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1,314,259,995,763 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Field emission of electrons from a metallic surface~\cite{Fowler01051928, Forbes08112007, Jensen1528} is an important process in vacuum electronics~\cite{eichmeier2008vacuum, zhu2004vacuum}.
Its primary use is for cold cathodes in applications such as microwave tubes, electron microscopes and fla... |
1,314,259,995,764 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The random phase approximation (RPA)~\cite{ref:Bo53} is ubiquituous in
many fields of physics including nuclear physics, and it is described
in textbooks such as the much cited monograph by Ring and
Schuck~\cite{ref:Ri80}. Formally it leads to the analysis of a matrix
$$
\ma M = \tbt A B {{-B}... |
1,314,259,995,765 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
An Abelian differential defines a flat structure such that the underlying
Riemann surface can be realized as a plane polygon whose edges are pairwise identified via translation. Varying the shape of the polygon by $\operatorname{GL}_2^+(\mathbb R)$ induces an action on the modu... |
1,314,259,995,766 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The term ``program synthesis''
refers to automatically generating code to satisfy some specification. That specification describes {\emph{what}} the code should do, without going into details about {\emph{how}} it should be done. The specification could be given as a set of constraints~\cite{Ma... |
1,314,259,995,767 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Large and complex Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), such as intelligent buildings, transportation, and energy systems, cannot be designed in a monolithic manner. Instead, designers use hierarchical and compositional methods, which allow assembling a large and complex system from smaller and simpler... |
1,314,259,995,768 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\begin{figure}[t!]
\footnotesize
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{@{}cc@{}}
\includegraphics[width = 0.4\linewidth]{{figures/single-v2.png}} &
\includegraphics[width = 0.4\linewidth]{{figures/finetune-v2.png}} \\
{\footnotesize (a) Single-Dataset Training} &
{\footnotesize (b) Finetuning}
\end{tabu... |
1,314,259,995,769 | arxiv | \section*{Nomenclature}
\label{sec:nomenclature}
\printnomenclature
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{T}{he} interest on optimal power system expansion planning has increased worldwide. In developing countries of Latin America, Asia and Africa, with high load growth and limited financial r... |
1,314,259,995,770 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We are interested in studying a class of Schr\"odinger operators
\begin{align*}
\mathcal{L} = - \Delta_{x,y} + V(x,y).
\end{align*}
This operator acts on functions defined on the bounded, convex domain $\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^2$, and $V(x,y)$ is a convex potential.
The operator $\mathcal... |
1,314,259,995,771 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recent advances in experiments on cold atomic gases have raised interest in systems consisting of several flavors of interacting fermions, which can be realized for example as different hyperfine states of alkali atoms~\cite{wu2003,honerkamp2004} or nuclear spin states of ytterbium~\cite{cazalill... |
1,314,259,995,772 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $P \in \mathbb{Z} [X, Y]$ be a given square-free polynomial of total degree $d$ with integer coefficients of bitsize less than
$\tau$.
The problem of computing the topology of the planar algebraic curve
\[
V_{\mathbb{R}}
(P) := \{ (x,y) \in \mathbb{R}^2, P (x,y)
= 0 \}
\]
implicitly de... |
1,314,259,995,773 | arxiv | \section{}
Present-day technology pushes device dimensions toward limits
where the traditional semiclassical or Boltzmann theory~\cite{ST} can
no longer be applied, and more rigorous quantum-kinetic
approaches are imperative \cite{QT}. However, in spite of the
quantum-mechanical nature of electron and photon dynamic... |
1,314,259,995,774 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro} In quantum information processing (QIP), it is
desirable to achieve a high-fidelity transfer of quantum states
between different parts, such as the core processor, storage, etc.,
of a quantum computer. To this end, a variety of solid-state spin
networks with always-on interactions h... |
1,314,259,995,775 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec_int}
The development of data acquisition methods allow the analysis of complex systems in several operating conditions as never before. Several examples may be found in the current Industry 4.0 framework, which is reshaping the variety of signals and measurements that can be gathered ... |
1,314,259,995,776 | arxiv | \section*{Rotationally invariant expansion}
The connectedness Ornstein-Zernike (cOZ) equation is given by
\begin{equation}\label{eq:cOZ}
P(1,2) = C^+(1,2) + \int \; \mathrm{d} 3 \rho(3) C^+(1,3) P(3,2),
\end{equation}
where $P(1,2)$ is the pair connectedness function, $C^+(1,2)$ the direct connectedness function, and $... |
1,314,259,995,777 | arxiv | \section{ \label{sec:intro} Introduction}
The behavior of systems under electrostatic forces is governed by the electric field $\mathbf{E}$,
which can be expressed as the gradient of a scalar potential $\Phi$:
\begin{equation}
\mathbf{E} = -\nabla \Phi \; .
\end{equation}
In the absence of free charges, the potential ... |
1,314,259,995,778 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Although much of this paper concerns dynamics, we begin with the following simple and very general non-dynamical construction.
Suppose that $f$ is a {transcendental entire function}, that $V \subsetneq {\mathbb{C}}$ is a simply-connected domain, and that $U$ is a connected component of $f^{-1}(V)... |
1,314,259,995,779 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
To date, the correspondence between string theory in five-dimensional
anti-de Sitter (AdS) space and four-dimensional QCD has enjoyed a
number of successes (see
\cite{Erdmenger:2007cm,CasalderreySolana:2011us,Costa:2012fw,deTeramond:2012rt} and
references therein).
In this letter, we demonstrate ... |
1,314,259,995,780 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
As the number of optimization methods, and implementations of those methods, has increased, researchers have pursued comparative studies to evaluate their performance. When done well, such studies can be of great value in helping end-users choose the most suitable optimization method for thei... |
1,314,259,995,781 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:1_introduction}
Recently, generative models have shown great success in open-domain conversation along with the development of large-scale language models, yielding fluent and informative responses \citep{roller2021recipes,adiwardana2020towards,NEURIPS2020_1457c0d6}.
However, genera... |
1,314,259,995,782 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and outline}
In statistical mechanics the study of systems that are far from
equilibrium continues to attract considerable attention both in the
physics and in the mathematics literature. As it turns out,
exclusion processes first introduced by Spitzer
\cite{Spitzer1970} and their generalisations... |
1,314,259,995,783 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It has been known for a while that every finite (quasi)simple group
is determined by its complex group algebra, i.e., by the set of
character degrees with multiplicities \cite{BNOT15}. (Recall that,
by the Wedderburn theorem, the multiset of character degrees
counting multiplicities of $G$ dete... |
1,314,259,995,784 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $S=G/P$ be a rational homogeneous manifold associated to a simple root $\alpha_k$.
The identity component $\operatorname{Aut}_0(S)$ of the automorphism group of $S=G/P$
is equal to $G$ excepting the cases where
$(G, \{\alpha_k\})$ is $(B_{\ell}, \{\alpha_{\ell}\})$,
$(C_{\ell}, \{\alp... |
1,314,259,995,785 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Optimal filtering theory defines different optimality criteria, such
as minimizing the conditional mean square estimation error (MSEE),
given the measurements \cite{Jazwinsky}, maximizing the a posteriori
probability (MAP) density function (pdf) of the signal, given the
measurements \cite{VanTree... |
1,314,259,995,786 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Model-free reinforcement learning has been making significant progress in complex sensorimotor control problems, particularly when optimizing end-to-end vision-based policies \cite{nvidia_driving}. The lack of need for an explicit dynamics model has nevertheless incurred a significant cost in th... |
1,314,259,995,787 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\label{introduction}
ASR is a long-lasting problem in audio processing and has been extensively studied for decades. Recently, end-to-end deep neural network based methods are becoming one of the most promising approaches and have dominated numerous ASR leader boards. An end-to-end ASR model of... |
1,314,259,995,788 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction
Modern sensors are collecting
high-dimensional data at unprecedented volume and speed; human {analysts}
cannot keep pace.
For instance, many sources of intelligence data must be translated by human experts before they can be widely accessible to analysts and actionable; the... |
1,314,259,995,789 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:I}
Neutron stars, which are stellar remnants of core-collapse supernova
explosions that occur at the last moment of massive stars, are
composed of matter under extreme conditions, namely, such high
density and large neutron excess as to be very difficult to realize on earth.
In fa... |
1,314,259,995,790 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In the last decade the fabrication of self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) has been intensively studied. The interest has been, and still is, stimulated by applications of QDs in optoelectronic devices. From previous studies it is well known that the optical and electronic properties of QDs are st... |
1,314,259,995,791 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:Intro}
Many important questions in solar physics concern phenomena that take place in the low-$\beta$ environment of the corona, such as flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), active region (AR) evolution and dynamics, heating of the corona and sources of the solar wind. For studyi... |
1,314,259,995,792 | arxiv | \section{Adding matter : QCD with an arbitrary flavor number}
Usual QCD dynamics is characterized by spontaneous symmetry breaking
and dynamical mass generation, with the associated scale $\Lambda_{\mathrm{QCD}}$.
However, when the number of flavors exceeds a critical
number, an infra-red fixed point (IRFP) appears
a... |
1,314,259,995,793 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Generalized equivariant cohomology theories have received considerable attention in the modern research literature. Particular emphasis has been placed on cohomology computations in the presence of well-behaved equivariant stratifications. Indeed, Atiyah and Bott \cite{Yang-Mills} gave an induct... |
1,314,259,995,794 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Most models of dark matter (DM) assume that it is made up of point-like
particles, or at least can be treated as such in its interactions.
However, this is not necessarily the case. In the Standard Model (SM)
most of the SM-sector mass in the universe is in the form of composi... |
1,314,259,995,795 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Quantum computation provides an effective solution to certain problems, such as factoring large integers \cite{Shor} and searching unsorted data \cite{Grover}. The implementation of circuit-based quantum computation relies on the ability to realize a universal set of high-fidelity quantum gate... |
1,314,259,995,796 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In a recent paper \cite{Ambrosio-Gigli-Savare11b} written jointly with Savar\'e, the first and second author introduced a notion of Riemannian Ricci lower
bound for metric measure spaces $(X,{\sf d},{\mbox{\boldmath$m$}})$, relying on the calculus tools they had developed in \cite{Ambrosio-Gigli... |
1,314,259,995,797 | arxiv | \section{Introduction\label{s:intro}}
During the last decades, the number of atomic and molecular species detected in the interstellar medium (ISM) has increased considerably thanks to (i) the improved sensitivity of facilities like the IRAM\,30m telescope in Spain or the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter array (... |
1,314,259,995,798 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Reaction-diffusion systems are important models for various nonlinear processes in nonequilibrium physics and biological systems~\cite{rf:1}.
Turing first proposed a reaction-diffusion model to explain pattern formation in developmental biology~\cite{rf:2}. Various pattern formation has been stu... |
1,314,259,995,799 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{introduction}
After the Epoch of Recombination around redshift $z\sim 1100$, the Universe entered the `Dark Ages' era during which it was completely neutral and devoid of any radiation sources. During this period, small perturbations in matter density grew under gravitational instability, ... |
1,314,259,995,800 | arxiv | \section{Main Results}
To state our results we need to define the restriction operator.
Let $U\subset \Omega$ be domain in $\mathbb{C}^n$ and $R^{\Omega}_U:A^2(\Omega)\to A^2(U)$
denote the restriction operator. That is, $R^{\Omega}_Uf=f|_U$. Then
the adjoint $R^{\Omega *}_U:A^2(U)\to A^2(\Omega)$ of $R^{\Omega}_U$ is ... |
1,314,259,995,801 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
This paper is concerned with the algorithmic problem of listing all spanning trees of the fan graph. Applications of efficiently listing all spanning trees of general graphs are ubiquitous in computer science and also appear in many other scientific disciplines \cite{chakrabort... |
1,314,259,995,802 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\noindent The increasing amount of astrophysical data from distant Ia supernovae \cite{riess}, \cite{perlmutter}, \cite{hicken}, cosmic microwave background anisotropy \cite{komatsu}, \cite{larson}, and large scale galaxy surveys \cite{abazajian1}, \cite{tegmark3}, all indicate that the Universe ... |
1,314,259,995,803 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
\acf{PAI} is a comparatively young and rapidly emerging imaging modality that promises real-time, noninvasive, and radiation-free measurement of optical tissue properties\cite{wang2014photoacoustic}. In contrast to other optical imaging modalities, \ac{PAI} induces the emergenc... |
1,314,259,995,804 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
The Sakai-Sugimoto model \cite{Sakai:2004cn,Sakai:2005yt} is a top-down realization of the gauge/string duality \cite{Maldacena:1997re}, which is, in a certain limit, dual to large-$N_c$ QCD.
Although only the opposite limit is accessible, that of large 't Hooft coupling $\lambda$... |
1,314,259,995,805 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Crystal structure prediction with theoretical methods is a challenging
subject even for the simplest materials~\cite{Maddox1988,Needs2016}.
For complex materials with a large number of atoms in the unit cells,
$N$, finding the ground state crystal structure is particularly
difficult. The dimensio... |
1,314,259,995,806 | arxiv | \section*{Abstract}
\end{center}
In this paper, we consider three-dimensional dynamical
systems, as for example the Lorenz model. For these systems,
we introduce a method for obtaining families of
two-dimensional surfaces such that trajectories cross
each surface of the family in the same direction.
For obtaining these... |
1,314,259,995,807 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
For an integral polynomial $f$ and an odd prime $p$, we denote by $\mathfrak{R}_p(f)$ the image set of $f$ in $\mathbb{F}_p$, the finite field of order $p$. Many properties of $\mathfrak{R}_p(f)$ have been well-studied if $f$ is of small degree. For example, it is well-known that $|\mathfrak{R... |
1,314,259,995,808 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The factorization theorem of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) allows to separate cross sections, $\sigma$,
into a hard-scattering matrix element, $\hat \sigma$, on one hand and parton distribution functions (PDFs) on the other.
While $\hat \sigma$, describing the short-distance stru... |
1,314,259,995,809 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
A \emph{residuated binar} is an algebra ${\mathbf A}=(A,\wedge,\vee,\cdot,\backslash,\slash)$, where $(A,\wedge,\vee)$ is a lattice, $\cdot$ is a binary operation on $A$, and for all $x,y,z\in A$,
$$x\cdot y\leq z \iff x\leq z\slash y \iff y\leq x\backslash z.$$
A \emph{residuat... |
1,314,259,995,810 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Introduction}
\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.5\textwidth}
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[very thick,scale=0.63
\draw[black] (0,0)circle (2cm);
\draw[gray, thick] (-2.1,0) node[left,black]{$0$} -- (-1.9,0)
(2.1,0)node[right,black]{$\pi r_c$} -- (1.9,0);
\draw[<-,>=stealth,thick... |
1,314,259,995,811 | arxiv | \section{Why a statistical method based on photoionization models}
\label{ojo}
When direct temperature measurements are missing, statistical methods
are used to infer abundances in giant \hii regions. There are two
families of statistical methods. One is based on calibrating samples of
objects for which the abun... |
1,314,259,995,812 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
How a many-body quantum system thermalizes --or fails to do so-- under its own interaction is a fundamental yet elusive problem. Localization serves as a prototypical example for the absence of thermalization, first studied in the non-interacting single particle regime known as Anderson localizat... |
1,314,259,995,813 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{intro}
While being relatively rare in the Universe, cooling-core clusters of galaxies hold a special place in discussions of active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback. These are the systems in which the need for AGN feedback is most apparent; X-ray observations of the host intracluster mediu... |
1,314,259,995,814 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The most popular public key cryptosystem in use today is
the RSA cryptosystem, introduced by Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman \cite{RSA}.
Its security is based on the intractability of
the integer factorization problem.
The modulus $n$ of a RSA cryptosystem is the product of two large
primes $p$ and... |
1,314,259,995,815 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
\begin{comment}
\end{comment}
After 20 years from when the human knowledge crossed the borders
of the solar system and found a planet orbiting another main
sequence star \citep{mayor:1995}, we can now count more than 1... |
1,314,259,995,816 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
The focus of this article is the two-dimensional uniform spanning tree (UST), which is a random subgraph of $\mathbb{Z}^2$ that will henceforth be denoted by $\mathcal{U}$. Since the introduction of this object in \cite{Pem91}, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the ge... |
1,314,259,995,817 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
\begin{figure*}[t!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/overview.pdf}
\vspace{-0.8cm}
\caption{Training procedure of \textsc{FedAUX}. \textbf{Preparation phase:} P1) The unlabeled auxiliary data is used to pre-train a feature extractor (e.g. usin... |
1,314,259,995,818 | arxiv | \section{Motivation}
Up to now, the options for constructing exact inhomogeneous cosmologies were: (i) a small range of non-homogeneous metrics such as the \LT\ (LT) metric \cite{Lem33,Tol34}, the \Sz (S) metric \cite{Szek75a,Szek75b}
\footnote{See \cite{Kra97} for a survey of inhomogeneous cosmologies, \cite{Bo... |
1,314,259,995,819 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
After the discovery of a Higgs-like resonance, with a mass of 125 GeV, at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2012, various properties of this new particle have been studied. The spin and parity measurements have established it as a $0^{+}$ state at 99.9\% CL against alterna... |
1,314,259,995,820 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Since the discovery of quantum Hall effect \cite{PRL45-494,PRL48-1559,PRL49-405,RMP58-519}, the topological phase of matter has attracted extensive attention. Although the topological phase of matter is first found in electronic systems, it is later extended to the field of quasi-particles, such... |
1,314,259,995,821 | arxiv | \section{\sf Introduction}\label{introduction}
Kolmogorov's phenomenological statistical theory of turbulence, based on a set of axioms, displays certain well-known
characteristics, such as a $k^{-5/3}$ spectrum in an inertial range with a wavenumber cut-off at $L^{-1}Re^{3/4}$,
together with a dissipation range bey... |
1,314,259,995,822 | arxiv | \section{Approach}
\label{sec:approach}
We begin by describing the $\mathtt{SegNet}$\xspace module in our approach, and
then explain how it is used to score semantic segmentation proposals.
\subsection{$\mathtt{SegNet}$\xspace: Predicting Coarse Segmentations}
\begin{comment}
\textbf{Using Segmentation Structure}... |
1,314,259,995,823 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Flag kernels on homogeneous groups have been introduced by Nagel-Ricci-Stein \cite{nagel} in their study of quadratic $CR$-manifolds. They can be regarded as a generalization of Calder\'on-Zygmund singular kernels with singularities extending over the whole of the hyperspace $x_1=0$, where $x_1$... |
1,314,259,995,824 | arxiv |
\section{Hierarchical matrix approximation of spectral projectors}
\label{hmatrices}
Introduced in the context of integral and partial differential equations,
hierarchical matrices allow for the data-sparse representation of a certain class of dense matrices. In the following, we briefly recall the concept of hierarc... |
1,314,259,995,825 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Conformal field theories (CFT) are interesting for a variety of
reasons. One of the most important reason is that a theory critical at
a continuous phase transition is expected to acquire conformal
invariance which imposes strong constraints on the correlation
functions\cite{Polyakov1970}. This... |
1,314,259,995,826 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $M$ be a Lie algebra over the field $\text{$\mathbf{F}$}$. Suppose $M$ is
nilpotent of nilpotency class $c$, so that $c$ is the smallest
number such that $M^{c+1}=0$. If $M$ has finite dimension
$n\ge 2$, it is well-known that $c\le n-1$. When $c=n-1$,
$M$ is said to be a Lie algebra of maxi... |
1,314,259,995,827 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Choosing a pricing model, especially in risk management and for Valuation Adjustments (xVA), is a balancing act between accuracy and pricing speed. Often, the calculation speed is critical in determining the model of choice, especially when handling large portfolios. The modern approach for model... |
1,314,259,995,828 | arxiv | \section{Proof of the First Zonklar Equation}
\end{document}
\section{Acknowledgement}
The work is supported by Secure \& Trustworthy Intelligence Laboratory (STiL) established by Prof. Kai Zhou.
\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec-conclude}
In this paper, we initiate the study to invest... |
1,314,259,995,829 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
Metamaterials are drawing increased attention for their ability to achieve a variety of non-intuitive properties that stem from their intentionally hierarchical structures~\cite{Schumacher2015}. While they traditionally consist of one unit cell that is repeated everywhere, multi... |
1,314,259,995,830 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
With the advent of digital antenna arrays, massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) wireless communications system have become a reality. Multiple user equipments (UEs) can operate on the same frequencies through spatial multiplexing techniques achieved through multi-user detection on the u... |
1,314,259,995,831 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The transmission eigenvalue problem is at the heart of inverse scattering theory for inhomogeneous media. This eigenvalue problem is a late arrival in scattering theory with its first appearance in \cite{old}, \cite{k22}, in connection with injectivity of the relative scattering operator.... |
1,314,259,995,832 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $f$ be a non-CM cuspidal eigenform and let $\ell$ be a prime integer. By the work of Ribet (\cite{ribet1}, \cite{ribet3}) and Momose (\cite{momose}), it is known that the $\ell$-adic Galois representation $\rho_{f,\ell}$ associated with $f$ has large image for every $\ell$ and that for alm... |
1,314,259,995,833 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
This paper describes a third-generation proof of the
slope filtration theorem for Frobenius modules over the Robba ring
(Theorem~\ref{T:slope filt} herein).
This proof is more expedient than what one finds
in our original paper \cite{kedlaya-local} or its sequel
\cite{kedlaya-slope}.
In additi... |
1,314,259,995,834 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Digital VLSI designs are getting much larger and more complex as manufacturing technologies are making rapid progress. Standard cell-based designs exploit libraries of small predefined building blocks called standard cells, which facilitate the productivity and reliability of the VLSI design f... |
1,314,259,995,835 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction}
In the course of the observational campaign on the bright Supernova
2010jl we obtained spectropolarimetry of this object using the Calar
Alto Faint Object Spectrograph (CAFOS), mounted at the 2.2 m telescope
in Calar Alto, Spain (Meisenheimer \cite{cafos}). The results were
publ... |
1,314,259,995,836 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In recent years, semiconductor compounds based on gallium arsenide (GaAs) containing small amounts of nitrogen (N) have proven to be promising materials for all kinds of optoelectronic applications. One of the first applications were (GaIn)(NAs) laser diodes. \cite{Kondow1996} More recently, sil... |
1,314,259,995,837 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Crystalline solids can undergo structural phase transitions in
which there is a spontaneous change in the shape or internal
geometry of their unit cells
\cite{FolkSch1976,Cowley1980,Bruce1980,Fujimoto2005}. These
transitions are signalled by the softening of certain elastic
moduli or of phonon mo... |
1,314,259,995,838 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Main results}
In \cite{G_asym} Gromov proposed a rough classification of periodic CAT(0) spaces modulo hyperbolic ones.
It vaguely states that these spaces decompose into pieces such that every piece either displays
almost hyperbolic behavior or else has uniformly distributed flats. O... |
1,314,259,995,839 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The approximation properties of the multivariate Bernstein-Durrmeyer linear operator defined with respect to a nonnegative, bounded Borel measure $\mu:{\cal{B}}_{S^{d}}\to \mathbb{R}_{+}$, by
$$M_{n, \mu}(f)(x)$$
\begin{equation}\label{form1}
=\sum_{|\alpha|=n}\frac{\int_{S^{d}}f(t)B_{\alph... |
1,314,259,995,840 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{intro}
It has long been known that for a locally compact group $G$ there are many $C^*$-algebras between the full group $C^*$-algebra $C^*(G)$ and the reduced algebra $C^*_r(G)$ (see \cite{eym}).
However, little study has been made regarding the extent to which these intermediate algebras ... |
1,314,259,995,841 | arxiv | \subsection{Prime Denominators}
The equation~$B_P=p$ (in other words~$f=1$) occupies something of
a middle ground between Theorems \ref{genuinetheorem} and
\ref{primepower}. The possibilities do seem to be more subtle. In
\cite{chuds}, \cite{eds}, \cite{primeds} and \cite{pe}, this
apparently more difficult question ha... |
1,314,259,995,842 | arxiv |
\section{Algorithmic Results}\label{sec:algo}
In this section we give an algorithm to approximate the profit of $OPT_{on}$, for any joint distributions over edge weights of each ball $t$.
\thmalg*
\paragraph{\underline{An LP Relaxation.}}
Our starting point is a linear program (LP) called LP-Match, which we show up... |
1,314,259,995,843 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Cryptographic algorithms and protocols are the indispensable building blocks for modern distributed computing systems and smartphone apps. Cryptographic primitives, implemented as cryptographic APIs in typical libraries, provide various functionalities such as keys/certificate management, encr... |
1,314,259,995,844 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Opinion and group formation in human societies have been investigated
in the last years as complex phenomena, well described with the
methods of non-linear dynamics and statistical physics (for a review
see \cite{castellano2009statistical}). It has become clear that the
evolutionary dynamics of
... |
1,314,259,995,845 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Open domain semantic parsing aims to map natural language utterances to structured meaning representations. Recently, seq2seq based approaches have achieved promising performance by structure-aware networks, such as sequence-to-action\cite{chen2018sequence} and STAMP\cite{sun-etal-2018-semantic}... |
1,314,259,995,846 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
The Distance-duality (DD) relation, also known as the Etherington's
reciprocity relation \citep{eth33}, is related the angular diameter
distance (ADD, $D_{A}$) to the luminosity distance ($D_{L}$) by
means of a single parameter,
\begin{equation}
\eta \equiv \frac{D_{L... |
1,314,259,995,847 | arxiv | \section{Direct and inverse problems for representation functions}
Let \ensuremath{ \mathbf N }, $\ensuremath{ \mathbf N }_0,$ and \ensuremath{\mathbf Z}\ denote the sets of positive integers, nonnegative integers, and integers, respectively.
In additive number theory, a classical direct problem is to describe the in... |
1,314,259,995,848 | arxiv | \section{#1}\setcounter{equation}{0}}
\def\begin{equation}{\begin{equation}}
\def\end{equation}{\end{equation}}
\def\begin{eqnarray}{\begin{eqnarray}}
\def\end{eqnarray}{\end{eqnarray}}
\def\begin{enumerate}{\begin{enumerate}}
\def\end{enumerate}{\end{enumerate}}
\def\langle{\langle}
\def\rangle{\rangle}
\def\alpha... |
1,314,259,995,849 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Brou\'e, Malle and Michel have shown that the automizer
of an abelian Sylow $p$-subgroup $P$ in a finite simple Chevalley group is an
irreducible complex reflection
group (for $p$ not too small and different from the defining characteristic)
\cite{BrMaMi,BrMi}.
The aim is this note is to show t... |
1,314,259,995,850 | arxiv | \subsection*{Acknowledgements.} This research has been supported by the \emph{École Normale Supérieure}, Paris, by the \emph{``Gruppo Nazionale per l’Analisi Matematica, la Probabilità e le loro Applicazioni dell’Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica F. Severi''} and by the project \emph{Vain-Hopes} within the program ... |
1,314,259,995,851 | arxiv |
\section*{Acknowledgment}
The authors sincerely thank Aviad Rubinstein for the suggestion of using set-cover to prove hardness. The authors sincerely thank Dana Moshkovitz for pointing out some references about the hardness result of set-cover. The authors would also like to thank Mika G\"{o}\"{o}s, Rasmus Kyng, Zico... |
1,314,259,995,852 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Machine learning often requires an object to be represented as a point $x$ in a vector space $V$.
In many settings, there is a linear group $G$ of ambiguities for which the same object can be represented as $gx$ for any $g\in G$.
For example, when the object is a point cloud or a graph, the vect... |
1,314,259,995,853 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\ac{RA} \ac{MAC} protocols in the recent past have been intensively
investigated especially coupled with multi-packet per user sending
and \ac{SIC} procedure. It was first proposed in
\cite{Choudhury1983} to send the same packet twice in different
\ac{TDMA} slots. Benefits in terms of dela... |
1,314,259,995,854 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The understanding of transition of a stochastic system between
disjoint regions in the phase space has applications in the study of
chemical reactions and thermally activated process (see \cite{MetzlerOshaninRedner:14, EVa:10} and references therein). For such physical
processes, the underlying... |
1,314,259,995,855 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The unusual suppression of density fluctuations at large length scales is central
to the hyperuniformity concept, whose broad importance for condensed matter physics
and materials science was brought to the fore only about a decade ago
in a study that focused on fundamental theoretical... |
1,314,259,995,856 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The use of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians in theoretical physics has a
long history. It extends from early attempts to construct
divergence-free relativistic quantum field theories
\cite{indefinite}, to more practical and successful applications in
nuclear and atomic physics \cite{nuclear-phys} and ... |
1,314,259,995,857 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Hydrogen is known to have a wide range of physical effects in semiconductors,
including the passivation of states associated with deep--level impurities,
enhancement of the diffusivity of oxygen, and the formation of large, planar
structures known as platelets.~\cite{Pat88} It is present in larg... |
1,314,259,995,858 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
A graph $G=(V,E)$ is \emph{$k$-thin} if there exist an ordering
$v_1, \dots , v_n$ of $V$ and a partition of $V$ into $k$ classes
$(V^1,\dots,V^k)$ such that, for each triple $(r,s,t)$ with
$r<s<t$, if $v_r$, $v_s$ belong to the same class and $v_t v_r \in
E$, then $v_t v_... |
1,314,259,995,859 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{Sec1}
SELEX Collaboration first reported evidence for the doubly charmed
baryon $\Xi^{+}_{cc}$(3520) in the decay mode
$\Xi^{+}_{cc}\rightarrow\Lambda_{c}^{+}K^{-}\pi^{+}$ with the mass
$M_{\Xi^{+}_{cc}}=3519\pm1\rm{MeV}$~\cite{Mattson:2002vu}, although
other experimental collabora... |
1,314,259,995,860 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Characterizing the structure and evolution of the cold gas in dark
matter halos is a key element in current models of galaxy formation
(e.g.,\ Kere{\v s} \ensuremath{\mbox{et~al.}}\ 2005). The fraction of cold and hot gas within
dark matter halos and the rate at which gas is being accreted are
e... |
1,314,259,995,861 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The study of $p$-harmonic maps and in particular $p$-harmonic functions is
central to $p$-harmonic geometry and related problems.
A real-valued $C^{3}$ function on a Riemannian $m$-manifold $M$ with a
Riemannian metric $\langle \,\,,\,\rangle \,$ is said to be \textit{strongly
}$p$-\textit{har... |
1,314,259,995,862 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Magnetic fields have been observed at all scales in the Universe. In galaxies, the field strengths range between a few to tens of $\mu$Gauss, correlated on kpc scales~\cite{Bernet:2008qp}. Magnetic fields of similar amplitude have also been measured in galaxy clusters, ordered o... |
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