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2,877,628,089,054 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
The size-frequency distribution of the Main Belt asteroid population is an equilibrium between destruction and creation. Destruction occurs through two mechanisms: collisions and rotational disruption. Both produce fragments--new asteroids of smaller sizes. The equilibriu... |
2,877,628,089,055 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\vspace{-1ex}
The calculation of quark propagators remains a major bottleneck in lattice
QCD. The problem is to solve the matrix equation
\begin{equation} \label{TheEquations}
M \psi = \eta
\end{equation}
for $\psi$
given several right-hand sides ({\em sources}) $\eta$.
The fermion matrix... |
2,877,628,089,056 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The \textit{Kepler} exoplanet survey has revolutionized our understanding of planetary systems around other stars \citep[e.g.][]{2017PAPhS.161...38B}. During the first four years of the mission, hereafter \textit{Kepler}\xspace, it discovered thousands of exoplanets and exoplanet candidates, the ... |
2,877,628,089,057 | arxiv | \section{#1}
\setcounter{equation}{0}}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{\thesection.\arabic{equation}}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}
\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition}
\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary}
\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem{assumption}... |
2,877,628,089,058 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Complex Langevin (CL) methods have turned out to be quite useful in the
calculation (simulation) of high dimensional integrals over complex
valued weight functions of the form $e^{-S}$, where $S$ is the action
or the Hamiltonian of some physical system. Since there is no formal
restriction to a r... |
2,877,628,089,059 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
High T$_c$ cuprate superconductors differ from their low T$_c$ counterparts in their
extreme type II character with a Ginzburg-Landau parameter $\kappa
\thicksim200$ corresponding to extremely short coherence length $\xi\thicksim1$ nm
and high upper critical fields $B_{c2}\thicksim100$ T. The sm... |
2,877,628,089,060 | arxiv | \section{1. Introduction}
In recent years there have been growing interest both in brane universes \cite{RS,brane1}
and in the higher-order gravity theories of which the simplest is $f(R)$ gravity \cite{f(R)}. In this talk we are going to combine both ideas and formulate the higher-order gravities on the brane. It em... |
2,877,628,089,061 | arxiv | \section{introduction}
A Charge density wave transition is a metal to insulator transition
originating from the inherent instability of a one dimensional
charge system coupled to a three dimensional
lattice\cite{Pei30,Pei55,Gru88,Gru94}. Due to the electron-phonon
coupling the electron density condenses in a charge mo... |
2,877,628,089,062 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\input{Intro}
\section{Method}
\input{Method}
\section{Results and discussion}
\input{Results}
\section{Conclusions}
\input{Summary}
\bibliographystyle{./prsty.bst}
\section{Acknowledgments}
This work was supported by NSF CHE-0807194 and the Welch Foundation
(C-0036). Calculations were p... |
2,877,628,089,063 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The theory of branching random walk has been studied by
many authors. It plays
an important role, and is closely related to many problems arising
in a variety of applied probability setting, including
branching processes, multiplicative
cascades, infinite particle systems, Quicksort ... |
2,877,628,089,064 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
Partial differential equations (PDEs) with uncertain inputs have provided engineers and scientists with enhanced
fidelity in the modelling of real-life phenomena, especially within the last decade.
Sparse grid stochastic collocation representations of parametric uncertainty, ... |
2,877,628,089,065 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In formal language theory, the idea of homomorphic characterization of a language family refers
to the definition of all and only the languages in that family, starting from languages of simpler families and applying an alphabetic transformation.
Such idea has been applied to many dif... |
2,877,628,089,066 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}\label{intro}
Let $\mathcal I=\{I_1,\dots,I_n\}$
be a set of $n$ intervals of unit length, numbered
from left to right. $U(\mathcal I)$ is the poset on the elements
1 to $n$ which is defined by $i\prec j$ if and only if interval
$I_i$ is strictly to the left of interval $I_j$.
The pose... |
2,877,628,089,067 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
This paper is an attempt to begin the construction of an abstract theory of sensor management, in the hope that it will help to provide both a theoretical underpinning for the solution of practical problems and insights for future work. A key component of sensor management is the amount of info... |
2,877,628,089,068 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We work in the category $\Schk$ of separated finite type schemes over a field $k$ of characteristic zero. Recall that a proper morphism of schemes $\pi:\tilde{X}\to X$ is an envelope if for every subvariety $V\subset X$, there exists a subvariety $\tilde{V}\subset \tilde{X}$, such that $\pi$ m... |
2,877,628,089,069 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{intro}
Finite volume weighted essentially non$-$oscillatory (WENO) reconstruction scheme represents the state of art numerical methods in one$-$ and two$-$dimensional hyperbolic conservation laws \cite{titarev2005weno,Mignone-2014,Titarev-2004,Jiang-1996,Liu-1994,balsara2000monotonicity}.... |
2,877,628,089,070 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The violation of charge-parity (CP) symmetry is a crucial concept in particle physics and serves as an indispensable ingredient to dynamically generate the matter-antimatter asymmetry in our universe~\cite{Sakharov:1967dj,Bodeker:2020ghk}. In the Standard Model (SM), CP violation has been observ... |
2,877,628,089,071 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intr}
Theoretical and experimental access to many-body correlations is essential in elucidating the properties and
underlying physics of strongly interacting systems \cite{cira12,garc14}. In the framework of ultracold atoms,
the quantum correlations in momentum space associated with boson... |
2,877,628,089,072 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In the seminal work of John Bell, it was shown that the quantum correlations
arising from spatially separated systems can break the limits of classical
causal relations \cite{Bell,EPR}. In classical physics, the realism and
locality of spacelike events constrain the strength of classical co... |
2,877,628,089,073 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
In this paper, we present \N{}: a dataset of diachronic semantic change on the lexical level for Norwegian. Such datasets are required to evaluate lexical semantic change detection systems or contextualized embeddings in general, but can also be useful for historical linguists. ... |
2,877,628,089,074 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Quantization of field theory on the light front (LF) \cite{dir},\,\,
i.e. on the hyperplane $x^+=0$ in
the coordinates $$x^{\pm}=(x^0\pm x^3)/\sqrt{2},\quad x^{\p}=x^1,x^2,$$
where $x^0,x^1,x^2,x^3$ are Lorentz coordinates and the $x^+$ plays
the role of
the time, requires special regula... |
2,877,628,089,075 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\begin{amrnote}{}
This intro was taken from COLT version -- I'm not sure the updating
stuff is as relevant now.
Rethink introduction in light of stronger results concerning
characterization and equivalence results.
EXPLAIN ``Entropic Duality'' -- convex conjugation for functions
restricte... |
2,877,628,089,076 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The theoretical prediction of the excitation spectra of interacting electronic systems is a major challenge in quantum chemistry and condensed matter physics. A method that has been gaining popularity in the past years is time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) offering a rigorous and co... |
2,877,628,089,077 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Understanding Nature at its fundamental level is the eternal quest of the Particle Physicists. The Standard Model (SM)\,\cite{Glashow:1961tr, Weinberg:1967tq, Salam:1968rm, Glashow:1970gm} of Particle Physics is one of the most successful theories that tries to describe the fundamental building... |
2,877,628,089,078 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The design of large scale distributed networks (e.g., mesh and ad-hoc networks, relay networks) poses a set of new challenges to information theory, communication theory and network theory. Such networks are characterized by the large size of the network both in terms of the number of nodes (i... |
2,877,628,089,079 | arxiv | \section{The Proposed \textsc{C-BANDIT} Algorithms}
\label{sec:algorithm}
We now propose an approach that extends the classical multi-armed bandit algorithms (such as UCB, Thompson Sampling, KL-UCB) to the correlated MAB setting. At each round $t+1$, the UCB algorithm \cite{auer2002finite} selects the arm with the hig... |
2,877,628,089,080 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Autonomous driving has tremendous potential to benefit traffic safety and efficiency as well as change radically future mobility and transportation. In the architecture of automated vehicles, decision-making is a key component to realize autonomy \cite{pendleton2017perception}.
Although the rule-... |
2,877,628,089,081 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A nice and powerful application in the study of the Green function of an elliptic differential operator appears in Schoen's approach \cite{schoen:84} of the Yamabe problem. This famous problem of conformal Riemannian geometry can be stated as follow: given a connected compact Riemannian manif... |
2,877,628,089,082 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In the past years, there has been a growing interest
in noise in mesoscopic systems~\cite{Blanter2000}.
Normally, noise is an unwanted feature, and, according to classical physics, in principle
can be made arbitrarily small by lowering the temperature;
according to quantum physics, however,
... |
2,877,628,089,083 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and discussion of results}
\subsection{General introduction}
Counting functions occurring naturally in algebra and geometry
frequently display symmetries which manifest themselves in the form of
certain functional equations. A classical example is the functional
equation satisfied by the Weil zet... |
2,877,628,089,084 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and Summary}
It has been well documented in the financial press that a methodology is
needed that can identify an asset price bubble in real time. William Dudley,
the President of the New York Federal Reserve, in an interview with Planet
Money~\cite{planet} stated \textquotedblleft ...what I am p... |
2,877,628,089,085 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{Introduction}
Photoacoustic Imaging (PAI) is an emerging medical imaging modality, which enables the recovery of optical tissue properties with a "light-in-sound-out" approach \cite{zackrisson_light_2014}. The key idea is to use the initial pressure distribution $p_0$ to determine physiolo... |
2,877,628,089,086 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}~\label{section:1}
Wireless data caching plays an important role in maintaining the sustainability of future wireless networks by reducing the backhaul rate and the latency for retrieving content from networks without incurring any additional load on costly backhaul links\cite{R1-2,R1-3}. The core... |
2,877,628,089,087 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{s:introduction}
Observations of the solar corona during total eclipses reveal a striking ray-like view of the middle and outer solar corona \citep[see e.g.][]{loucif_solar_1989}. Many rays present a characteristic shape: a bulge or helmet-like feature close to the Sun, narrowing to a very... |
2,877,628,089,088 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Magnetic fields play an important role in supernova remnants
(F\"urst \& Reich\ \cite{FR04}), in the interstellar medium of
galaxies (Beck et al.\ \cite{B96}; Beck \cite{B04}), in the intergalactic
medium of clusters (Carilli \& Taylor\ \cite{CT02}), and in the jets and
lobes of ac... |
2,877,628,089,089 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
The L\"uscher approach~\cite{Luescher-torus} has become a standard tool to study
hadron-hadron scattering processes on the lattice. The use of this approach in
case of elastic scattering is conceptually straightforward: besides technical
complications, caused by partial-wave mi... |
2,877,628,089,090 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Throughout this paper we work over the complex number field $\mathbb{C}$.
A \textit{smoothing} of a surface $X$ is a flat family $\mathfrak{X}\to\mathfrak{D}$
over a unit disk $0\in\mathfrak{D}\subset\mathbb{C}$ such that the fiber $\mathfrak{X}_0$
is isomorphic to $X$ and the general fiber is sm... |
2,877,628,089,091 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Discovering governing equations of a physical system from data is a central challenge in a variety of areas of science and engineering. These governing equations are usually represented by partial differential equations (PDEs). For the first scenario, where we know all the terms of the PDE and ... |
2,877,628,089,092 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Sec:Intro}
\input{sect_1.tex}
\section{Single-top Processes at the LHC}
\label{Sec:Processes}
\input{sect_2.tex}
\section{Calculation}
\label{Sec:Calc}
\input{sect_3.tex}
\section{Results}
\label{Sec:Results}
\input{sect_4.tex}
\section{Conclusions}
\label{Sec:... |
2,877,628,089,093 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
The last two decades have witnessed the great success of the concept of topology applied to condensed matter physics, which not only enriches our knowledge of quantum phases of matter but also provides topological material-based unique technical applications. In mathematics, topo... |
2,877,628,089,094 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
Dark matter (DM) is an unrevealed component of the matter in the Universe whose existence is widely supported by a broad set of observations \citep{Bertone2018a}.
For decades, many theoretical candidates have been considered for particle DM, of which two representative examples... |
2,877,628,089,095 | arxiv | \subsection{Binary Rewriting}
\label{sec:binary-rewriting}
\textit{SnapFuzz}\xspace implements a load-time binary rewriting subsystem that dynamically
intercepts both the loader's and the target's functionalities in order to monitor and modify all external behaviours of the target application.
Applications interact w... |
2,877,628,089,096 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
The measurement of the neutron emission from deuterium-deuterium (DD) and deuterium-tritium (DT) fusion reactions is one of the most important methods of assessing the performance of present and future fusion reactors. Since a neutron is released for each fusion reaction occurring i... |
2,877,628,089,097 | arxiv | \section{Supplementary Information}
\subsection{Derivation of $\mathrm{Prob}(\mathcal{P})$ for a bimodal $p(\mu)$}
Let us consider a bimodal distribution for $p(\mu)$, with values $\mu^{(1)}$ and $\mu^{(2)}$ and probability $p_{1}$ and $p_{2} = 1 - p_{1}$. The survival probability $\mathcal{P}(\{\mu_{j}\})$, thus, ca... |
2,877,628,089,098 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Suppose that $M$ is a compact smooth manifold with boundary $\partial M$.
There are two types of the Yamabe problem with boundary:
Given a smooth metric $g$ in $M$,
(i) find a metric conformal to $g$ such that its scalar curvature is constant in $M$ and its mean curvature is zero
on $\pa... |
2,877,628,089,099 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $L$ be a Lie algebra with universal enveloping algebra $U(L)$ over a filed ${\mathbb F}$.
Our aim in this paper is to survey the results concerning the
isomorphism problem for enveloping algebras: given another Lie algebra
$H$ for which $U(L)$ and $U(H)$ are isomorphic as associative algebra... |
2,877,628,089,100 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
We show canonicity and normalization for dependent type theory
with a cumulative sequence of universes $U_0:U_1\dots$
{\em with} $\eta$-conversion. We give the argument in a constructive set theory
CZFu$_{<\omega}$, designed by P. Aczel \cite{Aczel}.
We provide a purely algebraic presentat... |
2,877,628,089,101 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In the factorization approach to non-leptonic meson decays
\cite{FEYNMAN,STECHF} one can
distinguish three classes of decays for which the amplitudes have the
following general structure \cite{BAUER,NEUBERT}:
\begin{equation}\label{1}
A_{\rm I}=\frac{G_F}{\sqrt{2}} V_{CKM}a_1(\mu)\langle O_1\rang... |
2,877,628,089,102 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
For much of the past decade, a ($\simeq500$ Myr) gap has existed in our knowledge of cosmic history, between the cosmic microwave background at redshift $z\simeq1100$, and the earliest known galaxies at $z\simeq10$ (e.g., \citealt{Coe2013, McLure2013, McLeod2016, Oesch2016}; Donnan et al. in pre... |
2,877,628,089,103 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Holographic studies have recently led to interesting new insights into quantum chaos and the behaviour of entanglement in near-thermal systems \cite{Shenker:2013pqa,Shenker:2013yza,Maldacena:2015waa}. These investigations consider the thermofield double state,
\begin{equation} \label{tfd}
|\ps... |
2,877,628,089,104 | arxiv | \section*{}
\label{intro}
The story of neutrino physics, which started in 1930 with the hypothesis of Pauli’s “neutron”~\cite{Pauli}, assumed to be a massless,
chargeless fermion of spin $\frac{1}{2}$, in order to explain the two outstanding problems of that time associated with the conservation laws {\it viz.} the co... |
2,877,628,089,105 | arxiv |
\section{Analysis of Metabolomic Aging Clocks}
\label{sec:age-metabolite-analysis}
In this section, we demonstrate our method in analysis of the effect of age on small molecules, called ``metabolites", in humans. The metabolome consists of the structural and functional building blocks of an organism, which bridges g... |
2,877,628,089,106 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The 13th Hilbert problem asks whether all functions can be
represented as compositions of binary functions. This question
can be understood in different ways. Initially Hilbert was interested in
a specific function (roots of a polynomial as function of its coefficients).
Kolmogorov and Arnold (... |
2,877,628,089,107 | arxiv | \section{introduction}
In 1995, P. Lindqvist \cite{l} studied the generalized trigonometric
and hyperbolic functions with parameter $p>1$. Thereafter
several authors became interested to work on the equalities and inequalities of
these generalized functions, e.g, see
\cite{bv1,bv2,bv3,bbv,be,egl,jq,take} and the... |
2,877,628,089,108 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The study of plasmas, is in general limited to the domain of classical
physics where temperature is high and particle density is low. In recent years, the study of plasmas such as dense
astrophysical plasmas {\cite{Astro}}, laser plasmas {\cite{Laser}} as well as miniature electronic devices t... |
2,877,628,089,109 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
General Relativity (GR) has successfully passed all the tests performed so far in various regimes of gravity. Solar System experiments have placed very tight constraints on weak-field modifications to GR~\cite{TEGP,Will:LRR}. Various cosmological observations have placed bounds... |
2,877,628,089,110 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
There have been numerous studies of ``slow light'' and ``fast light'' where
resonant structures~\cite{Smith08} have been used to enhance or
reduce the slope of the dispersion $dk/d\Omega$, where $k(\Omega)$ is the wave vector as a function of light angular
frequency $\Omega$. One applicati... |
2,877,628,089,111 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper we continue the investigation of the algebraic convolution
operation, which was initiated in \cite{GH}. Namely, we study the
following operation:
\begin{defn}
\label{def:convolution} Let $X_1$ and $X_2$ be algebraic varieties,
$G$ an algebraic group and let $\varphi_{1}:X_{... |
2,877,628,089,112 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Deciding which feature to build is a difficult problem for software development organizations. The effect of an idea and its return-on-investment might not be clear before its launch. Moreover, the evaluation of an idea might be expensive. Thus, decisions are based on experience or the opinion ... |
2,877,628,089,113 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Nekrasov's instanton partition function \cite{Nekrasov:2002qd} for 4D $\mathcal{N}=2$ gauge theories
has uncovered various non-perturbative phenomena in these
theories. For instance, the Seiberg-Witten prepotential was
derived from the path integral \cite{Nekrasov:2002qd, Nekrasov:2003rj},
... |
2,877,628,089,114 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Almost a century ago, the work of Einstein~\cite{einstein1956investigations} and Perrin~\cite{perrin1916} laid the foundations of modern physics of colloids---liquids containing structures on the scale of roughly 10~nm to 1~$\mu$m that are stable against sedimentation. Since then colloids with w... |
2,877,628,089,115 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\par
Low mass X-ray binaries display remarkable physical phenomena such as accretion, winds, plasma heating, time variability and magnetic fields. An accretion disk of an X-ray irradiating plasma encircles the central compact source of the system. Some of these systems present a thickened accret... |
2,877,628,089,116 | arxiv | \section{Generically universally Baire iteration strategies}\label{sec:gub}
In this paper we will need three properties of iteration strategies, namely \textit{Skolem-hull condensation}, \textit{pullback condensation} and \textit{generically universal Bairness}. We now define these notions.
We say $({\mathcal{P} }, ... |
2,877,628,089,117 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The relationship between the X-ray and optical/UV luminosity of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is usually described in terms of the index $\alpha_{ox}=0.3838 \log(L_X/L_{UV})$, i.e., the slope of a hypothetical power law between 2500 \AA\ and 2 keV rest-frame frequencies. The X-ray and UV monochro... |
2,877,628,089,118 | arxiv | \section{
\setcounter{equation}{0}
\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}{-3.5ex plus -1ex minus
-.2ex}{2.3ex plus .2ex}{\large\bf}}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{\arabic{section}.\arabic{equation}}
\def\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}{-3.25ex plus -1ex minus
-.2ex}{1.5ex plus .2ex}{\normalsize\bf}}
... |
2,877,628,089,119 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Since the introduction of the gauge/gravity duality \cite{Maldacena:1997re, Witten:1998qj}, there has been an immense effort from the theoretical physics community to use holographic methods in order to gain enhanced understanding about various physical phenomena. The duality between a thermal... |
2,877,628,089,120 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:level1}First-level heading}
\section{Introduction}
In the field of mechanics of continua, including rheology, microfluidics and fluid mechanics, phenomena incorporating several physical properties are frequently observed. Viscoelasticity exhibits both fluidity and solidity while a dimensionless nu... |
2,877,628,089,121 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgments}
We would like to thank S. Pratt for providing the CRAB program and
acknowledge support by the Frankfurt Center for Scientific Computing
(CSC). We thank H. Appelsh\"{a}user, M. Gyulassy and T.~J.~Humanic
for helpful discussions and valuable suggestions. Q. Li thanks the
Alexander von Humboldt-... |
2,877,628,089,122 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Int}
Motivated by string/M theory, the AdS/CFT correspondence, and the hierarchy
problem of particle physics, braneworld models were studied actively in
recent years (for a review see \cite{Ruba01}). In these models, our world is
represented by a sub-manifold, a three-brane, embedded... |
2,877,628,089,123 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Magnetic fields are present in about 10\,\% of white dwarfs (WDs). The observed field strength ranges from a few kiloGauss to almost a gigaGauss in different WDs, a span of more than five orders of magnitude. Generally, the observed fields have a globally organised structure, with large areas of... |
2,877,628,089,124 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgments}
We thank David Liu for many interesting discussions, and for collaborating with us on some of the open questions posed in this paper. We thank Eric Allender and Andy Drucker for asking whether ``Extended Frege-provable PIT'' implied that $\I$ was equivalent to Extended Frege, which led to the... |
2,877,628,089,125 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The gate-based model and the measurement-based model are two fundamentally different approaches to implementing quantum computations.
In the gate-based model \cite{NielsenChuang}, the bulk of the computation is performed via unitary (i.e.\ reversible) one- and two-qubit gates.
Measurements serve... |
2,877,628,089,126 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
In experimental quantum optics, the bosonic annihilation operator $\hat{a}$ can be realized through the process of ``single-photon subtraction'' (SPS)~\cite{wen_04,our_06}. When the input state contains a definite number of photons $\ket{n}$, this operation transforms the state ... |
2,877,628,089,127 | arxiv | \section{Introduction }
Newly born neutron stars are hot and
lepton rich objects, quite different from ordinary low
temperature, lepton poor neutron stars. In view of these
differences, newly born neutron stars are called
{\it protoneutron} stars; they transform into standard neutron
stars on a timescale of the orde... |
2,877,628,089,128 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this article we consider the following problem, the \(p\)-adic instance of the forward Galois problem: given a \(p\)-adic field \(K\) and a polynomial \(F(x) \in K[x]\) over that field, what is its Galois group \(G := \operatorname{Gal}(F/K)\)?
Over any field for which polynomial factorizati... |
2,877,628,089,129 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Khintchine's theorem \cite{Khi1924} is the foundational result of metric diophantine approximation. For $d \in \mathbb N$, we denote by $\mu_d$ the $d$-dimensional Lebesgue measure. For $x \in \mathbb R$, we write $\| x \| = \inf_{m \in \mathbb Z} |x-m|$. The abbreviation i.o. stands for `infini... |
2,877,628,089,130 | arxiv | \section*{Appendix \thesection\protect\indent \parbox[t]{11.715cm} {#1}}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Appendix \thesection\ \ \ #1} }
\newcommand{\begin{equation}}{\begin{equation}}
\newcommand{\end{equation}}{\end{equation}}
\def^{\dagger}{^{\dagger}}
\renewcommand\roman{enumi}}\def\theenumii{\alph{enumii}{\arabic{... |
2,877,628,089,131 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
On general grounds, upon taking the low energy limit of any UV complete quantum theory of gravity, we expect to generate higher derivative corrections to the leading two-derivative Einstein-Hilbert action with matter:
\begin{equation}
I= \frac{1}{16\pi\, G_N^{(d)}}\
\int d^dx ... |
2,877,628,089,132 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Intr}
The Langevin equation (i.e., a sto\-chastic ordinary differential equation) is widely used for studying stochastic systems in physics, chemistry, engineering and other areas \textcolor{blue} {\cite{CoKaWa2004}}. In the simplest case when the random force noise is Gaussian and white ... |
2,877,628,089,133 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
In recent years there has been considerable interest in the possibility that dark matter (DM) could form bound states, which are ubiquitous in the Standard Model of particle physics. Such bound states could be a consequence of weakly-coupled interactions between the DM and a li... |
2,877,628,089,134 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
HZ~Her/Her~X-1 is an intermediate mass X-ray binary consisting of a $1.8-2.0\, M_{\odot}$ evolved sub-giant star and a $1.0-1.5\ M_{\odot}$ neutron star observed as X-ray pulsar \citep{1972ApJ...174L.143T}. The binary orbital period is $P_b=1.7$ days, the X-ray pulsar spin period is $P_x=1.24$ s... |
2,877,628,089,135 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Quantum Field Theories (QFT) are celebrated for being the framework of the Standard Model and for making predictions which coincide with experimental data to extreme accuracy. Yet QFT is perceived as difficult to learn by many and this seems to be at least partially due to the lack of visualizat... |
2,877,628,089,136 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:1}
Our Universe seems to be populated exclusively with matter and essentially no antimatter. Although this asymmetry is maximal today, at high temperatures ($T\gtrsim 1$ GeV) when quark-antiquark pairs were abundant in the thermal plasma, the baryon asymmetry observed today corresponds... |
2,877,628,089,137 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Magnetic skyrmions, local spin textures possessing topological protection and particle-like nature \cite{Bogdanov1989, Bogdanov1994}, have been extensively studied in a broad range of materials including bulk chiral magnets \cite{Muhlbauer2009}, ferromagnetic (FM) thin films grown on single cryst... |
2,877,628,089,138 | arxiv | \section{Introduction.}
Quantum information opens new perspectives in the fields of communication and computation \cite{NC00}. More efficient algorithms \cite{Sho97,Gro97} and secure cryptography \cite{BB84,Eke91} are only some of the applications of quantum mechanics to information technologies.
As the physical real... |
2,877,628,089,139 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Understanding neural networks is crucial in applications like autonomous vehicles, health care, robotics, for validating and debugging, as well as for building the trust of users \cite{kim2018textual, uzunova2019interpretable}. This paper strives to understand and explain the decisions of deep ne... |
2,877,628,089,140 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A classical theorem of S. Mazur asserts that the convex hull of a compact set in a Banach space is again
relatively compact. In a similar way, Krein-\v{S}mulian's Theorem says that the same property holds for
weakly compact sets, that is, these sets have relatively weakly compact convex hull. ... |
2,877,628,089,141 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The equity default swap contract has recently been introduced in the
financial markets. The contract pays a recovery proportion of a notional
amount at the time of the occurence of a specific equity event, up to a
maturity, that is typically $5$ years. The equity event is defined as the
first ti... |
2,877,628,089,142 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
A resource allocation problem can be defined as the problem of choosing an allocation from a set of feasible allocations to a finite set of stakeholders to minimize some objective function.
Generally, this objective function represents the efficiency of an allocation by... |
2,877,628,089,143 | arxiv | \section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:Conclusion}
We address the problem of learning from data sensed from networked sensors in IoT environments. Such data exists in a correlated multi-way form and considered as non-stationary due to the on-going variation that often arises from environmental changes over a long per... |
2,877,628,089,144 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and notation}\label{sec:notations}
In the Clifford geometric algebra \cl{p}{q} the exponential
functions of multivector (MV) are frequently
encountered~\cite{Gurlebeck1997,Lounesto1997,Marchuk2020}. It is
enough to mention a famous half-angle rotor in the geometric
algebra (GA) that finds a wide... |
2,877,628,089,145 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $B$ be a commutative ring with identity and let $A$ be a
subring of $B$ having the same identity. The ring $B$ is called a
\textit{rational extension} or a \textit{ring of quotients} of $A$
if for every $b\in B$ the subring $b^{-1}A=\{a\in A:ba\in A\}$ is
rationally dense in $B$, that is, $b^... |
2,877,628,089,146 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
The probabilistic nature of quantum physics is related to a process whose correct interpretation and mathematically sound formulation is still under debate, the so-called collapse of the wave function \cite{miller}.
The quantum mechanical collapse
is of fundamental importance fo... |
2,877,628,089,147 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
X-ray diffraction imaging, known later as X-ray topography, originated
in the late 1920ies and early 1930ies, when researchers revealed the
internal structure of individual Laue spots in diffraction patterns
\cite{Berg31,Barrett31}. To improve the resolution, fine grain
photographic emulsions we... |
2,877,628,089,148 | arxiv | \section{\textbf{Introduction}}
A basic objective in scientific research is to infer causal effects of a
treatment versus non-treatment from empirical data. Randomized studies
provide a gold standard of causal inference [19], because such a study
ensures, through the random assignments of treatments to subjects, ... |
2,877,628,089,149 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\paragraph{Delaunay triangulations and Voronoi diagrams.}
Let $P$ be a (finite) set of points in ${\mathbb R}^2$.
Let $\mathop{\mathrm{VD}}(P)$ and $\mathop{\mathrm{DT}}(P)$ denote the Voronoi diagram and Delaunay
triangulation of $P$, respectively. For a point $p \in P$, let
$\mathop{\mathrm... |
2,877,628,089,150 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
ATLAS Liquid Argon (LAr) calorimeter consists of the electromagnetic barrel, the electromagnetic end-cap, the hadronic end-cap and the forward calorimeter\cite{atlas-1}\cite{atlas-tdr-1}. The position of these calorimeters are shown in the Figure\,\ref{lar}. In current LAr trigger readout, for ... |
2,877,628,089,151 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The next generation of surveys, using telescopes like the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) and Euclid, will reveal thousands of strong-lensing galaxy clusters. The ability to create models of these lensing masses will be crucial to fully leveraging these datasets for the study of da... |
2,877,628,089,152 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{The Abell 85 Galaxy Cluster}
Abell 85 is a galaxy cluster that is in the process of merging with two
subclusters \citep{ichinohe2015}. As a bright X-ray cluster with a complex structure,
Abell~85 has been intensively studied with all modern X-ray observatories: Chandra,
XMM-Newton... |
2,877,628,089,153 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Rapid progress in the fields of cavity and circuit quantum electrodynamics (QED) has given us a possibility to study how many-electron systems interact with quantum light. The interplay between photons
and electrons plays a key role in many fascinating processes in atoms inside optical cavities i... |
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