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2,121,713,846,841 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The accelerating expansion of our universe has recently been viewed
from several remarkable cosmic observations such as redshift and
distance-luminosity relationship of type IA Supernovae \cite{1a,1b}.
The study of current nature of the universe within the context of
general relativity ($\... |
2,121,713,846,842 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\label{s:intro}
Knowledge of the causal relationships underlying a system or phenomenon allows us to predict its behavior as it undergoes manipulations. Examples of such knowledge are ubiquitous in human cognition starting from an early age \citep{gopnik2004theory, muentener2018development}. It ... |
2,121,713,846,843 | arxiv | \section{Definitions and notation}
\label{sec:1}
A mapping $B$ defined on $\mathbb{R}^n$ is said to be a \emph{differen\-tiation basis} if for every $x\in \mathbb{R}^n$, $B(x)$ is a family of bounded measurable sets with positive measure and containing $x$, such that there exists a sequence $R_k\in B(x)$ $(k\in\ma... |
2,121,713,846,844 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec1}
Currently, many implementations of semantic applications rely on knowledge graphs, where new knowledge is inferred from existing knowledge. e.g., recommendation computing~\cite{SMR,yu2017knowledge} and search engines~\cite{bhagdev2008hybrid,arenas2016faceted}. Knowledge graphs map re... |
2,121,713,846,845 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{N}{umerous} machine learning, signal and image processing problems involve the estimation of a hidden object of interest $\B{x} \in \mathbb{R}^N$ based on (noisy) observations $\B{y} \in \mathbb{R}^M$.
This unknown object of interest can stand for parameters... |
2,121,713,846,846 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Tautness and cohomology}\label{subsec:tautnesscohomology}
A foliation $\F$ on a manifold $M$ is said to be (geometrically) {\em taut} if there exists a metric such that every leaf of $\F$ is a minimal submanifold of $M$. Tautness is a relevant property of foliations, which has been e... |
2,121,713,846,847 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Traditional video anomaly detection aims to detect abnormal events that significantly deviate from normal ones. Examples of such abnormal events include human crimes, natural disasters, and traffic accidents, to name a few. It has been successfully applied to many real-world applications~\cite{r... |
2,121,713,846,848 | arxiv | \section{ Application to the Standard Model}
High energy physicists have been using renormalizability
as the predictive tool, and also to decide whether or not
a quantity is calculable.
As we have learned in the previous talk by Professor Oehme,
it is possible, using the method
of reduction of couplings \cite{zim1,zi... |
2,121,713,846,849 | arxiv |
\section{Threading Model}
In order to adapt MLton for use in real-time systems, we propose exposing the
POSIX threading API within MLton. This will allow us to
propagate priority information from the ML thread tracking structure
to the RTOS and to leverage the RTOS scheduler.
Additionally, this model allows for ... |
2,121,713,846,850 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In July 2007, more than 130 international researchers met at
the La Fonda Hotel in
Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A. to discuss the formation, life, and death of zero-metallicity (Population III)
and very low metallicity stars,
as well as the impact that these objects had on later generations
of st... |
2,121,713,846,851 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{introduction}
Since the first exotic resonance $X(3872)$ was observed by the
Bell collaboration in 2003~\cite{Choi:2003}, many other exotic
sates, so called ``XYZ" states, have emerged from the reports of
Belle, BaBar, BESIII, LHCb, CDF, D0 and other collaborations. In
the traditional... |
2,121,713,846,852 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
As is well-known, mathematics of convex optimization and finding roots of a function have been investigated more than a century and very interesting subjects in this topic have been studied by many researchers in related recent developments. Some of developments in this area are of more applicab... |
2,121,713,846,853 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
An important field in classical general relativity in four or higher
dimensions is the search for exact solutions describing black objects
\cite{ER08} (black holes, black rings, etc.). While various techniques to
derive particular solutions are available, it may be very difficult... |
2,121,713,846,854 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The dynamics of financial markets presents a long standing puzzle that is yet to be understood. Economic systems do not lend themselves to simple explanations, similarly to other complex systems that "evolved to survive, and not for scientists to understand" \cite{alon.simplicity}. The most ... |
2,121,713,846,855 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Supersymmetry (SUSY)~\cite{ref:SUSY-1, ref:SUSY0, ref:SUSY3,
ref:SUSY1} is an extension of the standard model (SM) of particle
physics that introduces at least one bosonic (fermionic) superpartner
for each fermionic (bosonic) SM particle, where the superpartner
differ... |
2,121,713,846,856 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Quantum technologies have seen considerable progress in recent years~\cite{Dowling:03}, thanks to the unprecedented degree of isolation and manipulation capabilities achieved over individual quantum systems\cite{Leibfried:03,Haroche,Blais:20}, paving the way to the development of novel technolog... |
2,121,713,846,857 | arxiv | \section{#1}\setcounter{equation}{0}}
\newcommand{\D}{\displaystyle}
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\newcommand{\FS}{\footnotestyle}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
\newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}[section]
\newtheorem{lemma}[proposition]{Lemma}
\newtheorem{uremark}[proposition]{... |
2,121,713,846,858 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The development of various characterizations and notions of nonclassicality in recent years have lead to several proposals to apply such notions in order to probe a system undergoing a phase transition. Examples include entanglement\cite{Osterloh2002, Osborne2002, Wu2004}, quantum discord\cite{S... |
2,121,713,846,859 | arxiv | \section{I\textbf{ntroduction}}
Almost paracontact metric structures are the natural odd-dimensional
analogue to almost paraHermitian structures, just like almost contact metric
structures correspond to the almost Hermitian ones. The study of almost
paracontact geometry was introduced by Kaneyuki and Williams in ... |
2,121,713,846,860 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\begin{table}[t]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c||c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\parbox[0pt][2em][c]{0cm}{} $K$ & triangle & \makecell{square\\ (parallelogram)} & \makecell{regular \\ pentagon} & \makecell{regular\\ hexagon} & \makecell{regular \\ octagon} & \makecell{circle \\ (ellipse)}... |
2,121,713,846,861 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and Results}
The Hilbert scheme $S^{[n]}$ of $n$ points on a complex projective surface $S$ heuristically parametrizes collections of $n$ points on the surface $S$. The geometry of such Hilbert schemes is well studied.\footnote{See for example \cite{Gottsche:2003} and \cite{Nakajima:1999} for two... |
2,121,713,846,862 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
Let $q(E,N)$ denote the number of partitions of an integer $E$ into $N$ distinct integer parts (these partitions are called distinct partitions), and $P(E,N)$ the number of unrestricted integer partitions of $E$ into $N$ parts or less. It is well known in the theory of partitions that $q(E,N... |
2,121,713,846,863 | arxiv | \section{Experimental methods for temperature scaling data}
\label{app:methods}
The magnitude of electric-field noise at the ion location is measured through the heating of the ion's motion (see Eq. \eqref{eqn:hr}). The temperature of the motional mode $\bar{n}$ is obtained from measuring and fitting Rabi flops of the ... |
2,121,713,846,864 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{I}{n} 1996, it was shown that tightly focussed femtosecond infrared laser pulses can create a permanent refractive index modification inside bulk glass materials\cite{davis1996,glezer1996}. Although investigations into understanding the nature of this modification and the conditions... |
2,121,713,846,865 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
As of April 2006, the HERA~II running period had surpassed that of the HERA I phase of
operation: 200\,pb$^{-1}$ of data were used for measurements in this conference; 50\%
more than in HERA~I. The ZEUS collaboration has also published its first paper using the
HERA~II data on ``Measurement o... |
2,121,713,846,866 | arxiv |
\section{Conclusion}
In this paper, we investigate a novel task of preference-aware story evaluation, StoryER, which produce a score with explanation through various aspects and comments, bringing gains on both machine-generated and human-written stories evaluation.
To support the task, we present a new dataset consi... |
2,121,713,846,867 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
This paper shows semantic incompleteness of Hilbert system $(\mathbf{C+J})^{-}$, given by del Cerro and Herzig~\cite{Cerro1996}. This system was provided for a combination of intuitionistic and classical propositional logic. This combined logic has two implications: intuitionistic one (denoted by... |
2,121,713,846,868 | arxiv | \section{Optimal linear combination of estimators}
\label{optimal_combination}
In this section we assume that we have two independent and unbiased Gaussian estimators $X_1$, $X_2$ (of dimension $n$) of $X_0$ with respective covariance matrices $C_1$ and $C_2$
\begin{eqnarray}
X_1 \thicksim \mathcal{N}(X_0,C_1) \\
X_2... |
2,121,713,846,869 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
The first discovery of fast radio bursts (FRBs) by \citet{Lorimer2007Sci} and
consequent report of five similar sources by \citet{Keane2012MNRAS} and
\citet{Thornton2013Sci} opened a new window in astronomy.
Since then FRBs become a hot research topic.
The isotropic en... |
2,121,713,846,870 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We focus on the problem of constructing confidence intervals for a low-dimensional component in a high-dimensional conditional mean model. In epidemiologic studies, this component may correspond to the effect of a discrete-valued exposure $A$ on an outcome $Y,$ conditional on a set of baseline c... |
2,121,713,846,871 | arxiv | \section*{First-principles Calculations}
In order to construct a realistic atomistic model of the Bi$_{2}$Se$_{3}$/GaAs
interface, we use First-principles density functional theory calculations
(see Methods) to first investigate the chemical stability and electronic
properties of the isolated Se-treated As-term... |
2,121,713,846,872 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\linespread{1.3}
\small{I}n a previous work we investigated a supersymmetric low scale seesaw model at the LHC~\cite{Cerna-Velazco:2017cmn}. Here we considered the SUSY partners of right handed neutrinos, the R-sneutrinos, to be the lightest supersymmetric particles (LSPs). These are followed in... |
2,121,713,846,873 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\noindent Gauge symmetry is usually understood as a set of the
infinitesimal transformations of the fields such that leaves the
action intact, while the transformation parameters are the functions
of space-time. Gauge symmetry is said unfree if the invariance of
the action requires the gauge para... |
2,121,713,846,874 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Throughout this century advances in technology have allowed us to control increasingly complex quantum systems. The devices supported by these systems are considered the near future for computation and information processing. Therefore, it is essential to understand its robustness and sensitivit... |
2,121,713,846,875 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
E.~P.~Wigner was the first who introduced the definition of the so called \emph{symmetries} in quantum mechanics. A symmetry is a transformation of a quantum structure that preserves a certain quantity or relation. Specifically, a symmetry on the set of rank-one projections that preserves the ... |
2,121,713,846,876 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
The Bianchi universes form almost complete class of spatially homogenous but not necessarily isotropic relativistic cosmological models. They provide generalizations of the standard Friedmann-Lema\^{i}tre (FL) models, which are based on the spatially homogeneous and isotropic Rober... |
2,121,713,846,877 | arxiv | \subsection*{Acknowledgement} #1}
\def\ncirc#1#2{%
\font\newcirc=lcircle10 scaled #2
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\@wholewidth\fontdimen8\tenln \@halfwidth .5\@wholewidth}
\def\thicklines{\let\@linefnt\tenlnw \let\@circlefnt\newcircw
... |
2,121,713,846,878 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{introduction}
Road rutting is considered a severe pavement damage \cite{JICAroadpavement2020} and is crucial in the planning of road maintenance. It affects pavement structural integrity and can cause premature failure of road surfaces. Its presence increases the possibility of hydroplanin... |
2,121,713,846,879 | arxiv | \subsection{0pt}{12pt plus 4pt minus 2pt}{12pt plus 2pt minus 2pt}
\setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{-8pt}
\titlespacing\section{0pt}{12pt plus 4pt minus 2pt}{7pt plus 2pt minus 2pt}
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\AtBeginDocument{%
\newwrite\bibnotes
\defNotes.bib... |
2,121,713,846,880 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Air traffic is increasing rapidly in many developing and developed countries. The busiest airports are swamped everyday and incidents involving overworked and overstressed air traffic controllers (ATCs) is increasing. In the current system, ATCs have some awareness of things related to major air... |
2,121,713,846,881 | arxiv | \subsection{PDDLStream} \label{app:pddlstream}
\begin{figure*}[h!]
\begin{footnotesize}
\begin{lstlisting}
(:action move-holding
:parameters (?q1 ?t ?q2 ?oc ?g)
:precondition (and (Motion ?q1 ?t ?q2) |\underline{(Grasp ?oc ?g)}| (AtGrasp ?oc ?g) (AtConf ?q1)
(forall (?oc3 ?p3) (imply (AtPose ?oc... |
2,121,713,846,882 | arxiv | \section{Preliminaries.}\label{PrelimSec}
\subsection{Sets and Functions.} Suppose $X$ and $Y$ are sets. The assertion $X\sub Y$ is defined as ``$a\in X$ implies $a\in Y$,'' and \emph{equality of sets}, or in this case, $X=Y$, is defined as ``$X\sub Y$ and $Y\sub X$.'' The \emph{union} and \emph{intersection} of tw... |
2,121,713,846,883 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
As usual, let $H^2$ denote the classical Hardy space. The space $H^2$ can be seen as a space of functions analytic in the unit disk
$\mathbb{D}=\{z:|z|<1\}$ or as a closed
subspace of $L^2:=L^2(\partial\mathbb{D})$. In the first case $H^2$ consists of functions analytic in $\mathbb{D}$ with sq... |
2,121,713,846,884 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In general, the redshifts of galaxy are measured spectroscopically.
In order to achieve high signal-to-noise spectra, long integration
time is required. For those large and faint sets of galaxies,
however, spectra of galaxies are not easy or impractical to obtain.
In the absence of spectroscopic... |
2,121,713,846,885 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sect:intro}
Microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) are a cryogenically cooled, superconducting detector technology with applications in astronomical observations in the submilimeter through visible wavelengths. In the optical and IR, MKIDs have zero read noise, single photon sensi... |
2,121,713,846,886 | arxiv | \subsubsection*{Acknowledgments.}
The work described in this paper has been partly supported
by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) by a grant under the KMU Innovativ program as part of the Intelligent Match project (FKZ 01IS10022B); and
by the EUREKA and European Commission under the Eurostar... |
2,121,713,846,887 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Model checking~\cite{Clarke81,Quiell81} can formally verify that a
design satisfies a temporal logic specification. Yet, due to
scalability problems, it may be infeasible to prove all critical
properties of a complex design. Reactive
synthesis~\cite{Pnueli89,BloemJPPS12} is ev... |
2,121,713,846,888 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It is difficult to imagine a mathematician working in a field of differential equations, who has not heard of Sobolev spaces. These spaces are named after Sergei Sobolev ($1908-1989$), although they were known before the rise of the Russian mathematician to academic stardom. In 1977 Gaetano Fi... |
2,121,713,846,889 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Since the initial discovery of $PT$ symmetry \cite{Bender:1998ke},
there has been
considerable progress in expanding both the number of $PT$-symmetric
models and our knowledge of their properties \cite{Bender:2005tb,Bender:2007nj}.
Although the construction
of $PT$-symmetric matrix models has p... |
2,121,713,846,890 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In seismological studies---at global, regional and exploration scales---we often set out to find the earth structure and/or seismic source parameters that can explain observed seismic waveforms. In order to do so, we must first introduce some measure of the similarity between two waveforms, and ... |
2,121,713,846,891 | arxiv | \section{Task Parallel Programs and Execution Traces}
\label{sec:background}
Parallel programs aim to achieve faster computation by dividing work among many resources (e.g., CPUs, hardware threads) executing in parallel. We refer to concerns such as the time-to-solution and efficiency of resource use as {\em performan... |
2,121,713,846,892 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:1}
Expectations for device applications of non-equilibrium spin
populations of electrons and/or nuclei in semiconductors will
become more realistic when there is complete understanding of the
microscopic mechanisms which control spin coherence and
relaxation. This applies particularly ... |
2,121,713,846,893 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Magnetic activity is an ubiquitous phenomenon on late-type stars. It shows up as
coronal X-ray emission (e.g., Feigelson \& Decampli \cite{fd81}, Schrijver et al.
\cite{smw84}, Stauffer et al. \cite{scg94}) or as chromospheric emission in lines
like H$\alpha$ and CaH\&K (e.g., Wil... |
2,121,713,846,894 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Neuroscience has gained the ability to non-invasively map the structural and functional connectivity of the brain in a diverse group of subjects with the emergence of large scale connectomics initiatives \cite{HCP1,HCP2}. This capability has created a cornucopia of neuroimaging data in the fo... |
2,121,713,846,895 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
A common problem in engineering, applied mathematics and statistics is the estimation of a random function $\bfg$, whose realizations $\bfg(\bomega)$ are not observable, by using the observable realizations $\bff(\bomega)$ of an associated random function $\bff$. We consider the f... |
2,121,713,846,896 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{I}{n} many technical systems, redundant components are added to maintain operability in case of component failures. A $k$-out-of-$n$ system, for instance, consists of $n$ identical components and remains active as long as $k$ components are operating. The failure times of the compo... |
2,121,713,846,897 | arxiv |
\section{Data collection and analysis}
Our tracker concentration measurement is based on the detection of third party trackers in websites and smartphone applications. As we reviewed earlier, for both platforms, there are multiple ways to detect third parties. Furthermore, not all third parties are necessarily `tracke... |
2,121,713,846,898 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{section:Intro}
Ever since the seminal work by Kramers (for a comprehensive review
see Ref.~\cite{hanggi.1990.romp}) there has been significant interest in the dynamics
of escape processes of single particles, of coupled degrees of
freedom or of chains of coupled objects out of metas... |
2,121,713,846,899 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
In recent years, the infrared and sub-millimeter (mm) data have revealed a wealth of bubbles and filamentary structures in star-forming regions \citep[e.g.][]{churchwell06,myers09,andre10},
which are often associated with star-forming clumps, clusters of young stellar objects (... |
2,121,713,846,900 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Constructing an efficient quantum circuit to implement a given matrix operation is of fundamental importance in the field of quantum computation and quantum information.
One direct implication of the works by Aharanov, Ta-Shma, Childs and Berry \cite{aharanov2003, berry2014a,berry2007efficient,... |
2,121,713,846,901 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
\vspace{5 pt}
In the previous paper [1], we have extensively explored
the inter-relationship among the KP hierarchy [2],
nonlinear $\hat{W}_{\infty}$ algebra [3] and
conformal noncompact $SL(2,R)_{k}/U(1)$ coset model [4]
at the classical level. We have shown that the K... |
2,121,713,846,902 | arxiv | \section{Introduction
\label{sec:introduction}}The problem of specifying and verifying
properties of {\em reactive systems}, such as protocols and
concurrent systems, has received much attention over the past fifty
years or so. The main peculiarity of reactive systems is that they
perform nonterminating computations an... |
2,121,713,846,903 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let us start the article by recalling a Hopf conjecture related to the negativity of Riemannian sectional curvature.
\begin{conjecture}\label{Co1}
The Euler characteristic $\chi(X)$ of a compact 2n-dimensional Riemannian manifold $X$ with sectional curvature $K<0$ (resp. $K\leq 0$) satisfi... |
2,121,713,846,904 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{S:intro}
In this paper, we continue our study of the representation theory
of rank 2 graph algebras developed in \cite{DPYdiln} and \cite{DPYatomic}.
Kumjian and Pask \cite{KumPask} have introduced a family of
C*-algebras associated with higher rank graphs.
They describe a property called t... |
2,121,713,846,905 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We aim to study the propagation of waves in linear composite structures constituted by elastic and viscoelastic materials placed in juxtaposition to each other. The typical viscoelastically damped structure is composed of core layers of viscoelastic components interspersed between layers of pu... |
2,121,713,846,906 | arxiv | \section{Conclusion} \label{sec:conclusion}
An innovative approach to data-driven power system modelling based on probabilistic graphs was introduced. By providing a flexible computational framework where custom
non-linear, localised models of the joint density can be combined to model arbitrarily large and complex sy... |
2,121,713,846,907 | arxiv | \section{ Introduction}
Spacecraft rendezvous is an important operation in many space
missions. There are extensive research in this field and hundreds
successful rendezvous missions, see, for example, the survey
paper \cite{lzt14} and references therein. The entire rendezvous
process can be divided into sev... |
2,121,713,846,908 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction and statement of results}\label{s:intro}
Let $p>q\geq 1$ be coprime integers and $B_{p,q}$ the rational homology ball smoothing of the quotient singularity $\frac{1}{p^2}(pq-1,1)$. Using results by Khodorovskiy~\cite{Kh13} it is not hard to show~\cite[\S~2.1]{ES18} that if the positive integer... |
2,121,713,846,909 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Motivation}
Although the fifth-generation (5G) wireless network is still under deployment worldwide, both academia and industry have been enthusiastically looking into future beyond 5G (B5G) such as the sixth-generation (6G) wireless network that targets at meeting more stringent r... |
2,121,713,846,910 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction and the main results}
Recall that a vector field
$X$ on a Riemannian manifold $(M,g)$ is called {\it Killing} if $L_X
g=0$. In this paper, we study {\it Killing vector fields of constant length} on homogeneous Riemannian manifolds.
A detailed study of Killing vector fields of constant l... |
2,121,713,846,911 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Accessible information about a quantum system is restricted by the noncommutability of observables. The nature of this restriction can be classified essentially into two categories: fluctuations inherent in a quantum system and the error caused by the process of measurement. These aspects o... |
2,121,713,846,912 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It is commonly believed that the early Universe has experienced a
stage of accelerated expansion which is known as
inflation \cite{Sato:1980yn,Guth:1980zm,Linde:2005ht}. During
inflation one of the tiny patches of the very early Universe
was superluminally stretched to become our observable Univ... |
2,121,713,846,913 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Observational evidence \cite{union08,hicken,Amanullah,Union2,Hinshaw,Ade,Betoule}
indicates that roughly
70\% of the energy density in the
universe is in the form of a component called dark energy, which has negative pressure,
and roughly 30\% is in the form of nonrelativistic matter.
The... |
2,121,713,846,914 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{int}
The advent of fifth generation (5G) of wireless systems opens up new possibilities and gives rise to new use cases with stringent reliability requirements, e.g., Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication paradigm (URLLC) \cite{Popovski.2014}. Some examples are \cite{Schulz.2017}:
fact... |
2,121,713,846,915 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgments}}
\pagestyle{myheadings}
\newtheorem{example}[theorem]{Example}
\newtheorem{hypothesis}{Hypothesis}
\renewcommand{\proofname}{Proof}
\numberwithin{equation}{section}
\DeclareMathOperator{\supp}{supp}
\DeclareMathOperator{\im}{Im}
\DeclareMathOperator{\re}{Re}
\DeclareMathOpe... |
2,121,713,846,916 | arxiv | |
2,121,713,846,917 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Compared to other buildings, supermarkets consume proportionately more energy~\cite{TIMMA2016435,Mylona}.
This is mainly due to refrigeration needed to slow down the deterioration of food, by retaining them on a predetermined temperature~\cite{Mylona}.
Electricity costs associated with refrigerat... |
2,121,713,846,918 | arxiv | \section{\bf Introduction}
The analysis of the properties of elementary
excitations in a Bose--Einstein Condensate (BEC) appears as an
important aspect in the study of the properties of a BEC
\cite{Stringari1}. The reasons behind this interest range from the
role played by collective modes and elementary excitat... |
2,121,713,846,919 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and statements of the main results}
In this paper we address the following
problem: {\em classify all
homogeneous K\"{a}hler\ manifolds (\emph{h.K.m.} for short) which admit a K\"{a}hler\ immersion
into a given finite or infinite dimensional complex space form}.
\vskip 0.3cm
A K\"{a}hler\... |
2,121,713,846,920 | arxiv | \subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}%
\z@{.5\linespacing\@plus.7\linespacing}{1pt}%
{\normalfont\bfseries}}
\def\l@section{\@tocline{1}{0pt}{1pc}{}{\bfseries}}
\def\l@subsection{\@tocline{2}{0pt}{3.1em}{5pc}{}}
\makeatother
\allowdisplaybreaks[1]
\pagestyle{plain}
\setlength{\topmargin}{0in}
\setlength... |
2,121,713,846,921 | arxiv |
\section{Conclusions}
In this paper, we have introduced a new hybridized discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method for the incompressible Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations coupled with the Spalart-Allmaras one equation turbulence model, which extends the earlier work of Rhebergen and Wells in \cite{rhebergen_... |
2,121,713,846,922 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:1}
We want to investigate $L^2$-approximation on weighted reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHSs) of functions depending on infinitely many variables. For each of
those RKHSs, there is a family of weights and a function decomposition, which determine the norm on the space. With the... |
2,121,713,846,923 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
A long list of sources may present variable and transient behavior, from stellar flares \citep{Bastian1998ARAA, Osten2005ApJ}, spinning neutron stars \citep{Hewish1968Natur, Camilo2006Natur}, and gamma ray bursts \citep{Klebesadel1973ApJ, Dessenne1996MNRAS}, to yet-detected extr... |
2,121,713,846,924 | arxiv | \section{}
\section{Introduction}
{\em Reflection principles} in formal arithmetic are statements of the form {\em ``If $\phi$ is a theorem of $T$, then $\phi$''} \cite{KreiselLevy:1968:ReflectionPrinciplesAndTheirUse}. Using notation from provability logic \cite{Boolos:1993:LogicOfProvability}, for a computably ... |
2,121,713,846,925 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{I}{mage} fusion is an important task in image processing. It aims to extract important features from images of multi-modality signal sources and uses certain fusion strategies to generate a fused image containing complementary information of multiple pictures. Our work is one of ... |
2,121,713,846,926 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Wikipedia constitutes a dataset of primary importance for researchers across numerous subfields of the computational and social sciences, such as social network analysis, artificial intelligence, linguistics, natural language processing, social psychology, education, anthropology, political scie... |
2,121,713,846,927 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
The theory of small ball probabilities (also called small deviation probabilities) for various norms is extensively studied in recent decades (see the surveys~\cite{lif,lishao,2003fatalov}; for the extensive up-to-date bibliography see~\cite{Lifshits2018}). Given a random process $X(t)$, the as... |
2,121,713,846,928 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec1}\setcounter{equation}{0}
Let $(\Omega,\cF,\{\cF_t\}_{t\geq0},\mP)$ be a filtered complete probability space
with the right continuous filtration $\cF_t$.
Denote $\{W_t\}_{t\geq0}$ a scalar Wiener process on $(\Omega,\cF,\{\cF_t\}_{t\geq0},\mP)$. Let $E$ be a ball $B_c(0)-\{0\}$,... |
2,121,713,846,929 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) \citep{goodfellow2014generative} have been well explored. In their paper, Goodfellow et. al describe how an adversarial relationship between networks can be used to produce a network capable of creating samples that are very similar to a target distribution... |
2,121,713,846,930 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\paragraph{The longest common subsequence problem.}
A \emph{word} is a finite sequence of symbols from some alphabet. We denote by $\len W$
the length of the word~$W$. A \emph{subsequence} of a word $W$ is a word obtained from
$W$ by deleting some symbols from~$W$; the symbols in a subsequenc... |
2,121,713,846,931 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Two-body hadronic $B$ decays into a heavy-light final state
$\overline{B}_{(s)}\to D_{(s)}^{(*)} M$, where $M$ is a light meson,
have played an important role in testing the factorization
hypothesis~\cite{Bjorken:1988kk}.
In $\overline{B}_{(s)}^0\to D_{(s)}^+\pi^-$ and
$\overline{B}_{(s)}^0\to... |
2,121,713,846,932 | arxiv |
\section{TEXT BOX HEAD}
\section{INTRODUCTION}
\label{sec:intro}
Magnetars are a class of young neutron stars that exhibit
dramatic variability across the electromagnetic spectrum -- particularly
at X-ray and soft $\gamma$-ray energies -- ranging from few millisecond
bursts to major month-long outbursts. Some ma... |
2,121,713,846,933 | arxiv | \section{Preliminaries}\end{center}
Let $R$ be an associative ring with unit and throughout the paper $M$ will be a left unital
$R$-module. By $N \trianglelefteq M$ we denote an essential submodule $N\subset M$.
$M$ is {\it uniform} if $M\neq 0$ and every non-zero
submodule is essential in $M$, and $M$ has {\it fi... |
2,121,713,846,934 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
There is a growing experimental literature describing the detailed functional architecture of large scale neuronal networks \cite{sporns04}. Much recent development is due to innovative techniques in neural recording such as voltage sensitive dye \cite{ferezou07}, high capacity multielectrodes ... |
2,121,713,846,935 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and motivation}
\label{intro}
Characterization and classification of phases of matter and phase
transitions between them is a central pursuit of condensed matter
physics. The simplest and most ubiquitous organization of matter is
according to Landau's symmetry-breaking paradigm. Such phases -
c... |
2,121,713,846,936 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Flavor changing neutral current transitions involving the $B$-meson
provide a unique opportunity to study the electroweak theory in
higher
orders. Although transitions like $b\rightarrow s\gamma$, $b\rightarrow se^{+}e^{-}$,
and $b\rightarrow sg$ vanish at the tree level, they can be described
b... |
2,121,713,846,937 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Computational mechanics aims at solving mechanical problems using computer methods. These mechanical problems can originate from the study of either natural or engineered systems. In order to describe their behaviour in a precise manner, mathematical models have to be devised. In engineering appl... |
2,121,713,846,938 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:1}
Several years of effort\cite{Weinberg1}$^-$\cite{KSWnew}
has culminated in a consistent effective field
theory description of the nucleon nucleon interaction\cite{KSWb}.
The ultimate goal of this endevour is to construct a framework
with which to systematically describe bound and ... |
2,121,713,846,939 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Twenty years ago, Matsui and Satz suggested the suppression of heavy-quark bound states in heavy-ion collisions as a sensitive probe for quark--gluon plasma (QGP) formation~\cite{Matsui:1986dk}. Since then, an intense experimental activity has been carried out. Soon after the Matsui and Satz pro... |
2,121,713,846,940 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{introduction}
Partial differential equations (PDEs) are highly detailed mathematical models that describe complex physical or artificial processes in engineering and science \cite{intro_pdes}. Although they have been widely studied for many years, solving these equations at scale remains ... |
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