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1,116,691,498,215 | arxiv | \chapter{Introduction}
Efforts to find the speed of light began in the seventeenth century.
It was only then that the first evidence that light had a limited and measurable speed, came to the mind. Until then, it was almost universally believed that the speed of light has an infinite value. Afterward many savan... |
1,116,691,498,216 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Consider a filtered probability space $(\Omega, \mathcal{F}, \{\mathcal{F}_{t}\}_{t\geq 0}, \mathbb{P})$ where the filtration $\{\mathcal{F}_{t}\}_{t\geq 0}$ satisfies the usual conditions. Let $W=\{W_{t}\}_{t\geq 0}$ be a standard Brownian motion adapted to $\{\mathcal{F}_{t}\}_{t\geq 0}$. The ... |
1,116,691,498,217 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgments}
This work is supported by National Key R\&D Program of China (No.2018YFB1004401) and NSFC (No.61532021, 61772537, 61772536, 61702522)
\section{}
\subsection{Implementation Details}
\vpara{Matching Component.}
For the multi-field modeling, we divide the attributes of a paper into two fie... |
1,116,691,498,218 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Spoken dialogue systems and voice assistants have been developed to facilitate natural conversation between machines and humans. They provide services through devices such as Amazon Echo Show and smartphones to help the user do tasks \cite{mctear:2004} and, more recently, for open domain chitcha... |
1,116,691,498,219 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
For noncentrosymmetric superconductors (NCSs) that obey time-reversal symmetry and exhibit line nodes of the superconducting gap function, one can define a momentum-dependent invariant that ensures the existence of flat bands of zero-energy surface states in regions of the surf... |
1,116,691,498,220 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Charge-density-wave (CDW) order usually exists in some low-dimensional materials, especially those transition-metal chalcogenides. \cite{Wilson,Kim,Salvo,Boswell} When the CDW order is suppressed by doping or pressure, a list of them can be tuned to superconductors. \cite{Morosan,Kusmartseva,Sip... |
1,116,691,498,221 | arxiv |
\section{Background and Related Work}
\label{sec:background}
Provenance~\cite{moreau10ftws} is a term originating in the art world. It refers to the
chain of ownership of a work of art, including its original creator
and each owner and location of the work from creation to the present.
In the digital realm, provena... |
1,116,691,498,222 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and main result}
Several classical special function inequalities, such as Fej\'{e}r's Inequality \cite{An00} or the Askey-Gasper Inequality \cite{An00},
assert the positivity of an object that can be defined by a linear recurrence with polynomial
coefficients. Even for the special case of linear ... |
1,116,691,498,223 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
\subsection{Backgrounds}
The Alday-Gaiotto-Tachikawa (AGT) correspondence conjectures an intriguing relation between conformal field theories in two dimensions and $\mathcal{N}=2$ supersymmetric gauge theories in four dimensions. It was originally conjectured in \cite{AGT} that ... |
1,116,691,498,224 | arxiv | \section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:conclusions}
In this paper we have explored the properties of bosonic atoms
on the first excited band of an optical lattice. By computing
the phase diagrams for two- and three-dimensional systems, we
found Mott-insulating and superfluid phases with more subtle
quantum properties than ... |
1,116,691,498,225 | arxiv | \section{Overview}
\par The squeezing of the quantum fluctuations is one of the most fundamental
manifestations of the Heisenberg uncertainty relation, which is among the most
important principles of quantum mechanics.
A long time ago, great effort has been paid to squeezing of the radiation field
due to its strong ap... |
1,116,691,498,226 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Dark matter (DM) has been a standing problem in modern physics for more than eighty years. Although it is not yet clear if DM is in the form of new weakly interacting particles or more compact objects like primordial black holes, there is little doubt about its existenc... |
1,116,691,498,227 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
Two questions have been on every cosmologist's mind ever since the BICEP2 collaboration announced the detection of B-mode polarization~\cite{Ade:2014xna}: Is the signal cosmological? And, is it from inflation? Measuring the precise shape of the B-mode spectrum can help to addres... |
1,116,691,498,228 | arxiv | \section{Two quantization methods and the issue of
frequenc\-y decomposition}
The conventional (``old'') method to quantize a
theory containing a momentum squared constraint is inspired from
the situation of a (scalar) particle moving in a space-time
background.
Restricting ourselves to finite dimensional systems... |
1,116,691,498,229 | arxiv | \section{\@startsection{section}{1}{0in}{0.1\baselineskip}{0.1\baselineskip}{\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}}
\makeatother
\makeatletter
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{1}{-\parindent}{0.1\baselineskip}{0.1\baselineskip}{\normalfont\normalsize\textit}}
\makeatother
\renewcommand{\-}{-\allowbre... |
1,116,691,498,230 | arxiv | \section{}
{T}he quasicrystal(QC)s have unique lattice structure with rotational symmetry forbidden in periodic crystals~\cite{Shechtman,Tsai,Takakura}.
In the QC, it has been unresolved whether the magnetic long-range order is realized~\cite{Suzuki}.
In the 1/1 AC composed of rare earths, which is... |
1,116,691,498,231 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{scatt08.sect-intro}
The purpose of this work is to present the scattering theory for a quantum particle described by a tight-binding Hamiltonian $H=H_0+V$ acting on the Hilbert space $\ell^2({\mathbb Z}^d)$ where $H_0$ is a periodic operator with a single band and $V$ is a finite rank per... |
1,116,691,498,232 | arxiv | \section{Neural network optimization}
\label{app:NN}
Before the analysis in the main paper was carried out, a number of optimization studies were performed which we will describe here.
Initial studies included linear regression and decision tree methods. Ultimately for the models discussed in this work, better converg... |
1,116,691,498,233 | arxiv | |
1,116,691,498,234 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{S:intro}
There are numerous problems which can be reformulated as finding a
dominant eigenvector of a stochastic matrix --- computing invariant
probabilities in Markov chains, various problems in econometrics,
sociometry, bibliometrics, sport etc., see an excellent survey on
history of suc... |
1,116,691,498,235 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
One may consider infinitely divisible random elements in very general
settings where there is a binary operation on the carrier space such
that it makes sense to speak of the ``addition'' of two random
elements. Once one rules out pathologies such as random elemen... |
1,116,691,498,236 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}\label{section:intro}
The tremendous excitement generated by the recent LIGO discoveries of
gravitational waves (GWs) from merging binary black holes
\citep{LIGO1,LIGO2} will only be
surpassed by the unambiguous simultaneous detection of an
electromagnetic (EM) counterpart to such a GW signal. Wi... |
1,116,691,498,237 | arxiv | \subsection{Notation} The smallest clone containing a set
${\mathscr F}\subseteq\O$ shall be denoted by $\cl{{\mathscr F}}$; moreover, we write
${\mathscr F}^*$ for the set of all functions which arise from
functions of ${\mathscr F}$ by identification of variables,
addition of fictitiou... |
1,116,691,498,238 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
A superfluid can flow without fricition, but its superfluidity breaks down above a certain critical velocity. The critical velocity is mainly determined by the intrinsic excitation properties of the superfluid~\cite{R1}, and its manifestation is significantly affected by the geometry and bound... |
1,116,691,498,239 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have become a thriving topic in recent years
after the initial work by Goodfellow \emph{et al.} in \cite{goodfellow2014generative}.
Since then, GANs have quickly become a popular and rapidly changing field due to their
ability to learn high-dimensional compl... |
1,116,691,498,240 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In many application areas such as bioinformatics, text mining, image retrieval, spectroscopy domains or
social networks the available electronic data are increasing and get more complex in size and representation.
In general these data are not given in vectorial form and \emph{domain specific} (d... |
1,116,691,498,241 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
OJ 287, a BL Lac type active galactic nucleus, located at a redshift of 0.306, was discovered in 1967 (\citealt{Dickel_1967}).
It was known as an exceptionally active variable source even five decades ago (\citealt{Andrew_1971}).
A proper study of the variability of OJ 287 in different time sc... |
1,116,691,498,242 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A prominent question in the study of (modal) logics and their semantics
is what classes of frames can be defined as the class of frames satisfying
some set of formulae.
Such a class is usually called \emph{axiomatic} or \emph{modally definable}.
A milestone result partially answering t... |
1,116,691,498,243 | arxiv | \subsection{Introduction} \label{introduction}
\textbf{Splitting Factors} \, Scalar curvature constraints on a manifold $W^n$ can be studied by means of splitting procedures. The idea is to understand the given curvature condition on $W^n$ inductively from similar scalar curvature constraints on suitable subspaces ... |
1,116,691,498,244 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Electric magnetic duality is originally observed from Maxwell equations, which describe one of the fundamental forces in nature. Under switching $\vec E\rightarrow \vec B$ and $\vec B \rightarrow -\vec E$, where $\vec E$ is electric field and $\vec B$ is magnetic field (without considering any el... |
1,116,691,498,245 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Ionization and electron transfer (electron capture),
which may occur in collisions between an atom and a bare nucleus,
represent two of basic collision processes studied by atomic physics.
In the process of ionization the atom emits an electron, which
after the colllision moves freely... |
1,116,691,498,246 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In recent years, the semiclassical theory of
stochastic gravity has been taking shape \cite{BeiL} \cite{Bei2} and is
finding interesting applications as proposed for
black hole physics \cite{suk} \cite{seema} and cosmology \cite{cosverd}.
This relies on including the quantum stress tensor fl... |
1,116,691,498,247 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Clustering is a fundamental primitive in the realms of
data management and machine learning, with applications in a
large spectrum of domains such as database search, bioinformatics,
pattern recognition, networking, operations research, and many more
\cite{HennigMMR15}. A... |
1,116,691,498,248 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In ``collisional'' stellar dynamics the potential in which a star
moves is considered to be smooth to first order, and the fact that the
potential is in fact made out of discrete stars is treated as a
perturbation (e.g. Chandrasekhar \cite{Ch43}; Binney \& Tremaine
\cite{BT87}). Stars have orbit... |
1,116,691,498,249 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec1}
In three dimensions, the Navier-Stokes equations are
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{ll}\label{eq:NSE}
\partial_t v -\Delta v +v\cdot\nabla v+\nabla \pi = 0&\mbox{~in~}{\mathbb R }}\newcommand{\RR}{{\mathbb R }^3\times [0,\infty)
\\ \nabla\cdot v = 0&\mbox{~in~}{\mathbb R }}\newc... |
1,116,691,498,250 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The unbridled growth of publications in biomedical literature databases offers a great opportunity for researchers to stand on the shoulders of giants for cutting-edge advancements. Nonetheless, it is also a challenge to digest the extensive information from the huge volume of textual data. Info... |
1,116,691,498,251 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{Introduction}
This work is devoted to the study of solitary wave solutions of the Whitham--Boussinesq system
\begin{equation}\label{eq:bdw}
\begin{aligned}
\partial_t\eta &=-K\partial_xu-\partial_x(\eta u)\\
\partial_tu &=-\partial_x\eta-u\partial_xu.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
A solitar... |
1,116,691,498,252 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) provides access to
the astronomy and physics literature. As of September 2006 it
provides a search system for almost 4.9 million records, covering most
of the astronomical literature (including planetary sciences and solar
physics) and a large... |
1,116,691,498,253 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The investigation of the electron spin dynamics in semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) has caused a very large interest in the last two decades \cite{HansonSpinQdotsRMP2007,dyakonov_book,glazov_book,smirnov:SNS:rev} due to the magnificent fundamental physics and the possible applications in quantum... |
1,116,691,498,254 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The study of two-level systems has been a topic of interest since
the first steps in the development of quantum mechanics. The main
advantage of these models is that they can be numerically diagonalized
for very large dimensions and, at the same time, they can model
realistic qu... |
1,116,691,498,255 | arxiv | \section{Equivalence Checking Algorithm}
\label{sec:algo}
\begin{wrapfigure}[8]{l}{0.47\textwidth}
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
\vspace{-0.6in}
\begin{algorithm}[H]
\caption{Equivalence checking}
\label{alg:equ-checking}
\begin{algorithmic}[1]
\State $\mathcal{A}_{paa} \gets \mathit{paaConstruct}$ ($f, g, ... |
1,116,691,498,256 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The representation theory by quadratic forms has a long history.
It starts with the qualitative problem of determining which integers are represented by a given quadratic form.
For example, Fermat, Legendre and Lagrange dealt with the problem of representation as a sum of two, three and four s... |
1,116,691,498,257 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In a recent letter \cite{ABCD} we showed that the remarkable
identical gamma ray bands (isospectral gamma rays)
seen in neighboring superdeformed nuclei \cite{Byrski,Twin} have
a natural description in terms of supersymmetric quantum
mechanics (SSQM).
The role of supersymmetry in superdeformed n... |
1,116,691,498,258 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The COVID-19 epidemic is causing a global damage to practically all aspects of world society since early 2020. Although a huge effort in many fields of sciences is being made to mitigate its effects, the disease is continuously spreading and, in many regions, a second wave is causing great conce... |
1,116,691,498,259 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The ability to fabricate of monolayer graphene \cite{Novoselov666} leads researchers to
study quantum Hall effect plateaus that is explained in terms of Dirac-like chiral quasiparticles
with Berry phase $\pi$. Consequently, bilayer graphene (BLG) has been considered as one of the interested s... |
1,116,691,498,260 | arxiv | \section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\zeta@}%
{-5.5ex \@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex
{2.3ex \@plus.2ex}%
{\normalfont\large\bfseries}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\zeta@}%
... |
1,116,691,498,261 | arxiv | \section{Out-of-core model}
\Abacus is a cosmological $N$-body solver that integrates particle trajectories under mutual self-gravity in 6D phase-space from the smooth, nearly-uniform condition of the early universe to the clustered richness of filaments, halos, and voids seen in galaxy surveys today. The depth and br... |
1,116,691,498,262 | arxiv | \section{1. Introduction}
It is
{commonly}
accepted that, from theoretical quantum mechanics, it follows that the spectrum of the eigenvalues of the angular momentum operator is discrete and is comprised of the integer values
only{;
see,} e.g., \cite{Bohm,Schiff,Fock,LL}.
Non-integer values of angular momentum do... |
1,116,691,498,263 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Monitoring of atmospheric trace gases is important to understand
atmospheric composition and global climate change.
In particular climate models require information about the concentration
and global distribution of trace gases like e.g. H$_2$O, CO$_2$,
O$_3$, or CH$_4$. The
t... |
1,116,691,498,264 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Tabling~\cite{Chen-96} is a recognized and powerful implementation
technique that overcomes some limitations of traditional Prolog
systems in dealing with recursion and redundant
sub-computations. Tabling is a refinement of SLD resolution that stems
from one simple idea: save intermediate answe... |
1,116,691,498,265 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
The study of numerical solutions of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) posed on spheres and other surfaces arises naturally in a large number of applications. It is specially important in geophysical fluid dynamics, where a sphere is usually adopted as domain. For ins... |
1,116,691,498,266 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
When an impure white dwarf (WD) or neutron star crust (NSC) is slowly cooled from above its melting temperature, one expects the extra compositional degrees of freedom are taken advantage of to form crystals which are more efficiently packed than phase-separated bcc lattices. Indeed, several in... |
1,116,691,498,267 | arxiv | \section{Calibration of $\boldsymbol a$}\label{app:calibration}
The state transition density can be written as
\begin{align}
p(\mathbf{x}_t|\mathbf{x}_{t-1},\boldsymbol\theta) = h(\mathbf{x}_t)g(\mathbf{x}_{t-1},\boldsymbol\theta)\exp\left( \boldsymbol{\eta}(\mathbf{x}_{t-1},\boldsymbol\theta)^\top \boldsymbol{T}(\... |
1,116,691,498,268 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
While maximum likelihood estimation plays a central role in statistical inference, today
its application is challenged in a number of fields where modern technologies allow
scientists to collect data in unprecedented size and complexity. These fields include
genetics, biology, environmental rese... |
1,116,691,498,269 | arxiv | \section{\label{ho235_s_introduction}%
Introduction}
Structural phase transitions, such as the development
of charge density waves (CDWs),
have attracted continued interest from condensed-matter
physicists and chemists.
Originally, the manifestation of a CDW was proposed
to originate in Fermi surface nesting (FSN), as... |
1,116,691,498,270 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
Images of the solar corona obtained in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission lines broadly separate by brightness into dark coronal holes, quiet Sun, and bright active regions.
Within these features, emission is highly inhomogeneous with compact bright points, and extended loops a... |
1,116,691,498,271 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The attractions of integrated atom-light interfaces lie in the control and enhancement of optical fields offered by photonics combined with the versatility of atomic systems.
With the help of such interfaces a range of new possibilities in atomic and optical physics can be expl... |
1,116,691,498,272 | arxiv | \section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:conclusions}
In this paper we have reviewed gradient based algorithms for the problems of inverse reinforcement learning and apprenticeship learning. On one hand, we have discussed in detail the properties of a recently developed algorithm, the maximum likelihood IRL. We have shown tha... |
1,116,691,498,273 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In \cite{BMP}, the diffraction properties of the visible points of
$\mathbb Z^2$ and the
$k$th-power-free numbers were studied. It was shown that these sets
have positive, pure-point, translation-bounded \emph{diffraction spectra} with countable,
dense support. This is of interest because these ... |
1,116,691,498,274 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{Intro}
{ \textit {Coherence}} is ubiquitous in quantum systems and is known to be the primary factor behind the emergence of phenomena that are dramatically different from those observed in the systems where it is absent. This fact was first realized in the context of wave optics, where t... |
1,116,691,498,275 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
One of the most fundamental questions in quantum information concerns with the amount of information that can be transmitted reliably through a quantum channel. Despite of the significant progress in recent
years~\cite{Holevo06,KR01,Kin02,Kin03,FHMV,Sho02,HHH09,AHW00,Shor04,AB04,Has09,Yard08,Sh... |
1,116,691,498,276 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Statistical methodology for identifying periodicities in time series can provide meaningful information about the underlying physical process. Non-stationary behavior seems to be the norm rather than the exception for physiological time series as time-varying periodicities and other forms of ri... |
1,116,691,498,277 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
Many schemes for classifying galaxies have been presented over the years,
focusing on somewhat ephemeral properties such as morphology and color.
Alternatively, one may consider three fundamental physical parameters:
mass $M$, energy $E$, and angular momentum $J$.
Qualitatively,... |
1,116,691,498,278 | arxiv |
\section{Appendix A: Feynman Rules}
The Feynman diagrams at the tree level for two particles in the initial
state and three particles at the final state are classified physically into
three different topologies according to the interaction of the two initial
particles (or annihilation of particle-antiparticle pair) t... |
1,116,691,498,279 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper we give a proof of existence of normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds for maps. The construction is performed in the state space of the map. Assumptions needed for the proof are of twofold nature. First we require topological conditions which follow from suitable alignment of the... |
1,116,691,498,280 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:Introduction}
A crucial feature of most important real-world operations research
problems is that they tend to be computationally hard: It is highly
unlikely that there exists an ``ideal'' algorithm that will construct
a provably optimal solution in relatively short time, no matter wh... |
1,116,691,498,281 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction}}
\IEEEPARstart{I}{mage} segmentation, defined as the partition of the entire image into a set of regions, plays a vital role in a wide range of applications. Medical image segmentation is a crucial example of this domain and offers numerous benefits for clinical use. Aut... |
1,116,691,498,282 | arxiv | \section{Introduction
The well-known railroad crossing problem has been used as an example
for comparing various specification and validation methodologies; see
for example~\cite{HL,ORS} and the relevant references there. The
evolving algebras (EA) methodology has been used extensively for
specification and validatio... |
1,116,691,498,283 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The hard X-ray imaging by the {\em INTEGRAL} satellite \citep{winkler03} has been
uncovering a large number of hard X-ray sources. Since {\em INTEGRAL}'s launch
in 2002 October, 550 sources have been detected by the IBIS instrument in the
$\sim$20--50 keV band (based on version 29 of the ``G... |
1,116,691,498,284 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and motivation}
\emph{Dominating set problems} are among the most important class of combinatorial problems in graph optimization,
from a theoretical as well as from a practical point of view.
For a given graph $G = G(V,E)$, a subset $D\subset V$ of vertices is referred to as a \textit{dominatin... |
1,116,691,498,285 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
The study of the stellar content of galaxies, both in the local and early Universe, is fundamental to understand how they shape-up over cosmic time, as it provides key constraints on star formation rates, total stellar masses, chemical enrichment, and the stellar Initial Mass... |
1,116,691,498,286 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}
In their early months, human infants start experiencing with their own body, moving hands, touching objects, and interacting with people around. Such activities are part of an overall process of autonomous development (a.k.a. self-development), which lets them gradually de... |
1,116,691,498,287 | arxiv | \section*{Abstract (Not appropriate in this style!)}%
\else \small
\begin{center}{\bf Abstract\vspace{-.5em}\vspace{\z@}}\end{center}%
\quotation
\fi
}%
}{%
}%
\@ifundefined{endabstract}{\def\endabstract
{\if@twocolumn\else\endquotation\fi}}{}%
\@ifundefined{maketitle}{\def\maketitle#1{}}{}%
\@ifundef... |
1,116,691,498,288 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{S}tate-of-the-art robotic systems are less power efficient and robust than their natural counterparts. Indeed, a bee is capable of robust flight, obstacle avoidance, and cognitive capabilities with a brain that only consumes 10$\mu W$ of power. On the other hand, vehicles in the DAR... |
1,116,691,498,289 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Spin dynamics of hot electrons in solids is currently studied intensively \cite{1}. One expects on general grounds that the magnetism in excited non--equilibrium solids, ferromagnets, magnetic semiconductors, tunnel junctions and quantum--dots etc., is controlled by energy and angular momentum c... |
1,116,691,498,290 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{s.intro}
The existence of dark matter (DM) is firmly established by a myriad of astrophysical and cosmological observations \cite{Ade:2013zuv}. Nevertheless, the exact characteristics of dark matter particles remain almost completely mysterious. Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIM... |
1,116,691,498,291 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Advances in photon measurements have stimulated innovation in encrypted communications and information processing, distinguished by a single datum being encoded in a single photon \cite{Tittel:01,chen:06}.
As relevant techniques mature, accuracy in photon generation and detection is growing to co... |
1,116,691,498,292 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Predictive business process monitoring (\ppm) techniques predict future process behaviour to improve operational business processes~\cite{maggi.2014}. %
A \ppm{} technique constructs predictive models from historical event log data~\cite{marquez.2017} to tackle different prediction tasks like pr... |
1,116,691,498,293 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:level1}Introduction}
Heteroarenes containing a subset of B, N, O, P, and S atoms are very versatile organic compounds exhibiting useful mechanical, optoelectronic, chemisorption and catalytic properties\cite{wong2006modulation,marcon2007tuning,campbell2010hydrogen,jiang2013heteroarenes,al2014water,h... |
1,116,691,498,294 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
\subsection{The extension complexity of hypersimplices}
The \Defn{extension complexity} or \Defn{nonnegative rank} $\rkN(P)$ of a
convex polytope $P$ is the minimal number of facets (i.e., describing linear
inequalities) of an extension, a polytope $\ext{P}$ that linearly proje... |
1,116,691,498,295 | arxiv | \section{CONCLUSIONS}
We have studied multi-agent discrete-event systems that can be divided into several groups of independent and similar agents. We have employed a relabeling map to generate template structures, based on which scalable supervisors are designed whose state sizes and computational process are indepen... |
1,116,691,498,296 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Fine-grained entity typing (FET) aims to classify entity mentions to a fine-grained semantic label set, e.g., classify ``\textit{FBI agents}" in ``\textit{They were arrested by \textbf{FBI agents}.}" as \{\textit{organization, administration, force, agent, police}\}. By providing fine-grained sem... |
1,116,691,498,297 | arxiv | \subsection*{Acknowledgements}
We thank K. Sliwa, A. Narla, and L. Sun for helpful discussions. This research was supported by the U.S. Army Research Office (W911NF-14-1-0011). A.P. was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (PHY-1309996). S.M.G. acknowledges additional support from NSF DMR-1301798. Faci... |
1,116,691,498,298 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Static and spherically symmetric solutions in General Relativity are relatively easy to construct and in many cases the equations can be reduced to some quadratures, if not exactly solvable. For example, the Reissner-Nordestr\o m (RN) black hole can be straightforwardly generalized to higher dim... |
1,116,691,498,299 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Time averaged potentials (TAP) offer a versatile tool for trapping both
charged and neutral particles. For neutral atoms the most common example in
this class of traps is the Time-averaged Orbiting Potential (TOP) which was
used in the experiments in which the first Bose-Einstein condensate... |
1,116,691,498,300 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
As first claimed by Euler in 1741 \cite{Eul}, and proved by Hierholzer and Wiener in 1873 \cite{HieWie}, it is now well known that a connected graph admits an Euler tour --- that is, a closed walk traversing each edge exactly once --- if and only if it has no vertices of odd degree. In this pa... |
1,116,691,498,301 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
\def\arabic{section}.\arabic{equation}{\arabic{section}.\arabic{equation}}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
Pion-nucleon scattering is a fundamental process involving the lightest meson and baryon. Therefore, at low energies it is amenable to be studied by the
low-energy effective fie... |
1,116,691,498,302 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Colorectal cancer is a serious threat to human health, with the third highest morbidity and mortality among all cancers~\cite{siegel2020cancer}. As one of the most critical precursors of this disease, polyp localization and segmentation play a key role in the early diagnosis and treatment of colo... |
1,116,691,498,303 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recently, voice assistants have become a staple in the flagship products of many big technology companies such as Google, Apple, Amazon, and Microsoft. One challenge for voice assistant products is that the language that a speaker is using needs to be preset. To improve user experience on this a... |
1,116,691,498,304 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Euler systems (of rank $1$) were introduced by Kolyvagin in order to study the structure of Selmer groups.
The definition of Euler system says nothing about $L$-values. However, once we get an Euler system which related to a certain $L$-value, we obtain an upper bound of the order of a Selmer ... |
1,116,691,498,305 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\label{S-Introduction}
Our need to measure the magnetic field
threading the solar corona has never been more urgent. Society
depends on electrical
infrastructure in space and on the ground to an unprecedented and ever-increasing degree. The greatest single source of electrical perturbat... |
1,116,691,498,306 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $X$ be a topological space and for $x\in X$ let $\mathcal{N}_x$ denote
the family of all open neighborhoods of $x$ in $X$. For a nonempty subset $A$
of $X$ we denote by $\mathcal{U}_A$ the set of all families
$\mathcal{U}=\{U_a: a\in A, U_a\in\mathcal{N}_a\}$ and by
$\mathcal{C}_A... |
1,116,691,498,307 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
An inverse problem of signal processing
is to reconstruct the original information from its degraded
version. It is not limited to image processing, but it often
arises in the image processing.
When a natural image is reconstructed, the reconstructed
image sometimes does not look natural while it... |
1,116,691,498,308 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
One salient feature of human intelligence is the ability to perform well in a single attempt at a new task instance, by recognizing critical characteristics of the instance and immediately executing appropriate behavior based on experience in similar instances.
Artificial agents must do likewise ... |
1,116,691,498,309 | arxiv | \section[short title]{Introduction}
\bigskip
Technicolor with scalars is a very simple and calculable kind of
technicolor model, in which a scalar doublet with a positive mass
squared is introduced to couple the technifermions with the ordinary
fermions. When the technicolor interaction becomes strong and
techn... |
1,116,691,498,310 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Dirac equation on Minkowski space ${\mathbb M}$ can be written in the form $i\gamma^\alpha\partial_\alpha\psi=m\psi$. The gamma matrices $\gamma^\alpha$ give a representation of the Clifford algebra on ${\mathbb M}$. These matrices act on a complex four dimensional vector space $V$, and sp... |
1,116,691,498,311 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Over the years, the size of language models have grown exponentially~\citep{2018Amodei,2020arXiv200705558T,bender_gebru_2021}. Additional parameters have improved quality on a variety of downstream NLP tasks, but drive up the cost of training~\citep{2014Horowitz,strubelL2019energy,patterson2021ca... |
1,116,691,498,312 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
There is a relatively long history for (Abelian or Non-Abelian)
Chern-Simons (CS) theory and its relevant theories to become popular
in physics. At early stage they appeared as the
high-temperature limit of four dimensional field models, where
Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory can be regarded as an e... |
1,116,691,498,313 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{Introduction}
The number of lithium-ion BESS projects in operation, under construction, and in the planning stage grows steadily around the world due to the improvements of technology \cite{Ziegler2020}, economy of scale \cite{Mauler2021}, bankability \cite{Bonomi2020}, and new regulatory ... |
1,116,691,498,314 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Introduction}
The emergence of edge computing, which brings the analytics, decision making, automation and security tasks close to the source of data and applications, has raised new opportunities and challenges in the area of IoT and embedded systems. This new computing trend enables... |
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