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1,314,259,993,363
arxiv
\section{\bf Magnetic Dissipation Spectra } As it follows from Figure \ref{fig2}{\it a}, the majority of ARs (especially those of high flare activity) display energy spectra steeper than the Kolmogorov-type spectrum. To infer a physical meaning of this result, we will analyze the magnetic energy dissipation rates and ...
1,314,259,993,364
arxiv
\section{Technical details of SM-FRG} Consider the interaction hamiltonian $H_I=(1/2)c_{1\sigma}^\dagger c_{2\sigma'}^\dagger V_{1234} c_{3\sigma'} c_{4\sigma}$. Here the numerical index labels momentum/position, and we leave implicit the momentum conservation/translation symmetry. The spin SU(2) symmetry is guarantee...
1,314,259,993,365
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Constructing lattice squares in the integer lattice $\mathbb Z^2$ is easy as we can take a vector and its image under a $90$ degree rotation. The analogous problem in dimension three is to find lattice cubes in $\mathbb Z^3$. Although there are axis-parallel lattice cubes, still many other cons...
1,314,259,993,366
arxiv
\section{\label{sec:level1}First-level heading} {\em \bf Introduction:} Whether there exist a consistent extension of General Relativity by a mass term is a basic question of a classical field theory. A small graviton mass could also be of a significant physical interest, notably for the cosmological constant probl...
1,314,259,993,367
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Computational methods are rapidly emerging as an essential tool to understand and solve complex engineering problems complementing the traditional means of experimentation and theory. Richard Feynman's statement \cite{feynman1982simulating} ``with a suitable class of quantum machines you could ...
1,314,259,993,368
arxiv
\section{Introduction\label{sec:intro}} The intra-cluster medium is magnetised. Direct evidence for cluster-wide magnetic fields are the large-scale diffuse radio sources of synchrotron origin. There is growing evidence that these fields are of the order of $\sim \mu$G and are ordered on kiloparsec scales \citep[see e....
1,314,259,993,369
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The last decade has been fruitful in terms of high energy astronomy. More than 80 gamma rays sources have been found to emit in the TeV range~\cite{catalog}, thanks to Imaging Atmospheric \v{C}erenkov Telescopes (IACTs) such as \textsc{Cangaroo}, \textsc{HEGRA}, H.E.S.S, \textsc{Magic} or \textsc...
1,314,259,993,370
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} Let $X=(M,J)$ a compact complex manifold regarded as a differentiable manifold together with an integrable almost complex structure. Then it is natural to ask which other complex structures can be obtained by deforming the given complex structure $J$. In general this question is difficult to a...
1,314,259,993,371
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Over the last years, magnetic fields have been detected in a significant number of local dwarf galaxies. This includes prominent examples such as the Large Magellanic Cloud \citep[LMC, ][]{Gaensler05}, the Small Magellanic Cloud \citep[SMC, ][]{Mao08}, and many additional examples such as NGC~444...
1,314,259,993,372
arxiv
\section*{ABSTRACT} The $k$-center problem is a fundamental problem we often face when considering complex service systems. Typical challenges include the placement of warehouses in logistics or positioning of servers for content delivery networks. We previously have proposed \emph{Dragoon} as an effective algorith...
1,314,259,993,373
arxiv
\section{\label{}} \section{Introduction} Stars in nature are usually rotating and may be subject to non-axisymmetric rotational instabilities. An exact treatment of these instabilities exists only for incompressible equilibrium fluids in Newtonian gravity, e.g. \cite{Chandra69,Tassoul}. For these configurations,...
1,314,259,993,374
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} The aim of this work is to find out what affine quantization does to a classical field-theory. The simplest such theory is a free real scalar field of mass $m$. In that case, the spectrum of physical states obtained with canonical quantization is known: states contain...
1,314,259,993,375
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Recently, there has been much theoretical interest in the possibility of using an adiabatic quantum optimization technique to solve NP-complete and NP-hard problems \cite{bapst, dickson2011}. This is due to the following trick: suppose we have a quantum Hamiltonian $H_{\mathrm{P}}$ whose grou...
1,314,259,993,376
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{par:intro} The optical-UV spectra of Seyfert~1 galaxies and quasars is characterized by strong and broad emission lines, which are believed to be produced by gas photoionized by the central source. The broad line region (BLR) gas has been initially proposed to be in the form of a set of clo...
1,314,259,993,377
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The experimental data suggests that the see-saw scale is much lower than the Planck scale or even the GUT scale. It is therefore natural to think the scale is related to the breaking of some symmetry. The simplest symmetry is the $B-L$ symmetry. In principle, the $B-L$ symmetry can be a global...
1,314,259,993,378
arxiv
\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@{Introduction} Starburst galaxies are spirals (sometimes barred) in which gas is converted to stars at rates that could not be sustained over typical galaxy lifetimes. Such a phase is thought to represent a significant, if relatively brief, stage in galactic evolution lasting about 10$^...
1,314,259,993,379
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Sigma terms are referred to as the quark contributions to the mass of a given baryon. They consist of matrix elements of a scalar current $J$ times a quark mass such that \begin{align} \sigma_{qB} = m_q \langle B| J |B \rangle \label{eq:sigma_term} \end{align} where $m_q$ denotes the quark mass ...
1,314,259,993,380
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} In 1963, Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer \cite{BSD} carried out a seminal study of the moduli space of genus one curves equipped with degree 2 line bundles, in terms of the orbits of the action of $\mathrm{GL}_2$ on the space $\Sym^4(2)$ of binary quartic forms. This orbit space par...
1,314,259,993,381
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The mobility of a single spherical particle immersed in a solvent determines the velocity of the particle in response to an applied external force. For small Reynolds numbers Stokes' law yields the famous expression $\mu_0^{-1}=3\pi\eta a$ in terms of the sphere diameter $a$ and the solvent visc...
1,314,259,993,382
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The new generation large area survey programs have contributed with their invaluable data to discover new supernovae (SNe). In order to detect such transients, two different strategies are typically applied. First is the pointed survey approach where a fixed catalogue of galaxies are independe...
1,314,259,993,383
arxiv
\subsection*{\bf WIMP-nucleus scattering} Since the relative speed $v\approx 300 \mbox{km/s} \approx 10^{-3} c$, the process can be treated non-relativistically. The center of mass momentum is given in terms of the reduced WIMP-nucleus mass as $ k = \mu_i v $ and is $ \mathrel{\rlap{\raise 2pt \hbox{$<$} A_i \, {\rm M...
1,314,259,993,384
arxiv
\section{\setcounter{equation}{0}\oldsection} \renewcommand\thesection{\arabic{section}} \renewcommand\theequation{\thesection.\arabic{equation}} \newtheorem{claim}{\indent Claim}[section] \newtheorem{theorem}{\indent Theorem}[section] \newtheorem{lemma}{\indent Lemma}[section] \newtheorem{proposition}{\indent Proposit...
1,314,259,993,385
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{Intro} This paper presents a factor ordering of the canonically quantized Yang-Mills Hamiltonian operator, and a corresponding gauge-invariant candidate ground state in what might be called the Schr\"{o}dinger representation. \ As usual in a canonically quantized gauge theory, the ``posit...
1,314,259,993,386
arxiv
\section{The goals of the survey} Cosmology is undergoing a {\it fin-de-millennium} flowering brought on by the hothouse of recent technological progress. Cosmography, one of the roots of cosmology, is thriving too---maps of the distribution of luminous objects are covering larger volumes, reaching higher redshifts an...
1,314,259,993,387
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:Introduction} Multigrid methods are especially well-known for their efficiency in solving linear systems arising from the discretization of partial differential equations (PDEs) \cite{Bra77,Bra82,BHM00,RDF06,Hac85,TOS01,Yav06}. Over many years, multigrid methods have been developed an...
1,314,259,993,388
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Non-adiabatic coupling vectors (NACVs) play an important role in photochemistry. They describe the coupling between Born-Oppenheimer surfaces due to the nuclear kinetic energy and allow transitions between electronic states in the absence of radiation \cite{baer_book}. They are a vital ingredient...
1,314,259,993,389
arxiv
\section{Introduction } When a small temperature gradient exists between two boundaries of a material, it is expected that heat will be transported through the material, which usually obeys the Fourier's law of conduction ($\mathord{\buildrel{\lower3pt\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\rightharpoonup$}}\over {j}} = - \kappa \n...
1,314,259,993,390
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Petri nets can be used to model systems and processes. Many properties have been defined for Petri nets that describe desirable characteristics of the modeled system or process \cite{lopn1,structure-theory-ToPNoC-advanced-course2010,murata}. Examples include deadlock-freeness ...
1,314,259,993,391
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{Intro} \defcitealias{Schlafly2014}{Schlafly et al.} The archetypal giant molecular cloud (GMC) Orion\,A is the most active star-forming region in the local neighborhood, having spawned $\sim$3,000 young stellar objects (YSOs) in the last few million years \citep[e.g.,][]{Megeath2012, Fur...
1,314,259,993,392
arxiv
\section{Introduction and Summary} {\bf A) Generating functions of power sums and powers. Generalized Stirling2 and Eulerian numbers}. \par\smallskip Finite sums of non-negative powers of positive integers have been studied by many authors. See {\sl Edwards}, \cite {Edwards1}, \cite {Edwards2} and {\sl Knuth} \cite{...
1,314,259,993,393
arxiv
\section{Belle II Analysis Software Framework} \label{sec:basf2} \subsection{Code Structure} \input{code} \subsection{Basf2 Development Infrastructure and Procedures} \input{development} \subsection{Modules, Parameters, and Paths} \input{modules} \subsection{Data Store and I/O} \input{datastore} \subsection{Event D...
1,314,259,993,394
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction} Terahertz (THz) wireless is an upcoming technology to provide new spectrum resources for future communication systems. The availability of contiguous high bandwidth transmissions in the THz spectrum can be potential for wireless backhaul/fronthaul technology \cite{Koe...
1,314,259,993,395
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{section1} Driven by many use cases, such as Internet of Things, massive machine-type communication (mMTC) has been regarded as a necessary service in future wireless networks \cite{wuyp}. It aims to achieve the communication between massive user equipments (UEs) and the base station ...
1,314,259,993,396
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Feynman diagrammatic technique is a powerful tool of statistical mechanics. Among the hallmarks of the method are the ability to deal---both analytically and numerically---with the thermodynamic limit rather than a finite-size cluster, the possibility of partial summations up to infinite order,...
1,314,259,993,397
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Ultracold dipolar gases have been attracting great attention in recent years. In these systems, long-range anisotropic dipole-dipole interaction gives rise to a plethora of novel effects which makes them useful for various applications in quantum simulation~\cite{baranov2012condensed}. Different ...
1,314,259,993,398
arxiv
\section{Spatial perception} \label{sec:sensory_perception} The equipment on board \ac{uav} platforms within our research group is modular and replaceable to support a wide spectrum of research areas~\cite{hert2022hardware}. In the proposed system for agile subterranean navigation, however, the aerial platform is fixe...
1,314,259,993,399
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Persistent currents (PC) in normal and superconducting meso- and nanorings is a fundamental ground state property of such systems. The basic physical reason behind the existence of PC is quantum coherence of electron wave functions which may survive at long distances provided the temperatur...
1,314,259,993,400
arxiv
\section{Introduction} An {\it almost K{\"a}hler structure} on a manifold $M^{2n}$ is an almost Hermitian structure $(g, J, \Omega)$ with a closed, and therefore symplectic fundamental 2-form $\Omega$. If additionally the almost complex structure $J$ is integrable, then $(g, J, \Omega)$ is a K{\"a}hler structure. Almos...
1,314,259,993,401
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:1} The angular and spectral dependence of coma polarization are signatures of the size, composition and structure of coma grains \cite{hanner02, hadamcik03c, kolokolova04}. The degree of polarization typically increases with wavelength, called a red polarimetric color for the dus...
1,314,259,993,402
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} The mission of natural language processing (NLP) as a computational research field is to enable machines to function in human-oriented environments where language is the medium of communication. We want them to understand our utterances, to connect these utterances with the objects...
1,314,259,993,403
arxiv
\section{Linear Problem}\label{supp:SectionLinearProblem} In this section we provide equations of motion for the short range network. For convenience reasons we will use a bra-ket notation which slightly differs from the main text. Due to the nature of the evolution it is more convenient to represent the vector $\vec...
1,314,259,993,404
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} Turbulence subjected to rotation is a commonly occurring phenomenon in geophysical and astrophysical flows, such as those in the oceans and atmospheres of planetary bodies. The effects of rotation on decaying homogeneous turbulence is typically studied by considering either an iso...
1,314,259,993,405
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Most theoretical work on the switching of STT-MRAM\cite{MRAM} has used the single-macrospin model\cite{chap}\cite{ButlerEtal}. This is adequate for very small elements in which the exchange interaction keeps the local magnetizations parallel, but when the volume $V$ is small, the stability para...
1,314,259,993,406
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) units are very effective when working on sequential data \cite{hochreiter1997long, gers1999learning}. For some Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, we often need to find a distributed representation of phrases and sentences \cite{le2014distributed, lin2017structu...
1,314,259,993,407
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} The Gross-Neveu (GN) model \cite{gn} is a quantum field theory in $d=2$ spacetime dimensions with an $N$-component massless fermion $\psi_j$, $j=1,...,N$, defined by the path integral \begin{equation} Z = \int \prod_x [{\cal D}\psi][{\cal D}\bar\psi] \, e^{i\int d^2x \, {\cal L}} ...
1,314,259,993,408
arxiv
\subsection{Comparing Hundreds of Models} \label{sxn:all_cv_models} We have performed a large-scale analysis of hundreds of publicly-available models. This broader analysis is on a much larger set of CV and NLP models, with a more diverse set of architectures, that have been developed for a wider range of tasks; and...
1,314,259,993,409
arxiv
\section{An Introduction} Evolution of a nonrelativistic quantum system from a given initial state to the final state is governed by the (time-dependent) Schr\"{o}dinger equation. Unfortunately, its explicit solutions are available only for the simplest Hamiltonians and, in general, one has to rely on a variety o...
1,314,259,993,410
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \begin{figure} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figures/morph} \caption{Example of annotation disagreement in UD between two languages on translations of one phrase, reproduced from \citet{malaviya2018neural}. The final word in each, \form{\emph{refrescante}}, is not inflected for gender: It h...
1,314,259,993,411
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The electrical grid is one of the major engineering achievements of the 20th century. Typically, it involves high voltage transmission lines connecting large generators and power sub-stations. The distribution network starts at the sub-station and delivers the energy to the end user. The grid ...
1,314,259,993,412
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Recent innovations to lasso-type algorithms \citep{efronall04, friedman2007pathwise, friedman2010regularization} have largely addressed selection of redundant variables, rejection of informative variables, and poor performance under high multicollinearity in high dimensional ($p>n$) and large s...
1,314,259,993,413
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} The CERN LHC has provided sufficient data to probe a large variety of theories beyond the standard model (SM). Among these, theories based on supersymmetry (SUSY)~\cite{Wess,Golfand,Volkov,Chamseddine,Kane,Fayet,Barbieri,Hall,Ramond}, which predict the existence of a sp...
1,314,259,993,414
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Online communities provide us with the means to study what people are interested in and talking about. This includes political engagement~\cite{agarwal2019tweeting}, sports discussions~\cite{yu2015world} and general news~\cite{kwak2010twitter}. However, these communities do not exist in isolatio...
1,314,259,993,415
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Interstellar dust is manifest at nearly all wavelengths of astronomical interest, scattering, absorbing, and emitting radiation from X-ray to radio wavelengths. Embedded in this diversity of phenomena are clues to the nature of interstellar grains---their size, shape, composition, and optical pro...
1,314,259,993,416
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} The study of the behaviour of hadronic matter in the density-temperature, $(\rho, T)$, diagram allows to have a deeper understanding of matter under extreme conditions. In this context, the high density, low temperature limit can be addressed for a fermion system using the Landau F...
1,314,259,993,417
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} \IEEEPARstart{T}he ever increasing demand for higher data rates in wireline communication links imposes the use in sophisticated digital equalization techniques, usually implemented at the receiver side \cite{adc_mot3}. Those, require using high-speed front-end ADCs for proper a...
1,314,259,993,418
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \hspace{4mm} We consider the problem of computing the top $k$ eigenvectors of a symmetric and positive semi-definite matrix $A \in \mathbb{R}^{n \times n}$, which has many applications in numerical linear algebra (low rank approximation), statistics (principal component analysis) and signal proc...
1,314,259,993,419
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Several recent experiments have exhibited the loophole-free violation of a Bell inequality\cite{Hensen},\cite{Shalm},\cite{Giustina}. The result has been interpreted as the ``death by experiment for local realism'', this being the hypothesis that ``the world is made up of real stuff, existi...
1,314,259,993,420
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Homomorphism preservation theorems relate the syntactic shape of a sentence with the semantic property of being preserved under homomorphisms between structures. Recall that a first-order sentence $\phi$ in a vocabulary $\tau$ is said to be \emph{preserved under homomorphisms} if, whenever there...
1,314,259,993,421
arxiv
\section{Sometimes legal operations}\label{s:legal} The equation $(x+y)^p=x^p+y^p$ is valid in a field of prime characteristic~$p$. Thus an apparent error can be a legitimate deduction in the right circumstances. Denote the $k$th derivative of $t^n$ as $n^{\underline{k}}t^{n-k}$ where $n^{\underline{k}}$ e...
1,314,259,993,422
arxiv
\section{Basic Definitions on Compact Group Actions} In this article it will be given only a short survey on the determination of orbit spaces of compact linear groups. More details can be found in \cite{6st,sar,stv}. When a physical system has to show a symmetry of the nature, it must be described mathematically on ...
1,314,259,993,423
arxiv
\section{Introduction} When the stars in the Solar neighbourhood (Snhd) are binned by age, the velocity dispersion of each bin increases with its age. This age-velocity dispersion relation (AVR) has been known and studied for decades (e.g. \citealp{stromberg,parenago, wielen}) and similar relations have now also been ...
1,314,259,993,424
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The idea that the space-time might be more than four dimensions is being considered widely from particle physics to cosmology. Obviously string theory provided a strong motivation for considering higher dimensions. Recently the development of string theory have led us to diverse cosmological sce...
1,314,259,993,425
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Gene copy number variation is an ubiquitous phenomenon that manifests itself in multiplication of gene fragments, single genes, groups of genes up to whole genome. Duplicated genes contribute to gene evolution; subsequent mutations may turn one of gene copies into an inactive pseudo-gene, whi...
1,314,259,993,426
arxiv
\section*{Funding Information} This work is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Program for Key Science and Technology Innovative Research Team of Shaanxi Province (2013KCT-05), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( Grant Nos. 11374008, 11374238, 11374239 and 1153...
1,314,259,993,427
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The discovery of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)~\cite{Aad:2012tfa,Chatrchyan:2012xdj} is a triumph for particle physics, as it was one of the last missing pieces needed to understand the origin of the masses of the Standard Model (SM) particles. Although the...
1,314,259,993,428
arxiv
\section{Introduction} An open problem in relativistic theories is related to the Hamiltonian description of particle dynamics for which non-local interactions typically occur. In this regard, a basic difficulty which is usually met is the lack of a Hamiltonian formalism for non-local Lagrangian systems. In fact,...
1,314,259,993,429
arxiv
\section{Approach} \label{sec:approach} In this section, we describe our approach for discovering executable routine specifications from User Interaction (UI) logs. We adhere to the RPM pipeline proposed by Leno et al.~\cite{lenobise20}, which we implemented in five macro steps (see Figure~\ref{fig:approach}): i...
1,314,259,993,430
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Batch codes were originally proposed by Ishai \emph{et al.}~\cite{Ishai} for load balancing in distributed systems. One particular class of batch codes that we are interested in is linear (computational) batch codes~\cite{Lipmaa, dimakis-batch, Zhang-Skachek, Vardy} where the data is viewed as ...
1,314,259,993,431
arxiv
\section{Introduction} High-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (HF QPOs), whose frequencies are in the range of 100 to 450 Hz, have been observed in some black-hole binaries and black-hole candidates. One of characteristics of these HF QPOs is that they often appear in a pair and their frequencies change little ...
1,314,259,993,432
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Probabilistic data analysis---including Bayesian inference---has transformed scientific research in the past decade. Many of the most significant gains have come from numerical methods for approximate inference, especially Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). For example, many problems in cosmology...
1,314,259,993,433
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Goal-Conditioned Reward Sparse (GCRS) task is one of the challenging reinforcement learning tasks with extremely sparse rewards. In the task, the goal is combined with the current state as the policy input, while the agent is able to receive a positive reward only when the goal is achieved. In...
1,314,259,993,434
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Quantum degenerate gases, such as Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) \cite{bloch-review} or cold Fermi gases \cite{inguscio-fermi}, trapped in optical lattices, provide a flexible platform for investigating condensed matter models and quantum phase transitions \cite{bloch-qpt}. It has been proposed...
1,314,259,993,435
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In an empty universe the \textit{null geodesics} along which photons travel correspond directly to straight lines. However, in the presence of a non-uniform distribution of matter the null geodesics are perturbed \textit{via} gravitational interaction with the local matter over or under density ...
1,314,259,993,436
arxiv
\section{Method} \label{method} This section describes the algorithmic details of our method. To set up notation, consider a standard $K$-layer neural network with parameters~$\theta_k$ for layer~$k$. The stacked parameter vector ${\bm{\theta}}=(\theta_1,\dots,\theta_K)$ specifies the entire model for a classificatio...
1,314,259,993,437
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \begin{abstract} We present a complete classification of complex plane algebraic curves, equipped with the induced Euclidean, up to global bilipschitz homeomorphism. \end{abstract} One of the most natural questions in the investigation of a class of mathematical objects is the problem o...
1,314,259,993,438
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \begin{figure}[b] \vspace{-5pt} \noindent \footnotesize{\textbf{This preprint will appear in the Proceedings of the 19th IFAC Symposium in System Identification. Please cite:}} \begin{lstlisting} @inproceedings{ribeiro_occam_2021, author={Ant\^onio H. Ribeiro and Johannes N. Hendriks and Adrian ...
1,314,259,993,439
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} Operator algebras play a major role in modern functional analysis and mathematical physics, particularly algebras with an ample supply of projections. Such algebras display a rich interplay between their algebraic structure, the order-theoretic structure of their...
1,314,259,993,440
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The main purpose of the present article is the construction of geometric objects which share a large class of algebraic, analytic, geometric, and topological invariants. Our main tool is a refinement of a construct that dates back to Gassman which has been utilized by Perlis \cite{Perlis}, Sunad...
1,314,259,993,441
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Flavour physics, i.e. physics studying weak processes which change quark flavour, could give access to potentially new physics beyond the Standard Model. These flavour changes are described by the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix \cite{Cabibbo:1963yz,Kobayashi:1973fv}. Heavy-light semilepto...
1,314,259,993,442
arxiv
\section{Introduction} An electromagnetic cloak is a device that minimizes or even nullifies the effects of scattering from various objects by rendering them electromagnetically invisible to a detector. One well-known cloaking technique is the so-called ``transformation-optics'' method \cite{Leonhardt_Science, Pendry_...
1,314,259,993,443
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec1} Federated learning is a distributed machine learning paradigm that collaboratively trains a model with data on many clients. Unlike traditional distributed machine learning methods, which partition data into different clients to improve the efficiency of the learning algorithm, the ...
1,314,259,993,444
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Magnetic Induction Tomography (MIT) measurements rely on the inductive coupling between a radio-frequency (rf) magnetic field, the so-called primary rf field, and the object of interests, Fig. ~\ref{fig:Setup}, \cite{Griffiths2001, Ma2017}. As a result of the coupling an object response is produ...
1,314,259,993,445
arxiv
\section{#1}\label{se:#2}\setcounter{equation}{0}\setcounter{paragraph}{0}\labels{ }{\mnote{#2}}} \newcommand{\bsu}[2]{\paragraph{#1.}\label{su:#2}\labels{}{\mnote{#2}}} \newcommand{\bss}[2]{\paragraph{#1.}\label{ss:#2}\labels{}{\mnote{#2}}} \newtheorem{proposition}{\sc Proposition}[section] \newtheorem{theorem}[propo...
1,314,259,993,446
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{s1} The (modified) nonlinear Boltzmann equation for the one particle distribution function provides an accurate description of transport phenomena in a low density gas of inelastic hard spheres or disks \cite{GyS95,Du00,Go03,PyB03,ByP04}. These particles are often used to model granular fl...
1,314,259,993,447
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $U_j, j=1,2,$ be the random, scalar wave field of wavenumber $k_j, j=1,2,$ The mutual coherence function and its cross-spectral version, known as the two-frequency mutual coherence function, defined by \beq \label{mut} \Gamma_{12}(\mathbf x,\mathbf y)= \left\langle U_1(\frac{\mathbf x}{k...
1,314,259,993,448
arxiv
\subsubsection{Transition Matrix} \transmat \subsubsection{Stationary Distribution} \statdis \subsubsection{Slack time\xspace and Throughput} \watithput \subsubsection{Number of Failed Retries\xspace} \label{sec:nbf} \failedres } \newcommand\treib{ The lock-free stack by Treiber~\cite{lf-stack} is a fundame...
1,314,259,993,449
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Adversarial robustness is an important field to protect models from adversarial attacks, since deep neural networks that are highly accurate can be vulnerable to small input perturbations. For example, the projected gradient descent (PGD) attack can worsen the ResNet50, from 95.25\% accuracy to ...
1,314,259,993,450
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec: introduction} One of many interesting phenomena in active fluids~\cite{marchetti2013hydrodynamics,bechinger2016active, doostmohammadi2018active,bar2020self,gompper20202020} is the enhancement of mixing of suspended particles due to the motion of the microwimmers and accompanying hydr...
1,314,259,993,451
arxiv
\section{Introduction} With the imminent advent of the LHC, particle physics experiments are poised to explore the TeV energy range directly for the first time. There are several reasons to expect new physics in this energy range, such as the origin of particle masses and electroweak symmetry breaking, th...
1,314,259,993,452
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Cluster mergers are the most energetic events in the Universe. They are the natural way of forming rich clusters of galaxies within cold dark matter scenarios, which imply a bottom-up hierarchy of structure formation \citep{Press74,Sarazin02}. The merging process generates important perturbation...
1,314,259,993,453
arxiv
\section*{Acknowledgements} We appreciate discussions with the participants of the VII Workshop on Geometric Correspondences of Gauge Theories, especially the explanations and comments by M.Bershtein, G.Bonelli, A.Grassi, A.Tanzini, Ya.Yamada and Y.Zenkevich. This work was performed at the Institute for Informa...
1,314,259,993,454
arxiv
\section{Full example of N-body simulation kernel using OpenCHK} \label{sec:appendixA} \begin{figure}[h] \begin{lstlisting}[escapechar=$] void solve_nbody(particles_block_t * local, particles_block_t * tmp, force_block_t * forces, const int n_blocks, ...
1,314,259,993,455
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Since Diakonov {\it et al.} predicted the mass and width of the pentaquark baryon $\Theta^+$~\cite{Diakonov:1997mm}, there has been a great deal of works to clarify its existence and properties. Although various experiments have reported the existence of $\Theta^+$ after the first observation by...
1,314,259,993,456
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The spectrum of baryon resonances is expected to be very rich and considerably more complex than the mesonic excitation spectrum. Yet, experimentally, the number of known light-quark mesons exceeds by far the number of known baryon resonances \cite{Amsler:2008zzb}. In quark models \cite{Capstic...
1,314,259,993,457
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In 1973 Yoishira Nambu \cite{nambu} proposed a generalization of classical Hamiltonian mechanics, using ternary and higher-order brackets ( $n$-ary brackets or multibrackets). During the past two decades Nambu proposal has been a matter for many investigations \cite{flato1} - \cite{gau} and the ...
1,314,259,993,458
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The interactive gesture generation task aims to control the gesture of a virtual character with a user control signal. Many works addressed the problem of synthesizing the gesture of an avatar along with a speech modality \cite{alexanderson2020style,ahuja-etal-2020-gestures}. Th...
1,314,259,993,459
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} Dempster-Shafer evidence theory (DSET) \cite{dempster2008upper,shafer1976mathematical} as a generalization of probability theory (PT) express the information by interval probabilities. For an $n$-element mutually exclusive set, probability distribution express its information by $n...
1,314,259,993,460
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The skin friction associated with a turbulent boundary layer constitutes about \SI{50}{\percent} of the total drag of an airplane. Owing to its importance, passive or active skin-friction reduction means have widely been investigated \citep{Fan2016book}. Promising strategies include riblets \cit...
1,314,259,993,461
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The field of synthetic biology is concerned with designing and constructing biological modules, biological systems, and biological machines \cite{cameron2014brief} and can be traced back to the 1960s when logic in genetic regulation was discovered \cite{jacob1961genetic}. The key goal is to progr...
1,314,259,993,462
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Detecting 21 cm emission from the high redshift intergalactic medium (IGM) will potentially revolutionize our understanding of cosmic reionization. The 21 cm signal promises direct, three-dimensional information regarding the state of the IGM during reionization (e.g. Scott \& ...