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1,314,259,995,863
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In addition to being diffraction- and dispersion-free, Bessel beams carry orbital angular momentum (OAM) \cite{padgett,bliokh,schulze}, making them ideal for many applications, such as high-resolution microscopy \cite{kozawa1}, optical trapping and tweezing \cite{yao}, precision drilling \cite{...
1,314,259,995,864
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The Majorana modes in the vortices of topological superconductors can be used in quantum computation, motivating continuing efforts in searching for topological superconductors. \cite{Sato2016} The leading candidate for intrinsic topological superconductors is Sr$_2$RuO$_4$, which may host tripl...
1,314,259,995,865
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:Introduction} With the rapid development of camera and display equipment, the resolution of images is getting higher and higher, where 4K and 6K resolutions become common. It gives different chances in portrait photo post-processing, industrial defect detection, medical diagnose, \etc...
1,314,259,995,866
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} The classical way of solving nonstationary boundary value problems applies separate discretizations in space and time. One promising alternative to this approach is the finite element method with full space-time discretization. In principle, this method can be very effective for s...
1,314,259,995,867
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Neutrinoless double-beta ($0\nu2\beta$) decay is a hypothetical nuclear transformation that changes the lepton number by two units when a candidate even-even nucleus emits two electrons with no neutrino in the final state. The observation of $0\nu2\beta$ decay would testify lepton number non...
1,314,259,995,868
arxiv
\section{First Section} \subsection{A Subsection Sample} Please note that the first paragraph of a section or subsection is not indented. The first paragraph that follows a table, figure, equation etc. does not need an indent, either. Subsequent paragraphs, however, are indented. \subsubsection{Sample Heading (Third ...
1,314,259,995,869
arxiv
\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\zeta@}% {-3.5ex \@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}% {2.3ex \@plus.2ex}% {\normalfont\large\bfseries}} \renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\zeta@}% ...
1,314,259,995,870
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Markov Random Fields (MRFs) provide a useful framework to model high dimensional probability distributions via an associated dependency graph $\mathbf{G}$, which captures the conditional independence relationships between random variables. Here, the nodes correspond to the random variables; edges...
1,314,259,995,871
arxiv
\section{The Elsevier article class} \paragraph{Installation} If the document class \emph{elsarticle} is not available on your computer, you can download and install the system package \emph{texlive-publishers} (Linux) or install the \LaTeX\ package \emph{elsarticle} using the package manager of your \TeX\ installatio...
1,314,259,995,872
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[keepaspectratio, scale=0.5]{figures/cc-comparison-L1-abort-rate.pdf} \caption{Abort rate of long-running update transaction (L1) in BoMB workload.} \label{fig:cc-comparison-L1-abort-rate} \end{figure} Transaction proce...
1,314,259,995,873
arxiv
\section{\label{intro} Introduction} In the last years the study and knowledge of the full three-dimensional dynamical nucleon structure in polarized high energy collisions have witnessed impressive progress (see e.g.~Refs.~\cite{D'Alesio:2007jt,Barone:2010zz} for recent reviews). Motivated by several experimental resu...
1,314,259,995,874
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:Introduction} Since the first discovery of the expansion of the Universe more than 90 years ago \citep{1927ASSB...47...49L,1929PNAS...15..168H}, the Hubble constant $H_0$ characterizing its current expansion rate has been of great interest to astronomers. In the last decade, however, ...
1,314,259,995,875
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The Crab is the prototypical Pulsar Wind Nebula (PWN), characterized by a center-filled synchrotron nebula that is powered by a magnetized wind of charged particles emanating from a centrally located pulsar formed during the supernova explosion \citep{Weiler1978}. Due to its brightness, proximity...
1,314,259,995,876
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{} Among the many ideas developed around the use of liquid noble gases, the Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber~\cite{intro1,Aprile:1985xz} certainly represented one of the most challenging and appealing designs. The technology was proposed as a tool for uniform and high accuracy imaging o...
1,314,259,995,877
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In the last few years, much effort has been devoted to the study of statistical properties of scalar quantities advected by random flows with short memory. Remarkable progress in understanding intermittency and anomalous scaling has been achieved \cite{K94,GK95,CFKL95,SS95} for the Kraichnan mo...
1,314,259,995,878
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:Introduction} We work over the complex number field $\mathord{\mathbb C}$. By a \emph{variety}, we mean a reduced irreducible quasi-projective scheme. The fundamental group $\pi_1(V)$ of a variety $V$ is the topological fundamental group of the analytic space underlyin...
1,314,259,995,879
arxiv
\section{\Large Introduction} \label{sec:intr} This paper is a supplement to~\cite{DK} where we developed a graph theoretic construction (borrowing an idea of~\cite{cast1}) that was used as the main tool to obtain a complete combinatorial characterization for the variety of homogeneous quadratic identities on mi...
1,314,259,995,880
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The discovery of the $X(3872)$ shortly after the turn of the century~\cite{Choi:2003ue}, followed by its confirmation by various collaborations \cite{Acosta:2003zx,Abazov:2004kp,Aubert:2004ns,Aaij:2011sn}, was a milestone in quarkonium physics. For the first time a charmonium state was seen ...
1,314,259,995,881
arxiv
\section{\label{intro} Introduction} About 30 years ago, Yang \cite{yang}, generalizing the Dirac monopole, found a (singular) spherically symmetric solution of the five-dimensional Euclidean Yang-Mills (YM) theory with the $SU(2)$ gauge group. In the same paper, he also showed that his $SU(2)$ monopole does not exi...
1,314,259,995,882
arxiv
\section{Conclusions} The proposed three-point functions appear very useful. They are seen to be strongly dominated by the lowest terms in the $1/z$ expansion. As a consequence, the three-point functions may well be applied to fix the remaining two unknowns, $\zvhqet$ and $\zakhqet$, in the static approximation no...
1,314,259,995,883
arxiv
\section{Introduction and preliminaries} In this paper groups definable in $o$-minimal and closely related structures are studied, partly for their own sake and partly as a ``testing ground" for general conjectures. Given a $\emptyset$-definable group $G$ in a saturated structure ${\bar M}$, $G^{00}_{\emptyset}$ is ...
1,314,259,995,884
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Recent commonsense reasoning benchmarks~\cite{sap2019socialiqa,bisk2019piqa} and neural advancements~\cite{liu2019roberta,lin2019kagnet} shed a new light on the longstanding task of capturing, representing, and reasoning over commonsense knowledge. While state-of-the-art lang...
1,314,259,995,885
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} In the recent years, multiple research fields and industries have become interested in Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) frameworks as a way to enhance decision-making processes in the real world and design better autonomous systems. The range of domains is large \cite{L...
1,314,259,995,886
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:Introduction} In the study of two-dimensional quantum magnets, the anisotropic triangular model has been a continuing object of attention. This is partially due to its applicability to real experimental materials such as the organic salts $\kappa-$(BEDT-TTF)$_2$Cu$_2$(CN)$_3$,\cite{NM...
1,314,259,995,887
arxiv
\section{Introduction} ACO is a recently developed, population-based approach presented by M. Dorigo and A. Colorni etc. al., it was inspired by the ants' foraging behavior in 1991 \cite{Dorigo,Colorni,Dorigo1}. Ant System (AS) was first introduced in three different versions \cite{Dorigo,Colorni,Dorigo1}, they were c...
1,314,259,995,888
arxiv
\section{Introduction} One convenient way to model uncertain dynamical systems is to describe them as Markov chains. These have been studied in great detail, and their properties are well known. However, in many practical situations, it remains a challenge to accurately identify the transition probabilities in the Mark...
1,314,259,995,889
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Cloud computing when combined with the Internet of Things has enabled may new services such as Sensing As a service (SENaaS), Sensor Data as a Service (SDaaS) and Sensor Trigger as a Service (STaaS). The applications that use such services may be of predictive, data mining, machine learning, or ...
1,314,259,995,890
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Often in data analysis, one has a small set of quality labeled data, and a large pool of unlabeled data. It is the task of semi-supervised learning to make as much use of this unlabeled data as possible. In the low-data regime, the aim is to create models that perform well after seeing only a ha...
1,314,259,995,891
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Reproducibility in Machine Learning and Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) in particular has become a serious issue in the recent years. As pointed out in \citep{islam2017reproducibility} and \citep{henderson2017deep}, reproducing the results of an RL paper can turn out to be much more complicated ...
1,314,259,995,892
arxiv
\section{Executive Summary} The use of quantum sensors in high energy physics has seen explosive growth since the previous Snowmass Community Study. This growth extends far beyond high energy physics (HEP) impacting many areas of science from communications to cryptography to computing. Quantum sensors have been used ...
1,314,259,995,893
arxiv
\section*{Checklist} \begin{enumerate} \item For all authors... \begin{enumerate} \item Do the main claims made in the abstract and introduction accurately reflect the paper's contributions and scope? \answerYes{} \item Did you describe the limitations of your work? \answerYes{See \autoref{sec:discussion}...
1,314,259,995,894
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Due to successful application of machine learning, and deep learning \cite{lecun2015deep} in particular, we have lately observed great progress in traditional Computer Vision (CV) tasks such as image classification \cite{krizhevsky2012imagenet}, object detection and image segmentation \ci...
1,314,259,995,895
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} We consider two analytic functions, \[f_0(z) := e^{z/(1-z)} = e^{-1}\,e^{1/(1-z)}\] and \[f_1(z) := e^x{E_1}(x), \text{ where } x := 1/(1-z) \text{ and } {E_1}(x) := \int_x^\infty \frac{e^{-t}}{t}{\,d}t. \] These functions are regular in the open disk $D = \{z\in{\mathbb ...
1,314,259,995,896
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The study of spin-orbit (SO) effects in semiconductor nanostructures has been the object of many experimental and theoretical investigations in the last few years, see e.g. Refs. \onlinecite{Can99,Ric99,And99,Vos00,Mal00,Rac97, Vos01,Fol01,Hal01,Ale01,Val02,Val202,Val302,Kon05} and Refs. th...
1,314,259,995,897
arxiv
\section{Comparisons in the case of the isolated Gerschgorin disk} \label{sec:comparison} In this section we compare our method of cones with the Gerschgorin theorem with rescaling of the basis, when trying to estimate an eigenvalue in an isolated Gerschgorin disk and corresponding eigenvector. Throughout this sectio...
1,314,259,995,898
arxiv
\section{Introduction and main result} \label{ref-1-0} Below $k$ is an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero and $A = k[x,y,z]$. We will consider the Hilbert scheme $\Hilb_{n}(\PP^{2})$ parametrizing zero-dimensional subschemes of length $n$ in $\PP^2$. It is well known that this is a smooth connected proj...
1,314,259,995,899
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \vspace{-0.3cm} \label{sec:intro} The mammalian brain is a complex system, mainly due to the large number of neurons that form complicated interconnected networks. Human brains contain almost 100 billion neurons, and mouse brains have about 75 million neurons \cite{azevedo2009equal}. Each of the ...
1,314,259,995,900
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The mergers of close compact object binaries are promising gravitational-wave (GW) sources \citep{1977ApJ...215..311C}, as demonstrated by the successful detection of the mergers of three massive black hole binaries\citep{2016PhRvX...6d1015A,2016PhRvL.116f1102A,2017PhRvL.118v110...
1,314,259,995,901
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sect:intro} The detection of gravitational waves (GW) has revolutionized our understanding of black holes (BHs) and neutron stars (NSs). Since the first discovery, the LIGO and Virgo observatories have confirmed the detection of more than ten events \citep{aasi2015,acern2015,abb2019,abb20...
1,314,259,995,902
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} Quantum dynamics play a significant role in many chemical physics and biochemical physics problems. Frequently studied problems of this kind include exciton and electron transfer processes\cite{Khun95,YangTonuOliverRev2015} that are involved in photosynthetic systems,\cite{KramerAspu14,LeeCoker...
1,314,259,995,903
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} Approximately 20~percent of the Galactic main sequence O-stars are isolated field stars \citep[e.g.,][]{Mason1998}. After correcting for clustered environments and runaways, only \mbox{4\,--\,10}~percent of all O-stars appear to be truly isolated \citep[e.g.,][]{deWit2004,deWit20...
1,314,259,995,904
arxiv
\section{Introduction} We consider walks in the two-dimensional square lattice with steps (1,1), (1,-1), (2,2) and (2,-2). We assign a weight $\sqrt{z}$ for a unit distance along the $x$-axis. We constrain them to lie in the region defined by $y \geq 0$ and $y \leq w$. The motivation for considering such walks is the m...
1,314,259,995,905
arxiv
\section{Introduction} As we are in 2012, the 125th anniversary of the Michelson-Morley experiment, we note that the historical process leading to the establishment of the constancy of the speed of light - the fundamental postulate of Special Relativity (SR) - as one of the cornerstones of modern physics is not due to ...
1,314,259,995,906
arxiv
\section{Conclusion and Outlook}\label{Sec:Conclusion} In this work, we define the Kinematic Orienteering Problem and benchmark exact and heuristically obtained solutions against optimal solutions of the DOP. For flight time estimation, we present an improved analytical approach to calculate time-optimal multidimensi...
1,314,259,995,907
arxiv
\subsection*{The Mandelbrot martingales} To get a solution to Equation~\eqref{equation} one way is to use the Mandelbrot construction~\cite{M1}. We set \begin{equation*} Y_n = b^{-n}\sum_{1\le j_1\le N} W_{j_1} \sum_{\substack{1\le j_i\le N_{j_1,j_2\dots,j_{i-1}}\\ \text{for }1\le i \le n}} W_{j_1,j_2}W_{j_1,j...
1,314,259,995,908
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Once a specialized field for applications that required large data sets, large-scale distributed applications have become commonplace in our globalized society. Regardless of whether you are developing a rich-web application or a native mobile application, managing distributed data is challengi...
1,314,259,995,909
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro:sec} Though they are both probabilistic theories, probability theory and quantum mechanics have historically developed along very different lines. Nonetheless the two theories are remarkably close, and indeed a rigorous development of quantum probability \cite{maassen-qprob} contain...
1,314,259,995,910
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Chain conditions appear frequently in the study of countable groups. These are finiteness conditions that forbid certain infinite sequences of subgroups. An elementary but interesting example of such a condition is the property of being polycyclic. From a geometric group theory perspective, thes...
1,314,259,995,911
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} The nonlinear forces between colliding beams are one of the main performance limitations in modern colliders. Electron lenses have been proposed as a tool for mitigation of beam-beam effects~\cite{Shiltsev:PRSTAB:1999}. It was demonstrated that the pulsed electron current can produce different ...
1,314,259,995,912
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Generalizability is one of the most important problems in research for artificial general intelligence. Ideally, we want our algorithms to be able to generalize to unseen circumstances. In the context of reinforcement learning, we hope that our agents can master games in such way that when the ob...
1,314,259,995,913
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection{Our study} Let us consider $p$ {\em diagonalizable} matrices $M_1, \cdots, M_p$ in $\mathbb{C}^{n \times n}$ which pairwise commute. A classical result states that these matrices are simultaneously diagonalizable, i.e., there exists an invertible matrix $E$ and diagonal matrices $\...
1,314,259,995,914
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In this paper we study a classical game theoretic problem: $n$ players want to divide a resource among themselves. Is it always possible to do so in a fair, in some sense, way? We consider a simple case, when the resource is the line segment $[0,1]$, and allow its partitions into $n$ closed...
1,314,259,995,915
arxiv
\subsubsection*{References}} \usepackage{mathtools} \usepackage{booktabs} \usepackage{tikz} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage{hyperref} \usepackage{url} \usepackage{booktabs} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{nicefrac} \usepackage{microtype} \us...
1,314,259,995,916
arxiv
\section*{Acknowledgments} We thank Albert De Roeck, Zhen Liu, David Milstead, Hideyuki Oide, and Brian Shuve for useful comments on early drafts. We thank Zach Marshall for useful discussions during the preparation of this review, and Timothy Gershon for information on LHCb results. AS is supported by the Israel S...
1,314,259,995,917
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The ternary intermetallic system Al--Pd--Mn has been of great interest in the last years, because it forms a high number of complex metallic alloy compounds (CMAs). In this paper we focus on the $\Xi$ phases, which are approximants of a decagonal quasicrystal with a lattice constant of $1.6$ nm ...
1,314,259,995,918
arxiv
1,314,259,995,919
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Static vacuum spacetimes satisfying the Einstein field equations play a central role in general relativity, since such spacetimes are expected to represent a final state of the evolution of matter under self-gravitating forces. Several classical results show that, under certain physical condi...
1,314,259,995,920
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection{Overview and motivation} An important class of field theories in physics is represented by \textit{gauge theories}. These are theories containing a redundant number of degrees of freedom which causes physical quantities to be invariant under certain local transformations, called \tex...
1,314,259,995,921
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Understanding the limits of controllability of quantum and classical transport has long been considered a topic of great relevance in physics, chemistry, and biology \cite{hanggi2009,lambert2012,cao2020}. In particular, the study of novel materials that exhibit excitation-energy transfer pathway...
1,314,259,995,922
arxiv
\section{Introduction} We consider a multivariate autoregressive process with normally distributed noise, defined through \[ X_t^\varepsilon = AX_{t-1}^\varepsilon+\varepsilon\xi_t,\; t\ge 1,\; X_0^\varepsilon = x_0, \] where $X_t^\varepsilon\in \mathbb{R}^d$, $A$ is a real $d\times d$ matrix , $\varepsilon$ is ...
1,314,259,995,923
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The pion and the proton are the most elemental bound states due to the strong interaction. The knowledge on their structures is important to test our understanding on QCD. The electromagnetic (EM) form factor is one of the most simple and naive non-perturbative quantity reflecting the structures ...
1,314,259,995,924
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The motivation for this work arises from certain tasks in image processing, where the robustness of methods plays an important role. In this context, the Student-$t$ distribution and the closely related Student-$t$ mixture models became popular in various image processing tasks....
1,314,259,995,925
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Turbulence is ubiquitous in astrophysical plasmas in both local and high-redshift universe \citep{BraL14}. It accompanies the large scale structure formation and amplifies cosmic magnetic fields \citep{Ryu08}. It influences multi-scale diverse astrophysical processes, such as star formation ...
1,314,259,995,926
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{intro} In QCD the strong interaction among quarks depends on their color charge. When quarks are placed in a medium, this color charge is screened due density and temperature effects~\cite{Fukushima:2010bq}. If the density and/or the temperature increases beyond a certain critical value...
1,314,259,995,927
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} \noindent A little variation to looking some mathematical concept may sometimes sheds light on some hidden facts. For instance, continuity and differentiability are both limits concepts but defined differently. However latter one tells more geometric facts about function than that of former one....
1,314,259,995,928
arxiv
\subsection{Jailhouse: Concepts and Rationale} Safely running real-time workloads of mixed criticality on multi-core systems~\cite{linuxlife} next to Linux is a common industrial requirement in many domains. Contemporary multi-core platforms typically feature more CPU cores---Hardware Threads (HARTs) in \five{RISC...
1,314,259,995,929
arxiv
\section{Acknowledgements} We thank Christine Aidala, Shanshan Cao, Paul Caucal, Stefan Hoche, Weiyao Ke, Kara Mattioli, Jared Reiten, Peter Skands, Alba Soto-Ontoso, Varun Vaidya, and Nima Zardoshti for their helpful comments, discussions, and questions, as well as collaboration on related work. We thank Jack Holguin,...
1,314,259,995,930
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Super-resolution is the process of obtaining a high resolution (HR) image from one or more low resolution (LR) images. Classical reconstruction based image super-resolution requires multiple low-resolution images with sub-pixel misalignment at the same scale, whereas single image super-resolutio...
1,314,259,995,931
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Today finding geographical position is a normal subject. Every smart mobile phone has the accessibility and finds our geographical longitude, latitude and height from sea level up to few ten meters accuracies \cite{hulbert2001accuracy,wing2005consumer}. But as we know and we have had the experien...
1,314,259,995,932
arxiv
\section{Introduction} This talk does not pretend to be a professional exercise in the history of science, but all cosmologists have a fascination with origins: thus we should expect to have a reasonable familiarity with the developments that set our subject in motion. There is indeed a conventional narrative tha...
1,314,259,995,933
arxiv
\section{Introduction} One of the most fundamental questions that can be asked about jets associated with active galactic nuclei (AGN) is how do they evolve from their dense, gas-rich parsec-scale environments out to scales of hundreds of kiloparsecs, well outside their host galaxies. The capability of radio wavele...
1,314,259,995,934
arxiv
\section{Introduction} One of the great triumphs of theoretical physics is Onsager's solution of the two-dimensional Ising model of statistical mechanics \cite{Onsager44}. As his solution included the case of anisotropic couplings, it yields also the spectrum of the associated Ising quantum spin chain. It is therefore...
1,314,259,995,935
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A common approach to gain a better understanding of Yang-Mills theory, in particular the mechanism of confinement, is to restrict the full path integral to a small subset of gauge field configurations, which are supposed to be of physical importance. Examples are instanton gas and liquid models ...
1,314,259,995,936
arxiv
\subsection{Power System Model} We consider a connected power network composed of $n$ buses indexed by $i \in \mathcal{V} := \{1,\dots, n\} $ and transmission lines denoted by unordered pairs $\{i,j\} \in \mathcal{E}$, where $\mathcal{E}$ is a set of $2$-element subsets of $\mathcal{V}$. As illustrated by the block di...
1,314,259,995,937
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The first detections of the quasar clustering date back more than one decade (Shaver 1984). Up to now, however, more detailed studies of the clustering dependence on physical parameters like absolute magnitude and redshift was hampered by the small number of quasars in statistically well-defined...
1,314,259,995,938
arxiv
\section{Running Heads} \section{Introduction} The equivalence principle (EP) \cite{misner73} states the equivalence between inertial and gravitational mass. This fact is a mere coincidence in classical physics, but it has some important consequences, for example: \begin{itemize} \item the free fall of {\em any} o...
1,314,259,995,939
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The super-extensions of the classical integrable systems lead to super integrable systems and they have undergone extensive development in the past years. There are many super integrable systems in literatures, such as the super AKNS system \cite{Gurses1}-\cite{Lizhang2}, the super KdV eq...
1,314,259,995,940
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} \noindent Overparameterized deep neural networks (DNNs) are known to generalize well on the test data~\cite{arora2019fine,allen2019learning}. However, overparameterization increases the network size, making DNNs resource-hungry and leading to extended training and inference time...
1,314,259,995,941
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{introduction} Any (boundary continuous) hyperbolic space induces on the boundary at infinity a M\"obius structure which reflects most essential asymptotic properties of the space. A {\em M\"obius structure} $M$ on a set $X$ is a class of M\"obius equivalent semi-metrics on $X$, where tw...
1,314,259,995,942
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A family $\mathcal I \subseteq [\omega]^\omega$ is said to be {\em independent} if for all finite subsets $X_0, ..., X_{n-1} \in \mathcal I$ and all $g:n \to 2$ we have that $X^{g(0)}_0 \cap ... \cap X^{g(n-1)}_{n-1}$ is infinite where $X_i^{g(i)}$ means $X_i$ if $g(i) = 1$ and $\omega \setminus...
1,314,259,995,943
arxiv
\section{Introduction} We denote by $|S|$ the size of a set $S$. Let $G$ be a graph. We denote by $V(G)$ the set of its vertices. Sometimes instead of writing $|V(G)|$ we will use shorter notation $|G|$. We call $|G|$ the \textit{size of G}. We denote by $E(G)$ the set of edges of a graph $G$. A \textit{clique}...
1,314,259,995,944
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Despite contributing only a small fraction of the overall cosmic-ray flux, cosmic-ray electrons and positrons (CREs) provide an important and unique probe of our local Galactic neighborhood. CREs lose energy rapidly via inverse Compton scattering and synchrotron processes while propagating in th...
1,314,259,995,945
arxiv
\section{Alternate Approximation for Many Additive Agents} \label{sec:additive} For the special case of additive buyers, we show how to modify the analysis of \citet{bilw-focs14} in order to achieve a much tighter bound than that stated in Theorem~\ref{thm:main-partition}. The relaxation and stitching steps hold as b...
1,314,259,995,946
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} The promising properties of the reversed magnetic shear~(RMS) tokamak configuration have led to a recent increased interest in the double tearing mode. RMS configurations result in safety factor profiles that are non-monotonic. If two rational surfaces of the same $q$ exi...
1,314,259,995,947
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Flux monitoring of quasars has provided evidence that the dark matter might be composed of objects of planetary mass, ${\rm M\la 10^{-3} \,M_\odot}$. This evidence comes from two types of observations: optical variability that may be due to distant gravitational microlenses (Irwin et al. 1989; Ha...
1,314,259,995,948
arxiv
\section*{Abstract} Crop phenology is crucial information for crop yield estimation and agricultural management. Traditionally, phenology has been observed from the ground; however Earth observation, weather and soil data have been used to capture the physiological growth of crops. In this work, we propose a new approa...
1,314,259,995,949
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} High-dimensional prediction problems are more and more common in many application domains such as computational biology, signal processing, computer vision or natural language processing. To handle this high-dimensionality, one usually resorts to linear modeling and regularizat...
1,314,259,995,950
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The diversity of atomic motion in metallic glasses (MGs) is central to their unique physical and mechanical properties. The primary or $\alpha$-relaxation underlies the drastic slowing down of the collective atomic dynamics during the transition from a viscous supercooled liquid to a glassy solid...
1,314,259,995,951
arxiv
\section{Introduction} This paper describes an undergraduate project to produce a compact, self-contained ``desktop muon counter.'' The muon detector is contained in a small light-tight enclosure that measures 2.75$\times$3.00$\times$1.00 in$^3$. This sits on a small electronics box that performs the data acquisit...
1,314,259,995,952
arxiv
\section{Global Magnetic Phase Diagram} We will focus on the Kondo lattice model, \begin{eqnarray} H &=& H_f + H_c + H_K . \label{kondo-lattice} \end{eqnarray} The Hamiltonian for the $f-$electron local moments is \begin{eqnarray} H_f &=& \frac{1}{2} \sum_{ ij} I_{ij}^a ~S_{i}^a ~ S_{j}^a . \label{H-f} \end{eqnarra...
1,314,259,995,953
arxiv
\section{Motivation and Introduction}\label{sec:intro} In heavy-ion collision experiments it is possible to generate densities and temperatures that are comparable to the conditions in the early universe. These experiments are an important tool to study open questions in cosmology, astrophysics and high-energy ph...
1,314,259,995,954
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \setlength{\baselineskip}{13pt} Today, physics is going through precision era-this is more so for Neutrino physics. With the measurement of reactor angle $\theta_{13}$ \cite{Fgli,Frero,Garc} precisely by reactor experiments, the unknown quantities left to be measured in neutrino sector are $-$ l...
1,314,259,995,955
arxiv
\section{Introduction} During the last years there was a wide discussion about the use of different scintillator and fiber materials in high luminosity environments for tracking and calorimetric applications for new collider and fixed target experiments. Extensive radiation hardness studies for these materials have ...
1,314,259,995,956
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Three-dimensional gravity has proven to be a fruitful testing ground for our ideas about holography. Perhaps the most interesting question is whether pure general relativity---a theory with only metric degrees of freedom---with a negative cosmological constant exists as a quantum theory in i...
1,314,259,995,957
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The observed value of the cosmological constant, $\Lambda_0$, is extremely small, smaller than naive theoretical expectations by a factor of $10^{-60}$ to $10^{-120}$. Also, this tiny vacuum energy density is \emph{now} of the same order as the matter density. These two mysterie...
1,314,259,995,958
arxiv
\section{Introduction} It is very well known that Galilean relativity of inertial frames with relative velocity and rotation is described by the Euclidean group that is the homogeneous subgroup of the full Galilei group\footnote{The full Galelei group also includes translations in position and time }.\ \ We review, in...
1,314,259,995,959
arxiv
\section{Introduction} White dwarf stars (WDs) are the endpoints of evolution for most stars. Their internal structures provide key clues into their complex pre-WD evolution. As WDs, their subsequent evolution is dominated by cooling. The older they are, the cooler they become. Why then, does there exist a range of ...
1,314,259,995,960
arxiv
\section{Introduction and summary} The free energy of a conformal field theory on a compact four-manifold ${\cal M}$ is ambiguous due to ultraviolet divergences. These are classified by diffeomorphism invariant local counter-terms of dimension four or less. The general answer for the free energy on ${\cal M}$ is \be...
1,314,259,995,961
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Event cameras (dynamic vision sensors) are imaging devices which asynchronously measure per-pixel brightness changes. These sensors are suited for robotics and virtual reality applications, since they offer lower latency, lower power consumption as well as higher dynamic range and higher tempor...
1,314,259,995,962
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The rich dynamic behavior of interacting multi-agent, or particle, systems has been the focus of numerous recent studies. These multi-particle systems are capable of self-organization, as shown by the various coherent conformations with complex structure that they generate, even when the interact...