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2,121,713,845,641 | arxiv | \section{Overview}
Among the many problems facing particle physics today, two fundamental ones
pronouncedly stick out: (i) the origin of the different mass scales observed
in Nature, and (ii) the miniscule upper bound on the cosmological constant.
While, at first sight, these two problems seem to be unrelated, I will a... |
2,121,713,845,642 | arxiv | \section{Question initiale}\label{t22}
L'origine du texte qui suit est l'étude de la question suivante.
\begin{ques}\label{t20}
Soit $c : \, {\mathbb Q}^{+*} \rightarrow {\mathbb C}$ une fonction telle que
\[
c(1/r) =\overline{c(r)} \quad ( r \in {\mathbb Q}^{+*}),
\]
et telle que, pour tout $ n \in {\mathbb N}$, le ... |
2,121,713,845,643 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgments}
This work received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/20072013/ERC grant agreement no. [319456] dHCP project). The research was supported by the Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Medical Engineering at King's College London [WT 2031... |
2,121,713,845,644 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Due to translational invariance either in the continuum or in a periodic crystal, electrons are characterized by a dispersion relation giving the energy as a function of a conserved wave vector. In the presence of a magnetic field $B$ perpendicular to a two-dimensional (2D) system, the electrons... |
2,121,713,845,645 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The method of separation of variables is one of the most useful method of solving linear partial
differential equations. The theory of $R$-separability of variables (separability with a factor $R(x)$)
in the 3-dimensional Laplace equation were laid in the second part of nineteenth century ... |
2,121,713,845,646 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
This paper is concerned with proving each of a lengthy list of conjectured binary BBP-type formulas collected in the ``Compendium of BBP-Type Formulas'', an online collection of BBP-type formulas for various mathematical constants~\cite{bailey09}. The formulas have, in most cases, been outsta... |
2,121,713,845,647 | arxiv | \section*{\sffamily \Large INTRODUCTION}
Theoretical condensed matter physicists have been searching for a
theory of correlated-electron superconductivity (SC) for more than 25
years, since the discovery\cite{Bednorz86a} of SC in
La$_{2-x}$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$. Consensus is slowly emerging that the
problem demands a concep... |
2,121,713,845,648 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) are complex systems that integrate connectivity, sensing, and autonomy to improve the efficiency and the security of traditional transportation systems \cite{FerdowsiITS}. Different devices and sensors are connected in an ITS to collect, share, and pro... |
2,121,713,845,649 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The first essential result devoted to upper local uniform $K$- monotonicity ($ULUKM$) was published in \cite{ChDSS} by Chilin, Dodds, Sedaev, and Sukochev in 1996. Authors presented a complete characterization of $ULUKM$ written in terms of strict $K$-monotonicity and the Kadec-Klee property for... |
2,121,713,845,650 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In wireless network research, an important challenge is scheduling the resources (essentially time, power and frequencies) to the network users, with the overall aim of allocating the service in some optimal manner. One way to achieve such goals is to use (opportunistic) scheduling methods, wher... |
2,121,713,845,651 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The theory of three-dimensional orbifolds and cone-manifolds attracts attention of many mathematicians since the original work of Thurston \cite{Thurston}. An introduction to the theory of orbifolds could be found in \cite[Ch.13]{Thurston}. For a basic introduction to the geometry of three-dime... |
2,121,713,845,652 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The detection and modeling of gravitational radiation is currently one
of the primary driving forces in classical general relativity due to
the advent of
ground-based~\cite{Abramovici:1992ah,Willke:2002bs,Giazotto:1988gw,Ando:2002bv}
and space-born detectors~\cite{Danzmann:1997hm,LISA}. This rad... |
2,121,713,845,653 | arxiv |
\subsection{Automata}
In this section we present basic results on connections between $\mathsf{MSO}$\xspace-definability of properties of graphs and recognizability using finite automata working on treedepth decompositions.
The design of automata follows standard constructions that were developed in the 90s, see the ... |
2,121,713,845,654 | arxiv | \section*{References}
|
2,121,713,845,655 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Python and its eco-system including tools of scientific computation, deep learning, and so on, are widely used all over the world. The Python eco-system is constructed on various modules and packages such as NumPy and SciPy. They are required enough to be efficient in order to be satisfied with ... |
2,121,713,845,656 | arxiv |
\section{Randomized Parent Search Algorithm}\label{sec:algorithm}
In this section we present our learner, i.e., \acf{raps} shown in \cref{alg:thealg} that finds the parent node of the reward
node or reports that the reward node does not have a parent node in $\mathcal{V}$. This algorithm
defines a recursive function ... |
2,121,713,845,657 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction}
During the last twenty years the non-perturbative approach to the renormalization group (RG)
originated by Wilson~\cite{Wilson,Wegner}
has been the subject of a revival in both statistical and quantum field theory.
Two main formulations of the non perturbative renormalization g... |
2,121,713,845,658 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\noindent In this note, we consider smooth projective varieties over ${\mathbb C}$ violating the integral Hodge conjecture; i.e., varieties $X$ with some $n$ for which there exists some $\alpha \in H^{2n} (X, {\mathbb Z}(n))$ that is not algebraic but for which some multiple of $\alpha$ is. V... |
2,121,713,845,659 | arxiv | \section{Overview and Motivation}
The Carroll symmetry, that was introduced earlier in \cite{carroll1}-\cite{Bacry:1968zf} has been started gaining a lot of attention in the recent years due to its several remarkable aspects. For example, it seems to - (I) have connections to that with the so called BMS symmetry algebr... |
2,121,713,845,660 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
CVSO30 \citep[or PTFO 8-8695][]{2012ApJ...755...42V} is an intriguing candidate
exoplanet system in several aspects. First of all, it resides in the nearby and
young stellar group 25 Orionis \citep{2007ApJ...661.1119B}.
The 25 Ori stellar group has
nearly 200 low-mass PMS (confi... |
2,121,713,845,661 | arxiv | \section{CONCLUSION}
We proposed a novel neural network architecture that uses multiplication as the primary relationship between neurons to imitate the Presynaptic Inhibition effect in neural systems. To use multiple simple neural network structure to learn from an unsegmented complex control policy, we used a predefi... |
2,121,713,845,662 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
There has been much interest recently in encryption schemes with
homomorphic capabilities. Traditionally, malleability was avoided to
satisfy strong security definitions, but many applications have been
identified for cryptosystems supporting homomorphic operations. More
recently, Gentry \cite{Ge... |
2,121,713,845,663 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\end{document}
\section{Introduction}
Users on an e-commerce platform typically discover products through search, browsing categories or marketing campaigns. On our platform, search functionality is key to product discovery as each of these channels translates to a search query in the back-end... |
2,121,713,845,664 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Intro}
Prediction models built using deep learning algorithms have had great success in many application areas including natural language processing \citep{goldberg2016primer}, speech recognition \citep{graves2013speech}, and image recognition \citep{lecun2015deep}. Deep learning algo... |
2,121,713,845,665 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Experiments with trapped cold atomic gases have driven a renewed interest in
fermionic pairing \cite{ketterle,Partridge}. In particular, much effort has been
devoted to understanding the superfluid phases of imbalanced fermionic gases,
featuring unequal number of particles of the distinct ferm... |
2,121,713,845,666 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
The basis function n-body force solver is optimal for studying the
global response of galaxies to perturbations or stability (Earn \&
Sellwood 1995\nocite{EaSe:95}). This technique was developed for
astrophysical problems by Clutton-Brock (1972,
1973\nocite{Clut:72,Clut:73}), ... |
2,121,713,845,667 | arxiv | \section{I~N~T~R~O~D~U~C~T~I~O~N}
As long as tomographic Earth models remain the solutions to
mixed-determined inverse problems \cite[]{Nolet87,Nolet2008}
there will be disagreement over the precise location, shape, form and
amplitude of lateral and radial anomalies in seismic wavespeed that
exist within the Earth; t... |
2,121,713,845,668 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments on
surfaces of the high temperature cuprate superconductor Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{8+\delta}$~(BSCCO)
provide a powerful tool for probing strong electronic
correlations in this material.\cite{hudson,panBSCCO,langBSCCO,uchida}
Since the STM measu... |
2,121,713,845,669 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and main results} \label{sec:intro}
The purpose of this paper is to prove the following theorem.
\begin{theorem} \label{main}
Let $x\mapsto A(x)$ be a parameterized family of unbounded normal
operators in a Hilbert space $H$ with common domain of definition and with
compact resolvent.
... |
2,121,713,845,670 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{kap_1}
Recently, it has been proposed to study the structure of the proton
by the reaction $p(e,e'p)\gamma$.
The reason is that this process contains, in addition to electron
bremsstrahlung (Bethe--Heitler scattering), the amplitude of virtual
Compton scattering (VCS) off the proton,
... |
2,121,713,845,671 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
A large number of observed exoplanets have revolutionized our view of planet formation \citep[e.g.,][]{2011arXiv1109.2497M,2015ARA&A..53..409W}.
One obvious leap made by exoplanet observations is that planet formation processes can now be examined {\it statistically}
\citep[e.... |
2,121,713,845,672 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Understanding critical transitions in the macroscopic dynamics of a given complex system is, nowadays, of high interest due to the
emergence of a new scientific challenge towards developing mathematical formulations of bifurcations in complex system models \cite{Mscheffer,MschefferandCo}. A conc... |
2,121,713,845,673 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{section:introduction}
Numerous critical information systems rely on communication via a shared network, such as the Internet.
Data passing through such networks is often sensitive, and requires secrecy.
If not handled carefully, information such as private data, authentication code, timin... |
2,121,713,845,674 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Understanding how global system properties, such as stability or controllability, depend on the underlying system's structure is a key step of the design and analysis of large scale networked systems. Indeed, a structural analysis, because it relies on a coarse description of the system, enable... |
2,121,713,845,675 | arxiv | \section{\label{intro}Introduction}
The minimal left-right model \cite{MLR,NLR} is defined by the gauge symmetry $SU(3)_C\otimes SU(2)_L\otimes SU(2)_R\otimes U(1)_{B-L}$ which preserves $SU(2)_L$ and $SU(2)_R$ interchange, called left-right symmetry. Consequently, $SU(2)_L$ and $SU(2)_R$ coupling constants equal, and... |
2,121,713,845,676 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The author in 1997 proposed a dark energy driven accelerating
universe with a small cosmological constant. In 1998, the
observations of Perlmutter and others on distant type Ia supernovae
confirmed the above scenario - this work was infact the Breakthrough
of the Year 1998 of the American As... |
2,121,713,845,677 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
The slow non-equilibrium dynamics of a broad variety of systems,
including structural glasses, spin glasses and granular media,
has often been modelled in terms of the motion of a particle
in a multi-dimensional energy landscape with a great many valleys
separated by barriers~\cite... |
2,121,713,845,678 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:level1}Introduction}
The thermoelectric properties of transition-metal oxides have
attracted increasing attention year by year,
since the good thermoelectric properties of
the layered Co oxide Na$_x$CoO$_2$ were
discovered \cite{199701}.
Although the layered Co oxides are promising candidates
... |
2,121,713,845,679 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
This article concerns the index theory of a certain class of operators associated to smooth actions of Lie groupoids on manifolds. When a Lie groupoid $G$ acts \emph{properly} on a submersion of smooth manifolds $M\to B$, the index theory of a $G$-equivariant family of elliptic pseudodifferentia... |
2,121,713,845,680 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Starting with the seminal paper on strong equivalence between logic programs
by Lifschitz, Pearce, and Valverde \shortcite{Lifschitz01},
a new research direction in
logic programming under the
answer-set semantics
has been established.
This is due to fact that strong equivalence
between progra... |
2,121,713,845,681 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction}
Studies that require coeval groups of stars older than $\sim$1\,Gyr are often hindered by their distance. The younger Hyades (46\,pc; $\sim$600\,Myr) and Pleiades (130\,pc; $\sim$150\,Myr) are the nearest open clusters and, consequently, have been extensively studied, ... |
2,121,713,845,682 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Of the many interesting classes of infinitely divisible distributions
(cf.\ for example~\cite{Bon92}) that of selfdecomposable laws -- the
\text{SD}\xspace class -- has a foremost position. Originally this class was
defined as the family of limit distributions of normal... |
2,121,713,845,683 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Intro}
Entanglement is possibly the aspect of quantum mechanics that shows the greatest departure from classical conceptions
\cite{Schrodinger:1935}. Such departure is evidenced by the
violation of Bell inequalities \cite{Bell:1964kc} by quantum mechanics, something unfeasible in an... |
2,121,713,845,684 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The most reliable physical parameters of stars, e.g. masses, radii, effective
temperatures etc., used in testing theoretical predictions of fundamental
physical structure of single stars, are obtained from the observations of
detached eclipsing binaries with main-sequence components. Masses an... |
2,121,713,845,685 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The X-ray source Cyg X-1, discovered in 1964 \cite{bowyer65}, is a high-mass binary consisting of an OB supergiant accreting via stellar wind onto a black hole \cite{gies82,gies86}. It is one of the brightest and best studied X-ray binaries, e.g.\ \cite{BH90, gierlinski97, gierlinski99, cygx1_ma... |
2,121,713,845,686 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
An \emph{$r$-colouring} of the natural numbers is a partition of $\mathbb{N} = \{1, 2, 3, \ldots\}$ into $r$ parts $A_1, \ldots, A_r$. Each $A_i$ is a \emph{colour class}, and a set $S \subseteq \mathbb{N}$ is \emph{monochromatic} if $S \subseteq A_i$ for some $i$.
A system of homogeneous linea... |
2,121,713,845,687 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Ultracold atoms in optical lattices have manifested themselves as a powerful and flexible tool for the study of quantum systems \cite{review1,review2,review3}. Specially ultracold atoms in optical lattices possess a high degree of controllability. The geometry and strength of the optical lattice... |
2,121,713,845,688 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The simultaneous increase of heat transfer and reduction of drag in laminar and turbulent fluid flows has turned out to be a considerable challenge. Such technology could lower the power input required for driving the flow in heat exchangers, microprocessors, and other thermal systems.
A common t... |
2,121,713,845,689 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The black hole (BH) shadows are formed due to gravitational lensing near a BH event horizon because the gravitational field is very strong and photon orbits are unstable forming orbits which make the photon sphere which is not necessarily circular. The shadow separates capture orbits and scatt... |
2,121,713,845,690 | arxiv | \subsection{Quantum Zero-Knowledge}
Let the malicious QPT verifier be $V^*$. We start by describing some notation. \\
\noindent {\em Parameters}.
\begin{itemize}
\item $\ell_{\mathsf{prot}}$ denotes the number of messages in any given protocol.
\item We divide the messages exchanged by the simulator wi... |
2,121,713,845,691 | arxiv | \subsection*{Rost varieties}
In the rest of this introduction, we explain how \ref{thm:chainlemma}
and \ref{normprin} imply the problematic Theorem \ref{thm:normvar},
and hence complete the proof of the Bloch-Kato conjecture.
We first recall the notions of a $\nu_i$-variety and a Rost variety.
Let $X$ be a smooth pr... |
2,121,713,845,692 | arxiv | \section{Microscopic Robots}
Robots with sizes comparable to bacteria could operate in
microscopic environments on the scale of individual cells in
biological organisms. Such robots are small enough to move through
the tiniest blood vessels, so could pass within a few cell
diameters of most cells in large organisms vi... |
2,121,713,845,693 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Pulsar polarisation escapes thorough understanding despite
more than four decades of increasingly deep study, both
observational and theoretical. The association of observed
polarisation angle (PA, hereafter also denoted by $\psi$)
with a projection of local magnetic fie... |
2,121,713,845,694 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The coarse Alexander duality theorem of Kapovich--Kleiner~\cite{kapovichkleiner05} is a powerful homological tool for the study of coarse embeddings via the asymptotic shapes of their complements, generalizing earlier work of \cite{FarbSchwartz96,BlockWeinberger97}. In certain circumstances, a ... |
2,121,713,845,695 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Portfolio selection has gained much interest for its theoretical importance and practical value.
It aims at optimizing the assets allocation so that higher returns can be obtained while taking less risk.
According to the assumptions of the financial signal, existing portfolio s... |
2,121,713,845,696 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Chern insulators behave as an ordinary band insulator in the bulk, yet exhibit exotic chiral transport in the proximity of boundaries, along which particles can propagate unidirectionally without experiencing backscattering nor dissipation into the bulk.
Such robust transport behavior has its ori... |
2,121,713,845,697 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Fourth order differential equations appear in many applications such as thin films (see for instance the works by Constantin, Dupont, Goldstein, Kadanoff, Shelley \& Zhou \cite{constantin1993droplet} and Bertozzi \& Pugh \cite{Bertozzi1996}), crystal surface models (see the works by Krug, Dobbs ... |
2,121,713,845,698 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The goal of this paper is to establish necessary conditions for two
weight, weak type inequalities for Calder\'on-Zygmund operators. This
problem has a long history. In the one weight case it is well known
that if each of the Riesz transforms is of weak type $(p,p)$ with
respect to a weight $w$... |
2,121,713,845,699 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The genetic progression of cancer is characterized by the accumulation
of mutations in oncogenes and in tumor suppressor genes.
Recent studies have shown that during the somatic evolution of cancer
mutations in over 100 human genes are selected for, suggesting their beneficial
effect on the grow... |
2,121,713,845,700 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label {intr}
With the discovery of Higgs at LHC~\cite{Aad:2012tfa,Chatrchyan:2012ufa}, standard model (SM) of particle
physics seems to be complete. However, the latter does not explain the non-zero neutrino mass, required to
explain solar and atmospheric neutrino oscillation hypothesis, and th... |
2,121,713,845,701 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and Main Results}
Suppose $M_n$ is a $n \times n$ matrix with real eigenvalues $\lambda_1, \lambda_2, \ldots, \lambda_n$. Then the empirical spectral distribution (ESD) of the matrix $M_n$ is defined by
$$ F^{M_n}(x) := \frac{ \# \left\{ 1 \leq i \leq n : \lambda_i \leq x \right\} }{n} .$$
We w... |
2,121,713,845,702 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The currently most-accepted scheme for the structure of an active
galactic nuclei (AGN), the unified model, consists of a supermassive
black hole (SMBH), surrounded by an accretion disc and, in the same
plane at larger distances, an axisymmetric distribution of gas and
dust, usually referr... |
2,121,713,845,703 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Zipf's law (Zipf, 1949) states that sequential frequences $f_i$
of words in a text are equal to $ci^{-1/\theta}$, $c>0$, $\theta\in (0,1)$, $i> i_0\ge 0$.
Its modification is Mandelfrot's law (Mandelbrot, 1965) $f_i=c(i+\beta)^{-1/\theta}$, $\beta\ge 0$.
Probabilistic interpretation... |
2,121,713,845,704 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Enormous effort has gone into understanding the nature of sub-mm selected galaxies since they were first discovered with the Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array (SCUBA, Holland et al.~1999) just under a decade ago (e.g.~Smail et al.~1997; Barger et al.~1998; Hughes et al.~1998). A general u... |
2,121,713,845,705 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Thermoelectric materials have enormous potential to solve energy issues, since they can realize direct hot-electricity conversion without moving parts by using the Seebeck effect and Peltier effect.
As is well known, the dimensionless figure of merit\cite{s1,s2}, $ZT=S^2\sigma T/(\kappa_e+\kapp... |
2,121,713,845,706 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
One of the most prominent problems associated with gas-filled proportional chambers is the sparking induced by heavily ionizing particles producing large deposits. Amplified by the avalanche process they could reach a critical charge density, related to the Raether's limit \cite{bib1}, and could ... |
2,121,713,845,707 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Geographical maps can challenge information search in various ways. For instance, the queries of a search session can focus on multiple data categories and search results should be simultaneously visualized in a map to provide a unified access point to information. However, a large number of ite... |
2,121,713,845,708 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Weak mixing is an important notion in ergodic theory, introduced by Koopman
and von Neumann [9] in 1932 for actions of the group $\mathbb{R}$. Furstenberg
[5, 6] studied weakly mixing $\mathbb{Z}$-actions in order to give an ergodic
theoretic proof of Szemer\'{e}di's theorem in combinatorial num... |
2,121,713,845,709 | arxiv | \section{A New Guarantee}
\label{sec-convergence}
The results in the previous section suggest that \thmref{thm:adaboundorig} fails to capture all relevant properties of the bound functions. Although it is indeed possible to show that $R_T / T \to 0$, it is not clear whether a $O(\sqrt T)$ regret rate can be guaranteed... |
2,121,713,845,710 | arxiv | \section*{Abstract}
We investigate the effects of primordial non-Gaussianities in the primordial Universe and the effects on the baryonic structure formation process. By relating the cosmic star formation rate in Gaussian and non-Gaussian scenarios to the detectability of high-redshift sources of reionization, we deriv... |
2,121,713,845,711 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, there has been a surge in the macroeconomic literature investigating whether the response of many key macroeconomic variables to monetary and fiscal policies depends on the state of the economy - see, among others, \cite{auerbachgorodnichenko2013}, \... |
2,121,713,845,712 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
Metal--organic frameworks (MOFs) \cite{Yaghi03N,Kitagawa04ACE} are exciting materials due to their unprecedented nanostructures that are tailored on a bulk scale by matching up designated metal ligands and organic linkers.
Their colourful appearances that can change for instance with solvent exc... |
2,121,713,845,713 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{section:introduction}
Motivated by the increasing complexity of hardware
and software components, automatic performance tuning
techniques have flourished in the past few years. While
closed-form mathematical performance models have been
successfully applied to compiler optimizations, t... |
2,121,713,845,714 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Various extensions of term rewriting systems (TRSs) \cite{T03}
for handling functional variables and abstractions have been proposed
\cite{klop80phd,N91,jouannaud91lics,oostrom94phd,K01}.
In this paper,
we consider higher-order rewrite systems (HRSs) \cite{N91}, that is,
rewriting on $\beta$-nor... |
2,121,713,845,715 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}
Highly spinning black holes play an important role in astrophysics,
from powering active galactic nuclei (AGN), to $\gamma$-ray bursts
(GRB) and quasars. While the (indirect) observational evidence for
the existence of black holes, stellar mass or supermassive, is
ov... |
2,121,713,845,716 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{intro}
The appearance of galaxies is largely determined by their luminous components, i.e. stars and ionised gas clouds. A second factor is extinction of galaxy light due to dust inside them, where geometry and amount of dust determine how a galaxy appears from different viewing angles. ... |
2,121,713,845,717 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
Low$-$surface$-$brightness galaxies (LSBGs) are galaxies whose central surface brightness is at least one magnitude fainter than the level of sky background in the dark night\citep{1970ApJ...160..811F,1997ARA&A..35..267I}.
Generally, they are defined as central surface brightne... |
2,121,713,845,718 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
\subsection{}
In two articles ([Val1], [Val2]), J.-M. Vallin has introduced two notions (pseudo-multiplicative
unitary, Hopf-bimodule), in order to generalize, up to the groupoid
case, the classical notions of multiplicative unitary [BS] and of Hopf-von Neumann algebras [ES]
which ... |
2,121,713,845,719 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec1}
Let $\Omega$ be a bounded domain in $\rn$, with $C^{1,\alpha}$ boundary. We consider the following quasilinear elliptic problem involving the $A$-laplacian operator
\begin{equation}\label{problem}
\begin{cases}
- \Delta_A u =f(x,u, \nabla u) & {\rm in}\,\,\, \Omega \\
u =0 & {\r... |
2,121,713,845,720 | arxiv | \section{Computational Algorithm} \label{section:algo}
\vspace{-0.1in}
Our proposed algorithm contains three nested loops: (1) homotopy optimization scheme, (2) active set strategy, and (3) minimization within active coordinates.
\vspace{0.05in}
\noindent\textbf{(I) Outer Loop}: The homotopy optimization scheme adop... |
2,121,713,845,721 | arxiv | \section{Emo-CNN}
It has become increasingly important to understand human emotions especially stress in many healthcare applications. The ultimate goal of this work is to build a model capable of classifying stress and non-stress audio signals. Within the first step, we use CNN which is trained for a classification ... |
2,121,713,845,722 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
Blazars showing the `classical' IntraDay Variability (IDV) of type II
in the radio regime (\cite{17}, \cite{6}) display flux
density variations on time scales of $\lesssim$\,0.5\,--2\,days and variability
amplitudes ranging from a few up to 30 percent. In order to explain the o... |
2,121,713,845,723 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Precise measurement of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization at large angular scales enables us to characterize cosmic inflation, pinpoint the epoch of reionization, constrain the mass of neutrinos, and probe new physics beyond the standard model including early dark energy models in... |
2,121,713,845,724 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{s:intro}
Within the hierarchical paradigm of cosmological structure formation (\citealp{PressSchechter_1974, GottRees_1975}; see also \citealp{KravtsovReview_2012} and \citealp{PlanellesReview_2015} for recent reviews), the assembly history of galaxy clusters is dominated by (major) merge... |
2,121,713,845,725 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Eye tracking applications have generated several commercial products \cite{pupilOpenSource,TobiiProLab}, initially for complementing user surveys or improving designs in shopping centres, products and advertisement placements \cite{cognetive_process_eye_tracking}. In automobiles it has similarly ... |
2,121,713,845,726 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Turbulence represents a complex and fascinating phenomenon ubiquitous in nature. It can be
observed from simple fluids to plasmas, with compelling evidence in space plasmas observations,
as well as in laboratory devices. The dynamics can be envisioned as a cascade of energy throu... |
2,121,713,845,727 | arxiv | \section{Introduction\label{sec-intro}}
Impact of the system's architecture onto emergent functionality in
nanostructured materials has been evidenced by experimental
investigation of the functional features by varying the building
blocks in different self-assembly processes
\cite{SA_colloids_scales2016,SA_collective... |
2,121,713,845,728 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and the statement of the problem}\label{se1}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
Let us consider a notion of {\bf outliers}. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia defines outliers in the following way: ``In statistics, an outlier is an observation point that is distant from other observations. An outlier may be... |
2,121,713,845,729 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recent experiments \cite{Webb} strongly indicate an intrinsic nature of
the low temperature saturation of the electron decoherence time $\tau_{\varphi}$
in disordered conductors \cite{AAK,AAK1}, thereby attracting a lot of
attension to the
fundamental role of interactions in such systems. A theo... |
2,121,713,845,730 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Blazars are recognized as a special class of radio-loud active galactic nuclei having jets oriented along the line
of sight of the observer at the Earth. The blazar jets are characterized as the relativistic plasma outflows ejected
from the supermassive black hole at the center of the host ... |
2,121,713,845,731 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
Let $R$ be a polynomial ring over a field $k$ and let $I \subseteq R$ be a
homogeneous ideal. Two measures of the complexity of $I$ are its projective
dimension, and its (Castelnuovo-Mumford) regularity; see
~\cite{eiscommalg}.
There have been attempts to obtain uniform bounds f... |
2,121,713,845,732 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
Our primary goal in this paper is the study of the local and global properties of foliations through the lens of the foliated minimal model program (MMP).
The MMP aims at understanding the local and global structure of foliations on algebraic varieties via birational geometry, in analogy with t... |
2,121,713,845,733 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
There exist quite many motivations for postulating the existence of weak interaction singlets
such as singlet neutrinos which may arise in most extensions of the standard model (SM);
It is by now well known that the smallness of neutrino masses can be understood by introducing
heavy singlet Major... |
2,121,713,845,734 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
An intrinsic localized mode (ILM)\cite{1}, often referred to as a discrete breather (DB)\cite{2,3}, is a characteristic localized vibrational excitation in a periodic lattice with nonlinear potential energy. The energy profile of a stationary ILM resembles that of a force constant defect in a ha... |
2,121,713,845,735 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:level1}INTRODUCTION}
A basic result in the physics literature asserts that the mean position and momentum of a quantum
system in ${\mathbb R}^d$ with Hamiltonian
\begin{equation} \label{ham}
H=-\sum_{j=1}^d \frac{1}{2m_j}\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x_j^2}+ V(x)
\end{equation}
evolve ``classical... |
2,121,713,845,736 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The statistical homogeneity and isotropy on large scales is a
fundamental prerequisite to our current understanding of the Universe.
The standard cosmological model heavily relies on this assumption. The
assumption is not provable in a mathematical sense and can be only
tested against various cos... |
2,121,713,845,737 | arxiv | \section{Introduction\label{sec:intro}}
In~\cite{akp} the role of parton intrinsic motion in
semi-inclusive DIS (SIDIS) processes within QCD parton model has
been considered at leading order; intrinsic $\bf k_\perp$ is fully taken
into account in quark distribution functions and in the elementary
processes as well as ... |
2,121,713,845,738 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
A fundamental problem in economics is how to allocate scarce resources to interested agents in a fair manner, often referred to as \emph{fair division} \cite{brams1996fairdivision,moulin2003fairdivision}.
Applications of fair division include distributing books among public lib... |
2,121,713,845,739 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Industrial automation applications requiring both a high payload capacity and a large workspace typically rely on large serial link articulated robots. While these robots are an excellent choice for factory floors with ample maneuvering space, they are often too heavy for mobile applications and... |
2,121,713,845,740 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and informal summary of results}
Recently there has been much interest in using continuous-time processes to analyze discrete-time algorithms and probabilistic models \citep{wibisono2016accelerated,li2017SME,mandt2017SGD,chen18neuralODE,yang2018physical}. In particular, diffusion processes have b... |
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