computacionales. Aquellos modelos que toman como sistema de estudio toda la atmósfera del planeta se les llama Modelos de Circulación General (MCG). Éstos son útiles para analizar y prever el comportamiento y tendencia glob... |
3,212,635,537,537 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Ising model conveys, in its simplicity, a richness of
physical information which makes it relevant as a model for
critical phenomena in different instances (ferromagnetic materials,
lattice gas, binary alloys).
The model is also paradigmatic of a common situation in
statistical physics sinc... |
3,212,635,537,538 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recent advances in deep learning (DL) architectures have improved accuracy in many domains, but
they typically come at the cost of much higher model sizes. Natural language processing (NLP) is now
awash with multi-billion parameter models such as BERT-Large~\cite{devlinBert},
GPT-3~\cite{brown... |
3,212,635,537,539 | arxiv | \section{\@startsection{section}{0}{\z@}{5.5ex plus .5ex minus
1.5ex}{2.3ex plus .2ex}{\large\bf}}
\def\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{1}{\z@}{3.5ex plus .5ex minus
1.5ex}{1.3ex plus .2ex}{\normalsize\bf}}
\def\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{2}{\z@}{-3.5ex plus
-1ex minus -.2ex}{2.3ex plus .2ex}{... |
3,212,635,537,540 | arxiv |
\subsection{Generation of equations}\label{sec:gener-gas-equat-1}
In order to generate gas equations (GE), we need to define the EVM gas
model, which is obtained by encoding the specification of the gas
consumption for each EVM instruction as provided in \cite{yellow}. The
EVM gas model is complex and unconventiona... |
3,212,635,537,541 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
More or less attached to the name of Kurt Mahler (1903-1988), there are at least two celebrated unsolved problems:
\begin{itemize}
\item Lehmer's problem on algebraic numbers
\item The lower bound for the volume product of convex bodies.
\end{itemize}
The celebrity of these two problems co... |
3,212,635,537,542 | arxiv |
\section{INTRODUCTION}\label{intro}
In recent years there have been tremendous advances in the area of wireless networking, sensing, computing, and control.
These advances are revolutionizing the role and importance of wireless control networks in various areas, such as Cyber-Physical Systems ... |
3,212,635,537,543 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Complex reflection groups}
Let ${V}$ be a complex vector space of dimension $n$. A {\it pseudo-reflection} is a non-trivial element $r$ of $\GL({V})$ that acts trivially on a hyperplane, called the reflecting hyperplane of $r$. Let $W$ be a finite subgroup of $\GL({V})$ generated by p... |
3,212,635,537,544 | arxiv | \section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}{-3.5ex plus -1ex minus
-.2ex}{2.3ex plus .2ex}{\large\sc}}
\def\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}{-3.25ex plus -1ex minus
-.2ex}{1.5ex plus .2ex}{\normalsize\sc}}
\makeatother
\makeatletter
\@addtoreset{equation}{section}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{\thesection.... |
3,212,635,537,545 | arxiv | \part[Results of top quark production in heavy ion collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = $ 5.02 TeV and 8.16 TeV with CMS\\ \phantom{x}\hspace{4ex}\it{Luis F. Alcerro on behalf of the CMS Collaboration}]{}
\section{Introduction}
The top quark was discovered in 1995 by the D0 \cite{D0:1995jca} and CDF \cite{CDF:1995wbb} Colla... |
3,212,635,537,546 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{Int}
We prove estimates on the time and space regularity of solutions to porous medium equations
\begin{align}\label{pme_sys}
\begin{pdeq}
\partial_tu-\Deltau^{[m]} &= S && \text{in } (0,T)\times \mathbb{R}^d,\\
u(0)&=u_0 && \text{in } \mathbb{R}^d
\end{pdeq}
\end{align}
where ... |
3,212,635,537,547 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A terminology has developed which names a one extreme
of the distribution of Seyfert galaxies
narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLSy1s), loosely defined as having
FWHM H$\beta <2000$ km/s; \verb+[+O{\sc iii}\verb+]+/H$\beta\
< 3$, and strong Fe{\sc ii} emission. These Seyfert galaxies
appea... |
3,212,635,537,548 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction\label{s1}}
\noindent Throughout this paper $H,V$ are two separable Hilbert spaces over $\mathbb C$ such that $V$ is
densely and continuously embedded into $H$ (we write $V \underset d \hookrightarrow H$).
We denote by $(\cdot \mid \cdot)_V$ the scalar product and $\|\cdot\|_V$ the norm
... |
3,212,635,537,549 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The precise characterization of the Comic Microwave Background (CMB) polarization will provide a wealth of information in addition to the {\it Planck} satellite CMB temperature measurement~\cite{planck_collaboration_planck_2016}. It will help to further constrain the $\Lambda \rm CDM$ cosmologic... |
3,212,635,537,550 | arxiv | \section{}
In a spin-singlet superconductor under an applied
magnetic field, when the Pauli depairing effect dominates over the orbital depairing effect,
spatially modulated superconducting order parameter
is stabilized.\cite{LO,FF}
It has been discussed recently that this inhomogeneous superconducting state called
... |
3,212,635,537,551 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
As the largest gravitationally bound structures in the universe, galaxy clusters are an important cosmological probe. For example, they can be used to test cosmological models by constraining parameters such as $\sigma_8$ or the dark energy equation of state via cluster abundan... |
3,212,635,537,552 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The functioning of organisms on the molecular level is a research topic of
increasing attention. Survival and reproduction requires an autonomous
regulation of chemical concentrations in the living cell. Modeling such
regulatory dynamics, various mathematical approaches have been studied, from... |
3,212,635,537,553 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Over the last few years, statistical physics has increasingly contributed useful tools and valuable insight into
many emerging interdisciplinary fields of science \cite{oli99,wei00,sta06}.
In particular, many efforts have focused recently on the mathematical modeling
of a rich variety of socia... |
3,212,635,537,554 | arxiv |
\subsection{Cloud Software Infrastructure}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\subfloat[]{
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{figures/google_redraw.pdf}
\label{fig:google}
}
\subfloat[]{
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{figures/facebook_redraw.pdf}
\label{fig:facebook}
}
\caption{(a) Google and (b) Facebook software ... |
3,212,635,537,555 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A binary code $C$ of length $n$ over the finite field $\mathbb{Z}_2$ is a subset of $\mathbb{Z}_{2}^{n}$. If $C$ is a vector subspace of $\mathbb{Z}_{2}^{n}$, then we call this
code is linear. A quaternary code $\mathcal{C}$ is a subset of $\mathbb{Z}_{4}^{n}$ and it is said to be linear if i... |
3,212,635,537,556 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The celebrated particle observed by the ATLAS \cite{atlas} and the
CMS \cite{cms} Collaborations at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in July 2012
is mostly consistent with the standard model (SM) Higgs boson
than any other extensions of the SM \cite{Cheung:2013kla,Cheung:2014noa},
at least
in t... |
3,212,635,537,557 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Early spectroscopic studies of galaxies showed that profiles of emission lines could present asymmetries, shoulders, or double peaks \citep[e.g.]{heckman81,pelat80,glaspey76,seyfert43}. These features come from the light of several gaseous systems with different kinematics that is integrated alo... |
3,212,635,537,558 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Text-based emotion detection and classification has a long-lasting history of research~\cite{alm2005emotions}. It is to become increasingly important in the area of machine learning with the increasing emphasis on assistants as frontline interactions for service design. Such assistantship is be... |
3,212,635,537,559 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:level1}Introduction}
The $f$-electron state is a main driver of the chemistry and physics in actinide-based intermetallics, and influences properties ranging from the functional (e.g., crystal structure/density, melting temperature, and thermal conductivity) to the exotic (e.g., unconventional super... |
3,212,635,537,560 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{section:introduction}
Dispersive partial differential equations
have been extensively studied in mathematical research.
Many studies have paid attention to real or
complex-valued functions as solutions to these equations.
However, some nonlinear dispersive partial differential
e... |
3,212,635,537,561 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Dense packings of hard spheres are an important starting point for
the study of simple liquids, metallic glasses, colloids, biological
systems, and granular matter \cite{Bernal,Finney,Scott,Jodrey,
Tobochnik, Lubachevsky, Torquato2005,chaudhuri10}. Of particular interest
is the densest poss... |
3,212,635,537,562 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Bekenstein-Hawking area-entropy law $S_{\rm BH}=\text{Area}/4$ strongly suggests that black holes admit a dual description as a quantum system with $e^{S_{\rm BH}}$ microstates.
A natural question is then: \textit{Where in the bulk geometry do these microstates reside?}
Of course, there may ... |
3,212,635,537,563 | arxiv | \section{Background}
\label{sec:bg}
In this section, we describe the read and write paths involved in a key-value store, and the anti-entropy protocols which are used to implement eventual consistency by reconciling divergent distributed replicas.\XSpace{ Readers familiar with key-value store system internals can skip ... |
3,212,635,537,564 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\begin{abstract}
The efficiency and operating range of a photonic crystal laser is improved by passivating the InGaAs quantum well (QW) gain medium and GaAs membrane using an (NH$_4$)S treatment. The passivated laser shows a four-fold reduction in nonradiative surface recombination rate, resulti... |
3,212,635,537,565 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Magnetoelectric multiferroic materials which exhibit simultaneously ferroelectric and
magnetic order are promising for new generation of random access memories (RAM), where
the information can be written by electric field and read non-destructively by magnetic
sensing. Such memories avoid the we... |
3,212,635,537,566 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Efficient modeling and control of complex systems in the presence of
uncertainties is important for modern engineering. This is
especially true in the domain of intelligent systems that are
designed to operate in uncertain environments. Uncertainties in such
systems are usually quantitative rela... |
3,212,635,537,567 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and main results}
The motion of particles in an ideal fluid in $\mathbb R^3$ is described by its velocity field $\mathbf{v}(\boldsymbol x,t)$ which satisfies the Euler equation
\begin{align}\label{1-1}
\begin{cases}
\partial_t\mathbf v+(\mathbf v\cdot \nabla)\mathbf v=-\nabla P,
\\
\n... |
3,212,635,537,568 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Any realistic quantum computer has errors. Principally these errors
come in two varieties: random decoherence and systematic errors.
Systematic errors can arise from imperfections and inhomogeneities
in the construction or implementation of demanding experiments. Both
systematic errors and error... |
3,212,635,537,569 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
$\AT$-free graphs are those that do not have an asteroidal triple
\,\textemdash\, that is \,\textemdash\,
$\AT$-free graphs do \,not\, have
three vertices \:of \,which \,every pair is connected by a path \,that
\,avoids \,the \,neighborhood \,of \,the \,third.
\bigskip
Broersma \,et al.~... |
3,212,635,537,570 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In recent decades, micro- and nanomechanical systems have attracted widespread interest in science and technology \cite{Cleland_2003, Schmid_2016}.
They constitute outstanding sensors for force \cite{reinhardt_ultralow-noise_2016
, mass \cite{Chaste_2012}, radiation \cite{Yi_2013}, and temperat... |
3,212,635,537,571 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
With increasing urbanization, traffic congestion is a significant and costly problem \cite{guerrini2014traffic,mcnew2014}.
While early works proposed to optimize traffic light controllers based on expert knowledge and traditional model-based planning \cite{porche1999adaptive,gershenson2004self,co... |
3,212,635,537,572 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Graphene is a two dimensional sheet that constitutes the building unit of all graphitic forms of matter, such as graphite, carbon nanotubes and carbon fibers. Lee etal. (\cite{Leeetal2008}) use a nanoidentation experiment in an atomic force microscope to measure the elastic properties and intr... |
3,212,635,537,573 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
There are two classes of models proposed for the formation of massive stars (e.g., Krumholz 2005). The first posits that massive stars are assembled in a manner analogous to their lower mass counterparts: from infalling material located in a rotating protostellar core channeled starward through ... |
3,212,635,537,574 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The recent discovery by \citet{b05} of the hypervelocity star SDSS J090745.0+024507
(hereafter the HVS) has lent credence to the prediction of \citet{h88} that
dynamical encounters with the black hole in the Galactic centre
can eject stars with velocities up to several thousand... |
3,212,635,537,575 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Thin layers of fluids on solid substrates display surprisingly rich dynamics, due to the interplay of a variety of forces at many lengthscales~\cite{simpson1982, 1985gennes, oron1997, craster2009, 2009bonn}. Much progress has been achieved on the study of thin fluid films. For low Reynolds number... |
3,212,635,537,576 | arxiv | \section{Details of the eigenvalue equation}
In what follows we derive the one dimensional eigenvalue equation that is solved in the main paper. A similar analysis of the Feynman rules for the OTOC was done before {\it e.g.} in \cite{Chowdhury2017, patel2017quantum, steinberg2019}.
We will present explicit derivation... |
3,212,635,537,577 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Magnetic activity in late-type main-sequence stars is observable evidence of the stellar magnetic fields. The generation and intensification of surface magnetic fields in solar stars are generally due to a complex dynamo mechanism, whose efficiency is determined by the interaction between di... |
3,212,635,537,578 | arxiv | \section{Introduction
One of the key science goals for the SKA is to provide a nearly complete census of radio pulsars in the Milky Way and its Globular Clusters
\citep{keane2014,hessels2014}. The large number of pulsar discoveries and the unprecedented timing precision of the instrument will enable a broad spectrum ... |
3,212,635,537,579 | arxiv | \section{Introduction\label{sec:intro}}
Buoyant jets are found in a variety of natural and engineering contexts, including industrial burners \citep{Christopher2018,Hayden2019}, hydrothermal vents \citep{Gaskin2001}, and volcanic plumes \citep{Campion2018}. Despite their obvious differences, each of these flows exhibi... |
3,212,635,537,580 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this work, we will consider the compressible isentropic Euler equations with time dependent damping
\begin{subequations}\label{main}
\begin{empheq}[left=\empheqlbrace]{align}
&
\rho_t+\nabla\cdot(\rho u)=0,
\quad
(t, x) \in (0, T)\times\mathbb{R}^n,
\label{eq:main-1}
\\
&
(\... |
3,212,635,537,581 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
By using the boundary state formalism all
properties of the D-branes can be extracted.
In this formalism a D-brane can be completely represented in
terms of all closed string states,
internal fields, tension and dynamical variables of the brane. Hence,
a D-brane appears as a source ... |
3,212,635,537,582 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Strong-field quantum electrodynamics (SFQED) unites special relativity, electrodynamics and quantum physics within one formalism \cite{euler_heisenberg}. As such it is capable of describing fundamental processes in physics to an astonishing level of precision, see e.g. lamb shift \cite{Lamb} or t... |
3,212,635,537,583 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A model of two-band superfluidity has been considered for a long time solely as the next iteration step to the BCS theory of superconducting state to take into account the anisotropic properties of metals and the effect of overlapping of the energy bands in the vicinity of their Fermi surface, w... |
3,212,635,537,584 | arxiv | |
3,212,635,537,585 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The goal of this article is to prove that the dynamics of fermions interacting through a two-body
interaction can be transformed into a stochastic process in the Hilbert space of Hartree-Fock Bogoliubov (HFB) states.
Such a derivation is motivated by recent studies dedicated to the structure of... |
3,212,635,537,586 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Superconductivity, ferromagnetism, and Kondo effect are the representative correlation effects in condensed matter physics. Interestingly, any pair of these three effects compete with each other:
Hampering the spin-singlet pairing in ($s$-wave) superconductors, ferromagn... |
3,212,635,537,587 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The quantum spin-Hall effect indicates that the spin of the electron is locked to the direction of propagation \cite{kane2005quantum}. The $Z_2$ index, or the spin Chern number which is a topological invariant of the given quantum system is defined to verify if the spin Hall conductance exists o... |
3,212,635,537,588 | arxiv | \section{Lipschitz Continuity of the Sinkhorn Potential}
In this section, we provide several lemmas to show the Lipschitz continuity (w.r.t. the underlying probability measures) of the Sinkhorn potentials and the functional gradients we derived in Proposition \ref{proposition_variation_I}.
These lemmas will be used i... |
3,212,635,537,589 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
In its broadest sense, the term Ramsey theory refers to any mathematical statement which says that a structure of a given kind is guaranteed to contain a large well-organised substructure. There are examples of such statements in many areas, including geometry, number theory, ... |
3,212,635,537,590 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The usual way (but not the original Henkin's proof \cite{Hen49,Hen50})
for proving the completeness theorem for second-order logic is to
deduce it from the completeness theorem for first-order multi-sorted
logic \cite{Fef74}. There is clearly a trivial translation from second-order
logic to firs... |
3,212,635,537,591 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A Delsarte surface $S$ is a surface of ${\mathbf{P}}^3$ defined by the vanishing of a polynomial $F$ consisting of four monomials. Let $A$ be the exponent matrix of $F$, then a Delsarte surface is the quotient of a Fermat surface if and only if $\det(A)\neq 0$. Shioda used this observation in \... |
3,212,635,537,592 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Since the discovery of topological insulators and topological
superconductors,
much effort has been devoted
to exploring new topological phases of matters.\cite{Hasan2010, Qi2011,
Tanaka-Sato-Nagaosa2012, AndoReview, Sato-Fujimoto2016,SatoAndo2016}
Whereas only fully gapped systems had been reg... |
3,212,635,537,593 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Resonant tunneling (RT) through semiconductor diodes has recently
attracted considerable attention because of its applications in
ultra-high-speed electronic devices. Their most remarkable feature
is that their $I$-$V$ characteristics show
negative differential resistance (NDR). Most of these ... |
3,212,635,537,594 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A wide variety of fascinating topics have been studied in nonlinear magnetism \cite{b.1,b.2,b.3} and other branches of nonlinear physics. These include solitons \cite{b.4,b.5,b.6,b.7}, period doubling \cite{b.8}, nonlinear combinations of frequencies \cite{b.9,b.10}, strange attractors, limit cyc... |
3,212,635,537,595 | arxiv | \section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
{-3.5ex \@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}%
{2.3ex \@plus.2ex}%
{\normalfont\large\bfseries}}
\makeatother
\newcommand*{\problem}{%
\needspace{2\baselineskip}%
\section[]{{\color{lightgra... |
3,212,635,537,596 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
\IEEEPARstart{B}{oolean} logic and its axiomatization is fundamental to the whole field of computer science.
Traditionally, Boolean logic is axiomatized in terms of conjunction (AND), disjunction (OR) and complementation (INV) operators.
Virtually, all of today's digital computati... |
3,212,635,537,597 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The characterisation of spatial distributions in terms of fractal
concepts~\cite{Mandelbrot79, Feder88} is becoming increasingly
important. In particular, many distributions in nature are found to
have the characteristics of a multi-fractal~\cite{Hentschel83,
Halsey86, Paladin87}: among many ex... |
3,212,635,537,598 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Internal shocks \citep{Rees:1994ca} are invoked to explain the
variability of blazars \citep[see
e.g.,][]{Spada:2001p815,Mimica:2005sp} and the light curves of the
prompt phase of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)
\citep{Sari:1995oq,Sari:1997p766,Daigne:1998wq}. A possible problem in
this model is the que... |
3,212,635,537,599 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
When quantizing gravity, one faces a tough problem, because time disappears from the equations.
If gravity is coupled to matter, then the changes of matter configurations are supposed to have
the role of time in quantum gravity (see, e.g, a review by Anderson\ci{Anderson}). Typically,
matte... |
3,212,635,537,600 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
The Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) quark flavor-mixing
matrix~\cite{CKM} provides an elegant explanation of the origin of
\ensuremath{C\!P}\xspace\ violation within the Standard Model.
\ensuremath{C\!P}\xspace\ violation manifests itself as a non-zero area of the unitarity triangle~\cite{J... |
3,212,635,537,601 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
CNNs learn to construct a hierarchy of representations from training images. These representations are incomprehensible to humans. It is challenging to gain a good understanding of what a trained network has learned without using appropriate visualisation techniques. There have been several ef... |
3,212,635,537,602 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{images/Toy_Model.png}
\caption{Toy model built by subjects interacting with 2 tools, 49 components and the instructions booklet. Better seen on screen.}
\label{fig:toy_model}
\end{figure}
Being able to analyze human behavior from... |
3,212,635,537,603 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Markov random fields (MRFs, a.k.a.~Markov networks, undirected graphical models) are a compact representation of the joint distribution among multiple variables, with each variable being a node and an edge between two nodes indicating conditional dependence between the two corresponding variables... |
3,212,635,537,604 | arxiv | |
3,212,635,537,605 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Since the advent of the Ryu-Takayanagi formula\cite{RT,RT2,HRT} it has become clear that the entanglement structure of certain quantum states of a $d$-dimensional boundary Conformal Field Theory (CFT) is encoded into classical geometric structures of a $d+1$ dimensional bulk.
The role of the cla... |
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