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3,212,635,539,906 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Observations show a distinct bimodality in galaxy colours
\citep{strateva01, baldry04, balogh04, bell04, weiner05, willmer06},
with massive galaxies today generally being ellipticals having little
star formation or cold gas, while less massive galaxies tend to be
blue spirals with cold gas. Des... |
3,212,635,539,907 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The current cosmological paradigm, $\Lambda$CDM, contains two hypothesised forms of matter: cold dark matter, and dark energy. The existing observational evidence for these is solely gravitational in nature, so it is natural to consider whether modified gravity could be responsible for these obse... |
3,212,635,539,908 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Entanglement is one of the salient features of quantum physics, from the point of view of both foundations \cite{Einstein:1935, bell:87} and emerging quantum technologies \cite{Nielsen:2001, Horodecki:2009}. The empirical evidence of this intriguing phenomenon has been tested by a violation of B... |
3,212,635,539,909 | arxiv | \section{Causal Emergence}\label{causal_section}
To characterize a causal emergence, causal models that corresponds to fine-grained and coarse-grained descriptions need to be considered. A quantitative analysis of the causal effectiveness of each model must be performed and a causal emergence occurs when the effective... |
3,212,635,539,910 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgements}
We thank Jeremiah Harmsen, Maxim Neumann, Olivier Bachem, Xi Chen and Neil Houlsby for discussions during this project. In addition we thank Jeremiah Harmsen and Matthieu Geist for feedback on the text of this paper.
We use the {\tt big\_vision} codebase \citep{big_vision} for all experiment... |
3,212,635,539,911 | arxiv | \section{Preliminaries}
\label{sec:prelim}
In this section, we provide the preliminaries regarding overlapping aware stencil planning ($\mathsf{OSP}$).
During character design, blank area is usually reserved around its boundaries.
Note in this paper, the blank space refers to the blank around the character boundaries.... |
3,212,635,539,912 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and the main result}
\subsection{}
\label{question}
Remind the main result which is inspired
by~\cite{LPR}. Consider two following actions of the group
$G\simeq S_3\times {\mathbb Z}_2$ on the rational surfaces $P$ and $T$
(where $S_3$ is the symmetric group and ${\mathbb Z}_2$ is the cyclic
grou... |
3,212,635,539,913 | arxiv | \section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:conclusion}
We have presented and tested a Bayesian inference based continual learning framework for learning sensing-based analysis tasks. This framework extends the continual learning framework proposed by Nguyen \emph{et al.}~\cite{nguyen2018variational} by adding an extra hyperpara... |
3,212,635,539,914 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a very compact region located at
the center of a galaxy, which can emit from radio to X-rays. The
radiation from AGNs is believed to be powered by accreting the surrounding
matter onto the supermassive black hole. Observations indicate that
different ty... |
3,212,635,539,915 | arxiv | \section{}\label{}
\section{Introduction}
At very high energies, scattering processes involving hadrons are dominated by
interactions of gluons, most of which carry only a small fraction
($x$) of the hadron momentum. The rapid growth of the gluon density with decreasing $x$ (accessed by higher energies) is ultimately... |
3,212,635,539,916 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A foundational assumption in most discussions of the $S$-matrix in relativistic quantum field theory is that asymptotic states should factorize as tensor products of single-particle states, as classified by Wigner \cite{Wigner:1939cj}. However, this assumption breaks down for the scattering of ... |
3,212,635,539,917 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
T Tauri stars (TTSs) are young, $\lesssim$ 10 Myr old, $\lesssim$ 2 $M_\odot$, pre-main sequence stars. Some TTSs, such as the classical T Tauri stars (CTTSs), are still surrounded by dusty
accretion disks, while others, the weak-lined or naked T Tauri stars (WTTSs), no longer... |
3,212,635,539,918 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sect:intro}
\begin{table*}
\centering
\caption{
Characteristics of our models, with initial pre-stellar core mass
$M_{\rm c}$, final protostellar age $t_{\rm end}$, final stellar mass $M_{\star}$, details of their corresponding accretion rate histories \textcolor{black}{and of the ... |
3,212,635,539,919 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The number of technological civilizations in our Milky Way Galaxy is a topic of
endless debate and speculation. It is generally agreed that, if such civilizations
are abundant, then they must be long lived. Thus, such civilizations will ultimately have to deal with the
evolution of their star... |
3,212,635,539,920 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Quantum field theories (QFT) usually contain constant parameters
such as gauge couplings, Yukawa couplings, theta parameters,
mass parameters, etc.
We are also familiar with QFT with some parameters
depending on space-time. QFT in curved space-time and QFT
with background fields or space-time de... |
3,212,635,539,921 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In recent papers \cite{BB1,BB2} we obtained new exponential stability conditions
for a scalar linear neutral differential equation
\begin{equation}\label{4.5}
\dot{x}(t)-a(t)\dot{x}(g(t))=-b(t)x(h(t)), ~~t \geq t_0.
\end{equation}
Here the functions $a, b, g, h$ are assumed to be Lebesgue mea... |
3,212,635,539,922 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The method of variation of parameter (VOP) is a technique for transforming solutions of a linear homogeneous ordinary differential equations into a particular integral of the corresponding inhomogeneous system.
The method of variation of parameter (VOP) and method of undetermined coefficients a... |
3,212,635,539,923 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Weighted Finite State Transducers (WFSTs) are complex mathematical objects which find application in many fields ranging from language and speech processing to computational biology. There exists a multitude of algorithms that operate on WFSTs (\cite{Mohr00}, \cite{Mohr09}, \cit... |
3,212,635,539,924 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $ q=p^{e} $ where $ p $ is an odd prime and $ e $ is a positive integer. $ \mathbb{F}_{q} $ denotes the finite field with $ q $ elements and $ \mathbb{F}_{q}^{*}=\mathbb{F}_{q}\setminus \lbrace 0 \rbrace $. Let $ F(X)=aX^{p^{\alpha}+1} \in \mathbb{F}_{q}[X]$ be a mapping from $ \mathbb{F}_... |
3,212,635,539,925 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{secintro}
The effective resistance and effective conductance\footnote{The effective resistance and effective conductance will be used interchangeably in this paper as they are reciprocal to each other.} are useful graph theory concepts originating from electrical networks \cite{klein1993res... |
3,212,635,539,926 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Motivation for our work comes from the presence of massive black
holes in galactic nuclei and from the possibility that such black holes
accrete material from their surroundings. It was estimated (Gurzadyan
\& Ozernoy 1981; Rees 1990; Magorrian \& Tremaine 1999; Syer \& Ulmer 1999) that centra... |
3,212,635,539,927 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
\begin{figure*}[ht
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{images/System_Overview.png}
\caption{Computer Vision Toolkit: This figure shows the schematic diagram of the CV Toolkit connected with the manufacturing floor; all the blocks with Red-colored border are the components... |
3,212,635,539,928 | arxiv | \section{A Theory of Convergence for Stratification Trees}\label{sec:rho}
\begin{remark}\label{rem:Xcont}
For the remainder of this section, suppose $X$ is continuously distributed. Modifying the results to include discrete covariates with finite support is straightforward. Also recall that as discussed in Remark \ref{... |
3,212,635,539,929 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}
The discovery of accelerating expansion of the Universe
\citep{Riess1998,Perlmutter1999} created a big challenge for the
modern science and stimulated cosmologists to investigate the
essentials of this phenomenon. In order to explain present
acceleration of the Universe, ... |
3,212,635,539,930 | arxiv | \section{Exact over-all kinematics and the need for a generalized treatment of factorization}
The standard collinear factorization theorems of
perturbative QCD (pQCD) rely on a number of kinematical
approximations that change the momentum of the final
state particles. In inclusive deep inelastic scattering (DIS),... |
3,212,635,539,931 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Please follow the steps outlined below when submitting your manuscript to
the IEEE Computer Society Press. This style guide now has several
important modifications (for example, you are no longer warned against the
use of sticky tape to attach your artwork to the paper), so all authors
should r... |
3,212,635,539,932 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Understanding and controlling
\gls{EET} is at the heart of effective utilization of solar energy,\cite{maykuhneet,*grossmanrsc2016} and
and efficient light harvesting in bio-molecular processes\cite{pach_pb2012}.
Therefore obtaining insights in \gls{EET} mechanisms through first principle modeli... |
3,212,635,539,933 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\justify
Acoustically excited bubbles are known to be nonlinear oscillators \cite{A,B} with "infinite complexity" \cite{A}. The addition of a lipid stabilizing shell increases this complexity, thus, even after over a decade of study, the dynamics of ultrasonically excited lipid coated microbubbl... |
3,212,635,539,934 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We say that a set $K$ in $\mathbb{R}^n$ is {\it star-shaped} if for every $x\in K$ the closed line segment connecting $x$ to the origin lies in $K$. A compact set $K$ in $\mathbb{R}^n$ is called a {\it star body} if it is star-shaped and its {\it radial function} defined by
\begin{align*}
\rh... |
3,212,635,539,935 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Although Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) have been extensively used as
standardizable candles, their progenitor systems and explosion physics are
still debated (see a recent review by \citealt{2014ARA&A..52..107M}).
Extremely detailed observations in the hours to days after explosi... |
3,212,635,539,936 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Introduction}
A coherently oscillating massive scalar field without interaction is known to behave as a pressureless fluid. An example is an axion whose pseudo nature does not interfere with its cosmological role. Such a scalar field can have a ro... |
3,212,635,539,937 | arxiv | \section*{Zero-point energies and non-gravitational\\ effects}
In a recent paper \cite{1} of C. Beck and M.C. Mackey the possibility was suggested that
part of the zero-point energy of the radiation field that is gravitationally active can be
determined from noise measurements of Josephson junctions. We are convinced... |
3,212,635,539,938 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this note we are interested in giving an explicit representation for a particular class of curvature depending integral functionals defined on compact manifolds without boundary. We restrict our analysis to $C^{2,1}$ regular manifolds with non-negative mean curvature that can be identified as... |
3,212,635,539,939 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\paragraph{}
The discovery of Bi$_2$Se$_3$, Bi$_2$Te$_3$ and Sb$_2$Te$_3$ being
topological insulators~\cite{Zhang2009,Xia2009,Chen2009,Hsieh2009}
has greatly stimulated research on these materials, the main object
of interest being the existence of topologically protected conducting
surface sta... |
3,212,635,539,940 | arxiv | \section{Relation between probabilities}
\label{sec:appedix_probability_relations}
The redefined probabilities $\tilde{P}(\mathcal{N}_\text{Ag}(\gamma_i))$ form
a similar system of equations as \eref{eq:restriction_Pgamma=1} and
\eref{eq:restriction_Pgamma_opp=c_A}
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{P}(4) + \nicefrac{3}{4} \t... |
3,212,635,539,941 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
This note considers an aspect of a model for polymer dynamics in solution. Because polymer chains have persistence lengths, one might approximate a polymer as a series of short elastic segments, whose motions except for their considerable elasticity would resemble the motions of the bars of a... |
3,212,635,539,942 | arxiv | \section*{}
\vspace{-1cm}
\footnotetext{Universit\'e Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cit\'e, Laboratoire Mati\`ere et Syst\`emes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, F-75205 Paris, France}
\date{\today}
\section{Introduction}
\label{Intro}
Biological membranes are lipid bilayers forming the envelopes of plasma membra... |
3,212,635,539,943 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
The min-max oracle complexity of stochastic convex optimization in a sequential (non-parallel) setting is very well-understood, and we have provably optimal algorithms that achieve the min-max complexity \citep{lan2012optimal,ghadimi2013optimal}. However, we do not yet have an... |
3,212,635,539,944 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Coarse geometry is the study of large scale uniform structure on a space,
which is related to operator K-theory.
In this paper
we investigate the following coarse geometric properties on metric spaces: property A
and the operator norm localization property.
It is proved that these two pro... |
3,212,635,539,945 | arxiv | \section*{Appendix {\it(Recoverability of average causal effect in canonical m-DAGs)}}
\subsection*{A.1.\enspace Notations and assumptions}\label{assumption}
For substantive variables, we use $X$, $Y$, $\bm{Z_1}$, $\bm{Z_2}$ and $\bm{U}$ to represent the exposure, outcome, vectors of complete and incomplete confounder... |
3,212,635,539,946 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The goal of this paper is two-fold: one is to introduce implicit dynamical systems on contact manifolds and the other one is to develop a geometric Hamilton-Jacobi theory for these implicit contact systems. For this, in this introductory section we shall briefly summarize the fundamentals on the... |
3,212,635,539,947 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper we consider the quantile hedging problem when the underlying market does not have an equivalent martingale measure. Instead, we assume that there exists a \emph{local martingale deflator} (a strict local martingale which when multiplied by the asset prices yields a positive local m... |
3,212,635,539,948 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Stellar radiation zones are typically supposed to be motionless in standard
models of stellar structure and evolution \citep{Kippenhahn2012}, but
this assumption is poorly justified
\citep{Pinsonneault1997,Lebreton2000}. Indeed, increasingly detailed
evidence is emerging, e.g.~from helio- an... |
3,212,635,539,949 | arxiv | \section{Acknowledgments}
This work has been supported in part by the Templeton Foundation
under the project ID\# 43796 A Quantum-Digital Universe.
\bibliographystyle{eplbib}
|
3,212,635,539,950 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Stars form via gravitational collapse of dense cores \citep{Shu87}, which are magnetized \citep{Crutcher12}.
During the collapse, the magnetic field lines are expected to be dragged inward by collapsing material,
and the magnetic flux in the inner envelope around a central protostar increases \c... |
3,212,635,539,951 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
At the heart of the AdS/CFT are the description methods of D-branes.
They can be described either as a hypersurface where an open string
can end or as a solitonic solution of the closed string theory. In
the open string theory description one can use the $D=4\;\; {\cal N}=4$
SYM theory as a leadi... |
3,212,635,539,952 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
String theory is a competitive candidate for the quantum theory of gravity and the unification of all interactions in nature.
Because string theory requires extra dimensions to keep its consistency, it gives us a strong motivation to study the higher dimensional black hole when we consider gravi... |
3,212,635,539,953 | arxiv | \section*{Appendix}}
\newcommand{\aslash}[1]{{\rlap/#1}}
\newcommand{\splash}[1]{{#1\mkern -9.0mu /}}
\newcommand{\splashh}[2]{{#2\mkern -#1mu /}}
\date{November 1994\\LTP-044-UPR}
\title{Field-theoretic treatment of mixed neutrinos in a
neutrino and matter background}
\author{J. C. D'Olivo\thanks{
Partially suppo... |
3,212,635,539,954 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A Black Hole is an unavoidable component of any massive galaxy, and as such the ultimate driver for accretion towards the center, provided there is sufficient fuel available on the parsec--scale. The mass of these Black Holes scales with the mass of the spheroidal component of the host galaxy, ... |
3,212,635,539,955 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The AdS/CFT, or more generally the gauge/gravity duality \cite{Malda,GKP,Witten} is a powerful tool in the study of quantum systems in the strong coupling limit. Due to its flexibility there is a wide range of applications in heavy-ion collision \cite{IA,DeWolf,Solana}, condensed matter theory ... |
3,212,635,539,956 | arxiv | \section{Acknowledgements}
\par The authors would like to thank Syamal Dana for interesting comments and suggestions. P.K. acknowledges support from DST, India under the DST-INSPIRE scheme (Code: IF140880). C.H. is supported by the CHE/PBC, Israel. This work was supported by NSF-CRISP Award Number: 1735505.
|
3,212,635,539,957 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Reilly formula on compact manifolds with smooth boundary has been used by many authors to estimate the eigenvalues of the Laplacian acting on functions. The aim is to state rigidity results that arise from the optimality of those estimates \cite{CW,Rei,X}. For example, in \cite{X} the author... |
3,212,635,539,958 | arxiv | \section{Supplementary Material}
The purpose of this supplementary material is threefold. In
Sec.~\ref{Details} we will first provide some additional information
about the basis rotation required to split an observable into a local
and a non-local part, numerical data testing the ETH,
as well as some technical details ... |
3,212,635,539,959 | arxiv |
\chapter*{Preface}
\label{ch1}
This work was done in the atomic physics group of Professor Ingvar
Lindgren at the department of Atomic Physics, G{\"o}teborg University
and Chalmers University of Technology. The presence of both theorists
and experimentalists in the same group contributes to a stimulating
atmosphere ... |
3,212,635,539,960 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Gibbs sampling is one of the most common Markov chain Monte Carlo methods used
with graphical models~\cite{koller2009probabilistic}.
In this setting, Gibbs sampling (Algorithm
\ref{algGibbsSampling}) operates iteratively by choosing at random a variable
from the model at each timestep, and up... |
3,212,635,539,961 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{1907_intro}
Along with the development of Internet of Everything, wireless sensing networks (WSN) act as essential roles interconnecting between the real world and the Internet. Although electrochemical batteries have remained the primary energy sources for such systems due to the high en... |
3,212,635,539,962 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{S:1}
The performance in many speaker verification tasks has improved thanks to deep learning advances in signal representations \cite{Taigman2014DeepFace:Verification,snyder2018x} or optimization metrics \cite{Hoffer2015DeepNetwork,schroff2015facenet,snyder2016deep} that have been adapte... |
3,212,635,539,963 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The majority of detected high-energy (GeV--TeV) charged primary Cosmic Rays (CRs)
is believed to be produced in our galaxy, most likely in Supernova Remnants (SNRs).
During the transport from their source of origin to our solar system, CRs scatter on random
and irregular components of the $\mu$... |
3,212,635,539,964 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Using saddle point techniques in statistical and quantum physics has a
long history since the early work related to disordered systems in
solid state physics
\cite{lifshitz:1964,halperin-lax:1966,zittartz-langer:1966,langer:1967,langer:1969}.
Especially, the pioneering works of Zittartz and Lang... |
3,212,635,539,965 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In 2001 at the Workshop on General Algebra the attention of experts on the theory of lattices was paid to the following problem of I.~M.~Gelfand: Using graph theory describe up to isometry all finite ultrametric spaces~\cite{WGA}. An appropriate representation of ultrametric spaces $X$ by monoto... |
3,212,635,539,966 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Sec:Introduction}
Rotational and vibrational spectroscopic fingerprints of propanal, or propionaldehyde (\ce{CH3CH2CHO}), were subject of several studies \cite{Propanal_1_Butcher_Wilson,Propanal_2_Pickett_Scroggin,Propanal_3_JAH,Propanal_4_Rande... |
3,212,635,539,967 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Wind power is now widely recognized as an important part of the
global energy mix, and the actors of the energy industry have no
choice but to cope with the intermittent and to a large extent
unpredictable nature of the wind power production. In particular, as
the guaranteed purchase schemes are ... |
3,212,635,539,968 | arxiv |
\section{Keywords}
Access networks, core networks, optical datacenters, network virtualization, network planning, datacenter architectures, resource disaggregation, EON, LR-PON, energy efficiency.
\section{Introduction}
The strict quality of service requirements of emerging services and the rapidly increasing number ... |
3,212,635,539,969 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
{\em Deep belief networks} (DBNs) are a kind of learning machine introduced originally in~\cite{Hinton2006}. They are used to extract {\em features} from data, often by an unsupervised pretraining step, so their properties as generative models and their expressive power are also of interest, se... |
3,212,635,539,970 | arxiv | \subsection{Schrodinger's evolution of $\mathcal{S}+\mathcal{M}$}
\label{SubsectionSchrodingerEquation}
The result in this subsection is well-known. The combined system $\mathcal{S}+\mathcal{M}$, may be regarded as closed. As so, they have a definite Hermitian Hamiltonian $\widehat{H}$, and satisfies the Schrodinger'... |
3,212,635,539,971 | arxiv | \chapter{Introduction}\label{chapter_Introduction}
Transport-reaction equations arise in the mathematical modeling of the movement of populations. In contrast to parabolic equations, hyperbolic models realistically account for a finite propagation speed of organisms. Therefore, scientists increasingly focus on hyper... |
3,212,635,539,972 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Upper bounds for the multiplicities of eigenvalues have been found by Cheng and Besson in \cite{ch1} and \cite{bes1}, respectively.
Besson obtained the upper bound $m_k(g)\leq 4p+2k+1$ for the multiplicity of the $k$th eigenvalue of any compact Riemannian surface of genus $p$.
Since these mult... |
3,212,635,539,973 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The problem of the determination of algebraic function fields over finite fields with class number one was already treated in the paper of Leitzel, Madan and Queen \cite{lemaqu}. But, in Stirpe \cite{st1}, one more example is given, showing that the previous classification is incomplete. In this ... |
3,212,635,539,974 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec1}Introduction}
Inflation is the most successful theory that we have available for explaining the large scale structure of the Universe. In the previous studies, inflationary dynamics were realized in two different methods. In the initial picture, termed "standard inflation" or "cold inflation", the... |
3,212,635,539,975 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{introduction}}
As we enter the third winter with the novel coronavirus disease
COVID-19 in the United States, evidence documenting the intense disparities in
COVID-19 mortality rates comparing socially advantaged and disadvantaged
populations continues to mount. Eliminating inequities in h... |
3,212,635,539,976 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite \citep[\emph{TESS},][]{Ricker:2015aa} is revolutionising the field of exoplanets by detecting such bodies transiting bright and nearby stars.
This allows for ground-based spectroscopic follow-up studies to be performed to first confirm... |
3,212,635,539,977 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Models and observations related to the interaction of the interstellar medium
(ISM) with the heliosphere identify a solar wind terminal shock
and a Heliosheath, perhaps
comprising a low latitude region where the magnetic structure is determined
by reconnection and a high latitude region... |
3,212,635,539,978 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Interest to new graphene-like materials is related with the rising quest to
develop the nano-scale field-effect transistor \cite{Ni,Tao}, unifying the remarkable
electronic properties of graphene with possibility of easy tuning by
electric field. Given that the monolayer graph... |
3,212,635,539,979 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Electromagnetic fields are the main tool in the control and manipulation of the motion of polarizable dipoles, such as atoms and molecules, which are key objects in physics and chemistry. Optical traps \cite{PS} and laser cooling \cite{CCTn} are widely used to induce external mechanical forces o... |
3,212,635,539,980 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:1}
Poor groups of galaxies represent the defining aggregates of the so called ``field''. Their
importance comes from two facts: {\it i)} most of galaxies in the
{\em Local} Universe is found in groups, rather than in the cluster
environment \cite{Eke}. {\it ii)} The transition be... |
3,212,635,539,981 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\begin{figure*}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig01.png}
\caption{Use of Ray Casting techniques in interaction with patient care and physical examination (Source: adapted from www.mediactiv.com).}
\label{fig:Interaction}
\end{figure*}
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease ... |
3,212,635,539,982 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The square lattice Ising model is probably the most important statistical mechanical
model ever proposed in terms of its applications.
Since Onsager's \cite{Onsager} celebrated the solution of the Ising model free energy in 1944, followed by
\cite{Yang} the proof of Onsager's result for the... |
3,212,635,539,983 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{intro}
Most modern block ciphers belong to two families of symmetric cryptosystems, i.e. Substitution-Permutation Networks (SPN) and Feistel Networks. Typically, in both cases, each encryption function is a composition of key-dependent permutations of the plaintext space, called \emph{roun... |
3,212,635,539,984 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Inspired by Linear Logic's $!$, extensions of Lambek calculi with exponentials were introduced in the 90's in \citep{Morrilletal1990,Barryetal1995} for the purpose of deriving phenomena with medial extraction, as in relative clauses such as ``\textit{book which fell}'', ``\textit{book which John... |
3,212,635,539,985 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
During the Pre-Main Sequence (PMS) stage of evolution, young stellar objects exhibit different types of photometric variability (Herbst et al. 1994).
One of the most dramatic of these events, with very high amplitude variations, is the FU Orionis (FUor) outburst (Ambartsumian 1971).
The flar... |
3,212,635,539,986 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:1}
The increased availability and resolution of imaging technology, including digital cameras and medical imaging devices, along with advances in storage capacity and transfer bandwidths, have led to a proliferation of large image data. This makes image compression an important area of... |
3,212,635,539,987 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The canonical version of Ramsey's theorem~\cite{bib:erdosrado} for graphs implies that for every
graph $G$, there exists an integer $n$ such that any coloring of the edges of the
complete graph $K_n$ contains at least one of the following copies of $G$:
\begin{itemize}
\item \e... |
3,212,635,539,988 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Standard Model of particle physics offers the current best explanation of our universe,
however there still remain some unsolved problems, such as the hierarchy problem and a lack of a dark matter candidate.
These mysteries imply the presence of a Beyond Standard Model (BSM) physics.
The col... |
3,212,635,539,989 | arxiv | \section{\label{introduction}Introduction}
Measurements of the open $b$-quark production in deep inelastic scattering (DIS) of ${e^\pm}p$ at HERA provide an important test of pQCD within the framework of Standard Model and are used to constrain the proton PDFs.
Phenomenologically, the proton parton distribution func... |
3,212,635,539,990 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
The past few decades represent an extraordinary period of growth in
our knowledge of planetary systems. Whereas previously we used the
single data point of our own Solar System to derive theories of
planetary formation, we now have a diverse range of planetary systems
to draw upon.... |
3,212,635,539,991 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A large number of quasars at redshifts of $z\ga6$ have been discovered, selected with a combination of optical and near-infrared colors \citep[][]{mortlock11,venemans13,jiang15,wang16}.
These sources are powerful probes of the cosmic reionization \citep[][]{fan06} and offer insights into the pro... |
3,212,635,539,992 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Statistical mechanics has traditionally investigated macroscopic systems at or near
thermodynamic equilibrium, where fluctuations of observables are negligible compared to their mean value.
More recently, however, nano- and bio-sciences have called attention to mesoscopic scales, in which fluctu... |
3,212,635,539,993 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{SEC:intro}
We consider the following Cauchy problem for the quadratic nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation (NLS) on the two-dimensional torus $\mathbb{T}^2 = (\mathbb{R} / \mathbb{Z})^2$:
\begin{equation}
\begin{cases}
i \partial_t u + \Delta u = |u|^2 \\
u|_{t = 0} = u_0.
\end{cases}
\label{... |
3,212,635,539,994 | arxiv | \section{The model}
This study was motivated for understanding sonoluminescence
(see refs. in \cite{DA06}) observed for example when water saturated with rare gas
is submitted to an intense ultrasonic field. Spherical bubbles
of rare gas expand and collapse periodically at supersonic or nearly supersonic speed emi... |
3,212,635,539,995 | arxiv | \section{Appendix}
\section{Further examples of systems with periodically modulated symmetries}\label{app:models}
In this appendix we show some additional examples of 2D and 3D models with quasi-periodic symmetries.
The 2D models consist on size-$5$ gates $G_{\vec{r}}=\{n_{i,j}\}$ with $i,j\in \{-2,\dots,+2\}$, ... |
3,212,635,539,996 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\indent
As a candidate for physics beyond the standard model,
weak scale supersymmetry has several appealing features:
It provides an understanding of why a light weak scale is stable,
it successfully predicts the value of $\sin^2\theta_W$
assuming gauge unification, it predicts a top quark Yuk... |
3,212,635,539,997 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Conflict of Interests among Mobile Network Operators, Users, and the Regulator}
In mobile communication services, there is interaction among {\it
mobile network operators (MNOs)}, {\it users}, and {\it the
regulator} (Figure \ref{structure}). Each MNO makes an investment in
its netwo... |
3,212,635,539,998 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
According to the Cosmological Principle, the universe is
homogeneous and isotropic in large scales. Indeed, the evolution of the universe from the
radiation dominant epoch till the present cosmic acceleration can be
well-explained by the homogeneous Friedmann-Lema\^{\i}tre-Robertson-Walker
(FL... |
3,212,635,539,999 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgements}
\input{src/acknowledgments}
\bibliographystyle{plainnat-abbrev}
\section{Parallel analysis, heterogeneous noise, and the need for new methods}
Here we provide needed background on parallel analysis
and heterogeneous noise.
We conclude with the observation that Permutation PA
is incredibly... |
3,212,635,540,000 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The development of multicellular organisms crucially hinges on internal and external mechanical cues which are transduced by the mechanosensing machinery of cells to give rise to system-wide spatiotemporal rearrangements and, eventually, to the formation of early embryonic features \cite{Conte20... |
3,212,635,540,001 | arxiv | \section{introduction}
Let $w$ denote the space of all complex valued sequences. It can be topologized with the seminorms $r_n(x)=|x_n|$, $n=1,2,\ldots$, and any vector subspace $X$ of $w$ is a sequence space. A sequence space $X$ with a vector space topology $\tau$ is a K-space provided that the inclusion map $i:(X... |
3,212,635,540,002 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Towards the end of his talk at \emph{Permutation Patterns 2015}, Vince Vatter pointed out that four of the permutation classes
avoiding two patterns of length four
remaining to be enumerated
are subclasses of \emph{generalised grid classes}.
We illustrate the value of this observation by u... |
3,212,635,540,003 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The growth of large-scale structure in the Universe is a competition between gravitational attraction and the expansion of the Universe. In the linear-perturbation-theory limit (LPT), each Fourier mode evolves independently, and the mass density fluctuation amplitude at a comoving wavenumber \bfk... |
3,212,635,540,004 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:int}
Solar filaments (prominences) are elongated features, observed as bright prominences above the limb, and dark filaments on the disk due to absorption in chromospheric and coronal diagnostics, e.g., in H$\alpha$ and in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) \citep{2008ApJ...676L..89B, 2010SSRv... |
3,212,635,540,005 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
The routing paradigm deployed on the Internet is next-hop routing.
In next-hop routing, per-packet forwarding decisions are performed by
examining a packet's destination address only, and mapping it to
a next-hop router. Next-hop routing is a simple, w... |
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