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Arabic | Influence on other languages | Influence on other languages
The influence of Arabic has been most important in Islamic countries, because it is the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Quran. Arabic is also an important source of vocabulary for languages such as Amharic, Azerbaijani, Baluchi, Bengali, Berber, Bosnian, Chaldean, Chechen, Chitta... |
Arabic | Spoken varieties | Spoken varieties
thumb|center|upright=3|Geographical distribution of the varieties of Arabic per Ethnologue and other sources:
Colloquial Arabic is a collective term for the spoken dialects of Arabic used throughout the Arab world, which differ radically from the literary language. The main dialectal division is bet... |
Arabic | Koiné | Koiné
According to Charles A. Ferguson, the following are some of the characteristic features of the koiné that underlies all the modern dialects outside the Arabian peninsula. Although many other features are common to most or all of these varieties, Ferguson believes that these features in particular are unlikely t... |
Arabic | Dialect groups | Dialect groups
Egyptian Arabic, spoken by 67 million people in Egypt. It is one of the most understood varieties of Arabic, due in large part to the widespread distribution of Egyptian films and television shows throughout the Arabic-speaking world.
Levantine Arabic, spoken by about 44 million people in Lebanon, Sy... |
Arabic | Phonology | Phonology
While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, contemporary spoken Arabic is more properly described as a continuum of varieties. Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), is the standard variety shared by educated speakers throughout Arabic-speaking regions. MSA is used in writing in formal pri... |
Arabic | Grammar | Grammar
thumb|upright=1.5|right|Examples of how the Arabic root and form system works
The grammar of Arabic has similarities with the grammar of other Semitic languages. Some of the typical differences between Standard Arabic () and vernacular varieties are a loss of morphological markings of grammatical case, change... |
Arabic | Literary Arabic | Literary Arabic
As in other Semitic languages, Arabic has a complex and unusual morphology, i.e. method of constructing words from a basic root. Arabic has a nonconcatenative "root-and-pattern" morphology: A root consists of a set of bare consonants (usually three), which are fitted into a discontinuous pattern to f... |
Arabic | Nouns and adjectives | Nouns and adjectives
Nouns in Literary Arabic have three grammatical cases (nominative, accusative, and genitive [also used when the noun is governed by a preposition]); three numbers (singular, dual and plural); two genders (masculine and feminine); and three "states" (indefinite, definite, and construct). The cases o... |
Arabic | Verbs | Verbs
Verbs in Literary Arabic are marked for person (first, second, or third), gender, and number. They are conjugated in two major paradigms (past and non-past); two voices (active and passive); and six moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive, jussive, shorter energetic and longer energetic); the fifth and sixth ... |
Arabic | Derivation | Derivation
Like other Semitic languages, and unlike most other languages, Arabic makes much more use of nonconcatenative morphology, applying many templates applied to roots, to derive words than adding prefixes or suffixes to words.
For verbs, a given root can occur in many different derived verb stems, of which ther... |
Arabic | Colloquial varieties | Colloquial varieties
The spoken dialects have lost the case distinctions and make only limited use of the dual (it occurs only on nouns and its use is no longer required in all circumstances). They have lost the mood distinctions other than imperative, but many have since gained new moods through the use of prefixes... |
Arabic | Writing system {{anchor | Writing system
thumb|Arabic calligraphy written by a Malay Muslim in Malaysia. The calligrapher is making a rough draft.
The Arabic alphabet derives from the Aramaic through Nabatean, to which it bears a loose resemblance like that of Coptic or Cyrillic scripts to Greek script. Traditionally, there were several dif... |
Arabic | Calligraphy | Calligraphy
After Khalil ibn Ahmad al Farahidi finally fixed the Arabic script around 786, many styles were developed, both for the writing down of the Quran and other books, and for inscriptions on monuments as decoration.
Arabic calligraphy has not fallen out of use as calligraphy has in the Western world, and is... |
Arabic | Romanization | Romanization
There are a number of different standards for the romanization of Arabic, i.e. methods of accurately and efficiently representing Arabic with the Latin script. There are various conflicting motivations involved, which leads to multiple systems. Some are interested in transliteration, i.e. representing th... |
Arabic | Numerals | Numerals
In most of present-day North Africa, the Western Arabic numerals (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are used. However, in Egypt and Arabic-speaking countries to the east of it, the Eastern Arabic numerals ( – – – – – – – – – ) are in use. When representing a number in Arabic, the lowest-valued position i... |
Arabic | Arabic alphabet and nationalism | Arabic alphabet and nationalism
There have been many instances of national movements to convert Arabic script into Latin script or to Romanize the language. Currently, the only Arabic variety to use Latin script is Maltese. |
Arabic | Lebanon | Lebanon
The Beirut newspaper La Syrie pushed for the change from Arabic script to Latin letters in 1922. The major head of this movement was Louis Massignon, a French Orientalist, who brought his concern before the Arabic Language Academy in Damascus in 1928. Massignon's attempt at Romanization failed as the academy an... |
Arabic | Egypt | Egypt
After the period of colonialism in Egypt, Egyptians were looking for a way to reclaim and re-emphasize Egyptian culture. As a result, some Egyptians pushed for an Egyptianization of the Arabic language in which the formal Arabic and the colloquial Arabic would be combined into one language and the Latin alphabet ... |
Arabic | Sample text | Sample text
+From Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human RightsModern Standard Arabic, Arabic scriptALA-LC transliterationEnglishAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
Arabic | See also | See also
Arabic Ontology
Arabic diglossia
Arabic language influence on the Spanish language
Arabic Language International Council
Arabic literature
Arabic–English Lexicon
Arabist
A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
Glossary of Islam
International Association of Arabic Dialectology
List of Arab newspapers... |
Arabic | Notes | Notes |
Arabic | Further reading | Further reading |
Arabic | References | References |
Arabic | Citations | Citations |
Arabic | Sources | Sources
Suileman, Yasir. Arabic, Self and Identity: A Study in Conflict and Displacement. Oxford University Press, 2011. .
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Arabic | External links | External links
Category:Languages attested from the 9th century BC
Category:Articles containing video clips
Category:Central Semitic languages
Category:Fusional languages
Category:Languages of Algeria
Category:Languages of Bahrain
Category:Languages of Cameroon
Category:Languages of Chad
Category:Languages of the ... |
Arabic | Table of Content | Short description, Classification, History, Old Arabic, Classical Arabic, Standardization, Spread, Development, Neo-Arabic, Nahda, Classical, Modern Standard and spoken Arabic, Status and usage, Diglossia, Status in the Arab world vis-à-vis other languages, As a foreign language, Vocabulary, Lexicography, Pre-modern Ar... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Short description | Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was an English film director. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of cinema. In a career spanning six decades, he directed over 50 feature films, many of which are still widely watched and studied today. Known as the "M... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Biography | Biography |
Alfred Hitchcock | Early life: 1899–1919 | Early life: 1899–1919 |
Alfred Hitchcock | Early childhood and education | Early childhood and education
thumb|upright|William Hitchcock, probably with his first son, William, outside the family shop in London, 1900; the sign above the store says "W. Hitchcock's". The Hitchcocks used the pony to deliver groceries.
Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was born on 13 August 1899 in the flat above his par... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Henley's | Henley's
Hitchcock told his parents that he wanted to be an engineer, and on 25 July 1913, he left St Ignatius and enrolled in night classes at the London County Council School of Engineering and Navigation in Poplar. In a book-length interview in 1962, he told François Truffaut that he had studied "mechanics, electric... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Inter-war career: 1919–1939 | Inter-war career: 1919–1939 |
Alfred Hitchcock | Famous Players–Lasky | Famous Players–Lasky
thumb|alt=An early 1920s image of Hitchcock while directing his film titled Number 13|Hitchcock (right) during the making of Number 13 in London
While still at Henley's, he read in a trade paper that Famous Players–Lasky, the production arm of Paramount Pictures, was opening a studio in London. The... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Gainsborough Pictures and work in Germany | Gainsborough Pictures and work in Germany
thumb|left|Hitchcock sculpture at the site of Gainsborough Pictures, Poole Street, Hoxton, north London
When Paramount pulled out of London in 1922, Hitchcock was hired as an assistant director by a new firm run in the same location by Michael Balcon, later known as Gainsboroug... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Marriage | Marriage
thumb|The Hitchcocks on their wedding day, Brompton Oratory, 2 December 1926
On 2 December 1926, Hitchcock married the English screenwriter Alma Reville at the Brompton Oratory in South Kensington. The couple honeymooned in Paris, Lake Como and St. Moritz, before returning to London to live in a leased flat on... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Early sound films | Early sound films
thumb|upright|left|alt=An advertisement for the film Blackmail Surrounding text describes the film as "A Romance of Scotland Yard" and "The Powerful Talking Picture"|Advertisement for Blackmail (1929)
Hitchcock began work on his tenth film, Blackmail (1929), when its production company, British Inter... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Early Hollywood years: 1939–1945 | Early Hollywood years: 1939–1945 |
Alfred Hitchcock | Selznick contract | Selznick contract
Selznick signed Hitchcock to a seven-year contract beginning in April 1939, and the Hitchcocks moved to Hollywood.. The Hitchcocks lived in a spacious flat on Wilshire Boulevard, and slowly acclimatised themselves to the Los Angeles area. He and his wife Alma kept a low profile, and were not intereste... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Early war years | Early war years
In September 1940, the Hitchcocks bought the Cornwall Ranch near Scotts Valley, California, in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Their primary residence was an English-style home in Bel Air, purchased in 1942. Hitchcock's films were diverse during this period, ranging from the romantic comedy Mr. & Mrs. Smith ... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Wartime non-fiction films | Wartime non-fiction films
Hitchcock returned to the UK for an extended visit in late 1943 and early 1944. While there he made two short propaganda films, Bon Voyage (1944) and Aventure Malgache (1944), for the Ministry of Information. In June and July 1945, Hitchcock served as "treatment advisor" on a Holocaust docume... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Post-war Hollywood years: 1945–1953 | Post-war Hollywood years: 1945–1953 |
Alfred Hitchcock | Later Selznick films | Later Selznick films
thumb|left|Gregory Peck and Ingrid Bergman in Spellbound (1945)
Hitchcock worked for David Selznick again when he directed Spellbound (1945), which explores psychoanalysis and features a dream sequence designed by Salvador Dalí. The dream sequence as it appears in the film is ten minutes shorter th... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Transatlantic Pictures | Transatlantic Pictures
thumb|A typical shot from Rope (1948) with James Stewart turning his back to the fixed camera|alt=A typical scene from Rope showing James Stewart
Hitchcock formed an independent production company, Transatlantic Pictures, with his friend Sidney Bernstein. He made two films with Transatlantic, on... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Peak years: 1954–1964 | Peak years: 1954–1964 |
Alfred Hitchcock | ''Dial M for Murder'' and ''Rear Window'' | Dial M for Murder and Rear Window
thumb|left|alt= Still image from the film Read Window featuring Stewart and Kelly|James Stewart and Grace Kelly in Rear Window (1954)
I Confess was followed by three colour films starring Grace Kelly: Dial M for Murder (1954), Rear Window (1954) and To Catch a Thief (1955). In Dial M f... |
Alfred Hitchcock | ''Alfred Hitchcock Presents'' | Alfred Hitchcock Presents
thumb|upright|The Hitchcocks with their daughter, son-in-law, and granddaughters, c. 1955–1956
From 1955 to 1965, Hitchcock was the host of the television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents. With his droll delivery, gallows humour and iconic image, the series made Hitchcock a celebrity. The tit... |
Alfred Hitchcock | From ''To Catch a Thief'' to ''Vertigo'' | From To Catch a Thief to Vertigo
In 1955, Hitchcock became a United States citizen. In the same year, his third Grace Kelly film, To Catch a Thief, was released; it is set in the French Riviera, and stars Kelly and Cary Grant. Grant plays retired thief John Robie, who becomes the prime suspect for a spate of robberies ... |
Alfred Hitchcock | ''North by Northwest'' and ''Psycho'' | North by Northwest and Psycho
After Vertigo, the rest of 1958 was a difficult year for Hitchcock. During pre-production of North by Northwest (1959), which was a "slow" and "agonising" process, his wife Alma was diagnosed with cancer. While she was in hospital, Hitchcock kept himself occupied with his television work ... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Truffaut interview | Truffaut interview
On 13 August 1962, Hitchcock's 63rd birthday, the French director François Truffaut began a 50-hour interview of Hitchcock, filmed over eight days at Universal Studios, during which Hitchcock agreed to answer 500 questions. It took four years to transcribe the tapes and organise the images; it was p... |
Alfred Hitchcock | ''The Birds'' | The Birds
thumb|left|Trailer for The Birds (1963), in which Hitchcock discusses humanity's treatment of "our feathered friends"
The film scholar Peter William Evans wrote that The Birds (1963) and Marnie (1964) are regarded as "undisputed masterpieces". Hitchcock had intended to film Marnie first, and in March 1962 it... |
Alfred Hitchcock | ''Marnie'' | Marnie
thumb|Trailer for Marnie (1964)
In June 1962, Grace Kelly announced that she had decided against appearing in Marnie (1964). Hedren had signed an exclusive seven-year, $500-a-week contract with Hitchcock in October 1961,; and he decided to cast her in the lead role opposite Sean Connery. In 2016, describing Hed... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Later years: 1966–1980 | Later years: 1966–1980 |
Alfred Hitchcock | Final films | Final films
Failing health reduced Hitchcock's output during the last two decades of his life. Biographer Stephen Rebello claimed Universal imposed two films on him, Torn Curtain (1966) and Topaz (1969), the latter of which is based on a Leon Uris novel, partly set in Cuba. Both were spy thrillers with Cold War-related... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Knighthood and death | Knighthood and death
thumb| by Jack Mitchell Toward the end of his life, Hitchcock was working on the script for a spy thriller, The Short Night, collaborating with James Costigan, Ernest Lehman and David Freeman. Despite preliminary work, it was never filmed. Hitchcock's health was declining and he was worried about h... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Filmmaking | Filmmaking |
Alfred Hitchcock | Style and themes | Style and themes
The "Hitchcockian" style includes the use of editing and camera movement to mimic a person's gaze, thereby turning viewers into voyeurs, and framing shots to maximise anxiety and fear. The film critic Robin Wood wrote that the meaning of a Hitchcock film "is there in the method, in the progression fro... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Representation of women | Representation of women
Hitchcock's portrayal of women has been the subject of much scholarly debate. Bidisha wrote in The Guardian in 2010: "There's the vamp, the tramp, the snitch, the witch, the slink, the double-crosser and, best of all, the demon mommy. Don't worry, they all get punished in the end." In a widely c... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Relationship with actors | Relationship with actors
Hitchcock became known for having remarked that "actors should be treated like cattle". During the filming of Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941), Carole Lombard brought three cows onto the set wearing the name tags of Lombard, Robert Montgomery, and Gene Raymond, the stars of the film, to surprise him. I... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Writing, storyboards and production | Writing, storyboards and production
Hitchcock planned his scripts in detail with his writers. In Writing with Hitchcock (2001), Steven DeRosa noted that Hitchcock supervised them through every draft, asking that they tell the story visually. Hitchcock told Roger Ebert in 1969:
Hitchcock's films were extensively storyb... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Legacy | Legacy |
Alfred Hitchcock | Awards and honours | Awards and honours
thumb|left|upright=0.9|One of Hitchcock's stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
Hitchcock was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 8 February 1960 with two stars: one for television and a second for motion pictures. In 1978, John Russell Taylor described him as "the most universally recognizabl... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Archives | Archives
The Alfred Hitchcock Collection is housed at the Academy Film Archive in Hollywood, California. It includes home movies, 16mm film shot on the set of Blackmail (1929) and Frenzy (1972), and the earliest known colour footage of Hitchcock. The Academy Film Archive has preserved many of his home movies. In 1984, ... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Hitchcock portrayals | Hitchcock portrayals
Anthony Hopkins in Hitchcock (2012)
Toby Jones in The Girl (2012)
Roger Ashton-Griffiths in Grace of Monaco (2014)
EpicLLOYD in the YouTube comedy series Epic Rap Battles of History (2014) |
Alfred Hitchcock | Filmography | Filmography |
Alfred Hitchcock | Films | Films
Silent films
Sound films |
Alfred Hitchcock | See also | See also
Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects
List of cameo appearances by Alfred Hitchcock
List of film director and actor collaborations
Remakes of films by Alfred Hitchcock
List of Academy Award winners and nominees from Great Britain |
Alfred Hitchcock | Notes and sources | Notes and sources |
Alfred Hitchcock | Notes | Notes |
Alfred Hitchcock | References | References |
Alfred Hitchcock | Works cited | Works cited
Biographies (chronological)
Miscellaneous
Free PDF download
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Alfred Hitchcock | Further reading | Further reading |
Alfred Hitchcock | Articles | Articles
Hitchcock's Style – BFI Screenonline
Alfred Hitchcock: England's Biggest and Best Director Goes to Hollywood – Life, 20 November 1939, p. 33-43
Alfred Hitchcock Now Says Actors Are Children, Not Cattle – The Boston Globe, 1 June 1958, p. A-11
'Twas Alfred Hitchcock Week in London – Variety, 17 August 1966,... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Books | Books
Deflem, Mathieu. 2016. "Alfred Hitchcock: Visions of Guilt and Innocence." pp. 203–227 in Framing Law and Crime: An Interdisciplinary Anthology, edited by Caroline Joan S. Picart, Michael Hviid Jacobsen, and Cecil Greek. Latham, MD; Madison, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield; Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
... |
Alfred Hitchcock | External links | External links
Alfred Hitchcock at the British Film Institute
Alfred Hitchcock Papers from Margaret Herrick Library Digital Collections (Details (archived 2024))
Category:1899 births
Category:1980 deaths
Category:20th-century American screenwriters
Category:20th-century English screenwriters
Category:20... |
Alfred Hitchcock | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, Early life: 1899–1919, Early childhood and education, Henley's, Inter-war career: 1919–1939, Famous Players–Lasky, Gainsborough Pictures and work in Germany, Marriage, Early sound films, Early Hollywood years: 1939–1945, Selznick contract, Early war years, Wartime non-fiction films, Post-w... |
Anaconda | pp | Anacondas or water boas are a group of large boas of the genus Eunectes. They are a semiaquatic group of snakes found in tropical South America. Three to five extant and one extinct species are currently recognized, including one of the largest snakes in the world, E. murinus, the green anaconda. |
Anaconda | Description | Description
Although the name applies to a group of snakes, it is often used to refer only to one species, in particular, the common or green anaconda (Eunectes murinus), which is the largest snake in the world by weight, and the second longest after the reticulated python. |
Anaconda | Origin | Origin
The recent fossil record of Eunectes is relatively sparse compared to other vertebrates and other genera of snakes. The fossil record of this group is effected by an artifact called the Pull of the Recent. Fossils of recent ancestors are not known, so the living species 'pull' the historical range of the genus t... |
Anaconda | Etymology | Etymology
thumb|upright=2.5|An anaconda skeleton at the Redpath Museum
The name Eunectes is derived from .
The South American names anacauchoa and anacaona were suggested in an account by Peter Martyr d'Anghiera. The idea of a South American origin was questioned by Henry Walter Bates who, in his travels in South Amer... |
Anaconda | Distribution and habitat | Distribution and habitat
Found in tropical South America from Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela south to Argentina. |
Anaconda | Feeding | Feeding
All five species are aquatic snakes that prey on other aquatic animals, including fish, river fowl, and caiman. Videos exist of anacondas preying on domestic animals such as goats and sometimes even young jaguars that venture too close to the water. |
Anaconda | Relationship with humans | Relationship with humans
While encounters between people and anacondas may be dangerous, they do not regularly hunt humans. Nevertheless, threat from anacondas is a familiar trope in comics, movies, and adventure stories (often published in pulp magazines or adventure magazines) set in the Amazon jungle. Local communit... |
Anaconda | Species | Species
SpeciesTaxon authorCommon nameGeographic rangeImageE. akayimaRivas et al., 2024Northern green anacondaEcuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and northern Brazil200px|centerE. beniensis (=E. notaeus?)Dirksen, 2002Bolivian anacondaSouth America in the Departments of Beni and Pan... |
Anaconda | Mating system | Mating system
thumb|upright=1.2|Eunectes murinus in Colombia
The mating seasons in Eunectes varies both between species and within species depending on locality, although the trend appears to be the dry season. The green anaconda (E. murinus) is the most well-studied species of Eunectes in terms of their mating system... |
Anaconda | Sexual dimorphism | Sexual dimorphism
Sexual size dimorphism in Eunectes is the opposite of most other vertebrates. Females are larger than males in most snakes, and green anacondas (E. murinus) have one of the most extreme size differences, where females average roughly and males average only around . This size difference has several be... |
Anaconda | Breeding balls | Breeding balls
During the mating season female anacondas release pheromones to attract males for breeding, which can result in polyandrous breeding balls; these breeding balls have been observed in E. murinus, E. notaeus, and E. deschauenseei, and likely also occur in E. beniensis. In the green anaconda (E. murinus), u... |
Anaconda | Sexual cannibalism | Sexual cannibalism
thumb| green anaconda skeleton on display at Museum of Osteology with other squamates and reptiles.
Cannibalism is quite easy in anacondas since females are so much larger than males, but sexual cannibalism has only been confirmed in E. murinus. Females gain the direct benefit of a post-copulatory hi... |
Anaconda | Asexual reproduction | Asexual reproduction
Although sexual reproduction is by far the most common in Eunectes, E. murinus has been observed to undergo facultative parthenogenesis. In both cases, the females had lived in isolation from other anacondas for over eight years, and DNA analysis showed that the few fully formed offspring were gene... |
Anaconda | Indigenous mythology | Indigenous mythology
According to the founding myth of the Huni Kuin, a man named Yube fell in love with an anaconda woman and was turned into an anaconda as well. He began to live with her in the deep world of waters. In this world, Yube discovered a hallucinogenic drink with healing powers and access to knowledge. O... |
Anaconda | See also | See also
Jaguar, a competitor or predator |
Anaconda | Notes | Notes |
Anaconda | References | References |
Anaconda | Further reading | Further reading |
Anaconda | External links | External links
Category:Snakes of South America
Category:Reptiles of Trinidad and Tobago
Category:Taxa named by Johann Georg Wagler |
Anaconda | Table of Content | pp, Description, Origin, Etymology, Distribution and habitat, Feeding, Relationship with humans, Species, Mating system, Sexual dimorphism, Breeding balls, Sexual cannibalism, Asexual reproduction, Indigenous mythology, See also, Notes, References, Further reading, External links |
Altaic languages | Short description | The Altaic () languages are a group of languages comprising the Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic language families, with some linguists including the Koreanic and Japonic families. These languages share agglutinative morphology, head-final word order and some vocabulary. The once-popular theory attributing these similarit... |
Altaic languages | Earliest attestations<span class="anchor" id="Earliest attestations of the languages"></span> | Earliest attestations
The earliest attested expressions in Proto-Turkic are recorded in various Chinese sources. Anna Dybo identifies in Shizi (330 BC) and the Book of Han (AD 111) several dozen Proto-Turkic exotisms in Chinese Han transcriptions.Anna Dybo (2012) Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic rec... |
Altaic languages | History of the Altaic family concept | History of the Altaic family concept
thumb|The Altai Mountains in East-Central Asia give their name to the proposed language family. |
Altaic languages | Origins | Origins
The earliest known reference to a unified language group of Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic languages is from the 1692 work of Nicolaes Witsen which may be based on a 1661 work of Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, Genealogy of the Turkmens.
A proposed grouping of the Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages was published in... |