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541,165,882,056 | arxiv | \section*{Abstract}
PASCO scientific 012-05187C Precision Interferometer is used in Michelson mode to investigate wavelengths and refractive indices.
From varying the distance of the movable mirror in the Michelson setup the wavelength of the HeNe laser beam is found to be $630.6\pm7.9~\mathrm{nm}$; $0.28$ sigmas away ... |
541,165,882,057 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The possibility of flavour-changing decays of the Brout--Englert--Higgs boson $h$ (Higgs for short in the following) has been discussed for a long time as a possible signal for physics beyond the Standard Model (SM)~\cite{McWilliams:1980kj,Shanker:1981mj,Han:2000jz,Giudice:2008uua,Goudelis:201... |
541,165,882,058 | arxiv |
\subsection{Procedure Unfold}
\vspace{-2.5mm}
\begin{definition}[Unfolding]
Let $C$: $H\leftarrow c,G_L,A,G_R$ be a clause, where $A$ is an atom,
and let $P$ be a set of definite clauses with
$\mathit{vars}(C)\cap\mathit{vars}(P)=\emptyset$.
Let {\it Cls}: $\{K_{1}\leftarrow c_{1},
B_{1},~\ldots,~K_{m}\leftar... |
541,165,882,059 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Longest common subsequences are often a key measure of similarity between two strings of letters. For two finite sequences $(X_1, \ldots, X_n)$ and $(Y_1, \ldots, Y_m)$ taking values in a finite alphabet $\mathcal{A}$, the object of study is $LCS(X_1, \ldots, X_n; Y_1, \ldots, Y_m)$, the leng... |
541,165,882,060 | arxiv | \section{Examples}
\label{sec:examples}
\subsection{Local Gauss law in quantum lattice gauge theories}
\label{ex:Gauss_law_lattice_gauge_theory}
We start with the motivating example for this paper, namely the local Gauss law discussed by Kijowski and Rudolph in \cite{kijowski04} in the context of quantum lattice gauge... |
541,165,882,061 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{S-Intro}
Consider the quantum Hamiltonian for $N$ identical particles at the positions $x_1,\ldots,x_N\in\mathbf{R}^d$:
\begin{equation}\label{NBodyHam}
\mathcal{H}_N:=\sum_{m=1}^N-\tfrac12\hbar^2{\Delta}_{x_m}+\tfrac1{N-1}\sum_{1\le l<n\le N}V(x_l-x_n)\,.
\end{equation}
The $N$- particle... |
541,165,882,062 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) is an efficient algorithm for computing the ground state properties of interacting quantum many-body systems in one spatial dimension (1d).
For some time now, DMRG has successfully been used to study 1d ladders and cylinders of circumference ${L_{\perp... |
541,165,882,063 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Optimal control design by minimizing a cost function or maximizing a reward function has been investigated for various systems \cite{kirk2004optimal,sutton2018reinforcement}. Specifically, stochastic optimal control problems consider minimizing a cost function for dynami... |
541,165,882,064 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\setcounter {equation}{0}
Spectral analysis of sample
covariance matrices plays a very important role in multivariate statistical
inference since many test statistics are defined by its eigenvalues or functionals.
Let $\bbX=(X_{ij})_{p\times n}$ be independent and
identically dis... |
541,165,882,065 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
The development of experimental technologies over the past two decades has shed light on the stochastic nature of dynamics inside biological cells \cite{Noise,Elowitz}. Indeed the small volume of a cell and the presence of several biomolecular species with low copy-numbers or ... |
541,165,882,066 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Inventor name disambiguation is the task of identifying unique inventors in patent datasets \citep{Li2014, toole2021patentsview}. This requires using contextual information to distinguish between different inventors with the same name and to resolve name variations. Since there are no unique iden... |
541,165,882,067 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
$B$ meson decays has been attracting much attention to check
the consistency of the standard model (SM) and to explore the existence
of a new physics beyond the SM. Two $B$ physics dedicated experimental
facilities are constructed at KEK and SLAC.
The Belle and the BABAR groups have reported ... |
541,165,882,068 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Strangeness may exist in our present universe, namely in the core of compact stellar objects like neutron stars. These stars are unique because all four known fundamental interactions contribute to their properties. These objects can give information on the state of matter in ex... |
541,165,882,069 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{Intro}
Describing the behavior of a spatially homogeneous field of random, weakly interacting dispersive waves, the theory of wave turbulence has been very successful
in explaining the processes of spectral energy transfer in several
areas of modern science,
such as oceanography, plasm... |
541,165,882,070 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Color confinement, spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry, the $U(1)$
problem, $\theta$ dependence, and the classification of vacuum states are
some of the most interesting questions in $QCD$. Unfortunately, the
progress in our understanding of them is extremely slow. At the end of
the 1970s A.... |
541,165,882,071 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Suppose $(M,J,g)$ is a Hermitian manifold. Let $\Omega$ and $T$ be respectively the curvature and torsion of the Chern connection. The \emph{Positive Hermitian Curvature Flow} ($\HCFp$), as introduced by Ustinovskiy in \cite{UstPosHCF2019}, is a family of Hermitian metrics s... |
541,165,882,072 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
facial manipulation technology makes it simple for amateurs to produce excellent synthesized videos. Moreover, users can access convenient face-swapping tools, for instance, through applications like DeepFaceLab \cite{DeepFaceLab} and Zao \cite{zaoapp}. In addition, the development of Artificial ... |
541,165,882,073 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{1-Intro}
The photosphere is permeated by magnetic fields of varying strengths and spatial scales that form topologies described as either closed or open. While closed magnetic field lines can be described as traceable between photospheric footpoints of opposite polarity along paths n... |
541,165,882,074 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It is widely accepted that the environment has strong
influence on the formation and evolution of galaxies.
One of the most established
examples is the morphology-density relation \citep[e.g., ][]{Dre80}.
The question then is: which are the mechanisms that cause this
influence, and specific... |
541,165,882,075 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The goal of this paper is to present explicit formulas for certain algebraic Poisson brackets on $\P^5$.
Recall that two Poisson brackets $\{\cdot,\cdot\}_1$, $\{\cdot,\cdot\}_2$ are called {\it compatible} if any linear combination
$\{\cdot,\cdot\}_1+\lambda\cdot \{\cdot,\cdot\}_2$ is still a... |
541,165,882,076 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The strong electron correlation effect is known to bear exotic quantum states of matter~\cite{Mott1990, Imada1998}.
Representative examples are the high-temperature superconductivity in cuprates and iron-based materials~\cite{Keimer2015,Hosono2015}, and the multiferroics with simultaneous presenc... |
541,165,882,077 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Fermi accelerator is a dynamical system, proposed by
Enrico Fermi \cite{fermi} to describe cosmic ray acceleration, in
which a charged particle collides with a time dependent
magnetic field. With base in different applications, the
original model was later modified and studied by other
... |
541,165,882,078 | arxiv | |
541,165,882,079 | arxiv |
\section*{Acknowledgement}
Bjoern Eskofier gratefully acknowledges the support of the German Research Foundation (DFG) within the framework of the Heisenberg professorship programme (grant number ES 434/8-1). We would like to thank Gilles Le Texier, Martin Rothgaengel, Birgi Tamersoy, Mirko Appel and Marie Mecking fro... |
541,165,882,080 | arxiv | \section{Historical review and a method deduced}
The year 2005 was declared the World Year of Physics which is an
international celebration of physics. It marks the hundredth
anniversary of the pioneering contributions of Albert Einstein, the
greatest man in the twentieth century as chosen by Time magazine.
In 190... |
541,165,882,081 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Newton-Puiseux Theorem states that, if $f\left(x,y\right)$ is
an analytic germ in two variables, then the solutions $y=\varphi\left(x\right)$
of the equation $f=0$ can be expanded as Puiseux series that are
convergent in a neighbourhood of the origin (see for example \cite{brieskorn_knorrer;... |
541,165,882,082 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Reinforcement learning (RL) \citep{sutton2018reinforcement} is emerging as one of the promising methods to solve complex decision-making tasks by maximizing human-defined rewards \citep{silver2016mastering,qureshi2017show,
qureshi2018intrinsically,levine2016end}. Currently, the primary focus of R... |
541,165,882,083 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Consider the following static membership problem -- given a universe $\mathcal{U}$ containing $m$ elements, we want to store an arbitrary subset $\mathcal{S}$ of $\mathcal{U}$ whose size is at most $n$, such that we can answer membership queries of the form ``Is $x$ in $\mathcal{S}$?'' Solutions... |
541,165,882,084 | arxiv | \section{Implementation Details}
We train the agents simultaneously in 10 different environments for up to a total of 10 million steps. Parameters are updated in a batch every 5 steps using RMSProp \cite{Tieleman2012}, with a learning rate of 4e-4 for the speaker and 1e-3 for the listener. We use a hidden state size an... |
541,165,882,085 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The major matter component, namely, dark matter (DM) is a mysterious component of the Universe whose precise nature is still an open question in modern cosmology. In the literature, many attempts have been made via direct and indirect searches to know about the nature/properti... |
541,165,882,086 | arxiv | \section{Introduction
Modeling a scene from a set of images has been a long-standing and deeply explored problem for the Computer Vision community.
The goal is to build an accurate 3D model of the environment basing on the implicit tridimensional data contained in a set of 2D images.
These methods can be useful to dig... |
541,165,882,087 | arxiv | \section{Estimation of 1D Diffusion Coefficient for Protein Undergoing Rotation in Fluid}
The drag force experienced by a body with velocity $v$ and friction $\gamma$ is $F_{drag}=\gamma v$. The energy dissipated is thus $E_{drag}=\gamma v \Delta$, or its dissipation rate $dE_{drag}/dt=\gamma v^2$. The aim of this calc... |
541,165,882,088 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
As a byproduct of their famous works on the classification of reflexive polytopes,
Kreuzer and Skarke have shown that
the web of $d$-dimensional reflexive polytopes is connected modulo unimodular equivalences if $d\le 4$
\cite{MR1901220}.
This is important in relation to the unsolved mathema... |
541,165,882,089 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
For a number of years, I have surprised my physics students (in both introductory and graduate physics classes) with a "simple" question: What is sine? Or in extended form: How do we define the sine function that appears everywhere in physics? Such questions usually elicit amusement, perplexity,... |
541,165,882,090 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Faddeev-Skyrme model is a nonlinear scalar field theory which possesses
so-called knot solitons, classified topologically by their Hopf degree.
Motivated by the sigma model limit of two-component Ginzburg-Landau
theory, Babaev, Faddeev and Niemi conjectured that such knot solitons
may exist... |
541,165,882,091 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Crucial aspects of theories of star formation can only be tested
by studying the stellar populations both in and near molecular clouds.
While the earliest stages of stellar evolution
must be probed with infrared and radio
techniques, many important questions can only
be studied with optical surv... |
541,165,882,092 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
Differential game theory provides the right framework to analyze pursuit-evasion problems and, as a corollary, combat games. Pursuit-evasion scenarios involving multiple agents are important but challenging problems in aerospace, control, and robotics.
Pursuit-evasion problems ... |
541,165,882,093 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $\Omega_{p,t,n}$ be the collection of all crossover designs with
$p$ periods, $t$ treatments, and $n$ subjects. In an experiment based
on design $d\in\Omega_{p,t,n}$, the response from subject $u\in\{
1,2,\ldots,n\}$ in period $k\in\{ 1,2,\ldots,p\}$, to which treatment
$d(k,u)\in\{ 1,... |
541,165,882,094 | arxiv | \partial{\partial}
\def\rangle{\rangle}
\def\subset{\subset}
\def>\!\!\!\lhd{>\!\!\!\lhd}
\def\simeq{\simeq}
\def\times{\times}
\def\wedge{\wedge}
\def\rightarrow{\rightarrow}
\def\longrightarrow{\longrightarrow}
\def\Rightarrow{\Rightarrow}
\def\leftrightarrow{\leftrightarrow}
\def\hbox{\hbox}
\def\backslash{\backs... |
541,165,882,095 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In his seminal paper \cite{mathias}, Mathias established a connection between three different ideas in mathematics: The combinatorial set theory of \emph{maximal almost disjoint families}, infinite dimensional Ramsey theory, and Cohen's method of forcing. He asked if the combinatorial statement ... |
541,165,882,096 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec: introduction}
Current status data with competing risks arise in cross-sectional studies that assess the current status of
individuals in the sample with respect to an event that can be caused by several mechanisms. An example is Cycle I of the Health Examination Survey in the Unite... |
541,165,882,097 | arxiv | \section{Introduction.}
\qquad Stochastic modeling plays an important role in many branches
of science. In many practical situations, perturbations are
expressed in terms of white noise, modeled by brownian motion. The
behavior of a deterministic dynamical system which is disturbed by
noise may be modeled by a stochas... |
541,165,882,098 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The classical distances for graph vertices are the shortest path distance~\cite{BuckleyHarary90}, the resistance distance \cite{Sharpe67,Sharpe67a,Sharpe67b,GvishianiGurvich87,KleinRandic93}, which is proportional to the commute time distance~\cite{GobelJagers74}, and the square root version o... |
541,165,882,099 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The \texttt{iopart-num} Bib\TeX{} style is intended for use in
preparing manuscripts for Institute of Physics Publishing journals,
including Journal of Physics. It provides numeric citation with
Harvard-like formatting, based upon the specification in ``How to
prepare and submit an article for ... |
541,165,882,100 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The holographic approach has become a very efficient technique in computing the entanglement entropy (EE) which is rather challenging in a direct path integral approach in quantum field theories (QFTs) in more than two dimensions.
The holographic calculation of the EE, which was proposed b... |
541,165,882,101 | arxiv | \section{\label{}}
\section{INTRODUCTION}
The precision study of both new and already discovered particles will be a major component of the
experimental programs at both the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and a future International Linear Collider (ILC).
The past two decades in particle physics established the import... |
541,165,882,102 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sect:intro}
Many astrophysical scenarios have been proposed to explain the several black hole (BH) and neutron star (NS) binary mergers observed via gravitational wave (GW) emission by the LIGO-Virgo collaboration. Possibilities include isolated binary evolution \citep{bel16b,kruc2018}, m... |
541,165,882,103 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Depth and ego-motion estimations play essential roles in understanding geometric scenes from videos and images, and have broad applications such as robotics~\cite{982903} and autonomous driving~\cite{7410669}. Supervised models~\cite{Hu2018Revisiting,8578312,7346484,DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1908-... |
541,165,882,104 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{S:intro}
Semiconductor Superlattices (SL) are since a few decades
in the focus of intense theoretical and experimental research.
Starting from the studies by Esaki and Tsu \cite{esaki}, a vivid interest
exists in the electronic, transport and optical properties of SLs.
The presence of exte... |
541,165,882,105 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Measles is an infectious viral disease with a Paramyxoviridae member as the aetiologic factor, the measles virus, a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus, and it may produce dermatologic lesions as well as respiratory signs had there been no preventive measures taken, for it was by means of th... |
541,165,882,106 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Scattering in a half-space and layered media, both acoustic and
electromagnetic, has been a classic problem in the physics of waves
for many decades. Solutions for various boundary conditions have been
formulated by Van der Pol\cite{vanderpol},
Sommerfeld\cite{sommerfeld}, and Weyl\cite{weyl}. G... |
541,165,882,107 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Rapid advances in photonic integrated circuits (PICs) have ushered in a new generation of devices capable of universal linear-optics transformations across a set of $N$ optical modes~\cite{Bogaerts:20}. These `programmable photonic circuits' are enabling new applications ranging from quantum inf... |
541,165,882,108 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
While molecular cloud cores have been identified as the site where the
star formation starts, which physical processes
initiate and control the onset is still a matter of debate.
To assess the impact of effects such as gravitational instability or shielding
from the outer radiation field, the spa... |
541,165,882,109 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
The seamless integration of function and form promises to spur innovation in technologies ranging from MEMS and NEMS devices (e.g., with novel electrical, electromagnetic and energy functionality), reconfigurable and soft robotics, wearable electronics, and compliant bio-medical devices \cite{r... |
541,165,882,110 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Social networks have been studied intensively for decades. Community detection is one of the most interesting problems in this area. Social networks usually possess community structure: nodes in the network can be grouped such that nodes in the same group are densely connected while nodes in diff... |
541,165,882,111 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Transmission of information through noisy channels is an essential requirement in various information-processing
tasks. A channel can be characterized by its capacity, which quantifies the maximum amount of information which
can be transmitted reliably per use of the channel. If the sender (Alice... |
541,165,882,112 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Models of solvent (friction) control of electron transfer\cite{Zusman:80,Friedman:1982eu,Sumi:86,Hynes:86,Rips:1987qf,Yan:1988mz} allow the pre-exponential factor of the reaction rate constant to be controlled by either the tunneling probability or by the relaxation time of the solvent models co... |
541,165,882,113 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\hspace{10pt} Let $M^{n}$ be an n-dimensional differentiable manifold and $F^{n}$ be a Finsler space equipped with a fundamental function $L(x, y), (y^{i} = \dot{x}^{i})$ of $M^{n}$. If a differential 1-form $\beta(x, y) = b_{i}(x)y^{i}$ is given on $M^{n}$, M. Matsumoto \cite{M1} introduced anot... |
541,165,882,114 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The odd parity level energies for the neutral sulfur atom have been extensively studied through VUV absorption spectroscopy from the ground electronic configuration \cite{kaufman1982,sarma1984,Joshi1987,zhou2008}. The connection with even parity excited states is studied through visible and infr... |
541,165,882,115 | arxiv |
\subsection{Heterogeneous graph}
\label{sec:preliminaries:hg}
Heterogeneous graphs are an important abstraction for modeling the relational data of multi-modal systems.
Formally, a heterogeneous graph is defined as $\mathcal{G} = (\mathcal{V}, \mathcal{E}, \mathcal{T}, \mathcal{R})$ where
the node set $\mathcal{V}:... |
541,165,882,116 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recently, Ho$\check{r}$ava presented a power counting renormalizable gravity theory at Lifshitz
point which is called
Ho$\check{r}$ava-Lifshitz (HL) gravity \cite{Horava11}. It exhibits a broken Lorentz symmetry at short distances
and reduces to usual general relativity (GR) gravity at the la... |
541,165,882,117 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgements} It is a pleasure to thank my advisor David Hansen for giving me this project and for numerous suggestions and ideas related to it, as well as Eric Chen, Arthur-C\'esar Le-Bras, Yoichi Mieda, Jack Sempliner, and Zhiyu Zhang for some nice conversations related to this work. Special thanks also... |
541,165,882,118 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The possibility to induce double charge-exchange (DCX) excitations by means of heavy-ion beams at intermediate energies \cite{RIKEN, INFN-Catania} has recently fostered the interest on new collective excitations such as double isobaric analog states (DIAS) and double Gamow-Teller giant resonance... |
541,165,882,119 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The formation and evolution of elliptical and lenticular galaxies
(early-type galaxies, or simply ETGs)
are still open questions in Astrophysics.
The modern view of formation/evolution of massive ETGs, especially ellipticals, implies a long two-phase process \citep{2010ApJ...725.2312O}.
The ini... |
541,165,882,120 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\begin{question}
Let $M$ be a compact topological $4$-manifold and let $x \in \pi_2(M)$. Can $x$ be represented by a locally flat embedded $2$-sphere?
\end{question}
Versions of this fundamental question have been studied by many authors, such as~\cite{kervaire-milnor, tristram, rochlin, hsi... |
541,165,882,121 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
All deep learning models used nowadays are vulnerable to adversarial attacks \cite{goodfellow2013intriguing, NaseerIntriguingViT2021}, especially in the domain of image classification.
This is inherent to the fact that gradient computation is required for training \cite{SGDKeifer1952}, which can ... |
541,165,882,122 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A central challenge in robotics and artificial intelligence is to develop discrete representations
that can translate the high-dimensional continuous spaces of real-world sensor data and robot
configuration into forms that are compatible with algorithms for abstract reasoning, such as search
and... |
541,165,882,123 | arxiv | \section*{Abstract}
We consider one of the generic regimes of formation of singularities. We obtain a detailed description of a possibly small, but fixed, neighborhood of the blowup point, up to (and including) the blowup time, and find that it is mean convex. This confirms a conjecture by Ilmanen.
And we find that th... |
541,165,882,124 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A fundamental problem that arises frequently in many disciplines is that of reconstructing a matrix with certain properties from some partial information. Typically, such a problem is motivated by the desire to deduce global structure from a (small) number of local observations. For instance, c... |
541,165,882,125 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Shape correspondence between a pair of surfaces is the task of estimating a semantically meaningful map from one surface onto the other. In geometry processing, surfaces are typically represented as compact two-dimensional Riemannian manifolds. Given two such surfaces $\mathcal{X}$ and $\mathcal{... |
541,165,882,126 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{se:sec1}
Quantification of uncertainty in the geologic properties of the subsurface is essential for optimal management and decision-making in subsurface flow applications such as nuclear waste disposal, geologic storage of CO$_2$ and enhanced-oil-recovery. The environmental impact of thes... |
541,165,882,127 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Comprehensive first principles modelling of fusion
plasmas is a numerically challenging: the complicated magnetic geometry
and long range electromagnetic interactions between multiple species
introduce complex collective behaviour in the plasma. In addition,
steep density and temperature gr... |
541,165,882,128 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
One of the observed features of hadron production in relativistic heavy ion
collisions
is the deviation from full chemical equilibrium of particles containing
strange constituent quarks. This is described by a phenomenological factor $\gamma_S^{n_s}$
($n_s$ being the number of st... |
541,165,882,129 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $[n]$ denote the set $\{1,...,n\}$ and let $\binom{[n]}{k}$ be the collection of all $k$-sets of $[n]$.
A \textit{$d$-cluster} of $k$-sets is a collection of $d$ different sets $A_1,...,A_d\in\binom{[n]}{k}$ such that
\[
|A_1\cup...\cup A_d|\le 2k\ \text{and}\ |A_1\cap...\cap A_d|=0
\]
... |
541,165,882,130 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}\label{sec: intro}
Classical communication complexity, introduced by Yao~\cite{Yao79}, is aptly called the `swiss-army-knife' for understanding, especially the limitations of, classical computing. Quantum communication complexity holds the same promise with regards to quantum computing. Yet, the... |
541,165,882,131 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Goal-oriented requirement models have become largely popular in the research community \cite{JennHork}. However, the levels of adoption of these frameworks in the industry have not been quite impressive. The research community has been actively trying to implement business compliance checking wit... |
541,165,882,132 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Particle-in-cell (PIC) schemes have been a popular and effective method for the simulation of kinetic plasmas for a long period of time \cite{hockney1988computer,birdsall2004plasma,dawson1983particle}. Compared to continuum kinetic codes,
PIC schemes effectively reduce the dimension from six ... |
541,165,882,133 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Wright-Fisher (WF) model captures in simple mathematical form the combined effects of natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift, and therefore plays a foundational role in quantitative evolutionary theory and population genetics. Unfortunately, the main quantities of interest such as f... |
541,165,882,134 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Magnetic reconnection is a process that changes magnetic topologies and releases magnetic energy.
It is a physical process that is fundamental for a whole range of dynamical phenomena in magnetized plasmas in environments ranging from laboratories on Earth to the heliosp... |
541,165,882,135 | arxiv | \section{introduction}
Carbon nanotubes are unique one dimensional
nanostructures\cite{iijima} with their exceptional mechanical,
electronic and magnetic
properties.\cite{dress,saito,mintmire,review} While the use of
single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) requires a completely new
paradigms in the development of nanodevi... |
541,165,882,136 | arxiv |
\section{Proofs of Lemma}
\subsection{Proof of Lemma~\ref{lem:temp2}} \label{app:temp2}
Recall that $\mathcal{V}=\{\Delta:\mathcal{R}(\Delta_{\overline{\mathcal{M}}^\perp})\le 3\mathcal{R}(\Delta_{\overline{\mathcal{M}}})\}$. To prove Lemma~$4$, consider the nuclear norm ball $S_\mathcal{R}(t)=\{\Delta:\mathcal{R}(\D... |
541,165,882,137 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Univariate GARCH models have had much empirical success since the
ARCH model was introduced by \citet{Engle:1982}. A large number of
univariate GARCH-type models have been proposed in the literature,
whereas the literature on multivariate GARCH models is less voluminous.
A key obstacle in multi... |
541,165,882,138 | arxiv |
\section{Acknowledgments}
We thank Chunyang Xiao for helping us to run the analysis experiments. We thank Kazi Shefaet Rahman, Ozan Irsoy, Chen-Tse Tsai, and Lingjia Deng for their valuable comments on
earlier versions of this paper. We also thank the EMNLP reviewers for their helpful feedback.
\section{Analysis}
\l... |
541,165,882,139 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
In the late 1980s, the first exoplanetary candidates around main sequence stars were discovered orbiting Gamma Cephei \citep{GammaCeph} and HD\,114672 \citep{LathamsWorld}\footnote{This companion is likely a low-mass star in a face-on orbit \citep{LathamStar}.}. Soon after, \cit... |
541,165,882,140 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In the framework of perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the basic spin-averaged
characteristics of heavy-flavor photo- \cite{Ellis-Nason,Smith-Neerven}, electro- \cite{LRSN}, and hadro-production \cite{Nason-D-E-1,Nason-D-E-2,BKNS} are known exactly up to the next-to-leading order (NLO)... |
541,165,882,141 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Since the appearance of \cite{LLR95} and \cite{AR98},
low-distortion metric embeddings have become
an increasingly powerful tool in studying the relationship between
cuts and multicommodity flows in graphs. For background on
the field of metric embeddings and their applications in theoretical
co... |
541,165,882,142 | arxiv | \section{Introduction\label{sec-intro}}
The recent observation of an excess of events in deep-inelastic
positron-proton scattering at \mbox{HERA} \cite{HERA-97} has aroused
new interest in physics beyond the Standard Model. Theoretical
speculations have focussed on two different scenarios to explain the
experimental... |
541,165,882,143 | arxiv | \section{Environment Descriptions}
\textbf{PointTrajectory}:
\begin{itemize}
\item Dynamics: This environment requires controlling a pointmass on a 2D plane, where the state $s_t = (x_t,y_t)$ represents the location of the pointmass. It always starts at the origin, with $s_0 = (0,0)$, and the agent is restricted t... |
541,165,882,144 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Through these fruitful decades of computer vision research, we have taken huge strides in solving specific object recognition tasks, such as classification systems for automated assembly line inspection, hand-written character recognition in mail sorting machines, bill inspectio... |
541,165,882,145 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Beyond time-averaged current, the measurement of current fluctuations gives insight into the interaction and correlations of charge carriers in mesoscopic transport \cite{Blanter2000}.
Current fluctuation arising from the quantized nature of charge carriers is called shot noise. Non-interactin... |
541,165,882,146 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Deep learning is now recognized as a standard strategy for problems such as classification, segmentation, and detection, as computer vision and machine learning have improved rapidly. A vast number of cutting-edge techniques rely on supervised learning, which necessitates manual data labeling, wh... |
541,165,882,147 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Several flare events observed in surveys either in X-rays by {\it ROSAT} (Bade et al. 1996; Komossa
\& Bade 1999), {\it Chandra} and {\it XMM-Newton} (Donley et al. 2002; Esquej et al. 2007, 2008;
Cappelluti et al. 2009, Maksym et al. 2010) or in the UV by {\it GALEX} (Gezari et al. 2006, 2009)
... |
541,165,882,148 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and Related Work}
The problem of the coordination of electric vehicle (EV) charging is gaining more attention in recent years as the number of EVs rises, leading to increased importance of such coordination. Without coordination the charging can cause large peaks in the electricity consumption as... |
541,165,882,149 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Lov\'asz~\cite{lovasz1978} proved a conjecture of Kneser~\cite{kneser1955} that at least $n-2(k-1)$ colors are
required in any coloring of the $k$-element subsets of $[n] = \{1, \dots, n\}$ to ensure that any two $k$-subsets
of the same color intersect. We will denote the $k$-element subsets o... |
541,165,882,150 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{s:intro}
Genetic incompatibilities correspond to deleterious interactions between alleles (at the same locus or at different loci) within the same genome, and are the cause of the reduced fitness of hybrids between species \cite{CoyneOrr}, \cite{Gavrilets}. Such incompatibilities may be re... |
541,165,882,151 | arxiv | \section{\large Introduction}
A T-matrix is a theoretical construct in quantum state tomography to decipher
the quantum state from collected experimental data. The data comprise
measurements of the Stokes parameters. The quantum state is expressed via a
density matrix, which is expressed in terms of the T-matrix a... |
541,165,882,152 | arxiv | \section{Two Higgs Doublet Models} \label{sec:2HDM}
We now consider the posibillity that the $750$~GeV resonance originates from a scalar $SU(2)_L$ doublet that is part of a two Higgs doublet model (2HDM).
The two Higgs doublets contain 5 physical degrees of freedom: two neutral scalars, $h$ and $H$, one neutral pseu... |
541,165,882,153 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Goal}
An array of magnetic flux tubes is created in certain superconductors for intermediate strengths of an external magnetic field. Superconductors with this property are said to
be of type II. This is in contrast to type-I superconductors, where the magnetic field is either comp... |
541,165,882,154 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\label{section:introduction}
The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing at a rapid pace, with an estimated 22 billion connected IoT devices in use around the world at the end of 2018, and projected to grow to 50 billion by 2030~\cite{Statista:2019:IoT}.
These devices are increasingly... |
541,165,882,155 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The Lagrangian of massless quantum chromodynamics (QCD)
with $N_f$ quark flavors
has a chiral $SU(N_f)_L \times SU(N_f)_R \times U(1)_A \times U(1)_V$
symmetry.
A chiral quark condensate
$\langle \bar{q} q\rangle \approx (300\,\mathrm{MeV})^3$ spontaneously
breaks the $SU(N_... |
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