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1,477,468,750,781 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
At the very origin of the theory of quantum groups is the search of
an algebraic procedure for constructing solutions of the quantum
Yang-Baxter equation
\begin{equation}\label{YB}
R_{12}(u)R_{13}(uv)R_{23}(v) = R_{23}(v)R_{13}(uv)R_{12}(u).
\end{equation}
The unknown $R(u)$ of this equation... |
1,477,468,750,782 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Spontaneous synchronization of coupled non-identical oscillators is a well-known form of
collective behavior\cite{book:strog,sync,book:pik}. The problem has been intensively studied since Huygens. If the legend is true, presumably he was the first one who noticed and reported the synchronized s... |
1,477,468,750,783 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Over the past few decades, artificial neural networks (ANN) have been employed on various classification tasks, many of them previously performed by humans. One popular example is the computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD), in which the output of the ANN may assist doctors in making more accurate dec... |
1,477,468,750,784 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Image retrieval is a key compute vision problem and it has made great progress due to deep learning \cite{chopra2005learning,gordo2016deep,cakir2019deep,cao2019hybrid,tian2020bootstrap}. Cross-modal image retrieval allows using other types of query, such as text to image retrieval \cite{wang2016l... |
1,477,468,750,785 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
The definition of causality given by Halpern and Pearl \cite{HP01b}, like other
definitions of causality in the philosophy literature going back to Hume
\cite{Hum39}, is based on {\em counterfactual dependence}.
Essentially,
event $A$ is a cause of event $B$ if, had $A$ not happened (th... |
1,477,468,750,786 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Sect1}
The standard cosmological model describes a universe with
homogeneous and isotropic geometry. The matter contents is
described by a set of cosmic fluids satisfying some equations of
state (EoS). The inhomogeneities are allowed only in the form
of small perturbations, which def... |
1,477,468,750,787 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In December 2019, a novel strand of Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was identified in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China causing a severe and potentially fatal respiratory syndrome, i.e., COVID-19. Since then, it has become a pandemic declared by World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, which has spread a... |
1,477,468,750,788 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
One aim of our model (see e.g. Ref.~\refcite{2007AIPC..910...55R} and references therein) is to derive from first principles both the luminosity in selected energy bands and the time resolved/integrated spectra of GRBs.\cite{2004IJMPD..13..843R} The luminosity in selected energy bands is evaluat... |
1,477,468,750,789 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Yang et al. defined autonomy levels for medical robots on a scale from 0 to 5, ranging from no autonomy to full automation which requires no human input~\cite{yang2017medical}. The highest level of fully automated Robotic-Assisted Surgery (RAS) is still far from reality due to technical challeng... |
1,477,468,750,790 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
\begin{figure}[t]
\resizebox{1\columnwidth}{!}{%
\includegraphics{figure1.eps} }
\caption{Equivalent circuit for our model of a charge trap (red) coupled to a quantum dot (black). The trap occupation is 0 or 1 electron and it carries a very small current compared to the dot... |
1,477,468,750,791 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Cellular-connected unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) will be an integral component of future wireless networks as evidenced by recent interest from academia, industry, and 3GPP standardizations~\cite{3GPP_standards, Qualcomm_UAV, LTEintheSky, SkyNotLimit, coexistence_ground_aerial, christian}. U... |
1,477,468,750,792 | arxiv | \section{Holography}
\label{sec:holography}
A harmonic traveling wave at frequency $\omega$
can be described by a complex-valued wave function,
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:wave}
\psi(\vec{r},t)
=
u(\vec{r}) \, e^{i \varphi(\vec{r})}
e^{-i \omega t},
\end{equation}
that is characterized by real-valued
amplitud... |
1,477,468,750,793 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We order the two elements of a set $\Sigma=\{0,1\}$ such that $0<1$. This
extends to a partial ordering on the set $\Sigma^{n}=\{0,1\}^{n}$ by comparing
words coordinate-wise. Let $x=x_{1}...x_{n}$ and $y=y_{1}...y_{n}$. Here,
$x\succeq y$ means that $x_{i}\geq y_{i}$, for every $i=1,...,n$... |
1,477,468,750,794 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Accurately revealing the spiral structure of the Milky\ Way and its
evolution has attracted the attention of many astronomers.
After the M\,33 galaxy was explored by \cite{hubble1926}, it was
speculated that our Milky Way is also possibly a spiral galaxy.
Since then, much effort has been dedicat... |
1,477,468,750,795 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recently, there has been great interest in various unconventional
states of matter, in particular those that might appear in
strongly-interacting 2D systems. These exotic phases may be
characterized by unconventional order parameters. Alternatively, the
phases may be \emph{topological}. In this c... |
1,477,468,750,796 | arxiv | \section{Encoded NOT and Phase}
\label{normalizer}
Before I advance into the full theory of fault-tolerant operations, I
will discuss how to perform encoded NOT and Phase gates on any stabilizer
code. The behavior of these gates under more general transformations will
tell us what those transformations actually do to... |
1,477,468,750,797 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It is well known that, given
$[X,Y]:=XY-YX$, the standard Jacobi identity (JI)
$[[X,Y],Z]+[[Y,Z],X]+[[Z,X],Y]=0$
is automatically satisfied if the product is associative (which will be assumed
throughout).
For a Lie algebra ${\cal G}$, expressed by the Lie commutators
$[X_i,X_j]=C_{ij}^k X_k... |
1,477,468,750,798 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper we obtain error bounds for a recent form of asymptotic
expansions for linear differential equations having a simple turning point. The differential equations we study are of the form
\begin{equation}
d^{2}w/dz^{2}=\left\{u^{2}f(z) +g(z)\right\} w,
\label{eq1}
\end{equation}
where $... |
1,477,468,750,799 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\paragraph*{Motivation.}
The possibility of dynamically build code instructions as the result of text manipulation is a key aspect in dynamic programming languages. With reflection, programs can turn text, which can be built at run-time, into executable code \cite{RichardsHBV11}. These features ... |
1,477,468,750,800 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Runtime monitoring is one of the central tasks to provide \emph{operational decision support} to running business processes \cite{Aal16}. While traditional process mining techniques analyze event data of already completed process instances, operational support lifts process mining to running, li... |
1,477,468,750,801 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The production of W(Z) bosons associated with jets at LHC has a wide range of physics potential, which varies
from Standard Model (SM) measurements to Supersymmetry (SUSY) searches.
These processes can be used for tests of perturbative quantum chromodynamic (QCD)~\cite{QCD}.
The predictions fo... |
1,477,468,750,802 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{1}
In this work, the mixing behavior of irreversible dynamics is considered
on the hypercube $\Sigma_{n} = Q^{V_{n}}$, where $Q = \{1, 2, 3\}$ and
$V_{n} = \{1,...,n\}$. One widely known case is that of discrete time
Glauber dynamics for the uniform measure on $\Sigma_{n}$. At each time
ste... |
1,477,468,750,803 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{introduction}
After the pioneering discovery of the giant planet orbiting 51 Peg by \citet{may95}, two decades ago, the literature\footnote{\url{http://exoplanet.eu/}} reports to date the discovery of more than 3700 planets, in about 2800 planetary systems.
Solar stars in the field host ... |
1,477,468,750,804 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
With the pervasive large-scale media data on the Internet, approximate nearest neighbors (ANN) search has been widely applied to meet the search needs and greatly reduce the complexity. Among these methods of ANN, hashing technique enables efficient search and low storage cost by transforming hig... |
1,477,468,750,805 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
\label{sec:intro}
The detection of extended X-ray emission from classical novae (CNe)
has proven to be rare.
Thorough archival studies searching for diffuse X-ray emission from nova
shells have been presented in the past \citep[e.g.,][]{Orio2001,Balman2006},
but there is only a handful numb... |
1,477,468,750,806 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec1}
Preliminary stages of drug discovery involve finding `blocker' or `lead' compounds that bind to a biomolecular target, which is a disease causing pathogenic protein, in order to inhibit the function of the protein. Such compounds are later used to produce new drugs. These lead compou... |
1,477,468,750,807 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:level1}First-level heading}
One of the essential tasks in quantum technology is to
verify the integrity of a quantum state \cite{nilsen}. Quantum state tomography has become a standard technology for inferring the state of a quantum system through appropriate measurements and estimation \cite{paris... |
1,477,468,750,808 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
D-branes can be described in
terms of closed string states, hence by using the boundary state
formalism many interesting properties have been
shown \cite{1}-\cite{9}. By means of the boundary state, all
relevant properties of the D-branes could be revealed. The
boundary state formalism ha... |
1,477,468,750,809 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Combinatorial optimization problems (COP) concerns a wide variety of real-world applications, including vehicle routing \cite{toth2002vehicle}, path planning \cite{pohl1970heuristic}, network design \cite{johnson1978complexity}, resource allocation \cite{manne1960job} and mechanism design \cite{... |
1,477,468,750,810 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
\raggedbottom
A multi-agent system (MAS) is made up of multiple independently operated autonomous agents that can work together as a group through communication. The state consensus problem is a fundamental issue in the cooperative control of MASs. This problem is concern... |
1,477,468,750,811 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In recent years, deep neural networks have revolutionized many computing problems once thought to be difficult. However, they are often referred to as black boxes and the mechanisms through which they learn have remained elusive. Insight into how a neural network internally represents the datase... |
1,477,468,750,812 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Hamilton-Jacobi formalism
was applied in different gravity situations,
for example in the context of AdS/CFT \cite{Maldacena:1997re}
it was used to find
counterterms \cite{Martelli:2002sp,Batrachenko:2004fd}.
On the other hand, the Hamilton-Jacobi equations of canonical gravity are the main... |
1,477,468,750,813 | arxiv | \section{Conclusion and Future Work}
In this paper, we presented a parallel framework for fast computation of inverse and forward dynamics of articulated robots using parallel scan operations, and reported details of its implementation on a hybrid CPU-GPU platform. Our contributions are summarized as follows:
\begin{... |
1,477,468,750,814 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Consider the Caputo-Fabrizio derivative of order $\alpha\in[0,1]$ for a function $f\in H^1((a,b))$, $a<b$
$$D^{\text{CF}}_\alpha f(t):=\frac{M(\alpha)}{1-\alpha}\int_a^t f'(\tau) e^{-\frac{\alpha}{1-\alpha}(t-\tau)}d\tau\,,$$
where $M(\alpha)$ is a scaling factor satisfying $M(0)=M(1)=1$.
\med... |
1,477,468,750,815 | arxiv | \section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}{-3.5ex plus -1ex minus
-.2ex}{2.3ex plus .2ex}{\normalsize\bf}}
\def\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}{-3.25ex plus -1ex minus
-.2ex}{1.5ex plus .2ex}{\normalsize\bf}}
\def\thebibliography#1{\section*{References\markboth
{REFERENCES}{REFERENCES}}\... |
1,477,468,750,816 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{introduction}
The past few decades have demonstrated how the Internet is playing an ever-increasing role in daily life, and has become an integral asset in society. In particular, the use of various digital technologies and online platforms for communication has been rapidly adopted into t... |
1,477,468,750,817 | arxiv |
\subsection{Programmability: Hardware vs. Software}
\subsection{Why eBPF for Edge Programmability}
eBPF, short for extended Berkeley Packet Filter~\cite{mccanne1993bsd}, is a software infrastructure that operates within the Linux kernel. BPF has been used for user-defined packet filtering for decades, but was ex... |
1,477,468,750,818 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
In Topology, Differential Geometry and Algebraic Geometry, it is usual to study their geometric objects considering suitable finite open coverings and studying the associated finite ringed spaces.
Let us remember how these finite ringed spaces are constructed:
\begin{vacio} \label{Parr}
\meds... |
1,477,468,750,819 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Parametric amplifiers having quantum-limited noise properties play a crucial role in a variety of quantum information technologies. In optical-domain systems, they are a crucial resource for preparing both discrete-variable and continuous-variable entangled states \cite{WeedbrookRMP2012}. For ... |
1,477,468,750,820 | arxiv | \section{ABSTRACT} We discuss the synchrotron emission of fast cooling electrons in shocks. The fast cooling electrons behind the shocks can generate a position-dependent
inhomogeneous electron distribution if they have not enough time to mix homogeneously. This would lead to a very different synchrotron
spectrum in lo... |
1,477,468,750,821 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Milankovitch cycles, or orbitally-induced climate variations, are
thought to influence, if not control, Earth's ice ages
\citep{hays1976,imbrie1980,raymo1997,lisiecki2007}. This mechanism
has also been proposed as an important player in the habitability of
exoplanets, which may have orbital e... |
1,477,468,750,822 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
When galaxies infall into clusters and move at high speed with respect
to the hot intracluster medium (ICM), the ram pressure (RP) exerted by
the ICM upon the galaxy interstellar medium (ISM) can remove the
galaxy gas, wherever the RP exceeds the gravitation pull (Gunn \& Gott
1972, Jaffe' et al... |
1,477,468,750,823 | arxiv | \section*{Glossary}
{\bf ESR/EPR:} Electron spin/paramagnetic resonance \\
{\bf ENDOR:} Electron nuclear double resonance \\
{\bf NMR:} Nuclear magnetic resonance \\
{\bf QIP:} Quantum information processing \\
{\bf 2DEG:} Two-dimensional electron gas \\
{\bf MOS:} Metal oxide semiconductor \\
{\bf FET:} Field effect ... |
1,477,468,750,824 | arxiv |
\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:conclusion}
We have presented two approaches conditional density estimation that are fully nonparametric, scalable, make no independence assumptions, and leverage the underlying topological structure of the variables. Our first approach, Multiscale Nets, effectively morphs density est... |
1,477,468,750,825 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\vspace{-3mm}
From deep inelastic scattering (DIS) experiments it is known, see e.g. \cite{Devenish},
that the nucleon is not a
fundamental particle but consists of so-called partons as its constituents.
The contribution of these partons to the nucleon momentum is described
by a parton distri... |
1,477,468,750,826 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Volkov solution~\cite{Volkov:1935zz} for an electron in a plane wave background is one of the key theoretical building blocks underpinning our understanding of how matter interacts with a laser. As quantum effects become significant, strong field techniques from quantum electrodynamics, ... |
1,477,468,750,827 | arxiv |
\section{Motivation}
In ATLAS experiment~\cite{bib:atlas}, the multiboson productions are ones of the most important processes for both Standard Model (SM) measurements (signals) and BSM searches (backgrounds).
This study tries to investigate the performance of various benchmark generators used in ATLAS within the of... |
1,477,468,750,828 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
During the last years considerable attention has been paid to interaction of $\eta$-mesons with four nucleons \cite{KruscheWilkin,Machner,Willis,Wronska, Budzanowski,Moskal,Adlarson1,Kelkar,ScRiska}. Analysis of different data is mainly focused on the search for $\eta^4$He bound states. According... |
1,477,468,750,829 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
Astrophysical relativistic shocks are a prominent site for production of broadband emission because of their apparent
ability to accelerate non-thermal particles very efficiently. Another, potentially very important, feature of
relativistic shocks is that they boost to relativis... |
1,477,468,750,830 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The univalence axiom~\cite{unimath,hottbook,grayson} is not true or false
in, say, ZFC or the internal language of an elementary topos. It
cannot even be formulated. As the saying goes, it is not even wrong.
This is because
\begin{quote}
univalence is a property of Martin-L\"of's \emph{identi... |
1,477,468,750,831 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{section:introduction}
Transportation systems have a crucial importance for countries because of their social and economical impacts. The air transportation in particular is closely linked to the economical development of the areas in which it unfolds. This is why it is very important for ... |
1,477,468,750,832 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Random fields play a central role in modeling and analyzing spatially correlated
data and have a wide range of applications.
As a consequence, there has been increasing interest in studying
them in probability and statistics.
Consider a linear random field $X = \{X_{j,k}, \, (j,k)\in \mathbb{Z}... |
1,477,468,750,833 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction}
In the recent decades finite quantum systems have become an intensively studied subject-matter. Particular interest is due to electrons in quantum dots \cite{jacak98} (QD) or wells, forming \textit{artificial atoms} \cite{ashoori96} with molecule-like behavior and novel spectral ... |
1,477,468,750,834 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Reinforcement Learning (RL) seeks to learn a decision strategy that advises the agent on how to take actions according to the perceived states~\cite{sutton2018reinforcement}.
The state representation plays an important role in the agent's learning process \textemdash~ a proper choice of the state... |
1,477,468,750,835 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $n\geqslant 2$ and $ (M, g)$ be an $n$-dimensional compact Riemannian manifold with smooth boundary $\Gamma$.
Let $\Delta$ and $\Delta_\Gamma$ denote the Laplace-Beltrami operators acting on functions on $M$ and $\Gamma$ respectively. We define the Laplacian as the negative divergence of... |
1,477,468,750,836 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The recently discovered high temperature superconductivity in
fluorine doped LaFeAsO have stirred new interest in the research of
high-$T_c$ superconductors \cite{1}, outside of the cuprate family
\cite{2}. Replacing oxygen by fluorine introduces charge carriers
which is eventually transferred fr... |
1,477,468,750,837 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Meson distribution amplitudes (DAs) give the probability of finding a meson in a quark-antiquark Fock state. They are formally defined as follows, where $M(P)$ is some meson operator:
\begin{equation}
\phi_M(x,\mu) = \frac{i}{f_M} \int \frac{d\mathcal{E}}{2\pi} e^{i(x-1)P\cdot\mathcal{E}n} \... |
1,477,468,750,838 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{intro}
One of the open questions in inflationary cosmology is the mechanism
by which inflation came to an end. The current literature is dominated
by two paradigms, violation of slow roll bringing inflation to an end
while the field is still evolving, and a second-order phase transition
of... |
1,477,468,750,839 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Constrains to the inflationary cosmological models can be set by cosmological observations \cite{Liddle:2003,Linde:2002}. The inflationary expansion not only solves various problems, especially in the early Universe such as the Big Bang cosmology \cite{Starobinsky:1979,Sato:1981... |
1,477,468,750,840 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The inclusive production of quarkonia was studied intensively in the past
both in elementary hadronic and nuclear reactions at SPS, RHIC and Tevatron
energies. For a review see e.g.\cite{quarkonia_reviews}.
In contrast, the exclusive production of heavy $Q\bar Q$ vector
quarkonium states (e.g. $... |
1,477,468,750,841 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Carbon nanotubes are fundamental materials for developing nanoeletromechanical systems because
they present a unique combination of outstading electronic and mechanical properties.
Cross-sectional deformations of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) under pressure have
been extensively studied... |
1,477,468,750,842 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Over the years, the field of social choice theory has focused more and more on decision making over combinatorial domains. This involves either \textit{multi-winner elections} (for the formation of a committee) or elections for a set of issues that need to be decided upon simultaneously, often r... |
1,477,468,750,843 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
The goal of person re-identification (re-ID) is to match a given person across many gallery images captured at different times, locations, etc. With the development of deep learning, fully supervised person re-ID has been extensively investigated \cite{sun2018beyond, quan2019auto, luo2019strong,... |
1,477,468,750,844 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Formulation of the main result}
Let $M$ be a compact orientable surface. To
a holomorphic one-form $\boldsymbol \omega$ on $M$ one can assign the corresponding {\it vertical} flow $h_t^+$ on $M$, i.e., the flow at unit speed along the
leaves of the foliation $\Re(\boldsymbol \om... |
1,477,468,750,845 | arxiv | \section{introduction}
Medium of deconfined gluons and light quarks, called the quark-gluon plasma(QGP)~\cite{Bazavov:2011nk}, can be produced in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions (URHICs).
Charmonium as a bound state of charm ($c$) and anti-charm ($\bar{c}$) quark pair has been proposed to be a clean probe to st... |
1,477,468,750,846 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
\label{S:intro}
Coping with disruptions is a core requirement for autonomous systems operating in the real world. Indeed, as these complex systems leave the controlled setting of the lab, it becomes increasingly important to enable them to safely negotiate adverse situations arising from the dy... |
1,477,468,750,847 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Real-world complex systems can often be described by interconnected structures known as multilayer networks \cite{de2013mathematical,kivela2014multilayer,boccaletti2014structure, de2015ranking}.
Transportation, social or economic networks, to name just a few general examples, can have various ty... |
1,477,468,750,848 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{One-variable Hankel operators}
Let $\mathbb{N}_0=\{0,1,2,3,\dots\}$. Given a complex valued sequence $a=\{a(j)\}_{j\in\mathbb{N}_0}$, a Hankel operator (matrix) $H_a$ on $\ell^2(\mathbb{N}_0)$ is formally defined by
\begin{equation*}
\big(H_ax\big)(i)=\sum_{j\in\mathbb{N}_0}a... |
1,477,468,750,849 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
In \cite{Gyo}, Gy\H ory et al. present the following natural question.
\begin{problem}
\label{P:1}
Let $K$ be a field of characteristic zero. Is it true that a monic polynomial $p = \sum_{i=0}^n c_ix^{n-i}\in K[x]$ of degree $n$ with exactly $k$ distinct zeros is determined up t... |
1,477,468,750,850 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
In essence, the study of propositional proof complexity started with the work of Cook and Reckhow \cite{CR79}. The first superpolynomial bound on the proof size was proved in a pioneering work of Tseitin \cite{Tse68} for regular resolution. Since then, many proof systems have been studied, ... |
1,477,468,750,851 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Thermalization behavior of closed quantum systems has received heightened interest since the suggestion that Anderson localization could be generalized to systems of interacting particles, a phenomenon dubbed \textit{many-body localization (MBL)} \cite{Nandkishore2015,Alet}. Over the last decade... |
1,477,468,750,852 | arxiv | \section{Conclusion}
We have shown that human-sourced partial annotations can be exploited to learn effective dependency parsers in short period of time. The ConvexMST method we adapt from Grave and Elhadad easily combines constraints from both language universals and partial annotations, providing greater robustness ... |
1,477,468,750,853 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
This article presents and ad hoc -solution to full Navier-stokes system in incompressible case. We begin in a didactic way by presenting a rather trivial solution to Navier-Stokes system, then we proceed with a more complex situation. The trivial solution is spatially periodic and smooth, the mor... |
1,477,468,750,854 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It has been the major goal of particle physics to discover a
theoretical framework for unifying gravity with the other three known
forces, {\it viz.}, electromagnetism, and the weak and strong nuclear
forces. Such a theory must be compatible with quantum theory at very
small scale... |
1,477,468,750,855 | arxiv | \subsection*{1. Introduction}
A detailed understanding of the range of applicability of the
$\varphi^4$ field theory in $d$ dimensions is of fundamental interest
to statistical and elementary particle physics \cite{ZJ}.
The perturbative treatment of the critical behavior of the $\varphi^4$
field theory in $d \leq ... |
1,477,468,750,856 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In his 1905-1906 papers on Brownian motion for suspensions of hard spheres,
Einstein obtained now famous relation for the self-diffusion coefficient $%
D_{0}$\ for the noninteracting hard spheres of radius $R$ immersed in a
solvent at temperature $T$ [1]:%
\begin{equation}
D_{0}=\frac{k_{B}T}{\g... |
1,477,468,750,857 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Increasing the efficiency of photon-to-electron energy conversion in nanomaterials
has been under active investigation in recent years.
For instance, one hopes that
efficiency of the nanomaterial-based solar cells can be increased due to
carrier multiplication, or multiple exciton generation ... |
1,477,468,750,858 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Bernoulli polynomials $B_{n}\left( x\right) $ are defined by exponential
generating function
\begin{equation}
\sum_{n\geq 0}B_{n}\left( x\right) \frac{t^{n}}{n!}=\frac{te^{xt}}{e^{t}-1
\text{, }\left\vert t\right\vert <2\pi \text{.} \label{13}
\end{equation}
In particular, the rat... |
1,477,468,750,859 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Since the establishment of the special theory of relativity as a true of
nature, Lorentz symmetry has been taken as a key ingredient of theoretical
physics. A motivation for studies involving the violation of Lorentz symmetry
is the demonstration that string theories may support spontaneous... |
1,477,468,750,860 | arxiv | \subsection{\label{ObstacleForce}Force calculation}
In summary, we have studied the deflection and oscillations of an elastic fiber under the quasistatic flow of a 2D foam.
We have independently measured the different contributions to the force distribution acting along the fiber, and shown that t... |
1,477,468,750,861 | arxiv | \section*{General Notation}
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
The angle across an area of a power system is a weighted combination of synchrophasor measurements of voltage phasor angles around the border of the area \cite{DobsonvoltPS12,DobsonIREP10}.
The weights are calculated from a DC load flow model of the... |
1,477,468,750,862 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width = 1.0\linewidth]{figures/Cover.png}
\caption{ Our method extracts trajectories and computes pedestrian movement features at interactive rates. We use the learned behavior and movement features to detect anomalies in the pedestrian trajec... |
1,477,468,750,863 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:Intro}
Let $A$ be an excellent Henselian discrete valuation ring with perfect residue
field $k$ of exponential characteristic $p \ge 1$.
Let $\sX$ be a regular scheme which is projective and flat over $A$.
Let $X \subset \sX$ be the reduced special fiber.
If the map $\sX \to... |
1,477,468,750,864 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
In this paper, the symmetric Obrechkoff methods for
solving special class of initial value problems associated with
second order ordinary differential equations of the type
\begin{equation} \label{dif}
y''=f(x,y),\quad y(x_0)=y_0,\quad y'(x_0)=y'_0,
\end{equation}
in which the first... |
1,477,468,750,865 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
All graphs in this paper are finite and simple.
We use $[k]$ to denote the set $\sset{1, \dots, k}$. Let $G$ be a graph. A
\emph{$k$-coloring} of $G$ is a function
$f:V(G) \rightarrow [k]$ such that for every edge
$uv \in E(G)$,
$f(u) \neq f(v)$, and $G$ is \emph{$k$-colorable} if $G$ has a
$k$... |
1,477,468,750,866 | arxiv | \section{\large{\bf Introduction}}%
Spontaneous symmetry breaking in grand unified theories (GUTs) can produce variety of topological or non-topological defects \cite{{Vilenkin:1984ib,Vilenkin:2000jqa,Bhattacharjee:1991zm,Hill:1982iq,Kibble:1976sj}}. These defects generically arise from the breaking of a group, $G$, ... |
1,477,468,750,867 | arxiv | \section{From regions to orders}
\label{sec:regions2orders}
In this section we show that each region $R$ of the type $C$ Catalan
arrangement corresponds bijectively to a specific order between the
variables $x_i$ and $1+x_i$ for any $i$ in $\llbracket -n,n\rrbracket \setminus \left\{0 \right\}$
where $(x_1,\ldots,x_n)$... |
1,477,468,750,868 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
For $s>1/2$, we consider the following nonlocal Neumann problem
\begin{equation}\label{P}
\begin{cases}
(-\Delta)^s u+u=f(u)\quad&\mbox{in }\Omega,\\
u\ge 0\quad&\mbox{in }\Omega,\\
\mathcal N_s u=0\quad&\mbox{in }\mathbb R^n\setminus \overline \Omega.
\end{cases}
\end{equation}
Here $\Omega$ is... |
1,477,468,750,869 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{S:Intro}
Evolution of the QED coupling $\alpha(\mu)$ is determined
by the renormalization group equation
\begin{equation}
\mu \frac{d\alpha(\mu)}{d\mu} =
- 2 \beta(\alpha(\mu))\,\alpha(\mu)\,,\qquad
\beta(\alpha) = \beta_0 \frac{\alpha}{4\pi}
+ \beta_1 \left(\frac{\alpha}{4\pi}\right)^2
+... |
1,477,468,750,870 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
On-chip solid-state refrigeration has long been sought for various applications in the sub-kelvin temperature regime, such as cooling astronomical detectors \cite{Moseley,Richards,MillerAPL08}. In a Normal metal - Insulator - Superconductor (NIS) junction \cite{NahumAPL,MuhonenRPP,GiazottoRPM06}... |
1,477,468,750,871 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and preliminaries}
Let $\mathbb Z$, $\mathbb N$, $\mathbb N_{0}$ and $\mathbb C$ denote the set of integers, positive integers, nonnegative integers and complex numbers, respectively. The well-known polylogarithm function is defined as
$$
Li_{p}(x):=\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{x^n}{n^p}\quad (\lver... |
1,477,468,750,872 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Studying galaxy evolution throughout the cosmic time is a key element of modern astrophysics, and is crucial for our understanding of the life cycle of the progenitors of passive elliptical galaxies that we observe in the local Universe. Evidences suggest that the star formation rate (SFR) d... |
1,477,468,750,873 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Chemical introduction to the subject}
When speaking about chemical bonding, it is useful to make a distinction between effects that are discussed at the collective (molecular, crystalline) level, and those associated to a fragment.
For example, the energy lowering obtained when atoms... |
1,477,468,750,874 | arxiv | \section{Methods}
\noindent
$\textbf{Crystal growth and magnetic characterizations.}$ $\rm{(MnBi_2Te_4)(Bi_2Te_3)_{\emph{n}}(\emph{n} = 1, 2,...)}$ single crystals were grown by flux method \cite{N33}. Mn powder, Bi lump and Te lump were weighed with the ratio of Mn: Bi: Te = 1: 8: 13 (MnTe: $\rm{Bi_2Te_3}$ = 1: 4). Th... |
1,477,468,750,875 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Linear models are widely used and provide a versatile approach for analyzing correlated responses,
such as longitudinal data, growth data or repeated measurements.
In such models, each subject~$i$, $i=1,\ldots,n$, is observed at $k_i$ occasions,
and the vector of responses~$\by_i$ is assumed to ... |
1,477,468,750,876 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Hamiltonian systems describe conservative dynamics and non-dissipative phenomena in, for example, classical
mechanics, transport problems, fluids and kinetic models.
We consider Hamiltonian systems that depend on a set of parameters
associated with the geometric configuration of the problem or w... |
1,477,468,750,877 | arxiv | \section{Motivation and main results}
Let $(Z_t^{(q, H)})_{t \geq 0}$ be a Hermite process of order $q \geq 1$ and self-similarity parameter $H \in (\frac{1}{2}, 1)$. It is a $H$-self-similar process with stationary increments, exhibits long-range dependence and can be expressed as a multiple Wiener-It\^{o} integral ... |
1,477,468,750,878 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}}
\IEEEPARstart{T}{his} demo file is intended to serve as a ``starter file''
for IEEE Computer Society journal papers produced under \LaTeX\ using
IEEEtran.cls version 1.8b and later.
I wish you the best of success.
\hfill mds
\hfill August 26, 2015
\subsection{Subs... |
1,477,468,750,879 | arxiv | \section{\texorpdfstring{$G$}{G}-invariance and \texorpdfstring{$G$}{G}-admissiblity of finite type}
\label{section:invariance and admissibility}
In this section, we will provide a proof of Theorem~\ref{theorem:G-invariance and G-admissibility}.
\begin{lemma}\label{lemma:no weird cycles in An}
Let $\clusterfont{Q}$ b... |
1,477,468,750,880 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The theory of $C^*$-algebras provides a vast noncommutative generalisation of the theory of locally compact topological spaces, and by imposing suitable additional structures, one obtains noncommutative (or quantum) analogues of more sophisticated topological spaces. Two very successful example... |
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