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2,121,713,845,041
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Many relevant systems occurring in physics and in biology can be described in terms of a collection of individuals undergoing branching random walks, where stochastic spatial displacements are coupled to some reproduction-disappearance mechanism~\cite{legall, athreya, harris}. The evolution of t...
2,121,713,845,042
arxiv
\section{introduction}\label{introduction} Given a discrete subgroup $\Gamma$ of a semisimple Lie group $G$, mathematicians have long studied the question of when $\Gamma$ can be deformed inside $G$. On one side lie the great rigidity theorems of Calabi, Weil, Mostow, and Margulis, which roughly state that lattices i...
2,121,713,845,043
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Quantization is a destructive process. Its purpose is to reduce the cardinality of the representation space, in particular when the input data is real-valued. It is a fundamental problem in signal processing, data compression and information theory. We refer to \cite{GG, GN, Z} for surveys on th...
2,121,713,845,044
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Transition metal oxides have been found to exhibit exotic electronic phenomena such as colossal magnetic resistivity and high-$T_c$ superconductivity, which are based on the strong correlations among the spin, orbital, charge, and lattice. In particular, perovskite-type cobalt oxide LaCoO$_3$ (Co...
2,121,713,845,045
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Regularization of nonsmooth structures such as distributions and discontinuous metrics by smooth approximates has been an important ingredient of many problems in mathematics and physics. The choice of regularizing process is often dictated by their interaction with different operators involve...
2,121,713,845,046
arxiv
\section{Introduction and main results} The main motivation for this work came from the author's conversations with K.A.~Landman concerning certain mathematical tissue growth models she was developing with her co-authors some time ago~\cite{BiLaSi08, BiLa09}. One of the purposes of the models was to better under...
2,121,713,845,047
arxiv
\part{#1}\label{#1}} \newcommand{\Ch}[1]{\chapter{#1}\label{#1}} \newcommand{\Se}[1]{\section{#1}\label{#1}} \newcommand{\Sse}[1]{\subsection{#1}\label{#1}} \newcommand{\Ssse}[1]{\subsubsection{#1}\label{#1}} \newcommand{\ChTwo}[2] {\chapter[#1 #2]{#1 \protect\newline #2}\label{#1 #2}} \newcommand{\SeTwo}[2] {\section[...
2,121,713,845,048
arxiv
\section*{Supplementary Material} In the Supplemental Material we first derive explicit expressions for the energy functionals of the triangular and stripe supersolid states, in particular the expressions for the functions $\mathcal{C}_{T(S)}$, $\mathcal{D}_{T(S)}$, and $\mathcal{T}_{T(S)}$. The second part of...
2,121,713,845,049
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sect:Intro} Lattice quantum graphs exposed to a homogeneous magnetic field are among systems exhibiting interesting and highly nontrivial spectral properties the origin of which lies in the (in)commensurability of the two inherent lengths, the lattice spacing and the cyclotronic radius, a...
2,121,713,845,050
arxiv
\section{Scaling in the quasielastic regime} The quasielastic cross section is analyzed in the Plane Wave Impulse Approximation (PWIA), where the dominant process is assumed to be scattering from an individual nucleon, whose motion is treated relativistically. The inclusive cross section for this process is given by ...
2,121,713,845,051
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{section:Introduction} \IEEEPARstart{S}{uccess} in many AI domains requires agents capable of complex multimodal behavior, i.e.\ agents able to switch between distinct policies based on environmental context. Humans excel in this regard, as they can switch fluidly between both physical (s...
2,121,713,845,052
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} Approximating target distributions has applications such as energy-efficient communication, random number generators, distributed control, coordination, learning, stealth, and others. We are motivated by applications that require both good distribution matching and invert...
2,121,713,845,053
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The application of probabilities in physics raises a host of difficult foundational questions \cite{sklar}. Among these is the problem of determining the correct ``counting'' procedure for a given case, or equivalently, choosing which probability distribution to use for the re...
2,121,713,845,054
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $K$ be a complete discrete valuation field with perfect residue field $k$. All algebraic extensions of $K$ are taken inside a fixed algebraic closure of $K$. We denote by $v_{K}$ the normalized valuation of $K$ and its extension to any algebraic extension of $K$. For an algebraic extensi...
2,121,713,845,055
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have established themselves as a key method in computer vision tasks, with applications that range from fundamental studies in condensed-matter physics \cite{carrasquilla2017machine} and particle physics \cite{radovic2018machine} all the way t...
2,121,713,845,056
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Open-domain question answering \cite{DBLP:conf/trec/Voorhees99,DBLP:conf/acl/ChenFWB17} is a long-standing task where a question answering system goes through a large-scale corpus to answer information-seeking questions. Previous work typically assumes that there is only one well-defined answer f...
2,121,713,845,057
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Recent experimental data from TeVatron, see e.g.~\cite{Paulini:2009ri} give some hints for possible deviations from the standard model (SM) in the $B_s$ mixing system. In the standard model the mixing of the neutral mesons is described by the famous box-diagrams. The dispersive part of these d...
2,121,713,845,058
arxiv
\section*{Acknowledgements} We would like to thank the technicians and the engineers who contributed to the design and construction of the prototypes. We express our gratitude to the DESY and CERN laboratories for hosting our test beam experiments, and to their staff for the efficient accelerator operation and excelle...
2,121,713,845,059
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a generic, reward-driven paradigm for learning complex behavioral policies through experience~\cite{bartosutton}. Certain real-world domains in which it has found success, such as healthcare~\cite{gottesman2019guidelines}, come with desidera...
2,121,713,845,060
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:int} It has long been recognized in the physics-teaching community that, in addition to the specific contents, certain characteristics of the students, such as their previous ideas, their personal history, the way they interact with their peers and teachers, and their expectations, ...
2,121,713,845,061
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The recent discovery of high temperature superconductors has renewed the interest in granular materials. These systems appear to have an intrinsic "granularity" which is found even in single crystals \cite{deutscher}. A clear manifestation of this non-uniformity in the scale of the Ginsburg-Land...
2,121,713,845,062
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Justification logic~\cite{artemovFittingBook,justificationLogic2019} is a variant of modal logic that replaces the implicit $\Box$-operator with explicit justifications. Instead of formulas $\Box A$, meaning, e.g., \emph{$A$ is known} or \emph{$A$ is obligatory}, the language of justification...
2,121,713,845,063
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} The goal of anomaly detection is to identify observations in a dataset that significantly deviate from the remaining observations \cite{hawkins1980identification}. Since anomalies are rare and of diverse nature, it is not feasible to obtain a labeled dataset representati...
2,121,713,845,064
arxiv
\section*{Acknowledgments} We would like to express first our special gratitude to R.~C.~Myers for numerous illuminating discussions and suggestions, that helped shape the ideas and results of this paper and for sharing with us his preliminary results with R.~Jefferson on defining complexity in QFTs using Nielsen's ap...
2,121,713,845,065
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} When the period map is used to construct or interpret compactifications of a moduli space of some geometric objects, it is the interplay between asymptotic and specialized Hodge-theoretic invariants which allows us to map singular geometry to boundary components. In this article, we continue th...
2,121,713,845,066
arxiv
\section{\label{intro}Introduction} The standard model of fundamental particles and interactions has been very successful in describing observed phenonmena. However, a serious problem exists if it tries to match a certain new physics at much higher energy scales. In deed, the squared-mass parameter of the Higgs field...
2,121,713,845,067
arxiv
\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{0mm}% {-0.2\baselineskip}% {0.1\baselineskip}% {\normalfont\large\bfseries}}% \renewcommand{\subsection}{\@startsection {subsection}{2}{0mm}% {-0.2\baselineskip}% {0.1\...
2,121,713,845,068
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The kinetic Ising spin glass model is a prototypical model for studying the dynamics of disordered systems. Previous work on this topic focused both on studying the average -- over couplings -- behavior of various order parameters, such as magnetizations, correlations and response functions, and...
2,121,713,845,069
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{section_introduction} Experimental investigations of the rheology of concentrated suspensions often involve a vane-in-cup geometry (see \citet{Barnes2001} for a review). The vane tool offers two main advantages over other geometries. First, it allows the study of the properties of st...
2,121,713,845,070
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The classical Heegaard Floer homology package, introduced by Ozsv\'ath and Szab\'o~\cite{OZ02}, provides a 3+1 dimensional topological quantum field theory(TQFT) type invariants. These invariants were proven to be equivalent to 3-dimensional Seiberg-Witten invariants by Kutluhan, Lee, Taubes in~\...
2,121,713,845,071
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} The solar neutrino problem is one of the central issues in the neutrino physics~\cite{Bahcall}. The current interpretation of the solar-neutrino deficit is the neutrino oscillation induced by the mass difference among $\nu_{e}$, $\nu_{\mu}$, and $\nu_{\tau}$, and their mixing angle...
2,121,713,845,072
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Users' gaze tracking is a means of analyzing an user's eye movements, recorded to estimate their focus or absolute point of gaze(POG) on the computer's screen for a particular time instance. Focus of attention plays an important role in user modeling and has significant application throughout...
2,121,713,845,073
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec1} Progress in the development of millimeter wave technologies has been successful in various fields, such as astrophysics, image sensors and car radars. The potential and possibilities of millimeter waves are also expected to improve future technologies. Therefore, the development of...
2,121,713,845,074
arxiv
\subsection{Datasets} We used 4 large-scale datasets for evaluation. \textbf{\underline{Partially synthetic housing}}. Individuals live in households and group quarters. The number of individuals in each facility is important but this information was truncated past households of size 7 in the 2010 Decennial Census, ...
2,121,713,845,075
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Multiplicative free convolution $\boxtimes$ was introduced by Voiculescu \cite{voiculescu87a}, as an operation on probability measures to describe the multiplication of free random variables. Since various classes of random matrices become asymptotically free, the multiplicative free convolution...
2,121,713,845,076
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Chemically active microdrops submerged in the bulk of reagent solution may excite a flow in the surrounding fluid~\cite{Maass16}. For instance, hydrolysis of fatty acid precursors may enable spontaneous self-propulsion of microdroplets in the bulk of fatty acid solution~\cite{Hanczyc07}, while sp...
2,121,713,845,077
arxiv
\section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction} A magnetic nanoparticle exhibits many interesting and challenging novel properties such as exponentially slow relaxation at low temperature and superparamagnetic behavior above some temperature that depends on the particle's size and its underlying material. The magnetization of ...
2,121,713,845,078
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Over the last decade, touch input has become the most common human-computer interface for interacting with mobile devices and large displays. The popularity of touchscreens, and the intuitive manner in which they support direct manipulation \cite{hutchins1985direct} has brought touch technologies...
2,121,713,845,079
arxiv
\section{Ablation Study} \subsection{Variants of Guesser Model} In this paper, we decompose the dialog history to turns, and feed question representation to the VilBERT-Guesser encoder, instead of concatenating the entire dialogue history together \cite{deng2018visual,strubend,shukla2019should,lu202012}. We compare tw...
2,121,713,845,080
arxiv
\subsection{Auxiliary Classifier} Further to the above architecture, we train an auxiliary network explicitly on top of the discriminator to classify the extracted features of the discriminator model. Our clustering strategy is based on IMSAT \cite{Hu2017} which implements RIM \cite{Gomes2010}. Before explaining the ...
2,121,713,845,081
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} To simulate complex behaviors of physical systems, ones make predictions and hypotheses about certain outputs of interest with the help of simulation of mathematical models. However, due to the lack of knowledge or inherent variability in the model parameters, such real-proble...
2,121,713,845,082
arxiv
\chapter*{Introduction} Seminal works of L. Maurer \cite{Maurer88} and E. Cartan \cite{Cartan04} investigating integrability of Lie algebras to (local) Lie groups effectively introduced what differential geometers now call the Maurer--Cartan $1$-form on principal $G$-bundles. In this language, the \emph{Maurer--Cartan ...
2,121,713,845,083
arxiv
\section{Acknowledgements} This research was supported in part by Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics and by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Develo...
2,121,713,845,084
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) were first observed by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on board the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory \citep{fishman:1994} as brief, intense flashes of $\gamma$-ray emission coming from the Earth's atmosphere and are linked to electrical activit...
2,121,713,845,085
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The problem of matching multiple objects is crucial in many data-oriented tasks, such as structure from motion (SfM) \cite{sfmsurvey_2017}, simultaneous localization and mapping \cite{SLAM_overview}, multi-graph matching \cite{convex_multigraph,graduate_consistency,incremental...
2,121,713,845,086
arxiv
\section{#1} \setcounter{equation}{0}} \renewcommand{\theequation}{\thesection.\arabic{equation}} \begin{document} \begin{titlepage} \begin{center} \vskip .3in \noindent {\Large \textbf{Generalized geometry of two-dimensional vacua}} \bigskip Dario Rosa \\ \bigskip Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a d...
2,121,713,845,087
arxiv
\subsection{Setup} In order to evaluate the performance of our online algorithm, we need a trained multi-exit DNN along with the cost associated with each exit point and a labeled dataset. The input samples (without labels) will simulate the online streaming of samples. The algorithm will select an exit for each of t...
2,121,713,845,088
arxiv
\part{\par\vskip 0pt plus 12\baselineskip \relax \goodbreak \vskip 0pt plus -12\baselineskip \relax \@startsection {part}{0}{\z@}% {-5ex \@plus -1.5ex \@minus -.5ex}% {2.3ex \@plus.2ex}% ...
2,121,713,845,089
arxiv
\section{Introduction\label{sec:Introduction}} Sentiment analysis is a collection of methods and algorithms used to infer and measure affection expressed by a writer. The main motivation is enabling computers to better understand human language, particularly sentiment carried by the speaker. Among the popular sources ...
2,121,713,845,090
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Public opinion is a proxy for the way citizens perceive political issues and react to current affairs. Scandals or controversial policies, natural disasters or international conflicts, can all provoke shifts in the opinions of the public and cast shadows over the authority of their represent...
2,121,713,845,091
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \emph{Introduction} -- The origin of probability theory, like many other branches of mathematics, lies in physical observation associated with the occurrence of different possible events/outcomes of an experiment, viz., coin tossing, rolling a dice etc. With time it becomes an in...
2,121,713,845,092
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $G$ be a simply connected real Lie group. A lattice $\Gamma$ in $G$ is \emph{rigid} if every embedding of $\Gamma$ into $G$ as a lattice extends to an automorphism of the Lie group~$G$. Landmark results about rigidity and superrigidity of lattices in the context of semisimple Lie groups ar...
2,121,713,845,093
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} \setcounter{equation}{0} \setcounter{figure}{0} \setcounter{table}{0} \setcounter{footnote}{1} Standard hot big bang cosmology is a very successful theory when combined with the inflationary paradigm. Inflationary epoch is required to solve some of the initial condition problems ...
2,121,713,845,094
arxiv
\section{Introduction} With the first LHC results coming soon the precision of the QCD calculations becomes an important issue. As usuall, one finds two approaches to the calculations: fixed-order calculations and resumed to all orders Monte Carlo (MC) parton showers. The fixed-order results are impressive. Let us give...
2,121,713,845,095
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} A \textit{flat cone sphere} is a metric on the 2-sphere which is locally isometric to the Euclidean plane except at finitely many points, where it has conical singularities. This means that a neighborhood of the point is isometric to a Euclidean cone with total ...
2,121,713,845,096
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Start of the LHC operation for physics research brought from the very beginning an unexpected discovery of the collective effects in the small systems \cite{cms} (for the comprehensive list of references to the experimental results of ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb Collaborations cf. \cite{mangano...
2,121,713,845,097
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Four-fermion processes represent the experimentally measured signal for $W$ boson physics at LEP2 and NLC. In fact, the produced $W$'s always decay, giving four-fermion final states \cite{ref1}. One is primarily interested in measuring the $W$ mass \cite{ref2}, but also measurements of the trilin...
2,121,713,845,098
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} This year marks the $100^{\rm th}$ anniversary of the birth of Yakov Zel'dovich, who was a pioneer in the study of large-scale structure and introduced the approximate dynamics that bears his name \citep{Zel70}. The Zel'dovich approximation provides an intuitive way to understa...
2,121,713,845,099
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Currently a large variety of nucleon-nucleon (NN) potentials exist. Despite the fact that all these potentials were designed to more or less reproduce the deuteron properties and the low-energy NN scattering data, they are quite different in details. In particular, the deuteron $D$-state percenta...
2,121,713,845,100
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Historically, Chinese remainder theorem has been extended to weak approximation on algebraic groups and on more general algebraic varieties. Let $K$ be a number field. We consider smooth proper algebraic varieties $X$ defined over $K$. \emph{Weak approximation} means that the image of the diagona...
2,121,713,845,101
arxiv
\subsection{Different Hierarchical Structure} Besides our proposed hierarchical model (Figure \ref{fig:three_hierarchy} (c), hierarchy-add) in the paper, we also proposed and experimented with another novel hierarchical graph by introducing section-section connections (Figure \ref{fig:three_hierarchy} (b), hierarc...
2,121,713,845,102
arxiv
\section*{Acknowledgements} I wish to thank E.~N.~Argyres and R.~Kleiss for helpful discussions. I am also grateful to Mrs Susy Vascotto for her assistance in preparing the manuscript. \newpage
2,121,713,845,103
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Quantum entanglement \cite{F.M,K.Chen,HPB1,HPB2,Vicente,CJZ} is one of the most intrinsic features of quantum mechanics, which distinguishes the quantum from the classical world. A distinct property of quantum entanglement is that a quantum system entangled with one of the other systems limi...
2,121,713,845,104
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Neutron stars are objects of great astrophysical importance because the density in their cores can reach values several times higher than normal nuclear matter. At such ultra-high densities the behaviour of matter is not well known, and exotic nuclear processes may take place along with the form...
2,121,713,845,105
arxiv
\section{First-principles details} \begin{figure}[htbp] \includegraphics[width=0.6\columnwidth]{SI_fig_bands.pdf} \caption{(Color online) Bandstructure of bilayer \ch{CrI3} along the -M$(-\frac{1}{2},0,0)$, G$(0,0,0)$, M$(\frac{1}{2},0,0)$, K$(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},0)$ line in ${\bf k}$-space and the projected ...
2,121,713,845,106
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION}\label{sect-intro} High-mass X-ray binaries (HMXB) are systems composed by a massive, early type star which provides the matter to an accreting compact object, typically a highly-magnetized neutron star, $B\sim\,10^{11} - 10^{13}\, \rm G$. This has been inferred from the presence in their X-ray sp...
2,121,713,845,107
arxiv
\section{Introduction} {\indent Neural network has been extensively used to solve problems of high degree of complexity, such as feature classification, image processing, pattern recognition, combinational optimization etc. Many topics encountered in high energy physics consist of similar problems of classification...
2,121,713,845,108
arxiv
\section*{Acknowledgments}% \begin{document} \title{A coherence-based game and applications to semi-device-independent quantum key distribution} \author{Mário Silva} \affiliation{Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA, F-54000 Nancy, France} \email{mmachado@loria.fr} \orcid{} \author{Ricardo Faleiro} \email{rica...
2,121,713,845,109
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Millisecond radio pulsars (MSPs) are a distinct population of neutron stars (NSs) with fast spin periods and magnetic fields several orders of magnitude weaker than those of ``normal'' pulsars. These properties are thought to reflect a long mass transfer episode from a stellar companion. In ...
2,121,713,845,110
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:Inroduction} A dynamical system, usually represented by a set of differential equations, can be linear or non-linear \cite{Mathematics_and_Climate_dynamicalsystembook,Differential_Dynamical_Systems_book,dynamical_system_application_1986}. Linear dynamical systems have been studied mor...
2,121,713,845,111
arxiv
\section[Introduction]{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} In an observational study, researchers are not allowed to dictate which individuals receive a treatment and which do not. This gives rise to concerns that the results of an observational study may be biased due to confounding factors - characteristics of the indiv...
2,121,713,845,112
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Multimodal machine translation (MMT) aims to improve machine translation by resolving certain contextual ambiguities with the aid of other modalities such as vision, and have shown promising integration in conventional neural machine translation (NMT) models \cite{specia-etal-2016-shared}. On the...
2,121,713,845,113
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $\mnbar{g}{n}$ denote the moduli stack of stable nodal complex curves of genus $g$ with $n$ labeled marked points; this is the Deligne-Mumford-Knudsen compactification of the moduli stack $\mathfrak{M}_{g,n}$ of smooth curves. This object plays a central role in Gromov-Witten theory, confor...
2,121,713,845,114
arxiv
\section{The Join of two Cantor sets is Tits rigid} Suppose that $\bd X$ is topologically the suspension of two Cantor sets $C_1$ and $C_2$, so $\bd X \cong C_1 * C_2$. Replacing $G$ with a subgroup of index at most 2, {\bf we may assume that $C_1$ and $C_2$ are $G$ invariant. } By \cite{CHA} the action of $G$ on $X$...
2,121,713,845,115
arxiv
\subsection{Liquid D$_2$ target system} For a spectroscopic study of $\Lambda$(1405) by the $d(K^-,n)$ reaction (J-PARC E31), we have been developing a liquid D$_2$ target system. A side-view of the cryostat is shown in Fig. \ref{d2:cryo}. Since we measure the decay products of $\Lambda$(1405), the target cell, whose ...
2,121,713,845,116
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A \emph{search data structure} provides a mutable, searchable set or dictionary (e.g., a binary search tree or B+tree). Many important systems, such as databases~\cite{Silo,MassTree} and operating systems~\cite{Clements:2012}, rely on highly-concurrent search data structures for multi-core scala...
2,121,713,845,117
arxiv
\section{Introduction } A precise extraction of the Cabibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa parameters is predicated on our ability to control the theoretical uncertainties involved in the predictions of heavy hadron decays. As such, it is imperative that we perform our calculations within a systematic expansion. Heavy quark effect...
2,121,713,845,118
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Human pose estimation aims to localize anatomical keypoints from images. It serves as a foundation for many down-stream tasks such as AR/VR, action recognition \cite{huang2017deep,yan2018spatial}, and medical diagnosis \cite{chen2021pd}. Over the past decades, deep convolutional neural networks...
2,121,713,845,119
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} Complex fluids are ubiquitous in natural and industrial processes, from food processing, to lava or debris flows, to oil and gas applications. The mechanical behaviour of these fluids arises from the microstructure of the fluid, for example emulsion droplets and clays in...
2,121,713,845,120
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} \PARstart{T}{he} disproportionate growth in traffic volume compared to the road capacity causes an increase in congestion on highways with significant implications on the road safety and environmental footprint of road vehicles \cite{Schrank2019}. Traffic bottlenecks usually cause congestion; for...
2,121,713,845,121
arxiv
\section*{SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL for \textit{Entanglement entropy in low-energy field theories at finite chemical potential}} In this Supplemental Material we provide further details about: 1. The representation of the ground state wavefunctional in real in the disordered phase and its connection with entanglement en...
2,121,713,845,122
arxiv
\section{Introduction and preliminaries} The triangle inequality is one of the most fundamental inequalities in mathematics. Several mathematician have been investigated its generalizations and its reverses.\\ In 1917, Petrovitch \cite{pet} proved that for complex numbers $z_1, \cdots, z_n$, $$|\sum_{j=1}^n z_j|\geq\c...
2,121,713,845,123
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In a simple but useful model of spectral line formation during the photospheric phases of a supernova, a line forms by resonance scattering in a homologously expanding atmosphere above a sharp photosphere. An unblended line has a P-Cygni profile with an emission feature near the observer-frame l...
2,121,713,845,124
arxiv
\section{} \section{Introduction} With the recent All-Sky Data Release of the Two Micron All-Sky Survey\footnote{See http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/releases/allsky/} (2MASS), we are now able to retrieve near-infrared (NIR) $J$, $H$, and $K_S$ magnitudes for more than a thousand white dwarfs that fall within the ...
2,121,713,845,125
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \begin{figure}[!t] \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth,trim = 0mm 0mm 0mm 0mm, clip]{figs/OverviewSim.pdf} \vspace{-7mm} \caption{Illustration of the proposed weakly supervised semantic segmentation task and learning framework under complex driving scenes. (a) For a whole dat...
2,121,713,845,126
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} It is often observed that to make a machine learning model better, one can scale it up. However this is not always possible when machine learning models are deployed since larger networks are also more expensive as measured by inference time, memory, energy, etc. These costs lim...
2,121,713,845,127
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \begin{comment} \section{Applications of the Model and Results in Wireless Networks} \label{sec:wireless_applications} This model was motivated by fundamental design questions in wireless networks. One of the key challenges in assessing performance of such wireless networks lies in the comple...
2,121,713,845,128
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been intensively investigated in the past few years for their applications in next-generation nanoelectronics, including spintronics\cite{Zutic2004} and valleytronics.\cite{Cao2012} Transition-metal chalcogenides (TMCs) of the form TX$_2$ (T=Mo, W, X=Se, S) are...
2,121,713,845,129
arxiv
\section{Introduction} This paper generalizes the notion of invariance pressure introduced by the present authors in \cite{Cocosa} and improves its characterization for linear control systems. We now admit initial states in a subset $K$ of the set $Q$ in which the system should remain. Then we derive a number of resu...
2,121,713,845,130
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Exomoons play an important role in planetary systems, ranging from tidal heating and geology to habitability and astrobiology. A moon can stabilize a planet's tilt \citep{laskar1993}, prevent tidal locking between host and star \citep{Tokadjian}, drive tidal heating \citep{Piro18}, sustain a plan...
2,121,713,845,131
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Ensemble methods are a fundamental approach to prediction, based on the principle that accuracy can be enhanced by aggregating a diverse collection of prediction functions. Two of the most widely used methods in this class are \emph{random forests} and \emph{bagging}, which rely on randomization...
2,121,713,845,132
arxiv
\section*{Acknowledgments} \section{Modeling Vision-Language Interaction}\label{architecture} After encoding images and texts into single-modal embeddings, the next step is to design an encoder to integrate information from both vision and language modalities. For example, to answer a question about an image, the m...
2,121,713,845,133
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Despite the wealth of over 4000 verified exoplanets known today\footnote{https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu (30 April 2020)} there are still many unanswered questions concerning the formation mechanisms and system evolution which has led to the observed distribution of these objects. In p...
2,121,713,845,134
arxiv
2,121,713,845,135
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Combinatorial abstractions of properties of point sets are a useful tool in computational geometry. For example, many algorithms on point sets only require the \emph{order type} instead of the exact coordinates of the points, which makes many algorithms in computational geometry purely combinator...
2,121,713,845,136
arxiv
\section{Introduction} It is well known that anomalies have important implications for low-energy physics: the electromagnetic decay of neutral pions $\pi^0\rightarrow 2\gamma$ is a textbook example. Anomalies reveal intricate relationships between topological objects such as vortices, domain walls, Nambu-Goldstone b...
2,121,713,845,137
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Main result of this article consists in construction of what is called meromorphic braided (or tensor) category, see [So]. It arises in the representation theory of quantum affine algebras and lives on an elliptic curve. There are many papers devoted to different aspects of finite-dimension...
2,121,713,845,138
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} The motivation for this paper was an effort to construct an operad structure on the derivatives (in the sense of Tom Goodwillie's homotopy calculus \cite{goodwillie:1990,goodwillie:1991,goodwillie:2003}) of the identity functor $I$ on the category of based spaces. Such an operad structure has be...
2,121,713,845,139
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction} The discovery of quasars \citep{Schmidt1963} led to a fundamental breakthrough in our perception of the emergence and evolution of galaxies. These powerful sustained cosmic beacons are the brightest members of a large population of active galactic nuclei \citep[AGNs,][]{Ho...
2,121,713,845,140
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Low and intermediate mass stars, depending on their actual mass and metallicity, change their surface chemical composition in the AGB phase of their evolution due to a phenomenon that is usually dubbed "third dredge-up" (see \citealp{1999ARA&A..37..239B} for a detailed review). This process deno...