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Art
Arrival of Modernism
Arrival of Modernism thumb|Composition with Red Blue and Yellow (1930) by Piet Mondrian (Dutch, 1872–1944) The arrival of Modernism in the late 19th century led to a radical break in the conception of the function of art,Griselda Pollock, Differencing the Canon. Routledge, London & New York, 1999. and then again in th...
Art
New Criticism and the "intentional fallacy"
New Criticism and the "intentional fallacy" Following Duchamp during the first half of the 20th century, a significant shift to general aesthetic theory took place which attempted to apply aesthetic theory between various forms of art, including the literary arts and the visual arts, to each other. This resulted in the...
Art
"Linguistic turn" and its debate
"Linguistic turn" and its debate The end of the 20th century fostered an extensive debate known as the linguistic turn controversy, or the "innocent eye debate" in the philosophy of art. This debate discussed the encounter of the work of art as being determined by the relative extent to which the conceptual encounter w...
Art
Classification disputes
Classification disputes thumb|The original Fountain by Marcel Duchamp, 1917, photographed by Alfred Stieglitz at the 291 after the 1917 Society of Independent Artists exhibit. Stieglitz used a backdrop of The Warriors by Marsden Hartley to photograph the urinal. The exhibition entry tag can be clearly seen.Tomkins, Du...
Art
Value judgment
Value judgment thumb|upright|Aboriginal hollow log tombs. National Gallery, Canberra, Australia. Somewhat in relation to the above, the word art is also used to apply judgments of value, as in such expressions as "that meal was a work of art" (the cook is an artist), or "the art of deception" (the highly attained leve...
Art
Art and law
Art and law An essential legal issue are art forgeries, plagiarism, replicas and works that are strongly based on other works of art. Intellectual property law plays a significant role in the art world. Copyright protection is granted to artists for their original works, providing them with exclusive rights to reprodu...
Art
See also
See also Artist-in-residence Artistic freedom Cultural tourism Craftivism List of art media List of art techniques Mathematics and art Outline of the visual arts, a guide to the subject of art presented as a tree structured list of its subtopics. Visual impairment in art
Art
References
References
Art
Works cited
Works cited
Art
Bibliography
Bibliography Intentions by Oscar Wilde Katharine Everett Gilbert and Helmut Kuhn, A History of Esthetics. Edition 2, revised. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1953. Stephen Davies, Definitions of Art, 1991 Nina Felshin, ed. But is it Art?, 1995 Catherine de Zegher (ed.). Inside the Visible. MIT Press, 1996 Ev...
Art
Further reading
Further reading Cole, Ina, From the Sculptor’s Studio: Conversations with Twenty Seminal Artists (London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd, 2021) . Antony Briant and Griselda Pollock, eds. Digital and Other Virtualities: Renegotiating the image. London and NY: I.B. Tauris, 2010. Augros, Robert M., Stanciu, George N. T...
Art
External links
External links Art and Play from the Dictionary of the History of ideas In-depth directory of art Art and Artist Files in the Smithsonian Libraries Collection (2005) Smithsonian Digital Libraries Visual Arts Data Service (VADS) – online collections from UK museums, galleries, universities RevolutionArt – Art maga...
Art
Table of Content
Short description, Overview, History, Forms, genres, media, and styles, Skill and craft, Purpose, Non-motivated functions, Motivated functions, Steps, Preparation, Creation, Appreciation, Public access, Controversies, Theory, Arrival of Modernism, New Criticism and the "intentional fallacy", "Linguistic turn" and its d...
Agnostida
Short description
Agnostida are an order of extinct arthropods which have classically been seen as a group of highly modified trilobites, though some recent research has doubted this placement. Regardless, they appear to be close relatives as part of the Artiopoda. They are present in the Lower Cambrian fossil record along with trilobit...
Agnostida
Systematics
Systematics The Agnostida are divided into two suborders — Agnostina and Eodiscina — which are then subdivided into a number of families. As a group, agnostids are isopygous, meaning their pygidium is similar in size and shape to their cephalon. Most agnostid species were eyeless. The systematic position of the order ...
Agnostida
Ecology
Ecology Scientists have long debated whether the agnostids lived a pelagic or a benthic lifestyle. Their lack of eyes, a morphology not well-suited for swimming, and their fossils found in association with other benthic trilobites suggest a benthic (bottom-dwelling) mode of life. They are likely to have lived on areas ...
Agnostida
References
References
Agnostida
External links
External links Order Agnostida by Sam Gon III. The Virtual Fossil Museum – Trilobite Order Agnostida Agnostida fact sheet by Sam Gon III. "Earth's Early Cannibals Caught in the Act", by Larry O'Hanlon, news.discovery.com. Category:Trilobite orders Category:Cambrian trilobites Category:Ordovician trilobites Cat...
Agnostida
Table of Content
Short description, Systematics, Ecology, References, External links
Abortion
short description
Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus. An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as a miscarriage or "spontaneous abortion"; these occur in approximately 30% to 40% of all pregnancies. When deliberate steps are taken to end a pregnancy, it is called an indu...
Abortion
Types
Types
Abortion
Induced
Induced An induced abortion is a medical procedure to end a pregnancy. In present-day English, the term abortion, when used without further qualification, generally refers to induced abortion. A pregnancy can be intentionally aborted in several ways. The abortion method depends upon the gestational age of the embryo o...
Abortion
Spontaneous
Spontaneous Miscarriage, also known as spontaneous abortion, is the unintentional expulsion of an embryo or fetus before the 24th week of gestation. A pregnancy that ends before 37 weeks of gestation resulting in a live-born infant is a "premature birth" or a "preterm birth". When a fetus dies in utero after viability...
Abortion
Methods
Methods
Abortion
Medical
Medical Medical abortions are those induced by abortifacient pharmaceuticals. Medical abortion became an alternative method of abortion with the availability of prostaglandin analogs in the 1970s and the antiprogestogen mifepristone (also known as RU-486) in the 1980s. The most common early first trimester medical ab...
Abortion
Surgical
Surgical thumb|A vacuum aspiration abortion at eight weeks gestational age (six weeks after fertilization).1: Amniotic sac2: Embryo3: Uterine lining4: Speculum5: Vacurette6: Attached to a suction pump Up to 15 weeks' gestation, suction-aspiration or vacuum aspiration are the most common surgical methods of induced abo...
Abortion
Labor induction abortion
Labor induction abortion In places lacking the necessary medical skill for dilation and extraction, or when preferred by practitioners, an abortion can be induced by first inducing labor and then inducing fetal demise if necessary. This is sometimes called "induced miscarriage". This procedure may be performed from 13 ...
Abortion
Other methods
Other methods Historically, a number of herbs reputed to possess abortifacient properties have been used in folk medicine. Such herbs include tansy, pennyroyal, black cohosh, and the now-extinct silphium. In 1978, one woman in Colorado died and another developed organ damage when they attempted to terminate their preg...
Abortion
Safety
Safety thumb|right|A likely illegal abortion flyer in South Africa The health risks of abortion depend principally on how, and under what conditions, the procedure is performed. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines unsafe abortions as those performed by unskilled individuals, with hazardous equipment, or in uns...
Abortion
Safety of abortion methods
Safety of abortion methods There is little difference in terms of safety and efficacy between medical abortion using a combined regimen of mifepristone and misoprostol and surgical abortion (vacuum aspiration) in early first trimester abortions up to 10 weeks gestation. Medical abortion using the prostaglandin analog...
Abortion
Safety and gestational age
Safety and gestational age Vacuum aspiration in the first trimester is the safest method of surgical abortion, and can be performed in a primary care office, abortion clinic, or hospital. Complications, which are rare, can include uterine perforation, pelvic infection, and retained products of conception requiring a s...
Abortion
Mental health
Mental health Current evidence finds no relationship between most induced abortions and mental health problems other than those expected for any unwanted pregnancy. A report by the American Psychological Association concluded that a woman's first abortion is not a threat to mental health when carried out in the first ...
Abortion
Safety in the abortion debate
Safety in the abortion debate Some purported risks of abortion are promoted primarily by anti-abortion groups, but lack scientific support. For example, the question of a link between induced abortion and breast cancer has been investigated extensively. Major medical and scientific bodies (including the WHO, National...
Abortion
Unsafe abortion
Unsafe abortion thumb|Soviet poster (after Russia legalized abortion in 1920) warning against abortions performed by folk practitioners Women seeking an abortion may use unsafe methods, especially when abortion is legally restricted. They may attempt self-induced abortion or seek the help of a person without proper ...
Abortion
Incidence
Incidence There are two commonly used methods of measuring the incidence of abortion: Abortion rate – number of abortions annually per 1,000 women between 15 and 44 years of age; some sources use a range of 15–49. Abortion percentage – number of abortions out of 100 known pregnancies; pregnancies include live births,...
Abortion
Gestational age and method
Gestational age and method Abortion rates vary depending on the stage of pregnancy and the method practiced. In 2003, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that 26% of reported legal induced abortions in the United States were known to have been obtained at the end of 6 weeks of gestation or le...
Abortion
Motivation
Motivation
Abortion
Personal
Personal thumb|upright=1.8|A bar chart depicting selected data from a 1998 AGI meta-study on the reasons women stated for having an abortion The reasons why women have abortions are diverse and vary across the world. Some of the reasons may include an inability to afford a child, domestic violence, lack of support, fee...
Abortion
Societal
Societal Some abortions are undergone as the result of societal pressures. These might include the preference for children of a specific sex or race, disapproval of single or early motherhood, stigmatization of people with disabilities, insufficient economic support for families, lack of access to or rejection of contr...
Abortion
Maternal health
Maternal health Some abortions are performed due to concerns over maternal health. In 1990s, women cited maternal health as their main motivating factor in about a third of abortions in three of 27 countries analyzed. In seven additional countries, about 7% of abortions were maternal health related. In the U.S., the...
Abortion
Cancer
Cancer The rate of cancer during pregnancy is 0.02–1%, and in many cases, cancer of the mother leads to consideration of abortion to protect the life of the mother, or in response to the potential damage that may occur to the fetus during treatment. This is particularly true for cervical cancer, the most common type o...
Abortion
Fetal health
Fetal health Congenital disorders, revealed by prenatal screening, motivate some women to seek abortions. Health outcomes of preterm births include a significant probability of long-term neurodevelopmental impairment before gestational age of 29 weeks, with a higher probability with decreasing gestational age. In the ...
Abortion
History
History thumb|Bas-relief at Angkor Wat, Cambodia, c. 1150, depicting a demon inducing an abortion by pounding the abdomen of a pregnant woman with a pestle Since ancient times, abortions have been done using a number of methods, including herbal medicines acting as abortifacients, sharp tools through the use of force...
Abortion
Religion
Religion In Judaism, the fetus is not considered to have a human soul until it is safely outside of the woman, is viable, and has taken its first breath. Reprinted as The fetus is considered valuable property of the woman and not a human life while in the womb (Exodus 21:22-23). While Judaism encourages people to be ...
Abortion
Society and culture
Society and culture
Abortion
Abortion debate
Abortion debate Induced abortion has long been the source of considerable debate. Ethical, moral, philosophical, biological, religious and legal issues surrounding abortion are related to value systems. Opinions of abortion may be about fetal rights, governmental authority, and women's rights. In both public and priv...
Abortion
Modern abortion law
Modern abortion law Current laws pertaining to abortion are diverse. Religious, moral, and cultural factors continue to influence abortion laws throughout the world. The right to life, the right to liberty, the right to security of person, and the right to reproductive health are major issues of human rights that some...
Abortion
Sex-selective abortion
Sex-selective abortion Sonography and amniocentesis allow parents to determine sex before childbirth. The development of this technology has led to sex-selective abortion, or the termination of a fetus based on its sex. The selective termination of a female fetus is most common. Sex-selective abortion is partially re...
Abortion
Anti-abortion violence
Anti-abortion violence Abortion providers and facilities have been subjected to violence, including murder, assault, arson, and bombing. Some scholars consider anti-abortion violence to be within the definition of terrorism, a view shared by some governments. In the U.S. and Canada, over 8,000 incidents of violence, t...
Abortion
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Non-human examples Spontaneous abortion occurs in various animals. For example, in sheep it may be caused by stress or physical exertion, such as crowding through doors or being chased by dogs. In cows, abortion may be caused by contagious disease, such as brucellosis or Campylobacter, but can often be controlled by v...
Abortion
See also
See also Abortion doula Forced abortion My body, my choice Indirect abortion
Abortion
Notes
Notes
Abortion
References
References
Abortion
Bibliography
Bibliography
Abortion
External links
External links WHO fact sheet on abortion Safe abortion: Technical & policy guidance for health systems, World Health Organization (2015) First-trimester abortion in women with medical conditions. US Department of Health and Human Services Category:Human reproduction Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready ...
Abortion
Table of Content
short description, Types, Induced, Spontaneous, Methods, Medical, Surgical, Labor induction abortion, Other methods, Safety, Safety of abortion methods, Safety and gestational age, Mental health, Safety in the abortion debate, Unsafe abortion, Incidence, Gestational age and method, Motivation, Personal, Societal, Mater...
Abstract (law)
short description
In law, an abstract is a brief statement that contains the most important points of a long legal document or of several related legal papers.
Abstract (law)
Types of legislation
Types of legislation The abstract of title, used in real estate transactions, is the more common form of abstract. An abstract of title lists all the owners of a piece of land, a house, or a building before it came into possession of the present owner. The abstract also records all deeds, wills, mortgages, and other ...
Abstract (law)
Patent law
Patent law In the context of patent law and specifically in prior art searches, searching through abstracts is a common way to find relevant prior art document to question to novelty or inventive step (or non-obviousness in United States patent law) of an invention. Under United States patent law, the abstract may be ...
Abstract (law)
References
References
Abstract (law)
External links
External links , defining the requirements regarding the abstract in an international application filed under Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) and (previously ), defining the abstract-related requirements in a European patent application Category:Legal research
Abstract (law)
Table of Content
short description, Types of legislation, Patent law, References, External links
American Revolutionary War
Short description
The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was the armed conflict that comprised the final eight years of the broader American Revolution, in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and commanded by Ge...
American Revolutionary War
Prelude to war
Prelude to war thumb|alt=MAP of the 1763 Treaty of Paris claims in North America by the British and Spanish. The British claim east of the Mississippi River, including the Floridas ceded by Spain, and the previous French North America along the St. Lawrence River, west through the Great Lakes, and southerly along the ...
American Revolutionary War
Taxation and legislation
Taxation and legislation The huge debt incurred by the Seven Years' War and demands from British taxpayers for cuts in government expenditure meant Parliament expected the colonies to fund their own defense. The 1763 to 1765 Grenville ministry instructed the Royal Navy to cease trading smuggled goods and enforce custo...
American Revolutionary War
Break with the British Crown
Break with the British Crown Throughout the 18th century, the elected lower houses in the colonial legislatures gradually wrested power from their governors.Olsen 1992, pp. 543–544 Dominated by smaller landowners and merchants, these assemblies now established ad-hoc provincial legislatures, effectively replacing roya...
American Revolutionary War
Political reactions
Political reactions thumb|alt=The artist's recreation of the Declaration signing with portraits of the entire Second Congress, as though all members were present. The Committee of Five are standing centered together presenting a parchment on the table.|The Committee of Five, who were charged with drafting the Declarat...
American Revolutionary War
Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Independence Support for independence was boosted by Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense, which was published on January 10, 1776, and argued for American self-government and was widely reprinted.Maier 1998, pp. 33–34 To draft the Declaration of Independence, the Second Continental Congress appointed t...
American Revolutionary War
War breaks out
War breaks out
American Revolutionary War
Early engagements
Early engagements thumb|alt=Snow-covered street fighting of British and Tory Provincials repulsing an American assault|The British repulse a Continental Army attack at the Battle of Quebec in December 1775 thumb|alt=Continental Sergeant William Jasper of the 2nd South Carolina Regiment, on a parapet raising the fort's...
American Revolutionary War
British New York counter-offensive
British New York counter-offensive thumb|alt=Sailing ships on the Hudson River from afar, the scene emphases the two tall bluffs overlooking either side of the Hudson Narrows.|The British used the Narrows, connecting Upper and Lower New York Bay, to isolate Fort Washington in the Battle of Fort Washington in November ...
American Revolutionary War
Patriot resurgence
Patriot resurgence thumb|alt=Washington standing up in a freight boat crossing a windy river filled with winter chunks of ice.|Washington Crossing the Delaware, an iconic 1851 Emanuel Leutze portrait depicting Washington's covert crossing of the Delaware River on December 25–26, 1776 thumb|upright=1|James Monroe, the ...
American Revolutionary War
British northern strategy fails
British northern strategy fails thumb|Saratoga campaign maneuvers and (inset) the Battles of Saratoga in September and October 1777 The 1776 campaign demonstrated that regaining New England would be a prolonged affair, which led to a change in British strategy to isolating the north by taking control of the Hudson Ri...
American Revolutionary War
Foreign intervention
Foreign intervention thumb|alt=From the left, in the background three sailing warships at sea, one clearly flying a British naval ensign; in the center-right foreground, three sailing warships, two of them firing broadsides with gun smoke starting to cover them up. There was no US flag on the American ship, so the Bri...
American Revolutionary War
Stalemate in the North
Stalemate in the North thumb|alt=A close up of Continental infantry fighting in a street; a company on line firing to the left off the painting; in the center the officer; right foreground a drummer boy and behind him a soldier reloading a musket.|Continentals repulsing the British at the Battle of Springfield in June...
American Revolutionary War
War in the South
War in the South thumb|alt=A birds-eye view over the British lines of artillery besieging the port of Charleston in the center-background, and landing some shots at the docks.|The British siege of Charleston in May 1780 thumb|alt=A close-up of a cavalry melee on large horses with sabers and pistols drawn; Three redcoa...
American Revolutionary War
Western campaign
Western campaign thumb|alt=At left center, Virginia militia Colonel George Rogers Clark with buckskinned uniformed militia lined up behind him; at right center, red-coated British Quebec Governor Hamilton surrendering with ranks of white-uniformed Tory militia behind receding into the background; a drummer boy in the ...
American Revolutionary War
British defeat
British defeat thumb|right|alt=Two lines of warships at sea sailing with full sails downwind away from the viewer and firing broadsides at one another; in the center foreground receding into the left background, six of the French fleet; in the right foreground receding to the center four of the British fleet.|A French...
American Revolutionary War
Strategy and commanders
Strategy and commanders thumb|alt=West Point Military Academy MAP of America east of the Mississippi River. Campaigns noted in New England; in the middle colonies with three British (red sailing ship) naval victories; in the South with two British naval victories, and in Virginia with one French (blue sailing ship) nav...
American Revolutionary War
American strategy
American strategy The Second Continental Congress stood to benefit if the Revolution evolved into a protracted war. Colonial state populations were largely prosperous and depended on local production for food and supplies rather than on imports from Britain. The thirteen colonies were spread across most of North Americ...
American Revolutionary War
Continental Army
Continental Army thumb|A 1776 portrait of Washington by Charles Willson Peale, now housed in the Brooklyn Museum|alt=Formal painting of General George Washington, standing in uniform, as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army When the Revolutionary War began, the Second Continental Congress lacked a professional ...
American Revolutionary War
Continental Navy
Continental Navy thumb|alt= Sail warships at sea with full sail; in the center middle ground, the US ship; in the background, four French warships in a haze giving it a cannon salute with gunpowder; small boats also in the water in the middle ground.|USS Ranger commanded by Captain John Paul Jones During the first...
American Revolutionary War
France
France At the beginning of the war, the Americans had no major international allies, since most nation-states waited to see how the conflict unfolded. Over time, the Continental Army established its military credibility. Battles such as the Battle of Bennington, the Battles of Saratoga, and even defeats such as the Ba...
American Revolutionary War
British strategy
British strategy The British military had considerable experience fighting in North America.Cave 2004, pp. 21–22 However, in previous conflicts they benefited from local logistics and support from the colonial militia. In the American Revolutionary War, reinforcements had to come from Europe, and maintaining large arm...
American Revolutionary War
British Army
British Army thumb|upright|left|alt=Portrait of the British commander-in-chief, Sir Thomas Gage in dress uniform.|Sir Thomas Gage, British Army Commander from 1763 to 1775 The expulsion of France from North America in 1763 led to a drastic reduction in British troop levels in the colonies; in 1775, there were only 8,...
American Revolutionary War
German troops
German troops thumb|alt=Hessian troops surrender after Battle of Trenton, December 1776 |Hessian troops surrender after Washington's victory at the Battle of Trenton in December 1776 During the 18th century, states commonly hired foreign soldiers, including Britain.Baer 2015, p. 115 When it became clear additional tr...
American Revolutionary War
Revolution as civil war
Revolution as civil war
American Revolutionary War
Loyalists
Loyalists thumb|alt=A wounded British officer falls from his horse after being struck by gunfire; another British officer to his rights puts his hands forwards to support the wounded rider; troops skirmish in the background; men lie dead at the riders feet.|American Patriots routed Loyalists at the Battle of Kings Mou...
American Revolutionary War
Women
Women thumb|alt=Scene of Nancy Morgan Hart on the left with musket raised and child hiding behind her skirts, and behind; on the right two Loyalist soldiers are lying on the floor, and three are raising their hands defensively in alarm.|Nancy Hart single-handedly captured six Loyalist soldiers who barged into her home...
American Revolutionary War
African Americans
African Americans thumb|alt=A scene of four uniformed soldiers of the Continental 1st Rhode Island Regiment. On the left, a black and a white soldier formally at "Attention" with Brown Bess muskets; on the right, a downcast white soldier walking back into formation with an officer barking at him holding a cat-o-nine t...
American Revolutionary War
Native Americans
Native Americans thumb|left|alt=Portrait of British regular army Colonel Joseph Brant, Iroquois Mohawk.|Colonel Joseph Brant of the British-led Iroquois Mohawks in the war Most Native Americans east of the Mississippi River were affected by the war, and many tribes were divided over how to respond. A few tribes were ...
American Revolutionary War
Peace negotiations
Peace negotiations thumb|alt=Portrait of the four principal US ministers in Paris; left to right, John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and their secretary on the far right.|Treaty of Paris by Benjamin West portrays the American mission of (left–right): John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry ...
American Revolutionary War
Aftermath
Aftermath
American Revolutionary War
Territory
Territory The expanse of territory that was now the U.S. included millions of sparsely settled acres south of the Great Lakes between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, much of which was part of Canada. The tentative colonial migration west became a flood during the war.Herring 2011 [2008], p. 41 Bri...
American Revolutionary War
Casualties and losses
Casualties and losses thumb|upright|alt=A cemetery; grave stones in the foreground in staggered, irregular rows; behind them grass covered mounds of dead; an American flag in the background along a tree line.|Mass graves from the Battles of Saratoga in Salem, New York The total loss of life throughout the conflict is...
American Revolutionary War
Legacy
Legacy thumb|The U.S. motto Novus ordo seclorum, meaning "A New Age Now Begins", is paraphrased from Thomas Paine's Common Sense, published January 10, 1776. "We have it in our power to begin the world over again", Paine wrote in it.McDonald, Forrest. Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution, p...
American Revolutionary War
Historiography
Historiography The body of historical writings on the American Revolution cite many motivations for the Patriot revolt.Paul David Nelson, "British Conduct of the American Revolutionary War: A Review of Interpretations." Journal of American History 65.3 (1978): 623–653. American Patriots stressed the denial of their co...
American Revolutionary War
Revolutionary War commemoration stamps
Revolutionary War commemoration stamps After the first U.S. postage stamp was issued in 1849, the U.S. Postal Service frequently issued commemorative stamps celebrating people and events of the Revolutionary War. The first such stamp was the Liberty Bell issue of 1926.
American Revolutionary War
See also
See also 1776 in the United States: events, births, deaths, and other years Timeline of the American Revolution
American Revolutionary War
Topics of the Revolution
Topics of the Revolution Committee of safety (American Revolution) Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War Flags of the American Revolution Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War