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1,477,468,750,581
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Oncolytic viruses constitute a class of targeted anticancer agents that have unique mechanisms of action compared with other therapies. The premise is to genetically engineer viral particles to selectively replicate in and lyse tumour cells. Over the past decade, hundreds of patients with cance...
1,477,468,750,582
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The generalized Chaplygin gas (GCG) model has lately drawn some attention, mainly because it allows for a unified description of dark matter and dark energy, the first dominating at early times and gradually transferring energy to the dark energy component \cite{Kamenshchik, Bertolami1}. The GCG...
1,477,468,750,583
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The theory of gauge fields is based on symmetry principles and the hypothesis of locality of fields. The principle of local gauge invariance determines all the forms of the interactions and allows the geometrical description of the interactions \cite{Utiy56}. However the quanti...
1,477,468,750,584
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In numerous low-mass X-ray binaries quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) between 300 and 1200 Hz have been discovered (the kHz QPOs; see van der Klis 1997 for a recent review on kHz QPOs). Here we present the search for kHz QPOs in the atoll sources GX 9$+$1 and GX 9$+$9. \section{Observations an...
1,477,468,750,585
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Extrasolar planets reveal orbital eccentricities much higher than those found among the planets of the Solar System, a deviation that in the beginning was considered so strange that it even lead some people to doubt whether the radial velocity exoplanet measurements actually showed real planets. ...
1,477,468,750,586
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Our object is a superposition of fundamental solutions for the \(p\)-Laplace Equation \begin{equation} \Delta_p u := \di \left(|\nabla u|^{p-2}\nabla u\right) = 0. \label{int.eq} \end{equation} Although the equation is non-linear, the function \[V(x) = \int_{\mathbb{R}^n}\frac{\rho(y)}...
1,477,468,750,587
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \section{Introduction: T2K and the near detector} T2K is a neutrino oscillation experiment that spans 295km across Japan \cite{t2kNIM}; the baseline is optimised to measure $\theta_{13}$ through electron neutrino ($\nu_e$) appearance in a predominantly muon neutrino ($\nu_{\mu}$) beam. The ne...
1,477,468,750,588
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Relation extraction (RE) aims to identify the semantic relations between named entities in text. While previous work \cite{zeng2014relation,zhang2015bidirectional,zhang2018graph} focuses on extracting relations within a sentence, a.k.a.~\emph{sentence}-level RE, recent studies \cite{verga2018sim...
1,477,468,750,589
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In recent years, {\em artificial neural networks} have been applied to ever more general problems, incorporating the most diverse operators and intricate architectures. Unlike the initial definitions~\cite{rumelhart1986learning}, which could be easily formalized as directed graphs, modern neur...
1,477,468,750,590
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} Planetesimal formation is one of the unsolved issues in planet formation theory. There are several obstacles to the planetesimal formation. One obstacle is self-induced turbulence \citep[e.g.,][]{Sekiya1998}. In a protoplanetary disk, sub-$\mathrm{\mu m}$-sized dust grains settl...
1,477,468,750,591
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} Distributions of genealogical features such as shapes, subtrees, and clades are of interest in phylogenetic and population genetics. By comparing biological data with these distributions, which can be derived from null models such as the Yule-Harding-Kingman (YHK) model and proport...
1,477,468,750,592
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \begin{figure*}[t] \includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig1} \caption{Schematic of the 2D periodic lattices considered in the main text: (a), the honeycomb lattice with alternating values of on-site potential along the $y$-direction; and, (b), the transformed version obtained by straightening...
1,477,468,750,593
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A spectacular dynamical layer decoupling of the transport properties accompanied by different types of order parameters (charge, spin and superconducting) developing together has been observed experimentally in the stripe-ordered (or nearly ordered) cuprate superconductor {La$_{2-x}$Ba$_x$Cu...
1,477,468,750,594
arxiv
\section{Proof of Theorem \ref{main}} Using \cite{L1} and \cite{L2}, we determined in \cite{BO2} the reflective index $i_r(M)$ of all irreducible Riemannian symmetrric spaces $M$ of noncompact type and the reflective submanifolds $\Sigma$ in $M$ for which $i_r(M) = \mbox{codim}(\Sigma)$. Using duality between Riemanni...
1,477,468,750,595
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} The phase-ordering dynamics of systems quenched from a high-temperature disordered state into an ordered state is a problem of great relevance in the description of out-of-equilibrium pattern formation \cite{REV}. One well established property is the onset of dynamic scaling, where the late-...
1,477,468,750,596
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} Clustering aims at partitioning the space creating sets or clusters of elements that are as coherent as possible within the cluster and as different as possible from the elements in the other clusters. It is an unsupervised learning technique for which the cluster assignment or cluster number is...
1,477,468,750,597
arxiv
\section{Performance Data} We perform 2 tasks, ingest data with insertMany with ordered=False and a conditional find on two indexed fields. These tasks are written in python using pymongo. The data we choose to ingest was time series metric data of Blue Waters compute nodes collected by OVIS. The data spans 5 years, s...
1,477,468,750,598
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Powerful deep neural networks (DNNs)' prohibitive complexity calls for hardware efficient DNN solutions \cite{eyeriss,10.1145/3210240.3210337,8050797}. When it comes to DNNs' hardware efficiency in IoT devices, the model complexity (e.g., bit-widths), dataflows, and hardware architectures are m...
1,477,468,750,599
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In discussing the strong interaction, it is customary to assume the validity of charge symmetry, which interchanges protons and neutrons (simultaneously interchanging up and down quarks). For example, all phenomenological analyses of deep inelastic scattering data in terms of parton distri...
1,477,468,750,600
arxiv
\section{Introduction} During two past decades a significant progress in control and manipulation of separate electrons within the solid state devices has been made. A single electron was trapped within a quantum dot \cite{tarucha} in a localized state. Monitoring the flow of current by resolving the passage of separat...
1,477,468,750,601
arxiv
\section{Description of the results} We consider a $(n+1+m)$--dimensional vector--field $N$ which, expressed in local coordinates $({\rm I}, y, {{\psi}})\in{\mathbb P}={\mathbb I}\times {\mathbb Y}\times {\mathbb T}^m$ (where ${\mathbb I}\subset{\mathbb R}^n$, ${\mathbb Y}\subset{\mathbb R}$ are open and connected; ${\...
1,477,468,750,602
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Leptogenesis \cite{fy} is a very appealing explanation of the baryon asymmetry of the Universe, the more so since it can also incorporate the origin of neutrino masses and mixings. In triplet see-saw models, a cosmological lepton asymmetry is produced by the decay of a heavy Higgs triplet, in pr...
1,477,468,750,603
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The quite deep issue of how to represent human knowledge in a way that is most useful for applications has been present in research for decades now. Often, knowledge representation is necessary in a context of incomplete information, whereby inductive processes are required in addition. As a ...
1,477,468,750,604
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \hspace*{1em}Let $\mathcal X$ be a smooth algebraic orbifold (Def.\ref{def al orb} and Remark \ref{remark alg orb}) over an algebraically closed field $k$. We consider the moduli functor $\mathcal M$ of modified slope (Def.\ref{def mslope}) semistable torsion free sheaves on $\mathcal X$. Followi...
1,477,468,750,605
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The estimation of various types of moments of the Riemann zeta-function has been intensely studied for the better part of a century. The zeta-function is given by \[ \zeta(s)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}n^{-s}, \] where $s=\sigma+it$ denotes a complex variable with real part $\sigma$ and imaginary ...
1,477,468,750,606
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} Radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGNs) that are characterised by extreme variability in their radio cores, high and variable polarization, superluminal jet speeds and compact radio emission, are collectively referred to as `blazars' \citep{AngelStockman80}. Blazars comprise flat-spectrum ra...
1,477,468,750,607
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{section:intro} Machine learning inform an increasingly large number of critical decisions in diverse settings. They assist medical diagnosis~\citep{mckinney2020international}, guide policing~\citep{meijer2019predictive}, and power credit scoring systems~\citep{tsai2008using}. While they h...
1,477,468,750,608
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} A common feature of social networks is trait-assortativity, the tendency of similar individuals to interact more intensely or frequently than dissimilar ones. Assortativity can be beneficial, allowing communities of individuals who share common beliefs or experiences to pursu...
1,477,468,750,609
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{Introduction} Electron-transfer (ET) chemical reactions in solution constitute a paradigmatic class of chemical reactions \cite{pauling1988general}. In the simplest case, an electron of charge $-e$ ($e$ is the elementary charge) is transferred from an anion $(A^-)$ to a cation $(C^+)$, fol...
1,477,468,750,610
arxiv
\section*{Acknowledgements} The authors would like to thank Xun Chen, Yu-Chen Wang, and Hai-Bo Yu for useful discussions. This work is supported by the Double First Class start-up fund (WF220442604), the Shanghai Pujiang Program (20PJ1407800), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12090064), and Chinese Ac...
1,477,468,750,611
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Chemical characterisation of exoplanetary atmospheres is rapidly entering a golden era. Robust detections of C, H, and O-bearing molecules from infrared spectroscopy are now commonplace \citep[e.g.][]{Snellen2010,Deming2013,Sing2016}. Optical transmission spectra have offered d...
1,477,468,750,612
arxiv
\section{Introduction} We consider the one-dimensional Euler-Poisson system in a non-dimensional form: \begin{subequations}\label{EP} \begin{align}[left = \empheqlbrace\,] & \rho_t + (\rho u)_x = 0, \label{EP_1} \\ & \rho(u_t + u u_x) + K\rho_x = - \rho\phi_x, \label{EP_2} \\ & - \phi_{xx} = \rho - e^\phi. \labe...
1,477,468,750,613
arxiv
\section{Introduction} It is an old problem to determine if given irrational value of a transcendental function is algebraic or transcendental for certain algebraic arguments; the algebraic values are particularly remarkable and worthy of thorough investigation, see [Hilbert 1902] \cite{Hil1}, p. 456. Onl...
1,477,468,750,614
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Non-Gaussian probability distributions are frequently observed in a variety of systems such as physical, chemical, economical and social systems. Known examples of non-Gaussian probability distributions are L\'evy $\alpha$-stable distributions, which can be defined by its Fourier transformation ...
1,477,468,750,615
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have the most of the outstanding properties of pristine graphene and a non-null bandgap that is edge-dependent and inversely proportional to the ribbon width~\cite{1,2,3}. GNRs have been fabricated by several methods, from top-down to chemical and bottom-up methods~\c...
1,477,468,750,616
arxiv
\section{0pt}{12pt plus 4pt minus 2pt}{0pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} \titlespacing\subsection{0pt}{12pt plus 4pt minus 2pt}{0pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} \titlespacing\subsubsection{0pt}{12pt plus 4pt minus 2pt}{0pt plus 2pt minus 2pt} \titlespacing\paragraph{0pt}{12pt}{12pt} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage[font=small,label...
1,477,468,750,617
arxiv
\section{\textbf{INTRODUCTION}} Quantum mechanics was originated in two principally different forms: the matrix mechanics of Heisenberg and the wave mechanics of Schr\"{o}dinger. Both forms are equivalent in general and are the complement of one another. Latter Feynman \cite{F} proposed a third formulation in terms of...
1,477,468,750,618
arxiv
\section{\label{sec:level1}First-level heading:\protect\\ The line The interest in antiferromagnetic (AF) spintronics is stimulated by an increasing number of reports on different scenarios of manipulation of the N\'eel vector. Current-driven methods include spin-orbit torque commensurate with spin directions \c...
1,477,468,750,619
arxiv
\section{Introduction} As of 1st January 2021, there are nearly three million Android apps available on the official Google Play app store. The majority of them (over 95\%) are made freely accessible to Android users and cover every aspect of users' daily life, such as supporting social networking, online shopping, b...
1,477,468,750,620
arxiv
\section{Derivation of the update matrices}\label{section_derivation} Analogously to the DQNN update rule presented in \cite{Beer2020} the unitaries will be updated through \begin{equation*} U_j^l(t+\epsilon)=e^{i\epsilon K_{j}^l(t)} U_j^l(t). \end{equation*} We will derive the update matrices in general in \cref{pro...
1,477,468,750,621
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In recent years, accelerating electromagnetic fields, i.e., solutions of Maxwell's equation, which propagate along curved trajectories in free space, without being subject to an external force, have been the subject of a rather intensive research. The archetype of accelerating beam, is surely the...
1,477,468,750,622
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} To each integer $n$ we assign a positive random integer $a_n$. Then, $n$ is mapped $a_n$ units to the right. Given a probability space $(\Omega,\mathcal{F},\mathbb P)$ supporting the random sequence $\{a_n\}_{n\in \mathbb Z}$, we consider the function $f: \Omega\times \mathbb Z\to \mathbb Z$ de...
1,477,468,750,623
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In uniform random permutations, long cycles occupy almost all the available space. Indeed, it is a standard textbook exercise to show that in a permutation of length $n$, the probability to find an index $i$ in a cycle of length $k$ is equal to $1/n$, which in turn means that cycles of a lengt...
1,477,468,750,624
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{s:introduction} IGRJ17361-4441 is a hard X-ray transient source first observed by \citet{gibaud2011} with the IBIS/ISGRI telescope \citep{ubertini2003} onboard the {\it INTEGRAL} satellite \citep{winkler2003} and was quickly recognized to be hosted in the galactic globular cluster NGC 63...
1,477,468,750,625
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{s1} This note deals with the correlation functions and distribution functions of binary sequences. The purpose is to improve the current theoretical results for the Mobius sequence $\{\mu(n): n\geq 1 \}$ and the Liouville sequence $\{\lambda(n): n\geq 1 \}$. Given a large number $x\ge...
1,477,468,750,626
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The world continues to struggle in containing and controlling the COVID-19 pandemic by applying different measures such as lockdown or remote-work to contain the virus spread at the cost of straining their economy. Although the situation has been improved significantly since the declaration of ...
1,477,468,750,627
arxiv
\subsubsection{Performance Anomaly} \input{anomaly-RT} \subsubsection{Reliability Anomaly} \input{anomaly-EC} \subsubsection{Traffic Anomaly} \input{anomaly-QPS} \subsection{Target System} The e-commerce system of Alibaba has more than 846 millions monthly active users. It adopts the microservice architecture an...
1,477,468,750,628
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $\ensuremath{\bold{k}}$ denote a base field, algebraically closed of characteristic $p>0$. In \cite{Hen}, all graded cocommutative connected Hopf algebras of dimension less than or equal to $p^3$ are classified by using W.M.~Singer's theory of extensions of connected Hopf algebras \cite{WMS}....
1,477,468,750,629
arxiv
\section{\label{}} \section{Introduction} The LHCb experiment has been conceived to study CP violation and other rare phenomena in the B-meson decays with very high precision. The experiment is at the moment in the last phase of its construction, and is expected to be fully operational when the LHC machine will deliv...
1,477,468,750,630
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{SecIntro} For $p$ prime and $n\in\mathbb{N}=\{0,1,2,3,\ldots\}$, the exponent of the highest power of $p$ that divides $n$ is called the \textit{$p$-adic valuation of $n$}, which we denote $\nu_{p}(n)$. The valuation of $0$ is defined to be $+\infty$. Formally, the valuation of a positive i...
1,477,468,750,631
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}} \IEEEPARstart{E}{motions} play a large role in our lives, defining our experiences and shaping how we view the world and interact with other humans. Perceiving the emotions of social partners helps us understand their behaviors and decide our actions towards them. For e...
1,477,468,750,632
arxiv
\section*{Appendix} The polarization function $\Pi_{\mathrm{v}}(q)$ shown in Fig.2 is defined as \begin{eqnarray} \Pi_{\mathrm{v}}(q) &=&-N\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}\int\frac{d^3p}{(2\pi)^3} \mathrm{Tr}\left[\gamma_{0}G_{0}(k+q)\gamma_{0}G_{0}(k+p+q)\gamma_{0}\right. \nonumber \\ &&\left.\times G_{0}(k+p)\ga...
1,477,468,750,633
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The several decades of investment in earth observation has made available many satellite and aerial sensors with always finer resolution and shorter revisiting time, marking remote sensing as a very important tool for remote earth investigation. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) a...
1,477,468,750,634
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $H\subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$ be a finite set and denote by \begin{equation} \mathrm{int.cone}(H):=\{\lambda_1x_1+\cdots+\lambda_kx_k\mid x_1,\ldots,x_k\in H, \lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_k\in \mathbb{Z}_{\geq 0}\} \end{equation} the integer cone generated by $H$. The \emph{Carath\'eodory rank} of $...
1,477,468,750,635
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} With the rapid advancement of deep learning technologies, various end-to-end learned image/video codecs have been developed~\cite{balle2018, minnen, cheng2020} to rival their handcrafted counterparts such as JPEG, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)~\cite{hevc}, and Versatile ...
1,477,468,750,636
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} QCD is the accepted underlying theory of the strong interactions, and the properties of the spectrum and interactions of hadrons should be calculable from it using a suitable regularization scheme for the quark and gluon fields. A particularly convenient approach is to consider ...
1,477,468,750,637
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Sampling zero-one constrained contingency tables finds its applications in combinatorics \cite{Huber06}, statistics of social networks \cite{chen2007, Snijders1991}, and regulatory networks \cite{Dinwoodie2008}. In 2005, Chen et al.\ introduced a sequential importance sampling (SIS) procedure...
1,477,468,750,638
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} One of the first steps toward understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies is a determination of the radial distribution of mass within a representative sample of systems. The rotational balance of stars and gas in the plane of a disk galaxy offers a powerful probe of its...
1,477,468,750,639
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In the fundamental paper \cite{Gr69} of 1968, Grothendieck states a series of conjectures concerning the existence of certain algebraic cycles on smooth projective algebraic varieties over an algebraically closed ground fields. Those are known as the standard conjectures. In particular, given su...
1,477,468,750,640
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Services are being moved from the cloud to the edge of the network. This migration is due to several reasons: lack of trust on the cloud provider~\cite{baumann2015shielding}, energy savings~\cite{lyu2018selective,ning2019green} or willing to reclaim control over data and code. Edge devices are...
1,477,468,750,641
arxiv
\section{Introduction} B-physics has been reserved an important role in the exciting programme to be developed at the Large Hadron Collider or LHC along the 21st century. As an example, the ATLAS TDR \cite{tdr} collects a large number of topics related to charm and beauty flavours allowing precise tests of the Stand...
1,477,468,750,642
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \section{$\psi(4040)/\psi(4160) \to \eta J/\psi$ } Experimentally well established structures $\psi(4040)$, $\psi(4160)$, and $\psi(4415)$ resonances above the $D\bar{D}$ production threshold are of great interest but not well understood, even decades after their first observation. BESIII ...
1,477,468,750,643
arxiv
\section{Introduction and preliminaries} The study of disjointness in hypercyclicity was initiated in 1970 by Bernal-Gonz\'{a}lez \cite{B1} and B\`{e}s and Peris \cite{BP}, respectively. Since then, disjoint hypercyclicity was investigated by many authors, we recommend \cite{BMP}, \cite{BMS}, \cite{BMPS}, \cite{Sh...
1,477,468,750,644
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Time-series data is frequently used in various real-world systems, especially in multivariate scenarios such as server machines, water treatment plants, spacecraft, etc. Detecting an anomalous event in such time-series data is crucial to managing those systems~\cite{su2019smdomnianomaly,mathur20...
1,477,468,750,645
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The emergence of autonomous vehicles (AVs) in urban networks leads to new operational challenges that have received a growing attention over the past few years. Of particular interest is the future paradigm wherein legacy (or human-operated) vehicles have been fully replaced with AVs. In this ...
1,477,468,750,646
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} Quantum phase transition (QPT) \cite{sachdev_2011}, as a fundamental phenomenon in quantum physics, is characterized by the sudden change of the ground states of quantum systems, induced by the change of system parameters. In general, a quantum system occurred phase transition needs to reach a t...
1,477,468,750,647
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} Let $X$ be a smooth projective variety over an algebraically closed field $\mathbb{K}$ of characteristic 0. If $X$ has trivial canonical bundle (torsion is enough), then the deformations of $X$ are unobstructed: this is the well known Bogomolov-Tian-Todorov theorem. The first proofs of this...
1,477,468,750,648
arxiv
\section{Introduction} General Relativity is one of the most successful theories of nature, but there are compelling reasons to explore modifications to the behaviour of gravity on both large and small scales. Most of the precise predictions of General Relativity have consistently been demonstrated experimentally: amo...
1,477,468,750,649
arxiv
\section{Introduction} This paper introduces an event-based method to detect and track faces from the output of an event-based camera (samples are shown in Fig.\ref{fig:overview}). The method exploits the dynamic nature of human faces to detect, track and update multiple faces in an unknown scene. Although face detecti...
1,477,468,750,650
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Gravitational wave (GW) \citep{Einstein:1918btx} are a new multi-frequency observational probe of the Universe which will explore a vast range of cosmological redshifts. The GW signal can be produced from astrophysical sources such as black holes (BHs), neutron stars (NSs), white dwarfs (WDs), s...
1,477,468,750,651
arxiv
\section{Belavin-Drinfeld triples} Let $(e_i), 1 \leq i \leq n,$ be a basis for $\mathbb C^n$. Set $\Gamma = \{e_i - e_{i+1}: 1 \leq i \leq n-1\}$. We will use the notation $\alpha_i \equiv e_i - e_{i+1}$. Let $( , )$ denote the inner product on $\mathbb C^n$ having $(e_i)$ as an orthonormal basis. \begin{defe} A ...
1,477,468,750,652
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Why there is so little anti-matter in the Universe, and why the matter coalesced in the way it did are two of the major problems facing cosmology. Predictably, both have attracted a great deal of attention spawning a panoply of explanations and theories. Some of these theories involve objects kn...
1,477,468,750,653
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} Despite numerous studies of gravitational instabilities in protoplanetary disks (e.g., Boss 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005; Pickett et al.~1998, 2000b, 2003; Balbus \& Papaloizou 1999; Nelson et al.~2000; Gammie 2001; Johnson \& Gammie 2003; Rice et al.~2003, 2004, 2005; Mayer et al.~2004, 2007; L...
1,477,468,750,654
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection{Motivation from evolutionary game theory and random polynomial theory} Large random systems, in particular random polynomials and systems of random polynomials, arise naturally in a variety of applications in physics (such as in quantum chaotic dynamics \cite{Bogomolny1992}), biology ...
1,477,468,750,655
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} Contacts of surfaces at the atomic length scale are crucial in many modern applications, from experimental techniques such as nanoindentation~\cite{landman_atomistic_1990, oliver_measurement_2004, fischer-cripps_nanoindentation_2004} or atomic/friction force microscopy (AFM/FFM)~...
1,477,468,750,656
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} \input{sections/introduction} \section{Related Work} \label{sec:related_work} \input{sections/related_work} \section{The Fishbowl Dataset} \label{sec:dataset} \input{sections/dataset} \section{A multi-stage approach for unsupervised scene modelling} \label{sec:method}...
1,477,468,750,657
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{scn:intro} The use of computational complexity theory to study the inherent difficulty of computational problems has proven remarkably fruitful over the last decades. For example, the theory of NP-completeness~\cite{C72,L73,K72} has helped classify the worst-case complexity of hundreds of c...
1,477,468,750,658
arxiv
\section{Introduction} GRO\,J1008$-$57\ is a transient high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) system with a neutron star primary and a Be companion. It was discovered by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment aboard the \textit{Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory} during a 1.4 Crab giant outburst in July 1993 \citep{Stollberg:93...
1,477,468,750,659
arxiv
\section{ Neutrino -- Two-Photon Vertex in Vacuum} The electroweak process of the transition of two gammas to the neutrino -- antineutrino pair is described by two Feynman diagrams with charged fermions in the loop and with the photon interchange. \def\markphotonatomur{\begin{picture}(2,2)(0,0) ...
1,477,468,750,660
arxiv
\section{Introduction} While there is no evidence of the presence of primordial antimatter in the universe, the amount of primordial matter, i.e. baryons, has been determined quite precisely from two independent observables. From the measurements of the primordial deuterium abundance of the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis ...
1,477,468,750,661
arxiv
\section{ Numerical Details } In order to solve the equation, \begin{equation}\label{eq:continuity} \nabla\cdot\left(n({\bf r},t)\nabla \alpha({\bf r},t)\right)= - \frac{\partial}{\partial {t}}n({\bf r},t) \end{equation} we construct the explicit matrix representation of the operator $ \nabla\cdot\left(n({\bf r},...
1,477,468,750,662
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Dispersion forces arise between any two polarizable media, and are therefore ubiquitous in nature. Even if their strength is often relatively weak at short range\cite{derjaguin87}, they appear to have a significant contribution to the explanation of a wide range of phenomena \cite{israelachv...
1,477,468,750,663
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{intro} In the last decade or so gravitationally lensed QSOs, both doubles and quads, have been used mostly for the determination of the Hubble parameter (see \citet{coles08} for the latest work, and summary of earlier results), and for the estimation of the mass distribution in the lens...
1,477,468,750,664
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} \IEEEPARstart{I}{n} the context of exploration, ergodic trajectory optimization computes control laws that drive a dynamic system along trajectories such that the amount of time spent in regions of the state space is proportional to the expected information gain in those regions. Us...
1,477,468,750,665
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The ``Klein's Paradox'' is a counter-intuitive relativistic phenomenon related to scattering theory for high-barrier (or equivalently low-well) potentials for the Dirac equation. When an electron is approaching to a barrier, its wave function can be split in two parts: the reflected one and the t...
1,477,468,750,666
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Today String Theory is a promising candidate for the quantum theory of gravity. Since it requires more than four dimensions for its internal consistency, there has been growing interest in higher dimensional solutions and, in particular, in higher dimensional black holes (see e.g. \cite{Empara...
1,477,468,750,667
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The cardinal sequence of a scattered space is the sequence of the cardinalities of its Cantor-Bendixson levels. The investigation of the cardinal sequences of different classes of topological spaces is a classical problem of set theoretic topology. Many important results were proved in co...
1,477,468,750,668
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Gauge theories are a cornerstone in the description of various naturally occurring phenomena in Nature, whether in particle or in condensed matter physics \cite{Wilczek_2016}. These theories are characterized by the presence of local conservation laws, which are in general not enough to make the...
1,477,468,750,669
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In 1965, Buchberger developed the method of Gr\"obner bases for solving systems of multivariate non-linear polynomials. Since then, computing power has grown, and improved algorithms developed, but, even now, the method remains impractical for many problems. The main approach to improvement has b...
1,477,468,750,670
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Tracing the dense central regions of prestellar cores is essential for an understanding of their kinematics and density distribution. Many of the well studied nearby cores are thought to be static with a "Bonnor-Ebert" radial density distribution (see Bergin \& Tafalla \cite{bt07} and refe...
1,477,468,750,671
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} The awesome statistics of the four LEP collaborations have pinned down with great precision a host of measurable parameters in the standard model\cite{LEP94}. The only quantity that shows a possible significant discrepancy with the theoretical prediction of the standard model is $R_b$ which is...
1,477,468,750,672
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Recall that a permutation group $G$ acting on a set $X$ is sharply $2$-transitive if for any two pairs $(x,y)$ and $(x',y')$ of distinct elements of $X$ there is a unique $g\in G$ with $gx=x'$ and $gy=y'$. Then $G$ has involutions, and either involutions have fixed points and $G$ is of permutatio...
1,477,468,750,673
arxiv
\section*{Abstract (Not appropriate in this style!)}% \else \small \begin{center}{\bf Abstract\vspace{-.5em}\vspace{\z@}}\end{center}% \quotation \fi }% }{% }% \@ifundefined{endabstract}{\def\endabstract {\if@twocolumn\else\endquotation\fi}}{}% \@ifundefined{maketitle}{\def\maketitle#1{}}{}% \@ifun...
1,477,468,750,674
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:Intro} Superluminous supernovae \citep[SLSNe;][]{Qui2011,Gal2012}, whose peak luminosities are $\gtrsim 10^{44}$ erg s$^{-1}$, have been discovered and studied in the last decade. According to their optical spectra near maximum light, SLSNe can be divided into types I (hydroge...
1,477,468,750,675
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \vspace{-0.3cm} Binary black hole (BH) systems have attracted our attention since the early days of general relativity. The recent detection of gravitational waves \cite{LIGO} produced by binary BH mergers permits us to reconsider exact binary models to complement the vast amount of numerical r...
1,477,468,750,676
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} Although the observations of filaments within molecular clouds have been reported since decades (e.g. Schneider \& Elmegreen 1979), only recently their presence has been recognized as a unique characteristic of the star-formation process. The latest Herschel results have reveal...
1,477,468,750,677
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Important brain development occurs in the last trimester of pregnancy including brain growth, myelination, and cortical gyrification \cite{kostovic2006development}. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used to non-invasively assess and monitor brain development in preterm infants. In spite ...
1,477,468,750,678
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{CHOICE_MODEL_sec_intro} The field of queueing theory has been dedicated to understanding the dynamics of queueing systems and their impact on society. In an age where information is readily available, it is an important problem to understand how information affects the decision making of ...
1,477,468,750,679
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A thin superconductor film in a perpendicular magnetic field is the configuration typical of experiments with superconducting materials, and is employed in various physical devices (SQUIDs, magnetic traps for cold atoms, etc.). Macroscopically, the magnetization of type-II superconductors is ...
1,477,468,750,680
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In the upcoming \emph{Internet of Things} (IoT) an immense number of devices will be connected to each cellular station--forecasts predict 1 million devices per station \cite{report}. IoT connectivity is primarily aimed at establishing central authentication, security, and management of those d...