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541,165,881,656
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $X,Y$ be two sets and $\overline{\mathbb{R}}=\mathbb{R}\cup\{\pm\infty\}$ denote the extended real line. A Moreau conjugacy~\cite{moreau70}, associated to a kernel $b: X\times Y \to \overline{\mathbb{R}}$, is a map $B: {\mathscr F}\to{\mathscr G}$, where ${\mathscr F}$ and ${\mathscr G}$ are ...
541,165,881,657
arxiv
\section{Equivalence of different quadrupole insulator lattice models}\label{app:DiffQuad} In this paper we realize the quadrupole insulator (QI) by considering a four band tight binding model, with Bloch Hamiltonian, \begin{equation}\begin{split} h_{\text{quad}}(\vec{k}) = &\sin(k_x)[\sigma^3 \otimes \sigma^2] + \sin...
541,165,881,658
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec1} A real matrix is said to be {\it totally positive} ({\it resp.\,totally nonnegative}) if all its minors are positive ({\it resp.\,nonnegative}). In this article, we study the {\it totally nonnegative part} of the phase space of the {\it finite Toda lattice}, that is one of the mos...
541,165,881,659
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Over the last few years, the concept of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) has been developing rapidly and improved the ability to synthesize more photo-realistic data samples, specifically images. Even though recent GANs' architectures are designed to have semantic latent space ...
541,165,881,660
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection{The main result} Let $\pi$ be a partition of an integer $k$ and let $\lambda$ be a partition of an integer~$n$. Let $\Ch_\pi(\lambda)$ denote \emph{the normalized character} of the symmetric group $\Sym{n}$ defined by \begin{equation} \label{def:normalchar} \Ch_\pi(\lambda)= \begin{...
541,165,881,661
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction} A well-known result of Lichnerowicz \cite{Lichnerowicz1963} states that if a compact spin manifold of dimension $4k$ admits a Riemannian metric of positive scalar curvature, then the index of the associated Dirac opertator vanishes. The purpose of this note is to estab...
541,165,881,662
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Analysis of rare events poses a significant challenge to experimental physics. Commonly, the products from more probable reactions dominate the measured data, therefore requiring high-quality discrimination to extract few events from a large set of input. However, not only data analysis is diffic...
541,165,881,663
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The standard model for active galactic nuclei (AGN) posits the existence of a geometrically thin, optically thick accretion disk \citep{Shakura73} around a supermassive black hole (SMBH) as the primary source of continuum emission across ultraviolet (UV) through optical wavelengths. However, the...
541,165,881,664
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In the last decade datasets have experimented an exponential growth rate, generating vast collections of data that need to automatically be analyzed. In particular, multimedia datasets have experienced an explosion on data availability, thanks to the almost negligible cost of gathering multi-me...
541,165,881,665
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The origins of massive black holes (MBHs) and the nature of their co-evolution with their host galaxies remain fundamental questions in astrophysics, which current and future gravitational-wave detectors may help decipher. MBHs are ubiquitous in massive galaxies \citep{Gehren84...
541,165,881,666
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In molecular, atomic, nuclear and particle physics, it is often required to solve the Schr\"{o}dinger equation for a quantum system which is not exactly solvable and, in turn, it is necessary to use some approximate methods. Of special importance are the systems described by anharmonic Hamiltonia...
541,165,881,667
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{intro} Two major modes of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) feedback have been identified and differentiated by the energy outflow near the black hole: `quasar-mode' and `radio-mode' (see \citealt{Fabian12} for a review).~During quasar-mode feedback (also known as radiative or wind mode) the AGN...
541,165,881,668
arxiv
\section{Introduction} As the supernova ejecta expand they become optically thin in the continuum after $\sim$ 200 days, and it is possible to directly probe the interior of the ejecta. The main purpose of our modeling of the spectra and line fluxes is to put constraints on the nucleosynthesis taking place in the...
541,165,881,669
arxiv
\section{Introduction} $F$-theory compactifications of string vacua are related to weakly coupled type-IIB compactifications via S-duality, which relates strongly coupled regimes with weakly coupled ones. For $F$-theory compactified on an elliptic Calabi-Yau $(n+1)$-fold $X\to B$ whose total space may be given by a glo...
541,165,881,670
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} A mapping $f:\r\times \z \to\r^3$, where the dependence on the continuous parameter is smooth, is called a {\it semidiscrete surface}. Let us connect $f(t,z)$ with $f(t,z{+}1)$ by segments for all possible pares $(t,z)$. The resulting piecewise smooth surface is a {\it piecewise ruled sur...
541,165,881,671
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} The fundamental challenge of model predictive control (MPC) is solving optimal control (dynamic optimization) problems within short sample time intervals. The real-time computation load can be prohibitive, especially when the system dimension is high or the prediction horizon is long; such comp...
541,165,881,672
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In this paper we consider a particular generalization of the multidimensional Marshall-Olkin distribution (Marshall and Olkin, 1967) in the specific case in which, apart from the idiosyncratic ones, only one common shock is considered whose occurrence causes the simultaneous end of all lifet...
541,165,881,673
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Quantum error-correction will be an essential building-block for the physical implementation of a quantum computer since it is unlikely that the coherence time of a quantum mechanical system is long enough to perform any computation of interest, such as factoring large numbers (see \noparcite{Sh...
541,165,881,674
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \IEEEPARstart{O}{ptimal} Power Flow (OPF) is a valuable tool used by power system operators, electricity market operators, and others actors to evaluate multiple operational or investment scenarios, determine electricity market bidding strategies, or find optimal control setpoints. However, in it...
541,165,881,675
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The task offered by problem of melody extraction is to obtain the frequency values corresponding to the dominant audio signal in the input monophonic or polyphonic audio data. This problem comprises of many sub-tasks, including, selection of frequency values present as fundamental frequency, figu...
541,165,881,676
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \IEEEPARstart{T}{he} millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology plays a major role in the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communications owing to the large bandwidth \cite{6484896} and spectral efficiency \cite{ 8371237, 8964409}. The mmWave technology operates in the 30 to 300 ...
541,165,881,677
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $R$ be a commutative noetherian ring, $I$ , $J$ be two ideals of $R$, and $M$ be an $R$-module. Many generalizations of the notion of depth of an ideal on a module have been introduced for various purposes, such as depth, $f$-depth, g depth, and $k$-depth $(k\geq-1)$ of an ideal introduced in...
541,165,881,678
arxiv
\section{Determinantal point processes} \seclabel{background} Determinantal point processes (DPPs) were first identified as a class by \citet{macchi1975coincidence}, who called them ``fermion processes'' because they give the distributions of fermion systems at thermal equilibrium. The Pauli exclusion principle state...
541,165,881,679
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \vspace{-0.2cm} Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have proven to be effective feature extractors for many computer vision tasks \cite{he2017mask,huang2017densely, krizhevsky2012imagenet, ronneberger2015u}. The design of several CNNs involve many heuristics, such as using increasing powers of tw...
541,165,881,680
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Base Stations (UAVBSs) are expected to be used in the next generation Wireless Communications Networks (WCNs) for enhancing the capacity of the network as well as expanding the coverage \cite{Andrews2014}. Although the rapid deployment and mobilit...
541,165,881,681
arxiv
\section{Generalized compression bodies} \begin{definition} Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a compact orientable surface, and let $\mathcal{V}=(\mathcal{F}\times I)\cup(2-handles)\cup (3-handles)$, where the $2$-handles are attached along essential, non-boundary parallel curves in $\mathcal{F}\times\{0\}$, and $3$-handles are a...
541,165,881,682
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Recent experimental work with multiple species Bose Einstein condensates (BEC) \cite{binexpt1,binexpt4} has motivated theoretical analysis of their wavefunctions \cite{binwf1,binwf2} and excitations \cite{binexcit1,binexcit3,binexcit2}. The primary tools used to create and investigate these ...
541,165,881,683
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Distance-based topological indices are one of the best known graph invariants studied. For two vertices in a graph, the distance is the number of edges in the shortest path between them. The Steiner distance, defined in \cite{Chartrand1989}, generalizes this concept of distance as it is the size ...
541,165,881,684
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Generating open-ended texts that maintain long-range coherence is important for myriad natural language generation applications such as narrative generation. The task requires, given a short input, creating a text with a sequence of coherent events involving several interleaved entities~(e.g., ch...
541,165,881,685
arxiv
\section{I. Introduction} The Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) has been central to explaining various fundamental aspects of the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of a system of weakly interacting bosons \cite{book}. One of the hallmarks of this system is the dark soliton that has been theoretically predicted \cite{...
541,165,881,686
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The algebraic formulation of the Bethe ansatz method, and the associated quantum inverse scattering method (QISM), was primarily developed in \cite{fst,ks,takhtajan,korepin,faddeev} and it has been used to study a considerable number of exactly solvable systems, such as, one-dimensional spin...
541,165,881,687
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} One of the many unique features of the double-pulsar system J0737$-$3039A/B \citep{bdp+03,lbk+04} is the dramatic orbital modulation of the pulsed emission from PSR J0737$-$3039B (hereafter ``B''), the 2.77 s pulsar of the system. Both the shape and the intensity of the B pulse...
541,165,881,688
arxiv
\section{Introduction Bottom-up naturalness suggests that new physics should appear at the TeV scale to stabilize the Higgs mass \cite{Veltman:1980mj}. Unfortunately, no physics beyond the Standard Model (SM) has yet been found by the LHC, nor have weakly interacting massive particles been found in dark matter direct ...
541,165,881,689
arxiv
\section{Introduction} With the rapid development of the Internet, billions of services and objects are online for us to choose \cite{Lu2012}. At the same time, the problem of information overload troubles us every day \cite{Zeng2012a,Zeng2014,Guo2014}. Therefore, many web sites (Amazon, Ebay, MovieLens, Netlfix, et...
541,165,881,690
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The Gallai-Milgram theorem \cite{GaMi} states that the vertex set of any digraph with stability number $k$ can be partitioned into $k$ directed paths. It generalizes Dilworth's theorem \cite{Di} that the size of a maximum antichain in a partially ordered set is equal to the minimum number of cha...
541,165,881,691
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Strangeness production via various scattering processes has been one of the most important issues in hadronic and nuclear physics for decades. From them, we can understand the microscopic mechanism of the productions beyond the light-flavor sectors and extend our knowledge into multistrange...
541,165,881,692
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Because hydrogen is much more abundant than any other element in the interstellar medium (ISM), hydrides are the first molecules to form. They therefore constitute significant reservoirs of heavy elements, as well as sensitive tests of interstellar chemistry networks and of the ambient phy...
541,165,881,693
arxiv
\section{Introduction and statements} Set $\Sigma_{g}^r$ for the orientable surface of genus $g$ with $r$ punctures. We denote by $M_{g}^r$ the mapping class group of $\Sigma_{g}^r$, namely the group of isotopy classes of homeomorphisms that fix the punctures. The following answers Question 6.4 of Farb (see ...
541,165,881,694
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Finding the correct theory to unify general relativity (GR) and quantum mechanics is amongst the most important outstanding issues in fundamental physics. For almost a century countless ingenious ideas have been put forward to this end. The string theory exemplifies those based on a drastic mod...
541,165,881,695
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} \label{sec:intro} The galactocentric radial gradient of chemical abundance within spiral galaxies has become an important parameter in modeling the chemical evolution of galaxies \citep{henry99}. The gradient is the manifestation of a variety of physical processes acting from galaxy formation t...
541,165,881,696
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \vspace{-0em} The theory of open quantum systems allows a description of the open dynamics in terms of the features of the external environment \cite{BP,Weiss}. Usually, the environment is modeled by a collection of field modes or harmonic oscillators. The interaction between the open system and ...
541,165,881,697
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:Introduction} The Standard Model accommodates \ensuremath{C\!P}\xspace violation through a single phase in the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) quark mixing matrix $V$~\cite{ckm}. In the Wolfenstein parameterization~\cite{wolf}, the angle $\gamma = \arg{(-V_{ud}V_{ub}^*/V_{cd}V_{cb}^*)...
541,165,881,698
arxiv
\section{Introduction} One of the oldest and most fundamental problem of physics and astrophysics is that of gravitational collapse, and, specifically, that of the ultimate fate of a sufficiently massive collapsing body. Most of the astrophysical objects that we know of, viz. galaxies, stars, White Dwarfs (WD), Neutron...
541,165,881,699
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{Section_1} This article concerns the study of time-optimal state-constrained problems and represents an extended version of \cite{khaliletal.2018_naples}. In this article, a particular class of state-constrained time-optimal control problems is considered which satisfies a certain condition...
541,165,881,700
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Scalar fields play a fundamental role in the cosmological description of our Universe \cite{Fa04}. One of the first major extensions of general relativity, proposed by Dicke and Brans \cite{Di61, Br1, Br2}, conjectured that ``Mach's principle'' might lead to a dependence of the local Newtonian ...
541,165,881,701
arxiv
\section{\@startsection{section}{1}% \z@{.7\linespacing\@plus\linespacing}{.5\linespacing}% {\bfserie \centering }} \def\@secnumfont{\bfseries} \makeatother \setlength{\textheight}{19.5 cm} \setlength{\textwidth}{12.5 cm} \newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section] \newtheorem{lemma}[theorem...
541,165,881,702
arxiv
\section{Introduction} An indoor scene differs from the natural scenes in that it usually contains dominant planes such as floor, ceiling and walls. These planes are likely to be orthogonal to each other. Hence the spatial structure of an indoor scene tends to show some regularity and can be represented by the room ...
541,165,881,703
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Optimization is a tool with applications across various technologies~\cite{Paschos2014}. However, solving complex real-world optimization problems is computationally intensive even in the case of using advanced, specialzed hardware. Quantum computers are widely believed to be useful for solving ...
541,165,881,704
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{s-res} In this paper, we give canonical matrices of bilinear or sesquilinear forms \[ U\times V\rightarrow {\mathbb C}, \qquad (V/U)\times V\rightarrow {\mathbb C}, \] where $V$ is a complex vector space and $U$ is its subspace. We use the following canonical matrices of bilinear or se...
541,165,881,705
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Local feature detection has been a challenging area of interest for the computer vision community for some time. A large number of different approaches have been proposed so far, thus making evaluation of image feature detectors an active research topic in the last decade or so...
541,165,881,706
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In this work, we introduce the problem of \emph{Private Information Retrieval with Reusable and Single-use Side Information (PIR-RSSI)}. In this problem, there is a single (or multiple) remote server(s) storing (identical copies of) $K$ messages, and there is a user that is interested in privatel...
541,165,881,707
arxiv
\section{Introduction} There is some hope for discovering physics beyond the Standard Model\cite{SM} through neutrino properties like masses, mixings and magnetic moments (MM) or electric dipole moments (EDM). The electromagnetic interactions generated by these moments can be probed by laboratory $\nu - e^-$ scattering...
541,165,881,708
arxiv
\section{Introduction} With the fast development of cheap RGB-D sensors, depth maps have played a much more important role in a variety of computer vision applications, such as object recognition \cite{blum2012learned,eitel2015multimodal}, 3D reconstruction \cite{hou20193d,newcombe2011kinectfusion}, and virtual realit...
541,165,881,709
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{intro} Two of the greatest mysteries that have arisen from the RHIC physics program are the source of the apparent flatness of the high \ensuremath{p_T}\xspace ($>5$~GeV/c) suppression of \ensuremath{R_{AA}}\xspace~\cite{ref:tadaaki_pizRaa} and the source of non-zero \ensuremath{v_2}\xspac...
541,165,881,710
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions, the produced QCD matter reduces significantly the energy of high transverse momentum partons. While most of the experimental evidence comes from studying the leading hadronic fragments of the parent partons via single inclusive hadron spectra and jet-l...
541,165,881,711
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{Sec:Intro} Decision making in medicine has become increasingly complex for patients and practitioners. This has resulted from factors such as the shift away from physician authority toward shared decision making, unfiltered information on the Internet, new technology providing additional d...
541,165,881,712
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The crude oil and gold markets are the main representative of the large commodity markets and seem to drive the price of other commodities \citep[see][]{sari2010dynamics}. On the one hand, gold is the leader in the precious metal markets and is considered as an investment asset...
541,165,881,713
arxiv
\section{Conclusion} In this work, we firstly construct a strong self-training baseline for semi-supervised semantic segmentation via introducing strong data augmentations to unlabeled images, in hope of alleviating overfitting noisy labels as well as decoupling similar predictions between the teacher and student....
541,165,881,714
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $X$ be a variety over an algebraically closed field $k$ of characteristic 0, and $X_{sm}$ its smooth locus. For $x \in X$ and a non-negative integer $n$, put $x^{(n)}:= \Spec \c O_{X} /\f m_{x}^{n+1}$. The author \cite{highernash} has defined the {\em $n$-th Nash blowup} of $X$, denoted $...
541,165,881,715
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec1} In various phenomena, researchers usually need to measure the similarities or differences between different populations to support their hypotheses. In the most common cases, the similarity of two samples is measured by comparing the two distributions in terms of their sample means u...
541,165,881,716
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Combinatorics on words is actually an area of research focusing on combinatorial properties of words applied to formal languages. The natural environment of a word is a free semigroup. This field was the main topic of a series of books, under the collective nom de plume ``Lothaire”(see \cite{Lot...
541,165,881,717
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Star formation (SF) affects the chemical evolution and distribution of stars and the interstellar medium (ISM), and thus the morphology and evolution of galaxies (\citealt{Schmidt59}, \citealt{Kennicutt97}, \citealt{Kennicutt03}, \citealt{Murphy11}). Therefore, understanding...
541,165,881,718
arxiv
\section{Introduction \label{sect:in}} Pair production processes in electromagnetic interactions are of permanent interest due to fundamental aspects to be addressed up to technological relevance for material investigations. The basic process of two-photon conversion into a pair of electron + positron, symbolically $X...
541,165,881,719
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The certification of quantum devices is an important strand in current research in quantum information. Research in this direction is not only of relevance to quantum information but also the foundations of quantum theory: what are the truly quantum phenomena? For example, if presented with devi...
541,165,881,720
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Classically, a graph rewriting system consists of a set of rewriting rules $l \Rightarrow r$ expressing that $l$ should be replaced by $r$ somewhere in an input graph. Usually rules are applied one after the other in a non-deterministic way~\cite{corradini2006sesqui,ehrig2006graph,ehrig1973graph...
541,165,881,721
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{s-introduction} High-Mass X-ray Binaries (HMXBs) are stellar systems consisting of a massive, early-type star (of O or B spectral type) and a compact object (neutron star or black hole). The material lost by the companion star (the donor) either through strong stellar winds or a circumste...
541,165,881,722
arxiv
\section{Introduction} We study the generating series for the dimensions of the components of finitely generated operads. We conjecture (motivated by an analogy with graded algebras, see Subsection~\ref{subs:motiv}) that, for a wide class of generic operads, these series are differential algebraic for symmetric oper...
541,165,881,723
arxiv
\section*{APPENDIX} \section*{ACKNOWLEDGMENT} The authors would like to thank Michael Egli and Marc-Andr\'e Corzillius for their support in the manufacturing of the sensor, and Laura Gasser for her contribution to the feature engineering. \bibliographystyle{IEEEtran} \section{CALIBRATION} \label{se...
541,165,881,724
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The discovery of Extreme Scattering Events \citep[ESEs;][]{fdj+87} in the late 1980s provided evidence for ultracompact ($\lesssim 1 \ensuremath{\textrm{ AU}}$), ionized objects in the interstellar medium. Despite more than 15~years of observational and interpretive work, the physical conditions,...
541,165,881,725
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} Macro tree transducers (mtts)~\cite{EV85} are a popular formal model for XML query and transformation languages (cf., e.g.,~\cite{EM03,MBPS05,MPS07}. They are powerful enough to represent a wide range of practical transformations, and they subsume various well-known mod...
541,165,881,726
arxiv
\section{Introduction} It has been known for several years that the eigenvalues of the Dirac operator, $\gamma_\mu D_\mu$, derived from QCD in a finite volume, are constrained by sum rules \cite{LS} . These sum rules originally derived by Leutwyler and Smilga, can also be obtained from a random matrix theory with the...
541,165,881,727
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The synthesis of molybdenum disulfide, MoS$_2$, flakes have been subject of interest due to the unique symmetry of honeycomb structure and esoteric binding mechanism.\cite{Joenson,Helveg,Lee} Recently, 2D suspended single layer MoS$_2$ sheets (specified as 1H-MoS$_2$) have been produced.\cite{...
541,165,881,728
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Graph bootstrap percolation was introduced by Bollob\'as in 1968~\cite{weakSaturation} under the name weak saturation. For a fixed graph $H$, a graph $G$ on $n$ vertices is called \emph{weakly $H$-saturated} if there is no copy of $H$ in $G$, but there is an ordering of the missing edges of $G$ ...
541,165,881,729
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Weather monitoring is a crucial task in different domains of applications, e.g., high precision agriculture~\cite{Sawant.et.al:2017}, military missions~\cite{Winkler.et.al:2012}, outdoor entertainment and recreation~\cite{Finger.et.al:2012}, industrial production, and logistics. One of the most c...
541,165,881,730
arxiv
\section{Introduction} For over 100 years, the theory of linear representations has played a fundamental role in studying finite groups, finite dimensional algebras and Lie algebras as well as other parts of algebra. By way of contrast, the theory of semigroup representations, which was intensively developed during th...
541,165,881,731
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} These lecture notes provide an introduction to the theory of \emph{Sato-Tate groups} associated to abelian varieties, with an emphasis on abelian surfaces (especially the Jacobians of hyperelliptic genus 2 curves). Lecture 1 consists of an introduction to the Sato-Tate conjecture, including ...
541,165,881,732
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:Introduction} The massive $(M\ga120~ M_\odot)$ and highly eccentric $(e \sim 0.9)$ binary system formed by $\eta$ Carinae (hereafter $\eta$ Car) and its unknown companion \citep{dam96,dah97,cor01,fal05} attracted the astronomers' attention after the ejection of a large amount of mat...
541,165,881,733
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{intro} Memristor as a concept was introduced in 1971 by Leon Chua. He entitled memristor as "the missing fourth element", considering it as one of the basic circuit components along with a resistor, capacitor and an inductor. It was stated that a memristor would link charge with flux, compl...
541,165,881,734
arxiv
\section{\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}{3.5ex plus 1ex minus .2ex}{2.3ex plus .2ex}{\large\bf}} \defAPPENDIX {\Roman{section}.} \def\Alph{subsection}.{\Alph{subsection}.} \def\arabic{subsubsection}.{\arabic{subsubsection}.} \def
541,165,881,735
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \setcounter{section}{1} One of the most remarkable successes in gravitational aspects of string theory is the microscopic derivation of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy $S_{BH}$ \begin{equation} S_{BH}=\frac{{\rm Area~of~horizon}}{4G_N}, \label{BHentropy} \end{equation} for BPS black holes \cite{S...
541,165,881,736
arxiv
\section{Introduction} During the past two decades, surveys targeting the \mbox{$\rmn{Ly}\alpha$}\ emission in star-forming galaxies, the so-called \mbox{$\rmn{Ly}\alpha$}\ emitters (LAEs), have detected objects out to redshift $z \sim 7$ \citep[e.g.][]{steidel96, hu98,rhoads00, malhotra02, taniguchi05, kashikawa06,...
541,165,881,737
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The use of machine learning techniques in high energy physics has been of major interest in recent years due to its potential to improve the analysis of particle collision data. One specific area in which machine learning is used for improvement is the discrimination between quark-initiated and ...
541,165,881,738
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Providing context to our own Solar System and the diverse atmospheres found therein is one of the goals of exoplanet research. While we have detailed constraints on the gas giants in our own Solar System thanks to the Galileo \citep{Mahaffy2000}, Cassini \citep{Lebreton1992}, and Juno \citep{Bolt...
541,165,881,739
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In recent years there has been an increased interest in the compactification of higher dimensional field theories in order to better understand lower dimensional ones. The most notable case being compactification of the $6d$ $(2,0)$ theory on a Riemann surface initiated in \cite{Gai}. This leads...
541,165,881,740
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} Broadly, a gene is defined as a sequence in the genome which yields phenotypic traits through regulatory interactions of its products with other genes and the environment \cite{portin2017evolving}. For long, the answer to the question of origin of genes was taken for granted; it was believed th...
541,165,881,741
arxiv
\section{Introduction} This work aims to address the challenge of establishing an automated process for the design of objects with connected components, such as molecules, that optimize specific properties. Achieving this goal is particularly desirable in drug development and materials science, where manual discovery ...
541,165,881,742
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \IEEEPARstart{C}{onvolutional} Neural Networks (CNNs) have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in computer vision tasks~\cite{krizhevsky2012imagenet,yang2015multitask,ren2015faster,chang2017bi,dong2019search,luo2018adaptive,du2017stacked,wei2017cross,zhang2017visual,wu2019progressive,dong2...
541,165,881,743
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In this paper, we consider an operator analogue of the classical problem of finding the rate of decay for a oscillatory integral on the real line. This problem arose from \cite{varzugin1996} and previous work of the first author in \cite{do2011} where a real-variable approach akin to the classic...
541,165,881,744
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The {\em systole} $\mathrm{sys}(X,g)$ of a Riemannian manifold $(X,g)$ is defined to be the smallest length of non-contractible loops in $(X,g)$. Loewner showed that, for the 2-torus $T^2$, the inequality \begin{equation}\label{eq1.1} \mathrm{sys}(T^2,g)^2 \leq \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}} \mathrm{vol}(T^...
541,165,881,745
arxiv
\section{Introduction} As robots will become more integrated in modern societies, the cases of interacting with humans during daily life activities and tasks are increasing \cite{Goodrich07}. Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) refers to the communication between robots and humans. This communication can be verbal or no...
541,165,881,746
arxiv
\section{Experimental section} \subsection{High-quality nanotubes obtained by current annealing} We grow nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition on prepatterned electrodes using the technique described in Ref.~[\onlinecite{Cao2005}]. The nanotube is suspended between two metal electrodes Fig.~\ref{figS1}(a). We clean t...
541,165,881,747
arxiv
\section*{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction} One of the most remarkable aspects of the theory of mapping class groups of surfaces is that the coarse geometry of the mapping class group, $\mathcal{MCG}(S)$, can be fully reconstructed from its shadows on a collection of hyperbolic spaces --- namely the curve graphs of...
541,165,881,748
arxiv
\section{Conclusions} \label{sec:conclusions} We introduced the notion of context-free grammar in Marciani Normal Form (MNF). We proved that a context-free grammar in such a form always generates a regular language. Such a demonstration states the semidecidability of the CF Regularity Problem, which is the problem ...
541,165,881,749
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Aschwanden et al. (1999) and Nakariakov et al. (1999) were the first to identify the spatially resolved kink oscillations of coronal loops using the Transitional Region And Coronal Explorer (TRACE) observations in the 171 ${\AA}$ Fe IX emission lines. Because of the large number of observations ...
541,165,881,750
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Recent results from the BESIII experiment based on 2.92 ${\rm fb}^{-1}$ recorded at the $\psi(3770)$ peak and 567 ${\rm pb}^{-1}$ at $E_{cm} = 4.599$ GeV are presented here for studies of the charmed hadron decays. The $\psi(3770)$ predominantly decays to pairs of $D$ mesons, either $D^+D^-$ or $...
541,165,881,751
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $X$ be a smooth complex variety. The category of bundles with integrable connections on $X$ is the full subcategory of the category of coherent ${\mathcal D}_X$-modules which are ${\mathcal O}_X$-coherent as well. It is a ${\mathbb C}$-linear abelian rigid category. If $X$ is projective o...
541,165,881,752
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection{Main results} Let $X$ be a $d\times d$ complex random matrix with random i.i.d. entries \mathcal{N}\left( 0,1\right) $. Let \begin{equation*} \sigma _{k}\left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{d}}X\right) \end{equation* denote the $kth$ singular value of $\frac{1}{\sqrt{d}}X$. The correspond...
541,165,881,753
arxiv
\section{Introduction} For simple graphs $G$ and $H$, a $(G,H)$-good graph is a graph $F$ that contains no subgraph $G$ and whose complement contains no subgraph $H$. A $(G,H;n)$-good graph is a $(G,H)$-good graph on $n$ vertices. We will denote the set of all $(G,H)$-good graphs by $\mathcal{R}(G,H)$ and, similarly, ...
541,165,881,754
arxiv
\section{Appendix: The junction conditions} We need to glue the APS dust spacetime $\dd s_{\rm APS}^2$ with the static spherically symmetric spacetime \begin{equation}\label{eq:sexteriormetric} \dd s_{\rm MS}^2=-(1-F(r))\dd t^2+(1-G(r))^{-1}\dd r^2+r^2\dd\Omega^2, \end{equation} along radial geodesics therein. Le...
541,165,881,755
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In a cold dark matter (CDM) universe, dark matter haloes form hierarchically through accretion and merging(for a recent review, see \citet{Frenk2012}). Many rigorous and reliable predictions for the halo mass function and subhalo mass functions in CDM are provided by numerical simulations\citep...