title stringlengths 1 251 | section stringlengths 0 6.12k | text stringlengths 0 716k |
|---|---|---|
Mouthwash | Ingredients | Ingredients |
Mouthwash | Alcohol | Alcohol
thumb|An example of a commercial mouthwash brand which is alcohol-free
Alcohol is added to mouthwash not to destroy bacteria but to act as a carrier agent for essential active ingredients such as menthol, eucalyptol and thymol, which help to penetrate plaque. Sometimes a significant amount of alcohol (up to 27%... |
Mouthwash | Benzydamine (analgesic) | Benzydamine (analgesic)
In painful oral conditions such as aphthous stomatitis, analgesic mouthrinses (e.g. benzydamine mouthwash, or "Difflam") are sometimes used to ease pain, commonly used before meals to reduce discomfort while eating. |
Mouthwash | Benzoic acid | Benzoic acid
Benzoic acid acts as a buffer. |
Mouthwash | Betamethasone | Betamethasone
Betamethasone is sometimes used as an anti-inflammatory, corticosteroid mouthwash. It may be used for severe inflammatory conditions of the oral mucosa such as the severe forms of aphthous stomatitis. |
Mouthwash | Cetylpyridinium chloride (antiseptic, antimalodor) | Cetylpyridinium chloride (antiseptic, antimalodor)
Cetylpyridinium chloride containing mouthwash (e.g. 0.05%) is used in some specialized mouthwashes for halitosis. Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash has less anti-plaque effect than chlorhexidine and may cause staining of teeth, or sometimes an oral burning sensation o... |
Mouthwash | Chlorhexidine digluconate and hexetidine (antiseptic) | Chlorhexidine digluconate and hexetidine (antiseptic)
Chlorhexidine digluconate is a chemical antiseptic and is used in a 0.05–0.2% solution as a mouthwash. There is no evidence to support that higher concentrations are more effective in controlling dental plaque and gingivitis. A randomized clinical trial conducted in... |
Mouthwash | Chlorine dioxide | Chlorine dioxide
In dilute concentrations, chlorine dioxide is an ingredient that acts as an antiseptic agent in some mouthwashes. |
Mouthwash | Edible oils | Edible oils
In traditional Ayurvedic medicine, the use of oil mouthwashes is called "Kavala" ("oil swishing") or "Gandusha", and this practice has more recently been re-marketed by the complementary and alternative medicine industry as "oil pulling". Its promoters claim it works by "pulling out" "toxins", which are kno... |
Mouthwash | Essential oils | Essential oils
Phenolic compounds and monoterpenes include essential oil constituents that have some antibacterial properties, such as eucalyptol, eugenol, hinokitiol, menthol, phenol, or thymol.
Essential oils are oils which have been extracted from plants. Mouthwashes based on essential oils could be more effective t... |
Mouthwash | Fluoride (anticavity) | Fluoride (anticavity)
Anti-cavity mouthwashes contain fluoride compounds (such as sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, or sodium monofluorophosphate) to protect against tooth decay. Fluoride-containing mouthwashes are used as prevention for dental caries for individuals who are considered at higher risk for tooth decay,... |
Mouthwash | Flavoring agents and xylitol | Flavoring agents and xylitol
Flavoring agents include sweeteners such as sorbitol, sucralose, sodium saccharin, and xylitol, which stimulate salivary function due to their sweetness and taste and helps restore the mouth to a neutral level of acidity.
Xylitol rinses double as a bacterial inhibitor, and have been used a... |
Mouthwash | Hydrogen peroxide | Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide can be used as an oxidizing mouthwash (e.g. Peroxyl, 1.5%). It kills anaerobic bacteria, and also has a mechanical cleansing action when it froths as it comes into contact with debris in mouth. It is often used in the short term to treat acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis. Side ... |
Mouthwash | Lactoperoxidase (saliva substitute) | Lactoperoxidase (saliva substitute)
Enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins, such as lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, and lactoferrin, have been used in mouthwashes (e.g., Biotene) to reduce levels of oral bacteria, and, hence, of the acids produced by these bacteria. |
Mouthwash | Lidocaine/xylocaine | Lidocaine/xylocaine
Oral lidocaine is useful for the treatment of mucositis symptoms (inflammation of mucous membranes) induced by radiation or chemotherapy. There is evidence that lidocaine anesthetic mouthwash has the potential to be systemically absorbed, when it was tested in patients with oral mucositis who underw... |
Mouthwash | Methyl salicylate | Methyl salicylate
Methyl salicylate functions as an antiseptic, antiinflammatory, and analgesic agent, a flavoring, and a fragrance. Methyl salicylate has some anti-plaque action, but less than chlorhexidine. Methyl salicylate does not stain teeth. |
Mouthwash | Nystatin | Nystatin
Nystatin suspension is an antifungal ingredient used for the treatment of oral candidiasis. |
Mouthwash | Potassium oxalate | Potassium oxalate
A randomized clinical trial found promising results in controlling and reducing dentine hypersensitivity when potassium oxalate mouthwash was used in conjugation with toothbrushing. |
Mouthwash | Povidone/iodine (PVP-I) | Povidone/iodine (PVP-I)
A 2005 study found that gargling three times a day with simple water or with a povidone-iodine solution was effective in preventing upper respiratory infection and decreasing the severity of symptoms if contracted. Other sources attribute the benefit to a simple placebo effect.To gargle or not t... |
Mouthwash | Sanguinarine | Sanguinarine
Sanguinarine-containing mouthwashes are marketed as anti-plaque and anti-malodor treatments. Sanguinarine is a toxic alkaloid herbal extract, obtained from plants such as Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot), Argemone mexicana (Mexican prickly poppy), and others. However, its use is strongly associated with ... |
Mouthwash | Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) | Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
Sodium bicarbonate is sometimes combined with salt to make a simple homemade mouthwash, indicated for any of the reasons that a saltwater mouthwash might be used. Pre-mixed mouthwashes of 1% sodium bicarbonate and 1.5% sodium chloride in aqueous solution are marketed, although pharmacis... |
Mouthwash | Sodium chloride (salt) | Sodium chloride (salt)
Saline has a mechanical cleansing action and an antiseptic action, as it is a hypertonic solution in relation to bacteria, which undergo lysis. The heat of the solution produces a therapeutic increase in blood flow (hyperemia) to the surgical site, promoting healing. Hot saltwater mouthwashes al... |
Mouthwash | Sodium lauryl sulfate (foaming agent) | Sodium lauryl sulfate (foaming agent)
Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is used as a foaming agent in many oral hygiene products, including many mouthwashes. Some may suggest that it is probably advisable to use mouthwash at least an hour after brushing with toothpaste when the toothpaste contains SLS, since the anionic comp... |
Mouthwash | Sucralfate | Sucralfate
Sucralfate is a mucosal coating agent, composed of an aluminum salt of sulfated sucrose. It is not recommended for use in the prevention of oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy or chemoradiation, due to a lack of efficacy found in a well-designed, randomized controlled trial... |
Mouthwash | Tetracycline (antibiotic) | Tetracycline (antibiotic)
Tetracycline is an antibiotic which may sometimes be used as a mouthwash in adults (it causes red staining of teeth in children). It is sometimes use for herpetiforme ulceration (an uncommon type of aphthous stomatitis), but prolonged use may lead to oral candidiasis, as the fungal population ... |
Mouthwash | Tranexamic acid | Tranexamic acid
A 4.8% tranexamic acid solution is sometimes used as an antifibrinolytic mouthwash to prevent bleeding during and after oral surgery in persons with coagulopathies (clotting disorders) or who are taking anticoagulants (blood thinners such as warfarin). |
Mouthwash | Triclosan | Triclosan
Triclosan is a non-ionic chlorinate bisphenol antiseptic found in some mouthwashes. When used in mouthwash (e.g. 0.03%), there is moderate substantivity, broad spectrum anti-bacterial action, some anti-fungal action, and significant anti-plaque effect, especially when combined with a copolymer or zinc citrate... |
Mouthwash | Zinc | Zinc
Astringents like zinc chloride provide a pleasant-tasting sensation and shrink tissues. Zinc, when used in combination with other antiseptic agents, can limit the buildup of tartar. |
Mouthwash | See also | See also
Sodium fluoride/malic acid
Virucide |
Mouthwash | References | References |
Mouthwash | External links | External links
Article on Bad-Breath Prevention Products – from MSNBC
Mayo Clinic Q&A on Magic Mouthwash for chemotherapy sores
American Dental Association article on mouthwash
Category:Dentifrices
Category:Oral hygiene products
Category:Drug delivery devices
Category:Dosage forms |
Mouthwash | Table of Content | Short description, Use, Dangerous misuse, <span class="anchor" id="Magic mouthwash"></span> Effects, History, Research, Ingredients, Alcohol, Benzydamine (analgesic), Benzoic acid, Betamethasone, Cetylpyridinium chloride (antiseptic, antimalodor), Chlorhexidine digluconate and hexetidine (antiseptic), Chlorine dioxide,... |
Alexander the Great | Short description | Alexander III of Macedon (; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20 and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign through... |
Alexander the Great | Early life | Early life |
Alexander the Great | Lineage and childhood | Lineage and childhood
thumb|upright=1.2|Archaeological site of Pella, Greece, Alexander's birthplace
Alexander III was born in Pella, the capital of the Kingdom of Macedon, on the sixth day of the ancient Greek month of Hekatombaion, which probably corresponds to 20 July 356 BC (although the exact date is uncertain).P... |
Alexander the Great | Education | Education
When Alexander was 13, Philip began to search for a tutor, and considered such academics as Isocrates and Speusippus, the latter offering to resign from his stewardship of the Academy to take up the post. In the end, Philip chose Aristotle and provided the Temple of the Nymphs at Mieza as a classroom. In ret... |
Alexander the Great | Heir of Philip II | Heir of Philip II |
Alexander the Great | Regency and ascent of Macedon | Regency and ascent of Macedon
thumb|upright|Philip II of Macedon, Alexander's father
At the age of 16, Alexander's education under Aristotle ended. Philip II had waged war against the Thracians to the north, which left Alexander in charge as regent and heir apparent. During Philip's absence, the Thracian tribe of Mae... |
Alexander the Great | Exile and return | Exile and return
When Philip returned to Pella, he fell in love with and married Cleopatra Eurydice in 338 BC, the niece of his general Attalus. The marriage made Alexander's position as heir less secure, since any son of Cleopatra Eurydice would be a fully Macedonian heir, while Alexander was only half-Macedonian. Dur... |
Alexander the Great | King of Macedon | King of Macedon |
Alexander the Great | Accession | Accession
thumb|upright=1|Pausanias assassinates Philip II, Alexander's father, during his procession into the theatre
In the 24th day of the Macedonian month Dios, which probably corresponds to 25 October 336 BC, The month of Dios started on 2 October that year. while at Aegae attending the wedding of his daughter C... |
Alexander the Great | Consolidation of power | Consolidation of power
Alexander began his reign by eliminating potential rivals to the throne. He had his cousin, the former Amyntas IV, executed. He also had two Macedonian princes from the region of Lyncestis killed for having been involved in his father's assassination, but spared a third, Alexander Lyncestes. Olym... |
Alexander the Great | Balkan campaign | Balkan campaign
thumb|The Macedonian phalanx at the "Battle of the Carts" against the Thracians in 335 BC
Before crossing to Asia, Alexander wanted to safeguard his northern borders. In the spring of 335 BC, he advanced to suppress several revolts. Starting from Amphipolis, he travelled east into the country of the "I... |
Alexander the Great | Destruction of Thebes | Destruction of Thebes
While Alexander campaigned north, the Thebans and Athenians rebelled once again. Alexander immediately headed south. While the other cities again hesitated, Thebes decided to fight. The Theban resistance was ineffective and Alexander razed the city and divided its territory between the other Bo... |
Alexander the Great | Conquest of the Achaemenid Persian Empire | Conquest of the Achaemenid Persian Empire |
Alexander the Great | Strategy | Strategy
Alexander's invasion of Persia as a whole has been denoted as a supreme example of a "strategic line" of conducting war, a line formed by "the chain of logic that connects operations into a single whole." In his book Strategy, Soviet military officer and theorist Alexander Svechin delineates Alexander's stra... |
Alexander the Great | Asia Minor | Asia Minor
thumb|upright=1.4|Map of Alexander's empire and his route
After his victory at the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC), Philip II began the work of establishing himself as hēgemṓn () of a league which according to Diodorus was to wage a campaign against the Persians for the sundry grievances Greece suffered in 48... |
Alexander the Great | The Levant and Syria | The Levant and Syria
In spring 333 BC, Alexander crossed the Taurus into Cilicia. After a long pause due to an illness, he marched on towards Syria. Though outmanoeuvered by Darius's significantly larger army, he marched back to Cilicia, where he defeated Darius at Issus. Darius fled the battle, causing his army to co... |
Alexander the Great | Egypt | Egypt
thumb|Name of Alexander in Egyptian hieroglyphs (written from right to left), , Egypt. Louvre Museum.
When Alexander destroyed Tyre, most of the towns on the route to Egypt quickly capitulated. However, Alexander was met with resistance at Gaza. The stronghold was heavily fortified and built on a hill, requirin... |
Alexander the Great | Assyria and Babylonia | Assyria and Babylonia
thumb|Entry of Alexander into Babylon by Charles Le Brun (1665)|upright=1
Leaving Egypt in 331 BC, Alexander marched eastward into Achaemenid Assyria in Upper Mesopotamia (now northern Iraq) and defeated Darius again at the Battle of Gaugamela.; also in a contemporary Babylonian account of the ba... |
Alexander the Great | Persia | Persia
thumb|Site of the Persian Gate in modern-day Iran; the road was built in the 1990s.
From Babylon, Alexander went to Susa, one of the Achaemenid capitals, and captured its treasury. He sent the bulk of his army to the Persian ceremonial capital of Persepolis via the Persian Royal Road. Alexander himself took se... |
Alexander the Great | Fall of the Persian Empire and the East | Fall of the Persian Empire and the East
thumb|Administrative document from Bactria dated to the seventh year of Alexander's reign (324 BC), bearing the first known use of the "Alexandros" form of his name, Khalili Collection of Aramaic Documents
Alexander then chased Darius, first into Media, and then Parthia. The Pers... |
Alexander the Great | Problems and plots | Problems and plots
thumb|The Killing of Cleitus, by André Castaigne (1898–1899)
During this time, Alexander adopted some elements of Persian dress and customs at his court, notably the custom of proskynesis, either a symbolic kissing of the hand, or prostration on the ground, that Persians showed to their social supe... |
Alexander the Great | Macedon in Alexander's absence | Macedon in Alexander's absence
When Alexander set out for Asia, he left his general Antipater, an experienced military and political leader, and part of Philip II's "Old Guard", in charge of Macedon. Alexander's sacking of Thebes ensured that Greece remained quiet during his absence. The one exception was a call to arm... |
Alexander the Great | Coinage | Coinage
thumb|upright=1.2|Silver tetradrachm of Alexander the Great struck by Balakros or his successor Menes, both former somatophylakes (bodyguards) of Alexander, when they held the position of satrap of Cilicia in the lifetime of Alexander, . The obverse shows Heracles, ancestor of the Macedonian royal line and th... |
Alexander the Great | Indian campaign | Indian campaign |
Alexander the Great | Forays into the Indian subcontinent | Forays into the Indian subcontinent
thumb|Alexander's invasion of the Indian subcontinent
After the death of Spitamenes and his marriage to Roxana (Raoxshna in Old Iranian) to cement relations with his new satrapies, Alexander turned to the Indian subcontinent. He invited the chieftains of the former satrapy of Gandha... |
Alexander the Great | Revolt of the Hellenic army | Revolt of the Hellenic army
thumb|Asia in 323 BC, the Nanda Empire and the Gangaridai of the Indian subcontinent, in relation to Alexander's Empire and neighbours
East of Porus's kingdom, near the Ganges River, was the Nanda Empire of Magadha, and further east, the Gangaridai Empire of Bengal region of the Indian subc... |
Alexander the Great | Last years in Persia | Last years in Persia
left|thumb|Stag Hunt Mosaic, the figure on the right possibly being Alexander, and the figure to the left wields a double-headed axe, likely alluding to Hephaistos; possibly meaning his general Hephaestion
Discovering that many of his satraps and military governors had misbehaved in his absence, Al... |
Alexander the Great | Death and succession | Death and succession
thumb|A Babylonian astronomical diary (c. 323–322 BC) recording the death of Alexander (British Museum, London)
On either 10 or 11 June 323 BC, Alexander died in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II, in Babylon, at age 32. There are two different versions of Alexander's death, differing slightly in de... |
Alexander the Great | Post-death events | Post-death events
Alexander's body was laid in a gold anthropoid sarcophagus that was filled with honey, which was in turn placed in a gold casket. According to Aelian, a seer called Aristander foretold that the land where Alexander was laid to rest "would be happy and unvanquishable forever". Perhaps more likely, the... |
Alexander the Great | Division of the Macedonian Empire | Division of the Macedonian Empire
thumb|upright=1.4|Kingdoms of the Diadochi in 301 BC: the Ptolemaic Kingdom (dark blue), the Seleucid Empire (yellow), Kingdom of Lysimachus (orange), and Kingdom of Macedon (green). Also shown are the Roman Republic (light blue), the Carthaginian Republic (purple), and the Kingdom of... |
Alexander the Great | Last plans | Last plans
Diodorus stated that Alexander had given detailed written instructions to Craterus some time before his death, which are known as Alexander's "last plans". Craterus started to carry out Alexander's commands, but the successors chose not to further implement them, on the grounds they were impractical and ext... |
Alexander the Great | Character | Character |
Alexander the Great | Generalship | Generalship
Alexander perhaps earned the epithet "the Great" due to his unparalleled success as a military commander; he never lost a battle, despite typically being outnumbered. This was due to use of terrain, phalanx and cavalry tactics, bold strategy, and the fierce loyalty of his troops., The Macedonian phalanx, ... |
Alexander the Great | Physical appearance | Physical appearance
thumb|left|Roman copy of the Alexander portrait by Lysippos|216x216px
Historical sources frequently give conflicting accounts of Alexander's appearance, and the earliest sources are the most scant in their detail; for example, Arrian describes him simply as "very handsome". During his lifetime, Alex... |
Alexander the Great | Personality | Personality
thumb|Alexander (left), wearing a kausia and fighting an Asiatic lion with his friend Craterus (detail); late 4th century BC mosaic,Olga Palagia (2000). "Hephaestion's Pyre and the Royal Hunt of Alexander", in A.B. Bosworth and E.J. Baynham (eds), Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction. Oxford & New York: ... |
Alexander the Great | Personal relationships | Personal relationships
thumb|A mural in Pompeii, depicting the marriage of Alexander to Stateira in 324 BC; the couple is apparently dressed as Ares and Aphrodite.
Alexander married three times: Roxana, daughter of the Sogdian nobleman Oxyartes of Bactria,Ahmed, S. Z. (2004), Chaghatai: the Fabulous Cities and People ... |
Alexander the Great | Sexuality | Sexuality
Alexander's sexuality has been the subject of speculation and controversy in modern times. The Roman era writer Athenaeus says, based on the scholar Dicaearchus, who was Alexander's contemporary, that the king "was quite excessively keen on boys", and that Alexander kissed the eunuch Bagoas in public. This... |
Alexander the Great | Battle record | Battle record
OutcomeDateWarActionOpponent/sTypeCountry(present day)RankVictory338-08-02 2 August 338 BCPhilip II's submission of GreeceChaeronea Battle of Chaeronea.Thebans, Athenians and other Greek citiesBattleGreecePrince
⁂Victory335 335 BCBalkan CampaignMount Haemus Battle of Mount Haemus.Getae, ThraciansBattle Bu... |
Alexander the Great | Legacy | Legacy
Alexander's legacy extended beyond his military conquests, and his reign marked a turning point in European and Asian history. His campaigns greatly increased contacts and trade between East and West, and vast areas to the east were significantly exposed to Greek civilization and influence. Some of the cities h... |
Alexander the Great | Hellenistic kingdoms | Hellenistic kingdoms
thumb|The Hellenistic world view: world map by Eratosthenes (276–194 BC), using information from the campaigns of Alexander and his successors
Alexander's most immediate legacy was the introduction of Macedonian rule to huge new swathes of Asia. At the time of his death, Alexander's empire covere... |
Alexander the Great | Founding of cities | Founding of cities
thumb|Plan of Alexandria
Over the course of his conquests, Alexander founded many cities that bore his name, most of them east of the Tigris. The first, and greatest, was Alexandria in Egypt, which would become one of the leading Mediterranean cities. The cities' locations reflected trade routes a... |
Alexander the Great | Funding of temples | Funding of temples
thumb|right|Dedication of Alexander the Great to Athena Polias at Priene, now housed in the British Museum
In 334 BC, Alexander the Great donated funds for the completion of the new temple of Athena Polias in Priene, in modern-day western Turkey. "Marble wall block from the temple of Athena at Priene... |
Alexander the Great | Hellenization | Hellenization
thumb|Alexander's empire was the largest state of its time, covering approximately 5.2 million square km.
Hellenization was coined by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen to denote the spread of Greek language, culture, and population into the former Persian empire after Alexander's conquest. This... |
Alexander the Great | Hellenization in South and Central Asia | Hellenization in South and Central Asia
thumb|upright|The Buddha, in Greco-Buddhist style, 1st to 2nd century AD, Gandhara, northern Pakistan. Tokyo National Museum.
Some of the most pronounced effects of Hellenization can be seen in Afghanistan and India, in the region of the relatively late-rising Greco-Bactrian K... |
Alexander the Great | Influence on Rome | Influence on Rome
thumb|This medallion was produced in Imperial Rome, demonstrating the influence of Alexander's memory. Walters Art Museum, Baltimore.|upright
Alexander and his exploits were admired by many Romans, especially generals, who wanted to associate themselves with his achievements. Polybius began his Histor... |
Alexander the Great | Letters | Letters
Alexander wrote and received numerous letters, but no originals survive. A few official letters addressed to the Greek cities survive in copies inscribed in stone and the content of others is sometimes reported in historical sources. These only occasionally quote the letters and it is an open question how rel... |
Alexander the Great | In legend | In legend
thumb|right|upright|Alexander in a 14th-century Armenian manuscript
Many of the legends about Alexander derive from his own lifetime, probably encouraged by Alexander himself. His court historian Callisthenes portrayed the sea in Cilicia as drawing back from him in proskynesis. Writing shortly after Alexand... |
Alexander the Great | In ancient and modern culture | In ancient and modern culture
thumb|left|Alexander in a 14th-century Byzantine manuscript
Alexander the Great's accomplishments and legacy have been depicted in many cultures. Alexander has featured in both high and popular culture, beginning from his own era to the present day. The Alexander Romance, in particular, ... |
Alexander the Great | Historiography | Historiography
Apart from a few inscriptions and fragments, texts written by people who actually knew Alexander or who gathered information from men who served with Alexander were all lost. Contemporaries who wrote accounts of his life included Alexander's campaign historian Callisthenes, Alexander's generals; Ptolemy... |
Alexander the Great | See also | See also
Alexander the Great in Islamic tradition
Ancient Macedonian army
Bucephalus
Chronology of European exploration of Asia
Horns of Alexander
List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
List of people known as The Great
Gates of Alexander
Military tactics of Alexander the Great
Ptolema... |
Alexander the Great | References | References |
Alexander the Great | Notes | Notes |
Alexander the Great | Citations | Citations |
Alexander the Great | Sources | Sources |
Alexander the Great | Primary sources | Primary sources
|
Alexander the Great | Secondary sources | Secondary sources
|
Alexander the Great | Further reading | Further reading
, also (1974) New York: E. P. Dutton and (1986) London: Penguin Books.
|
Alexander the Great | External links | External links
Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5, Part 6.
Alexander the Great: An annotated list of primary sources. Livius. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
In Our Time: "Alexander the Great"BBC discussion with Paul Cartledge, Diana Spencer and Rachel Mairs hosted b... |
Alexander the Great | Table of Content | Short description, Early life, Lineage and childhood, Education, Heir of Philip II, Regency and ascent of Macedon, Exile and return, King of Macedon, Accession, Consolidation of power, Balkan campaign, Destruction of Thebes, Conquest of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, Strategy, Asia Minor, The Levant and Syria, Egypt, A... |
Alfred Korzybski | Short description | Alfred Habdank Skarbek Korzybski (; ; July 3, 1879 – March 1, 1950) was a Polish-American independent scholar who developed a field called general semantics, which he viewed as both distinct from, and more encompassing than, the field of semantics. He argued that human knowledge of the world is limited both by the huma... |
Alfred Korzybski | Early life and career | Early life and career
thumb|right|160px|Alfred Korzybski's family coat-of-arms (see Abdank coat of arms).
Born in Warsaw, Vistula Country, which was then part of the Russian Empire, Korzybski belonged to an aristocratic Polish family whose members had worked as mathematicians, scientists, and engineers for generations.... |
Alfred Korzybski | General semantics | General semantics
Korzybski's work culminated in the initiation of a discipline that he named general semantics (GS). This should not be confused with semantics. The basic principles of general semantics, which include time-binding, are described in the book Science and Sanity, published in 1933. In 1938, Korzybski fou... |
Alfred Korzybski | "To be" | "To be"
Many devotees and critics of Korzybski reduced his rather complex system to a simple matter of what he said about the verb form "is" of the general verb "to be."Alfred Korzybski, Selections from Science and Sanity, 2010. His system, however, is based primarily on such terminology as the different "orders of abs... |
Alfred Korzybski | Anecdotes | Anecdotes
One day, Korzybski was giving a lecture to a group of students, and he interrupted the lesson suddenly in order to retrieve a packet of biscuits, wrapped in white paper, from his briefcase. He muttered that he just had to eat something, and he asked the students on the seats in the front row if they would als... |
Alfred Korzybski | Influence | Influence
Korzybski's work had a positive reception from a variety of persons in the 1940s and 1950s. Robert A. Heinlein named a character after him in his 1940 short story "Blowups Happen". The science fiction writer A. E. van Vogt based his novel The World of Null-A, published in 1948, on ideas from General Semanti... |
Alfred Korzybski | Publications | Publications
Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Science Press Printing Co. 1933. |
Alfred Korzybski | See also | See also
|
Alfred Korzybski | References | References |