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Afghanistan | Media and entertainment | Media and entertainment
Afghanistan has around 350 radio stations and over 200 television stations. Radio Television Afghanistan, originating from 1925, is the state public broadcaster. Television programs began airing in the 1970s and today there are many private television channels such as TOLO and Shamshad TV. The ... |
Afghanistan | Cuisine | Cuisine
thumb|Non, the most widely consumed bread in Afghanistan
Afghan cuisine is largely based upon the nation's chief crops, such as wheat, maize, barley and rice. Accompanying these staples are native fruits and vegetables as well as dairy products such as milk, yogurt, and whey. Kabuli palaw is the national dish... |
Afghanistan | Holidays and festivals | Holidays and festivals
thumb|upright|Haft Mewa (Seven Fruit Syrup), popularly consumed during Nowruz
Afghanistan's official New Year starts with Nowruz, an ancient tradition that started as a Zoroastrian celebration in present-day Iran, and with which it shares the annual celebration along with several other countries... |
Afghanistan | Sports | Sports
thumb|left|The ancient national sport of Afghanistan, Buzkashi
Sport in Afghanistan is managed by the Afghan Sports Federation. Cricket and association football are the two most popular sports in the country. The Afghan Sports Federation promotes cricket, association football, basketball, volleyball, golf, han... |
Afghanistan | See also | See also
Outline of Afghanistan |
Afghanistan | Explanatory notes | Explanatory notes |
Afghanistan | References | References |
Afghanistan | Citations | Citations |
Afghanistan | General and cited sources | General and cited sources
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Afghanistan | Further reading | Further reading |
Afghanistan | External links | External links
Afghanistan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Research Guide to Afghanistan
Category:1709 establishments in Asia
Category:Central Asian countries
Category:Countries in Asia
Category:Emirates
Category:Iranian plateau
Category:Islamic states
Category:Landlocked countries
Category... |
Afghanistan | Table of Content | Short description, Etymology, History, Prehistory and antiquity, Medieval period, Hotak dynasty, Durrani Empire, Barakzai dynasty and British wars, Democratic Republic and Soviet war, Post–Cold War conflict, US invasion and Islamic Republic, Second Taliban era, Geography, Climate, Biodiversity, Government and politics,... |
Albania | Short description | Albania ( ; or ), officially the Republic of Albania (), is a country in Southeast Europe. It is located in the Balkans, on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea, and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south. ... |
Albania | Etymology | Etymology
The historical origins of the term "Albania" can be traced back to medieval Latin, with its foundations believed to be associated with the Illyrian tribe of the Albani. This connection gains further support from the work of the Ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy during the 2nd century AD, where he included t... |
Albania | History | History |
Albania | Prehistory | Prehistory
thumb|right|The remains of the Kamenica Tumulus in the county of Korçë
Mesolithic habitation in Albania has been evidenced in several open air sites which during that period were close to the Adriatic coastline and in cave sites. Mesolithic objects found in a cave near Xarrë include flint and jasper obje... |
Albania | Antiquity | Antiquity
thumb|right|Founded in the 4th century BC, the city of Scodra was the capital of the Illyrian kingdom of Ardiaei and Labeatae
The incorporated territory of Albania was historically inhabited by Indo-European peoples, amongst them numerous Illyrian and Epirote tribes. There were also several Greek colonies... |
Albania | Middle Ages | Middle Ages
thumb|right|The town of Krujë was the capital of the Principality of Arbanon in the Middle Ages
The Roman Empire was split in 395 upon the death of Theodosius I into an Eastern and Western Roman Empire in part because of the increasing pressure from threats during the Barbarian Invasions. From the 6th c... |
Albania | Ottoman Empire | Ottoman Empire
With the fall of Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire continued an extended period of conquest and expansion with its borders going deep into Southeast Europe. They reached the Albanian Ionian Sea Coast in 1385 and erected their garrisons across Southern Albania in 1415 and then occupied most of Albania... |
Albania | Rilindja | Rilindja
The Albanian Renaissance was a period with its roots in the late 18th century and continuing into the 19th century, during which the Albanian people gathered spiritual and intellectual strength for an independent cultural and political life within an independent nation. Modern Albanian culture flourished to... |
Albania | Independence | Independence
thumb|right|175px|Ismail Qemali is regarded as the founding father of the modern Albanian nation
Albania declared independence from the Ottoman Empire on 28 November 1912, accompanied by the establishment of the Senate and Government by the Assembly of Vlorë on 4 December 1912. Its sovereignty was reco... |
Albania | First Republic | First Republic
thumb|right|upright|Fan Noli played a significant role in the 20th century, advocating for Albanian independence and cultural revival, while also serving as Prime Minister in 1924 and later as the head of the Albanian Orthodox Church.
The interwar period in Albania was marked by persistent economic a... |
Albania | Communism | Communism
thumb|right|upright|Enver Hoxha was the founding leader of communist Albania and its ruler for over four decades, implementing a regime marked by authoritarianism and isolationism
The establishment of the People's Republic of Albania under the leadership of Enver Hoxha was a significant epoch in modern Al... |
Albania | Fourth Republic | Fourth Republic
thumb|right|In 1988, the first foreigners were allowed to walk into the car-free Skanderbeg Square in Tirana
After four decades of communism paired with the revolutions of 1989, Albania witnessed a notable rise in political activism, particularly among students, which led to a transformation in the ... |
Albania | Contemporary | Contemporary
thumb|right|The earthquake of November 2019 was the strongest to hit Albania in more than four decades
After its communist system disintegrated, Albania embarked on an active path towards Westernisation with the ambition to obtain membership in the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Orga... |
Albania | Environment | Environment |
Albania | Geography | Geography
thumb|right|300px|The Albanian Alps are an extension and simultaneously the highest section of the Dinaric Alps.
Albania lies along the Mediterranean Sea on the Balkan Peninsula in South and Southeast Europe, and has an area of . It is bordered by the Adriatic Sea to the west, Montenegro to the northwest,... |
Albania | Climate | Climate
thumb|right|Gjipe is located on the confluence of the Adriatic and Ionian Sea, on the Albanian Riviera
The climate of Albania exhibits a distinguished level of variability and diversity due to the differences in latitude, longitude and altitude. Albania experiences a Mediterranean and Continental climate, c... |
Albania | Biodiversity | Biodiversity
thumb|right|The golden eagle is the national symbol and animal of Albania
A biodiversity hotspot, Albania possesses an exceptionally rich and contrasting biodiversity on account of its geographical location at the centre of the Mediterranean Sea and the great diversity in its climatic, geological and h... |
Albania | Conservation | Conservation
thumb|right|The islets of Ksamil lie in the Butrint National Park
Albania has been an active participant in numerous international agreements and conventions aimed at strengthing its commitment to the preservation and sustainable management of biological diversity. Since 1994, the country is a party to... |
Albania | Protected areas | Protected areas
thumb|The lagoon of Karavasta within the Divjakë-Karavasta National Park
The protected areas of Albania are areas designated and managed by the Albanian government. There are 12 national parks, 4 ramsar sites, 1 biosphere reserve and 786 other types of conservation reserves in Albania. Located in th... |
Albania | Environmental issues | Environmental issues
thumb|Temperature change in Albania, each bar represents the temperature over a year.
Environmental issues in Albania notably encompass air and water pollution, climate change impacts, waste management shortcomings, biodiversity loss and imperative for nature conservation.
Climate change is pr... |
Albania | Politics | Politics
108px 120px Bajram Begaj Edi Rama
Since declaring independence in 1912, Albania has experienced a significant political transformation, traversing through distinct periods that included a monarchical rule, a communist regime and the eventual establishment of a democratic order. In 1998, Albania transition... |
Albania | Foreign relations | Foreign relations
thumb|right|Assisted by the governments of Kosovo and Albania, an official application for the inclusion of the Arbëreshë people in the list of UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage is being prepared.
Emerging from decades of isolation during the communism, Albania has adopted a foreign policy ori... |
Albania | Military | Military
thumb|right|Albanian soldiers in the Province of Kandahar, Afghanistan
The Albanian Armed Forces consist of Land, Air and Naval Forces and constitute the military and paramilitary forces of the country. They are led by a commander-in-chief under the supervision of the Ministry of Defence and by the Preside... |
Albania | Administrative divisions | Administrative divisions
Albania is defined within a territorial area of in the Balkan Peninsula. It is informally divided into three regions, the Northern, Central and Southern Regions. Since its Declaration of Independence in 1912, Albania has reformed its internal organisation 21 times. Presently, the primary ad... |
Albania | Economy | Economy
thumb|right|Tirana is the economic hub of the country. It is home to major domestic and foreign companies operating in the country.
Albania has continued to develop its mixed economy, achieving an upper-middle-income status as classified by the World Bank. In 2022, the country's GDP per capita was reported a... |
Albania | Primary sector | Primary sector
thumb|right|Grapes in Berat. Due to the Mediterranean climate, wine, olives and citrus fruits are mostly produced in Southern Albania.
Agriculture in the country is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. It remains a significant sector of the economy of Albania. It employs 41% o... |
Albania | Secondary sector | Secondary sector
thumb|right|The Antea factory in Fushë-Krujë
Albania's secondary sector has undergone many changes and diversification since the communist regime collapsed. It is very diversified, from electronics, manufacturing, textiles, to food, cement, mining, and energy. The Antea Cement plant in Fushë-Krujë ... |
Albania | Tertiary sector | Tertiary sector
thumb|right|The Islets of Ksamil, in the south of the Albanian Ionian Sea Coast
The tertiary sector represents the fastest growing sector of the country's economy. 36% of the population work in the service sector which contributes to 65% of the country's GDP. Ever since the end of the 20th century, t... |
Albania | Transport | Transport
thumb|right|Rruga e Kombit connects the Adriatic Sea across the Western Lowlands with the Albanian Alps.
Transportation in Albania is managed within the functions of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy and entities such as the Albanian Road Authority (ARRSH), responsible for the construction and mai... |
Albania | Infrastructure | Infrastructure |
Albania | Education | Education
thumb|right|The University of Arts is the largest higher education institute dedicated to the study of arts
In Albania, education is secular, free, compulsory, and based on three levels. The academic year is apportioned into two semesters, beginning in September or October and ending in June or July. Alba... |
Albania | Health | Health
thumb|right|The Albanian cuisine from the Mediterranean, which is characterised by the use of fruits, vegetables and olive oil, contributes to the good nutrition of the country's population
The constitution of Albania guarantees its citizens equal, free, and universal health care. The health care system is o... |
Albania | Energy | Energy
thumb|Electricity production in Albania from 1980 to 2019
Due to its location and natural resources, Albania has a wide variety of energy resources, ranging from gas, oil, and coal to wind, solar, water, and other renewable sources. According to the World Economic Forum's 2023 Energy Transition Index (ETI), ... |
Albania | Media | Media
thumb|The former grounds of the headquarters of Radio Tirana in the capital of Tirana. (RTSH) was initially inaugurated as Radio Tirana in 1938 prior to the World War II
The freedom of press and speech, and the right to free expression is guaranteed in the constitution of Albania. Albania was ranked 84th on ... |
Albania | Technology | Technology
After the fall of communism in 1991, human resources in sciences and technology in Albania have drastically decreased. As of various reports, during 1991 to 2005 approximately 50% of the professors and scientists of the universities and science institutions in the country have left Albania. In 2009, the g... |
Albania | Demography | Demography
thumb|Development of the population of Albania over the last sixty years
The demographic statistics of Albania, as revealed by the 2023 census conducted by the Instituti i Statistikave (INSTAT), indicated a population of 2,402,113, with a notable decline from the 2,821,977 recorded in the 2011 census. Th... |
Albania | Urbanisation | Urbanisation
Subsequent to the collapse of communism in 1991, Albania has undergone a remarkable transformation in its urban landscape, emerging as one of the fastest urbanising countries in Europe. At the forefront of this transformation is the Tirana-Durrës agglomeration, a densely populated urban corridor situate... |
Albania | Language | Language
thumb|Founded in 1887, the Mësonjëtorja was the first secular school to provide education in the Albanian during the Ottoman Empire.
The official language of the country is Albanian which is spoken by the vast majority of the country's population. Its standard spoken and written form is revised and merged ... |
Albania | Minorities | Minorities
Designated national and cultural minorities in Albania include Aromanian, Greek, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Serb, Roma, Egyptian, Bosnian and Bulgarian peoples, as well as Gorani and Jews as other minority groups. The 2023 census recorded the ethnic composition as Albanians 2,186,917 (91,04% of the total), ... |
Albania | Religion | Religion
Albania is a secular and religiously diverse country with no official religion. Freedom of religion, belief and conscience are guaranteed under the country's constitution. As of the 2023 Census, there were 1,101,718 (45.86%) Sunni Muslims, 201,530 (8.38%) Catholics, 173,645 (7.22%) Eastern Orthodox, 115,644... |
Albania | Culture | Culture |
Albania | Symbols | Symbols
thumb|The helmet of Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg stands as an emblem of Albanian independence
The red and black national colours are displayed on the flag of Albania that is adorned with a double-headed eagle as the foremost recognised national symbol of Albania. With the black eagle portraying bravery and s... |
Albania | Clothing | Clothing
thumb|right|The Fustanella is designated as the national costume of Albania with profound cultural significance within Albanian culture
Albanian traditional clothing, with its contrasting variations for the northern Gheg and southern Tosk Albanians, is a testament to Albania's history, cultural diversity a... |
Albania | Art and architecture | Art and architecture
thumb|right|Butrint has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites since 1992
The artistic history of Albania has been particularly influenced by a multitude of ancient and medieval people, traditions and religions. It covers a broad spectrum with mediums and disciplines that incl... |
Albania | Cuisine | Cuisine
thumb|Bukë misri (cornbread) is a staple on the Albanian table
Throughout the centuries, Albanian cuisine has been widely influenced by Albanian culture, geography and history, and as such, different parts of the country enjoy specific regional cuisines. Cooking traditions especially vary between the north ... |
Albania | Music | Music
right|thumb|Albanian iso-polyphony is designated as an UNESCO Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
Albanian folk music is a prominent part of the national identity, and continues to play a major part in overall Albanian music. Folk music can be divided into two stylistic groups, mainly... |
Albania | Literature | Literature
thumb|right|An excerpt from the Meshari (The Missal) written by Gjon Buzuku (1555)
The cultural renaissance was first of all expressed through the development of the Albanian language in the area of church texts and publications. The Protestant reforms invigorated hopes for the development of the local l... |
Albania | Sports | Sports
Albania participated at the Olympic Games in 1972 for the first time. The country made their Winter Olympic Games debut in 2006. Albania missed the next four games, two of them due to the 1980 and 1984 boycotts, but returned for the 1992 games in Barcelona. Since then, Albania have participated in all games. ... |
Albania | Human rights | Human rights
thumb|2016 LGBT+ Pride in Tirana.
Nearly 60% of women in rural areas suffer physical or psychological violence and nearly 8% are victims of sexual violence.
Protection orders are often violated.
In 2014 the Albanian Helsinki Committee (AHC) reported that the number of female murder victims is still hig... |
Albania | See also | See also
Outline of Albania
Bibliography of Albania |
Albania | Notes | Notes |
Albania | References | References |
Albania | Sources | Sources
|
Albania | Further reading | Further reading
History of the Party of Labor of Albania. Tirana: Institute of Marxist–Leninist Studies, 1971. 691 p.
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Albania | External links | External links
albania.al
president.al
kryeministria.al
parlament.al
Albania at The World Factbook by Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Category:Countries and territories where Albanian is an official language
Category:Balkan countries
Category:Countries in Europe
Category:Member states of NATO
Category:Member st... |
Albania | Table of Content | Short description, Etymology, History, Prehistory, Antiquity, Middle Ages, Ottoman Empire, Rilindja, Independence, First Republic, Communism, Fourth Republic, Contemporary, Environment, Geography, Climate, Biodiversity, Conservation, Protected areas, Environmental issues, Politics, Foreign relations, Military, Administ... |
Allah | Short description | thumb|right|The word 'Allah' in thuluth calligraphy
Allah ( ;"Allah". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. , ) is an Arabic term for God, specifically the God of Abraham. Outside of the Middle East, it is principally associated with Islam (in which it is also considered the proper name), although the term was... |
Allah | Etymology | Etymology
thumb|240px| The Arabic components that make up the word "Allah":
The etymology of the word Allāh has been discussed extensively by classical Arab philologists.D.B. Macdonald. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "Ilah", Vol. 3, p. 1093. Most consider it to be derived from a contraction of the Arabic defi... |
Allah | History of usage | History of usage |
Allah | Pre-Islamic Arabia | Pre-Islamic Arabia
Regional variants of the word Allah occur in both pagan and Christian pre-Islamic inscriptions. According to Marshall Hodgson, it seems that in the pre-Islamic Arabia, some Arab Christians undertook pilgrimages to the Kaaba, a pagan temple at that time, honoring Allah there as the God Creator.Mars... |
Allah | Islamic period | Islamic period
In contrast with pre-Islamic Arabian polytheism, as stated by Gerhard Böwering, God in Islam does not have associates and companions, nor is there any kinship between God and jinn. Pre Islamic Arabs believed in a blind, powerful, unstoppable and insensible fate over which man had no control. This was ... |
Allah | Present day | Present day |
Allah | Islam | Islam
thumb|Medallion showing "Allah Jalla Jalaluhu" in the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey
thumb|Allah script outside the Old Mosque in Edirne, Turkey
The Islamic tradition to use Allah as the personal name of God became contested in contemporary scholarship, including the question, whether or not the word Allah shou... |
Allah | Christianity | Christianity
The Christian Arabs of today have no other word for "God" than "Allah". Similarly, the Aramaic word for "God" in the language of Assyrian Christians is , or . (Even the Arabic-descended Maltese language of Malta, whose population is almost entirely Catholic, uses Alla for "God".)
Arab Christians have us... |
Allah | Pronunciation | Pronunciation
The word Allāh is generally pronounced , exhibiting a heavy , , a velarized alveolar lateral approximant, a marginal phoneme in Modern Standard Arabic. Since the initial alef has no hamza, the initial is elided when a preceding word ends in a vowel. If the preceding vowel is , the is light, , as in, fo... |
Allah | As a loanword | As a loanword |
Allah | English and other European languages | English and other European languages
The history of the name Allāh in English was probably influenced by the study of comparative religion in the 19th century; for example, Thomas Carlyle (1840) sometimes used the term Allah but without any implication that Allah was anything different from God. However, in his biograp... |
Allah | Malaysian and Indonesian language | Malaysian and Indonesian language
page=77|thumb|The first dictionary of Dutch-Malay by A.C. Ruyl, Justus Heurnius, and Caspar Wiltens in 1650 recorded as the translation of the Dutch word .|link=File:Vocabularium,_ofte_Woordenboek,_in_'t_Duytsch_en_Maleys_(IA_vocabulariumoft00dancgoog).djvu%3Fpage=77
thumb| (Word of ... |
Allah | National flags with "Allah" written on them | National flags with "Allah" written on them |
Allah | Typography | Typography
280px|thumbnail|The word Allah written in different writing systems
The word is always written without an to spell the vowel. This is because the spelling was established before Arabic spelling started regularly using to spell . However, in vocalized spelling, a small diacritic is added on top of the ... |
Allah | Unicode | Unicode
Unicode has a code point reserved for , , in the Arabic Presentation Forms-A block, which exists solely for "compatibility with some older, legacy character sets that encoded presentation forms directly";The Unicode Consortium. FAQ - Middle East Scripts this is not recommended for new text. Instead, the word ... |
Allah | See also | See also
Abdullah (name)
Allah as a lunar deity
Emblem of Iran
Ismul Azam
Names of God |
Allah | References | References |
Allah | General and cited references | General and cited references
The Unicode Consortium, Unicode Standard 5.0, Addison-Wesley, 2006, , About the Unicode Standard Version 5.0 Book |
Allah | Further reading | Further reading |
Allah | Online | Online
Allah Qur'ān, in Encyclopædia Britannica Online, by Asma Afsaruddin, Brian Duignan, Thinley |
Allah | External links | External links
Names of Allah with Meaning on Website, Flash, and Mobile Phone Software
Concept of God (Allah) in Islam
The Concept of Allāh According to the Qur'an by Abdul Mannan Omar
Allah, the Unique Name of God
Typography
Arabic Fonts and Mac OS X
Programs for Arabic in Mac OS X
Category:Arabian deitie... |
Allah | Table of Content | Short description, Etymology, History of usage, Pre-Islamic Arabia, Islamic period, Present day, Islam, Christianity, Pronunciation, As a loanword, English and other European languages, Malaysian and Indonesian language, National flags with "Allah" written on them, Typography, Unicode, See also, References, General and... |
Algorithms (journal) | Use dmy dates | Algorithms is a monthly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal of mathematics, covering design, analysis, and experiments on algorithms. The journal is published by MDPI and was established in 2008. The founding editor-in-chief was Kazuo Iwama (Kyoto University). From May 2014 to September 2019, the editor-in-chi... |
Algorithms (journal) | Abstracting and indexing | Abstracting and indexing
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 2.3.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in: |
Algorithms (journal) | See also | See also
Journals with similar scope include:
ACM Transactions on Algorithms
Algorithmica
Journal of Algorithms (Elsevier) |
Algorithms (journal) | References | References |
Algorithms (journal) | External links | External links
Category:Theoretical computer science journals
Category:Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journals
Category:MDPI academic journals
Category:English-language journals
Category:Academic journals established in 2008
Category:Monthly journals |
Algorithms (journal) | Table of Content | Use dmy dates, Abstracting and indexing, See also, References, External links |
Azerbaijan | Short description | Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental and landlocked country at the boundary of West Asia and Eastern Europe. It is a part of the South Caucasus region and is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia's republic of Dagestan to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turk... |
Azerbaijan | Etymology | Etymology
The term Azerbaijan derives from Atropates, a Persian satrap under the Achaemenid Empire who was reinstated as the satrap of Media under Alexander the Great.Nevertheless, "despite being one of the chief vassals of Sasanian Shahanshah, the Albanian king had only a semblance of authority, and the Sassanid ma... |
Azerbaijan | History | History |
Azerbaijan | Antiquity | Antiquity
thumb|left|Petroglyphs in Gobustan National Park dating back to the 10th millennium BC indicating a thriving culture
The earliest evidence of human settlement in the territory of Azerbaijan dates back to the late Stone Age and is related to the Guruchay culture of Azykh Cave. Early settlements included the S... |