instruction stringlengths 145 921 | input stringlengths 76 601 | response stringclasses 6 values |
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<Instruct>: Given the context 'For example, aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus has been studied intensively because this mycotoxin is highly toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic in humans and animals.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'humans'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: homo sapiens neanderthalensis (homo neanderthalensis) (aka homo sapiens neanderthalensis)
B: human louse (aka pediculus humanus)
C: homo sapiens (human) (aka homo sapiens)
D: gymnopleurus humanus
E: pediculus humanus humanus (aka pediculus humanus corporis)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites used in host plant recognition by insects specialized on Brassicaceae, such as the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'diamondback moth'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pine moth (aka dendrolimus spectabilis)
B: bombus defector
C: greater red dart moth (aka abagrotis alternata)
D: diamondback moth (aka plutella xylostella)
E: yellow-striped armyworm moth (aka spodoptera ornithogalli)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites used in host plant recognition by insects specialized on Brassicaceae, such as the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'dbm'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: brachymyrmex
B: brachymyrmex degener
C: bulimus dubiosus (aka moricandia fusiformis)
D: bombyx densonucleosis virus (aka bombyx mori densovirus)
E: bombus breviceps (bombus dentatus) (aka bombus breviceps)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites used in host plant recognition by insects specialized on Brassicaceae, such as the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'plutella xylostella'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: plutella xylostella nucleopolyhedrovirus
B: plutella porrectella (plutella (pseudoplutella) porrectella) (aka plutella porrectella)
C: phyllonorycter lautella (lithocolletis lautella) (aka phyllonorycter lautella)
D: pluteus xanthophaeus (aka pluteus galeroides)
E: diamondback moth (aka plutella xylostella)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites used in host plant recognition by insects specialized on Brassicaceae, such as the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'plutella xylostella'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: plutella xylostella granulovirus
B: plutella karsholtella
C: plutella xylostella nucleopolyhedrovirus
D: plutella australiana
E: plutella geniatella
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'DBM oviposits extensively on Barbarea vulgaris, despite its larvae not being able to survive on this plant because of its content of feeding-deterrent saponins.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'dbm'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: brachymyrmex bruchi
B: brabejum
C: bumba
D: dibamus
E: bombus terrestris dalmatinus
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'DBM oviposits extensively on Barbarea vulgaris, despite its larvae not being able to survive on this plant because of its content of feeding-deterrent saponins.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'barbarea vulgaris'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: barbarea verna (early winter cress) (aka barbarea verna)
B: barbarea intermedia
C: barbus fluviatilis (barbel) (aka barbus fluviatilis)
D: yellow rocket (aka barbarea vulgaris)
E: barbarea australis
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Our research is also the first to quantify glucosinolates on the leaf surface of a crucifer, and to show that the concentrations of glucosinolates found on the leaf surface of Barbarea spp. are sufficient to be perceived by ovipositing DBM.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'dbm'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dibamus
B: bulimus dubiosus (aka moricandia fusiformis)
C: bombus brodmannicus
D: brachymyrmex
E: male bamboo (aka dendrocalamus strictus)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Floret initiation, tissue expansion and carbon availability at the meristem of the sunflower capitulum as affected by water or light deficits.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'sunflower'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: globeflower (aka trollius europaeus)
B: san diego sunflower (aka hulsea californica)
C: helianthus annuus (common sunflower) (aka helianthus annuus)
D: muskflower (aka erythranthe moschata)
E: helianthus hirsutus
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context '* The co-ordination between floret initiation and meristem expansion, and their relationships with carbon availability, were studied and quantified in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants subjected to light or water shortages.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'sunflower'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: helianthus uniflorus
B: moonflower (aka ipomoea alba)
C: common sunflower (aka helianthus annuus)
D: suniotrichus
E: suncus niger (hill shrew) (aka suncus niger)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context '* The co-ordination between floret initiation and meristem expansion, and their relationships with carbon availability, were studied and quantified in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants subjected to light or water shortages.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'helianthus annuus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: helianthus annuus (common sunflower) (aka helianthus annuus)
B: helianthus pumilus
C: helianthus heterophyllus
D: helianthus strumosus
E: helianthus mollis
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Previously, we purified the native POP of Cyanidioschyzon merolae (CmPOP) from whole cellular extracts and showed that CmPOP has DNA polymerase activity with a high processivity and a 3'-5' exonuclease activity, and its expression is related to cell proliferation.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cyanidioschyzon merolae'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cixius meridionalis
B: cyanidioschyzon merolae strain 10d
C: cyanidioschyzon merolae
D: melanozetes meridianus
E: cyathea meridionalis
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In rice, the recombinant protein of POP has activities found in CmPOP, and high fidelity of POP has also been demonstrated.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rice'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: australian wild rice (aka oryza meridionalis)
B: oryza officinalis
C: oryza sativa (asian cultivated rice) (aka oryza sativa)
D: african rice (aka oryza glaberrima)
E: oryza
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila contains a single gene for a putative POP (TetPOP).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tetrahymena thermophila'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pseudozobellia thermophila
B: stilbella thermophila (aka remersonia thermophila)
C: bythinella thermophila
D: tepidiforma thermophila
E: tetrahymena thermophila
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Sensitivity to phosphonoacetate and dideoxyTTP was examined in POPs (TetPOP and CmPOP) or POP-containing organelles (chloroplasts of Arabidopsis) and other polymerases (DNA polymerase I and mitochondria of rat liver, which contain Polgamma), and the results suggest that high sensitivity to phosphonoacetate is unique to POPs in Family-A DNA polymerases.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'arabidopsis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: arabidopsis thaliana x arabidopsis halleri
B: plantago australis
C: arabidopsis thaliana x arabidopsis lyrata
D: arabidopsis arenosa x arabidopsis thaliana
E: arabidopsis thaliana (mouse-ear cress) (aka arabidopsis thaliana)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Sensitivity to phosphonoacetate and dideoxyTTP was examined in POPs (TetPOP and CmPOP) or POP-containing organelles (chloroplasts of Arabidopsis) and other polymerases (DNA polymerase I and mitochondria of rat liver, which contain Polgamma), and the results suggest that high sensitivity to phosphonoacetate is unique to POPs in Family-A DNA polymerases.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'arabidopsis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: arabidopsis (cardaminopsis) (aka arabidopsis)
B: plantago afra (african plantain) (aka plantago afra)
C: plantago africana
D: arabidopsis thaliana x arabidopsis lyrata
E: arabidopsis thaliana x arabidopsis halleri
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Sensitivity to phosphonoacetate and dideoxyTTP was examined in POPs (TetPOP and CmPOP) or POP-containing organelles (chloroplasts of Arabidopsis) and other polymerases (DNA polymerase I and mitochondria of rat liver, which contain Polgamma), and the results suggest that high sensitivity to phosphonoacetate is unique to POPs in Family-A DNA polymerases.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rat'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: polynesian rat (aka rattus exulans)
B: norway rat (aka rattus norvegicus)
C: rats (aka rattus) (aka rattus)
D: long-haired rat (aka rattus villosissimus)
E: rattus satarae (rattus rattus satarae) (aka rattus satarae)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Identification of a mastigoneme protein from Phytophthora nicotianae.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'phytophthora nicotianae'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: phytophthora nicotianae (phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae) (aka phytophthora nicotianae)
B: phytophthora europaea
C: phytophthora nimia
D: phytophthora rhizophorae
E: phytophthora vignae
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Immunoprecipitation experiments using antibodies directed towards mastigonemes on the flagella of zoospores of Phytophthora nicotianae have facilitated the cloning of a gene encoding a mastigoneme shaft protein in this Oomycete.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'phytophthora nicotianae'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: phytophthora panamensis
B: phytophthora nicotianae (phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae) (aka phytophthora nicotianae)
C: phytophthora vietnamensis
D: phytophthora gallica
E: phytophthora phaseoli
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These proteins are similar in sequence to mastigoneme proteins in other stramenopile protists including the algae Ochromonas danica, Aureococcus anophagefferens and Scytosiphon lomentaria and the diatoms', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'ochromonas danica'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ochromonas danica
B: ochromonas tuberculata
C: helvella danica
D: ochromonas marina
E: ochromonas perlata
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These proteins are similar in sequence to mastigoneme proteins in other stramenopile protists including the algae Ochromonas danica, Aureococcus anophagefferens and Scytosiphon lomentaria and the diatoms', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'aureococcus anophagefferens'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: aquilegia aurea
B: altererythrobacter amylolyticus (aka tsuneonella amylolytica)
C: altererythrobacter aurantiacus (aka parapontixanthobacter aurantiacus)
D: aureococcus anophagefferens
E: aureimonas flava
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These proteins are similar in sequence to mastigoneme proteins in other stramenopile protists including the algae Ochromonas danica, Aureococcus anophagefferens and Scytosiphon lomentaria and the diatoms', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'scytosiphon lomentaria'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: scutellaria glabriuscula
B: fucus lomentarius (aka scytosiphon lomentaria)
C: ichneumon stramentarius
D: scutellaria poecilantha
E: cleoceris scoriacea (bombyx scoriacea) (aka cleoceris scoriacea)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thalassiosira pseudonana and T. weissflogii.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'thalassiosira pseudonana'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: thalassiosira tealata
B: thalassiosira oceanica
C: thalassiosira curviseriata
D: thalassiosira pseudonana
E: thalassiosira pacifica
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thalassiosira pseudonana and T. weissflogii.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 't. weissflogii'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: typhonium wilbertii
B: weissella fermenti
C: thalassiosira fluviatilis (aka conticribra weissflogii)
D: weissella tructae
E: weissia fugax (aka rhabdoweisia fugax)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Dynamic behaviour of stationary pronuclei during their positioning in Paramecium caudatum.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'paramecium caudatum'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: paramecium
B: paramecium caudatum
C: phragmipedium caudatum
D: paramecium bursaria
E: pleioplectron caudatum
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'During conjugation of Paramecium caudatum, there are two well-known stages when nuclear migration occurs.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'paramecium caudatum'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: chasmopodium caudatum (rottboellia caudata) (aka chasmopodium caudatum)
B: diplazium caudatum
C: entodinium caudatum
D: paramecium bursaria
E: paramecium caudatum
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'During conjugation of Paramecium caudatum, there are two well-known stages when nuclear migration occurs.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'paramecium caudatum'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: poterium caudatum (aka bencomia caudata)
B: colpodidium caudatum
C: tetroplon caudatum
D: lycoperdon caudatum
E: paramecium chlorelligerum
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In this experiment, the process of the third prezygotic division of P. caudatum was studied with the help of protargol staining.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'p. caudatum'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: perithalia caudata (fucus caudata) (aka perithalia caudata)
B: phragmatopoma caudata
C: paramecium caudatum
D: pleioplectron caudatum
E: tetroplon caudatum
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This fosters the synkaryon formation of P. caudatum.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'p. caudatum'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: colpodidium caudatum
B: paramecium caudatum
C: canarium caudatum
D: prorocentrum dentatum
E: macroptilium pedatum (phaseolus pedatus) (aka macroptilium pedatum)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context '2. We used 12 years of comprehensive demographic data from a declining ring ouzel (Turdus torquatus) population to estimate the mean, variance and covariance in all major demographic rates and estimate potential and realized demographic contributions to lambda.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'ring ouzel'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: tinea atrella (aka oxypteryx atrella)
B: blind ringlet (aka erebia pharte)
C: red ring nematode (aka bursaphelenchus cocophilus)
D: annona
E: annona neoelliptica (rollinia elliptica) (aka annona neoelliptica)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context '2. We used 12 years of comprehensive demographic data from a declining ring ouzel (Turdus torquatus) population to estimate the mean, variance and covariance in all major demographic rates and estimate potential and realized demographic contributions to lambda.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'turdus torquatus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: turdus plumbeus
B: turdus fumigatus
C: turdus torquatus
D: turdus anthracinus
E: turdus pilaris
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Adaptive trade-offs in juvenile salmonid metabolism associated with habitat partitioning between coho salmon and steelhead trout in coastal streams.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'coho salmon'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: black sea salmon (aka salmo labrax)
B: oncorhyncus kisutch (aka oncorhynchus kisutch)
C: salmo mykiss (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
D: salmo gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
E: salmo salar (atlantic salmon) (aka salmo salar)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Adaptive trade-offs in juvenile salmonid metabolism associated with habitat partitioning between coho salmon and steelhead trout in coastal streams.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'steelhead trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oncorhynchus masou (japanese salmon) (aka oncorhynchus masou)
B: salmo mykiss macdonaldi (aka oncorhynchus clarkii macdonaldi)
C: flathead trout (aka salmo platycephalus)
D: salmo gairdneri (aka oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri)
E: salmo mykiss (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We measured and compared SMR, maximal metabolic rate (MMR), aerobic scope (AS), swim performance (UCrit) and growth of juvenile hatchery and wild steelhead and coho salmon held on high- and low-food rations in order to better understand the potential significance of variation in SMR to growth, differentiation between species, and patterns of habitat use along a productivity gradient.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'steelhead'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rainbow trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
B: salmo nelsoni (aka oncorhynchus mykiss nelsoni)
C: golden redfish (aka sebastes norvegicus)
D: black sea salmon (aka salmo labrax)
E: salmo migratorius (aka coregonus migratorius)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We measured and compared SMR, maximal metabolic rate (MMR), aerobic scope (AS), swim performance (UCrit) and growth of juvenile hatchery and wild steelhead and coho salmon held on high- and low-food rations in order to better understand the potential significance of variation in SMR to growth, differentiation between species, and patterns of habitat use along a productivity gradient.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'coho salmon'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: sockeye salmon (aka oncorhynchus nerka)
B: salmo nasus (aka coregonus nasus)
C: oncorhyncus kisutch (aka oncorhynchus kisutch)
D: salmon trout (aka oncorhynchus masou)
E: oncorhynchus keta (chum salmon) (aka oncorhynchus keta)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We found that differences in SMR, MMR, AS, swim performance and growth rate between steelhead trout and coho salmon were reduced in hatchery-reared fish compared with wild fish.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'steelhead trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rainbow trout (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
B: oncorhynchus masou (japanese salmon) (aka oncorhynchus masou)
C: sea trout (aka salmo trutta trutta)
D: salmo tshawytscha (aka oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
E: river trout (aka salmo trutta)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We found that differences in SMR, MMR, AS, swim performance and growth rate between steelhead trout and coho salmon were reduced in hatchery-reared fish compared with wild fish.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'coho salmon'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oncorhynchus kisutch (oncorhyncus kisutch) (aka oncorhynchus kisutch)
B: salmo mykiss (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
C: salmo oxyrinchus (aka coregonus oxyrinchus)
D: salmo nasus (aka coregonus nasus)
E: salmo migratorius (aka coregonus migratorius)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We found that differences in SMR, MMR, AS, swim performance and growth rate between steelhead trout and coho salmon were reduced in hatchery-reared fish compared with wild fish.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'coho salmon'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oncorhynchus gilae (salmo gilae) (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
B: salmo salar (atlantic salmon) (aka salmo salar)
C: salmo mykiss (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
D: salmon trout (aka oncorhynchus masou)
E: salmo migratorius (aka coregonus migratorius)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Wild steelhead had a higher MMR, AS, swim performance and growth rate than wild coho, but adaptations between species do not appear to involve differences in SMR or to trade-off increased growth rate against lower swim performance, as commonly observed for high-growth strains.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'steelhead'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: black sea salmon (aka salmo labrax)
B: golden redfish (aka sebastes norvegicus)
C: yellowmouth rockfish (aka sebastes reedi)
D: rock stickleback (aka xiphister mucosus)
E: salmo mykiss (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Wild steelhead had a higher MMR, AS, swim performance and growth rate than wild coho, but adaptations between species do not appear to involve differences in SMR or to trade-off increased growth rate against lower swim performance, as commonly observed for high-growth strains.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'coho'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: chroococcus
B: cohnella soli
C: cohnella
D: coho salmon (aka oncorhynchus kisutch)
E: corvus cayanus (aka cyanocorax cayanus)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Instead, we hypothesize that wild steelhead may be trading off higher growth rate for lower food consumption efficiency, similar to strategies adopted by anadromous vs. resident brook trout and Atlantic salmon vs. brook trout.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'steelhead'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: golden redfish (aka sebastes norvegicus)
B: black sea salmon (aka salmo labrax)
C: yellowmouth rockfish (aka sebastes reedi)
D: red whalefish (aka barbourisia rufa)
E: salmo mykiss (aka oncorhynchus mykiss)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Instead, we hypothesize that wild steelhead may be trading off higher growth rate for lower food consumption efficiency, similar to strategies adopted by anadromous vs. resident brook trout and Atlantic salmon vs. brook trout.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'brook trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmo gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
B: salmoneus brucei
C: salmon trout (aka oncorhynchus masou)
D: sea trout (aka salmo trutta trutta)
E: brook trout (aka salvelinus fontinalis)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Instead, we hypothesize that wild steelhead may be trading off higher growth rate for lower food consumption efficiency, similar to strategies adopted by anadromous vs. resident brook trout and Atlantic salmon vs. brook trout.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'atlantic salmon'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: coho salmon (aka oncorhynchus kisutch)
B: salmo salar (atlantic salmon) (aka salmo salar)
C: salmonids (aka salmonidae)
D: oncorhynchus gilae (salmo gilae) (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
E: oncorhynchus nerka (sockeye salmon) (aka oncorhynchus nerka)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Instead, we hypothesize that wild steelhead may be trading off higher growth rate for lower food consumption efficiency, similar to strategies adopted by anadromous vs. resident brook trout and Atlantic salmon vs. brook trout.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'brook trout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: salmo gilae (aka oncorhynchus gilae)
B: river trout (aka salmo trutta)
C: brook trout (aka salvelinus fontinalis)
D: abant trout (aka salmo abanticus)
E: lake ohrid brown trout (aka salmo letnica)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context '2. We used 27 years of longitudinal data collected on tawny owls with estimates of prey density (field voles) from Kielder Forest (UK) to investigate how prey density at birth affects ageing patterns in reproduction and survival.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tawny owls'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rusty-barred owl (aka strix hylophila)
B: ashy-faced owl (aka tyto glaucops)
C: strix nebulosa (great grey owl) (aka strix nebulosa)
D: desert tawny owl (aka strix hadorami)
E: tawny owl (aka strix aluco)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context '3. Natal conditions experienced by tawny owls, measured in terms of vole density, dramatically varied among cohorts and explained 87% of the deviance in first-year apparent survival (annual estimates ranging from 0*07 to 0*33).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tawny owls'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: bubo (eagle owls) (aka bubo)
B: eurasian eagle owl (aka bubo bubo)
C: strix nebulosa (great grey owl) (aka strix nebulosa)
D: tawny owl (aka strix aluco)
E: northern barred owl (aka strix varia)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We found no evidence for tawny owls born in years with low prey density having accelerated rates of senescence.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tawny owls'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: eurasian eagle owl (aka bubo bubo)
B: bubo (eagle owls) (aka bubo)
C: tawny owl (aka strix aluco)
D: northern barred owl (aka strix varia)
E: silky owl (aka taenaris catops)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Here, we briefly review field experiments examining competition in ant assemblages and use a removal experiment to test the effect of the classical territorial dominant ant, Formica aquilonia.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'formica aquilonia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: meunieriella aquilonia
B: formica foreli
C: bactrocera aquilonis (strumeta aquilonis) (aka bactrocera aquilonis)
D: formica aquilonia
E: myrsine aquilonia
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Here, we briefly review field experiments examining competition in ant assemblages and use a removal experiment to test the effect of the classical territorial dominant ant, Formica aquilonia.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'formica aquilonia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: monanthotaxis aquila
B: torresitrachia aquilonia
C: malandena aquilonia (aka pravonitor aquilonius)
D: meunieriella aquilonia
E: cybaeus aquilonalis
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'First, we used pitfall traps to compare the abundance of other ants in replicated sites with low and high densities of F. aquilonia.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'f. aquilonia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: formica aquilonia
B: fusarium graminum
C: fuscheria
D: fereydounia
E: fritschiella aquatilis
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We found differences in community composition, in particular, Camponotus herculeanus was more common in low-density sites, in accordance with predictions.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'camponotus herculeanus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: bombyx herculeana (aka thaumetopoea herculeana)
B: camponotus aurosus
C: parachloritis herculea
D: camponotus punctulatus
E: formica herculeana (aka camponotus herculeanus)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context '3. We removed F. aquilonia from a set of high-density sites, using physical and chemical methods, and repeated these procedures at procedural control sites.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'f. aquilonia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: fusarium aquaeductuum (aka fusicolla aquaeductuum)
B: fuscheria
C: formica aquilonia
D: fischerella
E: fusarium magnum
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'One year after removal, abundances of F. aquilonia at removal sites were similar to those at low-density sites.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'f. aquilonia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: fritschiella aquatilis
B: formica aquilonia
C: meunieriella aquilonia
D: fusarium magnum
E: fusisporium avenaceum (aka fusarium avenaceum)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, the composition of other species did not change in response to F. aquilonia removal.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'f. aquilonia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: fusicolla aeria
B: fusarium magnum
C: formica aquilonia
D: fieldia
E: fusarium graminum
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Second, priority effects may be important in the successful colonisation by F. aquilonia.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'f. aquilonia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: fusarium alpinum
B: fusarium (luteonectria sand.-den., l. lombard, schroers & rossman, 2021) (aka fusarium)
C: formica aquilonia
D: flavobacterium aquatilis (aka flavobacterium aquatile)
E: fischerella
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The pH regulatory factor Pac1 regulates Tri gene expression and trichothecene production in Fusarium graminearum.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'fusarium graminearum'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: fusarium verticillioides (fusarium moniliforme j. sheld., 1904) (aka fusarium verticillioides)
B: fusarium pseudograminearum
C: gibberella zeae (schwein.) petch, 1936 (aka fusarium graminearum)
D: fusarium graminum
E: fusarium zeae (fusisporium zeae) (aka fusarium zeae)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In the important cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum, the production of trichothecene is induced only under acidic pH conditions.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'fusarium graminearum'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: fusarium nodosum
B: fusarium pseudograminearum
C: sphaeria zeae (aka fusarium graminearum)
D: fusarium toxicum
E: fusarium gossypinum
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Here, we examined the role of the PacC homologue from F. graminearum, FgPac1, on the regulation of trichothecene production.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'f. graminearum'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: fusarium nodosum
B: fusarium toxicum
C: fusarium moniliforme (aka fusarium verticillioides)
D: gibberella avenacea (aka fusarium avenaceum)
E: fusarium graminearum (gibberella zeae (schwein.) petch, 1936) (aka fusarium graminearum)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'An FgDeltaPac1 deletion mutant was constructed in F. graminearum which showed a reduced development under neutral and alkaline pH, increased sensitivity to H(2)O(2) and an earlier Tri gene induction and toxin accumulation at acidic pH. A strain expressing the FgPac1(c) constitutively active form of Pac1 exhibited a strongly repressed Tri gene expression and reduced toxin accumulation at acidic pH.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'f. graminearum'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: gibberella zeae (schwein.) petch, 1936 (aka fusarium graminearum)
B: fusarium gossypinum
C: fusarium domesticum (trichothecium domesticum) (aka fusarium domesticum)
D: fusisporium cerealis (aka fusarium cerealis)
E: fusarium thapsina (aka fusarium thapsinum)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'An FgDeltaPac1 deletion mutant was constructed in F. graminearum which showed a reduced development under neutral and alkaline pH, increased sensitivity to H(2)O(2) and an earlier Tri gene induction and toxin accumulation at acidic pH. A strain expressing the FgPac1(c) constitutively active form of Pac1 exhibited a strongly repressed Tri gene expression and reduced toxin accumulation at acidic pH.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'f. graminearum'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: fusarium gossypinum
B: fusarium domesticum (trichothecium domesticum) (aka fusarium domesticum)
C: fusarium avenaceum (gibberella avenacea r.j. cook, 1967) (aka fusarium avenaceum)
D: fusarium zeae (fusisporium zeae) (aka fusarium zeae)
E: fusarium praegraminearum
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These results demonstrate that Pac1 negatively regulates Tri gene expression and toxin production in F. graminearum.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'f. graminearum'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: fusarium graminum
B: fusarium graminearum (gibberella zeae (schwein.) petch, 1936) (aka fusarium graminearum)
C: fusarium thapsina (aka fusarium thapsinum)
D: fusarium toxicum
E: fusarium domesticum (trichothecium domesticum) (aka fusarium domesticum)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Molecular events of apical bud formation in white spruce, Picea glauca.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'white spruce'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: spruce pine (aka pinus glabra)
B: white poplar (aka populus alba)
C: picea pungens (colorado spruce) (aka picea pungens)
D: siberian spruce (aka picea obovata)
E: picea glauca (white spruce) (aka picea glauca)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Molecular events of apical bud formation in white spruce, Picea glauca.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'picea glauca'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: picea lowiana (aka abies lowiana)
B: picea polita (aka picea torano)
C: mexican spruce (aka picea mexicana)
D: pinus glauca (aka picea glauca)
E: picea montana (aka picea abies)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We have characterized transcriptome-level changes that occur during bud formation of white spruce', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'white spruce'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: sargent spruce (aka picea brachytyla)
B: red spruce (aka picea rubens)
C: populus glauca
D: picea pungens (colorado spruce) (aka picea pungens)
E: picea glauca (white spruce) (aka picea glauca)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context '[Picea glauca (Moench) Voss], a primarily determinate species in which preformed stem units contained within the apical bud constitute most of next season's growth.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '[picea glauca (moench) voss]'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: black spruce (aka picea mariana)
B: picea lowiana (aka abies lowiana)
C: picea concolor (aka abies concolor)
D: picea mexicana (mexican spruce) (aka picea mexicana)
E: picea glauca (white spruce) (aka picea glauca)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These findings provide a temporal roadmap of bud formation in white spruce.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'white spruce'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: eastern white pine (aka pinus strobus)
B: sargent spruce (aka picea brachytyla)
C: white spruce (aka picea glauca)
D: picea rubens (red spruce) (aka picea rubens)
E: sitka spruce (aka picea sitchensis)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The effect of shading on xylem hydraulic traits and xylem anatomy was studied in hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa x deltoides, clone H11-11).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'populus trichocarpa x deltoides'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: populus x generosa (aka populus trichocarpa x populus deltoides)
B: populus nigra x (populus deltoids x populus nigra)
C: populus hybrid cultivar x populus deltoides
D: populus alba x populus tremuloides
E: populus deltoides x populus maximowiczii
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Analysis of Populus trichocarpa's response to infiltration of sucrose, monosaccharides, polyethylene glycol and potassium chloride into the xylem revealed that only presence of sucrose resulted in a simultaneous physiological and molecular response similar to that induced by embolism.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'populus trichocarpa'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: black poplar (aka populus nigra)
B: populus pilosa
C: populus mexicana
D: black cottonwood (aka populus trichocarpa)
E: populus alba (silver-leaf poplar) (aka populus alba)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A new family of candidate chemosensory ionotropic receptors (IRs) related to ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) was recently discovered in Drosophila melanogaster.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'drosophila melanogaster'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: drosophila (aka drosophila <flies,genus>)
B: melanogaster (aka melanogaster <flies>)
C: mytilia melanogaster (aka rhinophis melanogaster)
D: drosophila elegans
E: drosophila melanogaster (sophophora melanogaster) (aka drosophila melanogaster)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Through Blast analyses of an expressed sequenced tag library prepared from male antennae of the noctuid moth Spodoptera littoralis, we identified 12 unigenes encoding proteins related to D. melanogaster and Bombyx mori IRs.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'spodoptera littoralis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: spodoptera littoralis (egyptian cotton leafworm) (aka spodoptera littoralis)
B: spodoptera litura
C: pedicia littoralis
D: stellaria littoralis
E: drosophila littoralis
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Through Blast analyses of an expressed sequenced tag library prepared from male antennae of the noctuid moth Spodoptera littoralis, we identified 12 unigenes encoding proteins related to D. melanogaster and Bombyx mori IRs.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'spodoptera littoralis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: stellaria littoralis
B: agrotis littoralis (aka paradiarsia littoralis)
C: spodoptera litura
D: thompsonia littoralis
E: silpha littoralis (aka necrodes littoralis)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Through Blast analyses of an expressed sequenced tag library prepared from male antennae of the noctuid moth Spodoptera littoralis, we identified 12 unigenes encoding proteins related to D. melanogaster and Bombyx mori IRs.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'd. melanogaster'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: drosophila elegans
B: drosophila persimilis
C: drosophila melanogaster (sophophora melanogaster) (aka drosophila melanogaster)
D: melanogaster <basidiomycete fungi> (melanogaster) (aka melanogaster <basidiomycete fungi>)
E: drosophila <basidiomycete fungi> (drosophila) (aka drosophila <basidiomycete fungi>)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Through Blast analyses of an expressed sequenced tag library prepared from male antennae of the noctuid moth Spodoptera littoralis, we identified 12 unigenes encoding proteins related to D. melanogaster and Bombyx mori IRs.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'bombyx mori'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: bombus morio (apis morio) (aka bombus morio)
B: phalaena mori (aka bombyx mori)
C: bombyx catax (aka eriogaster catax)
D: bombyx
E: bombyx fusca (aka pygmaena fusca)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The deduced protein sequences were more similar to B. mori and D. melanogaster IRs than to iGluRs and showed considerable variations in the predicted ligand-binding domains; none have the three glutamate-interacting residues found in iGluRs, suggesting different binding specificities.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'b. mori'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: bombus muscorum
B: bombyx mori (domestic silkworm) (aka bombyx mori)
C: bombus orientalis (aka bombus haemorrhoidalis)
D: bombus koreanus (hortobombus koreanus) (aka bombus koreanus)
E: bombus pomorum (bremus pomorum) (aka bombus pomorum)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The deduced protein sequences were more similar to B. mori and D. melanogaster IRs than to iGluRs and showed considerable variations in the predicted ligand-binding domains; none have the three glutamate-interacting residues found in iGluRs, suggesting different binding specificities.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'd. melanogaster'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dipoena melanogaster (atea melanogaster) (aka dipoena melanogaster)
B: drosophila elegans
C: bactrocera (bactrocera) melanogaster (aka bactrocera melanogaster)
D: melanogaster <basidiomycete fungi> (melanogaster) (aka melanogaster <basidiomycete fungi>)
E: drosophila melanogaster (sophophora melanogaster) (aka drosophila melanogaster)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Our data suggest that we identified members of the insect IR chemosensory receptor family in S. littoralis and we report here the first demonstration of IR expression in Lepidoptera.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 's. littoralis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: spatholobus littoralis
B: rauvolfia littoralis
C: mesorhabditis littoralis
D: lepidochrysops littoralis
E: spodoptera littoralis (egyptian cotton leafworm) (aka spodoptera littoralis)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Drought increases freezing tolerance of both leaves and xylem of Larrea tridentata.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'larrea tridentata'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: euglossa tridentata
B: larrea tridentata (zygophyllum tridentatum) (aka larrea tridentata)
C: hoplitis tridentata
D: lyreidus tridentatus
E: aphelandra tridentata
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To test this hypothesis, we subjected Larrea tridentata juveniles grown in a greenhouse under well-watered or drought conditions to minimum temperatures ranging from -8 to -24 ^0C.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'larrea tridentata'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: zygophyllum tridentatum (aka larrea tridentata)
B: callianassa tridentata (aka lepidophthalmus tridentatus)
C: lyreidus tridentatus
D: trichosanthes tridentata
E: exoneura tridentata
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'By documenting the combined effects of drought and freezing stress, our data provide insight into the mechanisms determining plant survival and performance following freezing and the potential for shifts in L. tridentata abundance and range in the face of changing temperature and precipitation regimes.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'l. tridentata'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: thetidos tridentata (kermia tridentata) (aka thetidos tridentata)
B: trichosanthes tridentata
C: zygophyllum tridentatum (aka larrea tridentata)
D: trinomia tridentata (aka lipotriches tridentata)
E: banksia tridentata
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Insights into membrane association of Klebsiella pneumoniae NifL under nitrogen-fixing conditions from mutational analysis.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'klebsiella pneumoniae'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: klebsiella pasteurii
B: klebsiella pneumoniae aerogenes (aka klebsiella pneumoniae)
C: klebsiella indica
D: nocardia pneumoniae
E: aerococcus suis
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogen fixation is tightly controlled in response to ammonium and molecular oxygen by the NifL/NifA regulatory system.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'klebsiella pneumoniae'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: klebsiella mobilis (aka klebsiella aerogenes)
B: klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae
C: bacillus pneumoniae (aka klebsiella pneumoniae)
D: klebsiella indica
E: nocardia pneumoniae
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogen fixation is tightly controlled in response to ammonium and molecular oxygen by the NifL/NifA regulatory system.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'klebsiella pneumoniae'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: aerococcus suis
B: enterobacter aerogenes (aka klebsiella aerogenes)
C: nocardia pneumoniae
D: klebsiella indica
E: streptococcus pneumoniae (diplococcus pneumoniae) (aka streptococcus pneumoniae)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Light exerts multiple levels of influence on the Arabidopsis wound response.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'arabidopsis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: agrotis aurulenta (aka euxoa aurulenta)
B: plantago australis
C: arabidopsis thaliana x arabidopsis lyrata
D: plantago afra (african plantain) (aka plantago afra)
E: arabidopsis thaliana (mouse-ear cress) (aka arabidopsis thaliana)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We investigated changes in the Arabidopsis transcriptome following a light-dark transition and the response to wounding either in the light or in the dark.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'arabidopsis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: arabis lyrata (aka arabidopsis lyrata)
B: arabis neglecta (aka arabidopsis neglecta)
C: plantago africana
D: arabis thaliana (aka arabidopsis thaliana)
E: arabidella
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In Sinorhizobium meliloti, the production of exopolysaccharides such as succinoglycan and exopolysaccharide II (EPS II) enables the bacterium to invade root nodules on Medicago sativa and establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'medicago sativa'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: medicago suffruticosa
B: alfalfa (aka medicago sativa)
C: medicago saxatilis
D: medica italica (aka medicago italica)
E: medicago hypogaea
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Stable isotope labelling and zinc distribution in grains studied by laser ablation ICP-MS in an ear culture system reveals zinc transport barriers during grain filling in wheat.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'wheat'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: one-grained wheat (aka triticum monococcum)
B: triticum sativum (aka triticum aestivum)
C: triticum peregrinum (aka aegilops peregrina)
D: triticum aethiopicum (aka triticum turgidum)
E: wild emmer wheat (aka triticum dicoccoides)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Zinc (Zn) deficiency has been recognized as a potential risk for human health in many developing regions where staple food with low micronutrient density represents a major proportion of the diet.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'human'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hominidae (great apes) (aka hominidae)
B: cardium humanum (aka glossus humanus)
C: homo sapiens (human) (aka homo sapiens)
D: gymnopleurus humanus
E: pediculus humanus (human louse) (aka pediculus humanus)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The transfer of Zn from the growth medium to wheat (Triticum aestivum) grains in an ear culture system was investigated by using the stable Zn isotope (70) Zn, and the spatial distribution of Zn within the grains was studied by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'wheat'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: triticum sativum (aka triticum aestivum)
B: cone wheat (aka triticum turgidum)
C: triticum triunciale (aka aegilops triuncialis)
D: triticum
E: one-grained wheat (aka triticum monococcum)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The transfer of Zn from the growth medium to wheat (Triticum aestivum) grains in an ear culture system was investigated by using the stable Zn isotope (70) Zn, and the spatial distribution of Zn within the grains was studied by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'triticum aestivum'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: triticum peregrinum (aka aegilops peregrina)
B: triticum
C: triticum triunciale (aka aegilops triuncialis)
D: triticum caninum (aka elymus caninus)
E: triticum sativum (aka triticum aestivum)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These results suggest that two barriers of Zn transport into wheat grains may exist: between the stem tissue rachis and the grain, and the maternal and filial tissues in the grain.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'wheat'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: common wheat (aka triticum aestivum)
B: triticum tauschii (aka aegilops tauschii)
C: triticum peregrinum (aka aegilops peregrina)
D: triticum triunciale (aka aegilops triuncialis)
E: wild emmer wheat (aka triticum dicoccoides)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Association between nonsynonymous mutations of starch synthase IIa and starch quality in rice (Oryza sativa).
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rice'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oryza perennis
B: oryza
C: oryza sativa (asian cultivated rice) (aka oryza sativa)
D: african wild rice (aka oryza barthii)
E: red rice (aka oryza rufipogon)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Association between nonsynonymous mutations of starch synthase IIa and starch quality in rice (Oryza sativa).
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'oryza sativa'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: red rice (aka oryza sativa)
B: oryza officinalis
C: oryza nivara
D: red rice (aka oryza longistaminata)
E: common wild rice (aka oryza rufipogon)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Association between nonsynonymous mutations of starch synthase IIa and starch quality in rice (Oryza sativa).
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'oryza sativa'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oryza officinalis
B: african wild rice (aka oryza barthii)
C: oryza nivara
D: oryzihumus
E: rice bean (aka vigna umbellata)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Starch quality is one of the most important agronomic traits in Asian rice, Oryza sativa.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'asian rice'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: japonica rice (aka oryza sativa japonica group)
B: asian cultivated rice (aka oryza sativa)
C: oryzopsis (ricegrass) (aka oryzopsis)
D: indian rice (aka oryza sativa indica group)
E: oryza australiensis
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Starch quality is one of the most important agronomic traits in Asian rice, Oryza sativa.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'oryza sativa'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ricegrass (aka oryzopsis)
B: oryza perennis
C: asian cultivated rice (aka oryza sativa)
D: oryza officinalis
E: australian wild rice (aka oryza meridionalis)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Within SsIIa, three nonsynonymous mutations in exon 8 have been shown to affect enzyme activity when expressed in Escherichia coli.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'escherichia coli'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: e. coli (aka escherichia coli)
B: escherichia coli c
C: vibrio coli (aka campylobacter coli)
D: escherichia coli nissle 1917 (escherichia coli strain nissle 1917) (aka escherichia coli nissle 1917)
E: escherichia coli 9.1796
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To search for the variation in SsIIa that is responsible for starch quality variation in rice, we sequenced the SsIIa exon 8 region and measured starch quality as starch disintegration in alkali for 289 accessions of cultivated rice and 57 accessions of its wild ancestor, Oryza rufipogon.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rice'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: red rice (aka oryza rufipogon)
B: rice (aka oryza sativa) (aka oryza sativa)
C: african rice (aka oryza glaberrima)
D: australian wild rice (aka oryza meridionalis)
E: oryza officinalis
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To search for the variation in SsIIa that is responsible for starch quality variation in rice, we sequenced the SsIIa exon 8 region and measured starch quality as starch disintegration in alkali for 289 accessions of cultivated rice and 57 accessions of its wild ancestor, Oryza rufipogon.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rice'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oryza sativa (asian cultivated rice) (aka oryza sativa)
B: oryzihumus
C: oryza
D: oryza glaberrima (african rice) (aka oryza glaberrima)
E: oryza perennis
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To search for the variation in SsIIa that is responsible for starch quality variation in rice, we sequenced the SsIIa exon 8 region and measured starch quality as starch disintegration in alkali for 289 accessions of cultivated rice and 57 accessions of its wild ancestor, Oryza rufipogon.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'oryza rufipogon'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oryza rufipogon x oryza sativa
B: red rice (aka oryza rufipogon)
C: oryza barthii (oryza breviligulata) (aka oryza barthii)
D: pogonus olivaceus
E: oryza officinalis
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Variation in SsIIa enzyme activity is associated with the cohesiveness of rice grains when cooked, and our findings are consistent with selection for more cohesive grains during the domestication of tropical japonica rice.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rice'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: red rice (aka oryza sativa)
B: indian rice (aka oryza sativa indica group)
C: ricegrass (aka oryzopsis)
D: african wild rice (aka oryza barthii)
E: oryza
F: None of the above. | A |
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