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2,121,713,845,241
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The \emph{Hawking effect} \cite{hawking1975} is one of the most remarkable results obtained by employing quantum field theory in curved spacetime \cite{book:Birrell,book:Parker,book:Mukhanov} where an asymptotic observer in future finds a thermal emission from a black hole. The thermal emissi...
2,121,713,845,242
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Dynamic bifurcation concerns the changes in the qualitative or topological structures of limiting motions such as equilibria, periodic solutions, homoclinic orbits, heteroclinic orbits and invariant tori etc. for nonlinear evolution equations as some relevant parameters in the equations vary....
2,121,713,845,243
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} \input{content/introduction_arxiv.tex} \section{CausalWorld Benchmark} \label{sec:benchmark} \input{content/benchmark_v2_arxiv.tex} \section{Related Work} \label{sec:related_work} \input{content/related_work_arxiv.tex} \section{Experiments} \label{sec:experiment} \inp...
2,121,713,845,244
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction} Our daily life is increasingly governed by software and cyber-physical systems, which are exploited in the realisation of critical infrastructure, whose security is a public concern. In the design of such systems, security is often perceived as a qualitative need, but expe...
2,121,713,845,245
arxiv
\section{Preliminary results} Lenstra's talk \cite{hl} starts with the following definition introduced by the bishop, music theorist, poet, and composer Philippe de Vitry, a.k.a. Philippus De Vitriaco (1291-1361): \begin{definition}\label{harmnum} A {\em\bf harmonic number} is a number that can be written as a power o...
2,121,713,845,246
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Most classical results in computability theory focus on the so-called \emph{extensional} properties of programs, i.e., on the properties of the partial functions they compute. Notably, the renowned Rice's Theorem~\cite{Rice53} states that any nontrivial extensional property of programs is ...
2,121,713,845,247
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The neural network watchdog is a tool used to determine whether a classification or regression has been performed on an input that is in-distribution or out-of-distribution with respect to the training data \cite{Bui}. The work focused on the disjoint approach to the watchdog, where the neural ne...
2,121,713,845,248
arxiv
\section{Introduction} It is believed that Red Dwarfs (RDs) are the most numerous stars in the Universe (>70\%). These low-mass ($\lesssim$\,0.5M$_{\odot}$) objects constitute also more than 40\% of total stellar mas in our Galaxy \cite{hen98}. However, it is still unclear what is the formation rate of planets (or low...
2,121,713,845,249
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The journal \textit{Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society} (MNRAS) encourages authors to prepare their papers using \LaTeX. The style file \verb'mnras.cls' can be used to approximate the final appearance of the journal, and provides numerous features to simplify the preparation of pa...
2,121,713,845,250
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A \emph{holomorphic Engel structure} on a complex manifold $M$ of complex dimension $4$ is a holomorphic subbundle $\mathcal{D}\hookrightarrow TM$ of complex rank $2$ which is maximally non-integrable. More precisely $[\mathcal{D},\mathcal{D}]=\mathcal{E}$ has constant rank $3$ and satisfies $[\m...
2,121,713,845,251
arxiv
\section{Conclusions and Future Work} \label{sec:conclusion} The distributed systems community has developed consensus protocols mostly independently from the database community's struggles with distributed transactions. We have described one approach to exploiting consensus as the underlying mechanism for transacti...
2,121,713,845,252
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In last years, the scientific community constantly discovered new materials, which posses distinct features such as linear dispersion and strong spin-orbit coupling described by effective Dirac-like Hamiltonians~\cite{Balatsky2014}. Graphene was the first 2D material that revealed the linear dis...
2,121,713,845,253
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} Building on a background of successful high-altitude balloon usage in atmospheres for reconnaissance, climate monitoring , and planetary exploration \cite{sagdeev_vega_1986} to name a few, in this work we aim at identifying design and control challenges, and propose a novel robotic platform that...
2,121,713,845,254
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The central engines of active galactic nuclei (AGN) have a significant impact on the ambient interstellar medium via relativistic jets, gas outflow, and collimated hard ionizing radiation. In some cases, Extended Emission-Line Regions (EELRs) are observed at as far as tens kiloparsecs. In rad...
2,121,713,845,255
arxiv
\section{Introduction and preliminary results} The recent paper \cite{ssa} by LJ. Stankovi\'c, S. Stankovi\'c and M. Amin provides a statistical analysis for efficient detection of signal components when missing data samples are present (cf. \cite{sso}, \cite[Section 2]{sid}, \cite{sdsv} and \cite{sdv}). This a...
2,121,713,845,256
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \blfootnote{Moustafa Youssef is currently on sabbatical from Alexandria University, Egypt.} The widespread use of wireless networks combined with ubiquitous mobile devices led to the proliferation of RF-based localization techniques \cite{ips_vision,youssef2005multivariate,el2010propagation,abd...
2,121,713,845,257
arxiv
\section*{References}} \usepackage[margin=2.2cm]{geometry} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage[mathscr]{euscript} \usepackage{amssymb} \newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem} \newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition} \newtheorem{conjecture}{Conjecture} \newtheorem{corol...
2,121,713,845,258
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} Over the past two decades online information goods created and used by millions of people, such as open source software and Wikipedia, have captured the attention of researchers in a variety of disciplines. Research in the area has studied communities' ability to facilitate...
2,121,713,845,259
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In a preceding paper \cite{theory1} (Paper I), relying on previous works on the subject \cite{tolman,cocke,hk0,kh,khk,kam,kh2,hk,ipser80,sorkin,sy,sy2,bvrelat,aarelat1, aarelat2,gao,gaoE,roupas1,gsw,fg,roupas1E,schiffrin,psw,fhj}, we have developed a general formalism to study the statistical m...
2,121,713,845,260
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Speaker diarization is the task of determining ``who spoke when" given a long audio \cite{anguera2012speaker}. It is a crucial component for meeting transcription which aims to solve the problem of ``who speaks what at when" in real-world multi-speaker conversations. Recently...
2,121,713,845,261
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Since the proposal of the four laws of black hole thermodynamics \cite{BCH}, black holes are considered as objects with entropy, mass, angular momentum and electric charge as extensive quantities. According to the no-hair theorem, any black hole solution is completely determined by the last thre...
2,121,713,845,262
arxiv
\section{The CMS Collaboration \label{app:collab}}\begin{sloppypar}\hyphenpenalty=5000\widowpenalty=500\clubpenalty=5000\input{HIN-17-002-authorlist.tex}\end{sloppypar} \end{document}
2,121,713,845,263
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}} \IEEEPARstart{T}{he} behavior of the visual attention of the users is an active research area in the field of computer vision. Its applications allow the delivery of information of greater utility and/or complexity in areas that capture users' attention, and adapt a ...
2,121,713,845,264
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Quantum networks provide a robust and scalable framework through which large-scale quantum-information processing may be achieved\,\cite{Kimble:2008if}. Specifically, the development of hybrid light-matter networks allows a consolidated approach whereby the specific advantages of multifarious q...
2,121,713,845,265
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:1} Neutron stars are fascinating celestial objects as natural laboratories for dense matter physics. They are associated with the most exotic environments and violent phenomena of the universe~\cite{Weber05}. Observations of ordinary radio pulsars indicate that they possess surface m...
2,121,713,845,266
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \paragraph{General background.} The {\em class membership problem} for a language class $\mathcal{C}$ and a subclass $\mathcal{C}'\subseteq\mathcal{C}$ asks, given some device (like an automaton or a grammar) accepting a language in $\mathcal{C}$ to decide if the language that is described by t...
2,121,713,845,267
arxiv
\section{Almost sure convergence for the ground state energy per particle} \label{sec:almost-sure-conv} In this section, we prove that, if interactions decay sufficiently fast at infinity, then the convergence in the thermodynamic limit of the ground state energy per particle $E^U_\omega(L, n) / n$ to $\calE^U(\rho)$ h...
2,121,713,845,268
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The structure of galaxies emerges from a complex process of hierarchical mass assembly in which mergers and other processes such as dissipation play key roles. Discs and spheroids contain the bulk of the light (and thus stellar mass) of galaxies, and their scaling relations encode valuable infor...
2,121,713,845,269
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The main result is formulated in the title of the paper. Although it has connections with various fields of mathematics and mathematical physics, I could not find a unique best framework for it Therefore, this needs serious comments, that we do in this introduction. \paragraph{Dynamical system...
2,121,713,845,270
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} In \cite{MR1808131}, Linchenko and Montgomery defined Frobenius-Schur indicators of characters of finite-di\-men\-sion\-al semisimple Hopf algebras as follows: For a character $\chi$ of such a Hopf algebra $H$, the $n$-th Frobenius-Schur indicator of $\chi$ is given b...
2,121,713,845,271
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The wide availability of high-throughput sequencing technologies has enabled the collection of high-dimensional biomedical data containing measurements of the entire genome. However, many clinical trials which collect such high-dimensional, typically tabular, data are carried out on small cohort...
2,121,713,845,272
arxiv
\section{Introduction} This talk briefly summarizes a growing body of work\cite{CL1,CLcompat,CDLN1,CLpent,CDLN2,CLSU3,CDLM} done with Tom Cohen on unstable baryon resonances in the $1/N_c$ QCD expansion. More in-depth synopses appear in Ref.~\refcite{talks}. The $1/N_c$ expansion about the large $N_c$ QCD limit has b...
2,121,713,845,273
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:INTRO} Integrability in the sense of Liouville is essentially based on the possibility of solving exactly equations of motion arising in classical Hamiltonian systems. However, the advent of \emph{quantum mechanics} has changed the scenario and physical quantities associated with se...
2,121,713,845,274
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} With an increased ability to compress digital video data and with still growing transport capacities, the transmission of video signals over wireless channels or the internet has become very popular. But, as such channels are not reliable, the risk of transmission erro...
2,121,713,845,275
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Tensors appear in a wide range of applications, including electronic structure theory~\cite{Bartlett:2007:RMP:CC}, multiresolution analysis~\cite{Harrison:2015:arXiv:MADNESS}, quantum many-body theory~\cite{pfeifer2014faster}, quantum computing simulation~\cite{markov2008simu...
2,121,713,845,276
arxiv
\section*{Acknowledgments} The authors want to thank V. Mishra and M.R. Norman for useful discussions and for sending them a plot of $P_{0d}(T)$ calculated using their ARPES derived single particle Greens function. The authors also want to thank E.~Gull, S.~R.~Kivelson, A.-M.~Tremblay, and L.~Taillefer for useful comm...
2,121,713,845,277
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Jets are observed from a wide variety of astrophysical objects. They are emitted from the central regions of young stellar objects where a protostar is being born \citep{Burrows1996,hirth_spatial_1997,ray_hst_1996,hirth_spatial_1997,dougados_t_2000,bally_observations_2007}, from the central core...
2,121,713,845,278
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} \subsection{Problem statement} The problem of compressed sensing (CS), recovering high-dimensional vector $\boldsymbol{x}\in\mathds{R}^n$ from its noisy under-determined linear measurements $\boldsymbol{y} = \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{x} + \boldsymbol{z}$, where $\boldsymbol{...
2,121,713,845,279
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud is a fundamental step in the cosmological distance ladder: since the Cepheid extragalactic distance scale is tied to the LMC distance, any error in the determination of the distance to the LMC propagates directly to the cosmological distances. Recent ...
2,121,713,845,280
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The synthesis of heavy or superheavy nuclei is a very important subject in nuclear physics motivated with respect to the island of stability which is predicted theoretically, and has obtained much experimental research with the fusion-evaporation reactions $\cite{Ho00,Og07}$. The existence of th...
2,121,713,845,281
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sect:intro} The primary science goals of CMB cosmology in the next decade are the degree-scale B-mode polarization induced by a gravitational wave background and the arcminute-scale B-mode induced by weak gravitational lensing from the large scale structures. The former will provide ...
2,121,713,845,282
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{section:Introduction} The cubic-kilometre neutrino telescope (KM3NeT) is a deep-sea neutrino research infrastructure comprising two large-volume water Cherenkov detectors which consist of 3D-arrays of optical modules, each one containing 31 3-inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) \citep{Margi...
2,121,713,845,283
arxiv
\section{Introduction and main results} \begingroup \setcounter{tmp}{\value{thm}} \setcounter{thm}{0} \renewcommand\thethm{\Alph{thm}} Since Belavin, Polyakov, and Zamolodchikov \cite{BPZ84} introduced an operator algebra formalism of conformal fields in the complex plane and classified them in terms of the repres...
2,121,713,845,284
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The black hole binary system (BHB) GRS~1915+105 was discovered in 1992 with WATCH on board {\emph{GRANAT}} \citep{Castro92}. It is at a distance of $\sim 11$ kpc away \citep[e.g.][]{Fender99, Zdziarski05}, and comprises a spinning black hole \citep {Zhang97, McClintock06} with mass $14\pm4$ $M...
2,121,713,845,285
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} \subsection{Background} Decomposing unsteady and turbulent flows into low-rank models is an important step towards the realization of closed-loop flow control, which has proven to be elusive (at least in part) due to the high degrees of freedom in most flow systems. Despite the...
2,121,713,845,286
arxiv
\section{Introduction and Motivation} \label{sec:intro} Through the history of our species, the universe populated with stars, galaxies and other celestial objects has been visible in the darkness of the night sky, inspiring questions about the cosmos and our relationship to it, and therefore star gazing has been cruc...
2,121,713,845,287
arxiv
\section*{\textbf{Addressing Dependencies in Dyadic Data}} Relational, or dyadic, data provide measurements of how pairs of actors relate to one another. The easiest way to organize such data is the directed dyadic design in which the unit of analysis is some set of $n$ actors that have been paired together to form a ...
2,121,713,845,288
arxiv
\section{\textsc{Introduction}} \label{sec:intro_radio} Blue compact dwarf galaxies (BCDs) are star forming dwarf galaxies whose bluer colours are attributed to ongoing star formation. They are gas-rich, compact, low luminosity ($M_{B}= -17$ to $-14$) objects with low metal abundances ($\frac{1}{50}Z_{\odot}< \ Z <\fr...
2,121,713,845,289
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A well-known downside of many successful Deep Learning approaches like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is their need for big, labeled datasets. Obtaining these datasets can be very costly and time-consuming or the required quantity is even not available due to restrictive conditions. In fac...
2,121,713,845,290
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Fast reliable spin manipulation in quantum dots is one of the challenges in spintronics and semiconductor-based quantum information. The design of corresponding gates can be based on electric dipole spin resonance where the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) \cite{Rashba1,Nowack,Pioro,Golovach06} ...
2,121,713,845,291
arxiv
\section{\uppercase{Introduction}} \label{introduction} Autonomous driving can be approached from various sensor modalities such as camera, radar, sonar, or lidar. Each sensor provides a piece of valuable information. It is shown that the fusion of multiple sensors is required to cover all of the environmental varia...
2,121,713,845,292
arxiv
\section{Introduction} For integers $n\ge 0$ we define $[n]:=\{i\in\mathbb{Z}\mid 1\le i\le n\}$. Let $S$ be a non-empty finite set. We call two subsets of $S$ in \emph{general position} (with respect to $S$) if their union is $S$ or their meet is empty, which means that their intersection is as small as possible. ...
2,121,713,845,293
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \vspace{-1.5 em} \begin{figure}[h] \centering \includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{mdbfig1.png} \caption{\label{fig1}Deep Inelastic Muon Scattering.} \end{figure} Figure~\ref{fig1}a shows the leading order Feynman diagram for deep inelastic scattering and defines the kinematic variables. Figu...
2,121,713,845,294
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Several mathematical and computational problems involve collections of graph partitions with fixed numbers of components. Example application scenarios include tracking and clustering of evolving communities in a network, as well as analysis of political redistricting plan ensembles---an applic...
2,121,713,845,295
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal disease in the world. OA is poorly understood and no disease-modifying treatment currently exists for it~\cite{van2019osteoarthritis}. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods are commonly used to clinically study the structural changes ...
2,121,713,845,296
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The CLIC linear collider is expected to probe physics at the multi-TeV scale, complementing and extending the reach of the LHC on New Physics beyond the Standard Model. If this New Physics is manifested by a rich spectroscopic of new particles, as several models predict, their study will be a...
2,121,713,845,297
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{s.introduction} The notion of time is deeply rooted into our perception of reality, which is why, for centuries, time has entered Physics as a fundamental ingredient that is not to be questioned. Then, general relativity (GR) and quantum mechanics (QM) intervened in opposite directio...
2,121,713,845,298
arxiv
\section{Introduction}} \setcounter{equation}{0} Generations of Physicists have grown to maturity with the aid of Feynman graphs for various perturbative problems; and when the subjects of their theoretical researches have required a non--perturbative approach, they have attempted to sum sub--sets of Feynman graphs in ...
2,121,713,845,299
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Gravitational lensing presents one of a handful of current observational windows on the dark universe. The distortion of background galaxies by galaxy clusters has provided a striking demonstration of general relativity \citep{2010CQGra..27w3001B}. More importantly, it has enabled the unique r...
2,121,713,845,300
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The last few years the interest in the study of nuclei from both experimental and theoretical point of view has shifted from the investigation of one-body quantities (e.g., the elastic form factor $F(\vec{q})$ and the momentum distribution $\eta (\vec{p})$) towards the investigation of tw...
2,121,713,845,301
arxiv
\section{Introduction} From the viewpoint of modern language technology, languages may be seen as ``dialects with a part-of-speech tagger, a treebank, and a machine translation system''~\cite{tiedemann2016synthetic}. Such fortunate dialects are a vast minority: At this point in time, only around 100 or 1\% of the wo...
2,121,713,845,302
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{se1} Let $X$ be a projective variety defined over an algebraically closed field, and let $L$ be a line bundle on $X$. The Nakai--Moishezon criterion says that $L$ is ample if and only if $L^{\text{dim}(Y)}\cdot Y \,>\, 0$ for every positive-dimensional closed subvariety $Y$ of $X$. In g...
2,121,713,845,303
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec_intro} At early stages of planet formation, coagulation of dust and ice triggers solidification of bodies within the circumstellar gas disk that is present in the first few Myr. Even though the process behind the growth of such bodies is not well understood \citep{Morbidelli09, Johanse...
2,121,713,845,304
arxiv
\section*{Figure Captions} \begin{figure}[h] \vspace{1mm} \caption[]{The effect of perturbation $V_1$ causes $Q\bar{Q}$ decay (a) or $G_0$ mixing with $Q\overline{Q}$ (b). The effect of $V_2$ on $G_0$ causes decay to two glueballs (c).} \label{Rivsx} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[h] \vspace{1mm} \caption[]{Invariant co...
2,121,713,845,305
arxiv
\section{Abstract} \label{submission} There has been a tremendous rise in technological advances in the field of automobiles and autonomous vehicles. With the increase in the number of driven vehicles, the safety concerns with the same have also risen. The cases of accidents and life-threatening injuries have skyrocket...
2,121,713,845,306
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Although deep learning has been successfully applied to various domains including computer vision, speech recognition and natural language processing, the theoretical understanding of its success is still limited. One important theoretical aspect of deep learning is the geometry and topology o...
2,121,713,845,307
arxiv
\section*{} \vspace{-1cm} \footnotetext{\textit{$^{a}$~Univ Lyon, Universit\'e Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumi\`ere Mati\`ere, F-69622, LYON, France. E-mail: laurent.joly@univ-lyon1.fr}} \section{Introduction} Electrokinetic (EK) flows \new{(also called osmotic or surface-driven flows) are plug flow...
2,121,713,845,308
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The accumulation of beneficial mutations drives adaptation and evolutionary innovation. Yet despite its central importance, the evolutionary dynamics by which a population accumulates such mutations is poorly understood. To better understand adaptation in any particular system, we must ask two...
2,121,713,845,309
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} Principal component analysis (PCA) and spectral methods are ubiquitous tools in many fields including statistics, econometrics, machine learning, and applied mathematics. They have been extensively studied and used in a wide range of applications. Recent examples include matrix...
2,121,713,845,310
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{introduction} The progress of machine learning so far mostly relies upon a series of challenges and benchmarks that are manually conceived by the community (e.g.\ MNIST \cite{lecun1998gradient}, ImageNet \cite{deng2009imagenet}, pole balancing \cite{anderson1989learning}, and Atari \cite{...
2,121,713,845,311
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Big Data has arisen in recent years to deal with problems in several domains, such as social networks, biochemistry, health care systems, politics, and retail, among many others. New developments are necessary to address most of the problems in the area. Typically, classical statistical approach...
2,121,713,845,312
arxiv
\section*{References}} \textwidth=165mm \textheight=245mm \oddsidemargin=-2.5mm \evensidemargin=-2.5mm \topmargin=-15mm \title{The Demand Adjustment Problem via Inexact Restoration Method} \author[2,4]{Jorgelina Walpen} \author[2]{Elina M. Mancinelli} \author[1]{Pablo A. Lotito} \author[2,3]{Lisandro Parente} \a...
2,121,713,845,313
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Stars of low- and intermediate-mass ($0.8-1~M_\odot<M_i<8-10~M_\odot$) experience heavy mass loss episodes during the red giant phase that subsequently intensify at the tip of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB). With typical mass loss rates $10^{-4}-10^{-5}$ M$_\odot$~yr$^{-1}$, the AGB win...
2,121,713,845,314
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{introduction} Anomalous transport, believed to be principally turbulent, is known to be the main cause of heat and particle loss in high performance tokamaks. Anomalous transport has also been observed in stellarator experiments, including Wendelstein 7-AS~\cite{stroth98}, Large Helic...
2,121,713,845,315
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Distributed optimization lies on the interface between control and optimization with the goal being to find a minimum of some global objective by a network of agents, each of which has access to a local part of the objective and can interact with only neighbouring agents. Many algorithms for thi...
2,121,713,845,316
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In geometric group theory one attempts to elucidate the algebraic properties of a group by studying its actions on spaces with good geometric properties. For irreducible lattices in higher-rank semisimple Lie groups, versions of Margulis superrigidity place severe restrictions on the spaces t...
2,121,713,845,317
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Transition metal oxides (TMO) host complex phases resulting from interactions with a hierarchy of energy scales. In $3d$ and $4d$ TMOs, competition between kinetic energy, quantified by the parameter, $t$, and Coulomb repulsion, parameterized by $U$, are the major factors determining the nature ...
2,121,713,845,318
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Photons are elementary excitations of the electromagnetic field in a given mode, which can combine polarization, frequency, the transverse position or momentum, among other degrees of freedom. As such, photons cannot be separated from the properties defined by the modes they occupy. These are ac...
2,121,713,845,319
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Tinbergen's detection of weak ($\ge 2 \sigma$) polarization of light for $\sim$15 nearby stars, caused by magnetically aligned interstellar dust grains in the galactic center hemisphere, has long been intriguing \citep[][T82]{Tinbergen:1982}. Instrumental noise may introduce random weak polariz...
2,121,713,845,320
arxiv
\section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction} Successful exfoliation of graphene in 2004 aroused intensive research interest towards prospective two-dimensional (2D) monolayers possibly having novel electronic, structural, optical and thermoelectric properties \cite{novoselov2004electric}. Subsequently, synthesis of grap...
2,121,713,845,321
arxiv
\section{RADIAL POLARIZATION} \section{Introduction} A great deal of work has already been carried out on twisted light and on exploring its interaction with matter \cite{allen1999,lesallen2003,zhan2004,frank2008,Andrews2012,torres2011}, including atoms and molecules \cite{babiker2018atoms}. Cylindrical twisted light...
2,121,713,845,322
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{Int} Mirror symmetry \cite{Lerche:1989uy,Greene:1990ud,Candelas:1989hd} is a powerful tool in computing worldsheet instanton corrections to the moduli space of Calabi-Yau threefolds. Because mirror symmetry maps the calculation of quantum corrections to a classical computation in algebrai...
2,121,713,845,323
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Bubble interaction with particles is of interest in metal purification \cite{metal-strring-1, metal-strring-2, metal-strring-3, metal-strring-4, metal-strring-5} and froth flotation \cite{flotation-book-1, flotation-book-2, sommer-4d-ptv} where gas bubbles are injected to rem...
2,121,713,845,324
arxiv
\subsection{Intelligent Client Framework Design}\label{sec:intelligent_client} \input{intelligent_client} \subsection{Performance Analysis Framework Design}\label{sec:perf_framework} \input{perf_framework} \subsection{The Benchmark Suite}\label{sec:benchmark_suite} \input{benchmark_suite} \subsubsection{App...
2,121,713,845,325
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Since little more than one decade an interesting alternative to the standard Kaluza-Klein compactification paradigm has been put to test. The kind of scenarios based on this alternative are known as braneworld models \cite{anto1}--\cite{tanaka} and allow for infinite extra dimensions, in co...
2,121,713,845,326
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} In a formulation similar to a student's exercise, more than fifty year ago Rudolf Peierls pointed out that one-dimensional (1D) metals are intrinsically unstable with respect to lattice distortions opening a gap at the Fermi energy.\cite{peierls} It did not take long to ...
2,121,713,845,327
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Policy iteration (PI) is a recursive process to solve an optimal decision-making/control problem by alternating between \emph{policy evaluation} to obtain the value function with respect to the current policy (a.k.a. the current control law in control theory) and \emph{policy improvement} to imp...
2,121,713,845,328
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Stellar flares are powered by magnetic reconnection events. Although most last for only a few minutes, they have been observed to last for up to 8 hours \citep{Kowalski2010}. Their strongest observational signal is a flux increase in the blue/near-UV, which can be several magnitudes for the bigg...
2,121,713,845,329
arxiv
\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% {-3.5ex \@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex {2.3ex \@plus.2ex}% {\normalfont\large\bfseries}} \renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}% ...
2,121,713,845,330
arxiv
\section{Introduction} {\bf Coupled oscillator systems are a rich source of examples of high dimensional dynamical behaviour as well as a class of systems that can be used to understand a range of emergent dynamical phenomena. One of these phenomena, where there is apparent coexistence of coherent and incoherent be...
2,121,713,845,331
arxiv
\section{Comparison to the {\sc{fire}}\xspace simulations as a function of halo mass} \label{ap_fire_comp} \begin{figure} \includegraphics[width=20pc]{Figures/mass_loading_L0100N1504_REF_200_snip_hydro_sim_comp_FIRE_mhalo.pdf} \caption{A comparison of mass loading factors between {\sc{eagle}}\xspace and the {\sc{fire...
2,121,713,845,332
arxiv
\section{Introduction} It is well-known that the second language (L2) learning process is profoundly affected by a well-established habitual perception of phonemes and articulatory motions in the learners’primary language (L1) \cite{ellis1989understanding}, which often cause mistakes and imprecise articulation in spee...
2,121,713,845,333
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} A geometric description of a scene, high-quality depth map is useful in many computer vision applications, such as 3D reconstruction, virtual reality, scene understanding, intelligent driving, and robot navigation. Literature mainly contains two classes of techniques for depth ...
2,121,713,845,334
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:Intro} The Minimal Supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (MSSM) \cite{Martin:1997ns} assumes that R-parity is conserved. R-parity ($R_p$) \cite{Farrar:1978xj}, defined as $R_p = (-1)^{3 B + L + 2 S}$, was originally introduced to guarantee the stability of the proton in s...
2,121,713,845,335
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{s-intro} The decadal review of astrophysics and astronomy for the 2020s \cite{nata21} identifies the question of whether the dark energy density of the universe is static or dynamic as one of the great unanswered questions in modern science. The answer requires an accurate comparison of...
2,121,713,845,336
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Rendering photorealistic facial expressions from single static faces while preserving the identity information is an open research topic which has significant impact on the area of affective computing. Generating faces of a specific person with different facial expressions can be used to vario...
2,121,713,845,337
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The Thirring model is a four-fermi theory with current-current interaction defined by the following continuum Lagrangian: \begin{equation} {\cal L}=\bar\psi_i(\partial{\!\!\! /}\,+m)\psi_i +{g^2\over{2N_f}}(\bar\psi_i\gamma_\mu\psi_i)^2 \end{equation} where $\psi$ and $\bar\psi$ are four-fompone...
2,121,713,845,338
arxiv
\section{Introduction} One of the important programming paradigms of OO programming is `programming to interfaces'. Programmers can use an interface without knowing the details of its implementations. This programming paradigm decouples the code using the interfaces and the implementations of these interfaces. It a...
2,121,713,845,339
arxiv
\section{Review of Lee et al.'s Protocol \cite{lb}} It includes five stages namely, System Setup, System Public Key Setup, Key Issuing, Key Securing and Key Retrieving. \subsection{System Setup} The KGC specifies two cyclic groups $G_{1},G_{2}$ of prime order $q$ where $G_{1}$ is additive and $G_{2}$ is multiplicative...
2,121,713,845,340
arxiv
\section*{Acknowledgements}} \begin{document} \author{Martin Hutzenthaler\footnote{Research supported by the DFG in the Dutch German Bilateral Research Group "Ma\-the\-ma\-tics of Random Spatial Models from Physics and Biology" (FOR 498)} \footnote{Research supported by EPSRC Grant no GR/T19537/01} \\ {\it Goethe-Univ...