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2,121,713,846,541 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Knowledge Preservation}
A basic goal of most approaches to artificial general intelligence is the ability to learn multiple tasks without overwriting what has previously been learned (i.e. catastrophic forgetting, or CF). The potential utility of learning without forgetting, or 'know... |
2,121,713,846,542 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper, we introduce and analyse a new mathematical model for the broad process of the cumulative, combinatorial nature of technological evolution \citep{art, kau16, ogb, rea}. Consider the course of technological evolution over the course of hominid evolution \citep{str16, str17}. In ... |
2,121,713,846,543 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
The polarisation of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is a
powerful probe of the physics of inflation \citep{spergel:1997} and
the reionisation history of the Universe \citep{zaldarriaga:1997b}.
Numerous experiments have now measured CMB polarisation (some of the
more recent include:
... |
2,121,713,846,544 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{introduction}
The strong unique continuation properties at the boundary and the related quantitative estimates have been well understood in the context of second order elliptic equations, \cite{AE}, \cite{Ku-Ny}, and in the context of second order parabolic equations \cite{EsVe}, \cite{Es... |
2,121,713,846,545 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Graphenes are allotropes of carbon forming almost planar, one atom thick sheets. The carbon atoms in graphene are arranged in a two-dimensional (2D) \cite{2d} honeycomb lattice, and are the building blocks of many multi-functional nano-materials. Ever since its dis... |
2,121,713,846,546 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $y=f(x)$ be a continuous function defined on the interval
$[a,\ b]$. We want to calculate the integral $\int_{a}^{b}f(x)dx$.
However, it is not easy to calculate the integral explicitly, so
to make some approximation is a realistic way. We recall
the Simpson's formula \footnote{The auth... |
2,121,713,846,547 | arxiv | \section{Derandomizing the Monte Carlo Data Structure}\label{sec:derandomization}
Here we give a general technique for derandomizing Karp-Rabin fingerprints, and apply it to our Monte Carlo algorithm. The main result is that for any constant $\varepsilon > 0$, the data structure can be constructed completely determinis... |
2,121,713,846,548 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Our opinions are not static. On the contrary, opinions are susceptible to dynamic changes and this is heavily exploited by (social) media, influencers, politicians, and professionals for public relations campaigns and advertising. The way we form our opinions is not a solitary act that simply com... |
2,121,713,846,549 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The occassional appearance of "new stars" (Stella Nova) in the sky are
bright outbursts known today as classical novae which are the result of the accretion process in a close binary
system consisting of a white dwarf (WD) and its main sequence or evolved companion star.
The WD accumulates hyd... |
2,121,713,846,550 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $\mathbf{F}/\mathbb{F}_q$
be an algebraic function field of
one variable defined over a finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$. We will always
suppose that the
full constant field of $\mathbf{F}/\mathbb{F}_q$ is $\mathbb{F}_q$ and denote by $g$ the genus of $\mathbf{F}$.
If $D$ is a (rational) divis... |
2,121,713,846,551 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and statement of results}
\label{sec:introduction}
The special values of the modular $j$-invariant
\[
j(z) = q^{-1} + 744 + 196884q + 21493760q^{2} + 864299970q^{3} + \dots
\]
at imaginary quadratic points in the upper half-plane are called singular moduli. By the theory of complex multiplicati... |
2,121,713,846,552 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Single image super resolution (SISR) aims to recover the high-resolution (HR) version of a given degraded low-resolution (LR) image. It has wide applications in video enhancement, medical imaging, as well as security and surveillance imaging. Mathematically, the degradation process can be expres... |
2,121,713,846,553 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\footnote[1]{The research reported in this paper was funded by King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}
Traffic congestion is a formidable problem for developing and developed countries across the world.
Unfortunately, to date no viable solutions hav... |
2,121,713,846,554 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} |
2,121,713,846,555 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{m:sec:intro}
The very high dimensionality of modern datasets poses severe statistical and computational challenges for machine learning.
Thus dimensionality reduction methods that lead to a compressed or lower dimensional description of data is of great interest to a variety of fields.
A ... |
2,121,713,846,556 | arxiv | \section{Structure of the paper}
\begin{itemize}
\item Introduction: General motivation + context of the paper
\item Generalized Voter Model with Recurrent Mobility (GVMRM)
\begin{itemize}
\item Recurrent Mobility structure (Introduce notation, topology and vote shares)
\item Dynamics: Introduce the general formalism, ... |
2,121,713,846,557 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A quantum theory of gravity on $AdS_3$ with boundary conditions that
allow for black hole configurations, has an asymptotic symmetry
algebra which includes a (left and right copy of the) Virasoro algebra
\cite{Brown:1986nw}. The algebra of diffeomorphism charges is centrally
extended as shown thr... |
2,121,713,846,558 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The task of extracting physically meaningful results from
ill defined
quantities is a fundamental aspect of quantum field theory. Perhaps
the
simplest example of this situation is the infinite zero point energy
of
quantum fields. In 1948, Casimir showed $\cite{Casimir}$ that
neutral
perfectly co... |
2,121,713,846,559 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{I}{n} the large distributed storage systems of today,
disk failures are the norm rather than the exception. Thus,
erasure-coding techniques are employed to protect the data from disk
failures. An $[n,k]$ storage code encodes $k$ information symbols to
$n$ symbols and stores t... |
2,121,713,846,560 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The interpretation of recent H\textalpha~observations of bow shocks around O-stars
\citep[][]{Meyer-etal-2016,Kobulnicky-etal-2017} and their associated X-ray observations
\citep[e.g.][]{DeBecker-etal-2017} require a detailed analysis of the
large-scale shock structure around such stars. Simula... |
2,121,713,846,561 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
All graphs considered in this article are finite, simple, loopless and undirected. Given a graph $G$, let $\overbar{G}$ be the complement of $G$, and let $V(G)$ and $E(G)$ be the vertex set and the edge set of $G$ respectively. A vertex $u$ is a {\it neighbor} of vertex $v$ if they are adjacent.... |
2,121,713,846,562 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Starting out in a dense state some 13.8 billion years ago, our
Universe and its evolution since this initial time are well understood, with an initially almost scale-invariant, but not
quite, spectrum of primordial perturbations condensing into the
presently observed large scale structures by mea... |
2,121,713,846,563 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The QCD axion \cite{Weinberg:1977ma,Wilczek:1977pj}
is a hypothetical particle which is effectively the angular degree of
freedom of a scalar field with a spontaneously broken $O(2)$ symmetry,
when there is also an extremely small explicit breaking of the
symmetry (making the a... |
2,121,713,846,564 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Selfdual Abelian Chern-Simons--Higgs vortices were constructed by Hong, Kim and Pac~\cite{Hong:1990yh}, and, by
Jackiw and Weinberg~\cite{Jackiw:1990aw} describing anyonic solitons in $2+1$ dimensions. These excited considerable
interest because of their relevance to high $T_c$ superconductivity ... |
2,121,713,846,565 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:1}
A fundamental concern in matrix perturbation theory is to study the change of spectral properties such as eigenvalues, eigenspaces and invariant subspaces of a matrix with respect to linear perturbation \cite{wilkinson1965algebraic} \cite{lidskii1966perturbation} \cite{stewart1990... |
2,121,713,846,566 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Goniometry is an important aspect of archaeological and zooarchaeological analysis. The primary tool for studying angles on objects such as bone fragments or lithics is the pocket, contact goniometer, in essence a metal protractor with a rotating arm. However, its reliability... |
2,121,713,846,567 | arxiv | \section{Experimental Design and Dataset}
\label{sec:dataset}
This section provides an overview of the parking lot simulation environment and experimental setup. We generated a dataset from human driving demonstrations consisting of trajectories, final parked spot location, and signaled intent. This dataset was then us... |
2,121,713,846,568 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\nd Non-extensive statistical mechanics (NEXT)
\cite{[1],[2],AP}, a well known generalization of the
Boltzmann-Gibbs (BG) one, is used in many scientific and
technological endeavors. NEXT central concept is that of a
nonadditive (though extensive \cite{[3]}) entropic information
measur... |
2,121,713,846,569 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Kaluza-Klein models have enjoyed much attention from physicists over the years. Although there is no experimental evidence to suggest the existence of extra hidden dimensions, theorists have continued to entertain the idea because of the promise these models hold. The reason that these extra dime... |
2,121,713,846,570 | arxiv | \section{\label{topo}Topological Dynamic Ordering}
The basis of topological effects in condensed matter is to associate a pseudo-spin $\vec{d}$ to wave vector positions in reciprocal space where the Berry connection and curvature describe how this ``magnetic pseudo-spin'' is quantized and depends on geometric consider... |
2,121,713,846,571 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $\Bbbk$ be a field of characteristic zero and let
$\ell_1,\ell_2,\ldots,\ell_r \in \Bbbk[x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n]$ be general
linear forms. For positive integers $d_1,d_2,\ldots,d_r$, consider the
quotient
$\Bbbk[x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n]/ \langle
\ell_1^{d_1},\ell_2^{d_2},\ldots,\ell_r^{d_r} \rangle$. ... |
2,121,713,846,572 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Long Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) are located at cosmological distances \citep{met97}. These events are associated with supernovae \citep[e.g.][]{hjo03, sta03} and derive from the endpoint of the stellar evolution of massive stars. It is thus tempting to hypothesize a standard candle behavior as for ... |
2,121,713,846,573 | arxiv | \section{The second analogue of Stirling-Carlitz numbers}
The (unsigned) Stirling numbers of the first kind $\stf{n}{k}$ and the Stirling numbers of the second kind $\sts{n}{k}$ are defined by the generating functions
$$
\frac{\bigl(-\log(1-x)\bigr)^k}{k!}=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\stf{n}{k}\frac{x^n}{n!}\quad\hbox{and}\q... |
2,121,713,846,574 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
For the last years the physical community has broaden its subject goals to
matters that some decades ago were too distant from the classical topics of
Physics. Despite being apparently at odds with the standard motivations of Physics, this new trend has given an invaluable contribution
toward... |
2,121,713,846,575 | arxiv |
\subsection{Abundance penalization: spatial smoothness}
The abundance smoothness is expressed in matrix form as
\begin{equation}
\Phi(\mathbf{A}) = \frac{1}{2}\Norm_fro{\mathbf{AH}}
\end{equation}
where $\mathbf{H}$ denotes the matrix computing the differences between the abundances of a given pixel and the respect... |
2,121,713,846,576 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{I}{nformation} security is increasingly drawing people’s attention in recent years due to the globalization of information and communication technology. Cryptography is the very first exploited means to keep the security of media information. However, it is prone to be perceived and... |
2,121,713,846,577 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Eunseong Kim and Moses Chan (KC) of Penn State University first
observed \cite{2} nonclassical rotational inertia in solid $^4He$
(NCRI) below 250 mK. As previously reported \cite{wir}, we were able
to confirm NCRI in bulk solid. More importantly, we also observed
classical rotational inertia in ... |
2,121,713,846,578 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Decision makers, such as doctors, make crucial decisions such as recommending treatments to patients on a daily basis. Such decisions typically involve careful assessment of the subject's condition, analyzing the costs associated with the possible actions, and the nature of the consequent outcom... |
2,121,713,846,579 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{intro}
Robot swarms are a distributed system of autonomous mobile robots that collaboratively execute some complex tasks. Swarms of low-cost, weak, simple robots are emerging as a viable alternative to using a single powerful and expensive robot. Using swarm robot systems is particularly a... |
2,121,713,846,580 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Provenance is derivative journal data that represents factual information about events executed on particular operations at the application layer. Cloud computing is the dynamic provisioning of resources from a shared resource pool and needs provenance to ensure integrity and accountability of c... |
2,121,713,846,581 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A degree of stopping of colliding nuclei
is one of the basic characteristics of
the collision dynamics, which determines a part of the incident energy
of colliding nuclei
deposited into produced fireball and hence into production of
secondary particles. The deposited energy in its turn ... |
2,121,713,846,582 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:one}
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is scheduled to have its first physics
run in 2008. Investigating jet, weak boson and top quark
production are some of the goals of the 2008 run. Top pair production at
the LHC, with a cross section which is about a factor~100 larger than at
the Fer... |
2,121,713,846,583 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec_intro}
\IEEEPARstart{M}{otivated} by the carbon neutrality goal, increasing renewable generation (DRG) has been integrated into distribution networks \cite{heptonstall2021systematic}. The high penetration of DRG promotes the transformation of traditional passive distribution networks i... |
2,121,713,846,584 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A seminal result in automata theory is that recognizable languages (i.e.~languages recognized by finite state devices) are exactly those that can be defined in monadic second-order logic ({\sf MSO}\xspace). This result was originally shown for finite words
by (independently) B\"uchi~\cite[Co... |
2,121,713,846,585 | arxiv | \section*{Laplace math\'ematicien}
Laplace est un tr\`es grand nom des math\'ematiques. Ses \oe uvres, en quatorze gros volumes, se trouvent dans certaines biblioth\`eques. Il vaut la peine d'y aller voir : on y trouve des tr\'esors. C'est \`a la fois un virtuose du calcul, un cr\'eateur de concepts, et un ma\^{i}tre ... |
2,121,713,846,586 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{Introduction}
Hydrogen spectroscopy is of fundamental interest to physicists, and has contributed to the development of quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics \cite{HAtom}. The spectroscopy has become more and more precise as new technologies have developed. In particular, the preci... |
2,121,713,846,587 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Optical microscopy is an invaluable tool in biomedical investigations and clinical diagnostics. However, its use is limited to depths of not more than a few hundreds micrometers inside tissue due to light scattering. This fundamental limitation originates from the irremediable optical wavefront d... |
2,121,713,846,588 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Chemical inhomogeneity is a staple of globular cluster formation and evolution,
and the ubiquitous presence of large light element abundance variations has
become a defining characteristic of these systems (e.g., see review by
\citealt{Gratton12a}). Although the origins and implications of the... |
2,121,713,846,589 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Introduction}
Since stars form out of collapsing gas clouds, we expect a strong relation between the volume densities of star formation and gas. However, it is only possible to measure surface densities of external galaxies integrated along the line of sight, and even then the angular res... |
2,121,713,846,590 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Software is complex and invariably almost undoubtedly susceptible to exploitation by attackers who strive to penetrate computer systems, steal sensitive data, and cause significant harm. Therefore, it is important and, in some cases crucial to identify, triage, and fix vulnerabilities before atta... |
2,121,713,846,591 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
There is a growing demand for intelligent personal assistants, mainly in the form of dialogue agents, that can help users accomplish tasks ranging from meeting scheduling to vacation planning. However, most of the popular agents in today's market, such as Amazon Echo, Apple Siri, Google Home and ... |
2,121,713,846,592 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been widely used in spinal surgery as an intraoperative imaging modality to guide the intervention~\cite{zhou2021review,zhou2019handbook}. However, compared with conventional CT, intraoperative CBCT images have pronounced noise and poor tissue contrast \c... |
2,121,713,846,593 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been hugely successful in computer vision and machine learning and have helped push the frontier on a variety of problems~\cite{chen2016deeplab,FasterRCNN,RCNN,papandreou2017towards,SimonyanZ14,AgrawalGM14a,jain201515}. Their success is attributed to the... |
2,121,713,846,594 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
For a connected graph $G$ of order at least 2 and $S\subseteq V(G)$, the {\sl
Steiner distance} $d(S)$ among the vertices of $S$ is the minimum size among all
connected subgraphs whose vertex sets contain $S$. Necessarily, such a minimum
subgraph must be a tree and such a tree is called a \text... |
2,121,713,846,595 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
Networks provide a powerful representation of interaction patterns in complex systems\cite{Newman2010Book,boccaletti2006complex,faust}. The structure of social relations among individuals, interactions between proteins, food webs, and many other situations can be represented using networks. Un... |
2,121,713,846,596 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $k$ be a field and $\vec{x} = (x_1, x_2 \cdots, x_n)\in k^n$ be a non-zero vector, then $\vec{x}$ can be completed to a basis of $k^{n}$. We wish to have an analogue of the above statement for rings.
Let $A$ be a ring and $\vec{a} \in A^{n}, \vec{a} \ne 0$. Then there is a natural question w... |
2,121,713,846,597 | arxiv | \section*{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize
\textit{The ability to detect similar actions across videos can be very useful for real-world applications in many fields. However, this task is still challenging for existing systems, since videos that present the same action, can be taken from significantly different v... |
2,121,713,846,598 | arxiv |
\section{Lower Bounds}
We now present detailed proof for our lower bound results:
\label{app:lb}
\lb*
\begin{lemma}
\label{lem:adversary} \textbf{(Randomized adversary)}
For a particular task, if the adversary picks a feature from a pool of $N'$ features ($N'\leq N$) \footnote{It does not matter if the learner kn... |
2,121,713,846,599 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this article, we consider an inverse problem for a nonlocal Schrödinger equation with drift. Here we seek to study the uniqueness, stability and reconstruction properties in analogy to its local counterpart, which is a type of magnetic Schr\"odinger equation and had been investigated in Nakamu... |
2,121,713,846,600 | arxiv | \section*{1. Introduction}
In a variational approach to gravity, we usually choose the Einstein-Hilbert(EH)
action as the fundamental action, which is an integral over the invariant
four-volume of a scalar curvature. In order to obtain the Einstein
equation, one usually add a surface term\cite{key-1}. However, it... |
2,121,713,846,601 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Introduced in 2006 by Japaridze \cite{ICC}, cirquent calculus is a refinement of classical sequent calculus. The advent of cirquent calculus arose from the need for a deductive system with a more explicit ability to reason about resources. Unlike the more traditional proof-theoretic approaches t... |
2,121,713,846,602 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Since the nonlinear parabolic equation
\begin{equation}\label{0Int1}
u_t=\Delta u+au\log u+bu
\end{equation} on a given Riemannian manifold is related to
gradient Ricci solitons which are self-similar solutions to the
Ricci flow, many attentions are paid to the study on gradient
estimate... |
2,121,713,846,603 | arxiv | \section{The historical background of the problem} \label{int}
In the framework of the homogeneous and isotropic standard cosmological model,
the dimming of the type Ia supernovae as compared to their expected luminosity
in an Einstein--de Sitter model is interpreted as a consequence of an assumed
accelerated expansio... |
2,121,713,846,604 | arxiv | \section{#1}\setcounter{equation}{0}}
\newcommand{\insfig}[3]{
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\scalebox{#3}{
\centerline{\input{#1}}}
\end{center}
\caption{\hspace{0.25cm}#2\label{f:#1}}
\end{figure}
}
\newcommand{\Caption}[1]{\caption{#1}}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{L... |
2,121,713,846,605 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In the last decade,
rapid development of next-generation DNA sequencing technologies has enabled cheap
and fast generation of massive amounts of sequencing data \cite{Shendure08, Met05,
Bentley06}. Determining the order of nucleotides in a long target DNA molecule typically
involves use of shotg... |
2,121,713,846,606 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{intro}
Flaring events at radio frequencies are known to take place in
Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), usually followed by the observation
of new radio features in the parsec-scale jets \citep[e.g.,][]{sa02}. It has been shown that the ejection of those features, or components, is related to ... |
2,121,713,846,607 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{intro}
The versatile properties of magnetic fluids are very attractive for applications in biomedicine, for example as contrast agents, in drug targeting or for hyperthermia \cite{2015ApPRv...2d1302P,pollert2013magnetic,2003JPhD...36R.167P,KUMAR2011789,doi:10.1080/02656730802104757,ObaidatI... |
2,121,713,846,608 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Fibonacci cubes have been studied in several contexts, and the aim of their study goes beyond purely theoretical considerations.
In mathematical chemistry the concept is related to perfect matchings in hexagonal graphs, and on the other hand, the structure of perfect matchings in these... |
2,121,713,846,609 | arxiv | \section{introduction}
We are given a parameter $\Delta>0$ (independent of the input). The input to the {\sc near exact bin covering problem} (\pr) consists of a set of $n$ input items $\I=\{1,2,\ldots ,n\}$ where item $j$ is associated with its {\em size} $s_j\in (0,1]$. A feasible solution is a partition of the i... |
2,121,713,846,610 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and motivation}
The classical paradigm in
network science is to analyse a complex system by focusing on
pairwise interactions; that is, by studying lists of nodes and edges.
However, it is now apparent that many important features arise through larger groups of nodes
acting together \cite{benso... |
2,121,713,846,611 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Spurred on by the famous European Muon Collaboration (EMC)
experiment \cite{EMC} at CERN in 1987, there has been a huge
growth of interest in the partonic spin structure of the nucleon,
{\it i.e.}, how the nucleon spin is built up out from the
intrinsic spin and orbital angular momentum of its c... |
2,121,713,846,612 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Medical image quality can influence the downstream clinical tasks intended for medical images \cite{qa_review}. Automated algorithms have been proposed for image quality assessment (IQA), based on human scoring of image quality \cite{qa_liver_deep, qa_retina_deep, qa_zachary_lung, abdi_qa_ec, li... |
2,121,713,846,613 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
In this paper we construct some new examples of smooth, free, finite group actions on a product of two spheres of the same dimension.
A necessary condition discovered by Conner \cite{conner1} is that $G$ has rank at most two, meaning that $G$ does not contain an elementary abelian subgroup of ... |
2,121,713,846,614 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction}
The first direct detection of gravitational waves (GWs) is likely to occur soon. The ground-based interferometers LIGO~\cite{Abbott2009} and Virgo~\cite{Accadia2012} are currently undergoing upgrades to Advanced configurations which should start taking data in the next couple of ... |
2,121,713,846,615 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgements}
We thank Adam Leroy, John Beacom, and Martin Rey for useful discussions. AW is supported by the Carlsberg Foundation via a Semper Ardens grant (CF15-0384). MK and TL are supported by the Swedish Research Council under contract 2019-05135 and the European Research Council under grant 742104.
... |
2,121,713,846,616 | arxiv | \section{\large Introduction}}
\label{secIntr}
The main part of the paper is a a review of our results obtained
in~\cite{GribPavlov2012}--\cite{GribPavlov2013a}.
In the end we discuss some new features of particles with negative energies
concerning their origination and collisions with ordinary particles... |
2,121,713,846,617 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sect:intro}
Material differentiation and quantification using a standard single-energy computed tomography (SECT) is extremely challenging because different materials may have the same CT value\cite{ref1}. To tackle this challenge, dual-energy CT (DECT) takes full advantage of the energy ... |
2,121,713,846,618 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Temporal Knowledge Graph (TKG) is structured as a multi-relational directed graph where each edge
stands for an occurred fact.
TKG consists of a large number of facts in the form of quadruple (subject entity, relation, object entity, timestamp) , or (\emph{s}, \emph{r}, \emph{o}, \emph{t}) for sh... |
2,121,713,846,619 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Fair allocation problems arise naturally in various real-world contexts
and are the object of study in several research areas such as
mathematics, game theory and operations research.
These problems consist in sharing resources among several self-interested parties
(players or... |
2,121,713,846,620 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
The extreme densities and conditions inside neutron stars (NSs)
cannot be reached in existing experiments. This makes
NSs a unique laboratory to study the equation
of state (EOS) governing cold-supranuclear dense material.
Following the first detection of a gravitati... |
2,121,713,846,621 | arxiv | \section{Luminosity -- Linewidth Correlations}
There is a strong correlation between the total luminosities of galaxies
and the global rotation velocities (Tully \& Fisher 1977). \markcite{tfi}
The correlation can
be applied to give distances to galaxies. The
rotation parameter gives an expectation luminosity and... |
2,121,713,846,622 | arxiv | \section{Illustrating Merkle Tree generated by the \textit{PayPlace}\xspace{} Operator}
\label{app:merkleFigure}
\begin{figure}[!htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.7\columnwidth]{images/TransactionTree.pdf}
\caption{%
Transactions in $\mathbb{T}_p$ reflect payments that $p$ is owed from different c... |
2,121,713,846,623 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Pick $n+m$ vectors $x_1,\ldots,x_{n+m}$ at random in $\R^m$ according to a certain distribution $\nu$. Take integer linear combinations of the vectors and ask how close they can get to the origin in $\R^m$. One way to measure this is via the diophantine exponent, defined as:
\begin{equation}\l... |
2,121,713,846,624 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Hybrid photon-magnon systems in ferromagnetic spheres have recently emerged as a promising approach towards coherent information processing \cite{Chumak,Tabuchi2,Tabuchi,Zhang,Goryachev,Bai,Huebl,Zhang4}. Due to the large exchange interaction between spins in ferromagnets, they will lock togethe... |
2,121,713,846,625 | arxiv |
\section{\label{sec:introduction}Introduction}
In the last two decades many advances have been made in the field of
\textit{Quantum Technology} (QT). QT aims at developing practical applications
by making use of the properties of quantum mechanics, such as superposition and
entanglement~\cite{AcinNJP2018quantum}. The ... |
2,121,713,846,626 | arxiv | \subsection{Symmetric Clipping}
Clipping can arise in various communication systems, when a signal reaches the saturation level \cite{van1966spectrum, hinich1967estimation, gross1994snr, li1998effects}. \citet{gross1994snr} derive an exact expression for the spectral power of a Gaussian process with standard deviati... |
2,121,713,846,627 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
The topological superconductor, characterized by a superconducting gap in bulk and Majorana zero modes at boundary, has attracted great attention recently. The Majorana zero mode is a kind of special quasiparticle that is its own antiparticle and obeys non-Abelian statistics, which possesses pot... |
2,121,713,846,628 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Secret key generation (also known as key agreement) at the physical layer was first investigated by Maurer \cite{Maurer93a} and Ahlswede and Csisz\'ar \cite{AC_IT93}, who showed that correlated observations of noisy phenomena could be used to distill secret keys by exchanging information over a ... |
2,121,713,846,629 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Coincidence site lattices (CSL) are an important tool to characterize and
analyze the structure of grain boundaries in crystals~\cite{boll70,boll82}.
At grain boundaries, two lattices with different orientation meet and it is
thus natural to consider the intersection of these two lattices. Altho... |
2,121,713,846,630 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
A classifying space for a discrete group $\Gamma$ is any complex $B\Gamma$ with fundamental group $\Gamma$ and contractible universal cover. If a group has a $d$-dimensional classifying space then it always has a $2d$-dimensoinal {\it manifold} classifying space \cite{stallingsembedding}. This m... |
2,121,713,846,631 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The major physical theory calling for the development
of {\it nonperturbative} techniques for solving quantum
field theories is quantum chromodynamics (QCD). It is arguably
{\it the} theory of strong interactions describing hadrons.
However to extract the physics of mesons and baryons
within a pi... |
2,121,713,846,632 | arxiv | \section{Sequence Recognition and Decoding Using HMMs}
\subsection{Forward Algorithm}
Forward algorithm uses the forward variable $\zeta_t(i) = P(o_1,o_2,..,o_T,q_t = s_i|\lambda)$ which is the probability of the observation sequence $O = \{o_1,o_2,..,o_T\}$, and state at time $t$ being $s_i$, given the model $\lambda$... |
2,121,713,846,633 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
`Einstein--{\ae}ther' theory, or `{\AE}-theory' for
short, is a
vector tensor theory in which the vector field, or `{\ae}ther', is
constrained to be everywhere timelike and of fixed norm. This theory has
received increasing attention lately, stemming from a broader interest in
the possibil... |
2,121,713,846,634 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{secIntroduction}
For a finite group $G=\{g_1,\ldots ,g_n\}$ we assign a variable $x_g$ for each $g$ in $G$ and define the {\it group determinant}
to be the $n\times n$ determinant
$$ \mathscr{D}_G(x_{g_1},\ldots ,x_{g_n})= \det \left( x_{g_i g_j^{-1}}\right). $$
Plainly this is a homogene... |
2,121,713,846,635 | arxiv | \chapter{Introduction}
\label{Introduction}
This work investigates the parameterized complexity of three related graph modification problems.
Each of these problems asks for a vertex subset of bounded size whose removal results in a graph that satisfies a problem-specific property.
The first considered problem \textsc... |
2,121,713,846,636 | arxiv | \section{Fermionic Hamiltonian} \label{ss1}
This section provides detailed information on notations and the Bogoliubov-de Gennes (BdG) Hamiltonian of the $j=3/2$ electronic system.
\subsection{Notation} \label{ss1_1}
We introduce the five gamma matrices ($\gamma_{a}$), forming a Clifford algebra, $\{\gamma_{a},\gamma_... |
2,121,713,846,637 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
\chb{Video-driven applications, such as on-demand video streaming and mobile television, are primary} drivers of the explosion in mobile data traffic~\cite{cisco2014global}. Empirical studies of the distribution of video requests reveals a high degree of spatiotemporal c... |
2,121,713,846,638 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Several years ago Derman and Marciano~\cite{dm} considered briefly the
left-right asymmetry in $\mu^-e^-\to \mu^-e^-$,
here denoted by $A_{RL}(\mu e)$, with unpolarized muon scattering
on polarized electron target. According to them this asymmetry can be measured
and the only difference betwe... |
2,121,713,846,639 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figs/front2.png}
\caption{Correlation coefficient between (negative) sum of surprisals raised to the $k^{\text{th}}$ power and linguistic acceptability judgments of a sentence.
The higher correlation when $k>1$ impl... |
2,121,713,846,640 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
In a diversity of scientific fields bifurcation theory is used for the
analysis of systems of ordinary differential equations (ODE's) under
parameter variation. Many interesting phenomena in ODE systems are
linked to global bifurcations. Examples of such are overharvesting in
e... |
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