instruction stringlengths 161 2.29k | input stringlengths 80 650 | response stringclasses 6 values |
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<Instruct>: Given the context 'By performing a standard analysis using bovine serum albumin, the stain was able to detect ~15 ng total protein per lane.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'bovine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: bovidae
B: domestic cattle (aka bos taurus)
C: bos bubalis (aka bubalus bubalis)
D: bovinae
E: bos sp.
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'RESULTS
Expression of tagged Scp160p in yeast
An N-terminal FLAG-tagged form of Scp160p was created to facilitate detection of the protein in cells and extracts (Fig. 1A).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'yeast'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saccharomycodes
B: mycoderma cerevisiae (aka saccharomyces cerevisiae)
C: saccharomyceta
D: saccharomyces hansenii (aka debaryomyces hansenii)
E: saccharomyces albicans (aka candida albicans)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To probe functionality of this fusion protein, we used two-step gene replacement (18) to substitute the modified allele into the SCP160 locus of haploid yeast, and then tested the morphological phenotype of the resultant cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'yeast'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saccharomyces hansenii (aka debaryomyces hansenii)
B: brewer's yeast (aka saccharomyces cerevisiae)
C: saccharomycetes (hemiascomycetes) (aka saccharomycetes)
D: true yeasts (aka saccharomycotina)
E: saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In all cases, yeast expressing tagged Scp160p in place of the native protein appeared indistinguishable from the corresponding wild-type strains (data not shown).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'yeast'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae
B: saccharomyces albicans (aka candida albicans)
C: mycoderma cerevisiae (aka saccharomyces cerevisiae)
D: saccharomyces cerevisiae x saccharomyces mikatae
E: saccharomyces hansenii (aka debaryomyces hansenii)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'As a negative control, we also deleted almost the entire SCP160 coding region from the genomes of these yeast strains (Fig. 1A), and confirmed the expected mutant phenotype (data not shown).
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'yeast'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saccharomyces cerevisiae x saccharomyces mikatae
B: mycoderma cerevisiae (aka saccharomyces cerevisiae)
C: saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae
D: saccharomyces cerevisiae or paradoxus (aka saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae/paradoxus)
E: saccharomycodes
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Scp160p associates with polyribosomes
To test the hypothesis that Scp160p associates with polyribosomes we used sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation to size-fractionate subcellular components of lysates prepared from yeast expressing the N-terminal FLAG-tagged Scp160p protein.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'yeast'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saccharomyces cerevisiae x saccharomyces mikatae
B: brewer's yeast (aka saccharomyces cerevisiae)
C: saccharomyces lactis (aka kluyveromyces lactis)
D: saccharomyces hansenii (aka debaryomyces hansenii)
E: saccharomycodes
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A convenient internal control for these gradients was provided by an unknown endogenous yeast cross-reacting protein at ~100 kDa, that exemplified the migration pattern of a free protein, appearing only in the upper fractions of the gradient (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'yeast'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saccharomyces hansenii (aka debaryomyces hansenii)
B: saccharomyces cerevisiae x saccharomyces mikatae
C: saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae
D: baker's yeast (aka saccharomyces cerevisiae)
E: saccharomyces albicans (aka candida albicans)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine whether the migration pattern of Scp160p in these sucrose gradients truly reflected association with yeast polyribosomes, lysates were pre-treated with either 30 mM EDTA or 50 U/ml', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'yeast'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae
B: saccharomyces hansenii (aka debaryomyces hansenii)
C: brewer's yeast (aka saccharomyces cerevisiae)
D: saccharomyces albicans (aka candida albicans)
E: saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae/paradoxus (saccharomyces cerevisiae or paradoxus) (aka saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae/paradoxus)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine whether the migration pattern of Scp160p in these sucrose gradients truly reflected association with yeast polyribosomes, lysates were pre-treated with either 30 mM EDTA or 50 U/ml', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'yeast'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saccharomyces cerevisiae or paradoxus (aka saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae/paradoxus)
B: saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae
C: saccharomyces albicans (aka candida albicans)
D: saccharomycetes (hemiascomycetes) (aka saccharomycetes)
E: saccharomyces hansenii (aka debaryomyces hansenii)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The fact that RNase treatment and high salt both generated Scp160p species of similar apparent molecular weight suggests that these high salt concentrations resulted in the disassociation of RNA, and perhaps other components, from Scp160p.
Pab1p and Bfr1p are present in EDTA-resistant Scp160p-containing complexes
To determine if the >1300 kDa Scp160p-containing complexes remaining after EDTA treatment were mRNPs, we assayed for the presence of the yeast poly(A) binding protein, Pab1p, following α-FLAG affinity purification as illustrated in Figure 4. Pab1p is an abundant and well-characterized component of mRNP complexes in yeast, as well as higher eukaryotes (14,15,25).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'yeast'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saccharomyces hansenii (aka debaryomyces hansenii)
B: saccharomycodes
C: saccharomyceta
D: saccharomyces cerevisiae (saccharomyces cerevisiae (desm.) meyen ex e.c. hansen, 1883) (aka saccharomyces cerevisiae)
E: candida/saccharomycetales (aka candida/saccharomycales clade)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The fact that RNase treatment and high salt both generated Scp160p species of similar apparent molecular weight suggests that these high salt concentrations resulted in the disassociation of RNA, and perhaps other components, from Scp160p.
Pab1p and Bfr1p are present in EDTA-resistant Scp160p-containing complexes
To determine if the >1300 kDa Scp160p-containing complexes remaining after EDTA treatment were mRNPs, we assayed for the presence of the yeast poly(A) binding protein, Pab1p, following α-FLAG affinity purification as illustrated in Figure 4. Pab1p is an abundant and well-characterized component of mRNP complexes in yeast, as well as higher eukaryotes (14,15,25).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'yeast'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saccharomyces lactis (aka kluyveromyces lactis)
B: brewer's yeast (aka saccharomyces cerevisiae)
C: saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae
D: saccharomyces cerevisiae x saccharomyces mikatae
E: saccharomyceta
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In addition, we performed mock purifications using lysates from yeast expressing the wild-type allele of SCP160 without the FLAG epitope (Fig. 5F), or with an unrelated FLAG-tagged protein, human galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'yeast'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: baker's yeast (aka saccharomyces cerevisiae)
B: saccharomycodes
C: saccharomyces lactis (aka kluyveromyces lactis)
D: saccharomyces cerevisiae x saccharomyces mikatae
E: candida/saccharomycetales (aka candida/saccharomycales clade)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In addition, we performed mock purifications using lysates from yeast expressing the wild-type allele of SCP160 without the FLAG epitope (Fig. 5F), or with an unrelated FLAG-tagged protein, human galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'human'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: animals (aka metazoa)
B: suborder
C: human (aka homo sapiens)
D: primate (aka primates)
E: macrobiotus sapiens
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Monomeric Scp160p migrates as a ~450 kDa protein under native conditions
As a first step to characterize the post RNase/NaCl 450 kDa Scp160p species we compared it with Scp160p over-expressed and purified from an exogenous host, the yeast Pichia pastoris.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'yeast'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saccharomyces cerevisiae (desm.) meyen ex e.c. hansen, 1883 (aka saccharomyces cerevisiae)
B: saccharomycotina (budding yeasts & others) (aka saccharomycotina)
C: saccharomyces hansenii (aka debaryomyces hansenii)
D: candida/saccharomycetales (aka candida/saccharomycales clade)
E: saccharomyceta
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Monomeric Scp160p migrates as a ~450 kDa protein under native conditions
As a first step to characterize the post RNase/NaCl 450 kDa Scp160p species we compared it with Scp160p over-expressed and purified from an exogenous host, the yeast Pichia pastoris.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pichia pastoris'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saccharomyces cerevisiae x saccharomyces pastorianus
B: pichia anomalus (aka wickerhamomyces anomalus)
C: pichia pastoris (aka komagataella pastoris)
D: saccharomyces pastorianus gsy131
E: saccharomyces monacensis (aka saccharomyces pastorianus)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To test this hypothesis, yeast expressing FLAG–Scp160p were transfected with a centromeric plasmid, YCplac22–HA–Scp160p, encoding a distinct, HA-tagged allele of the protein.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'yeast'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: true yeasts (aka saccharomycotina)
B: baker's yeast (aka saccharomyces cerevisiae)
C: saccharomycodes
D: saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae/paradoxus (saccharomyces cerevisiae or paradoxus) (aka saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae/paradoxus)
E: saccharomyces lactis (aka kluyveromyces lactis)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'As seen in Figure 7C, when yeast co-expressing the two alleles were lysed and the FLAG-tagged protein was isolated as described above, no HA–Scp160p co-purified with the FLAG–Scp160p.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'yeast'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saccharomycotina (budding yeasts & others) (aka saccharomycotina)
B: saccharomycetes (hemiascomycetes) (aka saccharomycetes)
C: saccharomyces hansenii (aka debaryomyces hansenii)
D: brewer's yeast (aka saccharomyces cerevisiae)
E: saccharomyces albicans (aka candida albicans)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The data presented here demonstrate two main points regarding the biochemical associations and function of Scp160p in yeast.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'yeast'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae
B: saccharomyces cerevisiae x saccharomyces mikatae
C: saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae/paradoxus (saccharomyces cerevisiae or paradoxus) (aka saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae/paradoxus)
D: baker's yeast (aka saccharomyces cerevisiae)
E: candida/saccharomycetales (aka candida/saccharomycales clade)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Furthermore, by utilizing yeast co-expressing two distinct epitope-tagged versions of Scp160p, we have ruled out the possibility of self-association of Scp160p.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'yeast'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saccharomyces cerevisiae or paradoxus (aka saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae/paradoxus)
B: brewer's yeast (aka saccharomyces cerevisiae)
C: saccharomycotina (budding yeasts & others) (aka saccharomycotina)
D: saccharomycodes
E: saccharomyceta
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Furthermore, by utilizing yeast co-expressing two distinct epitope-tagged versions of Scp160p, we have ruled out the possibility of self-association of Scp160p.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'yeast'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saccharomyces albicans (aka candida albicans)
B: saccharomyceta
C: saccharomyces lactis (aka kluyveromyces lactis)
D: saccharomycetes (hemiascomycetes) (aka saccharomycetes)
E: saccharomyces hansenii (aka debaryomyces hansenii)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In conclusion we have shown convincing evidence that Scp160p exists in yeast cytoplasmic extracts primarily associated with polyribosomes.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'yeast'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saccharomyceta
B: brewer's yeast (aka saccharomyces cerevisiae)
C: saccharomyces cerevisiae x saccharomyces mikatae
D: saccharomyces sp.
E: saccharomyces hansenii (aka debaryomyces hansenii)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The presence of Pab1p suggests that Scp160p associates with polyribosomes as a component of an mRNP, demonstrating Scp160p to be the first S.cerevisiae multiple-KH domain protein characterized to function in this way.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 's.cerevisiae'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: saccharomyces cerevisiae or paradoxus (aka saccharomyces cf. cerevisiae/paradoxus)
B: saccharomyces cerevisiae synthetic construct
C: baker's yeast (aka saccharomyces cerevisiae)
D: saccharomyces uvarum (saccharomyces bayanus var. uvarum) (aka saccharomyces uvarum)
E: saccharomyces hansenii (aka debaryomyces hansenii)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Discovery of genes implicated in whirling disease infection and resistance in rainbow trout using genome-wide expression profiling
Abstract
Background
Whirling disease, caused by the pathogen Myxobolus cerebralis, afflicts several salmonid species.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmo gilae gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
B: river trout (aka salmo trutta fario)
C: salmo gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
D: rainbow trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
E: salmo trutta trutta (sea trout) (aka salmo trutta trutta)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Discovery of genes implicated in whirling disease infection and resistance in rainbow trout using genome-wide expression profiling
Abstract
Background
Whirling disease, caused by the pathogen Myxobolus cerebralis, afflicts several salmonid species.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'myxobolus cerebralis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: myxobolus cerebralis
B: tylodelphys cerebralis
C: myxobolus fundamentalis
D: streptocephalus simplex
E: myxobolus neurophilus (myxosoma neurophila) (aka myxobolus neurophilus)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Rainbow trout are particularly susceptible and may suffer high mortality rates.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rainbow trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
B: oncorhynchus gilae (salmo gilae) (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
C: sea trout (aka salmo trutta trutta)
D: golden trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita)
E: river trout (aka salmo trutta fario)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In this study, genome-wide expression profiling using cDNA microarrays was conducted for resistant Hofer and susceptible Trout Lodge rainbow trout strains following pathogen exposure with the primary objective of identifying specific genes implicated in whirling disease resistance.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmo gilae gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
B: black sea salmon (aka salmo labrax)
C: brook trout (aka salvelinus fontinalis)
D: rainbow trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
E: river trout (aka salmo trutta fario)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Results
Several genes were significantly up-regulated in skin following pathogen exposure for both the resistant and susceptible rainbow trout strains.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmo gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
B: river trout (aka salmo trutta fario)
C: salmo gilae gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
D: salmo mykiss (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
E: black sea salmon (aka salmo labrax)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Conclusion
The present study has provided an initial view into the genetic basis underlying immune response and resistance of rainbow trout to the whirling disease parasite.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: golden trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita)
B: river trout (aka salmo trutta fario)
C: salmo keta (aka oncorhynchus keta)
D: rainbow trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
E: salmo gilae gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Background
Whirling disease was first described among farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a native North American salmonid species, introduced to Germany as a food fish in the late 1800s', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oncorhynchus mykiss (oncorhynchus nerka mykiss) (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
B: golden trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita)
C: salmo trutta trutta (sea trout) (aka salmo trutta trutta)
D: salmons and trouts (aka salmoniformes)
E: salmo trutta (river trout) (aka salmo trutta)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Background
Whirling disease was first described among farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a native North American salmonid species, introduced to Germany as a food fish in the late 1800s', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'oncorhynchus mykiss'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oncorhynchus gilae gilae (salmo gilae gilae) (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
B: oncorhynchus mykiss x salmo salar
C: salmo gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
D: oncorhynchus ishikawae (aka oncorhynchus masou ishikawae)
E: oncorhynchus mykiss (oncorhynchus nerka mykiss) (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Background
Whirling disease was first described among farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a native North American salmonid species, introduced to Germany as a food fish in the late 1800s', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'oncorhynchus mykiss'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oncorhynchus gilae gilae (salmo gilae gilae) (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
B: oncorhynchus masou (japanese salmon) (aka oncorhynchus masou)
C: oncorhynchus kisutch (oncorhyncus kisutch) (aka oncorhynchus kisutch)
D: oncorhynchus ishikawae (aka oncorhynchus masou ishikawae)
E: salmo keta (aka oncorhynchus keta)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Whirling disease is associated with systemic infections by the myxozoan Myxobolus cerebralis, a parasite with presumed origins among salmonid fish in Eurasia [2,3].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'myxobolus cerebralis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: myxobolus oralis
B: myxobolus fundamentalis
C: chondrococcus cerebriformis (aka archangium gephyra)
D: myxobolus hearti
E: myxobolus cerebralis
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Rainbow trout are highly susceptible to whirling disease and the introduction of the parasite to the U.S.A. in the 1950s had immediate economic impacts on salmonid hatcheries in both eastern and western states [2].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rainbow trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
B: japanese salmon (aka oncorhynchus masou)
C: salmo trutta trutta (sea trout) (aka salmo trutta trutta)
D: black sea salmon (aka salmo labrax)
E: golden trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The disease has more recently been recognized as the principal cause of major population declines among wild rainbow trout populations in the intermountain region of the U.S.A with serious negative impacts on sportfishing and allied industries [5-7].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmo keta (aka oncorhynchus keta)
B: oncorhynchus mykiss (oncorhynchus nerka mykiss) (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
C: salmo trutta (river trout) (aka salmo trutta)
D: salmons and trouts (aka salmoniformes)
E: salmon trout (aka oncorhynchus masou)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Additionally, concerns continue over the potential negative ecologic impacts of whirling disease on wild salmonid populations, particularly threatened or endangered salmonids such as bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'bull trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: sea trout (aka salmo trutta trutta)
B: bull trout (aka salvelinus confluentus)
C: speckled trout (aka cynoscion nebulosus)
D: rv-brook trout
E: brook trout (aka salvelinus fontinalis)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Additionally, concerns continue over the potential negative ecologic impacts of whirling disease on wild salmonid populations, particularly threatened or endangered salmonids such as bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'salvelinus confluentus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salvelinus curilus (salvelinus malma krascheninnikovi) (aka salvelinus curilus)
B: salvelinus fontinalis x salvelinus malma
C: salvelinus kronocius
D: salvelinus namaycush x salvelinus fontinalis
E: salmo confluentus (aka salvelinus confluentus)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Additionally, concerns continue over the potential negative ecologic impacts of whirling disease on wild salmonid populations, particularly threatened or endangered salmonids such as bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cutthroat trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmo stomias (aka oncorhynchus clarkii stomias)
B: sea trout (aka salmo trutta trutta)
C: lake ohrid brown trout (aka salmo letnica)
D: cutthroat trout (aka oncorhynchus clarkii)
E: colorado river cutthroat trout (aka oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Additionally, concerns continue over the potential negative ecologic impacts of whirling disease on wild salmonid populations, particularly threatened or endangered salmonids such as bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'oncorhynchus clarki'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oncorhynchus clarki pleuriticus (aka oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus)
B: oncorhynchus clarkii seleniris (oncorhynchus clarki seleniris) (aka oncorhynchus clarkii seleniris)
C: oncorhynchus clarki (aka oncorhynchus clarkii)
D: oncorhynchus clarki virginalis (aka oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis)
E: oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi (oncorhynchus clarki lewisi) (aka oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Additionally, concerns continue over the potential negative ecologic impacts of whirling disease on wild salmonid populations, particularly threatened or endangered salmonids such as bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'steelhead'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cottus grunniens (aka allenbatrachus grunniens)
B: salmo tshawytscha (aka oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
C: redhead (aka aythya americana)
D: salmo mykiss (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
E: scomber scombrus (atlantic mackerel) (aka scomber scombrus)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Additionally, concerns continue over the potential negative ecologic impacts of whirling disease on wild salmonid populations, particularly threatened or endangered salmonids such as bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'oncorhynchus mykiss'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmo mykiss (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
B: salmo gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
C: salmo gilae gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
D: oncorhynchus ishikawae (aka oncorhynchus masou ishikawae)
E: oncorhyncus kisutch (aka oncorhynchus kisutch)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context '[8,9].
Myxobolus cerebralis has a complex life cycle that includes two alternate hosts, a salmonid fish and an oligochaete worm, Tubifex tubifex [10,11].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'myxobolus cerebralis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: myxobolus flavus
B: myxobolus cerebralis
C: henneguya cerebralis
D: myxobolus lentisuturalis
E: myxobolus neurofontinalis
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context '[8,9].
Myxobolus cerebralis has a complex life cycle that includes two alternate hosts, a salmonid fish and an oligochaete worm, Tubifex tubifex [10,11].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'myxobolus cerebralis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: myxobolus neurophilus (myxosoma neurophila) (aka myxobolus neurophilus)
B: tylodelphys cerebralis
C: myxobolus flavus
D: myxobolus oralis
E: myxobolus lentisuturalis
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context '[8,9].
Myxobolus cerebralis has a complex life cycle that includes two alternate hosts, a salmonid fish and an oligochaete worm, Tubifex tubifex [10,11].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tubifex tubifex'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: tubifex benedii (aka tubificoides benedii)
B: tubifex tubifex complex sp. ceb
C: lumbricus tubifex (aka tubifex tubifex)
D: tubifex sp. cei
E: antipathozoanthus tubus
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Infection in the salmonid host begins when microscopic waterborne actinospore stages of M. cerebralis are released from the worm and contact the skin of the fish host.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'm. cerebralis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: micronisus
B: cranidium
C: glomus cerebriforme
D: cranistus
E: mesopeplum
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Actinospores, also referred to as triactinomyxons for M. cerebralis, attach preferentially to fins and the buccal cavity where they release one or more of three coiled polar filaments which penetrate and then anchor them to the epidermis[12].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'm. cerebralis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: gyrothrix encephalarti
B: encephalus
C: somniosus
D: cerebratulus
E: cranidium
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Death of infected fish or ingestion by fish or avian predators releases myxospores from the fish tissues and they may be ingested by the second host, the benthic dwelling oligochaete T. tubifex [19].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 't. tubifex'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: polyrhachis tubifex
B: unclassified tubifex
C: tubifex tubifex complex sp. ceb
D: tubifex cf. tubifex mk-2019
E: tubifex tubifex (lumbricus tubifex) (aka tubifex tubifex)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Susceptibility to whirling disease in U.S. rainbow trout strains is pervasive with only two of the tested native strains displaying any degree of resistance, which may be inconsistent and relatively moderate [21,22].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oncorhynchus mykiss (oncorhynchus nerka mykiss) (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
B: oncorhynchus gilae (salmo gilae) (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
C: golden trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita)
D: salmon trout (aka oncorhynchus masou)
E: river trout (aka salmo trutta fario)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Hatchery rainbow trout in Germany (Hofer strain), however, have acquired a degree of resistance to whirling disease that is consistently much higher than any domestic rainbow strains and comparable to that of brown trout (Salmon trutta), which are native to Europe and typically asymptomatic following infection [23].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: golden trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita)
B: salmo gilae gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
C: rainbow trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
D: trouts, salmons & chars (aka salmoninae)
E: brook trout (aka salvelinus fontinalis)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Hatchery rainbow trout in Germany (Hofer strain), however, have acquired a degree of resistance to whirling disease that is consistently much higher than any domestic rainbow strains and comparable to that of brown trout (Salmon trutta), which are native to Europe and typically asymptomatic following infection [23].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'brown trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cutthroat trout (aka oncorhynchus clarkii)
B: salmo gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
C: trouts, salmons & chars (aka salmoninae)
D: salmo trutta (river trout) (aka salmo trutta)
E: lake ohrid brown trout (aka salmo letnica)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Hatchery rainbow trout in Germany (Hofer strain), however, have acquired a degree of resistance to whirling disease that is consistently much higher than any domestic rainbow strains and comparable to that of brown trout (Salmon trutta), which are native to Europe and typically asymptomatic following infection [23].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'salmon trutta'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmo labrax (salmo trutta labrax) (aka salmo labrax)
B: australian salmon (aka arripis trutta)
C: atlantic salmon (aka salmo salar)
D: salmons and trouts (aka salmoniformes)
E: river trout (aka salmo trutta)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Laboratory tests comparing rainbow trout strains under the same environmental conditions and pathogen exposure indicate that the Hofer strain's ability to combat M. cerebralis infection has a genetic basis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oncorhynchus mykiss (oncorhynchus nerka mykiss) (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
B: oncorhynchus gilae (salmo gilae) (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
C: trouts, salmons & chars (aka salmoninae)
D: brook trout (aka salvelinus fontinalis)
E: salmons and trouts (aka salmoniformes)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Laboratory tests comparing rainbow trout strains under the same environmental conditions and pathogen exposure indicate that the Hofer strain's ability to combat M. cerebralis infection has a genetic basis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'm. cerebralis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: encephalartos
B: mesopeplum
C: mesopsocus
D: gyrothrix encephalarti
E: paraglomus
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Laboratory tests comparing rainbow trout strains under the same environmental conditions and pathogen exposure indicate that the Hofer strain's ability to combat M. cerebralis infection has a genetic basis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'm. cerebralis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: gyrothrix encephalarti
B: paracephaleus
C: mesopsocus
D: cerebratulus
E: micronisus
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Recently, controlled crosses of the Hofer strain and a susceptible strain (Colorado River rainbow trout [CRR]) demonstrated that resistance to whirling disease was inherited by progeny [24] and heritability estimates are currently underway.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: brook trout (aka salvelinus fontinalis)
B: gila trout (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
C: salmo trutta trutta (sea trout) (aka salmo trutta trutta)
D: salmo gilae gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
E: oncorhynchus mykiss (oncorhynchus nerka mykiss) (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The discovery of the resistant Hofer strain allowed us to conduct an intraspecific comparison of susceptible and resistant rainbow trout in order to gain insight into the genetic basis underlying whirling disease susceptibility for this species.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: river trout (aka salmo trutta fario)
B: salmo gilae gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
C: salmo mykiss (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
D: trouts, salmons & chars (aka salmoninae)
E: salmo trutta (river trout) (aka salmo trutta)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In this study, microarray analysis was used to examine expression changes in a resistant and susceptible strain of rainbow trout following exposure to M. cerebralis, the pathogen causing whirling disease.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: river trout (aka salmo trutta)
B: salmo gilae gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
C: gila trout (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
D: salmo mykiss (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
E: river trout (aka salmo trutta fario)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In this study, microarray analysis was used to examine expression changes in a resistant and susceptible strain of rainbow trout following exposure to M. cerebralis, the pathogen causing whirling disease.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'm. cerebralis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: somniosus
B: encephalartos
C: falco tinnunculus interstinctus (falco interstinctus) (aka falco tinnunculus interstinctus)
D: cerebratulus
E: cranistus
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We have also found a gene which is significantly up-regulated in the resistant but remains unchanged in the susceptible rainbow trout strain following pathogen exposure that is a likely candidate gene for involvement in conferring whirling disease resistance.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: river trout (aka salmo trutta)
B: rainbow trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
C: salmon trout (aka oncorhynchus masou)
D: river trout (aka salmo trutta fario)
E: sea trout (aka salmo trutta trutta)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Results and Discussion
Quantitative PCR conducted on caudal fin tissues at two hours post exposure to M. cerebralis demonstrated each fish strain had similar initial pathogen loads, although there was substantial variation between individual fish within each strain.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'm. cerebralis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: somniosus
B: striatula
C: paregle
D: paracephaleus
E: cerebratulus
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These mean values and standard deviations are similar to those obtained in additional studies of susceptible rainbow trout when examined at early time points post TAM exposure (unpublished data).
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rainbow trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
B: salmons and trouts (aka salmoniformes)
C: salmo trutta (river trout) (aka salmo trutta)
D: golden trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita)
E: gila trout (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In order to study genes involved in whirling disease response, resistant and susceptible rainbow trout strains were exposed to M. cerebralis and RNA from skin tissue was converted to cDNA and hybridized onto microarrays.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: golden trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita)
B: river trout (aka salmo trutta fario)
C: salmo trutta (river trout) (aka salmo trutta)
D: rainbow trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
E: salmon trout (aka oncorhynchus masou)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In order to study genes involved in whirling disease response, resistant and susceptible rainbow trout strains were exposed to M. cerebralis and RNA from skin tissue was converted to cDNA and hybridized onto microarrays.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'm. cerebralis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: striatula
B: neurocallis
C: gyrothrix encephalarti
D: cerebratulus
E: neuroctenus
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A combined total of 17 genes or features (14 annotated genes, 3 unknown features) were differentially expressed in one or both strains following pathogen exposure and are involved with rainbow trout infection response to whirling disease exposure.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: trouts, salmons & chars (aka salmoninae)
B: japanese salmon (aka oncorhynchus masou)
C: oncorhynchus mykiss (oncorhynchus nerka mykiss) (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
D: salmo keta (aka oncorhynchus keta)
E: sea trout (aka salmo trutta trutta)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A combined total of 17 genes or features (14 annotated genes, 3 unknown features) were differentially expressed in one or both strains following pathogen exposure and are involved with rainbow trout infection response to whirling disease exposure.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: japanese salmon (aka oncorhynchus masou)
B: salmo keta (aka oncorhynchus keta)
C: salmo trutta (river trout) (aka salmo trutta)
D: salmo trutta trutta (sea trout) (aka salmo trutta trutta)
E: brook trout (aka salvelinus fontinalis)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It is our hope that future genome sequencing will enable the construction of more comprehensive microarray platforms for economically important aquaculture species, such as Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'atlantic salmon'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: black sea salmon (aka salmo labrax)
B: salmo salar (atlantic salmon) (aka salmo salar)
C: sockeye salmon (aka oncorhynchus nerka)
D: king salmon (aka oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
E: salmoneus
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It is our hope that future genome sequencing will enable the construction of more comprehensive microarray platforms for economically important aquaculture species, such as Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: river trout (aka salmo trutta fario)
B: salmon trout (aka oncorhynchus masou)
C: oncorhynchus mykiss (oncorhynchus nerka mykiss) (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
D: salmo trutta trutta (sea trout) (aka salmo trutta trutta)
E: salmons and trouts (aka salmoniformes)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Additionally, the comparison of two rainbow trout strains (i.e., resistant versus susceptible) added another layer of complexity to the analysis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmon trout (aka oncorhynchus masou)
B: golden trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita)
C: salmo gilae gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
D: salmo trutta trutta (sea trout) (aka salmo trutta trutta)
E: salmo mykiss (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) induced protein and neighbor of COX-4 are the only annotated genes without known molecular functions.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv (aka viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus))
B: epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus ehd (aka epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus)
C: viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (strain 07-71) (aka viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus 07-71)
D: haemorrhagic kidney syndrome virus
E: infectious hemorrhagic syndrome virus
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) induced protein and neighbor of COX-4 are the only annotated genes without known molecular functions.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'vhsv'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: vibrio phage vb_vhas-vhb1
B: harvey murine sarcoma virus
C: haemorrhagic septicemia virus (aka viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus)
D: vhml-like phages (aka vhmlvirus)
E: vhulanivirus
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The interferon system is one of the first lines of host defense against invading pathogens for vertebrates (for review see [26]), including teleost fish (for review see [27]).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'teleost fish'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: vertebrates (aka vertebrata <vertebrates>)
B: ray-finned fishes (aka actinopterygii)
C: zebra fish (aka danio rerio)
D: teleostean fish (aka teleost fish)
E: pisciforma
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Other economically important salmonid pathogens, such as infectious pancreatic necrosis virus and infectious salmon anaemia virus have been found to activate both type I and type II interferon (IFN) responses in the Atlantic salmon host following infection [28].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'infectious pancreatic necrosis virus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: infectious pancreatic necrosis virus - n1 (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (strain n1)) (aka infectious pancreatic necrosis virus - n1)
B: infectious pancreatic necrosis virus - he
C: infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (serotype jasper) (aka infectious pancreatic necrosis virus - jasper)
D: infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (serotype a6) (aka infectious pancreatic necrosis virus serotype a6)
E: ipnv (aka infectious pancreatic necrosis virus) (aka infectious pancreatic necrosis virus)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Other economically important salmonid pathogens, such as infectious pancreatic necrosis virus and infectious salmon anaemia virus have been found to activate both type I and type II interferon (IFN) responses in the Atlantic salmon host following infection [28].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'infectious salmon anaemia virus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: isavirus salaris (salmon isavirus) (aka isavirus salaris)
B: atlantic salmon paramyxovirus (aka salmon aquaparamyxovirus)
C: aquareovirus salmonis (group a aquareoviruses) (aka aquareovirus salmonis)
D: atlantic salmon respirovirus
E: infectious salmon anemia virus (isav (aka infectious salmon anemia virus))
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Other economically important salmonid pathogens, such as infectious pancreatic necrosis virus and infectious salmon anaemia virus have been found to activate both type I and type II interferon (IFN) responses in the Atlantic salmon host following infection [28].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'atlantic salmon'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmonid fish
B: sockeye salmon (aka oncorhynchus nerka)
C: salmoneus
D: salmo salar (atlantic salmon) (aka salmo salar)
E: black sea salmon (aka salmo labrax)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The PPAR-α-interacting complex protein 285 is a transcriptional co-activator with helicase activity [48] and has sequence similarity to a rainbow trout VHSV-induced protein.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmo mykiss (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
B: sea trout (aka salmo trutta trutta)
C: salmo keta (aka oncorhynchus keta)
D: golden trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita)
E: river trout (aka salmo trutta)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The PPAR-α-interacting complex protein 285 is a transcriptional co-activator with helicase activity [48] and has sequence similarity to a rainbow trout VHSV-induced protein.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: brook trout (aka salvelinus fontinalis)
B: sea trout (aka salmo trutta trutta)
C: salmo gilae gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
D: salmon trout (aka oncorhynchus masou)
E: golden trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The PPAR-α-interacting complex protein 285 is a transcriptional co-activator with helicase activity [48] and has sequence similarity to a rainbow trout VHSV-induced protein.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'vhsv'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: haemorrhagic septicemia virus (aka viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus)
B: vector vhb
C: vhulanivirus
D: vibrio virus vhml (aka vhmlvirus vhml)
E: vibrio harveyi bacteriophage vhml (aka vibrio phage vhml)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A critical phase in the early stages of M. cerebralis infection in trout is invasion and intracellular replication, processes that begin as early as one hour post exposure to triactinomyxons [16].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'm. cerebralis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: striatula
B: gyrothrix encephalarti
C: encephalartos
D: somniosus
E: micronisus
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A role for accumulated ubiquinated proteins in the lysosome in the killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has recently been described that has implications for a range of intracellular infections [58] and some similar responses to infection may be occurring for both resistant and susceptible strains.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'mycobacterium tuberculosis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacterium (aka mycobacterium tuberculosis complex sp.)
B: mycobacterium tuberculosis bc (mycobacterium tuberculosis strain bc) (aka mycobacterium tuberculosis bc)
C: mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis (aka mycobacterium tuberculosis)
D: mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rvae
E: mycobacterium tuberculosis strain h37rv (aka mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Evaluations by light microscopy and qPCR for M. cerebralis genomic DNA of Hofer and Trout Lodge rainbow trout exposed to triactinomyxons demonstrates Hofer more efficiently eliminates invading parasites in the skin (M. Adkison, pers.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'm. cerebralis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: encephalus
B: paregle
C: neurocallis
D: mesopsocus
E: paracephaleus
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Evaluations by light microscopy and qPCR for M. cerebralis genomic DNA of Hofer and Trout Lodge rainbow trout exposed to triactinomyxons demonstrates Hofer more efficiently eliminates invading parasites in the skin (M. Adkison, pers.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rainbow trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
B: salmo trutta (river trout) (aka salmo trutta)
C: trouts, salmons & chars (aka salmoninae)
D: black sea salmon (aka salmo labrax)
E: oncorhynchus gilae (salmo gilae) (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A role for host immune factors in the elimination of invading parasites, even in susceptible rainbow trout strains, is suggested by several prior light and electron microscopy studies that demonstrate an increase in degenerative stages in the skin beginning as early as 12 h and then their elimination by 24 h post-exposure to triactinomyxons [12,16,63].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: river trout (aka salmo trutta)
B: trouts, salmons & chars (aka salmoninae)
C: golden trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita)
D: oncorhynchus mykiss (oncorhynchus nerka mykiss) (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
E: salmo gilae gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For instance, metallothionein's role as a zinc-finger transcriptional regulator [64] may dramatically alter the expression profiles between resistant and susceptible rainbow trout.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: river trout (aka salmo trutta)
B: brook trout (aka salvelinus fontinalis)
C: oncorhynchus mykiss (oncorhynchus nerka mykiss) (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
D: salmons and trouts (aka salmoniformes)
E: river trout (aka salmo trutta fario)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Given the high degree of statistical support and biological relevance of the candidate genes, we believe this study provides initial insight into rainbow trout genes and pathways responding to whirling disease infection and identifies the first candidate genes for whirling disease resistance.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmo keta (aka oncorhynchus keta)
B: salmons and trouts (aka salmoniformes)
C: salmo gilae gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
D: rainbow trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
E: sea trout (aka salmo trutta trutta)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For instance, metallothionein's role as a zinc-finger transcriptional regulator [64] may dramatically alter the expression profiles between resistant and susceptible rainbow trout.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: sea trout (aka salmo trutta trutta)
B: salmons and trouts (aka salmoniformes)
C: oncorhynchus mykiss (oncorhynchus nerka mykiss) (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
D: trouts, salmons & chars (aka salmoninae)
E: golden trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Conclusion
The present study has provided the first examination into the genetic basis underlying rainbow trout's immune response and resistance to the whirling disease pathogen.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: sea trout (aka salmo trutta trutta)
B: golden trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita)
C: trouts, salmons & chars (aka salmoninae)
D: salmo gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
E: oncorhynchus mykiss (oncorhynchus nerka mykiss) (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Conclusion
The present study has provided the first examination into the genetic basis underlying rainbow trout's immune response and resistance to the whirling disease pathogen.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmo trutta trutta (sea trout) (aka salmo trutta trutta)
B: golden trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita)
C: salmo keta (aka oncorhynchus keta)
D: salmo gilae gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
E: salmons and trouts (aka salmoniformes)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Several genes were significantly up-regulated in skin following pathogen exposure for both the resistant Hofer and susceptible Trout Lodge rainbow trout strains.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmo trutta (river trout) (aka salmo trutta)
B: rainbow trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
C: brook trout (aka salvelinus fontinalis)
D: salmo gilae gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
E: salmons and trouts (aka salmoniformes)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Methods
Animal care, pathogen exposure, and RNA preparation
Hofer and Trout Lodge rainbow trout strains were reared in 35 gallon aquaria with 15°C flow-through well water for nine weeks post-hatch, with each fish weighing approximately 6.5 grams prior to pathogen exposure.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmo trutta (river trout) (aka salmo trutta)
B: salmons and trouts (aka salmoniformes)
C: salmon trout (aka oncorhynchus masou)
D: rainbow trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
E: salmo gilae gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These arrays contain 13,421 Atlantic salmon and 2,576 rainbow trout cDNA features and have been successfully used for several previous rainbow trout gene expression studies [70-73].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'atlantic salmon'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: coho salmon (aka oncorhynchus kisutch)
B: trouts, salmons & chars (aka salmoninae)
C: salmonid fish
D: salmo salar (atlantic salmon) (aka salmo salar)
E: salmonids (aka salmonidae)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These arrays contain 13,421 Atlantic salmon and 2,576 rainbow trout cDNA features and have been successfully used for several previous rainbow trout gene expression studies [70-73].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmons and trouts (aka salmoniformes)
B: salmo mykiss (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
C: salmo trutta trutta (sea trout) (aka salmo trutta trutta)
D: salmo trutta (river trout) (aka salmo trutta)
E: salmo gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These arrays contain 13,421 Atlantic salmon and 2,576 rainbow trout cDNA features and have been successfully used for several previous rainbow trout gene expression studies [70-73].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: black sea salmon (aka salmo labrax)
B: brook trout (aka salvelinus fontinalis)
C: river trout (aka salmo trutta)
D: salmo gilae gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
E: salmo mykiss (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For each rainbow trout strain, competitive hybridization was conducted on every array using equal amounts (8 μg) of differentially labeled aRNA from one control fish and one exposed fish.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmo keta (aka oncorhynchus keta)
B: salmo trutta trutta (sea trout) (aka salmo trutta trutta)
C: trouts, salmons & chars (aka salmoninae)
D: oncorhynchus mykiss (oncorhynchus nerka mykiss) (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
E: salmons and trouts (aka salmoniformes)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) software package [75] was used to identify differentially expressed genes between exposed and unexposed control fish for each rainbow trout strain.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rainbow trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmo gilae gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae gilae)
B: black sea salmon (aka salmo labrax)
C: salmo keta (aka oncorhynchus keta)
D: salmo mykiss (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
E: river trout (aka salmo trutta fario)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In situ hybridization indicates the photoreceptor layer has the highest level of P2Y2 receptor of any region in the rabbit retina, although staining was not pronounced in monkey', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rabbit'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: bovidae
B: ox (aka bos taurus) (aka bos taurus)
C: lepus cuniculus (aka oryctolagus cuniculus)
D: cattle (aka bos)
E: european hare (aka lepus europaeus)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A2 receptors have been recognized on cultured and fresh RPE cells for some time [26, 27], with in situ hybridization confirming the presence of A2A receptors in rat RPE', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rat'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rats (aka rattus sp.) (aka rattus sp.)
B: mus norvegicus (aka rattus norvegicus)
C: rattus (rats (aka rattus))
D: rattus rattoides (aka rattus rattus)
E: rattus norvegicus albus
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although adenosine alone does not increase intracellular Ca2+ levels [31], adenosine acts synergistically with ATP to elevate Ca2+ levels in human RPE cells by stimulating both A1 and A2A receptors', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'human'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: genus
B: human (aka homo sapiens)
C: kingdom
D: species
E: eutherian mammals (aka eutheria)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although adenosine alone does not increase intracellular Ca2+ levels [31], adenosine acts synergistically with ATP to elevate Ca2+ levels in human RPE cells by stimulating both A1 and A2A receptors', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'human'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: animals (aka metazoa)
B: suborder
C: kingdom
D: probles
E: homo (humans) (aka homo)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The P2Y2 receptor was initially characterized in cultured human RPE', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'human'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cellular organisms (biota) (aka cellular organisms)
B: species
C: primate (aka primates)
D: kingdom
E: human (aka homo sapiens)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context '[31], with subsequent reports localizing transcript for P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, and P2Y6 in the rat RPE/choroid', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rat'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rat (aka rattus) (aka rattus)
B: rattus norvegicus albus
C: rattus sp. (rats (aka rattus sp.))
D: norway rat (aka rattus norvegicus)
E: rattus rattoides (aka rattus pyctoris)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context '[40], and functionally identifying a P2X receptor in rat RPE cells [41].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rat'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rat (aka rattus) (aka rattus)
B: house rat (aka rattus rattus)
C: norway rat (aka rattus norvegicus)
D: rats (aka rattus sp.) (aka rattus sp.)
E: rattus norvegicus albus
F: None of the above. | C |
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