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Albert Einstein | Resident scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study | Resident scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study
thumb|upright|Portrait of Einstein taken in 1935 at Princeton
On 3 October 1933, Einstein delivered a speech on the importance of academic freedom before a packed audience at the Royal Albert Hall in London, with The Times reporting he was wildly cheered throughout... |
Albert Einstein | World War II and the Manhattan Project | World War II and the Manhattan Project
thumb|upright=1.4|Facsimile of the Einstein–Szilard letter
In 1939, a group of Hungarian scientists that included émigré physicist Leó Szilárd attempted to alert Washington, D.C. to ongoing Nazi atomic bomb research. The group's warnings were discounted. Einstein and Szilárd, a... |
Albert Einstein | US citizenship | US citizenship
thumb|Einstein accepting a US citizenship certificate from judge Phillip Forman in 1940
Einstein became an American citizen in 1940. Not long after settling into his career at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, he expressed his appreciation of the meritocracy in American culture... |
Albert Einstein | Personal views | Personal views |
Albert Einstein | Political views | Political views
alt=Casual group shot of four men and two women standing on a brick pavement.|thumb|Albert Einstein and Elsa Einstein arriving in New York in 1921. Accompanying them are Zionist leaders Chaim Weizmann (future president of Israel), Weizmann's wife Vera Weizmann, Menahem Ussishkin, and Ben-Zion Mossins... |
Albert Einstein | Relationship with Zionism | Relationship with Zionism
Einstein was a figurehead leader in the establishment of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which opened in 1925. Earlier, in 1921, he was asked by the biochemist and president of the World Zionist Organization, Chaim Weizmann, to help raise funds for the planned university. He made sugges... |
Albert Einstein | Religious and philosophical views | Religious and philosophical views
thumb|Opening of Einstein's speech (11 April 1943) for the United Jewish Appeal (recording by Radio Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina)
Per Lee Smolin, Einstein expounded his spiritual outlook in a wide array of writings and interviews. He said he had sympathy for the impe... |
Albert Einstein | Love of music | Love of music
thumb|Einstein playing the violin, 1927|upright=1.05
Einstein developed an appreciation for music at an early age. In his late journals he wrote:
His mother played the piano reasonably well and wanted her son to learn the violin, not only to instill in him a love of music but also to help him assimilat... |
Albert Einstein | Death | Death
On 17 April 1955, Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which had previously been reinforced surgically by Rudolph Nissen in 1948. He took the draft of a speech he was preparing for a television appearance commemorating the state of Israel's seventh annive... |
Albert Einstein | Scientific career | Scientific career
Throughout his life, Einstein published hundreds of books and articles. He published more than 300 scientific papers and 150 non-scientific ones. On 5 December 2014, universities and archives announced the release of Einstein's papers, comprising more than 30,000 unique documents.Stachel et al (2008... |
Albert Einstein | Statistical mechanics | Statistical mechanics |
Albert Einstein | Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics | Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics
Einstein's first paperEinstein (1901). submitted in 1900 to Annalen der Physik was on capillary attraction. It was published in 1901 with the title "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen", which translates as "Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena". Tw... |
Albert Einstein | Theory of critical opalescence | Theory of critical opalescence
Einstein returned to the problem of thermodynamic fluctuations, giving a treatment of the density variations in a fluid at its critical point. Ordinarily the density fluctuations are controlled by the second derivative of the free energy with respect to the density. At the critical poi... |
Albert Einstein | 1905 – ''Annus Mirabilis'' papers | 1905 – Annus Mirabilis papers
The Annus Mirabilis papers are four articles pertaining to the photoelectric effect (which gave rise to quantum theory), Brownian motion, the special theory of relativity, and E=mc2 that Einstein published in the Annalen der Physik scientific journal in 1905. These four works contributed... |
Albert Einstein | Special relativity | Special relativity
Einstein's "" ("On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies") was received on 30 June 1905 and published 26 September of that same year. It reconciled conflicts between Maxwell's equations (the laws of electricity and magnetism) and the laws of Newtonian mechanics by introducing changes to the laws of... |
Albert Einstein | General relativity | General relativity |
Albert Einstein | General relativity and the equivalence principle | General relativity and the equivalence principle
alt=Black circle covering the sun, rays visible around it, in a dark sky.|thumb|upright|Eddington's photo of a solar eclipse
General relativity (GR) is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Einstein between 1907 and 1915. According to it, the observed gravitat... |
Albert Einstein | Gravitational waves | Gravitational waves
In 1916, Einstein predicted gravitational waves,Einstein (1916).Einstein (1918). ripples in the curvature of spacetime which propagate as waves, traveling outward from the source, transporting energy as gravitational radiation. The existence of gravitational waves is possible under general relativ... |
Albert Einstein | Hole argument and Entwurf theory | Hole argument and Entwurf theory
While developing general relativity, Einstein became confused about the gauge invariance in the theory. He formulated an argument that led him to conclude that a general relativistic field theory is impossible. He gave up looking for fully generally covariant tensor equations and sear... |
Albert Einstein | Physical cosmology | Physical cosmology
thumb|right|Robert A. Millikan, Georges Lemaître and Einstein at the California Institute of Technology in January 1933
In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to the structure of the universe as a whole.Einstein (1917a). He discovered that the general field equations predicted ... |
Albert Einstein | Energy momentum pseudotensor | Energy momentum pseudotensor
General relativity includes a dynamical spacetime, so it is difficult to see how to identify the conserved energy and momentum. Noether's theorem allows these quantities to be determined from a Lagrangian with translation invariance, but general covariance makes translation invariance in... |
Albert Einstein | Wormholes | Wormholes
In 1935, Einstein collaborated with Nathan Rosen to produce a model of a wormhole, often called Einstein–Rosen bridges.Einstein & Rosen (1935). His motivation was to model elementary particles with charge as a solution of gravitational field equations, in line with the program outlined in the paper "Do Grav... |
Albert Einstein | Einstein–Cartan theory | Einstein–Cartan theory
alt=Einstein, sitting at a table, looks up from the papers he is reading and into the camera.|thumb|upright|Einstein at his office, University of Berlin, 1920In order to incorporate spinning point particles into general relativity, the affine connection needed to be generalized to include an a... |
Albert Einstein | Equations of motion | Equations of motion
In general relativity, gravitational force is reimagined as curvature of spacetime. A curved path like an orbit is not the result of a force deflecting a body from an ideal straight-line path, but rather the body's attempt to fall freely through a background that is itself curved by the presence ... |
Albert Einstein | Old quantum theory | Old quantum theory |
Albert Einstein | Photons and energy quanta | Photons and energy quanta
alt=|thumb|The photoelectric effect. Incoming photons on the left strike a metal plate (bottom), and eject electrons, depicted as flying off to the right.
In a 1905 paper, Einstein postulated that light itself consists of localized particles (quanta). Einstein's light quanta were nearly univ... |
Albert Einstein | Quantized atomic vibrations | Quantized atomic vibrations
In 1907, Einstein proposed a model of matter where each atom in a lattice structure is an independent harmonic oscillator. In the Einstein model, each atom oscillates independently—a series of equally spaced quantized states for each oscillator. Einstein was aware that getting the frequen... |
Albert Einstein | Bose–Einstein statistics | Bose–Einstein statistics
In 1924, Einstein received a description of a statistical model from Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, based on a counting method that assumed that light could be understood as a gas of indistinguishable particles. Einstein noted that Bose's statistics applied to some atoms as well as to... |
Albert Einstein | Wave–particle duality | Wave–particle duality
thumb|upright|Einstein in 1921, by Harris & Ewing studio
Although the patent office promoted Einstein to Technical Examiner Second Class in 1906, he had not given up on academia. In 1908, he became a Privatdozent at the University of Bern. In "Über die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über das W... |
Albert Einstein | Zero-point energy | Zero-point energy
In a series of works completed from 1911 to 1913, Planck reformulated his 1900 quantum theory and introduced the idea of zero-point energy in his "second quantum theory". Soon, this idea attracted the attention of Einstein and his assistant Otto Stern. Assuming the energy of rotating diatomic molecu... |
Albert Einstein | Stimulated emission | Stimulated emission
In 1917, at the height of his work on relativity, Einstein published an article in Physikalische Zeitschrift that proposed the possibility of stimulated emission, the physical process that makes possible the maser and the laser.Einstein (1917b).
This article showed that the statistics of absorptio... |
Albert Einstein | Matter waves | Matter waves
Einstein discovered Louis de Broglie's work and supported his ideas, which were received skeptically at first. In another major paper from this era, Einstein observed that de Broglie waves could explain the quantization rules of Bohr and Sommerfeld. This paper would inspire Schrödinger's work of 1926. |
Albert Einstein | Quantum mechanics | Quantum mechanics |
Albert Einstein | Einstein's objections to quantum mechanics | Einstein's objections to quantum mechanics
thumb|upright|Newspaper headline on 4 May 1935
Einstein played a major role in developing quantum theory, beginning with his 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect. However, he became displeased with modern quantum mechanics as it had evolved after 1925, despite its acceptan... |
Albert Einstein | Bohr versus Einstein | Bohr versus Einstein
upright|alt=Two men sitting, looking relaxed. A dark-haired Bohr is talking while Einstein looks skeptical.|thumb|Einstein and Niels Bohr, 1925 The Bohr–Einstein debates were a series of public disputes about quantum mechanics between Einstein and Niels Bohr, who were two of its founders. Their ... |
Albert Einstein | Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox | Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox
Einstein never fully accepted quantum mechanics. While he recognized that it made correct predictions, he believed a more fundamental description of nature must be possible. Over the years he presented multiple arguments to this effect, but the one he preferred most dated to a debate ... |
Albert Einstein | Unified field theory | Unified field theory
Encouraged by his success with general relativity, Einstein sought an even more ambitious geometrical theory that would treat gravitation and electromagnetism as aspects of a single entity. In 1950, he described his unified field theory in a Scientific American article titled "On the Generalized... |
Albert Einstein | Other investigations | Other investigations
Einstein conducted other investigations that were unsuccessful and abandoned. These pertain to force, superconductivity, and other research. |
Albert Einstein | Collaboration with other scientists | Collaboration with other scientists
thumb|The 1927 Solvay Conference in Brussels, a gathering of the world's top physicists. Einstein is in the center.
In addition to longtime collaborators Leopold Infeld, Nathan Rosen, Peter Bergmann and others, Einstein also had some one-shot collaborations with various scientists. |
Albert Einstein | Einstein–de Haas experiment | Einstein–de Haas experiment
In 1908, Owen Willans Richardson predicted that a change in the magnetic moment of a free body will cause this body to rotate. This effect is a consequence of the conservation of angular momentum and is strong enough to be observable in ferromagnetic materials. Einstein and Wander Johanne... |
Albert Einstein | Einstein as an inventor | Einstein as an inventor
In 1926, Einstein and his former student Leó Szilárd co-invented (and in 1930, patented) the Einstein refrigerator. This absorption refrigerator was then revolutionary for having no moving parts and using only heat as an input. On 11 November 1930, was awarded to Einstein and Leó Szilárd for ... |
Albert Einstein | Legacy | Legacy |
Albert Einstein | Non-scientific | Non-scientific
thumb|left|Left-right: Heinrich Goldschmidt, Einstein, Ole Colbjørnsen, Jørgen Vogt, and Ilse Einstein at a picnic in Oslo in 1920.
While traveling, Einstein wrote daily to his wife Elsa and adopted stepdaughters Margot and Ilse. The letters were included in the papers bequeathed to the Hebrew Universi... |
Albert Einstein | Scientific | Scientific
In 1999, a survey of the top 100 physicists voted for Einstein as the "greatest physicist ever", while a parallel survey of rank-and-file physicists gave the top spot to Isaac Newton, with Einstein second.
Physicist Lev Landau ranked physicists from 0 to 5 on a logarithmic scale of productivity and genius... |
Albert Einstein | In popular culture | In popular culture
thumb|The famous image of Einstein taken by Arthur Sasse in 1951, sitting in a car on his 74th birthday, having been asked to smile for the camera once again.|224x224px
Einstein became one of the most famous scientific celebrities after the confirmation of his general theory of relativity in 1919.... |
Albert Einstein | Awards and honors | Awards and honors
Einstein received numerous awards and honors, and in 1922, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics . None of the nominations in 1921 met the criteria set by Alfred Nobel, so the 1921 prize was carried forward and awarded to Einstein in 1922.
Einsteinium, a synthetic chemical element, was na... |
Albert Einstein | Publications | Publications |
Albert Einstein | Scientific | Scientific
First of a series of papers on this topic.
A reprint of this book was published by Edition Erbrich in 1982, .
Further information about the volumes published so far can be found on the webpages of the Einstein Papers Project and on the Princeton University Pre... |
Albert Einstein | Popular | Popular
The chasing a light beam thought experiment is described on pages 48–51. |
Albert Einstein | Political | Political
Einstein, Albert (September 1960). Foreword to Gandhi Wields the Weapon of Moral Power: Three Case Histories. Introduction by Bharatan Kumarappa. Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House. pp. v–vi. . Foreword originally written in April 1953. |
Albert Einstein | See also | See also
Bern Historical Museum (Einstein Museum)
Einstein notation
Frist Campus Center at Princeton University room 302 is associated with Einstein. The center was once the Palmer Physical Laboratory.
Heinrich Burkhardt
Heinrich Zangger
History of gravitational theory
List of coupled cousins
List of German ... |
Albert Einstein | Notes | Notes |
Albert Einstein | References | References |
Albert Einstein | Works cited | Works cited
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Albert Einstein | Further reading | Further reading
, or
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Albert Einstein | External links | External links
Home page of Albert Einstein at The Institute for Advanced Study
Einstein and his love of music (archived 2015), Physics World, Jan 2005
including the Nobel Lecture 11 July 1923 Fundamental ideas and problems of the theory of relativity
Einstein's declaration of intention for American cit... |
Albert Einstein | Archival materials collections | Archival materials collections
Albert Einstein Historical Letters, Documents & Papers from Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Albert Einstein in FBI Records: The Vault
Albert Einstein Archives Online (80,000+ Documents, currently offline) from The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (MSNBC coverage in 19 March 2012)
The Albe... |
Albert Einstein | Digital collections | Digital collections
The Digital Einstein Papers An open-access site for The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, from Princeton University
Albert Einstein Digital Collection from Vassar College Digital Collections
Albert – The Digital Repository of the IAS, which contains many digitized original documents and pho... |
Albert Einstein | Table of Content | Short description, Life and career, Childhood, youth and education, Marriages, relationships and children, Assistant at the Swiss Patent Office (1902–1909), First scientific papers (1900–1905), Academic career in Europe (1908–1933), Putting general relativity to the test (1919), Coming to terms with fame (1921–1923), S... |
Afghanistan | Short description | Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeas... |
Afghanistan | Etymology | Etymology
Some scholars suggest that the root name Afghān is derived from the Sanskrit word Aśvakan, which was the name used for ancient inhabitants of the Hindu Kush."The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian... " (Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180. See also: Alexander's Invasion of... |
Afghanistan | History | History |
Afghanistan | Prehistory and antiquity | Prehistory and antiquity
thumb|left|Tents of Afghan nomads in the northern Badghis Province. Early peasant farming villages came into existence about 7,000 years ago.
Excavations of prehistoric sites suggest that humans were living in what is now Afghanistan at least 50,000 years ago, and that farming communities in ... |
Afghanistan | Medieval period | Medieval period
thumb|right|The Ghurids originated from Ghor Province in central Afghanistan.
Arab Muslims brought Islam to Herat and Zaranj in 642 CE and began spreading eastward; some of the native inhabitants they encountered accepted it while others revolted. Before the arrival of Islam, the region used to be hom... |
Afghanistan | Hotak dynasty | Hotak dynasty
thumb|upright=1.2|Map of the Hotak Empire at its height in 1728, disputed between Hussain Hotak (centered in Kandahar) and Ashraf Hotak (centered in Isfahan)
In 1709, Mirwais Hotak, a local Ghilzai tribal leader, successfully rebelled against the Safavids. He defeated Gurgin Khan, the Georgian governor ... |
Afghanistan | Durrani Empire | Durrani Empire
After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani had returned to Kandahar with a contingent of 4,000 Pashtuns. The Abdalis had "unanimously accepted" Ahmad Shah as their new leader. With his ascension in 1747, Ahmad Shah had led multiple campaigns against the Mughal empire, Maratha empire, and ... |
Afghanistan | Barakzai dynasty and British wars | Barakzai dynasty and British wars
thumb|300px|Map of Afghanistan (Emirate) and surrounding nations in 1839, during the First Anglo-Afghan War. Dost Mohammad Khan's realm can be seen as the Emirate of Kabul, with the Principality of Qandahar and the Emirate of Herat seen as well.
By the early 19th century, the Afghan ... |
Afghanistan | Democratic Republic and Soviet war | Democratic Republic and Soviet war
thumb|Soviet troops in Gardez, Afghanistan in 1987
In April 1978, the communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) seized power in a bloody coup d'état against then-President Mohammed Daoud Khan, in what is called the Saur Revolution. The PDPA declared the establishment... |
Afghanistan | Post–Cold War conflict | Post–Cold War conflict
thumb|upright=1.5|Development of the civil war from 1992 to late 2001
Another civil war broke out after the creation of a dysfunctional coalition government between leaders of various mujahideen factions. Amid a state of anarchy and factional infighting,GUTMAN, Roy (2008): How We Missed the Sto... |
Afghanistan | US invasion and Islamic Republic | US invasion and Islamic Republic
In October 2001, the United States invaded Afghanistan to remove the Taliban from power after they refused to hand over Osama bin Laden, the prime suspect of the September 11 attacks, who was a "guest" of the Taliban and was operating his al-Qaeda network in Afghanistan.'Trump calls ... |
Afghanistan | Second Taliban era | Second Taliban era
NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg announced on 14 April 2021 that the alliance had agreed to start withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan by 1 May. Soon after NATO troops began withdrawing, the Taliban launched an offensive against the Afghan government and quickly advanced in front of collap... |
Afghanistan | Geography | Geography
Afghanistan is located in Southern-Central Asia.*
The region centered at Afghanistan is considered the "crossroads of Asia", and the country has had the nickname Heart of Asia. The renowned Urdu poet Allama Iqbal once wrote about the country:
At over , Afghanistan is the world's 41st largest coun... |
Afghanistan | Climate | Climate
thumb|upright=1.3|Köppen climate map of Afghanistan
Afghanistan has a continental climate with harsh winters in the central highlands, the glaciated northeast (around Nuristan), and the Wakhan Corridor, where the average temperature in January is below and can reach , and hot summers in the low-lying areas of... |
Afghanistan | Biodiversity | Biodiversity
thumb|The snow leopard is the official national animal of Afghanistan.
Several types of mammals exist throughout Afghanistan. Snow leopards, Siberian tigers and brown bears live in the high elevation alpine tundra regions. The Marco Polo sheep exclusively live in the Wakhan Corridor region of north-east ... |
Afghanistan | Government and politics | Government and politics
thumb|The Arg (the Presidential palace) in Kabul, photographed in 2020
Following the effective collapse of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan during the 2021 Taliban offensive, the Taliban declared the country an Islamic Emirate. A new caretaker government was announced on 7 September. , no o... |
Afghanistan | Development of Taliban government | Development of Taliban government
On 17 August 2021, the leader of the Taliban-affiliated Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin party, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, met with both Hamid Karzai, the former President of Afghanistan, and Abdullah Abdullah, the former chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation and former Chief Exec... |
Afghanistan | Administrative divisions | Administrative divisions
Afghanistan is administratively divided into 34 provinces (wilayat). Each province has a governor and a capital. The country is further divided into nearly 400 provincial districts, each of which normally covers a city or several villages. Each district is represented by a district governor.
... |
Afghanistan | Foreign relations | Foreign relations
Afghanistan became a member of the United Nations in 1946. Historically, Afghanistan had strong relations with Germany, one of the first countries to recognize Afghanistan's independence in 1919; the Soviet Union, which provided much aid and military training for Afghanistan's forces and includes the... |
Afghanistan | Military | Military
The Armed Forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan captured a large amount of weapons, hardware, vehicles, aerocrafts, and equipment from the Afghan National Security Forces following the 2021 Taliban offensive and the Fall of Kabul. The total value of the captured equipment has been estimated at US$83 bi... |
Afghanistan | Human rights | Human rights
Homosexuality is taboo in Afghan society; according to the Penal Code, homosexual intimacy is punished by up to a year in prison. Under Sharia law offenders can be punished by death. However, an ancient tradition involving male homosexual acts between children and older men (typically wealthy warlords or ... |
Afghanistan | Economy | Economy
thumb|Workers processing pomegranates (anaar), for which Afghanistan is famous in Asia
Afghanistan's nominal GDP was $20.1 billion in 2020, or $81 billion by purchasing power parity (PPP). Its GDP per capita is $2,459 (PPP) and $611 by nominal. Despite having $1 trillion or more in mineral deposits, it remain... |
Afghanistan | Agriculture | Agriculture
thumb|Afghan saffron
Agricultural production is the backbone of Afghanistan's economy and has traditionally dominated the economy, employing about 40% of the workforce as of 2018. The country is known for producing pomegranates, grapes, apricots, melons, and several other fresh and dry fruits. Afghanistan ... |
Afghanistan | Mining | Mining
thumb|Lapis lazuli stones
The country's natural resources include: coal, copper, iron ore, lithium, uranium, rare earth elements, chromite, gold, zinc, talc, barite, sulfur, lead, marble, precious and semi-precious stones, natural gas, and petroleum. In 2010, US and Afghan government officials estimated that u... |
Afghanistan | Energy | Energy
thumb|Afghanistan electricity supply (1980–2019)
According to the World Bank, 98% of the rural population have access to electricity in 2018, up from 28% in 2008. Overall the figure stands at 98.7%. As of 2016, Afghanistan produces 1,400 megawatts of power, but still imports the majority of electricity via tra... |
Afghanistan | Tourism | Tourism
thumb|Band-e Amir National Park
Tourism is a small industry in Afghanistan due to security issues. Nevertheless, some 20,000 foreign tourists visit the country annually as of 2016. In particular an important region for domestic and international tourism is the picturesque Bamyan Valley, which includes lakes, ... |
Afghanistan | Communication | Communication
Telecommunication services in Afghanistan are provided by Afghan Telecom, Afghan Wireless, Etisalat, MTN Group, and Roshan. The country uses its own space satellite called Afghansat 1, which provides services to millions of phone, internet, and television subscribers. By 2001 following years of civil war... |
Afghanistan | Transportation | Transportation
thumb|left|The Salang Tunnel
Due to Afghanistan's geography, transport between various parts of the country has historically been difficult. The backbone of Afghanistan's road network is Highway 1, often called the "Ring Road", which extends for and connects five major cities: Kabul, Ghazni, Kandahar,... |
Afghanistan | Demographics | Demographics
thumb|upright=1.3|A Cold War-era CIA map showing traditional Afghan tribal territories. Pashtun tribes form the world's largest tribal society. |
Afghanistan | Population | Population
The population of Afghanistan was estimated at 35.7million as of 2024 by the Afghanistan National Statistics and Information Authority, whereas the UN estimates over 42.0million. In 1979 the total population was reported to be about 15.5million."United Nations and Afghanistan". UN News Centre. About 25.3... |
Afghanistan | Fertility rate | Fertility rate
Afghanistan 2024 total fertility rate has been estimated at 4.4. In 2022 it was 4.5, about twice the world average rate. The rate has fallen since the early 1980s. |
Afghanistan | Urbanization | Urbanization
As estimated by the CIA World Factbook, 26% of the population was urbanized as of 2020. This is one of the lowest figures in the world; in Asia it is only higher than Cambodia, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Urbanization has increased rapidly, particularly in the capital Kabul, due to returning refugees from Pakista... |
Afghanistan | Ethnicity and languages | Ethnicity and languages
thumb|upright=1.3|Ethnolinguistic map of Afghanistan (2001)
Afghans are divided into several ethnolinguistic groups. According to research data by several institutions in 2019, the Pashtuns are the largest ethnic group, comprising 42%, followed by Tajiks, comprising 27% of the country's popula... |
Afghanistan | Religion | Religion
thumb|Blue Mosque in Mazar-i-Sharif is the largest mosque in Afghanistan.
The CIA estimated in 2009 that 99.7% of the Afghan population was Muslim and most are thought to adhere to the Sunni Hanafi school. According to Pew Research Center, as much as 90% are of the Sunni denomination, 7% Shia and 3% non-deno... |
Afghanistan | Education | Education
thumb|upright=1.3|UNESCO Institute of Statistics Afghanistan Literacy Rate among population aged 15+ (1980–2018)
Education in Afghanistan is overseen by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Higher Education. There are over 16,000 schools in the country and roughly 9 million students. Of this, about... |
Afghanistan | Health | Health
thumb|The Daoud Khan Military Hospital in Kabul is one of the largest hospitals in Afghanistan.
According to the Human Development Index, Afghanistan is the 15th least developed country in the world. The average life expectancy is estimated to be around 60 years. The country's maternal mortality rate is 396 de... |
Afghanistan | Culture | Culture
thumb|An Afghan family near Kholm, 1939 – most Afghans are tribal.
Afghans have both common cultural features and those that differ between the regions of Afghanistan, each with distinctive cultures partly as a result of geographic obstacles that divide the country. Family is the mainstay of Afghan society an... |
Afghanistan | Architecture | Architecture
thumb|upright=1.2|Kabul skyline, displaying both historical and contemporary buildings
The nation has a complex history that has survived either in its current cultures or in the form of various languages and monuments. Afghanistan contains many remnants from all ages, including Greek and Buddhist stupas... |
Afghanistan | Art and ceramics | Art and ceramics
thumb|A traditional Afghan embroidery pattern
Carpet weaving is an ancient practice in Afghanistan, and many of these are still handmade by tribal and nomadic people today. Carpets have been produced in the region for thousands of years and traditionally done by women. Some crafters express their fee... |
Afghanistan | Literature | Literature
Classic Persian and Pashto poetry are a cherished part of Afghan culture. Poetry has always been one of the major educational pillars in the region, to the level that it has integrated itself into culture. One of the poetic styles is called landay. A popular theme in Afghan folklore and mythology are Divs, ... |
Afghanistan | Music | Music
thumb|left|The Afghan rubab
Afghan classical music has close historical links with Indian classical music and use the same Hindustani terminology and theories like raga. Genres of this style of music include ghazal (poetic music) and instruments such as the Indian tabla, sitar and harmonium, and local instrumen... |