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2,121,713,846,441 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Subfactor theory has many examples of unexpected discrete classification, beginning with Jones' index rigidity theorem \cite{MR696688}, which shows the index $[B\colon A]$ of a subfactor $A\subset B$ lies in the set $\{4\cos^2(\pi/k)|k\geq 3\}\cup[4,\infty]$.
We study a finite index subfactor b... |
2,121,713,846,442 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Introduction}
Suppose that $G$ is a Lie group and $A$ is a connection on a principal $G$-bundle $P$ over an oriented manifold, $X$, endowed with a Riemannian metric, $g$. The \emph{Yang-Mills $L^2$-energy functional} is defined by
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:Yang-Mills_energy_func... |
2,121,713,846,443 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Intro}
In the pioneering paper \cite{Leutwyler:1987ak} Leutwyler
showed that to lowest order in chiral perturbation theory ($\chi$PT)
the low energy dynamics of QCD in the $\delta-$regime
is described by a quantum rotator for the spatially
constant Goldstone modes. We recall that for a s... |
2,121,713,846,444 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:Intro}
Random walks provide a simple conventional model to describe various
transport processes, for example propagation of heat or diffusion of
matter through a medium (for a general reference see, e.g., Hughes
(1995)). However, in many practical cases the medium where the
system evol... |
2,121,713,846,445 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The interplay between Kondo screening of localised spins by conduction
electrons, and ordering of these spins due to the RKKY interaction is
a central issue in heavy fermion physics. Recently, a class of systems
has been studied \cite{MBM,VL} in which the ordering temperature is
driven to zero a... |
2,121,713,846,446 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Computational screening of organic solid materials has garnered significant additional interest within the past
decade. The most notable contributions to this field have emerged through crystal structure prediction (CSP) algorithms.
CSPs provide a way to find potential polymorphs that can v... |
2,121,713,846,447 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
While the relativistic nature of a spin-orbit interaction (SOI) in atomic systems
is given to be in the order of $10^{-5}$\,eV,
a large SOI field can be obtained either in the presence of a large electric field or in materials where the mass gap is reduced.
Therefore, in recent decades, studies ... |
2,121,713,846,448 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Since the first appearance of branched
structures in the modelization of organic molecules (\cite{rs53}), through
the development of the mathematical theory of quantum graphs
(\cite{kuchment,post}), networks (or {metric graphs}) have
provided a general and flexible tool to describe dynamics in co... |
2,121,713,846,449 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The purpose of this paper is the exact determination of the bubbling locus
for the limit of unstable integrable connections on a hermitian vector
bundle over a compact K\"ahler manifold $(X,
\omega)$ along the Yang-Mills flow.
Roughly speaking, our theorem states that the set of points where cur... |
2,121,713,846,450 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Chaotic properties have been traditionally considered in the
limit of asymptotically long times \cite{ott2002,tel2006}.
Concentrating on this regime probably has one of its roots in
equilibrium statistical physics, in which any macroscopic time
scale can be regarded infinitely long compare... |
2,121,713,846,451 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $\sE$, $\sH$, and $\sK$ be Hilbert spaces and
$A \in {\mathbf{B}}(\sE,\sH)$ and $B \in {\mathbf{B}}(\sE,\sK)$ be bounded
linear operators.
In the present paper it will be shown that there are so-called \textit{Lebesgue type
decompositions} of the
operator $B \in {\mathbf{B}}(\sE,\sK)$ relat... |
2,121,713,846,452 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and Preliminaries}
Since SUSY95 there has been considerable interest in the possibility
of light gauginos. It would be impossible to review here all
of the works on the subject, so I will limit myself to the following:
\begin{itemize}
\item Attractive new models with a richer spectrum of gaugin... |
2,121,713,846,453 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:level1}Introduction }
Perovskite solid solutions have been used extensively in ferroelectric and piezoelectric applications. For the past few decades, the PbZr$_{1-x}$Ti$_x$O$_3$ (PZT) solid solution has been the material of choice. The highest PZT piezoelectric response is found for compositions... |
2,121,713,846,454 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
The desire to use reinforcement learning in safety-critical settings has inspired several recent approaches toward obtaining formal safety guarantees for learning algorithms.
Formal methods are particularly desirable in settings such as self-driving cars, where testing a... |
2,121,713,846,455 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Introduction}
Recently, the study of entanglement in quantum many-body systems has been done in a wide area of science {\it e.g.}, quantum information science, condensed matter physics, and quantum statistical physics\cite{Horodecki-2009,Eisert-2010}.
A useful measure of entanglement is t... |
2,121,713,846,456 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}}
\IEEEPARstart{T}{he} interest in machine learning techniques for data processing has been rapidly growing in various fields including the automotive industry \cite{Luckow2015}, computer vision \cite{imagenet_cvpr09}, and biomedical image processing \cite{Zhou2015}. The m... |
2,121,713,846,457 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The theory of General Relativity (GR) still presents some major physical problems,
despite having maintained a high degree of consistency with astrophysical observations
for more than a century.
One of such issues arises in a merely classical framework. In fact, the existence of a trapped
surfac... |
2,121,713,846,458 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{The basic characters in this work and a presentation of $L_{T(n+1)}K(E_n)$ as a $G_n$-spectrum}\label{oneone}
Let $n \geq 1$, let $p$ be any prime, and let $\mathrm{Sp}$ be the symmetric monoidal $\infty$-category of spectra.
Let $F(n)$ denote a finite type $n$ complex and let $v_{n}... |
2,121,713,846,459 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The use of reaction-diffusion equations in mathematical biology is widespread~\cite{murray01,britton86}, especially for models of collective cell motion in applications of wound healing \cite{tranquillomurrary92,olsenetal95,murphy12} and tumour invasion \cite{gatenbygawlinski96,rooseetal07,sherr... |
2,121,713,846,460 | arxiv | \section{\bf INTRODUCTION}
One of the robust correlations in observational astronomy is between the morphology type of
radio galaxies and their radio luminosity. First pointed out by Fanaroff and Riley (1974)
that there is a very sharp dependence of the morphology type of radio galaxies on
the luminosity so that... |
2,121,713,846,461 | arxiv | \section{Motivation}
As Weintraub states in his 1997 article in the American Mathematical Monthly \cite{Weintraub_paper}, several current calculus texts have ``early transcendental" versions, in which the exponential and logarithmic functions are introduced early in the text. The existence and properties of those fu... |
2,121,713,846,462 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In recent years,
there has been a rapidly increasing interest in
two-neutron decays of unbound nuclei beyond the
neutron drip line \cite{5H-1,5H-2,5H-3,5H-4,J10,J10-2,
S12,KSB12,SKB12,KLD13,LDK12,CSA13,KBB13,KBC15,Kondo15,A08,GMSZ11,GMZ13,GZ15,HS14,HS14-2,Kikuchi13}.
These are similar... |
2,121,713,846,463 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $G$ be a simple graph with vertex set $V(G)$ and edge set $E(G)$.
The distance between every two vertices $u$ and $v$ of the graph $G$, is defined
as the length of a minimum path connecting $u$ and $v$ and is denoted by $d(u, v)$. For a vertex $u$,
$ecc(u)=max\{d(u, x) : x\in V(G)\}$ and is... |
2,121,713,846,464 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Introduction}
Effective field theory is used extensively in the study of strongly
interacting gauge theories. A recent review covering a number of different
applications in addition to other methods is \cite{Brambilla:2014jmp}.
Besides general interest in understanding strongly intera... |
2,121,713,846,465 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The realization, based on observational data, that the expansion of the
universe is accelerated has led to a lot of work which modifies
traditional cosmological models by introducing exotic types of matter
or replacing general relativity by something else. The focus of interest
in the follow... |
2,121,713,846,466 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Sec:Intro}
The quantum behavior of ${\cal N} = 4$ super Yang-Mills in the planar limit is crucial in the context of
AdS/CFT correspondence~\cite{Maldacena:1997re,Gubser:1998bc,Witten:1998qj,Kazakov:2004qf,Klebanov:2000me}.
In particular, the anomalous dimensions of certain single trace... |
2,121,713,846,467 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A transcription of the time-independent Schr{\"{o}}dinger differential equation in the form of a
linear inhomogeneous integral equation represents the cornerstone of most discussions of quantum
mechanical potential scattering. In these discussions the reference of energy is implicitly un... |
2,121,713,846,468 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Since its origin, more than 15 years ago, the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) has proved to be
a powerful numerical technique for the simulation of single and multi-phase fluid flows in complex
geometries. In fact, the LBM has been successfully applied to different problems in flui... |
2,121,713,846,469 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Superconformal field theories (SCFT) often have continuous deformations preserving
some superconformal
symmetry. The space of such deformations is a Riemannian manifold (the `superconformal manifold')
which
coincides with the moduli space of supersymmetric
Anti-de S... |
2,121,713,846,470 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}
The identity of dark matter (DM) is a highly significant question in cosmology and particle physics. In the past a few decades, the weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) have been expected to be the identity of DM, and a lot of attempts have been made to detect them... |
2,121,713,846,471 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Hierarchical clustering leads to the coalescence of dark matter haloes.
Galaxies are formed `in situ' by the cooling and condensation of gas in the
cores of these haloes \nocite{WhiteRees78}({White} \& {Rees} 1978) and accrete
additional stars from the debris of their hierarchical progenitors. T... |
2,121,713,846,472 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
$B$ decays mediated by the quark-level $b\to s\ell\ell$ transition are a class of semileptonic Flavor-Changing Neutral Currents (FCNCs) called \emph{rare decays} of which I will discuss two types of observables: those with $\ell=\mu$, and those measuring $\mu$-$e$ flavor non-universality. All th... |
2,121,713,846,473 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Dilute Bose and Fermi gases have proved to be a versatile tool for
exploration of different phases of condensed-matter systems. For more than two
decades, most of the experiments were done in the low-density gas phase, in the
universal regime fixed solely by the gas parameter $\rho a^3$,... |
2,121,713,846,474 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Electro magnetic transition form factors for the excitation of nucleon
resonances present challenging terrain for nucleon models because they
sensitively reflect the nature of the states excited by the virtual
photon. For the most prominent nucleon resonance, the $\Delta
(1232)$, although existi... |
2,121,713,846,475 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Particle (a general term to represents beads, capsules, vesicles, red blood cells, etc.) migration in pipe and channel flows of different kind of fluids, Newtonian and non-Newtonian, has been extensively studied because of its importance in many industrial, environmental and biomedical applicat... |
2,121,713,846,476 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
This work is the second of two companion papers dedicated to point vortex motion on non-orientable manifolds.
In the first paper of the pair \cite{balabanova-montaldi} (henceforth referred to as Part I), we described the intrinsic Hamiltonian approach to description of motion of point vortice... |
2,121,713,846,477 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Scientometric methods provide a graspable overview over the excessive, ever-growing number of scientific publications. One particular task in this realm is the
visual \emph{mapping of knowledge domains} such as research or patent data. \citet{mappingknowledgedomains} highlighted in their foundati... |
2,121,713,846,478 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
One of the most puzzling problems in contemporary physics is the the accelerating expansion of the universe \cite{Riess:1998cb,Perlmutter:1998np,Riess:2004nr, Tonry:2003zg, Spergel:2006hy, Page:2006hz, Hinshaw:2006ia, Jarosik:2006ib, Netterfield:2001yq, Halverson:2001yy}. Standard General Relati... |
2,121,713,846,479 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We have been conducting near and mid-infrared follow-up of the MACHO (Massive
Compact Halo Object) Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) microlensing event
fields to try to identify the lensing population. Identification of
the lenses can resolve questions regarding their locations, and can
support a mic... |
2,121,713,846,480 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Hands are humans' primary means of interacting with the physical world. Capturing the 3D pose of the hands and the objects interacted by hands is a crucial step in understanding human actions. It is also the central part for a variety of applications including augmented reality~\cite{piumsomboon... |
2,121,713,846,481 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Single photon detectors are finding various important scientific and technological applications. In particular, because 1550 nm telecom band is the most attractive wavelength from the viewpoint of fiber transmission, InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode-based single photon detectors (SPDs) are us... |
2,121,713,846,482 | arxiv | \subsection*{Acknowledgements}
I would like to thank Derek Wise for useful suggestions on the manuscript. I am supported by a Riemann Fellowship of the Riemann Center for Geometry and Physics. Research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through Industry Canada and by the Province of Ontario... |
2,121,713,846,483 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\def5.\arabic{equation}{1.\arabic{equation}}
The comparison of regression curves is
a common problem in applied regression analysis. Usually these curves correspond to the means of a control and a treatment outcome where the predictor variable is an adjustable parameter, such as t... |
2,121,713,846,484 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Possibly degenerate Fourier coefficients of automorphic cuspidal forms are important for the theory of automorphic
$L$--functions (\cite{Sh}, \cite{grs}, \cite{soudry},\cite{Li}).
Recent classification of discrete global spectrum for classical groups due to
Arthur \cite{arthur} can not b... |
2,121,713,846,485 | arxiv | \section*{I. INTRODUCTION}
Ultracold atoms have provided physicists with a highly tunable platform to explore quantum few-body and many-body systems in both three dimensions (3D) and reduced dimensions \cite{Posazhennikova2006,Zwerger2008,Stringari2008,Chin2010}. In reduced dimensions, microscopic parameters control f... |
2,121,713,846,486 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Although the chiral SU$_L(N_f)\times$SU$_R(N_f)$ symmetry of QCD is not
spontaneously broken in a finite volume, it has long been known that
many low-energy aspects of finite-volume QCD nevertheless can be derived
from an effective chiral Lagrangian \cite{GL}. This is because the
dominating de... |
2,121,713,846,487 | arxiv | \section{VQA-Net\ }
\label{sec:vqanet}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[height=55px]{latex/figures/vqa_model.png}
\caption{High Level diagram of our VQA model}
\label{fig:vqamodel}
\end{figure}
\changed{We first describe our AI system of choice - a Visual Question Answering (VQA) model, which we use to st... |
2,121,713,846,488 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Comet 1P/Halley (or comet Halley) is one of the oldest observed comets of the
Solar System, with observations already recorded back to
240~BC~\citep{1986JRASC80_62Y}. The (approximate) orbital period of the comet
is about $75.3$ years~\citep{giorgini1996jpl}. The Lyapunov time (inverse of the ma... |
2,121,713,846,489 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Current gravitational-wave (GW) detectors Virgo \cite{AcEA2015}, LIGO \cite{LSC2015} and KAGRA \cite{AkEA2018} are continuously improving their sensitivities through technology upgrades and commissioning work, and are expected to keep doing so for the next several years \cite{Abbott2020-obs}. How... |
2,121,713,846,490 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
When gravitating bodies are modeled as rigid bodies with finite density, their gravitational dynamics becomes more rich and can include many additional stable and unstable relative equilibria that do not exist in the classical point-mass $N$ body problem. The study of the gravitati... |
2,121,713,846,491 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The aim of these lectures is to explain how to apply controlled path
ideas~{\cite{Gubinelli2004}} to solve simple problems in singular PDEs. The
hope is that the insight gained by doing so can inspire new applications or
the construction of other more powerful tools to analyze a wider class of
p... |
2,121,713,846,492 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In order to perform $\gamma$-ray spectroscopy nuclear structure
studies in conditions of extreme neutron/proton asymmetry and/or
extreme angular momentum the so-called $\gamma$-ray tracking arrays
are considered as indispensable tools. Two international
collaborations, Advanced-GAmma-Tracking-Arr... |
2,121,713,846,493 | arxiv |
\section{Learning optimal agnostic Pareto balanced classifiers}
\todo{
Sketch:
\begin{itemize}
\item Learning from finite samples:
\begin{itemize}
\item Define $\hat{R}$, sample-version of disqualification relation
\item define approximate disqualification and approximate agnosti... |
2,121,713,846,494 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In his seminal 1996 paper, Kuperberg \cite{Kup} gives a diagrammatic presentation for a category that encodes the representation theory of any rank two simple complex Lie algebra, and its associated quantum group.
More precisely, Kuperberg gives a presentation of the \emph{fundamental subcatego... |
2,121,713,846,495 | arxiv | \section{Samples and experimental device}
BSA (Sigma-Aldrich) was diluted at a concentration of 1\,mg/ml in heavy water (99.90 \%$^2$H, Euriso-top) with NaCl salt at a concentration $c_{\text{NaCl}}=0.02$\,M. The pD of solutions (potential of hydrogen $^2$H) was measured before and after the addition of protein and was... |
2,121,713,846,496 | arxiv | \section{Statement of results} \label{intro}
The $p$-primary $v_1$-periodic homotopy groups, $v_1^{-1}\pi_*(X;p)$, of a topological
space $X$, as defined in \cite{DM}, are a localization of the portion of the
actual homotopy groups of $X$ detected by $K$-theory. In \cite{D,BD2,BDM},
$v_1^{-1}\pi_*(X;p)$ was calculated ... |
2,121,713,846,497 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The theoretical difficulty in understanding the smallness of the Fermi scale in the Standard Model (SM) with respect to any New Physics at very high energies is the main motivation for expecting new phenomena to show up already in the energy range that is probed by the CERN LHC.
One of the most... |
2,121,713,846,498 | arxiv | \section{\large\textbf{Introduction}}\label{I}
Biracks were first introduced in \cite{FRS} as an algebraic structure with
axioms motivated by the framed Reidemeister moves. Biquandles, a special case
of biracks, were developed in more detail in \cite{KR} and in later work such
as \cite{FJK}. In \cite{N2} the \textit... |
2,121,713,846,499 | arxiv | \section{APPENDIX}
|
2,121,713,846,500 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Whole brain segmentation is the problem of extracting brain regions from volumetric data, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Computed Tomography (CT) scans. The results of this process is segmentation map indicating brain regions after removing non-brain tissue such as eyes, fat, bone, ... |
2,121,713,846,501 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:level1}Introduction:}
Today\textquoteright s prototype solid-state quantum computers built from superconducting qubits such as the transmon~\cite{Koch2007}
are already capable of finding the electronic ground state of small molecules~\cite{Kandala2017}.
Their complexity keeps growing, while err... |
2,121,713,846,502 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Several areas of computational physics require one to remesh (also ``remap'' or ``resample'') physical quantities
between meshes made of convex polyhedra in a physically conservative manner.
By ``physically conservative,'' we mean that
mesh cells from the old and new meshes are overlain, the vo... |
2,121,713,846,503 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Before begin, several notations will be given.
Let $\mathbb{N},\ \mathbb{R},\ \mathbb{R}_{>0},\ \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}$ denote the set of all natural numbers,
real numbers, positive real numbers and nonnegative real numbers, respectively. Let us start with a question.
What is local nonnegative? H... |
2,121,713,846,504 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Unless specified,
all the graphs in this paper are
assumed to be undirected and without multiedges or loops, and
to have $n$ vertices and $m$ edges.
Distance between any two vertices $u$ and $v$ is denoted by
$d(u,v)$, and maximum degree in a graph $X$ is denoted by $\Delta (X... |
2,121,713,846,505 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It is over a decade since the discovery of a population of high-redshift galaxies identified through their submillimeter (submm) emission \citep{smail97, barger99, eales99, bertoldi00, cowie02, scott02, borys03, webb03, coppin05, younger07}. Their submm selection suggests that these are strongl... |
2,121,713,846,506 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Reactive programs such as servers and control software in cars,
aircrafts and robots are traditionally written in imperative languages
using a wide range of complex features including call-backs and
shared state. For this reason, they are notoriously error-prone and
hard... |
2,121,713,846,507 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{IntroSec}
In 1601, Johannes Kepler got access to the world's best data tables on planetary orbits, and after 4 years and about 40 failed attempts to fit the Mars data to various ovoid shapes, he launched a scientific revolution by discovering that Mars' orbit was an ellipse \cite{koyre201... |
2,121,713,846,508 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
The infection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) compromises the immune system functions, mainly because of the depletion of CD4$^+$ T lymphocytes. Combined antiretroviral (cART) therapy has led to a spectacular improvement of patients' survival by controlling virus replicati... |
2,121,713,846,509 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec_introduction}
Typefaces are an essential resource employed by graphic designers \cite{lupton2004a}. Most designers choose typefaces from vast libraries of existing examples. However, some opt to create their own typefaces or custom lettering that better suits the design problem. This n... |
2,121,713,846,510 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The hypothesis of stability for strange quark matter (SQM)
\cite{Wit, Bodmer, Chin, Terazawa}, a cold form of QCD plasma
composed of u, d, and s quarks, naturally leads to the
consideration of its existence in the interior of neutron stars
\cite{Alcock, SS2, SS3, Alpar, SS6}. It has been c... |
2,121,713,846,511 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Canonical transformations are a powerful tool of classical mechanics whose
strength has not been fully realized in quantum mechanics. Canonical
transformations are already widely used, at least implicitly, because as
Dirac\cite{Dir} and Weyl\cite{Wey} emphasized the unitary transformations
are c... |
2,121,713,846,512 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
As recently pointed out by \citet{DBLP:journals/cacm/Littman21},
the integrity and legitimacy of scientific conference publications (particularly important in the context of computer science)
is threatened by so-called ``collusion rings'', which are sets of authors that unethically review and sup... |
2,121,713,846,513 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We study an operator
\begin{equation}
H=-\Delta+V({\vec x}) \label{main0}
\end{equation}
in dimension two, $V({\vec x})$ being a quasi-periodic
potential:
\begin{equation}\label{V}
V=\sum\limits_{{\bf s}_1,{\bf s}_2\in{\mathbb Z}^2,\,{\bf s}_1+\alpha{\bf s}_2\in{\cal
S}_Q}V_{{\bf s}_... |
2,121,713,846,514 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Monomer-dimer models have been introduced in theoretical physics during the '70s to explain the absorption of diatomic molecules on a two-dimensional layer \cite{Rob}. Fundamental results were obtained by Heilmann and Lieb, who proved the absence of phase transitions \cite{HL} when only the hard-... |
2,121,713,846,515 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
The Riemann zeta function is defined by the series
$$
\zeta(s)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^s}, \qquad \mbox{for} \quad
{\rm Re}(s)>1.
$$
Ap\'ery's irrationality proof of $\zeta(3)$ and series
acceleration formulae for the first values of the Riemann zeta
function going back to Ma... |
2,121,713,846,516 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
A good effective description for the motion of a classical Brownian particle in a thermal environment at temperature $T$ is given by the Langevin equation\cite{langevin1908}. Considering motion in one dimension this is given by
\begin{align}\label{CLE}
M \dot{v}= -\gamma v +\eta(... |
2,121,713,846,517 | arxiv | \section{Other Related Works}
\label{app:other_work}
\paragraph{Coding Based Storage Reduction}
Several recent works have employed erasure-codes to reduce cold storage costs in blockchains \cite{perard2018, li2021polyshard, kadhe2019sef, raman2017}. The core idea in these works is that each node stores a coded version... |
2,121,713,846,518 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Is there a positive constant $C$ such that every $C$-connected graph
is hamiltonian? Certainly not, as shown by the complete bipartite
graphs $K_{n,n+1}$, where $n$ is large. The situation may change,
however, if the problem is restricted to graphs not containing a
speci... |
2,121,713,846,519 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
To control the occuracy of perturbative QCD predictions for physical
observables it becomes important to have a regular way of
estimating corrections suppressed by powers of large momentum scale,
$\Lambda_p/Q^p$, and if not calculate explicitly the nonperturbative
scale $\Lambda_p$ then find t... |
2,121,713,846,520 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
For many problems in computer vision, it is not enough to know \emph{what} is in an image, we also need to know \emph{where} it is. Examples can be found in many domains, including ecological conservation \cite{van2014nature}, autonomous driving \cite{wu2017squeezedet}, and medical image analysi... |
2,121,713,846,521 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
The elemental abundances of planet host stars bear the fingerprint of the processes governing planet formation and evolution. For example, it is well established that stars hosting giant planets often have enhanced iron abundances ([Fe/H]; \citealt{gonzalez1997,heiter2003,santo... |
2,121,713,846,522 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the problem with the heart’s structure that is present at birth, which is the most common cause of infant death due to birth defects \cite{bhat2016illustrated}.
It usually comes with significant variations in heart structures and great vessel connections, which ... |
2,121,713,846,523 | arxiv | \section{introduction}
According to the topological classification of matter~\cite{kane},
a number of unconventional
superconductors have been categorized in terms of
nontrivial topological numbers~\cite{schnyder,qi}
such as $Z_2$ number, Chern number, and one-dimensional winding number.
The non-centrosymmet... |
2,121,713,846,524 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{S: Introduction}
We propose a stochastic model for evolution through mutation and natural selection
whose dynamic combines features presented in a set of papers as it assumes that $(i)$ the immune system is able to get rid, after a random time, of all the pathogens of a given type at onc... |
2,121,713,846,525 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{s_introduction}
Periodic behaviors emerge quite often in the dynamical analysis of systems. Their importance is even greater when dealing with complex and realistic models portraying natural phenomena, such as, e.g., the evolution of epidemics or population dynamics. Some form of delay is ... |
2,121,713,846,526 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec_intro}
Due in large part to the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey
\citep[GOODS,][]{giavalisco04}, the GOODS-N field ($\alpha = 12^{\rm
h}36^{\rm m}55^{\rm s}$, $\delta = +62^{\circ}14^{\rm m}15^{\rm s}$)
has become one of the most well-studied extragalactic fields in the
sky w... |
2,121,713,846,527 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The main purpose of this note is to extend the logarithmic Sobolev inequality by Lieb and Loss, see \cite{LL01}, which states that for $a>0$ we have
\begin{equation}
\label{lsineq}
\int_{\mathbb{R}^n} |f(x)|^2 \log\left(\frac{|f(x)|^2}{\|f\|_{L^2({\mathbb{R}^n})}^2} \right)\,dx+n(1+\log ... |
2,121,713,846,528 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Nowadays, huge amounts of video data are captured and shared online as the result of the ubiquitous cameras \cite{li2017multiview,DBLP:conf/eccv/ZhangGS18}. There is an imperative requirement for automatic tools to handle the large-scale video data, so that the viewer... |
2,121,713,846,529 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The abundance discrepancy problem is one of the major unresolved questions in nebular astrophysics, having being around for more than seventy years since \cite{wyse42}. In photoionised nebulae---both {H\,{\sc ii}} regions and planetary nebulae (PNe)---optical recombination lin... |
2,121,713,846,530 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The network reconstruction problem, also known as the network inference
problem \cite{
gomez2010inferring,
daneshmand14netrate,kramer2009network,farajtabar2015back,
liben2007link,linderman2014discovering,
manuel13dynamic,
shandilya2011inferring,anandkumar2011topology,hanneke2009network,kim2011ne... |
2,121,713,846,531 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
\label{sec:introduction}
A neutron-star low-mass X-ray binary (NS-LMXB, or hereafter simply LMXB) consists of a mass accreting neutron star (NS) and a mass-donating low-mass star which fills the binary Roche lobe. It is well known that these objects show bimodality in X-ray spectral states, name... |
2,121,713,846,532 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Phase only spatial light modulator (SLM) finds numerous applications
including optical tweezers \cite{tweezer, tweezer2,tweezer3},
microscopy \cite{mmm, spiral,isotripic}, or manipulation
of atoms \cite{bose-einstein, dynamic, key-2}. Typically in
addition to voltage-controlled phase delay the d... |
2,121,713,846,533 | arxiv | \section*{Cas des courbes d'indice 4}
\section{Variétés symplectiques}\label{s:varsymp}
Soit $M$ une variété différentielle de dimension $2n$ munie d'une $2$--forme différentielle $\omega$. On dit que $(M, \omega)$ est une \emph{variété symplectique} si $\omega$ est fermée (c'est-à-dire $d \omega =0$) et non dégénérée... |
2,121,713,846,534 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{s1}
The Kauffman bracket \cite{K} skein module of a $3$-manifold was defined independently by Przytycki \cite{P} and Turaev \cite{T1}. It can be defined over any commutative ring containing an invertible element usually denoted $A$. In this paper, we only consider this skein module over $Q... |
2,121,713,846,535 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Emission of X-ray binaries is not stable.
Already first obervations of X-ray binaries showed that their
emission variates on different time scales \cite[e.g.][]{oda71}. Some X-ray sources
appeared to be pulsars, which emission is modulated by rotation
of accreting neutron star \cite{giacconi71}... |
2,121,713,846,536 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper we study the set of periods of continuous
maps from the space $\sigma$ to itself, where the space $\sigma$
consists of a circle with a segment attached to it at one of
the segment's endpoints. Our results continue the progression
of results which began with Sharkovskii's Theorem on... |
2,121,713,846,537 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It is often stated that black holes are the hydrogen atoms of quantum gravity; just as the classical instability of hydrogen atom signified the need for a quantum description of the subatomic interactions, the formation of spacetime singularities as predicted classically in \cite{Penrose:1964wq,... |
2,121,713,846,538 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
The accelerated expansion of the current universe is now well-established observationally and is usually credited to a dark energy whose origins remain murky (see e.g. \citealp{Ratra_Vogeley,Martin,Coley_Ellis}). The standard $\Lambda$CDM\ model of cosmology \citep{peeb84} desc... |
2,121,713,846,539 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The lifting of the degeneracy of the energy levels in molecule by a magnetic field is
a well-known and well-studied phenomenon. Thus it has spawned experimental
techniques such as laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy \cite{81Davies,06GoRoBe.CoH},
magnetic rotation spectroscopy \cite{92Mcc... |
2,121,713,846,540 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Imagine trying to estimate a quantity about which there is considerable uncertainty, and which cannot be observed directly. Instead, one has access to a stream of observations that this unobservable quantity affects and, based on this stream, tries to find an estimator of the unobservable ... |
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