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1,108,101,564,915 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The starting point of this work arises from the construction in \cite{moulinos2019universal} of the \emph{filtered circle}, an object of algebro-geometric nature, capturing the $k$-linear homotopy type of $S^1$, the topological circle. This construction is motivated by the schematization problem... |
1,108,101,564,916 | arxiv | \section{}
\section{Acknowledgements}\label{sec:Acknowledgements}
The authors acknowledge J.G.M. Kuerten and T. Hazenberg for useful discussions in developing this paper. We would like to thank D. Ning and A. Panahi for sharing the experimental data. We would like to thank B. Cuenot for initiating the collaboration ... |
1,108,101,564,917 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:Intro}Introduction}
\newcommand{\AtlasCoordFootnote}{
ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with origin at the nominal interaction point in the centre of the detector and the $z$-axis along the beam pipe.
The $x$-axis points from the IP to the centre of the LHC ring,
and the $y$-axis points ... |
1,108,101,564,918 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Deep neural networks present impressive performance in computer vision tasks, such as image classification and object detection \cite{imagenet, object_detection}, but they are vulnerable to small designed perturbations and visually unrecognizable images giving high confidence predictions \cite{dn... |
1,108,101,564,919 | arxiv |
\section{Calculations in Lagrangian quantum homology}
\label{s:app-calc} \setcounter{thm}{0
At several instances along the paper we have appealed to basic
techniques for calculating the Lagrangian quantum homology. The main
ingredient is a spectral sequence whose initial page is the singular
homology of a given Lagra... |
1,108,101,564,920 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction}
In the past almost two decades, a large number of observational evidences indicate that our Universe is undergoing a phase of accelerated expansion \cite{Riess1998, Perlmutter1999, Weinberg2013, PlanckCollaboration2013}. Dark energy (DE) is introduced to understand this phenomeno... |
1,108,101,564,921 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection*{The Onsager-Machlup Function}
In finite dimensional probability, computations can be greatly eased by working with a probability density function. These densities capture how a probability distribution compares with some kind of uniform measure - typically Lebesgue or counting measur... |
1,108,101,564,922 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Dark energy poses challenges to physics because we know so little
about it. While there are many competing models, none of them are
overwhelmingly convincing. This is of course why the field is so
exciting. We expect to learn a great deal by further study of the
dark energy. This note addresses ... |
1,108,101,564,923 | arxiv | \section{Introduction.}\label{section: introduction}
In \cite{ks_theoretical} one can find a theoretical framework for the
computation and rigorous computer assisted verification of invariant objects
(fixed points, travelling waves, periodic orbits, attached invariant manifolds)
of semilinear parabolic equations of th... |
1,108,101,564,924 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We consider the (2+1)-dimensional Konopelchenko-Dubrovsky (KD) equation \cite{Konopelchenko1984SomeDimensions,Konopelchenko1992IntroductionEquations}
\begin{equation}\label{e:KD}
\centering
\left\{\begin{aligned}
u_t-u_{xxx}-6 \rho u u_x +\dfrac{3}{2}\phi^2 u^2 u_x-3 v_{y}+3 \phi u_x v &= 0, \... |
1,108,101,564,925 | arxiv |
\section{\bf Introduction}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
\
If $A$ is a bounded self-adjoint operator on Hilbert space, the spectral theorem allows one
for Borel function $\varphi$ on the real line ${\Bbb R}$ to define the function $\varphi(A)$ of $A$.
We are going to study in this paper smoothness properties of the map $... |
1,108,101,564,926 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Anomalous $U(1)_A$ gauge symmetry appears often in compactified
string theory. The 4-dimensional (4D) spectrum of such compactification
contains a modulus-axion (or dilaton-axion) superfield which transforms non-linearly under
$U(1)_A$ to implement the Green-Schwarz (GS) anomaly cancellation
mec... |
1,108,101,564,927 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Megamaser Cosmology Project (MCP) aims to determine the Hubble Constant to within 3\%, by accurately measuring the distance to 10 galaxies in the Hubble flow. The Hubble Constant is an important complement to CMB data for constraining the nature of Dark Energy, the geometry (flatness) of t... |
1,108,101,564,928 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The birth of string theory is widely considered to be the discovery by Veneziano of the scattering amplitude formula that today bears his name \cite{Veneziano:1968yb}. More than five decades later, the calculation of string scattering amplitudes remains a formidable challenge. To give the exampl... |
1,108,101,564,929 | arxiv |
\section{Conclusion}
In this work, we propose a meta-learning and self-supervised learning-based symbol detection algorithm. Unlike the existing work on deep learning detectors, the proposed model can be adapted to a new channel environment with a fixed number of adaptation steps while enjoying relatively less supe... |
1,108,101,564,930 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}{\label{intro}}
Ultra-cold atomic gas systems are one of the most actively studied subjects
in physics these days~\cite{Georgescu}.
By their high-controllability and versatility, the ultra-cold atoms provide an important
playground for study on interesting problems in quantum physics.
In pa... |
1,108,101,564,931 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{Introduction}
In recent years, the analysis of ordinal response data has become a popular topic in the mainstream research. Such data arise naturally in many areas of scientific studies, for-instance in psychology, sociology, economics, medicine, political science and in several other disc... |
1,108,101,564,932 | arxiv | \section{Supplementary Lemmas for the proof of Theorem \ref{thm:regression}}
\label{sec:supp_B}
\subsection{Proof of Lemma \ref{bandwidth}}
\begin{proof}
First we establish the fact that $\theta_0^s \to \theta_0$. Note that for all $n$, we have:
$$
\mathbb{M}^s(\theta_0^s) \le \mathbb{M}^s(\theta_0)
$$
Taking $\limsu... |
1,108,101,564,933 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Unstructured documents contain a vast amount of knowledge that can be useful information for responding to users in goal-oriented dialog systems.
The shared task at the first DialDoc Workshop focuses on grounding and generating agent responses in such systems.
Therefore, two subtasks are propose... |
1,108,101,564,934 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The existence of gauge/sting dualities has been anticipated from the very beginning of these fields, based on the striking similarity
between the large N t'Hooft limit and the genus expansion in string theory. Further insights were revealed with the discovery of
D-branes, their descript... |
1,108,101,564,935 | arxiv | \chapter{Further Considerations on Boson Sampling with Ultracold Atoms}
\label{appendix:appendix_d}
\section{Pair distribution in the optical lattice}\label{pair_distribution}
To estimate the rate of two-body collisions in section~\ref{ScalingAndErrors}, we need to know the probability of finding $k$ pairs of atoms... |
1,108,101,564,936 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recently, increasing experimental and theoretical attention was given
to topological aspects of condensed matter physics \cite{Wen2019,*Sachdev2019}.
In one-dimensional (1D) systems, an early essential role of topology was provided by the
so-called \textit{Haldane conjecture}\cite{nobelhaldane,P... |
1,108,101,564,937 | arxiv | \section{\@startsection{section}{1
\z@{1.1\linespacing\@plus\linespacing}{.8\linespacing
{\normalfont\Large\scshape\centering}}
\makeatother
\theoremstyle{plain}
\newtheorem*{hypab}{Hypothesis Ab}
\newtheorem*{hyp3}{Hypothesis (I)}
\newtheorem*{hyp4}{Hypothesis D5}
\newtheorem*{target}{Target Theorem}
\new... |
1,108,101,564,938 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec1}
Let $u(t,x)$ denote the solution to the stochastic heat equation
\begin{equation}\label{sec1-eq1.-1}
\frac{\partial}{\partial
t}u=\frac12\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}u+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial
t\partial x}X(t,x),\quad t\geq 0, x\in {\mathbb R}
\end{equation}
with initial co... |
1,108,101,564,939 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{T}{}he problem of coordinating task-level and motion-level
operations for multi-robot systems arises in many real-world scenarios. A
simple example is an automated-warehouse system where heavy robots move
inventory pods in a space inhabited by humans. The robots may have to avoid
... |
1,108,101,564,940 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The formation of Active Regions (ARs) is often associated with the emergence of magnetic flux (EMF) from the solar interior \citep[e.g.][]{Parker_1955}. Many explosive phenomena observed on the Sun, such as flaring events and CMEs, are associated with ARs. In fact, it has been observed that a si... |
1,108,101,564,941 | arxiv | \subsection{Phase-space distribution}
The aim of this section is to derive explicitly the perturbed phase-space distribution $f_1( \vec{x}, \vec{v})$ and the predicted number of stars $N_{star}(\theta)$ in~\eqref{BKT_gen} and~\eqref{Numbe}, respectively. We first focus on the slightly simpler point mass approximation b... |
1,108,101,564,942 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Consider the following question: a learner receives an $iid$ training set $S$ drawn from a distribution parametrized by $\theta^*$.
There is a teacher who knows $\theta^*$.
Can the teacher select a subset from $S$ so the learner estimates $\theta^*$ better from the subset than from $S$?
This qu... |
1,108,101,564,943 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\vspace*{-0.5pt}
Recent high precision experiments to verify the Standard Model of
electroweak interactions require, on the side of the theory,
high-precision calculations resulting in the evaluation of higher
loop diagrams. For specific processes thousands of multiloop Feynman
diagrams do c... |
1,108,101,564,944 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}
\todo{Add mention of \enquote{dynamic} functionality}
The Internet of Things (IoT) is making rapid inroads into peoples' everyday life.
The new breed of devices such as the Amazon Echo, Phillips Hue lights and the Nest thermostat allow users to build advanced function... |
1,108,101,564,945 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In order to minimize the need for annotated resources (produced through manual annotation, or by manual check of automatic annotation), several research works were interested in building Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools based on unsupervised or semi-supervised approaches \cite{Collins9... |
1,108,101,564,946 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The classical \emph{knapsack problem} is the following: given a collection of items each with a value and a weight, and given a weight limit, find a subset of items whose total weight is at most the weight limit, and whose value is maximized. If $n$ denotes the number of items, this can be formu... |
1,108,101,564,947 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Background}
The global resurgence of vector-borne diseases is a growing concern for public health officers in many countries \cite{Gubler}. Diseases like dengue and chikungunya continue to spread all over the world, hand in hand with the spread of their associated vectors; cf. \... |
1,108,101,564,948 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The mean-field game (MFG) framework \cite{LL061,LL062,LL07,HCM06,HCM07} models systems with a huge number of small identical rational players (agents) that play non-cooperative differential games. In this framework, a generic player aims at minimizing a cost functional that takes the distribution... |
1,108,101,564,949 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Loewner's systolic inequality for the torus and Pu's inequality
\cite{Pu52} for the real projective plane were historically the first
results in systolic geometry. Great stimulus was provided in 1983 by
Gromov's paper \cite{Gr83}, and later by his book \cite{Gr99}.
Our goal is to prove ... |
1,108,101,564,950 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Measuring the neutron lifetime is a whole epoch in the history of nuclear physics.
This era began in the late 1940s and consists of two periods.
In the first period, the results for the neutron lifetime exceeded 900 seconds.
The so-called beam method measured a counting rate of ... |
1,108,101,564,951 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The key idea in this paper is the study of defining properties of
(or tuples of) operators such that an operator that
\textquotedblleft almost" satisfies this property is
\textquotedblleft close" to an operator that actually does satisfy
this property. In the setting of C*-algebras we would insi... |
1,108,101,564,952 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Graphical models such as Bayesian networks and Markov random fields provide a powerful framework for reasoning about
conditional dependency structures over many variables, and have found wide application in many areas including error correcting codes, computer vision, and computational biology \c... |
1,108,101,564,953 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In 1969 \cite{strassen1969gaussian} Strassen presented his celebrated algorithm for matrix multiplication breaking for the first time the naive
complexity bound of $n^3$ for $n\times n$
matrices. Since then, the complexity of the optimal matrix multiplication algorithm is one of the central pro... |
1,108,101,564,954 | arxiv | \section{Sporadic and alternating groups}\label{sporadicandalt}
Results of the section are easily developed from well-known ones, and we include them here just
for completeness. Let $G$ be a finite simple sporadic or alternating group. Denote by $\theta(G)$
the maximal subset of $\pi(G)$ such that the intersection of ... |
1,108,101,564,955 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We consider the lattice graph $(\Z^d,\B^d)$, $d>2$, where $\B^d$ denotes the set of nearest-neighbor
edges. Given a stationary and ergodic probability measure
$\expec{\cdot}$ on $\Omega$ -- the space of conductance fields
$\aa:\B^d\to[0,1]$ -- we study the \textit{corrector equation} from sto... |
1,108,101,564,956 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec_Introduction}
Learning to improve AUC performance is an important topic in machine learning, especially for imbalanced datasets \cite{huang2005using,ling2003auc,cortes2004auc}. Specifically, for severely imbalanced binary classification datasets, a classifier may achieve a high predi... |
1,108,101,564,957 | arxiv | \section{#1}\setcounter{equation}{0}}
\def\nappendix#1{\vskip 1cm\no{\bf Appendix #1}
\def#1{#1}
\setcounter{equation}{0}}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{#1.\arabic{equation}}
\thispagestyle{empty}
\begin{flushright}
{\bf hep-th/9405193}
\end{flushright}
\vskip 2truecm
\begin{center}
{ \large \bf LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL... |
1,108,101,564,958 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
The transition to turbulence in wall bounded shear flows is characterized by the presence of localized turbulent regions containing coherent structures in the form of streamwise streaks \citep{schmid_stability_2001,landahl_a_1980}. These have been observed in different classical con... |
1,108,101,564,959 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\noindent The Alexander polynomial and the Jones polynomial, both
characterized by simple crossing change formulae, are probably the two most
celebrated invariants in knot theory.
While the Alexander polynomial appears again and again in different contexts,
ma... |
1,108,101,564,960 | arxiv | \section{Introduction: stellar communication with artificial transits}
It is already known that the shape of a planet (its oblateness or the presence of rings, etc.) slightly modifies the shape of the transit light curve (Barnes \& Fortney 2003, 2004). In a recent paper (Arnold 2005), we have analyzed the transit light... |
1,108,101,564,961 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Introduction}
Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) aims to determine which sense ({\em i.e.} meaning) a word may denote in a given context. This is a challenging task due to the semantic ambiguity of words. For example, the word ``book'' as a noun has ten different senses in Princeton WordN... |
1,108,101,564,962 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In many bio-medical applications in survival analysis it
is of interest and needed to use multiple time-scales. A
medical study will often have a follow-up time
(for example time since diagnosis) for patients of different ages, and
here both time-scales will contain important but different inf... |
1,108,101,564,963 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Existing artificial neural networks including the well celebrated deep learning architectures, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) \cite{krizhevsky2012imagenet,he2016deep} and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) \cite{graves2013speech}, are uniformly plastic. In the presence of large amoun... |
1,108,101,564,964 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Objects are ubiquitous in our everyday lives. Every common activity, such as cooking or cleaning, implies the capability of understanding and operating a set of objects to successfully complete a task. In order for a Service Robot (SR) to operate in human environments as well, the ability to rec... |
1,108,101,564,965 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Biological systems generally contain large degrees of freedom.
Cells contain a huge variety of components and grow as a result of their complex reaction dynamics.
Even proteins, which are relevant to biological function, consist of a large number of units.
Currently, several meth... |
1,108,101,564,966 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{section: introduction}
In any physical theory, it is necessary to describe the mechanism that allows us to gather information about the physical systems we are modelling, that is, it is necessary to describe measurements. In classical theories, the description of measurements is frequently... |
1,108,101,564,967 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:Intro}
\paragraph{}Detectors constructed of large volumes of cryogenic liquids, particularly argon or xenon, are widely used in rare event searches in nuclear and particle physics \cite{LUX,LZ,EXO,XENON,DARKSIDE,PANDAX}. These experiments measure scintillation and/or ionization produced... |
1,108,101,564,968 | arxiv | \section{Somos sequences}
In this note, we deal with Somos $4$ and Somos $6$ sequences. An $(\alpha, \beta)$ Somos $4$ sequence $a_n$ is a sequence such that
$$a_n = \frac{\alpha a_{n-1}a_{n-3} + \beta a_{n-2}^2}{a_{n-4}}, n>4,$$ for appropriate initial values.
An $(\alpha, \beta, \gamma)$ Somos $6$ sequence $a_n... |
1,108,101,564,969 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The maximum likelihood (ML) decoding of channel codes
can be viewed as a computational task of finding the global minimum of an energy (objective) function.
The belief propagation (BP) algorithm~\cite{Pearl88}
is the most powerful one recognized by the information theory community~\cite{Macka... |
1,108,101,564,970 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Consider the Coulomb branch of $\mathcal{N} =2$ superconformal field theories in four dimensions. At low energies we have $U(1)^n$ gauge fields, which are part of $\mathcal{N} =2$ vector multiplets. Denote the $\mathcal{N} =1$ chiral superfield part of these vector multiplets by $a_i$. In the lo... |
1,108,101,564,971 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Plasma diagnostics in both laboratory and astrophysical settings relies
principally on spectroscopic and polarimetric methods of observation, where
the radiation emitted from the plasma is analyzed as a function of
wavelength and state of polarization. These allow one to determine important
prop... |
1,108,101,564,972 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and results}
The polaron models the interaction of an electron with a polar crystal. The Fröhlich Hamiltonian describing the interaction of the electron with the lattice vibrations has a fiber decomposition in terms of the Hamiltonians
\begin{equation*}
H(P) = \frac12 (P - P_f)^2 + \mathbf N + ... |
1,108,101,564,973 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{IntroSect}\bigbreak
\noindent
Let $\mathfrak{F}_{\gk}$ be the category of finitely generated field extensions of a field~$\gk$,
and~$\CM_{\ast}$ a cycle module in the sense of Rost~\cite{Ro96} over~$\gk$, as for instance Milnor
$K$-theory or (abelian) Galois cohomology with finite coeffic... |
1,108,101,564,974 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Background on $\mathbb{Z}_p$-index}
Let $p$ be a prime number.
When the finite group $\mathbb{Z}_p := \mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}$ freely acts on a topological space, we can define
its index. The $\mathbb{Z}_p$-index roughly measures the size of the given $\mathbb{Z}_p$-space.
It has... |
1,108,101,564,975 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
One of the main benefits of using Vector Quantization Variational Autoencoders (VQ-VAE) for speech synthesis is that this architecture facilitates learning rich representations of speech \cite{zhao2020improved, williams2020learning, oord2017neural, yasuda2020end} in the form of discrete latent se... |
1,108,101,564,976 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
An important diagnostic of the physical state of the interstellar medium
is its large-scale velocity dispersion. This parameter is however very
difficult to derive, since it is in general dominated by the
contribution of the systematic velocity gradients in the beam, which are
not well-known.
E... |
1,108,101,564,977 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and basic definitions}
In recent years, various papers have shown some interplay between theoretical economics and mathematical logic. More specifically, some connections have risen between social welfare relations on infinite utility streams and descriptive set theory. In particular the followi... |
1,108,101,564,978 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
As the title suggests, the main idea of this paper is to use backward error analysis (BEA) to assess and interpret solutions obtained by perturbation methods. The idea will seem natural, perhaps even obvious, to those who are familiar with the way in which backward error analysis has s... |
1,108,101,564,979 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{S-introduction}
Throughout this article, let $\mathbb{N}$ denote the set of nonnegative integers. Let $\mathbb{C}$ denote the complex number field. Let $\mathbb{T}=\{z\in\mathbb{C}:|z|=1\}$ and $\mathbb{D}=\{z\in\mathbb{C}:|z|<1\}$.
An {\it automorphism} of $\mathbb{D}$ is a bijective ... |
1,108,101,564,980 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Carbon onions (or fullerene onions) are concentric fullerenes nested in each other. For the first time their formation was observed in 1992 by Ugarte who focused an electron beam in a sample of amorphous carbon \cite{1}. Nowadays carbon onions can be produced by nanodiamond annealing \cite{2}, a... |
1,108,101,564,981 | arxiv | \section{Conclusion of the Local-existence}
\label{regu}
This step is classical, then we only sketch this procedure.
We regularize the problem as follows:
\begin{align*}
&z^{\varepsilon}_{t}(\alpha,t)=\brzep{z^{\varepsilon}}(\alpha,t)+\brhep{z^{\varepsilon}}(\alpha,t)+c^{\varepsilon}(\alpha,t)\partial_{\alpha}z^{\varep... |
1,108,101,564,982 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}
Several hybrid discretisation methods have been proposed in recent years for the numerical discretisation of partial differential equations \cite{di-pietro.ern.ea:2014:arbitrary,beirao-da-veiga.brezzi.ea:2013:basic,Cockburn2009}. One of the selling points of these schem... |
1,108,101,564,983 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
One of the most important and well studied questions in particle physics is why the observable Universe
has a tiny but non-zero ratio of baryons to photons without which there would be no stars, planets or life. The measurement of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies and the successfu... |
1,108,101,564,984 | arxiv | \section{Preliminaries}
By a {\it generated} group $(G, S)$ we mean a group $G$ with a specific generating set $S$. In the case when $S$ is finite, we say that $(G, S)$ is a {\it finitely generated} group. Throughout this article, we assume that every generating set of a group does not contain the group identity. One o... |
1,108,101,564,985 | arxiv | \section{Abstract}
The \textbf{stopp} \texttt{R} package deals with spatio-temporal point processes which might have occurred on the Euclidean space or on some specific linear networks such as roads of a city.
The package contains functions to summarize, plot, and perform different kinds of analyses on point processes... |
1,108,101,564,986 | arxiv | \section{}
\section{Introduction}\label{sec-intro}
High-dimensional data sets have posed both statistical and computational challenges in recent decades \citep{babu2004some, fan2014challenges, wainwright2014structured}. In the ``large $n$, small $m$'' regime, where $n$ refers to the problem dimension and $m$ refers to... |
1,108,101,564,987 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The seminal paper of K.J. Palmer \cite{Palmer} provides sufficient conditions ensuring the
topological equivalence between the solutions of the linear system
\begin{equation}
\label{lin}
y'=A(t)y,
\end{equation}
and the solutions of the quasilinear one
\begin{equation}
\label{no-lin}
x'=A(t)x+f(... |
1,108,101,564,988 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Engineering has relied on identification of system dynamics from first principle methods for decades in order to understand the underlying the mechanisms driving dynamics.These first principle equations form the fundamentals that are used to design and operate systems for desired outputs such as ... |
1,108,101,564,989 | arxiv | \section{}\label{}
\section{Introduction}
Direct photons produced in Pb+Pb collisions can be divided into prompt
photons produced in hard processes in the initial collision, and
non-prompt photons produced by jet fragmentation, in-medium gluon
conversion and medium-induced bremsstrahlung. Prompt processes such as
\mbo... |
1,108,101,564,990 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Modern theoretical cosmology includes an early period of accelerated expansion
named {\em inflation\/}~\cite{inflation}, whose driving force is commonly modeled
using a scalar field (the {\em inflaton\/}) of uncertain nature.
A similarly accelerated phase is undergoing now~\cite{su... |
1,108,101,564,991 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Post-Newtonian (PN) approximation methods in general relativity
are based on the weak-field limit in which the metric is close to the
Minkowski metric and the assumption that the typical
velocity $v$ in a system divided by the speed of light is
very small. In post-Minkowskian (PM) approximation m... |
1,108,101,564,992 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The banded structures observed at Jupiter's surface correlate with strong
prograde (or eastward) and retrograde (or westward) winds. A strong prograde
equatorial jet reaching $150$~m/s extends over $\pm 15^\circ$ latitude.
It is flanked by alternating jets with weaker amplitudes around
$10-2... |
1,108,101,564,993 | arxiv | \section{ Introduction }
Current photometric and spectroscopic large scale structure surveys, such as DES \cite{Abbott:2017wau,Abbott:2017wcz} and BOSS \cite{Alam:2016hwk}, have contributed significantly in improving our understanding of the early- and late-time universe. This trend will continue in the future throug... |
1,108,101,564,994 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
This is the last of a series of three papers devoted to study the differential geometry of surfaces immersed in three-dimensional real vector spaces endowed with a norm, which we call \emph{normed} (=\emph{Minkowski}) \emph{spaces}. In \cite{diffgeom}, the first paper of the series, the core of ... |
1,108,101,564,995 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Hardware security has become an important aspect in modern Integrated Circuit (IC) design industry because of the global supply chain business model. Identifying and authenticating each fabricated components of a chip is a challenging task \cite{Hussain14}. A Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) ha... |
1,108,101,564,996 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\copyrightspace
Historically, stippling was primarily used in the printing industry to create dot patterns with various shade and size effects.
This technique has proven successful to convey visual information, and was widely adopted by artists that called this rendering art {\it pointillism}.... |
1,108,101,564,997 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
During solar flares, the Sun releases magnetic energy stored in non-potential structures into plasma heating, bulk motions, and particle acceleration. Energetic particles play a key role in the energy release of solar flares since a significant fraction of the released energy i... |
1,108,101,564,998 | arxiv | \subsection{Sub-Theories of Arithmetic and Complexity}
\paragraph{Very Weak, Weak and Strong Fragments.}
Sub-theories of $\lc{PA}$ have been obtaining
increasing interest for their intimate connection with
complexity classes.
Buss divided them into three main categories:
strong, weak and very weak fragments~\cite{Bus... |
1,108,101,564,999 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It has been of long-standing interest to study the ability of analog computing systems to
solve computationally difficult problems \cite{R93,ERN08}. It is recently of growing interest to
investigate the power of quantum adiabatic time evolution in this direction \cite{F01}.
Nevertheless, it has b... |
1,108,101,565,000 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The elementary atoms formation in particles collisions and decays can give an unique information on
strong interaction dynamics. The determination of the pionium atom lifetime~\cite{dirac} allows one to
get information on $\pi\pi$ scattering lengths, whose knowledge are crucial for verificatio... |
1,108,101,565,001 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Following this brief introduction,
section \ref{sec:methods} reviews in general terms
the techniques used for echo mapping of active galaxies.
Sections \ref{sec:geometry}, \ref{sec:kinematics}, and \ref{sec:conditions}
then discuss the use of echo mapping experiments to... |
1,108,101,565,002 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The science of examining and qualifying gemstones has used optics for centuries. In a lecture delivered at the Imperial Institute of Great Britain in 1895, Sir Henry Meirs, a mineralogist, discussed the clear advantages of the use of optics for the analysis of gemstones compared to existing tradi... |
1,108,101,565,003 | arxiv | \section{The computational challenge}
\label{sec:ComputationalChallange}
\VISION{This section describes our activity from the computational
point of view: size of the problem, the deadline, the structure of
the computation, the time constraints, the nature of static and
dynamic optimization. It refers to the key... |
1,108,101,565,004 | arxiv | \section{Additional Experiment Results}
In this section, we present a table of dataset information and plots of test error curves for each algorithm under each policy and dataset.
We remark that the high error bars in test error curves are largely due to the inherent randomness of training sets since in practice activ... |
1,108,101,565,005 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The multiple-access channel (MAC) is the fundamental information theory problem that addresses coordination among independent parties. In this problem, multiple transmitters\footnote{Throughout this paper, we will focus on the case with two transmitters.} independently send signals into a noisy ... |
1,108,101,565,006 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In financial theory, assets are priced according to the expected discounted payoff\cite{nobel2013}:
\begin{equation}\label{p}
P=E(Mx).
\end{equation}
The discount factor $M$ describes both how future money is less valuable due to both the interest rate, and more importantly, how people value vari... |
1,108,101,565,007 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Nonabelian gauge symmetries are known since long time to describe
fundamental interactions~\cite{Weinberg-book}. More recently, it has
been pointed out that they may also characterize emerging phenomena in
condensed-matter physics, see, e.g.,
Refs.~\cite{WNMXS-17,GASVW-18,SSST-19,G... |
1,108,101,565,008 | arxiv | \section{Shifted chain}
The model described in the main text [Equation~\eqref{Eq.couplings}] is not translationally invariant. This requires to treat separately the case where the first atom is not exactly at the origin of the chain. Suppose that the $m-th$ atom is now in position $\mathbf{r}_m = a (m-L + s) \hat{\math... |
1,108,101,565,009 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the next evolution of the Internet \cite{khan2012future} where devices, of any kind and size, will exchange and share data autonomously among themselves.
By exchanging data, each device can improve their decision-making processes. IoT devices are ubiquitous in our... |
1,108,101,565,010 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Due to the rapid development of deep convolutional neural networks (CNN)~\cite{simonyan2014very,he2016deep}, substantial progress is achieved in image recognition.
However, they usually assume that the training and testing data is balanced.
In practice, training or testing data appears to be... |
1,108,101,565,011 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The geometric mean of positive numbers $a$ and $b$ is the number $\sqrt{ab}$, and it satisfies the equations
\begin{equation}
\sqrt{ab}=e^{\frac{1}{2}\left(\log a+\log b\right)}=\lim_{p\rightarrow 0} \left(\frac{a^p+b^p}{2}\right)^{1/p}.
\end{equation}
The quantity
\begin{equation}
f(p)=\... |
1,108,101,565,012 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The propagation speed of pulses of structured light has attracted much
attention in recent years
\cite{Gio2015,Horv2015,Bareza,Bouch,MinuComm1,Alf,MinuComm2,Faccio2,MinuPRA2018,KondakciArbitV,AbourVisC2019}%
. It is well known that while different velocities associated with light
propagation are... |
1,108,101,565,013 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{States in geometric quantization}
Let $(M,\omega,j)$ be a closed, connected K\"ahler manifold, equipped with a prequantum line bundle $(L,\nabla)$. According to the geometric quantization procedure, due to Kostant and Souriau \cite{Kos,Sou}, we define, for any integer $k \geq 1$, t... |
1,108,101,565,014 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:S1}
Coherent states are widespread in physics \cite{Zhang1990p867}.
In particular, coherent states defined as
\begin{eqnarray}
\vert \alpha \rangle = e^{-\frac{\vert \alpha \vert^{2}}{2}} \sum_{j=0}^{\infty} \frac{\alpha^{j}}{\sqrt{j!}} \vert j \rangle,
\end{eqnarray}
where the stat... |
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