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1,116,691,499,415
arxiv
\section{Introduction.} We consider the kinetic Ising model in ${\mathbb Z}^d$ under a small positive magnetic field in the limit of vanishing temperature and we study the relaxation of the system starting from the metastable state where all the spins are set to minus. An introduction of the metastability problem is p...
1,116,691,499,416
arxiv
\section*{Results} \subsection*{Model Description} \begin{figure*}[h] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{fig_Schematic.pdf} \caption{Schematic representation of the model with its main geometrical parameters. (\textit{A}) Two adjacent stereocilia are represented with their basal elastic linkages to the ...
1,116,691,499,417
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Cygnus X-1, the only Galactic X-ray binary with a high mass companion where existing observations require a black hole for the compact object, was first discovered in 1962 (Cowley 1992, and references therein). In addition to the well-established high mass function found with optical observ...
1,116,691,499,418
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A number of authors have argued that, at sub-Eddington accretion rates, the gravitational potential energy released by turbulent stresses in an accretion flow may be stored as thermal energy, rather than being radiated (Ichimaru 1977; Rees et al. 1982; Narayan \& Yi 1994, 1995; Abramowicz et al....
1,116,691,499,419
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Graphene, an atomic layer of graphite that supports massless Dirac fermions, displays remarkable and promising electronic properties. Recently there is increasing interest in bilayers and few layers of graphene, where the physics and applications of graphene become richer, with, e.g., a tunab...
1,116,691,499,420
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \setcounter{footnote}{1} Mirror symmetry of Calabi-Yau manifolds is one of the remarkable predictions of type II string theory. The $(2,2)$ superconformal field theory associated with a string propagating on a Ricci-flat K\"ahler manifold has a $U(1)_L\times U(1)_R$ R-symmetry group, and the Hodg...
1,116,691,499,421
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{s:intro} The existence of a supermassive BH in the centers of galaxies is well-established \citep{Kormendy95, Richstone, Kormendy01}. Strong links exist between the supermassive BH and host galaxy properties, as evidenced by the BH mass-stellar velocity dispersion ($\Mbh-\sigma$) relat...
1,116,691,499,422
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} The Underactuated Lightweight Tensegrity Robotic Assistive Spine (ULTRA Spine) is an ongoing project to develop a flexible, actuated spine for quadruped robots. This involves creating a control system for the spine's cables, so that it can perform the necessary bending motions. The spine is made...
1,116,691,499,423
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection*{Superstring scattering amplitudes} In (super)string perturbation theory one of the main questions is finding an explicit expression for the string measure to an arbitrary loop (genus) order. For the bosonic string, the infinite-dimensional integral over the space of possible worldsh...
1,116,691,499,424
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A question of interest in a wide range of problems in economics and operations research is whether the solution to an optimization problem is monotone with respect to its parameters. The analysis of this question is called \emph{comparative statics}.\protect\footnote{ See \cite{topkis2011supermod...
1,116,691,499,425
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Various mechanisms may trigger star formation on the borders of H\,{\sc{ii}}\ regions (see the review by Elmegreen~\cite{elm98}). All rely on the high-pressure exerted by the warm ionized gas on the surrounding cold neutral material. These mechanisms differ in their assumptions concerning the ...
1,116,691,499,426
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Technological advances in quantum computing and quantum communication have accelerated in recent years, putting a number of high-stakes applications in the realm of the potential near future. One such application is quantum key distribution, a protocol in which a secret key is distributed to two...
1,116,691,499,427
arxiv
\section{Hamiltonians for three band models having non-trivial Euler class}\label{sec:models} We here briefly comment on the explicit models of the main text that were derived using the techniques of Ref. \cite{newpaperfragile}. These include systems having Euler class $\xi=2,4$ and different spectral orderings of the ...
1,116,691,499,428
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The transition from quantum to classical physics and classicality of quantum systems continue to be among the most interesting problems in many fields of physics, for both conceptual and experimental reasons \cite{gi96,pa01,zu03}. Two conditions are essential for the classicality of a quantum sy...
1,116,691,499,429
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The first \emph{quantum affine $W$-algebra}, the so called Zamolodchikov $W_3$-algebra \cite{Zam85}, appeared in the physics literature in the study of 2-dimensional Conformal Field Theory. Further generalizations of this algebra were provided soon after \cite{FL88,LF89}. ...
1,116,691,499,430
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Without question one of the most unexpected developements in general relativity was the realisation that there exists a close relationship between certain laws of classical black hole (BH) physics and the laws of thermodynamics (\cite{Bard1}). This fundamental connection was first described by B...
1,116,691,499,431
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $\theta$ be a transcendental complex number. The function $\Phi:\N\times \R_{>0}\longrightarrow \R_{>0}$ is a transcendental measure for $\theta$ if, for any sufficiently large positive integer $m$, any sufficiently large positive real number $H$ and any nonzero polynomial $P(z)\in \Z[z]$ wi...
1,116,691,499,432
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In the context of greener and more cost-effective aviation, industrial and academic researchers have proposed and studied a wide range of control methods mainly over the past three decades. Unfortunately, hardly any offers realistic prospects of being implemented in practice. This applies, in pa...
1,116,691,499,433
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Although we are still trying to understand how confinement arises in QCD, we know that under normal conditions the running coupling is large at low energies, causing quark and gluons to be confined. However, when exposed to extreme conditions such as very high temperatures or densities, quarks a...
1,116,691,499,434
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The elliptic quantum group has been proposed in papers \cite{FIJKMY, Felder, Fronsdal, EF, JKOS1}. There are two types of elliptic quantum groups, the vertex type ${\cal A}_{q,p}(\widehat{sl_N})$ and the face type ${\cal B}_{q,\lambda}({g})$, where ${g}$ is a Kac-Moody algebra associated with a ...
1,116,691,499,435
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Given two polytopes $P$ and $Q$, we can ask: What is a polytope $P'$ of largest volume such that $P'$ is similar to $P$ and contained in~$Q$. By ``similar'' we understand that $P'$ can be transformed into $P$ by a dilation and rigid motions. Instead of ``largest volume'' we might as well ask fo...
1,116,691,499,436
arxiv
\section{Introduction} One of the fundamental theoretical tools extensively used in every branch of natural sciences for modeling the evolution of natural phenomena are the continuously time evolving dynamical systems. In scientific applications they are extremely useful, and their usefulness is determined by t...
1,116,691,499,437
arxiv
\section{Introduction to JLab} The Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is devoted to the investigation of the electromagnetic structure of mesons, nucleons, and nuclei using high energy and high duty-cycle electron and photon b...
1,116,691,499,438
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The object of this paper is a review and a complement of our results in \cite{ANO2}, \cite{ANO3}, \cite{ANH} and \cite{ANH1}. All considered objects are smooth. Let $M$ be a connected paracompact differentiable manifold of dimension $n\geq 2$, $J$ the vector $1-$form defining the tangent struc...
1,116,691,499,439
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Although no experimental evidence has yet been detected, it is possible that coordinates of spacetime are noncommutative \cite{snyder}. One theoretical support comes from the fact that field theories constructed on a Moyal space can be viewed as low-energy effective theories from open string theo...
1,116,691,499,440
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} In the algebra of symmetric functions there is interest in determining when two skew Schur functions are equal \cite{HDL, gut, HDL3, HDL2, vW}. The equalities are described in terms of equivalence relations on skew diagrams. It is consequently natural to investigate whether new ...
1,116,691,499,441
arxiv
\section{Introduction} An important part in the design of non-player characters (NPCs) in video-games has to do with the artificial intelligence (AI) of the characters in terms of their actions in the game. This amounts to handling a variety of problems that also involve low-level aspects of the game, including for...
1,116,691,499,442
arxiv
\section*{\refname}} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage{mathtools} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage{mathptmx} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{subcaption} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{subcaption} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{gensymb} \use...
1,116,691,499,443
arxiv
\chapter{Introduction} \REF\lovelace{C. Lovelace, ``Stability of String Vacua. 1. A New Picture of the Renormalization Group,'' Nucl. Phys. {\bf B273} (1986) 413.} \REF\banks{T. Banks and E. Martinec, ``The Renormalization Group And String Field Theory,'' Nucl. Phys. {\bf B294} (1987) 733.} \REF\hughes{J. Hughes, J. L...
1,116,691,499,444
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In new generation communication systems, the number of devices participating in the network grows exponentially. Furthermore, data rate requirements become challenging to satisfy as the network density increases. Standard cellular systems where a set of mobile stations (MSs) are served by a singl...
1,116,691,499,445
arxiv
\section{\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}{3.5ex plus 1ex minus .2ex}{2.3ex plus .2ex}{\large\bf}} \defAppendix{\arabic{section}} \def\arabic{subsection}{\arabic{subsection}} \def\arabic{subsubsection}{\arabic{subsubsection}} \def
1,116,691,499,446
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Group IV transition metals including titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), and hafnium (Hf) and their alloys have attracted enormous research and technological interests due to their excellent properties such as high strength-to-weight, high rigidity-to-weight ratio, low thermal neutron absorption cros...
1,116,691,499,447
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} Fermi surface nesting is a very popular and important concept in condensed matter physics~\cite{Khomskii_book2010}. The existence of two fragments of the Fermi surface, which can be matched upon translation by a certain reciprocal lattice vector (nesting vector), entails an instabi...
1,116,691,499,448
arxiv
\section{Introduction} As Metropolis {\it et al.} showed in 1953\cite{mrt}, Markov random walks can be used to sample the Boltzmann distribution thereby calculate thermodynamic properties of classical many-body systems. The algorithm they introduced is one of the most important and pervasive numerical algorithms used o...
1,116,691,499,449
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} {M}{achine} learning tools are not as widely used in psychology as in health and medicine. This is asserted by the fact that the interaction between cognition and emotion is not yet fully understood \cite{Taylor2005313}. Machine learning in medical applications hel...
1,116,691,499,450
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} The NGS revolution has been contributing to decipher novel genes and genetic mechanism connected to cancer \cite{vogelstein2004cancer}. However, the always increasing amount of available genomics data together with new discoveries, is also posing new challenges to researc...
1,116,691,499,451
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \noindent Throughout this paper we consider finite (undirected) graphs that allow parallel edges and may have loops. Let $G = (V, E)$ be a graph with vertex set $V$ and edge set $E$. The order, size of $G$ and the number of connected components of $G$ are denoted by $n=n(G)$, $m=m(G)$ and $c...
1,116,691,499,452
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} In recent years, Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have been successfully applied to Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) for many well-resourced languages including Mandarin and English \cite{amodei2016deep, xiong2016achieving}. However, only a small portion of languages have clean s...
1,116,691,499,453
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} Coalescing binary neutron stars are among the most promising sources of gravitational waves for detection by interferometers such as LIGO and VIRGO \cite{LIGO92,thorne92}. Recent studies \cite{how-many} suggest that binary inspiral due to gravitational radiation reaction, and the eventual coale...
1,116,691,499,454
arxiv
\section{Introduction} $F$-manifolds have been introduced in \cite{HM} as a unifying geometric scheme that encompasses several areas of modern Mathematics, ranging from the theory of Frobenius manifolds to special solutions of the oriented associativity equations (\cite{LoMa2}), from quantum $K$-theory (\cite{lee}) t...
1,116,691,499,455
arxiv
\section{Introduction and background information} \label{Introduction} \noindent Nilpotent and locally nilpotent subgroups are proven to be very efficient means to study groups. In particular, the Fitting subgroup and the Frattini subgroup help in study of finite groups, while the Plotkin-Hirsch radical allows ...
1,116,691,499,456
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{} Impacts of network structures on the dynamical processes attract special attentions in recent years, to cite examples, the epidemic spreading on networks [1-3], the response of complex networks to stimuli [4,5] and the synchronization of dynamical systems on networks [6-9].In this pape...
1,116,691,499,457
arxiv
\section{\label{Introduction}Introduction} The demand for efficient optical detectors is constantly growing due to rapid developments in telecommunication, light imaging, detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems and other military and research fields \cite{Tosi, CAMPBELL2008221, bertone2007avalanche, Mitra2006, Williams20...
1,116,691,499,458
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Many intractable computational problems on graphs admit tractable algorithms when applied to trees or forests. \e{Tree decomposition} extracts a tree structure from a graph by grouping nodes into \e{bags} (where each bag is treated as a single node). The corresponding operation on hypergraphs ...
1,116,691,499,459
arxiv
\section{Introduction} For a set $\Omega\subset{\ensuremath{\mathbb R}}^d$ in $d=1,2$ dimensions, a quantizer is given by $N$ reproduction or quantization points $\ensuremath{\mathbf P }} % Vektorwertiges Ma{\ss=\{{\ensuremath{\mathbf p}}_1,\dots,{\ensuremath{\mathbf p}}_N\}\subset \ensuremath...
1,116,691,499,460
arxiv
\section{Introduction and Notation \subsection{Problem Formulation} We consider a homogeneous isotropic unsteady neutron transport equation in a two-dimensional unit plate $\Omega=\{\vx=(x_1,x_2):\ \abs{\vx}\leq 1\}$ with one-speed velocity $\Sigma=\{\vw=(w_1,w_2):\ \vw\in\s^1\}$ as \begin{eqnarray} \left...
1,116,691,499,461
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{s_intro} Super star cluster are found in various galaxies: starburst galaxies \citep[M82,][]{oc95,mccrady03,gs99}, interacting galaxies \citep[NGC4038/39, the Antennae,][]{whitmore95}, amorphous galaxies \citep[NGC1705][]{oc94}. Compared to the most massive clusters found in the Galaxy a...
1,116,691,499,462
arxiv
\section{Introduction} When bank borrowers get into trouble, the early detection of small changes in their financial situation can substantially reduce a bank's losses when precautionary steps are taken (e.g., lowering the borrower's credit limit). In fact, the ongoing monitoring of credit risk is an integral part of m...
1,116,691,499,463
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Availability of COVID-19 data is crucial for researchers and policymakers to understand the pandemic and react to it in real-time. However, unlike countries with well-defined data reporting mechanisms, pandemic data from India is available either through volunteer-driven ini...
1,116,691,499,464
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The merger of two neutron stars (NSs) are thought to be potential sources of producing gravitational-wave (GW) radiation and short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs; Berger 2014 for a review). The first ``smoking gun" evidence to support this hypothesis is the direct detection of GW170817 and its electromag...
1,116,691,499,465
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In an unpublished preprint \cite{kisinppmf}, Kisin introduces some $p$-adic period rings with an eye towards capturing periods for a certain class of overconvergent $p$-adic modular forms. The Fontaine-style functors associated to these rings are intended to be a sort of Betti realization for th...
1,116,691,499,466
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A silhouette is a subset of the plane that was traditionally obtained by copying on paper the shadow projected on a wall by a person placed in front of a point light source\footnote{\url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silhouette}}. In digital images, silhouettes of objects can be obtained by a ...
1,116,691,499,467
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The accreting millisecond pulsar \sax{} was the first X-ray binary discovered to pulsate in the millisecond range \citep{wijnands98}. It is a transient compact binary with a $\sim$2.01~hr orbital period \citep{chakra98} and an outburst recurrence time of approximately 2.5 years. \sax{} has bee...
1,116,691,499,468
arxiv
\section{introduction} Properties of unstable nuclei with large excess of proton or neutron are one of the most important current topics of nuclear physics. In several radioactive beam facilities in the world, many unstable nuclei far from the $\beta$-stability line have been discovered\cite{T8588,Oza94,Oza01,Jon0...
1,116,691,499,469
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} \IEEEPARstart{A}{s}\footnote{S. Neogi, J. Dauwels, "PedAI: Smart Pedestrian Interactions for AV and ADAS", Singapore patent application number: 10202008970S. Filed 14th Sep, 2020.} we enter the era of autonomous driving with the first ever self-driving taxi launched in ...
1,116,691,499,470
arxiv
\section{Proof of Theorem \ref{thm:1}} \label{sec:proof} Consider two classes $X$ and $Y$ that have the same distribution (covering the same region) and have sufficient data points. Suppose $X$ and $Y$ have $N_x$ and $N_y$ data points, and assume the sampling density ratio is $\frac{N_y}{N_x} =\alpha$. Before providin...
1,116,691,499,471
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} The unprecedented statistical precision that upcoming large-scale structure surveys are expected to attain requires cosmologists to develop equally precise methods to predict the various observables. The simplest and most widely applied way to describe the statistical informatio...
1,116,691,499,472
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Biological membranes are permeable barriers which separate cells from their exterior, and consist of various molecules such as proteins embedded within a lipid bilayer structure. They are of partiular mathematical interest since they can exhibit a variety of shape transition behaviour such as bud...
1,116,691,499,473
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \begin{figure}[thbp] \centering \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{0.1cm} \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{figure/first.pdf} \caption{Illustration of the gaze object prediction approaches. (a) Previous gaze prediction methods use two separate backbones to tackle scene image and head image, respect...
1,116,691,499,474
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The concept of primordial black holes (PBHs), associated with comparatively large density fluctuations at the early stages of the evolution of the universe, was introduced by Zel'dovich and Novikov \cite{Zeldovich:1967lct} and later theorized in details by S. W. Hawking and B. ...
1,116,691,499,475
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{s1} The phenomenon of Anderson localization of a quantum particle or a classical wave in a random environment is one of the central discoveries made by condensed matter physics in the second half of the last century. \cite{Anderson58} Although more than fifty years have passed since Ande...
1,116,691,499,476
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Pulsars are rotating neutron stars, spinning down as they lose their rotational energy in the form of a pair-plasma wind, $\gamma$- and X-rays, and radio waves. Millisecond pulsars (MSPs), with periods $\lesssim 20$ ms and fields $\sim 10^8$ G, have long been thought to be old pulsars spun up by...
1,116,691,499,477
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A \emph{cluster modular group}, defined in ~\cite{FG09}, is a group associated with a combinatorial data called a \emph{seed}. An element of the cluster modular group is a finite composition of permutations of vertices and \emph{mutations}, which preserves the \emph{exchange matrix} and induces ...
1,116,691,499,478
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{intro} \sid{Empirical studies} \cite{kunegis:2013} suggest that the distribution of in- and out-degrees of the nodes of many social networks have Pareto-like tails. The indices of these distributions \sid{control the likelihood of nodes with large degrees appearing in the data.} \sid{Som...
1,116,691,499,479
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a valuable diagnostic imaging modality that provides excellent spatial resolution with a superior soft-tissue contrast. However, MRI is an inherently slow acquisition process as the data sampling is carried out sequentially in k-space a...
1,116,691,499,480
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Wormholes (WH) are tunnels in the spacetime topology connecting different regions of spacetime. Einstein Rosen bridge proposed by Einstein and Rosen \cite{ER1935} was first scientific work on WH solution in the framework of General Relativity. Einstein Rosen bridge was, however, not traversable ...
1,116,691,499,481
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In recent years, abstractive summarization \cite{Abstractive} has made impressive progress with the development of sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) framework \cite{seq2seq1,seq2seq2}. This framework is composed by an encoder and a decoder. The encoder processes the source text and extracts the nece...
1,116,691,499,482
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Electronic-structure simulations have a profound impact on many scientific fields, from condensed-matter physics to chemistry, materials science, and engineering~\cite{marzari_electronic-structure_2021}. One of the main reasons for this is the accuracy and efficiency of Kohn-Sham density-funct...
1,116,691,499,483
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \IEEEPARstart{N}{etworked} control of systems has gained a lot of attention in recent years. By eliminating unnecessary wiring, the cost and complexity of a control system are reduced, and nodes can more easily be added to or removed from the system. More importantly, there are applications in wh...
1,116,691,499,484
arxiv
\section{Model} \begin{itemize} \item Ultrathin film is composed of $N$ infinite monolayers; \item the interaction fields $h$ between spin magnetic moments of the atoms are distributed randomly, and the interaction is realized only between the nearest neighbors; \item spin magnetic moments are oriented...
1,116,691,499,485
arxiv
\section{THEORETICAL APPROACH} The fiber used in our experiment is a step-index non-zero dispersion shifted CLF which is widely been used in communication. The fiber exhibits effective mode area and numerical aperture (NA) of 72 $\mu m^{2}$ and 0.14, respectively at 1550 nm. Pumping below the cut-off wavelength of the...
1,116,691,499,486
arxiv
\section{ Main result } We work in the smooth category. An {\it $m$-component 2-(dimensional) link} is a closed oriented 2-submanifold $L=(K_1,...,K_m)$ $\subset S^4$ such that $K_i$ is diffeomorphic to $S^2$. If $m=1$, $L$ is called a {\it 2-knot} We say that 2-links $L_1$ and $L_2$ are {\it equivalen...
1,116,691,499,487
arxiv
\section{{Introduction}} Typical neural network training starts with random initialization and is trained until reaching convergence in some local optima. The final result is quite sensitive to the starting random seed as reported in \cite{picard2021torch,wightman2021resnet}, who observed 0.5\% difference in accurac...
1,116,691,499,488
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are large clouds of plasma and magnetic flux expelled from the Sun into the heliosphere. If directed towards Earth, they can cause significant space weather effects upon impact with the near-Earth environment. CMEs are believed to be ejected from the solar atmospher...
1,116,691,499,489
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Gravitational waves have been detected from coalescing black hole binaries \citep{DiscoveryPaper,LIGO-O1-BBH}. Over the next few years, ground-based gravitational wave detectors like LIGO and Virgo should detect the gravitational wave signal from many more similar merging compact binaries \...
1,116,691,499,490
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{Ciaramella_mini_10_sec:intro} \vspace*{-4mm} The goal of this work is to study the asymptotic optimality of spectral coarse spaces for two-level iterative methods. In particular, we consider a linear system $A \mathbf{u} = \mathbf{f}$, where $A \in \mathbb{R}^{n \times n}$ and $\mathbf{...
1,116,691,499,491
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} Routing of multiple vehicles is an important and difficult problem with applications in the logistic domain~\cite{schmid2013rich}, especially in the area of customer servicing~\cite{Flatberg2007}. In postal services, after-sales services, and in business to business deli...
1,116,691,499,492
arxiv
\section{Hermite analysis over $\R^n$} \label{sec:hermite} We consider functions $f : \R^n \to \R$, where we think of the inputs $x$ to $f$ as being distributed according to the standard $n$-dimensional Gaussian distribution $N(0,1)^n$. In this context we view the space of all real-valued square-integrable functions ...
1,116,691,499,493
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Polarization of starlight and of dust thermal emission are commonly used as observational tracers of interstellar magnetic field orientation, within the Milky Way as well as in external galaxies~\citep[see e.g.][]{Hiltner1949,Chapman2011,Sadavoy2018,Planck2018XII,Lopez-Rodriguez2019}. This polari...
1,116,691,499,494
arxiv
\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% {-3.5ex \@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex {2.3ex \@plus.2ex}% {\normalfont\large\bfseries}} \renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}% ...
1,116,691,499,495
arxiv
\section{Introduction} More than 15 years ago, cosmologists had a satisfying picture of how the universe worked, based on three main hypotheses: it was assumed that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large scales, that energy and momentum exist in the form of ``ordinary'' matter and radiation plus Cold Dark M...
1,116,691,499,496
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Bandit algorithms~\cite{thompson1933likelihood,robbins1952some,bubeck2012regret,slivkins2019introduction,lattimore2020bandit} provide an attractive model of learning for online platforms, and they are now widely used to optimize retail, media streaming, and news-feed. Each round of bandit learni...
1,116,691,499,497
arxiv
\section{Introduction} There have been consistent advancements in automatic text summarization due to its importance and relevance in modern natural language processing (NLP) applications. The task of single document summarization (SDS) remains a challenge for which various extractive and abstractive approaches have be...
1,116,691,499,498
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{s_intro} \addtocounter{footnote}{4} Star formation in other galaxies is typically identified by looking at tracers of young stellar populations, including either photoionizing stars, ultraviolet-luminous stars, and supernovae. The most commonly-used star formation tracers are ultraviolet...
1,116,691,499,499
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Circumventing exposure to an outbreak can require economic foresight and ambition. For managers of agricultural production facilities, biosecurity investment decisions can be challenging, as biosecurity practices are costly and the return on investment can be difficult to quantify (e.g., efficacy...
1,116,691,499,500
arxiv
\section{Introduction} At the Princeton Bicentennial Conference in $1946$, Tibor Rad{\'o} posed the problem to estimate the number of compact minimal surfaces bounded by one or more given Jordan curves in Euclidean three-space. We will answer this question of Rad{\'o} under the assumption that the surfac...
1,116,691,499,501
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A diod is constructed of one subsystem with extra electrons which are paired with extra holes in other subsystem. By applying one external force, these pairs are broken and an electrical current is produced. Until now, less discussions have been done on this subject. For example - the researche...
1,116,691,499,502
arxiv
\subsection*{Appendix A} \label{sec:AppendixA} In Section \ref{sec:RD} we provide a simple estimate of the relic density assuming that the annihilation cross section is dominated by direct annihilations of DM via the new Yukawa couplings $\Gamma_i$. The relic density is inversely proportional to the effective annihila...
1,116,691,499,503
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Partitioning algorithms play a key role in machine learning, signal processing and communications. Given a set $\mathbb{M}$ consisting of $M$ $N$-dimensional elements and a loss function over the subsets of $\mathbb{M}$, a $K$-optimal partition algorithm splits $\mathbb{M}$ into $K$ subsets suc...
1,116,691,499,504
arxiv
\section*{Abstract (Not appropriate in this style!)}% \else \small \begin{center}{\bf Abstract\vspace{-.5em}\vspace{\z@}}\end{center}% \quotation \fi }% }{% }% \@ifundefined{endabstract}{\def\endabstract {\if@twocolumn\else\endquotation\fi}}{}% \@ifundefined{maketitle}{\def\maketitle#1{}}{}% \@ifund...
1,116,691,499,505
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The Ricci flow $\tfrac{\partial}{\partial t}\mathrm g(t)=-2\operatorname{Ric}_{\mathrm g(t)}$ of Riemannian metrics on a smooth manifold is an evolution equation that continues to drive a wide range of breakthroughs in Geometric Analysis, see e.g.~\cite{bamler-survey} for a survey. One of the ke...
1,116,691,499,506
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} Intermediate-mass black holes (IMBH; $M_{BH} \sim 10^{2}-10^{4}M_{\odot}$) accreting gas from their surroundings have been postulated to explain the engines behind ultraluminous X-ray sources recently discovered in nearby galaxies (see Colbert \& Miller 2005, for a review). IMBHs would fill the ...
1,116,691,499,507
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Magnetic fields appear to play a crucial role in the evolution of gas in disc galaxies, from the diffuse interstellar medium \citep[ISM; see e.g. the reviews by][]{Crutcher12,Beck13} to dense molecular clouds (MCs) and star forming cores \citep[see e.g. the review by][]{Li14}. They can be observ...
1,116,691,499,508
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The ABJM theory is the three dimensional ${\cal N}=6\,\,$ $U(N)\times U(N)$ superconformal Chern-Simons theory with level $(k, -k)$ and dual to the type IIA string theory on AdS$_4\times \mathbb{CP}_3$ background \cite{ABJM}. Some test of this duality has been carried out largely based on th...
1,116,691,499,509
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The present article is concerned with mirror symmetry for generalized K3 surfaces, with particular emphasis on complex and K\"ahler rigid structures. A few important aspects of mirror symmetry for K3 surfaces are unified in the framework of generalized K3 surfaces. Mirror symmetry for a K3 sur...
1,116,691,499,510
arxiv
\section{Numerical flux, temporal scheme, and CFL condition employed in the numerical simulations}\label{app:numerics} This appendix aims to present the necessary details to compute the numerical flux, \red{boundary conditions}, the CFL condition, and the temporal discretization for the simulations in section \ref{sec:...
1,116,691,499,511
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Multiple pieces of evidence point to the presence of substantial past volcanic activity on Mars.\ This activity may in fact have been key in maintaining a sufficiently warm, dense, and moist palaeoclimate through greenhouse gas emission, thus allowing for a stable presence of surface liquid...
1,116,691,499,512
arxiv
\section{Abstract} The ALICE experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN is optimized to study the properties of the hot, dense matter created in high energy nuclear collisions in order to improve our understanding of the properties of nuclear matter under extreme conditions. In 2009 the first proton beams were c...
1,116,691,499,513
arxiv
\section{Introduction} One of the main open problems in modern cosmology is represented by the statistical characterization and the physical understanding of large scale galaxy structures. The first question in this context concerns the studies of galaxy correlation properties. Particularly two-point properties are ...
1,116,691,499,514
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Sensing and tracking of a moving object/human by a robot is an important topic of research in the field of robotics and automation for enabling collaborative work environments~\cite{mcclure2009darpa}, including for applications such as fire fighting and exploration of unknown terrains \cite{murph...