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Altaic languages | Uralo-Altaic hypothesis | Uralo-Altaic hypothesis
In 1844, the Finnish philologist Matthias Castrén proposed a broader grouping which later came to be called the Ural–Altaic family, which included Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus (=Tungusic) as an "Altaic" branch, and also the Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic languages as the "Uralic" branch (tho... |
Altaic languages | Korean and Japanese languages | Korean and Japanese languages
In 1857, the Austrian scholar Anton Boller suggested adding Japanese to the Ural–Altaic family.Roy Andrew Miller (1986): Nihongo: In Defence of Japanese. .
In the 1920s, G.J. Ramstedt and E.D. Polivanov advocated the inclusion of Korean. Decades later, in his 1952 book, Ramstedt rejected ... |
Altaic languages | The Ainu language | The Ainu language
In 1962, John C. Street proposed an alternative classification, with Turkic-Mongolic-Tungusic in one grouping and Korean-Japanese-Ainu in another, joined in what he designated as the "North Asiatic" family.John C. Street (1962): "Review of N. Poppe, Vergleichende Grammatik der altaischen Sprachen, Tei... |
Altaic languages | Early criticism and rejection | Early criticism and rejection
Starting in the late 1950s, some linguists became increasingly critical of even the minimal Altaic family hypothesis, disputing the alleged evidence of genetic connection between Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic languages.
Among the earlier critics were Gerard Clauson (1956), Gerhard Doerfer... |
Altaic languages | Modern controversy | Modern controversy
A major continuing supporter of the Altaic hypothesis has been Sergei Starostin, who published a comparative lexical analysis of the Altaic languages in 1991. He concluded that the analysis supported the Altaic grouping, although it was "older than most other language families in Eurasia, such as Ind... |
Altaic languages | List of supporters and critics of the Altaic hypothesis | List of supporters and critics of the Altaic hypothesis
The list below comprises linguists who have worked specifically on the Altaic problem since the publication of the first volume of Ramstedt's Einführung in 1952. The dates given are those of works concerning Altaic. For supporters of the theory, the version of Al... |
Altaic languages | Major supporters | Major supporters
Pentti Aalto (1955). Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean.
Anna V. Dybo (S. Starostin et al. 2003, A. Dybo and G. Starostin 2008).
Frederik Kortlandt (2010).
Karl H. Menges (1975). Common ancestor of Korean, Japanese and traditional Altaic dated back to the 7th or 8th millennium BC (1975: 125).
Roy Andrew M... |
Altaic languages | Major critics | Major critics
Gerard Clauson (1956, 1959, 1962)
Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993)
Susumu Ōno (1970, 2000)
Juha Janhunen (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic)
Claus Schönig (2003)
Stefan Georg (2004, 2005)
Alexander Vovin (2005, 2010, 2017) - ... |
Altaic languages | Advocates of alternative hypotheses | Advocates of alternative hypotheses
James Patrie (1982) and Joseph Greenberg (2000–2002). Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic and Korean–Japanese–Ainu, grouped in a common taxon (cf. John C. Street 1962).
J. Marshall Unger (1990). Tungusic–Korean–Japanese ("Macro-Tungusic"), with Turkic and Mongolic as separate language families... |
Altaic languages | "Transeurasian" renaming | "Transeurasian" renaming
In Robbeets and Johanson (2010), there was a proposal to replace the name "Altaic" with the name "Transeurasian". While "Altaic" has sometimes included Japonic, Koreanic, and other languages or families, but only on the consideration of particular authors, "Transeurasian" was specifically inten... |
Altaic languages | Arguments | Arguments |
Altaic languages | For the Altaic grouping | For the Altaic grouping |
Altaic languages | Phonological and grammatical features | Phonological and grammatical features
The original arguments for grouping the "micro-Altaic" languages within a Uralo-Altaic family were based on such shared features as vowel harmony and agglutination.
According to Roy Miller, the most pressing evidence for the theory is the similarities in verbal morphology.
The Et... |
Altaic languages | Shared lexicon | Shared lexicon
Starostin claimed in 1991 that the members of the proposed Altaic group shared about 15–20% of apparent cognates within a 110-word Swadesh-Yakhontov list; in particular, Turkic–Mongolic 20%, Turkic–Tungusic 18%, Turkic–Korean 17%, Mongolic–Tungusic 22%, Mongolic–Korean 16%, and Tungusic–Korean 21%.Sergei... |
Altaic languages | Against the grouping | Against the grouping |
Altaic languages | Weakness of lexical and typological data | Weakness of lexical and typological data
According to G. Clauson (1956), G. Doerfer (1963), and A. Shcherbak (1963), many of the typological features of the supposed Altaic languages, particularly agglutinative strongly suffixing morphology and subject–object–verb (SOV) word order,Hawkins and Gilligan (1988): "The suff... |
Altaic languages | The Sprachbund hypothesis | The Sprachbund hypothesis
Instead of a common genetic origin, Clauson, Doerfer, and Shcherbak proposed (in 1956–1966) that Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages form a Sprachbund: a set of languages with similarities due to convergence through intensive borrowing and long contact, rather than common origin.Gerard C... |
Altaic languages | Hypothesis about the original homeland<span class="anchor" id="Postulated Urheimat"></span> | Hypothesis about the original homeland
The prehistory of the peoples speaking the "Altaic" languages is largely unknown. Whereas for certain other language families, such as the speakers of Indo-European, Uralic, and Austronesian, it is possible to frame substantial hypotheses, in the case of the proposed Altaic famil... |
Altaic languages | See also | See also
Classification of the Japonic languages
Nostratic languages
Pan-Turanism
Turco-Mongol
Uralo-Siberian languages
Xiongnu
Comparison of Japanese and Korean |
Altaic languages | References | References |
Altaic languages | Citations | Citations |
Altaic languages | Sources | Sources
Aalto, Pentti. 1955. "On the Altaic initial *p-." Central Asiatic Journal 1, 9–16.
Anonymous. 2008. [title missing]. Bulletin of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, 31 March 2008, 264: ____.
Anthony, David W. 2007. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language. Princeton: Princeton Uni... |
Altaic languages | Further reading | Further reading
Blažek, Václav. "Altaic numerals". In: Blažek, Václav. Numerals: comparative-etymological analyses of numeral systems and their implications: (Saharan, Nubian, Egyptian, Berber, Kartvelian, Uralic, Altaic and Indo-European languages). Vyd. 1. V Brně: Masarykova univerzita, 1999, pp. 102–140. ;
Dybo, ... |
Altaic languages | External links | External links
Swadesh vocabulary lists for Altaic languages (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
Monumenta altaica Altaic linguistics website, maintained by Ilya Gruntov
Altaic Etymological Dictionary, database version by Sergei A. Starostin, Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak (does not include introductory chapt... |
Altaic languages | Table of Content | Short description, Earliest attestations<span class="anchor" id="Earliest attestations of the languages"></span>, History of the Altaic family concept, Origins, Uralo-Altaic hypothesis, Korean and Japanese languages, The Ainu language, Early criticism and rejection, Modern controversy, List of supporters and critics of... |
Austrian German | short description | Austrian German (), Austrian Standard German (ASG), Standard Austrian German (), Austrian High German (), or simply just Austrian (), is the variety of Standard German written and spoken in Austria and South Tyrol.Dollinger, Stefan. 2021. Österreichisches Deutsch oder Deutsch in Österreich? Identitäten im 21. Jahrhunde... |
Austrian German | History | History
Austrian German has its beginning in the mid-18th century, when Empress Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II introduced compulsory schooling in 1774, and several reforms of administration in their multilingual Habsburg Empire. At the time, the written standard was Oberdeutsche Schreibsprache (Upper German writte... |
Austrian German | Standard Austrian German | Standard Austrian German
The German language is a plurientric language and Austrian German is one of its standardized forms. The official Austrian dictionary, , prescribes spelling rules that define the official language.
Austrian delegates participated in the international working group that drafted the German spelli... |
Austrian German | Former spoken standard | Former spoken standard
Until 1918, the spoken standard in Austria was the , a sociolect spoken by the imperial Habsburg family and the nobility of Austria-Hungary. The sociolect, a variety of Standard German, is influenced by Viennese German and other Austro-Bavarian dialects spoken in eastern Austria but is slightly n... |
Austrian German | Special written forms | Special written forms
For many years, Austria had a special form of the language for official government documents that is known as , or "Austrian chancellery language". It is a very traditional form of the language, probably derived from medieval deeds and documents, and has a very complex structure and vocabulary gen... |
Austrian German | European Union | European Union
When Austria became a member of the European Union on 1 January 1995, 23 food-related terms were listed in its accession agreement as having the same legal status as the equivalent terms used in Germany,
for example, the words for "potato", "tomato", and "Brussels sprouts". (Examples in "Vocabulary")
Au... |
Austrian German | Grammar | Grammar |
Austrian German | Verbs | Verbs
In Austria, as in the German-speaking parts of Switzerland and in southern Germany, verbs that express a state tend to use as the auxiliary verb in the perfect, as well as verbs of movement. Verbs which fall into this category include (to sit), (to lie) and, in parts of Styria and Carinthia, (to sleep). There... |
Austrian German | Vocabulary | Vocabulary
There are many official terms that differ in Austrian German from their usage in most parts of Germany. Words used in Austria are (January) rather than , (more rare than Jänner) in variation with , (this year) along with , (stairs) along with , (chimney) instead of , many administrative, legal and polit... |
Austrian German | Dialects | Dialects |
Austrian German | Classification | Classification
Dialects of the Austro-Bavarian group, which also comprises dialects from Bavaria
Central Austro-Bavarian (along the main rivers Isar and Danube, spoken in the northern parts of the State of Salzburg, Upper Austria, Lower Austria, and northern Burgenland)
Viennese German
Southern Austro-Bavarian (in Tyro... |
Austrian German | Regional accents | Regional accents
In addition to the standard variety, in everyday life most Austrians speak one of a number of Upper German dialects.
While strong forms of the various dialects are not fully mutually intelligible to northern Germans, communication is much easier in Bavaria, especially rural areas, where the Bavarian d... |
Austrian German | References | References |
Austrian German | Notes | Notes |
Austrian German | Citations | Citations |
Austrian German | Works cited | Works cited |
Austrian German | Further reading | Further reading
Ammon, Ulrich: Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: Das Problem der nationalen Varietäten. de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 1995.
Ammon, Ulrich / Hans Bickel, Jakob Ebner u. a.: Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen. Die Standardsprache in Österreich, der Schweiz und Deutschland sow... |
Austrian German | External links | External links
Austrian German – German Dictionary
Das Österreichische Volkswörterbuch
Category:Bavarian language
Category:German dialects
German
Category:National varieties of German |
Austrian German | Table of Content | short description, History, Standard Austrian German, Former spoken standard, Special written forms, European Union, Grammar, Verbs, Vocabulary, Dialects, Classification, Regional accents, References, Notes, Citations, Works cited, Further reading, External links |
Axiom of choice | Short description | thumb|250px|Illustration of the axiom of choice, with each set Si represented as a jar and its elements represented as marbles. Each element xi is represented as a marble on the right. Colors are used to suggest a functional association of marbles after adopting the choice axiom. The existence of such a choice function... |
Axiom of choice | Statement | Statement
A choice function (also called selector or selection) is a function , defined on a collection of nonempty sets, such that for every set in , is an element of . With this concept, the axiom can be stated:
Formally, this may be expressed as follows:
Thus, the negation of the axiom may be expressed as the e... |
Axiom of choice | Nomenclature | Nomenclature
In this article and other discussions of the Axiom of Choice the following abbreviations are common:
AC – the Axiom of Choice. More rarely, AoC is used.
ZF – Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory omitting the Axiom of Choice.
ZFC – Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, extended to include the Axiom of Choice. |
Axiom of choice | Variants | Variants
There are many other equivalent statements of the axiom of choice. These are equivalent in the sense that, in the presence of other basic axioms of set theory, they imply the axiom of choice and are implied by it.
One variation avoids the use of choice functions by, in effect, replacing each choice function ... |
Axiom of choice | Restriction to finite sets | Restriction to finite sets
The usual statement of the axiom of choice does not specify whether the collection of nonempty sets is finite or infinite, and thus implies that every finite collection of nonempty sets has a choice function. However, that particular case is a theorem of the Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory witho... |
Axiom of choice | Usage | Usage
Until the late 19th century, the axiom of choice was often used implicitly, although it had not yet been formally stated. For example, after having established that the set X contains only non-empty sets, a mathematician might have said "let F(s) be one of the members of s for all s in X" to define a function F. ... |
Axiom of choice | Examples | Examples
The nature of the individual nonempty sets in the collection may make it possible to avoid the axiom of choice even for certain infinite collections. For example, suppose that each member of the collection X is a nonempty subset of the natural numbers. Every such subset has a smallest element, so to specify ou... |
Axiom of choice | Criticism and acceptance | Criticism and acceptance
A proof requiring the axiom of choice may establish the existence of an object without explicitly defining the object in the language of set theory. For example, while the axiom of choice implies that there is a well-ordering of the real numbers, there are models of set theory with the axiom of... |
Axiom of choice | In constructive mathematics | In constructive mathematics
As discussed above, in the classical theory of ZFC, the axiom of choice enables nonconstructive proofs in which the existence of a type of object is proved without an explicit instance being constructed. In fact, in set theory and topos theory, Diaconescu's theorem shows that the axiom of c... |
Axiom of choice | Independence | Independence
It has been known since as early as 1922 that the axiom of choice may fail in a variant of ZF with urelements, through the technique of permutation models introduced by Abraham Fraenkel and developed further by Andrzej Mostowski. The basic technique can be illustrated as follows: Let xn and yn be distinct... |
Axiom of choice | Stronger axioms | Stronger axioms
The axiom of constructibility and the generalized continuum hypothesis each imply the axiom of choice and so are strictly stronger than it. In class theories such as Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory and Morse–Kelley set theory, there is an axiom called the axiom of global choice that is stronger tha... |
Axiom of choice | Equivalents | Equivalents
There are important statements that, assuming the axioms of ZF but neither AC nor ¬AC, are equivalent to the axiom of choice.See , for a structured list of 74 equivalents. See , for 86 equivalents with source references. The most important among them are Zorn's lemma and the well-ordering theorem. In fact, ... |
Axiom of choice | Category theory | Category theory
Several results in category theory invoke the axiom of choice for their proof. These results might be weaker than, equivalent to, or stronger than the axiom of choice, depending on the strength of the technical foundations. For example, if one defines categories in terms of sets, that is, as sets of obj... |
Axiom of choice | Weaker forms | Weaker forms
There are several weaker statements that are not equivalent to the axiom of choice but are closely related. One example is the axiom of dependent choice (DC). A still weaker example is the axiom of countable choice (ACω or CC), which states that a choice function exists for any countable set of nonempty se... |
Axiom of choice | Results requiring AC (or weaker forms) but weaker than it | Results requiring AC (or weaker forms) but weaker than it
One of the most interesting aspects of the axiom of choice is the large number of places in mathematics where it shows up. Here are some statements that require the axiom of choice in the sense that they are not provable from ZF but are provable from ZFC (ZF plu... |
Axiom of choice | Possibly equivalent implications of AC | Possibly equivalent implications of AC
There are several historically important set-theoretic statements implied by AC whose equivalence to AC is open. Zermelo cited the partition principle, which was formulated before AC itself, as a justification for believing AC. In 1906, Russell declared PP to be equivalent, but wh... |
Axiom of choice | Stronger forms of the negation of AC | Stronger forms of the negation of AC
If we abbreviate by BP the claim that every set of real numbers has the property of Baire, then BP is stronger than ¬AC, which asserts the nonexistence of any choice function on perhaps only a single set of nonempty sets. Strengthened negations may be compatible with weakened forms ... |
Axiom of choice | Statements implying the negation of AC | Statements implying the negation of AC
There are models of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory in which the axiom of choice is false. We shall abbreviate "Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory plus the negation of the axiom of choice" by ZF¬C. For certain models of ZF¬C, it is possible to validate the negation of some standard ZFC theor... |
Axiom of choice | Axiom of choice in type theory | Axiom of choice in type theory
In type theory, a different kind of statement is known as the axiom of choice. This form begins with two types, σ and τ, and a relation R between objects of type σ and objects of type τ. The axiom of choice states that if for each x of type σ there exists a y of type τ such that R(x,y)... |
Axiom of choice | Notes | Notes |
Axiom of choice | References | References
Per Martin-Löf, "100 years of Zermelo's axiom of choice: What was the problem with it?", in Logicism, Intuitionism, and Formalism: What Has Become of Them?, Sten Lindström, Erik Palmgren, Krister Segerberg, and Viggo Stoltenberg-Hansen, editors (2008).
, available as a Dover Publications r... |
Axiom of choice | External links | External links
Axiom of Choice entry in the Springer Encyclopedia of Mathematics.
Axiom of Choice and Its Equivalents entry at ProvenMath. Includes formal statement of the Axiom of Choice, Hausdorff's Maximal Principle, Zorn's Lemma and formal proofs of their equivalence down to the finest detail.
Consequences of the... |
Axiom of choice | Table of Content | Short description, Statement, Nomenclature, Variants, Restriction to finite sets, Usage, Examples, Criticism and acceptance, In constructive mathematics, Independence, Stronger axioms, Equivalents, Category theory, Weaker forms, Results requiring AC (or weaker forms) but weaker than it, Possibly equivalent implications... |
Attila | redirect2 | Attila ( or ; ), frequently called Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in early 453. He was also the leader of an empire consisting of Huns, Ostrogoths, Alans, and Gepids, among others, in Central and Eastern Europe.
As nephews to Rugila, Attila and his elder brother Bleda succeeded hi... |
Attila | Etymology | Etymology
Many scholars have argued that the name Attila derives from East Germanic origin; Attila is formed from the Gothic or Gepidic noun atta, "father", by means of the diminutive suffix -ila, meaning "little father", compare Wulfila from wulfs "wolf" and -ila, i.e. "little wolf". The Gothic etymology was first p... |
Attila | Historiography and sources | Historiography and sources
thumb|Figure of Attila in a museum in Hungary.
thumb|A reconstruction of Attila by George S. Stuart, Museum of Ventura County, USA.
thumb|Mór Than's 19th century painting of The Feast of Attila, based on a fragment of Priscus.
The historiography of Attila is faced with a major challenge, in... |
Attila | Appearance and character | Appearance and character
There is no surviving first-hand account of Attila's appearance, but there is a possible second-hand source provided by Jordanes, who cites a description given by Priscus.
Some scholars have suggested that these features are typically East Asian, because in combination they fit the physical ... |
Attila | Early life and background | Early life and background
thumb|left|Huns in battle with the Alans. An 1870s engraving after a drawing by Johann Nepomuk Geiger (1805–1880).
The Huns were a group of Eurasian nomads, appearing from east of the Volga, who migrated further into Western Europe c. 370 and built up an enormous empire there. Their main mi... |
Attila | Campaigns against the Eastern Roman Empire | Campaigns against the Eastern Roman Empire
thumb|right|The Empire of the Huns and subject tribes at the time of Attila.
The death of Rugila (also known as Rua or Ruga) in 434 left the sons of his brother Mundzuk, Attila and Bleda, in control of the united Hun tribes. At the time of the two brothers' accession, the Hu... |
Attila | Solitary kingship | Solitary kingship
In 447, Attila again rode south into the Eastern Roman Empire through Moesia. The Roman army, under Gothic magister militum Arnegisclus, met him in the Battle of the Utus and was defeated, though not without inflicting heavy losses. The Huns were left unopposed and rampaged through the Balkans as fa... |
Attila | In the west | In the west
thumb|left|The general path of the Hun forces in the invasion of Gaul.
In 450, Attila proclaimed his intent to attack the Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse by making an alliance with Emperor Valentinian III. He had previously been on good terms with the Western Roman Empire and its influential general Flavius ... |
Attila | Invasion of Italy and death | Invasion of Italy and death
thumb|Attila is besieging Aquileia (Chronicon Pictum, 1358).
thumb|Raphael's The Meeting between Leo the Great and Attila depicts Leo, escorted by Saint Peter and Saint Paul, meeting with the Hun emperor outside Rome.
Attila returned in 452 to renew his marriage claim with Honoria, invadin... |
Attila | Death | Death
thumb|The Huns, led by Attila, invade Italy (Attila, the Scourge of God, by Ulpiano Checa, 1887).
In the Eastern Roman Empire, Emperor Marcian succeeded Theodosius II, and stopped paying tribute to the Huns. Attila withdrew from Italy to his palace across the Danube, while making plans to strike at Constantinople... |
Attila | Descendants | Descendants
Attila's sons Ellac, Dengizich and Ernak, "in their rash eagerness to rule they all alike destroyed his empire". They "were clamoring that the nations should be divided among them equally and that warlike kings with their peoples should be apportioned to them by lot like a family estate". Against the treat... |
Attila | Later folklore and iconography | Later folklore and iconography
The name has many variants in several languages: Atli and Atle in Old Norse; Etzel in Middle High German (Nibelungenlied); Ætla in Old English; Attila, Atilla, and Etele in Hungarian (Attila is the most popular); Attila, Atilla, Atilay, or Atila in Turkish; and Adil and Edil in Kazakh ... |
Attila | Attila and Hun tradition in the medieval Hungarian Royal Court | Attila and Hun tradition in the medieval Hungarian Royal Court
thumb|King Attila on the throne (Chronicon Pictum, 1358).
The basic premise of the Hungarian medieval chronicle tradition that the Huns, i.e. the Hungarians coming out twice from Scythia, the guiding principle of the chronicles was the Hun-Hungarian conti... |
Attila | Legends about Attila and the sword of Mars | Legends about Attila and the sword of Mars
Jordanes embellished the report of Priscus, reporting that Attila had possessed the "Holy War Sword of the Scythians", which was given to him by Mars and made him a "prince of the entire world".
Lampert of Hersfeld's contemporary chronicles report that shortly before the ye... |
Attila | Legends about Attila and his meeting with Pope Leo I | Legends about Attila and his meeting with Pope Leo I
thumb|Meeting of Attila with Pope Leo (Chronicon Pictum, 1358).
An anonymous chronicler of the medieval period represented the meeting of Pope Leo and Atilla as attended also by Saint Peter and Saint Paul, "a miraculous tale calculated to meet the taste of the time... |
Attila | Attila in Germanic heroic legend | Attila in Germanic heroic legend
Some histories and chronicles describe Attila as a great and noble king, and he plays major roles in three Norse texts: Atlakviða, Volsunga saga, and Atlamál. The Polish Chronicle represents Attila's name as Aquila.
Frutolf of Michelsberg and Otto of Freising pointed out that some so... |
Attila | Early modern and modern reception | Early modern and modern reception
thumb|A painting of Attila riding a pale horse, by French Romantic artist Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863).
In 1812, Ludwig van Beethoven conceived the idea of writing an opera about Attila and approached August von Kotzebue to write the libretto. It was, however, never written. In 1846... |
Attila | See also | See also
Onegesius
Bleda
Mundzuk |
Attila | Notes | Notes |
Attila | Sources | Sources
|
Attila | External links | External links
Works about Attila at Project Gutenberg
Category:5th-century Hunnic kings
Category:5th-century monarchs in Europe
Category:400s births
Category:453 deaths
Category:Deaths from choking
Category:Attilid dynasty
Category:Characters in the Divine Comedy |
Attila | Table of Content | redirect2, Etymology, Historiography and sources, Appearance and character, Early life and background, Campaigns against the Eastern Roman Empire, Solitary kingship, In the west, Invasion of Italy and death, Death, Descendants, Later folklore and iconography, Attila and Hun tradition in the medieval Hungarian Royal Cou... |
Aegean Sea | Short description | thumb|The extent of the Aegean Sea on a map of the Mediterranean Sea
The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia. It is located between the Balkans and Anatolia, and covers an area of some . In the north, the Aegean is connected to the Marmara Sea, which in turn connects t... |
Aegean Sea | Name and etymology | Name and etymology
The name Aegaeus, used by Late Latin authors, referred to Aegeus, who was said to have jumped into that sea to drown himself (rather than throw himself from the Athenian acropolis, as told by some Greek authors). He was the father of Theseus, the mythical king and founder-hero of Athens. Aegeus had t... |
Aegean Sea | Geography | Geography
The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea and covers about in area, measuring about longitudinally and latitudinal. The sea's maximum depth is , located at a point west of Karpathos. The Aegean Islands are found within its waters, with the following islands delimiting the sea on the... |
Aegean Sea | Extent | Extent
According to the International Hydrographic Organization, the limits of the Aegean Sea as follows:
On the south: A line running from Cape Aspro (28°16′E) in Asia Minor, to Cum Burnù (Capo della Sabbia) the Northeast extreme of the Island of Rhodes, through the island to Cape Prasonisi, the Southwest point ther... |
Aegean Sea | Hydrography | Hydrography
Aegean surface water circulates in a counterclockwise gyre, with hypersaline Mediterranean water moving northward along the west coast of Turkey, before being displaced by less dense Black Sea outflow. The dense Mediterranean water sinks below the Black Sea inflow to a depth of , then flows through the Dard... |
Aegean Sea | Climate | Climate
thumb|Climate map of Greece. Most of the landmass surrounding the Aegean Sea is classified as Csa, with the northern region being BSk.
The climate of the Aegean Sea largely reflects the climate of Greece and Western Turkey, which is to say, predominantly Mediterranean. According to the Köppen climate classifica... |
Aegean Sea | Population | Population
Numerous Greek and Turkish settlements are located along their mainland coast, as well as on towns on the Aegean islands. The largest cities are Athens and Thessaloniki in Greece and İzmir in Turkey. The most populated of the Aegean islands is Crete, followed by Euboea and Rhodes.
thumb|right|150x150px|İzmi... |
Aegean Sea | Biogeography and ecology | Biogeography and ecology |
Aegean Sea | Protected areas | Protected areas
Greece has established several marine protected areas along its coasts. According to the Network of Managers of Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean (MedPAN), four Greek MPAs are participating in the Network. These include Alonnisos Marine Park, while the Missolonghi–Aitoliko Lagoons and the isla... |
Aegean Sea | History | History |
Aegean Sea | Ancient history | Ancient history
200px|thumb|upright=1.25|Female figure from Naxos (2800–2300 BC)
The current coastline dates back to about 4000 BC. Before that time, at the peak of the last ice age (about 18,000 years ago) sea levels everywhere were lower, and there were large well-watered coastal plains instead of much of the northe... |