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2,121,713,847,041
arxiv
\section{Numerical Results} Let us now turn to some practical applications of the above theory to specific problems concerning the stability of hadron beams passing through FODO cell magnetic focusing elements and experiencing sextupole nonlinearities, as described in \cite{BTTS94,GT96,BT91}. First, we shall consider ...
2,121,713,847,042
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} Energetic outbursts of massive stars are often labelled as `supernova impostors' \citep{2000PASP..112.1532V}, since they usually show observational features resembling those of Type IIn supernovae \citep[SNe;][]{1990MNRAS.244..269S,1997ARA&A..35..309F}. However, SN impostors are no...
2,121,713,847,043
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} The concept of {\it test pooling} was apparently invented by Robert Dorfman~\cite{Dorfman} in 1943 who suggested that it would be more effective to test WW2 would-be recruits for syphilis by mixing the blood samples of several recruits and test the pool for antigens. If the pool tests negative ...
2,121,713,847,044
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The velocity distribution of nearby stars contains various large overdensities of co-moving stars that cannot be explained as the vestiges of clumpy star formation \citep[e.g.,][]{Bovy10a}. In particular, the Hercules moving group, a group of stars significantly offset from the bulk of the obser...
2,121,713,847,045
arxiv
\section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction} Estimating the small-scale energy dissipation from large scale statistics for statistical stationary and non-stationary evolving flows is at the core of virtually all turbulence closures as it enables predictions of momentum transport (e.g., drag), mixing, particle dispersion/clu...
2,121,713,847,046
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The Green's function (GF) method is widely used in the study of quantum many-body physics. Among the many different kinds of GFs, the two-time GF contains two time variables, or, in the equilibrium state, one frequency variable. The equation of motion (EOM) approach to the two-time GF has a lon...
2,121,713,847,047
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Balanced homodyne detection is a crucial detection technique for continuous variable quantum technology and lies at the core of many quantum optics experiments \cite{Lvovsky2009,Dariano2003,dgw99}. From its first proposal for the measurement of quadrature squeezing, to its current extensive use ...
2,121,713,847,048
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a valuable imaging tool for exploring a variety of cellular and molecular processes \textit{in vivo}. PET can provide high contrast and quantitative functional information about disease or therapy response usually complemented by purely anatomical informatio...
2,121,713,847,049
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In an autonomous driving setting, object detection, particularly the detection of other road users, is of vital importance for safe operation. However, in some circumstances the closing speeds between vehicles can be such that it becomes necessary to detect objects at considerable distances to b...
2,121,713,847,050
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Sample compression schemes were introduced by Littlestone and Warmuth~\cite{LiWa}, and have been vastly studied in the literature due to their importance in computational machine learning. Roughly, a sample compression scheme consists of a compressor $\alpha$ and a reconstructor $\beta$, and th...
2,121,713,847,051
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} Fiducial markers are artificial objects that have been widely utilized in robotic applications, including Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) \cite{munoz2019,shuo}, Structure from Motion (SFM) \cite{sfm}, multi-sensor calibration \cite{lt2}, autonomous navigation \cite{land,yibo}, an...
2,121,713,847,052
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Large scale object recognition has received increasing interest in the past five years \cite{DengECCV2010,tim2011tpami,LempitskICCV2009}. Due to the prevalence of online media sharing websites such as Flickr, a lack of images for learning is no longer the barrier. A new bottleneck appears instead...
2,121,713,847,053
arxiv
\section{\label{sec:level1}Introduction} Dimer models are pivot models in strong correlated physics corresponding to high-temperature superconductors with resonating valence bonds (RVBs).\cite{doi:10.1126/science.235.4793.1196,doi:10.1080/14786439808206568,BASKARAN1987973} Rokhsar and Kivelson et al. simplify RVBs as ...
2,121,713,847,054
arxiv
\section{Introduction} We study the asymptotics of the error probabilities in a binary hypothesis testing problem for quantum systems. In a rather general setting (used generally in the information-spectrum approach \cite{Han, NH}), one can consider a sequence of finite-level quantum systems with (finite-dimensional...
2,121,713,847,055
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:1} It is no doubt that facial analytics in images and videos, e.g., age, gender, ethnicity and emotion prediction~\cite{das2018mitigating,mollahosseini2017affectnet}, is one of the most widely studied tasks in image recognition. Thousands of papers appear every year to present all the m...
2,121,713,847,056
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection{Orders, phase transitions, and symmetries} \label{deforder} Condensed matter physics is a branch of science that study various properties of all kinds of materials, such as mechanical properties, hydrodynamic properties, electric properties, magnetic properties, optical properties, ...
2,121,713,847,057
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} \input{introduction} \section{Conversation Programming in Python} \label{sec:example} \input{examples} \label{sec:runtime} \input{runtime} \section{Dynamic Verification} \label{sec:monitor} \input{monitor} \section{Related Work} \label{sec:related} \input{related} \...
2,121,713,847,058
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{introduction} \indent \indent The theoretical value for muon anomalous magnetic moment $a_\mu$ is an important window in the quest for new phenomena in particle physics. The predicted value is the sum of several contributions and the most prominent ones are already derived from the...
2,121,713,847,059
arxiv
\section{Introduction} It is well known that an optical cavity with gain can produce outgoing optical fields with a definite frequency and phase relationship, termed laser~\cite{siegmann}. Applying time reversal symmetry, a cavity illuminated by two coherent incoming waves has the gain medium replaced by an absrobing m...
2,121,713,847,060
arxiv
\chapter*{Requirements for this Document} Candidates shall submit a dissertation of not more than 30,000 words, plus not more than 30 pages of diagrams, tables, listing etc., and (where applicable) the source code, on a subject selected by the candidate in consultation with the supervisor and approved by the direc...
2,121,713,847,061
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Lagrangian-Hamiltonian mechanics of the damped harmonic oscillator (DHO) and its applications to quantization of the DHO have been investigated for a long time by an enormous number of authors \cite{Bateman, MorFes, Dekker, Razavy, FesTik, CRV, SVW, BlaJiz, ChrJur, Chruscinski, BanMuk, MajSuz...
2,121,713,847,062
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:SectionI} Topological order is one of the most intensely investigated topics lying on the frontiers of condensed matter physics and materials science~\cite{Hasan2010, Qi2011}. These phases go beyond Landau's classification of matter, which relies on a set of order parameters that chara...
2,121,713,847,063
arxiv
\section{The Light-Front Hamiltonian Approach to QCD} One of the most important theoretical tools in atomic physics is the Schr\"odinger wavefunction, which describes the quantum-mechanical structure of an atomic system at the amplitude level. Light-front wavefunctions (LFWFs) play a similar role in quantum chromo...
2,121,713,847,064
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In this paper we discuss explicit solutions of the Cauchy initial value problem for the one-dimensional Schr\"{o}dinger equations% \begin{equation} i\frac{\partial \psi }{\partial t}+\frac{1}{4}\frac{\partial ^{2}\psi }{% \partial x^{2}}\pm tx^{2}\psi =0,\qquad \psi \left( x,0\right) =\varphi \l...
2,121,713,847,065
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In this paper, $K$ denotes a field and $S=K[x_1,\ldots, x_n]$. Let $G$ be a simple graph on vertex set $\mathrm{V}(G)=\{v_1,\ldots, v_n\}$ and edge set $\mathrm{E}(G)$. Then the \emph{edge ideal} $I(G)$ of $G$ is the ideal of $S$ generated by $\{x_ix_j|v_iv_j\in \mathrm{E}(G)\}$. A graph $G$ is c...
2,121,713,847,066
arxiv
\subsection*{Acknowledgments} #1} \def.95{.95} \def.95{.95} \def.95{.95} \def.05{.05} \def.95{.95} \def.95{.95} \newcommand{\NFigure}[3]{\begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[scale=#2]{#1} \caption{\protect\small #3} \end{figure}} ...
2,121,713,847,067
arxiv
\section{The black-box is an unknown model} \label{sec:unknown} This section assumes that $\set{A}\subsetneq\set{B}$ because $\set{B}$ contains unknown models or variants of some models known by Alice. \subsection{Modeling} \subsubsection{Assumptions} \label{sec:unknown_assumptions} Our working assumptions are the fo...
2,121,713,847,068
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Virtual reality is considered an effective tool to study perception \cite{Wilson2015} and performance \cite{Allcoat2018}. However, VR studies either examine perceptual processes (e.g., \cite{Jones2019,Suhaila2019,Zenner2017}) or performance-related aspects (e.g., \cite{Huawei2019,Khenak2020, Schw...
2,121,713,847,069
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A control system is called forward complete if for any initial condition $x$, and any input $u$, the corresponding trajectory $\phi(\cdot,x,u)$ is well-defined on the whole nonnegative time axis. If additionally, for any magnitude $R>0$ and any time $\tau>0$ \[ \sup_{\|x\| \leq R,\ u\in\ensurem...
2,121,713,847,070
arxiv
\section*{Figure Captions\markboth {FIGURECAPTIONS}{FIGURECAPTIONS}}\list {Figure \arabic{enumi}:\hfill}{\settowidth\labelwidth{Figure 999:} \leftmargin\labelwidth \advance\leftmargin\labelsep\usecounter{enumi}}} \let\endfigcap\endlist \relax \def\tablecap{\section*{Table Captions\markboth {TABLECAPTIONS}{TABLECAP...
2,121,713,847,071
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The discovery of the top quark, with a mass near 175 GeV~\cite{CDF,D0}, provides us with a unique opportunity to better understand electro-weak symmetry breaking and to search for hints of physics beyond the standard model. It has been known for sometime that top quarks decay electroweakly befo...
2,121,713,847,072
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} This paper is motivated by two closely related lines of developments in the theory of minimal surfaces. The first one is the circle of results known as halfspace theorems. The second one is the recently introduced hyperbolicity theory for minimal surfaces. Concerning the firs...
2,121,713,847,073
arxiv
\section{Introduction} It is well-known that exponential objects do not exist in conventional categories of uniform hypergraphs. To address this obstruction, we introduce categories of $(X,M)$-graphs and reflexive $(X,M)$-graphs, which are categories of presheaves\footnote{Recall a category of presheaves is one which ...
2,121,713,847,074
arxiv
\section{Introduction and summary} \noindent One of the best known multi-particle integrable systems is the Calogero model \begin{equation} \label{Calogero} H=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^N p_i^2 + \sum_{i<j}\frac{g^2}{(q_i-q_j)^2},\qquad \{ p_i, q_j\}=\delta_{ij}. \end{equation} Being introduced four decades ago \cite{caloge...
2,121,713,847,075
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The quantum groups were invented \cite{f} by L.D.Faddeev and the Leningrad school on inverse scattering method in order to solve integrable models. Quantum groups have links with mathematical fields such as Lie groups, algebras and their representations, special functions, knot theory operator ...
2,121,713,847,076
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} The Brown--Douglas--Fillmore theory of $C^*$-extensions, \cite{BDF}, works nicely for nuclear $C^*$-algebras because an extension of a nuclear $C^*$-algebra is always invertible in the extension semi-group. As a steadily growing number of examples show, this is not the case for general extensio...
2,121,713,847,077
arxiv
\section*{Appendix A: The detail expansion of $\mathcal{R}_{M_5}$} Eq. (\ref{curexp}) can be easily found if one works in the covariant frame $\Big\{\hat{\partial}_\mu,\partial_\theta\Big\}\equiv\left\{\partial_M\right\}$ where $\hat{\partial}_\mu$ and $\partial_\theta$ transform as a four-dimensional vector and a one...
2,121,713,847,078
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \blfootnote{The authors would like to thank Mathieu Rosenbaum from Ecole Polytechnique for his valuable guidance and advice during this work. The authors also appreciate the insightful discussions with Jean-Sebastien Deharo and Alexandre Davroux.} \citet{fama1965behavior} and \citet{malkiel198...
2,121,713,847,079
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Soft gamma repeaters (SGRs) are intriguing sources of very energetic (super-Eddington luminosity) high energy bursts. They exhibit repetitive, sporadic bursting activity with typical burst durations of $\sim100$\,ms \citep[e.g.,][]{woods2006}. Four have been identified as definite SGRs, three are...
2,121,713,847,080
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \let\thefootnote\relax\footnotetext{$*$ \textrm{\ indicates\ equal\ contribution.}} \begin{figure}[t] \centering \includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{figure/intro_final.pdf} \caption{{Schematic depiction of multi-modal representation learning. (a) simple fusion scheme. (b) within-modality learn...
2,121,713,847,081
arxiv
\section{The Boltzmann equation for granular gases} Granular gases have been initially introduced to describe the nonequilibrium behavior of materials composed of a large number of non necessarily microscopic particles, such as grains or sand. These particles form a gas, interacting \textit{via} energy dissipating ine...
2,121,713,847,082
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \vspace{-1mm} Visual tracking is one of the fundamental and challenging problems in computer vision and artificial intelligence. Though much progress has been achieved in recent years~\cite{YilmazJS06,WuLimYang13}, there are still unsolved issues due to its complexity on various factors, such as ...
2,121,713,847,083
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In the group synchronization problem, we are given a (countable) graph $G=(V,E)$, a group ${\mathfrak G}$ and, for each edge $(u,v)\in E$, a noisy observation ${\boldsymbol Y}_{u,v}$. The objective is to estimate group elements $({\boldsymbol \theta}_{v})_{v\in V}$ associated to the vertices $v\...
2,121,713,847,084
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Self-organized criticality (SOC) has been proposed as a universal mechanism leading to scaling laws in the dynamics of driven systems which evolute towards a critical state without the fine tuning of a control parameter \cite{BTW}. Recently it has been realized \cite{Grin95,HwaKar92,SorJohDor9...
2,121,713,847,085
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The average multiplicity of hadronic species made up by the three lightest quark flavours has been well characterized in a multitude of elementary collision processes, e.g. $e^+e^-$, $pp$ and $p \overline{p}$, and also in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. In the present article we will...
2,121,713,847,086
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} Max-stable processes arise naturally when studying extremes of stochastic processes and therefore play a major role in the statistical modelling of spatial extremes \citep{Buishand2008,Padoan2010,Davison2011}. Although a different spectral characterization of max-stable ...
2,121,713,847,087
arxiv
\section{#1}\setcounter{equation}{0}} \newcommand{\subsectiono}[1]{\subsection{#1}\setcounter{equation}{0}} \renewcommand\O{{\mathcal{O}}} \newcommand{\beta}[1]{ \begin{equation}\label{#1} } \newcommand{\end{equation}}{\end{equation}} \newcommand{\bea}[1]{\begin{eqnarray}\label{#1} } \newcommand{\end{eqnarray}}{\end{eq...
2,121,713,847,088
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Development of ELI \cite{ELI}, Appolon 10 \cite{Appolon10}, XCELS \cite{ XCELSa} and other projects aimed at obtaining extreme laser fields stimulates fundamental and applied study of the interaction of superintense laser radiation with matter. One of the features of this interaction is a dec...
2,121,713,847,089
arxiv
\section{Introduction} We have earlier reported~\cite{tripathi} on our development of gold-stud bump bonding, for applications in high energy physics experiments, at the UC Davis Facility for Interconnect Technology~\cite{ucdfit}. This technique eliminates the need for photolithography on a single die (individual prot...
2,121,713,847,090
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Reaction cross section measurements at energies of several hundred MeV/nucleon have been used to study the radial extent of matter densities of short lived exotic nuclei produced by fragmentation \cite{tanihata,Tan1}. Extensive tables of deduced radii are now available in the literature, e.g. \...
2,121,713,847,091
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} In previous publications it was shown how a triple knowledge graph (KG) can be represented as a multiway array (tensor) and how a statistical model can be formed by deriving latent representations of generalized entities. Successful models are, e.g., RESCAL~\c...
2,121,713,847,092
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Low-rank matrix approximations are a key component for efficient processing, manipulating and analysis of big datasets. Often, data matrices can be very large and yet have many redundancies and dependencies between rows and columns that result in being a low-rank matrix. Finding a low-rank appr...
2,121,713,847,093
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} The question whether the gravity could have the small mass or not has been argued from long time ago. In 1939, M. Fierz and W. Pauli derived the wave equations describing the second order tensor corresponding to massive spin-2 fields, {which} is called the Fierz-Pauli (FP) model \cite{Fierz:1939...
2,121,713,847,094
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Mature planets on short-period orbits have energy budgets dominated by incoming radiation rather than internal heat. Their atmospheric temperatures are therefore a function of both the absorption of incident stellar energy and its transport before re-emission into space. Absorb...
2,121,713,847,095
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{SectIntro} Coagulation processes (also known as aggregation or coalescence) are widespread in nature. They govern many everyday--life phenomena (such as blood coagulation, milk curdling, and cloud formation) and are of great interest in physics \cite{paper1, paper2, paper3}, chemistry \cit...
2,121,713,847,096
arxiv
\section*{References} \hyphenation{ Lip-schitz Eliash-berg } \begin{document} \maketitle \begin{abstract} Assume $M$ is a closed connected smooth manifold and $H:T^*M\to{\mathbb{R}}$ a smooth proper function bounded from below. Suppose the sublevel set $\{H<d\}$ contains the zero section $M$ and $\alpha$ is a...
2,121,713,847,097
arxiv
\section{Introduction} All the indications from the current measurements seem to confirm the validity of the Standard Model (SM) and the observed Higgs boson is SM-like. However, there are compelling arguments, both from theoretical and observational points of view, in favor of the existence of new physics beyond the S...
2,121,713,847,098
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} A new species of holographic duality was recently discovered in~\cite{Balthazar:2021xeh}, which describes $AdS_3$ string theory in the regime $(R_{\it AdS}/\ell_{\textit{s}})^2\equiv k<1$. The stringy gravitational side of the duality involves $AdS_3$ times a squashed three-s...
2,121,713,847,099
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \IEEEPARstart{M}{assive} visual data are emerging in our daily lives. Especially in recent years, due to the rapid development of 3D capture and rendering technologies, point cloud has become one of the most popular immersive media formats. It leads to lots of real-world applications, such as aut...
2,121,713,847,100
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Only about 10\% of early-type (i.e. spectral types O, B and A) dwarf stars are known to host a strong, large-scale magnetic field at their surface, which is thanks to dedicated spectropolarimetric campaigns \cite[(Wade et al. 2014; Grunhut et al. 2017; Shultz et al. 2019; Sikora et al. 2019)]{Wa...
2,121,713,847,101
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sect0} An orthonormal sequence $(\varphi_n)^{\infty}_{n=1}$ on a probability space $(\Omega,\ccF,\P)$ is a sequence of random variables $\varphi_n\dvtx \Omega\ra\R$ such that $\E\varphi_n^2=1$ and $\E\varphi_n\varphi_m=0$ whenever $n\neq m$. In this paper we consider the question of...
2,121,713,847,102
arxiv
\section*{Analysis and Summary} \vspace{-3mm} The {\it Spitzer} Wide-area Infrared Extragalactic legacy program \citep[SWIRE;][]{Lonsdale.etal03} is expected to detect over two million galaxies at infrared wavelengths from 3.6 to $160\micron$ over $49\,{\rm deg}^{2}$ and to redshifts $z\simeq2.0$. Our ELAIS-N1 sample...
2,121,713,847,103
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Stellar feedback clearly drives the complex, multi-physics process of galaxy evolution. Feedback regulates the formation of stars by destroying cold, star-forming gas, providing thermal pressure support and energy to prevent gas from cooling and collapsing into star-forming regions, and by drivi...
2,121,713,847,104
arxiv
\section{Applications} To demonstrate the generality of our theory on analytic methods, we now apply it to two different nanoplasmonic metamaterials, the wire-mesh~\cite{pendry:physcondmatter1998,belov:physreviewb2003,demetriadou:iopcondmatter2008} and the tri-helical metamaterial (THM)~\cite{demetriadou:njp2012}. \be...
2,121,713,847,105
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The atmosphere is a refractive fluid in turbulent motion. Light waves, after propagating through it, exhibit random phase perturbations and, if over long distances, random amplitude variations. Atmospheric turbulence is generally modelled as a stochastic process with structure funct...
2,121,713,847,106
arxiv
\section{Introduction} 3D object detection is currently one of the most challenging topics for both industry and academia. Applications of related developments can easily be found in the areas of robotics, AI-based medical surgery, autonomous driving~\cite{chen2017multi},\cite{rey2002automatic},\cite{surmann2003autonom...
2,121,713,847,107
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Nonlinear Frequency Division Multiplexing (NFDM) has recently been proposed to design an optical waveform better matched to the nonlinear propagation in a fiber~\cite{yousefi2013information}. In particular, the information bits are modulated in the so-called nonlinear Fourier spectrum which i...
2,121,713,847,108
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \ Let $\mathcal{A}$ denote the class of functions $f(z)$ that are analytic in the open unit disk $\mathbb{U}=\{z \in \mathbb{C}:|z|<1\}$, so that $f(0)=f'(0)-1=0$. We denote by $\mathcal{S}$ the subclass of $\mathcal{A}$ consisting of univalent functions $f(z)$ in $\mathbb{U}$. \ ...
2,121,713,847,109
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection*{Motivation: Retrival of global properties from local data} % In several branches of mathematics, as well as in applications, one often encounters problems of the following type: Given a region in space $\Lambda \subset \mathbb{R}^d$, a subset $S \subset \Lambda $, and a function...
2,121,713,847,110
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} The Large Size Telescopes (LSTs) of CTA are designed to cover the energy range from 20\,GeV to several TeV. There will be 4 LSTs in CTA-South and CTA-North, each, dominating the performance of the array between 20\,GeV and 200\,GeV. The LST design targets the low energy threshold and the fast ro...
2,121,713,847,111
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The Teichm\"uller space $T(S)$ of a Riemann surface $S$ consists of all marked complex structures on $S$. A {\it marked complex structure} on $S$ is a homotopy class of quasiconformal maps from $S$ to an arbitrary Riemann surface up to post composition by a conformal map. The homotopy class $[i...
2,121,713,847,112
arxiv
\section*{Acknowledgements} We thank Geoff Thornton for helpful discussions. J.C., C.P. and A.M. are grateful to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for post doctoral research fellowships and a Bessel Research Award, respectively. J.C., C.P. and A.M. were also supported by the European Research Council under the Eur...
2,121,713,847,113
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Fisheye cameras have gradually gained popularity on Head Mounted Display (HMD), as it offers a large field-of-view (FoV) that is well suited for immersive AR/VR experience. To estimate the depth map from a distorted fisheye image, a typical prerequisite is to perform image rectification. Such ...
2,121,713,847,114
arxiv
\section*{Acknowledgments} This work was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grants PHY9507313 (BKB) and PHY9408439 (DG) to Oakland University (OU). DG was also supported in part by a Cottrell College Science Award of Research Corporation to OU. BKB would like to thank the Institute for Geophysics and Pla...
2,121,713,847,115
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Crowdsourcing has been one of the mainstream techniques in many areas. The openness of crowdsourcing brings many advantages. For example, the operations on crowdsourcing subjects can be simulated in multiple different real practical environments. Such advantages help alleviat...
2,121,713,847,116
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Recently there have been many experimental efforts to achieve Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) for metastable rare-gas atoms ~\cite{Orsay,ENS,VU,Eindhoven,Hannovre}. The achievement of BEC with ultracold metastable $^4$He($2^3$S$_1$) atoms (He*)~\cite{Orsay,ENS} followed the prediction~\cite{She...
2,121,713,847,117
arxiv
\section*{Highlights} \noindent\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} \begin{itemize} \item Communication networks are distributed, decentralized, and self-organizing information repositories. \item Information diffusion is the time-dependent spread of information in such networks. \item Our novel model overcomes the limita...
2,121,713,847,118
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Various cosmological observations such as type Ia supernovae and large-scale structures strongly suggest that our current Universe is undergoing accelerated expansion \cite{SupernovaSearchTeam:1998fmf,SupernovaCosmologyProject:1998vns,Scolnic:2017caz}\,. However, it is still unclear what causes ...
2,121,713,847,119
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Inflation, quintessence --- scalar fields appear prominently in standard cosmology, where the universe on large scales is described by a perturbed Robertson-Walker (RW) background. But a lack of consensus, e.g. about interpretation of observations, first principles, and issues such as fine tunin...
2,121,713,847,120
arxiv
\section{Introduction} After first reports of very large dielectric constants of order up to $10^5$ in CaCu${}_3$Ti${}_4$O${}_{12}$ (CCTO) in ceramic samples, \cite{subraman00} single crystals, \cite{homes01} and thin films, \cite{si02} experimental evidence has been provided that these colossal values have their orig...
2,121,713,847,121
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Throughout this paper, we work over $\C$, the field of complex numbers. \subsection{Degeneration formula using expanded degenerations} Gromov-Witten theory has been established and intensively studied in the past decades for compact symplectic manifolds under the symplectic setting, and for smo...
2,121,713,847,122
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Approximately 5\% of main sequence stars of intermediate mass and spectral types A and B display strong ($\sim$kG), globally-ordered magnetic fields (the Ap/Bp stars). These magnetic fields have been frequently suggested (e.g. Mestel 2001, Moss 2001) to be the magnified remnants of interstellar...
2,121,713,847,123
arxiv
\section*{Discussion} \subsection*{Pharmacological overview of the UK Biobank} The UK Biobank, with over $500'000$ participants, is a rich biomedical dataset that allows for unprecedented studies into care practices, disease etiology and prevention. Here, we provide an overview of the drug prescription landscape of U...
2,121,713,847,124
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The problem of the quantization of the gravitational field is still unsolved, representing a major subject of research in present day physics. Several approaches have been proposed to tackle this problem, involving different theoretical assumptions. One of the possible approaches to the proble...
2,121,713,847,125
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Supernova remnants (SNRs) are of astrophysical interest for a number of reasons. Especially young remnants can reveal important information about the last stages of stellar evolution; both about the nucleosynthesis as about the the impact that stellar winds have on the circumstellar medium. In...
2,121,713,847,126
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Water molecules are composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H$_2$O). One can substitute the hydrogen atom for isotopes of hydrogen: one can replace hydrogen for deuterium to form deuterium oxide ($^2$H$_2$O, or D$_2$O), popularly known as ``heavy water", or with tritium, forming tri...
2,121,713,847,127
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Totally non--negative Grassmannians ${Gr^{\mbox{\tiny TNN}} (k,n)}$ historically first appeared as a special case of the generalization to reductive Lie groups by Lusztig \cite{Lus1,Lus2} of the classical notion of total positivity \cite{GK,GK2,Sch,Kar}. As for classical total positivity, ${Gr^{...
2,121,713,847,128
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} \input{sections/1-introduction.tex} \thispagestyle{FirstPage} \section{Related Work} \label{sec:relatedwork} \input{sections/2-relatedworks.tex} \section{Depth Pruning with Auxiliary Networks} \label{sec:methodology} \input{sections/3-methodology.tex} \section{Experiments and...
2,121,713,847,129
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{section:intro} The location-specific spiking activity of the hippocampal neurons, known as place cells \cite{OKeefe}, gives rise to an internalized representation of space---a cognitive map. Each place cell fires a series of action potentials in specific spatial region---its place field...
2,121,713,847,130
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A Frobenius structure of one dimensional sphere $S^1$ is thoroughly investigated in a series of papers and books (see \cite{D89}, \cite{A96}, \cite{K03} and references therein). It is not the case that $S^1$ as a commutative Frobenius object of the category of 2-cobordisms is dealt with separate...
2,121,713,847,131
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \hspace{\parindent} A striking feature of heavy ion collisions is the huge stopping of the participating nucleons. At CERN energies, the deep minimum in the net baryon rapidity distribution ($\Delta B = B - \bar{B}$) at $y^* \sim 0$, observed in $pp$ collisions, has been practically filled up in ...
2,121,713,847,132
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Among the various topological defects that may have formed during phase transitions in the early universe~\cite{kibble}, monopoles are absolutely unavoidable in Grand Unified Theories (GUT), according to which there was a time when all symmetries were unified in a single semi-simple gauge group,...
2,121,713,847,133
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:Introduction} Long-range interacting systems generically undergo an evolution in two stages. First, a fast (collisionless) violent relaxation~\citep{LyndenBell1967} during which the system reaches a quasistationary state (a steady state of the collisionless Boltzmann equation) and th...
2,121,713,847,134
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} $K\subset \R n$ (Euclidean $n$-space) is a closed convex cone that is {\em solid} (has nonempty interior $\Int K$), and {\em pointed} (contains no affine line). Briefly: $K$ is a {\em solid order cone} in $\R n$. $\R n$ is given the (partial) order $\succeq$ determined by...
2,121,713,847,135
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Honeybees (\emph{Apis mellifera}) are exemplars of social evolution, known for their complex social organization \citep{linksvayer2009honeybee}, and are the most economically valuable pollinators of crops in the world \citep{doublet2015bees,klein2007importance}. However, honeybees colonies are b...
2,121,713,847,136
arxiv
\section*{Statement of reproducibility} This paper adheres to the transparency and reproducibility principles espoused by \cite{Popper1959,Ziolkowski1982,Claerbout1992,HatRob94,Donoho2009,Ince2012} and includes references to all methods and source code necessary to reproduce the results presented. These are referred t...
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arxiv
\section{Acknowledgments} I. Bautista was supported by CONACYT grant. We would like to thank C. Pajares and B. K. Srivastava for fruitful discussions.
2,121,713,847,138
arxiv
\section{Introduction} It is a common knowledge, described in almost all text book of cosmology that the evolution of the universe may be separated in different eras, according to the dependance of the energy distribution on the expansion factor $ a(t)$ for the geometry of the homogeneous and isotropic metric of the u...
2,121,713,847,139
arxiv
\section{Introduction: History \& Motivation} \IEEEPARstart{I}{n} recent years, worldwide natural gas reserves have expanded at a rapid pace. The invention and application of hydraulic fracturing in the US has enabled the economic capture of many sources of unconventional natural gas \cite{10CWB} while improved explo...
2,121,713,847,140
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The nickelates are widely believed to be promising candidates for unconventional superconductors because of their very similar structures and possibly related electronic states to the cuprates. Superconductivity was realized in nickelate thin films. Nd$_{1-x}$Sr$_{x}$NiO$_{2}$ films grown on SrTi...