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Azerbaijan | From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period | From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period
The Sasanian Empire turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state in 252, while King Urnayr officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century. Despite Sassanid rule, Caucasian Albania remained an entity in the region until the 9th century, while fully... |
Azerbaijan | Modern history | Modern history
300px|thumb|Political map of the eastern part of the South Caucasus between 1795 and 1801
After the Safavids, the area was ruled by the Iranian Afsharid dynasty. After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, many of his former subjects capitalized on the eruption of instability. Numerous khanates with various ... |
Azerbaijan | Independence | Independence
thumb|Soviet Army paratroopers during the Black January tragedy in 1990
Following the politics of glasnost initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev, civil unrest and ethnic strife grew in various regions of the Soviet Union, including Nagorno-Karabakh, an autonomous region of the Azerbaijan SSR. The disturbances in ... |
Azerbaijan | Aliyev family rule, 1993–present | Aliyev family rule, 1993–present
thumb|right|upright=1.5|Military situation in the Nagorno-Karabakh region prior to the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
In 1993, democratically elected President Abulfaz Elchibey was overthrown by a military insurrection led by Colonel Surat Huseynov, which resulted in the rise to power of t... |
Azerbaijan | Geography | Geography
thumb|upright=1.5|Köppen-Geiger climate classification map for Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan is located in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia, straddling West Asia and Eastern Europe. It lies between latitudes 38° and 42° N, and longitudes 44° and 51° E. The perimeter of Azerbaijan's land borders is , of which a... |
Azerbaijan | Landscape | Landscape
thumb|Mount Bazarduzu, the highest peak of Azerbaijan, as seen from Mount Shahdagh
thumb|The landscape of Khinalug valley
Azerbaijan is home to a wide variety of landscapes. Over half of the land consists of mountain ridges, crests, highlands, and plateaus which rise up to levels of 400–1,000 meters (includi... |
Azerbaijan | Biodiversity | Biodiversity
thumb|The Karabakh horse is the national animal of Azerbaijan.
The first reports on the richness and diversity of animal life in Azerbaijan can be found in travel notes of Eastern travelers. Animal carvings on architectural monuments, ancient rocks, and stones survived up to the present times. The first i... |
Azerbaijan | Government and politics | Government and politics
thumb|right|280px|Government building in Baku
Azerbaijan's government functions as an authoritarian regime in practice; although it regularly holds elections, these are marred by electoral fraud and other unfair election practices. The government has been ruled by the Aliyev political family a... |
Azerbaijan | Foreign relations | Foreign relations
thumb|President İlham Aliyev receiving the Supreme Order of the Turkic World from Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan during the 8th summit of the Organization of Turkic States in Istanbul, Turkey, November 12, 2021
The short-lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic succeeded in establishing diplomat... |
Azerbaijan | Military | Military
right|thumb|250px|Azerbaijani Navy ships during the 2022 Teknofest Azerbaijan festival in Baku
The National Army of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was created on 26 June 1918.Azerbaijan: Short History of Statehood , Embassy of Republic of Azerbaijan in Pakistan, 2005, Chapter 3.Creation of National Army ... |
Azerbaijan | Human rights and freedom | Human rights and freedom
thumb|Rashadat Akhundov, the co-founder of Nida Civic Movement, was sentenced to eight years of imprisonment on 6 May 2014.
The constitution claims to guarantee freedom of speech, but this is denied in practice. After several years of decline in press and media freedom, in 2014, the media envi... |
Azerbaijan | Administrative divisions | Administrative divisions
thumb|upright=1.8| Azerbaijan is divided into 14 economic regions.
There are 14 economic regions; 66 rayons (, singular ) and 11 cities (, singular ) under the direct authority of the republic. Moreover, Azerbaijan includes the Autonomous Republic () of Nakhchivan. The President of Azerbaijan ... |
Azerbaijan | Economy | Economy
thumb|right|Change in per capita GDP of Azerbaijan since 1973. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.
After gaining independence in 1991, Azerbaijan became a member of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Islamic Devel... |
Azerbaijan | Energy and natural resources | Energy and natural resources
thumb|left|Oil Rocks (Neft Daşları) near Baku
Two-thirds of Azerbaijan is rich in oil and natural gas. The oil industry dates back to the ancient period. Arabian historian and traveler Ahmad Al-Baladhuri discusses the economy of the Absheron Peninsula in antiquity, mentioning its oil in p... |
Azerbaijan | Agriculture | Agriculture
Azerbaijan has the largest agricultural basin in the region. About 54.9 percent of Azerbaijan is agricultural land. At the beginning of 2007 there were 4,755,100 hectares of used agricultural area. In the same year the total wood resources counted 136 million m3. Agricultural scientific research institutes... |
Azerbaijan | Tourism | Tourism
thumb|left|Shahdag Mountain Resort is the country's largest winter resort.
The country was a well-known tourist spot in the 1980s. The fall of the Soviet Union and the First Nagorno-Karabakh War during the 1990s damaged the tourist industry and the image of Azerbaijan as a tourist destination. It was not unti... |
Azerbaijan | Transportation | Transportation
The convenient location of Azerbaijan on the crossroad of major international traffic arteries, such as the Silk Road and the south–north corridor, highlights the strategic importance of the transportation sector for the country's economy. The transport sector includes roads, railways, aviation, and mar... |
Azerbaijan | Science and technology | Science and technology
thumb|Shamakhi Astrophysical Observatory
In the 21st century, a new oil and gas boom helped improve the situation in the science and technology sectors. The government launched a campaign aimed at modernization and innovation. The government estimates that profits from the information technology... |
Azerbaijan | Demographics | Demographics
thumb|Population pyramid
As of March 2022, 52.9% of the population of 10,164,464 is urban, with the remaining 47.1% being rural. In January 2019, the 50.1% of the total population was female. The sex ratio in the same year was 0.99 males per female. The 2011 population growth-rate was 0.85%, compared to... |
Azerbaijan | Ethnicity | Ethnicity
The ethnic composition of the population according to the 2009 population census: 91.6% Azerbaijanis, 2.0% Lezgins, 1.4% Armenians (almost all Armenians live in the break-away region of Nagorno-Karabakh), 1.3% Russians, 1.3% Talysh, 0.6% Avars, 0.4% Turkish people, 0.3% Tatars, 0.3% Tats, 0.2% Ukrainians, 0.... |
Azerbaijan | Languages | Languages
The official language is Azerbaijani, a Turkic language. Approximately 92% of the national population speak it as their mother tongue.Population by language, sex and urban/rural residence , UN Data. Retrieved 27 August 2016. Russian and Armenian (only in Nagorno-Karabakh) are still spoken in Azerbaijan. Each... |
Azerbaijan | Religion | Religion
thumb|left|The Bibi-Heybat Mosque in Baku. The mosque is built over the tomb of a descendant of Muhammad
Azerbaijan is considered the most secular Muslim-majority country. Around 97% of the population are Muslims. Around 55–65% of Muslims are estimated to be Shia, while 35–45% of Muslims are Sunnis.Sources:
... |
Azerbaijan | Education | Education
thumb|right|Classroom in Dunya School
A relatively high percentage of Azerbaijanis have obtained some form of higher education, most notably in scientific and technical subjects. In the Soviet era, literacy and average education levels rose dramatically from their very low starting point, despite two changes... |
Azerbaijan | Culture | Culture
The culture of Azerbaijan has developed as a result of many influences; that is why Azerbaijanis are, in many ways, bi-cultural. National traditions are preserved despite Western influences, including globalized consumer culture. For example, Novruz Bayram is a family holiday derived from the traditional celeb... |
Azerbaijan | Architecture | Architecture
thumb|right|Baku White City in Baku, was opened in 2011 and completed in 2022
Azerbaijani architecture typically combines elements of East and West, with heavy influences from Persian architecture. Many ancient architectural treasures are preserved, such as the Maiden Tower and Palace of the Shirvanshahs i... |
Azerbaijan | Music and dance | Music and dance
thumb|left|upright|Uzeyir Hajibeyov merged traditional Azerbaijani music with Western styles in the early 20th century.
Music of Azerbaijan builds on folk traditions that reach back nearly a thousand years,David C. King. Azerbaijan, Marshall Cavendish, 2006, p. 94 evolving around the badge of monody, pr... |
Azerbaijan | Art | Art
thumb|right|upright|Traditional Azerbaijani clothing and musical instruments
Azerbaijani art is represented by a wide range of handicrafts, such as chasing, jeweling, engraving in metal, carving in wood, stone, or bone, carpet-making, lasing, pattern weaving and printing, and knitting and embroidery. Each of these ... |
Azerbaijan | Literature | Literature
The earliest known figure in written Azerbaijani literature was Izzeddin Hasanoghlu, who composed a divan consisting of Persian and Azerbaijani ghazals.A.Caferoglu, "Adhari(azeri)", in Encyclopedia of Islam, (new edition), Vol. 1, (Leiden, 1986) In Persian ghazals he used a pen-name, while his Azerbaijani gh... |
Azerbaijan | Media | Media
The first newspaper in Azerbaijani, Akinchi was published in 1875. There are three state-owned television channels: AzTV, Idman TV and Medeniyyet TV. There is one public channel and 6 private channels: İctimai Television, Space TV, Lider TV, Azad Azerbaijan TV, Xazar TV, and ARB. |
Azerbaijan | Cinema | Cinema
thumb|left|Scene from the Azerbaijani film In the Kingdom of Oil and Millions, 1916
The film industry in Azerbaijan dates back to 1898. Azerbaijan was among the first countries involved in cinematography, with the apparatus first showing up in Baku.Celebrating 100 Years in Film, not 80 by Aydin Kazimzade. Azerb... |
Azerbaijan | Cuisine | Cuisine
thumb|right|240px|Dolma, a traditional Azerbaijani meal
Azerbaijani cuisine uses an abundance of seasonal vegetables and greens. Fresh herbs, including mint, cilantro (coriander), dill, basil, parsley, tarragon, leeks, chives, thyme, marjoram, green onion, and watercress, are popular and often accompany main di... |
Azerbaijan | Sport | Sport
Freestyle wrestling has been traditionally regarded as Azerbaijan's national sport, in which Azerbaijan has won fourteen medals, including four golds, since joining the International Olympic Committee. The most popular sports are football and wrestling.
The Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan, wit... |
Azerbaijan | See also | See also
Outline of Azerbaijan
Index of Azerbaijan-related articles
List of World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan
The Defense & Foreign Affairs Handbook on Azerbaijan (2006) |
Azerbaijan | Notes | Notes |
Azerbaijan | References | References |
Azerbaijan | Further reading | Further reading
Altstadt, Audrey. Frustrated Democracy in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan (2018)
Broers, Broers Laurence. Armenia and Azerbaijan: Anatomy of a rivalry (Edinburgh University Press, 2019).
Cornell, Svante E. Azerbaijan since independence (Routledge, 2015).
Dragadze, Tamara. "Islam in Azerbaijan: The Position o... |
Azerbaijan | External links | External links |
Azerbaijan | General information | General information
Azerbaijan International
Heydar Aliyev Foundation
Azerbaijan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Azerbaijan at University of Colorado at Boulder
Country profile from BBC
Key Development Forecasts for Azerbaijan from International Futures
Visions of Azerbaijan Journal of The Euro... |
Azerbaijan | Major government resources | Major government resources
President of Azerbaijan website
Azerbaijan State Statistical Committee
United Nations Office in Azerbaijan |
Azerbaijan | Major news media | Major news media
Network NEWS Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Today
Trend News Agency
News.Az |
Azerbaijan | Tourism | Tourism
Azerbaijan Tourism Portal
Travel in Azerbaijan in Visions of Azerbaijan Journal
Category:Caucasus
Category:Countries in Asia
Category:Countries in Europe
Category:West Asian countries
Category:Landlocked countries
Category:South Caucasus
Category:Republics
Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of In... |
Azerbaijan | Table of Content | Short description, Etymology, History, Antiquity, From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period, Modern history, Independence, Aliyev family rule, 1993–present, Geography, Landscape, Biodiversity, Government and politics, Foreign relations, Military, Human rights and freedom, Administrative divisions, Economy, Energy a... |
Amateur astronomy | Short description | thumb|right|250px|Amateur astronomers watch the night sky during the Perseid meteor shower.
Amateur astronomy is a hobby where participants enjoy observing or imaging celestial objects in the sky using the unaided eye, binoculars, or telescopes. Even though scientific research may not be their primary goal, some amateu... |
Amateur astronomy | Objectives | Objectives
thumb|Amateur astronomer recording observations of the sun.
Collectively, amateur astronomers observe a variety of celestial objects and phenomena. Common targets of amateur astronomers include the Sun, the Moon, planets, stars, comets, meteor showers, and a variety of deep sky objects such as star clus... |
Amateur astronomy | Common tools | Common tools
thumb|Places like Paranal Observatory offer crystal clear skies for observing astronomical objects with or without instruments.
Amateur astronomers use a range of instruments to study the sky, depending on a combination of their interests and resources. Methods include simply looking at the night sky ... |
Amateur astronomy | Common techniques | Common techniques
While a number of interesting celestial objects are readily identified by the naked eye, sometimes with the aid of a star chart, many others are so faint or inconspicuous that technical means are necessary to locate them. Although many methods are used in amateur astronomy, most are variations of a... |
Amateur astronomy | Star hopping | Star hopping
Star hopping is a method often used by amateur astronomers with low-tech equipment such as binoculars or a manually driven telescope. It involves the use of maps (or memory) to locate known landmark stars, and "hopping" between them, often with the aid of a finderscope. Because of its simplicity, star... |
Amateur astronomy | Mobile apps | Mobile apps
The advent of mobile applications for use in smartphones has led to the creation of many dedicated apps. These apps allow any user to easily locate celestial objects of interest by simply pointing the smartphone device in that direction in the sky. These apps make use of the inbuilt hardware in the phone, s... |
Amateur astronomy | Setting circles | Setting circles
Setting circles are angular measurement scales that can be placed on the two main rotation axes of some telescopes. Since the widespread adoption of digital setting circles, any classical engraved setting circle is now specifically identified as an "analog setting circle" (ASC). By knowing the coor... |
Amateur astronomy | GoTo telescopes | GoTo telescopes
GOTO telescopes have become more popular since the 1980s as technology has improved and prices have been reduced. With these computer-driven telescopes, the user typically enters the name of the item of interest and the mechanics of the telescope point the telescope towards that item automatically. T... |
Amateur astronomy | {{anchor | Remote-controlled telescopes
With the development of fast internet in the last part of the 20th century along with advances in computer controlled telescope mounts and CCD cameras, "remote telescope" astronomy is now a viable means for amateur astronomers not aligned with major telescope facilities to partake in resea... |
Amateur astronomy | Imaging techniques | Imaging techniques
thumb|An image of the Cat's Paw Nebula created combining the work of professional and amateur astronomers. The image is the combination of the 2.2-metre MPG/ESO telescope of the La Silla Observatory in Chile and a 0.4-meter amateur telescope.
Amateur astronomers engage in many imaging techniques ... |
Amateur astronomy | Scientific research | Scientific research
Scientific research is most often not the main goal for many amateur astronomers, unlike professional astronomers. Work of scientific merit is possible, however, and many amateurs successfully contribute to the knowledge base of professional astronomers. Astronomy is sometimes promoted as one of... |
Amateur astronomy | Societies | Societies
thumb|Amateur astronomy groups are often involved in outreach to introduce astronomy to the general public
There are a large number of amateur astronomical societies around the world, that serve as a meeting point for those interested in amateur astronomy. Members range from active observers with their ow... |
Amateur astronomy | Notable contributions by amateur astronomers | Notable contributions by amateur astronomers
upright|thumb|Sir Patrick Moore was one of the world's leading popularisers of astronomy.
There have been many significant scientific, technological, and cultural contributions made by amateur astronomers:
George Alcock, one of the most successful visual discoverers of... |
Amateur astronomy | Citizen science projects | Citizen science projects
Amateur astronomers and other non-professionals make contributions through ongoing citizen science projects:
XO Project, an international team of amateur and professional astronomers tasked with identifying extrasolar planets.
Many amateur astronomers contribute to scientific discoveries ... |
Amateur astronomy | Prizes recognizing amateur astronomers | Prizes recognizing amateur astronomers
Amateur Achievement Award of Astronomical Society of the Pacific
Chambliss Amateur Achievement Award |
Amateur astronomy | See also | See also
Astronomical object
Caldwell catalogue – A list of astronomical objects for observation by amateur astronomers compiled by Sir Patrick Caldwell-Moore.
Clear Sky Chart – Weather forecasts designed for amateur astronomers.
List of astronomical societies
List of telescope parts and construction
Messier ca... |
Amateur astronomy | References | References |
Amateur astronomy | Further reading | Further reading
|
Amateur astronomy | External links | External links
Amateur Astronomy Magazine
Category:Articles containing video clips
Category:Citizen science |
Amateur astronomy | Table of Content | Short description, Objectives, Common tools, Common techniques, Star hopping, Mobile apps, Setting circles, GoTo telescopes, {{anchor, Imaging techniques, Scientific research, Societies, Notable contributions by amateur astronomers, Citizen science projects, Prizes recognizing amateur astronomers, See also, References,... |
Aikido | short description | Aikido ( , , , ) is a modern Japanese martial art which is split into many different styles including Iwama Ryu, Iwama Shin Shin Aiki Shuren Kai, Shodokan Aikido, Yoshinkan, Renshinkai, Aikikai, and Ki Aikido. Aikido is now practiced in around 140 countries.
It was originally developed by Morihei Ueshiba, as a synth... |
Aikido | Etymology and basic philosophy | Etymology and basic philosophy
thumb|80px|"Aikidō" written with "ki" in its old character form
The word "aikido" is formed of three kanji:
– – harmony, unifying
– – energy, spirit
– – way, path
The term does not readily appear in the Japanese language outside the scope of budō. This has led to many possible... |
Aikido | History | History
thumb|upright=0.5|left|alt=A middle-aged, mustachioed man in a kimono|Ueshiba in Tokyo in 1939
Aikido was created by (1883–1969), referred to by some aikido practitioners as (Great Teacher). The term aikido was coined in the 20th century. Ueshiba envisioned aikido not only as the synthesis of his martial trai... |
Aikido | Initial development | Initial development
thumb|upright=0.7|Takeda Sōkaku
Ueshiba developed aikido primarily during the late 1920s through the 1930s through the synthesis of the older martial arts that he had studied. The core martial art from which aikido derives is Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu, which Ueshiba studied directly with Takeda Sōkaku,... |
Aikido | Religious influences | Religious influences
thumb|upright=0.7|Onisaburo Deguchi
After Ueshiba left Hokkaido in 1919, he met and was profoundly influenced by Onisaburo Deguchi, the spiritual leader of the Ōmoto-kyō religion (a neo-Shinto movement) in Ayabe. One of the primary features of Ōmoto-kyō is its emphasis on the attainment of utopia d... |
Aikido | International dissemination | International dissemination
Aikido was first introduced to the rest of the world in 1951 by Minoru Mochizuki with a visit to France, where he demonstrated aikido techniques to judo students. He was followed by Tadashi Abe in 1952, who came as the official Aikikai Hombu representative, remaining in France for seven year... |
Aikido | Proliferation of independent organizations | Proliferation of independent organizations
The largest aikido organization is the Aikikai Foundation, which remains under the control of the Ueshiba family. However, aikido has developed into many styles, most of which were formed by Morihei Ueshiba's major students. The earliest independent styles to emerge were Yose... |
Aikido | {{transliteration | right|thumb|100px|The kanji for until 1946 is shown; in 1946 it was changed to .
The study of is an important component of aikido. The term does not specifically refer to either physical or mental training, as it encompasses both. The kanji for was written in its older form as up until the Japanese governmental wr... |
Aikido | Training | Training
thumb|right|200px|Training (稽古 Keiko). () is very important for safe practice.
In aikido, as in virtually all Japanese martial arts, there are both physical and mental aspects of training. The physical training in aikido is diverse, covering both general physical fitness and conditioning, as well as specific ... |
Aikido | Fitness | Fitness
Physical training goals pursued in conjunction with aikido include controlled relaxation, correct movement of joints such as hips and shoulders, flexibility, and endurance, with less emphasis on strength training. In aikido, pushing or extending movements are much more common than pulling or contracting movemen... |
Aikido | Roles of {{transliteration | Roles of and
thumb|"Shite" (Nage), in this case, is the person on the right. He is doing Kokyu-Nage (呼吸投げ). "Uke", in this case on the left, is doing rolling Ukemi (France, 2002)
Aikido training is based primarily on two partners practicing pre-arranged forms () rather than freestyle practice. The basic pattern is fo... |
Aikido | Initial attacks | Initial attacks
Aikido techniques are usually a defense against an attack, so students must learn to deliver various types of attacks to be able to practice aikido with a partner. Although attacks are not studied as thoroughly as in striking-based arts, attacks with intent (such as a strong strike or an immobilizing gr... |
Aikido | Basic techniques | Basic techniques
right|thumb|Diagram of , or "first technique"
Here is a sample of the basic or widely practiced throws and pins. Many of the techniques derive from Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu, but some others were invented by Morihei Ueshiba. The precise terminology for some may vary between organisations and styles; the ... |
Aikido | Implementations | Implementations
left|thumb|Diagram showing two versions of the technique: one moving forward (the version) and one moving backward (the version)
Aikido makes use of body movement ( or ) to blend the movement of with the movement of . For example, an "entering" () technique consists of movements inward towards , wh... |
Aikido | Weapons | Weapons
right|thumb|Disarming an attacker using a technique
Weapons training in aikido traditionally includes the short staff () (these techniques closely resemble the use of the bayonet, or Jūkendō), the wooden sword (), and the knife (). Some schools incorporate firearm-disarming techniques, where either weapon-tak... |
Aikido | Multiple attackers and {{transliteration | Multiple attackers and
One feature of aikido is training to defend against multiple attackers, often called , or . Freestyle practice with multiple attackers called is a key part of most curricula and is required for the higher-level ranks. exercises a person's ability to intuitively perform techniques in an unstruc... |
Aikido | Injuries | Injuries
In applying a technique during training, it is the responsibility of to prevent injury to by employing a speed and force of application that is appropriate with their partner's proficiency in . When injuries (especially to the joints) occur, they are often the result of a misjudging the ability of to recei... |
Aikido | Mental training | Mental training
Aikido training is mental as well as physical, emphasizing the ability to relax the mind and body even under the stress of dangerous situations. This is necessary to enable the practitioner to perform the 'enter-and-blend' movements that underlie aikido techniques, wherein an attack is met with confiden... |
Aikido | Uniforms and ranking | Uniforms and ranking
rank belt color type 65px white / 65px black
Aikido practitioners (commonly called outside Japan) generally progress by promotion through a series of "grades" (), followed by a series of "degrees" (), pursuant to formal testing procedures. Some aikido organizations use belts to disting... |
Aikido | Aikido styles | Aikido styles
Aikido styles vary in their intention, due to its holistic nature. The most common differences noted in aikido, when observed externally, relate to the intensity and realism of training. Stanley Pranin has observed that some criticism may stem from weak attacks from , allowing for a conditioned response f... |
Aikido | References | References |
Aikido | External links | External links
AikiWeb Aikido Information site on aikido, with essays, forums, gallery, reviews, columns, wiki and other information.
Category:Japanese martial arts
Category:Dō
Category:Articles containing video clips |
Aikido | Table of Content | short description, Etymology and basic philosophy, History, Initial development, Religious influences, International dissemination, Proliferation of independent organizations, {{transliteration, Training, Fitness, Roles of {{transliteration, Initial attacks, Basic techniques, Implementations, Weapons, Multiple attacker... |
Art | Short description | thumb|upright=1.5|Visual artworks: (clockwise from upper left) an 1887 self-portrait by Vincent van Gogh; a female ancestor figure by a Chokwe artist; detail from The Birth of Venus (–1486) by Sandro Botticelli; and an Okinawan Shisa lion
Art is a diverse range of cultural activity centered around works utilizing creat... |
Art | Overview | Overview
In the perspective of the history of art, artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind: from early prehistoric art to contemporary art; however, some theorists think that the typical concept of "artistic works" does not fit well outside modern Western societies. One early sense of the definition... |
Art | History | History
thumb|left|upright=.8| figurine, Germany, between 35,000 and 41,000 years old. One of the oldest-known examples of an artistic representation and the oldest confirmed statue ever discovered."Lion man takes pride of place as oldest statue" by Rex Dalton, Nature 425, 7 (4 September 2003) doi:10.1038/425007a also... |
Art | Forms, genres, media, and styles | Forms, genres, media, and styles
thumb|Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne by Ingres (French, 1806), oil on canvas
The creative arts are often divided into more specific categories, typically along perceptually distinguishable categories such as media, genre, styles, and form.. Walton distinguishes between paintings and... |
Art | Skill and craft | Skill and craft
thumb|left|The Creation of Adam, detail from Michelangelo's fresco in the Sistine Chapel (1511)
Art can connote a sense of trained ability or mastery of a medium. Art can also refer to the developed and efficient use of a language to convey meaning with immediacy or depth. Art can be defined as an act... |
Art | Purpose | Purpose
thumb|right|A Navajo rug made
thumb|Mozarabic Beatus miniature. Spain, late 10th century
Art has had a great number of different functions throughout its history, making its purpose difficult to abstract or quantify to any single concept. This does not imply that the purpose of art is "vague", but that it has ... |
Art | Non-motivated functions | Non-motivated functions
The non-motivated purposes of art are those that are integral to being human, transcend the individual, or do not fulfill a specific external purpose. In this sense, Art, as creativity, is something humans must do by their very nature (i.e., no other species creates art), and is therefore beyond... |
Art | Motivated functions | Motivated functions
Motivated purposes of art refer to intentional, conscious actions on the part of the artists or creator. These may be to bring about political change, to comment on an aspect of society, to convey a specific emotion or mood, to address personal psychology, to illustrate another discipline, to (with ... |
Art | Steps | Steps
Art can be divided into any number of steps one can make an argument for. This section divides the creative process into broad three steps, but there is no consensus on an exact number. |
Art | Preparation | Preparation
thumb|The Thinker in The Gates of Hell at the Musée Rodin
In the first step, the artist envisions the art in their mind. By imagining what their art would look like, the artist begins the process of bringing the art into existence. Preparation of art may involve approaching and researching the subject matt... |
Art | Creation | Creation
thumb|The Great Wave off Kanagawa, the first in Hokusai's c. 1830–1832 series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji
In the second step, the artist executes the creation of their work. The creation of a piece can be affected by factors such as the artist's mood, surroundings, and mental state. For example, The Black P... |
Art | Appreciation | Appreciation
The last step is art appreciation, which has the sub-topic of critique. In one study, over half of visual arts students agreed that reflection is an essential step of the art process. According to education journals, the reflection of art is considered an essential part of the experience. However an import... |
Art | Public access | Public access
thumb|The Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan. Museums are important forums for the display of visual art.
Since ancient times, much of the finest art has represented a deliberate display of wealth or power, often achieved by using massive scale and expensive materials. Much art has been commissioned ... |
Art | Controversies | Controversies
thumb|Théodore Géricault's Raft of the Medusa,
Art has long been controversial, that is to say disliked by some viewers, for a wide variety of reasons, though most pre-modern controversies are dimly recorded, or completely lost to a modern view. Iconoclasm is the destruction of art that is disliked for ... |
Art | Theory | Theory
Before Modernism, aesthetics in Western art was greatly concerned with achieving the appropriate balance between different aspects of realism or truth to nature and the ideal; ideas as to what the appropriate balance is have shifted to and fro over the centuries. This concern is largely absent in other traditio... |