title stringlengths 1 251 | section stringlengths 0 6.12k | text stringlengths 0 716k |
|---|---|---|
American Revolutionary War | Social history of the Revolution | Social history of the Revolution
Black Patriot
Christianity in the United States#American Revolution
The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution
History of Poles in the United States#American Revolution
List of clergy in the American Revolution
List of Patriots (American Revolution)
Quakers in the American R... |
American Revolutionary War | Others in the American Revolution | Others in the American Revolution
Nova Scotia in the American Revolution
Watauga Association |
American Revolutionary War | Lists of Revolutionary military | Lists of Revolutionary military
List of American Revolutionary War battles
List of British Forces in the American Revolutionary War
List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War
List of infantry weapons in the American Revolution
List of United States militia units in the American Revolutionary War |
American Revolutionary War | Legacy and related | Legacy and related
American Revolution Statuary
Commemoration of the American Revolution
Founders Online
Independence Day (United States)
The Last Men of the Revolution
List of plays and films about the American Revolution
Museum of the American Revolution
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of the American Revolution
... |
American Revolutionary War | Notes | Notes |
American Revolutionary War | Citations | Citations
Year dates enclosed in [brackets] denote year of original printing |
American Revolutionary War | Bibliography | Bibliography
Britannica.com
Dictionary of American Biography
Encyclopædia Britannica
... |
American Revolutionary War | Further reading | Further reading
Allison, David, and Larrie D. Ferreiro, eds. The American Revolution: A World War (Smithsonian, 2018) excerpt
Bobrick, Benson. Angel in the Whirlwind: The Triumph of the American Revolution. Penguin, 1998 (paperback reprint)
Brands, H. W. Our First Civil War: Patriots and Loyalists in the American R... |
American Revolutionary War | External links | External links
"The American Revolutionary War" at United States Military Academy. .
Library of Congress Guide to the American Revolution
Bibliographies of the War of American Independence compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History (archived)
Category:Conflicts in 1775
Category:Conflicts in ... |
American Revolutionary War | Table of Content | Short description, Prelude to war, Taxation and legislation, Break with the British Crown, Political reactions, Declaration of Independence, War breaks out, Early engagements, British New York counter-offensive, Patriot resurgence, British northern strategy fails, Foreign intervention, Stalemate in the North, War in th... |
Ampere | Short description | The ampere ( , ; symbol: A), often shortened to amp,SI supports only the use of symbols and deprecates the use of abbreviations for units. is the unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI). One ampere is equal to 1 coulomb (C) moving past a point per second. It is named after French mathemati... |
Ampere | History | History
The ampere is named for French physicist and mathematician André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836), who studied electromagnetism and laid the foundation of electrodynamics. In recognition of Ampère's contributions to the creation of modern electrical science, an international convention, signed at the 1881 Internatio... |
Ampere | Former definition in the SI | Former definition in the SI
Until 2019, the SI defined the ampere as follows:
The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed one metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equa... |
Ampere | Present definition | Present definition
The 2019 revision of the SI defined the ampere by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge to be when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A⋅s, where the second is defined in terms of , the unperturbed ground state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom.
Th... |
Ampere | Units derived from the ampere | Units derived from the ampere
The international system of units (SI) is based on seven SI base units the second, metre, kilogram, kelvin, ampere, mole, and candela representing seven fundamental types of physical quantity, or "dimensions", (time, length, mass, temperature, electric current, amount of substance, and l... |
Ampere | SI prefixes | SI prefixes
Like other SI units, the ampere can be modified by adding a prefix that multiplies it by a power of 10. |
Ampere | See also | See also
|
Ampere | References | References |
Ampere | External links | External links
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
NIST Definition of ampere and μ0
Category:SI base units
Category:Units of electric current |
Ampere | Table of Content | Short description, History, Former definition in the SI, Present definition, Units derived from the ampere, SI prefixes, See also, References, External links |
Algorithm | Short description | thumb|Flowchart of using successive subtractions to find the greatest common divisor of number r and s|alt=In a loop, subtract the larger number against the smaller number. Halt the loop when the subtraction will make a number negative. Assess two numbers, whether one of them is equal to zero or not. If yes, take the o... |
Algorithm | Etymology | Etymology
Around 825 AD, Persian scientist and polymath Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī wrote kitāb al-ḥisāb al-hindī ("Book of Indian computation") and kitab al-jam' wa'l-tafriq al-ḥisāb al-hindī ("Addition and subtraction in Indian arithmetic"). In the early 12th century, Latin translations of said al-Khwarizmi text... |
Algorithm | Definition | Definition
One informal definition is "a set of rules that precisely defines a sequence of operations",Stone 1973:4 which would include all computer programs (including programs that do not perform numeric calculations), and any prescribed bureaucratic procedure
or cook-book recipe. In general, a program is an algor... |
Algorithm | History | History |
Algorithm | Ancient algorithms | Ancient algorithms
Step-by-step procedures for solving mathematical problems have been recorded since antiquity. This includes in Babylonian mathematics (around 2500 BC), Egyptian mathematics (around 1550 BC), Indian mathematics (around 800 BC and later),Hayashi, T. (2023, January 1). Brahmagupta. Encyclopedia Britan... |
Algorithm | Computers | Computers |
Algorithm | Weight-driven clocks | Weight-driven clocks
Bolter credits the invention of the weight-driven clock as "the key invention [of Europe in the Middle Ages]," specifically the verge escapement mechanismBolter 1984:24 producing the tick and tock of a mechanical clock. "The accurate automatic machine"Bolter 1984:26 led immediately to "mechanical... |
Algorithm | Electromechanical relay | Electromechanical relay
Bell and Newell (1971) write that the Jacquard loom, a precursor to Hollerith cards (punch cards), and "telephone switching technologies" led to the development of the first computers.Bell and Newell diagram 1971:39, cf. Davis 2000 By the mid-19th century, the telegraph, the precursor of the t... |
Algorithm | Formalization | Formalization
thumb|Ada Lovelace's diagram from "Note G", the first published computer algorithm
In 1928, a partial formalization of the modern concept of algorithms began with attempts to solve the Entscheidungsproblem (decision problem) posed by David Hilbert. Later formalizations were framed as attempts to define... |
Algorithm | Representations | Representations
Algorithms can be expressed in many kinds of notation, including natural languages, pseudocode, flowcharts, drakon-charts, programming languages or control tables (processed by interpreters). Natural language expressions of algorithms tend to be verbose and ambiguous and are rarely used for complex or t... |
Algorithm | Turing machines | Turing machines
There are many possible representations and Turing machine programs can be expressed as a sequence of machine tables (see finite-state machine, state-transition table, and control table for more), as flowcharts and drakon-charts (see state diagram for more), as a form of rudimentary machine code or as... |
Algorithm | Flowchart representation | Flowchart representation
The graphical aid called a flowchart offers a way to describe and document an algorithm (and a computer program corresponding to it). It has four primary symbols: arrows showing program flow, rectangles (SEQUENCE, GOTO), diamonds (IF-THEN-ELSE), and dots (OR-tie). Sub-structures can "nest" in... |
Algorithm | Algorithmic analysis | Algorithmic analysis
It is often important to know how much time, storage, or other cost an algorithm may require. Methods have been developed for the analysis of algorithms to obtain such quantitative answers (estimates); for example, an algorithm that adds up the elements of a list of n numbers would have a time r... |
Algorithm | Formal versus empirical | Formal versus empirical
The analysis, and study of algorithms is a discipline of computer science. Algorithms are often studied abstractly, without referencing any specific programming language or implementation. Algorithm analysis resembles other mathematical disciplines as it focuses on the algorithm's properties, n... |
Algorithm | Execution efficiency | Execution efficiency
To illustrate the potential improvements possible even in well-established algorithms, a recent significant innovation, relating to FFT algorithms (used heavily in the field of image processing), can decrease processing time up to 1,000 times for applications like medical imaging. In general, sp... |
Algorithm | Design | Design
Algorithm design is a method or mathematical process for problem-solving and engineering algorithms. The design of algorithms is part of many solution theories, such as divide-and-conquer or dynamic programming within operation research. Techniques for designing and implementing algorithm designs are also cal... |
Algorithm | Structured programming | Structured programming
Per the Church–Turing thesis, any algorithm can be computed by any Turing complete model. Turing completeness only requires four instruction types—conditional GOTO, unconditional GOTO, assignment, HALT. However, Kemeny and Kurtz observe that, while "undisciplined" use of unconditional GOTOs and... |
Algorithm | Legal status | Legal status
By themselves, algorithms are not usually patentable. In the United States, a claim consisting solely of simple manipulations of abstract concepts, numbers, or signals does not constitute "processes" (USPTO 2006), so algorithms are not patentable (as in Gottschalk v. Benson). However practical applicati... |
Algorithm | Classification | Classification |
Algorithm | By implementation | By implementation
Recursion
A recursive algorithm invokes itself repeatedly until meeting a termination condition and is a common functional programming method. Iterative algorithms use repetitions such as loops or data structures like stacks to solve problems. Problems may be suited for one implementation or the o... |
Algorithm | By design paradigm | By design paradigm
Another way of classifying algorithms is by their design methodology or paradigm. Some common paradigms are:
Brute-force or exhaustive search
Brute force is a problem-solving method of systematically trying every possible option until the optimal solution is found. This approach can be very time... |
Algorithm | Optimization problems | Optimization problems
For optimization problems there is a more specific classification of algorithms; an algorithm for such problems may fall into one or more of the general categories described above as well as into one of the following:
Linear programming
When searching for optimal solutions to a linear functio... |
Algorithm | Examples | Examples
One of the simplest algorithms finds the largest number in a list of numbers of random order. Finding the solution requires looking at every number in the list. From this follows a simple algorithm, which can be described in plain English as:
High-level description:
If a set of numbers is empty, then ther... |
Algorithm | See also | See also
Abstract machine
ALGOL
Algorithm aversion
Algorithm engineering
Algorithm characterizations
Algorithmic bias
Algorithmic composition
Algorithmic entities
Algorithmic synthesis
Algorithmic technique
Algorithmic topology
Computational mathematics
Garbage in, garbage out
Introduction to Algorithm... |
Algorithm | Notes | Notes |
Algorithm | Bibliography | Bibliography
Bell, C. Gordon and Newell, Allen (1971), Computer Structures: Readings and Examples, McGraw–Hill Book Company, New York. .
Includes a bibliography of 56 references.
,
: cf. Chapter 3 Turing machines where they discuss "certain enumerable sets not effectively (mechanically) enumerable".
Campa... |
Algorithm | Further reading | Further reading
Jon Kleinberg, Éva Tardos(2006): Algorithm Design, Pearson/Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-32129535-4
Knuth, Donald E. (2000). Selected Papers on Analysis of Algorithms . Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
Knuth, Donald E. (2010). Selected Papers on Design... |
Algorithm | External links | External links
Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures – National Institute of Standards and Technology
Algorithm repositories
The Stony Brook Algorithm Repository – State University of New York at Stony Brook
Collected Algorithms of the ACM – Associations for Computing Machinery
The Stanford GraphBase ... |
Algorithm | Table of Content | Short description, Etymology, Definition, History, Ancient algorithms, Computers, Weight-driven clocks, Electromechanical relay, Formalization, Representations, Turing machines, Flowchart representation, Algorithmic analysis, Formal versus empirical, Execution efficiency, Design, Structured programming, Legal status, C... |
Annual plant | short description |
right|thumb|240px|Peas are an annual plant.
An annual plant is a plant that completes its life cycle, from germination to the production of seeds, within one growing season, and then dies. Globally, 6% of all plant species and 15% of herbaceous plants (excluding trees and shrubs) are annuals. The annual life cycle h... |
Annual plant | The evolutionary and ecological drivers of the annual life cycle | The evolutionary and ecological drivers of the annual life cycle
Traditionally, there has been a prevailing assumption that annuals have evolved from perennial ancestors. However, recent research challenges this notion, revealing instances where perennials have evolved from annual ancestors. Intriguingly, models prop... |
Annual plant | Traits of annuals and their implication for agriculture | Traits of annuals and their implication for agriculture
Annual plants commonly exhibit a higher growth rate, allocate more resources to seeds, and allocate fewer resources to roots than perennials. In contrast to perennials, which feature long-lived plants and short-lived seeds, annual plants compensate for their low... |
Annual plant | Molecular genetics | Molecular genetics
In 2008, it was discovered that the inactivation of only two genes in one species of annual plant leads to its conversion into a perennial plant. Researchers deactivated the SOC1 and FUL genes (which control flowering time) of Arabidopsis thaliana. This switch established phenotypes common in perenni... |
Annual plant | See also | See also
- Plant that flowers & sets seeds once, then dies.
Ephemeral plant |
Annual plant | References | References |
Annual plant | External links | External links
|
Annual plant | Table of Content | short description, The evolutionary and ecological drivers of the annual life cycle, Traits of annuals and their implication for agriculture, Molecular genetics, See also, References, External links |
Anthophyta | short description | The anthophytes are a paraphyletic grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. The group, once thought to be a clade, contained the angiosperms – the extant flowering plants, such as roses and grasses – as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales.
Detailed morphological and molecular ... |
Anthophyta | References | References
Category:Historically recognized plant taxa |
Anthophyta | Table of Content | short description, References |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Wiktionary | An atlas is a collection of maps.
Atlas may also refer to: |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Arts, entertainment and media | Arts, entertainment and media |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Fictional characters | Fictional characters
Atlas (DC Comics), several fictional characters
Atlas (Teen Titans)
Atlas, an Astro Boy (1980) character
Atlas (BioShock)
Atlas, a BattleMech in the BattleTech universe
Atlas, an antagonist in Mega Man ZX Advent
Atlas, a Portal 2 character
Atlas, a PS238 character
Erik Josten, a.k.a. Atlas... |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Literature | Literature
Atlas, a photography book by Gerhard Richter
The Atlas (novel), by William T. Vollmann
Atlas (magazine)
The Atlas (newspaper), published in England from 1826 to 1869 |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Music | Music |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Bands | Bands
Atlas (band), a New Zealand rock band |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Albums | Albums
Atlas (Kinky album)
Atlas (Laurel Halo album)
Atlas (Parkway Drive album)
Atlas (Real Estate album)
Atlas (RÜFÜS album)
Atlas (The Score album) |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Opera | Opera
Atlas (opera), 1991, by Meredith Monk
Atlas: An Opera in Three Parts, a 1993 recording of Monk's opera |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Songs | Songs
"Atlas" (Battles song), 2007
"Atlas" (Bicep song), 2020
"Atlas" (Coldplay song), 2013
"Atlas", by Delphic
"Atlas", from the album The Tide, the Thief & River's End by Caligula's Horse
"Atlas", by Parkway Drive
"Atlas", from Man Overboard by Man Overboard
"Atlas", by Jake Chudnow, used as the main theme in ... |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Gaming | Gaming
The Atlas (video game), a 1991 multiplatform strategy video game
Atlas (video game), a massively-multiplayer online video game released for early access in 2018
Atlas Corporation, an arms manufacturer in the video game series Borderlands
Atlas Corporation, a private military company in the video game Call of... |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Other uses in arts, entertainment and media | Other uses in arts, entertainment and media
Atlas (1961 film), an action-adventure film
Atlas (2024 film), an American science fiction thriller film
Atlas (comic book series), by Dylan Horrocks
Atlas (statue), a statue by Lee Lawrie in Rockefeller Center |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Businesses and organizations | Businesses and organizations
Atlas Air, an American cargo airline
Atlas Aircraft, a 1940s aircraft manufacturer
Atlas Aviation, an aircraft maintenance firm
Atlas Blue, a Moroccan low-cost airline
Atlas (appliance company), in Belarus
Atlas Car and Manufacturing Company, a locomotive manufacturer
Atlas Comics (1... |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Military | Military
Airbus A400M Atlas, a military aircraft produced since 2007
Armstrong Whitworth Atlas, a British military aircraft produced 1927–1933
HMLAT-303, a United States Marine Corps helicopter training squadron
Atlas Aircraft Corporation, a South African military aircraft manufacturer
French ship Atlas, several F... |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Mythological and legendary figures | Mythological and legendary figures
Atlas (mythology), a Titan in ancient Greek mythology
Atlas of Atlantis, the first legendary king of Atlantis
Atlas of Mauretania, a legendary king |
Atlas (disambiguation) | People | People
Atlas (name), including lists of people with the given name or surname
Atlas (graffiti artist) |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Places | Places |
Atlas (disambiguation) | United States | United States
Atlas, Illinois
Atlas, Texas
Atlas, West Virginia
Atlas, Wisconsin
Atlas District, in Washington, D.C.
Atlas Peak AVA, a California wine region
Atlas Township, Michigan |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Other places | Other places
Atlas Cinema, a historic movie theatre in Istanbul, Turkey
Atlas Mountains, a set of mountain ranges in northwestern Africa
Atlas, Nilüfer, a village in Bursa Province, Turkey |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Science and technology | Science and technology |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Astronomy | Astronomy
Atlas (comet) (C/2019 Y4)
Atlas (crater), on the near side of the Moon
Atlas (moon), a satellite of Saturn
Atlas (star), a triple star system in the constellation of Taurus and a member of the Pleiades
Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS), a space-based lidar instrument on ICESat-2
Astero... |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Computing | Computing
Atlas (computer), a 1960s supercomputer
Atlas Supervisor, its operating system
Atlas (robot)
ATLAS (software), a tool to scan American citizenship records for candidates for denaturalization
Atlas, a computer used at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 2006
Abbreviated Test Language for All Sy... |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Mathematics | Mathematics
Atlas (topology), a set of charts
A set of charts which covers a manifold
A smooth structure, a maximal smooth atlas for a topological manifold |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Physics | Physics
Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System (ATLAS), at the Argonne National Laboratory
ATLAS experiment, a particle detector for the Large Hadron Collider at CERN
Atomic-terrace low-angle shadowing (ATLAS), a nanofabrication technique |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Biology and healthcare | Biology and healthcare
Atlas (anatomy), a vertebra in the cervical spine
Atlas personality, the personality of someone whose childhood was characterized by excessive responsibilities |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Animals and plants | Animals and plants
Atlas bear
Atlas beetle
Atlas cedar
Atlas moth
Atlas pied flycatcher, a bird
Atlas turtle
Atlas, a book about flora and/or fauna of a region, such as atlases of the flora and fauna of Britain and Ireland |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Sport | Sport
Atlas Delmenhorst, a German association football club
Atlas F.C., a Mexican professional football club
Club Atlético Atlas, an Argentine amateur football club
KK Atlas, a former Serbian men's professional basketball club |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Transport | Transport |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Aerospace | Aerospace
Atlas (rocket family)
SM-65 Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)
AeroVelo Atlas, a human-powered helicopter
Birdman Atlas, an ultralight aircraft
La Mouette Atlas, a French hang glider design |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Automotive | Automotive
Atlas (1951 automobile), a French mini-car
Atlas (light trucks), a Greek motor vehicle manufacturer
Atlas (Pittsburgh automobile), produced 1906–1907
Atlas (Springfield automobile), produced 1907–1913
Atlas, a British van by the Standard Motor Company produced 1958–1962
Atlas Motor Buggy, an American h... |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Ships and boats | Ships and boats
Atlas (ship), various merchant ships
ST Atlas, a Swedish tugboat |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Trains | Trains
Atlas, an 1863–1885 South Devon Railway Dido class locomotive
Atlas, a 1927–1962 LMS Royal Scot Class locomotive |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Other uses | Other uses
Atlas (architecture)
Atlas (storm), which hit the Midwestern United States in October 2013
Agrupación de Trabajadores Latinoamericanos Sindicalistas (ATLAS), a 1950s Latin American trade union confederation
Atlas languages, Berber languages spoken in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco
ATLAS Network, a netwo... |
Atlas (disambiguation) | See also | See also
Altas (disambiguation)
AtlasGlobal, a former Turkish airline
Atlas-Imperial, an American diesel engine manufacturer
Atlas Mara Limited, formerly Atlas Mara Co-Nvest Limited, a financial holding company that owns banks in Africa
Dresser Atlas, a provider of oilfield and factory automation services
Tele ... |
Atlas (disambiguation) | Table of Content | Wiktionary, Arts, entertainment and media, Fictional characters, Literature, Music, Bands, Albums, Opera, Songs, Gaming, Other uses in arts, entertainment and media, Businesses and organizations, Military, Mythological and legendary figures, People, Places, United States, Other places, Science and technology, Astronomy... |
Mouthwash | Short description | thumb|Range of mouthwashes by Listerine
Mouthwash, mouth rinse, oral rinse, or mouth bath is a liquid which is held in the mouth passively or swirled around the mouth by contraction of the perioral muscles and/or movement of the head, and may be gargled, where the head is tilted back and the liquid bubbled at the back ... |
Mouthwash | Use | Use
Common use involves rinsing the mouth with about of mouthwash. The wash is typically swished or gargled for about half a minute and then spat out. Most companies suggest not drinking water immediately after using mouthwash. In some brands, the expectorate is stained, so that one can see the bacteria and debris.
M... |
Mouthwash | Dangerous misuse | Dangerous misuse
Serious harm and even death can quickly result from ingestion due to the high alcohol content and other substances harmful to ingestion present in some brands of mouthwash. Zero percent alcohol mouthwashes do exist, as well as many other formulations for different needs (covered in the above sections)... |
Mouthwash | <span class="anchor" id="Magic mouthwash"></span> Effects | Effects
The most commonly used mouthwashes are commercial antiseptics, which are used at home as part of an oral hygiene routine. Mouthwashes combine ingredients to treat a variety of oral conditions. Variations are common, and mouthwash has no standard formulation, so its use and recommendation involves concerns abou... |
Mouthwash | History | History
thumb|Listerine advertisement, 1932
thumb|left|Swedish ad for toiletries, 1905/1906
The first known references to mouth rinsing is in Ayurveda for treatment of gingivitis. Later, in the Greek and Roman periods, mouth rinsing following mechanical cleansing became common among the upper classes, and Hippocrates ... |
Mouthwash | Research | Research
Research in the field of microbiotas shows that only a limited set of microbes cause tooth decay, with most of the bacteria in the human mouth being harmless. Focused attention on cavity-causing bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans has led research into new mouthwash treatments that prevent these bacteria fro... |