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The Indiana University Kelley School of Business, in Bloomington and Indianapolis, offers top-ranked business education with a global impact to undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral level students.
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https://assets.iu.edu/favicon.ico
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Kelley School of Business
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https://kelley.iu.edu/index.html
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Ranked #8 in the United States, the Kelley Undergraduate Program is setting the standard for business education. With eight business disciplines ranked in the top 10, every Kelley student—regardless of major—receives an exceptional educational experience.
Most influential Black executives
Six alumni of the Indiana University Kelley School of Business are among Savoy magazine’s 2022 Most Influential Black Executives in Corporate America.
Savoy’s prestigious list showcases African American men and women who have been recognized for their executive and business leadership in national and global-leading corporations.
Read the story
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Go to NBCNews.com for breaking news, videos, and the latest top stories in world news, business, politics, health and pop culture.
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NBC News
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https://www.nbcnews.com
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There are no new alerts at this time
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6418
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dbpedia
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https://www.themuse.com/advice/accounting-interview-questions-answers-examples
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en
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The Top 10 Accounting Interview Questions
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2020-06-09T00:00:00
|
Common accounting interview questions, how to answer them, and sample answers from a former accounting recruiter.
|
en
|
The Muse
|
https://www.themuse.com/advice/accounting-interview-questions-answers-examples
|
It’s happening! You’re finally invited to interview for that accounting role you’ve been searching for. You’re not sure what to expect, but you know you want to put your best foot forward by getting prepared and knocking this interview out of the park.
You can start by reviewing the most common interview questions. But don’t stop there—you should also make sure to be ready for some more accounting-specific interview questions.
SEARCH OPEN JOBS ON THE MUSE! See who’s hiring here, and you can even filter your search by benefits, company size, remote opportunities, and more. Then, sign up for our newsletter and we’ll deliver advice on landing the job right to you.
How do I know? Some might call me a “recovering CPA”—I used to work as one at a Big Four accounting firm. And before becoming a career coach, I spent years handling recruiting efforts at a public accounting firm for five offices spanning up and down the East Coast. I worked directly with leadership to identify top talent, built recruiting processes, and screened candidates for accounting opportunities. Based on my experience, I have some advice on how to answer the most common accountant interview questions and what qualities recruiters are looking for when they ask them.
What Are Recruiters Looking for in Accountants?
According to recruiters in the accounting industry, the most desirable candidates have experience working in public accounting for a large firm. But if you don’t have that, don’t let it deter you! There are many other skills and experiences that you can demonstrate to set yourself apart.
When interviewing for accounting roles specifically, it’s important to demonstrate a healthy mix of both technical acumen and soft skills. One of the biggest myths I hear about accountants is that they sit behind a computer for hours, looking at numbers and ridiculous formulas in Microsoft Excel with no human contact, ever. On the contrary: Accountants must demonstrate skills in a variety of areas to be successful in the job hunt, such as communication, client engagement, data analysis, and time management.
Here are the five main skills that I found most valuable as a recruiter:
Written Communication: Hiring managers will want to know that your writing skills are on point—after all, you may be drafting audit reports, creating workpapers, developing and editing financial statements, and providing updates to your internal or external clients as needed.
Verbal Communication: Strong verbal communication skills are important to your success in accounting as you’ll be speaking with clients, internal or external, in just about every aspect of your work.
Time Management and Prioritization: Accountants take on a great variety of tasks, especially during month-end, quarter-end, and year-end accounting. Just in one day, you may be in and out of client meetings, drafting workpapers, reviewing financial documentation, and walking through your clients’ accounting processes. It’s important to be able to work well when there are many things going on at once and know how to organize your work so your tasks get done on time.
Technical Experience: There’s no doubt that accounting is a pretty technical role. Aisha Holt, a corporate accounting recruiter at Tradesmen International, makes sure to gauge candidates’ experiences with various accounting tools and software. Accounting programs are used to prepare financial statements, make journal entries, perform account reconciliations, and complete other important accounting procedures. You’ll find yourself working with these tools every single day, so recruiters want to see that you’re knowledgeable and up-to-date on the latest emerging technologies of the profession.
Attention to Detail: Maintaining accurate reporting with zero errors is crucial in accounting. Can you imagine the financial implications if an account was overstated or understated by $1 million dollars and an auditor didn’t pick up on the error? The work of an accountant is to maintain high integrity, as the public is dependent on ethical reporting, and there are also a slew of regulations that accountants must uphold. As such, candidates need to show that they do sweat the small stuff and aren’t likely to make or miss an error that leads to a massive loss.
Here are 10 questions that you may be asked in your accounting interview so that recruiters and hiring managers can see whether or not you have the skills and experience needed to do the job—plus advice on how to answer them.
1.
Tell Me About Your Background.
This might feel like a broad or vague question, but here recruiters want to understand the depth of your accounting experience, Robbins says, as well as how you think and talk about your career trajectory. If you’re interviewing for a tax role, what type of returns have you worked on? If audit, what was the size of your client and industry? What type of projects have you worked on?
How to Answer
Don’t tell your whole life story; briefly summarize your career and the work that you’ve done at a high level. The recruiter will most likely ask follow-up questions based on what you share in your response. Think about using stories of how you gained an interest in the field and what led you to the roles you pursued. This is also a great opportunity to share your future goals and further express your interest in the company. If there was something specific about the company or position that caught your attention, say what it was! Share how your prior experience has prepared you for the position you’re interviewing for. Remember, it’s all about relevance and connecting the dots.
For example:
“I’ve always had a love for numbers and really enjoyed my accounting courses in college so I’ve known this was the path for me since I was young. I started my career in public accounting with a Big Four firm in audit. Audit allowed me the opportunity to work with clients of all sizes and industries. I focused on testing controls, writing audit reports, and overseeing the work of my audit team. I also trained our new hires and interns. I got a lot of experience auditing complex accounts such as derivatives and statement of cash flow. What I’ve enjoyed most throughout the course of my career is building relationships with my clients and helping them understand their financials better. I also am up to date on my CPA license and recently obtained my Masters in Accounting, and I’m looking for a position that will allow me to use my experience auditing financial statements to have a hand in creating financial statements.”
2.
What Accounting Processes Are You Most Familiar With?
Recruiters typically ask this question to get an idea of what type of functions you’ve performed within accounting—as it looks different from department to department and company to company—and how the work you’ve done is relevant to the work you would be doing in the new role.
How to Answer
Think about your past and current responsibilities as they relate to performing technical accounting work. For example, if you worked as a staff accountant, you may be responsible for month-end close procedures and can share what that work entailed. If you worked in a financial accounting role, you may be responsible for reviewing quarterly financial statements and cross-referencing workpapers.
You’ll want to go as in-depth as possible for the recruiter to understand the significance of your role. You would want to include the accounts you’re responsible for (i.e. accounts receivable, derivatives, accounts payable, or cash) or, if you’re responsible for specific parts of the financial statement, share which parts as well as which financial statements (i.e. balance sheet, income statement, or cash flow statement). Include dollar amounts of accounts (if it’s not confidential) or the number of accounts you worked with to further substantiate that you were a key player on the team.
This would also be the perfect time for you to share with the interviewer any processes you improved or implemented, especially if your changes minimized error. If you do this, back up your response with examples and numbers.
One possible answer might be:
“In my current role, my company wants us to get the month-end close done in six days. I focus on reconciling accounts, posting closing journal entries, and reviewing general ledgers. I also work with my leadership to look at analytics and assess uncommon fluctuations, primarily for high-risk accounts. I work for a large organization, so I’ve also spent a lot of time working with my internal clients or business group leaders to request documentation necessary for processing and completing my tasks. While there is a lot of technical work involved, there’s quite a bit of communication that I handle between coordinating with my team and other business groups and reporting back to my supervisor. As part of my day-to-day responsibilities, I handle the books for accounts of up to approximately $2 million.”
3.
What Is Your Technical Experience With Accounting Software?
The interviewer will ask this question to assess your experience using accounting tools and software in your day-to-day work. Bonus points if you have experience using the specific software that the company you’re interviewing with uses. Some companies use common industry software while others might have customized software—this varies by company size and industry.
How to Answer
To prepare yourself to answer this question, take a look at the job description of the role to see which software and tools the company uses. You’ll want to be prepared to speak to your experience with using the ones specified in the job description. But you won’t know every system out there and that’s OK, so emphasize the experience that you do have with specific tools and with learning new tools—especially if you can show that it will help you succeed in the role you’re applying for. Also think about how your technical background has positively impacted your team or company.
For example, your answer might sound like:
“I have seven years of experience working with SAP and Oracle with clients in the healthcare and financial services industries. I also used QuickBooks in a former role. Along with these accounting tools, I have been using Microsoft Excel throughout my entire career and have become very adept with it, often teaching myself new things and bringing them back to my team. For example, in my current role, I create pivot tables and use the VLOOKUP function to get our financial analysis and budgeting done more efficiently. I’d be excited to share my Excel expertise with a new team here and to quickly get up to speed on your proprietary software—as I have with other tools in the past.”
4.
What Is Your Background Working in Various Industries?
Recruiters want to see if your experience aligns with the company's size and industry, says Chris Robbins, Senior Talent Acquisition Specialist with Dixon Huges Goodman, a top 20 public accounting firm. Since accounting is such a vast profession, rules and processes differ across industries.
How to Answer
For this answer, you want to think about the role and company you’re interviewing for. If you’re interviewing to be a private, or internal, accountant, hiring managers primarily want to hear about your experience and interest in the company’s industry. But if you’re interviewing for a public accounting role, they’ll want to hear about your experience across industries since you’ll likely have clients of different types.
In either situation, be sure to emphasize your experience in and tailor your answer to the industry or industries relevant to the role. If you aren’t sure what those are, this is a great opportunity for you to ask the interviewer.
One answer might sound like:
“While my experience has ranged across manufacturing, energy, and financial services, I found myself most interested in manufacturing due the complexity of the work. In my last job, I prepared taxes for a number of manufacturing clients and got to learn about the many intricacies of that industry—so much that I became the go-to person to ask when my colleagues had questions about manufacturing clients. And the large manufacturers that your website mentions as clients are actually what initially drew me to this role.”
5.
Do You Have Your CPA?
The Certified Public Accountant license is the ultimate certification, and it shows commitment to the profession. If you have your CPA, it will make you stand out against the competition. However, there are many other certifications in accounting that you could pursue—having a CPA isn’t the only way.
How to Answer
There are no tricks to this one. Tell the interviewer briefly and straightforwardly about your CPA or other certifications or your progress toward them:
“I don’t have my CPA license yet but I am actively working toward it. I have passed two out of four parts—BEC and FAR—and am planning to take the other two sections within the next six months.”
On the other hand, if you have a CPA, you might answer like this:
“I obtained my CPA during the first two years of my career and have maintained it ever since—keeping up with the CPE annual requirement by attending trainings and conferences. I am also pursuing my CFE as I’ve developed an interest in forensic accounting and that certification will be valuable for the direction my career is going in.”
6.
How Do You Handle Challenging Situations or Difficult Conversations With Others?
Accountants don’t work in silos and will be working with internal or external clients to get the books in order. There may be times when you encounter a discrepancy with a client or when an account reconciliation is inaccurate and you have to confront your colleague about the error. Recruiters want to see that you have no issue handling difficult conversations and are efficient at quickly solving problems that may arise, especially if you’re under a tight deadline. Be sure to avoid badmouthing your company or colleagues as this could reflect poorly on you as a future employee or coworker.
How to Answer
For behavioral questions such as this, the STAR method is a great approach to follow to ensure you answer the question completely, emphasize your specific contribution to handling the situation, and describe the outcome. Hey, if it helps, you can literally say these four words (situation, task, action, and result) in your interview like in this sample answer:
“I handle difficult conversations with others by making sure I address the problem directly with the right people while maintaining a solutions-oriented and collaborative approach. I have quite a bit of experience with this, because in my current work it’s not out of the ordinary to find problems in the financial statements or with payroll that have to be rectified before an audit is complete.
“In one situation in particular, I served as the In-Charge Auditor for a large public filing client. I had a team of two staff auditors who reported to me, and I also handled the budget and schedule and served as the main point of contact for the client relationship. The client was upset since the entire audit team had changed more than once, so he would be working with new people each year after he had grown to trust the prior year’s audit team. He was frustrated and seriously considering taking his business to another firm.
“I was tasked with getting him on board with our audit team and assuring him that we would handle the audit effectively and professionally—so that we could keep his business.
“I took actions to resolve this matter by setting up a meeting with him and the rest of company leadership to run through the schedule and answer questions they had going into the audit, followed by a lunch with the entire audit team. I wanted to make sure they felt comfortable and confident in our capabilities to get the audit completed. I also set up weekly one-on-one check-ins with the client as the team worked through the audit to keep him up to date on progress and any high-level issues.
“This resulted in a strong relationship with the client, and we had good communication throughout. By the end of the audit, we celebrated with the client. It was great to see the relationship completely turn around, and he is still a client of ours four years later.”
7.
How Do You Organize and Prioritize Your Day?
There are many moving pieces in an accounting role, so the interviewer will want to understand how well you balance and prioritize your work when things get busy.
How to Answer
The work of an accountant is driven by processes, impending deadlines, and a ton of cross-functional collaboration. So organization, time management, and healthy communication between your team and clients are all super crucial to demonstrate here. According to Holt, it’s important for accountants to explain how they are able to keep track of their schedule and effectively split time between accounting procedures, client check-ins, and team check-ins.
For instance, how often are you checking in with your clients? And when you do, are you sending them updates on documentation needs or where things may be held up in the process (if you’re waiting on something from them)? Do you keep a running to-do list, use a checklist, or note due dates on your calendar? There’s no right or wrong answer here—share what has worked for you to stay on task and on time.
So you could say something along the lines of:
“I like to stay as proactive as possible, especially during busy times such as month- or quarter-end close. I keep a running to-do list and have each task marked as high, medium, or low priority, as well as how many hours it will take to complete. I also give myself deadlines for my tasks, especially those that need to get sent over to another team member—for example, budgeting has to get done before the financial analysis can be created, so I’d make sure to complete my work in plenty of time to set my colleague up for success. I also check in with my leadership often to make sure things are on track and communicate with my team regularly to understand any potential delays or risks to completing our work within the allotted time frame.”
8.
Tell Us About a Time When You Were Up Against a Tight Deadline. How Did You Handle It?
Time management is a crucial skill for any job in the accounting world as there are many regulations that companies must abide by for compliance measures. Working with a short or difficult-to-meet deadline at some point is almost inevitable, and interviewers want to see that you’re up to the task.
How to Answer
This is the perfect time to show that you’re solutions-focused and don’t mind stepping up to the plate when duty calls. Remember the STAR method again for this behavioral question. Choosing which story to tell can be difficult, so before the interview you’ll want to prepare a story about a time you stepped up and successfully navigated the situation by demonstrating your leadership and time management skills.
For example:
“I was getting through a quarter filing and someone on my team fell sick halfway through, so we were down one person. We had to make it work with our timeline since there was no flexibility with it. I was tasked with getting our team through the filing period and keeping team motivation and engagement high while we were short-staffed.
“I rearranged our work to spread it out evenly and based on everyone's expertise. I held weekly team meetings—twice a week closer to the deadline—to discuss any areas where we were struggling, lagging behind, or running into issues and to support each other and brainstorm solutions. I also set up a shared calendar with reminders for important milestones to help everyone stay on task.
“This resulted in us building strong communication even after the filing was successfully completed on time. We motivated and supported one another through the process and each person felt valued as a member of the team. This actually worked out so well that I plan to use this approach with my teams going forward to ensure future projects run smoothly.”
9.
How Have You Added Value to Your Company Outside of Your Client Activities?
Depending on the company or path you’re on within accounting, and especially if you’re an external auditor, hiring managers might want to understand how well-rounded you are and how committed you’d be to getting involved internally.
How to Answer
This is a fairly easy and straightforward question and a great way for you to show leadership skills beyond the day-to-day requirements of your accounting work. If you've helped with business development activities to grow the practice or led a committee or initiative, those are positive factors to demonstrate your versatility.
One possible answer would be:
“Outside of my daily responsibilities, I have gotten involved on the recruiting side by serving as a company representative during on-campus recruiting events. This includes volunteering at career fairs, conducting mock interviews, or taking candidates out to lunch during in-office interviews. I also lead our office social committee, so I am responsible for planning community outreach events and social events for staff.”
10.
Why Are You Interested in This Company?
As an accountant, there are a plethora of paths, fields, and organizations to choose from. Whether you want to work at a nonprofit, corporation, or university, you have quite a few choices. A recruiter will want to assess how committed and enthusiastic you are about joining this company in particular.
How to Answer
This is when you connect those dots between your career goals and the company. You should show your interviewer that you’ve done your research: Always check out the company’s website and social media for insight and take the time to make sure your professional goals and values align with the company’s. For example, is one of your goals to work with a specific company size or industry? Have you been fascinated by this organization’s approach? Are you passionate about their mission? If so, you will want to share that during your interview.
Not only should you speak to how the company is aligned with your goals, but you can also reiterate how your experience is ultimately the best fit for what they are looking for in a candidate.
This might sound like this:
“I’m interested in working for the XYZ Art Museum because I’ve long been passionate about art—art history was my minor in college!—and would be so excited to have the chance to bring my accounting skills into an environment where everyone is similarly enthusiastic about the visual arts and uses their expertise (whether they’re curators or accountants like me) to advance this mission of introducing more people to modern art. I’ve worked at a couple of large nonprofit organizations that function similarly to a museum and spent a few years volunteering at ABC Museum’s outreach events back when I lived in Chicago—which only makes me more certain this would be an environment where I could thrive and contribute.”
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Emory University Events
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Explore
Grounded in academic excellence, we lead with the greater purpose of serving humanity. Get to know our culture, our story, and what we're most proud of.
Academics
Our academics shape critical thinkers and compassionate leaders who are prepared to tackle the worldâs most difficult problems.
Research
As a leading research university, Emoryâs focus is the number of lives saved, partnerships forged, and discoveries drivenâacross the globe.
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https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/10/10/are-you-the-same-person-you-used-to-be-life-is-hard-the-origins-of-you
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Are You the Same Person You Used to Be?
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2022-10-10T00:00:00
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Researchers have studied how much of our personality is set from childhood, but what you’re like isn’t who you are. Joshua Rothman on “The Origins of You,” by Richie Poulton, Jay Belsky, Avshalom Caspi, and Terrie E. Moffitt; and “Life Is Hard,” by Kieran Setiya.
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The New Yorker
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https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/10/10/are-you-the-same-person-you-used-to-be-life-is-hard-the-origins-of-you
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I have few memories of being four—a fact I find disconcerting now that I’m the father of a four-year-old. My son and I have great times together; lately, we’ve been building Lego versions of familiar places (the coffee shop, the bathroom) and perfecting the “flipperoo,” a move in which I hold his hands while he somersaults backward from my shoulders to the ground. But how much of our joyous life will he remember? What I recall from when I was four are the red-painted nails of a mean babysitter; the brushed-silver stereo in my parents’ apartment; a particular orange-carpeted hallway; some houseplants in the sun; and a glimpse of my father’s face, perhaps smuggled into memory from a photograph. These disconnected images don’t knit together into a picture of a life. They also fail to illuminate any inner reality. I have no memories of my own feelings, thoughts, or personality; I’m told that I was a cheerful, talkative child given to long dinner-table speeches, but don’t remember being so. My son, who is happy and voluble, is so much fun to be around that I sometimes mourn, on his behalf, his future inability to remember himself.
If we could see our childish selves more clearly, we might have a better sense of the course and the character of our lives. Are we the same people at four that we will be at twenty-four, forty-four, or seventy-four? Or will we change substantially through time? Is the fix already in, or will our stories have surprising twists and turns? Some people feel that they’ve altered profoundly through the years, and to them the past seems like a foreign country, characterized by peculiar customs, values, and tastes. (Those boyfriends! That music! Those outfits!) But others have a strong sense of connection with their younger selves, and for them the past remains a home. My mother-in-law, who lives not far from her parents’ house in the same town where she grew up, insists that she is the same as she’s always been, and recalls with fresh indignation her sixth birthday, when she was promised a pony but didn’t get one. Her brother holds the opposite view: he looks back on several distinct epochs in his life, each with its own set of attitudes, circumstances, and friends. “I’ve walked through many doorways,” he’s told me. I feel this way, too, although most people who know me well say that I’ve been the same person forever.
Try to remember life as you lived it years ago, on a typical day in the fall. Back then, you cared deeply about certain things (a girlfriend? Depeche Mode?) but were oblivious of others (your political commitments? your children?). Certain key events—college? war? marriage? Alcoholics Anonymous?—hadn’t yet occurred. Does the self you remember feel like you, or like a stranger? Do you seem to be remembering yesterday, or reading a novel about a fictional character?
If you have the former feelings, you’re probably a continuer; if the latter, you’re probably a divider. You might prefer being one to the other, but find it hard to shift your perspective. In the poem “The Rainbow,” William Wordsworth wrote that “the Child is Father of the Man,” and this motto is often quoted as truth. But he couched the idea as an aspiration—“And I could wish my days to be / Bound each to each by natural piety”—as if to say that, though it would be nice if our childhoods and adulthoods were connected like the ends of a rainbow, the connection could be an illusion that depends on where we stand. One reason to go to a high-school reunion is to feel like one’s past self—old friendships resume, old in-jokes resurface, old crushes reignite. But the time travel ceases when you step out of the gym. It turns out that you’ve changed, after all.
On the other hand, some of us want to disconnect from our past selves; burdened by who we used to be or caged by who we are, we wish for multipart lives. In the voluminous autobiographical novel “My Struggle,” Karl Ove Knausgaard—a middle-aged man who hopes to be better today than he was as a young man—questions whether it even makes sense to use the same name over a lifetime. Looking at a photograph of himself as an infant, he wonders what that little person, with “arms and legs spread, and a face distorted into a scream,” really has to do with the forty-year-old father and writer he is now, or with “the gray, hunched geriatric who in forty years from now might be sitting dribbling and trembling in an old people’s home.” It might be better, he suggests, to adopt a series of names: “The fetus might be called Jens Ove, for example, and the infant Nils Ove . . . the ten- to twelve-year-old Geir Ove, the twelve- to seventeen-year-old Kurt Ove . . . the twenty-three- to thirty-two-year-old Tor Ove, the thirty-two- to forty-six-year-old Karl Ove—and so on.” In such a scheme, “the first name would represent the distinctiveness of the age range, the middle name would represent continuity, and the last, family affiliation.”
My son’s name is Peter. It unnerves me to think that he could someday become so different as to warrant a new name. But he learns and grows each day; how could he not be always becoming someone new? I have duelling aspirations for him: keep growing; keep being you. As for how he’ll see himself, who knows? The philosopher Galen Strawson believes that some people are simply more “episodic” than others; they’re fine living day to day, without regard to the broader plot arc. “I’m somewhere down towards the episodic end of this spectrum,” Strawson writes in an essay called “The Sense of the Self.” “I have no sense of my life as a narrative with form, and little interest in my own past.”
Perhaps Peter will grow up to be an episodic person who lives in the moment, unconcerned with whether his life forms a whole or a collection of parts. Even so, there will be no escaping the paradoxes of mutability, which have a way of weaving themselves into our lives. Thinking of some old shameful act of ours, we tell ourselves, “I’ve changed!” (But have we?) Bored with a friend who’s obsessed with what happened long ago, we say, “That was another life—you’re a different person now!” (But is she?) Living alongside our friends, spouses, parents, and children, we wonder if they’re the same people we’ve always known, or if they’ve lived through changes we, or they, struggle to see. Even as we work tirelessly to improve, we find that, wherever we go, there we are (in which case what’s the point?). And yet sometimes we recall our former selves with a sense of wonder, as if remembering a past life. Lives are long, and hard to see. What can we learn by asking if we’ve always been who we are?
The question of our continuity has an empirical side that can be answered scientifically. In the nineteen-seventies, while working at the University of Otago, in New Zealand, a psychologist named Phil Silva helped launch a study of a thousand and thirty-seven children; the subjects, all of whom lived in or around the city of Dunedin, were studied at age three, and again at five, seven, nine, eleven, thirteen, fifteen, eighteen, twenty-one, twenty-six, thirty-two, thirty-eight, and forty-five, by researchers who often interviewed not just the subjects but also their family and friends. In 2020, four psychologists associated with the Dunedin study—Jay Belsky, Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E. Moffitt, and Richie Poulton—summarized what’s been learned so far in a book called “The Origins of You: How Childhood Shapes Later Life.” It folds in results from a few related studies conducted in the United States and the United Kingdom, and so describes how about four thousand people have changed through the decades.
John Stuart Mill once wrote that a young person is like “a tree, which requires to grow and develop itself on all sides, according to the tendency of the inward forces which make it a living thing.” The image suggests a generalized spreading out and reaching up, which is bound to be affected by soil and climate, and might be aided by a little judicious pruning here and there. The authors of “The Origins of You” offer a more chaotic metaphor. Human beings, they suggest, are like storm systems. Each individual storm has its own particular set of traits and dynamics; meanwhile, its future depends on numerous elements of atmosphere and landscape. The fate of any given Harvey, Allison, Ike, or Katrina might be shaped, in part, by “air pressure in another locale,” and by “the time that the hurricane spends out at sea, picking up moisture, before making landfall.” Donald Trump, in 2014, told a biographer that he was the same person in his sixties that he’d been as a first grader. In his case, the researchers write, the idea isn’t so hard to believe. Storms, however, are shaped by the world and by other storms, and only an egomaniacal weather system believes in its absolute and unchanging individuality.
Efforts to understand human weather—to show, for example, that children who are abused bear the mark of that abuse as adults—are predictably inexact. One problem is that many studies of development are “retrospective” in nature: researchers start with how people are doing now, then look to the past to find out how they got that way. But many issues trouble such efforts. There’s the fallibility of memory: people often have difficulty recalling even basic facts about what they lived through decades earlier. (Many parents, for instance, can’t accurately remember whether a child was diagnosed as having A.D.H.D.; people even have trouble remembering whether their parents were mean or nice.) There’s also the problem of enrollment bias. A retrospective study of anxious adults might find that many of them grew up with divorced parents—but what about the many children of divorce who didn’t develop anxiety, and so were never enrolled in the study? It’s hard for a retrospective study to establish the true import of any single factor. The value of the Dunedin project, therefore, derives not just from its long duration but also from the fact that it is “prospective.” It began with a thousand random children, and only later identified changes as they emerged.
Working prospectively, the Dunedin researchers began by categorizing their three-year-olds. They met with the children for ninety minutes each, rating them on twenty-two aspects of personality—restlessness, impulsivity, willfulness, attentiveness, friendliness, communicativeness, and so on. They then used their results to identify five general types of children. Forty per cent of the kids were deemed “well-adjusted,” with the usual mixture of kid personality traits. Another quarter were found to be “confident”—more than usually comfortable with strangers and new situations. Fifteen per cent were “reserved,” or standoffish, at first. About one in ten turned out to be “inhibited”; the same proportion were identified as “undercontrolled.” The inhibited kids were notably shy and exceptionally slow to warm up; the undercontrolled ones were impulsive and ornery. These determinations of personality, arrived at after brief encounters and by strangers, would form the basis for a half century of further work.
By age eighteen, certain patterns were visible. Although the confident, reserved, and well-adjusted children continued to be that way, those categories were less distinct. In contrast, the kids who’d been categorized as inhibited or as undercontrolled had stayed truer to themselves. At age eighteen, the once inhibited kids remained a little apart, and were “significantly less forceful and decisive than all the other children.” The undercontrolled kids, meanwhile, “described themselves as danger seeking and impulsive,” and were “the least likely of all young adults to avoid harmful, exciting, and dangerous situations or to behave in reflective, cautious, careful, or planful ways.” Teen-agers in this last group tended to get angry more often, and to see themselves “as mistreated and victimized.”
The researchers saw an opportunity to streamline their categories. They lumped together the large group of teen-agers who didn’t seem to be on a set path. Then they focussed on two smaller groups that stood out. One group was “moving away from the world,” embracing a way of life that, though it could be perfectly rewarding, was also low-key and circumspect. And another, similarly sized group was “moving against the world.” In subsequent years, the researchers found that people in the latter group were more likely to get fired from their jobs and to have gambling problems. Their dispositions were durable.
That durability is due, in part, to the social power of temperament, which, the authors write, is “a machine that designs another machine, which goes on to influence development.” This second machine is a person’s social environment. Someone who moves against the world will push others away, and he’ll tend to interpret the actions of even well-meaning others as pushing back; this negative social feedback will deepen his oppositional stance. Meanwhile, he’ll engage in what psychologists call “niche picking”—the favoring of social situations that reinforce one’s disposition. A “well-adjusted” fifth grader might actually “look forward to the transition to middle school”; when she gets there, she might even join some clubs. Her friend who’s moving away from the world might prefer to read at lunch. And her brother, who’s moving against the world—the group skews slightly male—will feel most at home in dangerous situations.
Through such self-development, the authors write, we curate lives that make us ever more like ourselves. But there are ways to break out of the cycle. One way in which people change course is through their intimate relationships. The Dunedin study suggests that, if someone who tends to move against the world marries the right person, or finds the right mentor, he might begin to move in a more positive direction. His world will have become a more beneficent co-creation. Even if much of the story is written, a rewrite is always possible.
The Dunedin study tells us a lot about how differences between children matter over time. But how much can this kind of work reveal about the deeper, more personal question of our own continuity or changeability? That depends on what we mean when we ask who we are. We are, after all, more than our dispositions. All of us fit into any number of categories, but those categories don’t fully encompass our identities.
There’s an important sense, first of all, in which who you are is determined not by what you’re like but by what you do. Imagine two brothers who grow up sharing a bedroom, and who have similar personalities—intelligent, tough, commanding, and ambitious. One becomes a state senator and university president, while the other becomes a Mob boss. Do their parallel temperaments make them similar people? Those who’ve followed the stories of William Bulger and James (Whitey) Bulger—the Boston brothers who ran the Massachusetts Senate and the underworld, respectively—sometimes suggest that they were more alike than different. (“They’re both very tough in their respective fields,” a biographer observed.) But we’d be right to be skeptical of such an outlook, because it requires setting aside the wildly different substances of the brothers’ lives. At the Pearly Gates, no one will get them confused.
The Bulger brothers are extraordinary; few of us break so bad or good. But we all do surprising things that matter. In 1964, the director Michael Apted helped make “Seven Up!,” the first of a series of documentaries that would visit the same group of a dozen or so Britons every seven years, starting at age seven; Apted envisioned the project—which was updated most recently in 2019, with “63 Up”—as a socioeconomic inquiry “about these kids who have it all, and these other kids who have nothing.” But, as the series has progressed, the chaos of individuality has encroached on the clarity of categorization. One participant has become a lay minister and gone into politics; another has begun helping orphans in Bulgaria; others have done amateur theatre, studied nuclear fusion, and started rock bands. One turned into a documentarian himself and quit the project. Real life, irrepressible in its particulars, has overpowered the schematic intentions of the filmmakers.
Even seemingly unimportant or trivial elements can contribute to who we are. Late this summer, I attended a family function with my father and my uncle. As we sat at an outside table, making small talk, our conversation turned to “Star Trek,” the sci-fi TV show that premièred in 1966. My father and uncle have both watched various incarnations of it since childhood, and my dad, in particular, is a genuine fan. While the party went on around us, we all recited from memory the original version’s opening monologue—“Space: the final frontier. These are the voyages of the Starship Enterprise. . . .”—and applauded ourselves on our rendition. “Star Trek” is a through line in my dad’s life. We tend to downplay these sorts of quirks and enthusiasms, but they’re important to who we are. When Leopold Bloom, the protagonist of James Joyce’s “Ulysses,” wanders through a Dublin cemetery, he is unimpressed by the generic inscriptions on the gravestones, and thinks they should be more specific. “So and So, wheelwright,” Bloom imagines, or, on a stone engraved with a saucepan, “I cooked good Irish stew.” Asked to describe ourselves, we might tend to talk in general terms, finding the details of our lives somehow embarrassing. But a friend delivering a eulogy would do well to note that we played guitar, collected antique telephones, and loved Agatha Christie and the Mets. Each assemblage of details is like a fingerprint. Some of us have had the same prints throughout our lives; others have had a few sets.
Focussing on the actualities of our lives might belie our intuitions about our own continuity or changeability. Galen Strawson, the philosopher who says that he has little sense of his life “as a narrative,” is best known for the arguments he’s made against the ideas of free will and moral responsibility; he maintains that we don’t have free will and aren’t ultimately responsible for what we do. But his father, Peter Strawson, was also a philosopher, and was famous for, among other things, defending those concepts. Galen Strawson can assure us that, from a first-person perspective, his life feels “episodic.” Yet, from the third-person perspective of an imagined biographer, he’s part of a long plot arc that stretches across lifetimes. We may feel discontinuous on the inside but be continuous on the outside, and vice versa. That sort of divergence may simply be unavoidable. Every life can probably be viewed from two angles.
I know two Tims, and they have opposing intuitions about their own continuities. The first Tim, my father-in-law, is sure that he’s had the same jovially jousting personality from two to seventy-two. He’s also had the same interests—reading, the Second World War, Ireland, the Wild West, the Yankees—for most of his life. He is one of the most self-consistent people I know. The second Tim, my high-school friend, sees his life as radically discontinuous, and rightly so. When I first met him, he was so skinny that he was turned away from a blood drive for being underweight; bullied and pushed around by bigger kids, he took solace in the idea that his parents were late growers. This notion struck his friends as far-fetched. But after high school Tim suddenly transformed into a towering man with an action-hero physique. He studied physics and philosophy in college, and then worked in a neuroscience lab before becoming an officer in the Marines and going to Iraq; he entered finance, but has since left to study computer science.
“I’ve changed more than most people I know,” Tim told me. He shared a vivid memory of a conversation he had with his mother, while they sat in the car outside an auto mechanic’s: “I was thirteen, and we were talking about how people change. And my mom, who’s a psychiatrist, told me that people tend to stop changing so much when they get into their thirties. They start to accept who they are, and to live with themselves as they are. And, maybe because I was an unhappy and angry person at the time, I found that idea offensive. And I vowed right then that I would never stop changing. And I haven’t stopped.”
Do the two Tims have the whole picture? I’ve known my father-in-law for only twenty of his seventy-two years, but even in that time he’s changed quite a bit, becoming more patient and compassionate; by all accounts, the life he lived before I met him had a few chapters of its own, too. And there’s a fundamental sense in which my high-school friend hasn’t changed. For as long as I’ve known him, he’s been committed to the idea of becoming different. For him, true transformation would require settling down; endless change is a kind of consistency.
Galen Strawson notes that there’s a wide range of ways in which people can relate to time in their lives. “Some people live in narrative mode,” he writes, and others have “no tendency to see their life as constituting a story or development.” But it’s not just a matter of being a continuer or a divider. Some people live episodically as a form of “spiritual discipline,” while others are “simply aimless.” Presentism can “be a response to economic destitution—a devastating lack of opportunities—or vast wealth.” He continues:
There are lotus-eaters, drifters, lilies of the field, mystics and people who work hard in the present moment. . . . Some people are creative although they lack ambition or long-term aims, and go from one small thing to the next, or produce large works without planning to, by accident or accretion. Some people are very consistent in character, whether or not they know it, a form of steadiness that may underwrite experience of the self’s continuity. Others are consistent in their inconsistency, and feel themselves to be continually puzzling and piecemeal.
The stories we tell ourselves about whether we’ve changed are bound to be simpler than the elusive reality. But that’s not to say that they’re inert. My friend Tim’s story, in which he vows to change forever, shows how such stories can be laden with value. Whether you perceive stasis or segmentation is almost an ideological question. To be changeable is to be unpredictable and free; it’s to be not just the protagonist of your life story but the author of its plot. In some cases, it means embracing a drama of vulnerability, decision, and transformation; it may also involve a refusal to accept the finitude that’s the flip side of individuality.
The alternative perspective—that you’ve always been who you are—bears values, too. James Fenton captures some of them in his poem “The Ideal”:
A self is a self.
It is not a screen.
A person should respect
What he has been.
This is my past
Which I shall not discard.
This is the ideal.
This is hard.
In this view, life is full and variable, and we all go through adventures that may change who we are. But what matters most is that we lived it. The same me, however altered, absorbed it all and did it all. This outlook also involves a declaration of independence—independence not from one’s past self and circumstances but from the power of circumstances and the choices we make to give meaning to our lives. Dividers tell the story of how they’ve renovated their houses, becoming architects along the way. Continuers tell the story of an august property that will remain itself regardless of what gets built. As different as these two views sound, they have a lot in common. Among other things, they aid us in our self-development. By committing himself to a life of change, my friend Tim might have sped it along. By concentrating on his persistence of character, my father-in-law may have nurtured and refined his best self.
The passage of time almost demands that we tell some sort of story: there are certain ways in which we can’t help changing through life, and we must respond to them. Young bodies differ from old ones; possibilities multiply in our early decades, and later fade. When you were seventeen, you practiced the piano for an hour each day, and fell in love for the first time; now you pay down your credit cards and watch Amazon Prime. To say that you are the same person today that you were decades ago is absurd. A story that neatly divides your past into chapters may also be artificial. And yet there’s value in imposing order on chaos. It’s not just a matter of self-soothing: the future looms, and we must decide how to act based on the past. You can’t continue a story without first writing one.
Sticking with any single account of your mutability may be limiting. The stories we’ve told may become too narrow for our needs. In the book “Life Is Hard,” the philosopher Kieran Setiya argues that certain bracing challenges—loneliness, failure, ill health, grief, and so on—are essentially unavoidable; we tend to be educated, meanwhile, in a broadly redemptive tradition that “urges us to focus on the best in life.” One of the benefits of asserting that we’ve always been who we are is that it helps us gloss over the disruptive developments that have upended our lives. But it’s good, the book shows, to acknowledge hard experiences and ask how they’ve helped us grow tougher, kinder, and wiser. More generally, if you’ve long answered the question of continuity one way, you might try answering it another. For a change, see yourself as either more continuous or less continuous than you’d assumed. Find out what this new perspective reveals.
There’s a recursive quality to acts of self-narration. I tell myself a story about myself in order to synchronize myself with the tale I’m telling; then, inevitably, I revise the story as I change. The long work of revising might itself be a source of continuity in our lives. One of the participants in the “Up” series tells Apted, “It’s taken me virtually sixty years to understand who I am.” Martin Heidegger, the often impenetrable German philosopher, argued that what distinguishes human beings is our ability to “take a stand” on what and who we are; in fact, we have no choice but to ask unceasing questions about what it means to exist, and about what it all adds up to. The asking, and trying out of answers, is as fundamental to our personhood as growing is to a tree.
Recently, my son has started to understand that he’s changing. He’s noticed that he no longer fits into a favorite shirt, and he shows me how he sleeps somewhat diagonally in his toddler bed. He’s been caught walking around the house with real scissors. “I’m a big kid now, and I can use these,” he says. Passing a favorite spot on the beach, he tells me, “Remember when we used to play with trucks here? I loved those times.” By this point, he’s actually had a few different names: we called him “little guy” after he was born, and I now call him “Mr. Man.” His understanding of his own growth is a step in his growing, and he is, increasingly, a doubled being—a tree and a vine. As the tree grows, the vine twines, finding new holds on the shape that supports it. It’s a process that will continue throughout his life. We change, and change our view of that change, for as long as we live. ♦
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https://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org/harriet-beecher-stowe/her-global-impact/
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Stowe’s Global Impact
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Her Words
Changed the World
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en
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Harriet Beecher Stowe Center
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https://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org/harriet-beecher-stowe/her-global-impact/
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Harriet Beecher Stowe’s courage as she picked up her pen inspires us to believe in our own ability to make positive change. Uncle Tom’s Cabin challenges us to confront America’s complicated past and connect it with today’s issues.
“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”, Slavery, and the Civil War
Stowe’s vivid characters and portrayal of their struggles opened reader’s eyes to the realities of slavery and the humanity of enslaved people. Stowe hoped the novel would build empathy for the characters and, in turn, for enslaved individuals.
Stowe’s candor on the controversial subject of slavery encouraged others to speak out, further eroding the already precarious relations between northern and southern states and advancing the nation’s march toward Civil War.
By the war’s beginning in 1861, North-South tensions had been on the rise for decades. With the election of President Abraham Lincoln in 1860, the crisis came to a head as some Southern states seceded from the Union. Many white Southerners feared that slavery, “the peculiar institution” upon which their economy depended, would be eradicated. The brutal four-year war that followed almost destroyed the United States.
When Stowe visited President Lincoln at the White House in 1862, he is reported to have said, “So you’re the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war.” This statement, regardless of its truth, testifies to Uncle Tom’s Cabin’s impact.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a runaway hit, selling 10,000 copies in the United States in its first week and 300,000 in the first year. The novel sold even more copies abroad than it did in the United States — 1.5 million in a year in Great Britain.
When Stowe visited Great Britain in 1853, invited by anti-slavery groups, she was rushed by excited crowds. During her five-month stay, she traveled the country. She attended numerous anti-slavery rallies and was presented with the Stafford House Address, a 26-volume leather bound petition signed by more than 563,000 British women asking their American sisters to work to abolish slavery.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin was the first major U.S. novel with a Black main character, and the first to use regional accents. It has been translated to over 70 languages.
Public response to Uncle Tom’s Cabin was not all positive. Moderates praised the book for exposing slavery’s harsh realities, but abolitionists felt it was not forceful enough. Others called out some of Stowe’s characters as stereotypes. Pro-slavery advocates argued that Stowe had written an unrealistic, one-sided image of slavery. These pro-slavery responses prompted at least 29 “Anti-Tom” or proslavery books before the Civil War.
Stowe responded to her critics by writing The Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin, an annotated bibliography of her sources. In The Key, Stowe pointed out people who inspired her characters and events. She hoped that identifying these sources would demonstrate that her novel was based on fact.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin was part of a large body of anti-slavery writing. Stowe borrowed from books by enslaved people including Josiah Henson, Lewis Clarke, and Solomon Northup. As a white woman, Stowe was seen as less threatening to white readers than Black abolitionists, helping her novel reach more readers. Some thought the book’s success was a tool they could use, while others said Stowe was taking stories that were not hers.
“Uncle Tom’s Cabin” and American Culture
Uncle Tom’s Cabin’s reach went right off the page. It inspired products including wallpaper, board games, silverware, song sheets, ceramics, and handkerchiefs.
It was so popular it immediately became a play, with scenes taken word for word from Stowe’s novel. People flocked to see it and competing New York City shows made going to the theater respectable. Theater companies small and large travelled the country, using their own versions, without anti-slavery messages, and adding spectacle to draw crowds. Because her strict Congregationalist upbringing forbade going to the theater, Stowe was not comfortable collaborating on stage productions of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Unfortunately, 1852 copyright laws did not protect fictional works from being adapted into plays without the author’s permission. These products, plays, and spin-offs were created without Stowe’s consent and copied the racial attitudes of their time from 1852 through the Civil War, Jim Crow Era, and as late as the 1950’s.
“Uncle Tom’s Cabin” became the longest running play in U.S. history.
Dramatization of Uncle Tom’s Cabin’s for the stage meant shortening and simplifying a complicated story. These unauthorized productions, known as “Tom Shows,” were loosely based on Stowe’s story. “Tom Shows” were produced in theaters and traveling shows across the country, often with extravagant special effects and comedic dialogue.
Racial stereotypes were highlighted with actors in blackface and simplified plots. Eliza’s escape across the ice added bloodhounds. Topsy became a slapstick figure. Strong, young Tom aged to a submissive, shuffling old man.
Discussions of racism, slavery’s impact on families, and reparations vanished, and after the Civil War, so did most references to slavery. Professional “Tom Shows” toured annually for nearly 90 years, and versions were later filmed for movies and cartoons.
“Tom-Shows” were not the only way others profited from Stowe’s ideas. A wide range of Uncle Tom’s Cabin inspired products, or “Tomitudes,” flooded the market. Some of these items reflect racial attitudes of the day, making uneasy viewing in the 21st century. Although Stowe neither endorsed nor profited from the plays or memorabilia, public perception of her work was altered.
In 2018, writers around the globe selected Uncle Tom’s Cabin as #2 of 100 stories that shaped the world! Read more about it.
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https://www.forbes.com/sites/monicamercuri/2024/04/30/the-crazy-true-story-behind-netflixs-baby-reindeer-what-happens-to-martha/
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en
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The Crazy True Story Behind Netflix’s ‘Baby Reindeer’—The ‘Real’ Martha Speaks Out
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"Monica Mercuri"
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2024-04-30T00:00:00
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Netflix’s “Baby Reindeer” tells the twisted true story of Richard Gadd’s experience with a stalker. Dive into the details of the series, including what happens to Martha.
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en
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Forbes
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https://www.forbes.com/sites/monicamercuri/2024/04/30/the-crazy-true-story-behind-netflixs-baby-reindeer-what-happens-to-martha/
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Netflix’s new miniseries Baby Reindeer is trending on Netflix—and it's the kind of show that'll have you glued to your TV screen. It unravels Scottish comedian Richard Gadd’s experience with a stalker in his 20s. Find out what happened in real life, including why the woman claiming to be Martha is now threatening legal action against Gadd.
Baby Reindeer—which began as a one-man show at the Edinburgh Fringe—stars Gadd as a fictionalized version of himself named Donny Dunn, a struggling comedian and bartender stalked by a woman named Martha. The pair first crossed paths when Donny served the lonely woman a free cup of tea at the bar where he worked.
“That one act of kindness changes Donny’s life forever, because for the next three years, Martha stalks him,” said Jessica Gunning, who plays Martha, to Tudum. “She sends him 41,000 emails and hundreds of hours worth of voice messages. But it’s not your conventional stalker storyline.”
The first episode of Baby Reindeer has been watched by more than 3 million viewers over the past seven days, according to Deadline. The series has also dominated online viewing in the UK over the past week.
Is Baby Reindeer On Netflix A True Story?
Yes, Baby Reindeer retells the true story of the stalking and harassment Scottish comedian Richard Gadd endured at the hands of a middle-aged woman who goes by the pseudonym Martha in the Netflix series.
Over four and a half years, the woman sent him 41,071 emails, 350 hours’ worth of voicemails, 744 tweets, 46 Facebook messages, 106 pages of letters, and a variety of weird gifts, including a reindeer toy, sleeping pills, a woolly hat and boxer shorts. She obsessively stalked Gadd outside of his home, workplace, and on stage in comedy clubs, even going as far as harassing his loved ones, including his parents and a trans woman he started dating.
“At first everyone at the pub thought it was funny that I had an admirer,” Gadd said in an interview with U.K.’s The Times. “Then she started to invade my life, following me, turning up at my gigs, waiting outside my house, sending thousands of voicemails and emails.”
When Gadd eventually went to the police, he was “getting told off for harassing the police about being harassed,” the actor recalled to The Guardian in 2019. “I’ve been through two police investigations in my life and they’ve both been hilarious, fly-on-the-wall terrible. Honestly my advice to someone who ever thought of pressing charges would be: it’s a f*cking nightmare process, and it takes years.”
ForbesThe Chilling True Story Behind Netflix's 'What Jennifer Did'-Your Questions Answered
The stalking began after Gadd was groomed, raped, and repeatedly sexually assaulted by an older, successful TV writer, as highlighted in the fourth episode of the series. In the show, the man offers to mentor Donny and invites him to his London flat, where they would take hard drugs and the abuse would take place.
“I don’t want to speak for every person that’s been sexually abused, but one of the most common ramifications is self-blame,” Gadd told The Independent. “‘Why did I go there? Why did I do this?’ Why did I… blah, blah blah. I’ve lived in a prison of self-hate and self-punishment. But writing it down in a chronological way, and processing it… I guess I learned to empathise with myself a little bit more.”
Who Is The Real Martha In Baby Reindeer?
The woman who stalked Richard Gadd is not named Martha, so who was she? Richard Gadd said he is keeping those details private. The actor told GQ that he has never revealed her real name to the media and changed key facts about her for the Netflix show.
“We’ve gone to such great lengths to disguise her to the point that I don’t think she would recognise herself,” he explained. “What’s been borrowed is an emotional truth, not a fact-by-fact profile of someone.”
After the Netflix show was released, the alleged stalker who inspired Martha told the Daily Mail on April 26, 2024, that she was considering taking legal action against Gadd.
The woman insisted that now, Gadd was the one who was obsessed with her. “He’s using Baby Reindeer to stalk me now,” she told the tabloid. “I’m the victim. He’s written a bloody show about me.”
She also called Gadd’s script “bullying an older woman on television for fame and fortune” and that she had received online “death threats and abuse from Richard Gadd supporters.” She also told the site that she “never owned a toy baby reindeer and I wouldn't have had any conversation with Richard Gadd about a childhood toy either.”
The new interview comes after Gadd urged his followers to stop speculating about who the real Martha could be.
“People I love, have worked with, and admire (including Sean Foley) are unfairly getting caught up in speculation,” Gadd posted in a now-expired Instagram Story on Monday. “Please don’t speculate on who any of the real life people could be. That’s not the point of our show.”
Foley also addressed rumors suggesting he was the person who groomed and sexually assaulted Gadd. “Police have been informed and are investigating all defamatory abusive and threatening posts against me,” the British director wrote on X on April 23.
In an interview with BBC Scotland’s The Edit, Gadd’s co-star Gunning called the Baby Reindeer speculation “quite sad” and “not the point of the show at all.”
“If you like the show and you are a fan of it, you should stick with the story of Martha and Donny being what connects you, not trying to do any detective work and find out any real identities,” she said.
The actress added that Netflix went to "great lengths" to protect the identities of those involved. "Richard has done an amazing job of not making the story so black and white, so there’s no goody or baddy or villain or victim, really,” she said. "They are just complicated people like humans are."
On May 8, Piers Morgan shared a photo of Fiona Harvey, the alleged woman claiming to be Gadd’s stalker. “The real-life Martha from Baby Reindeer breaks cover and gives me her first TV interview about the smash hit Netflix show,” he wrote in the tweet. “Fiona Harvey wants to have her say & ‘set the record straight.” The interview is airing on May 9 at 8 p.m. on Piers Morgan Uncensored on YouTube.
What Happens To Martha In Baby Reindeer?
In the show, after Martha leaves a threatening voicemail on Donny’s phone, she is arrested and charged with three counts of stalking and harassment. She pleads guilty and receives a nine-month prison sentence and a five-year restraining order.
In real life, it’s unknown what happened to Martha. Gadd suggested to The Times that his stalker did not go to prison, adding that he “didn’t want to throw someone who was that level of mentally unwell in prison.” He also revealed that he had “mixed feelings about it” but that the situation was now “resolved.”
“I can’t emphasize enough how much of a victim she is in all this,” he told The Independent. “Stalking and harassment is a form of mental illness. It would have been wrong to paint her as a monster, because she’s unwell, and the system’s failed her.”
In the years that followed, the trauma Gadd experienced was impacting his work, and ultimately, he had no choice “but to conflate the two.”
“I couldn’t keep my life separate from what I’d been through anymore. It was becoming increasingly hard to play the frivolous funnyman when I’d been through these kinds of things,” he told the publication. “Because I don’t think I could have really survived having repressed it, and carried on doing these one-liners and surface-level routines. It was almost a survival choice. Because I was struggling so much.”
Baby Reindeer is now streaming on Netflix.
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https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/supreme-court-strikes-affirmative-action-programs-harvard-unc-rcna66770
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Supreme Court strikes down college affirmative action programs
|
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""
] | null |
[
"Lawrence Hurley"
] |
2023-06-29T14:14:53+00:00
|
The Supreme Court struck down affirmative action at University of North Carolina and Harvard, ends the systematic consideration of race in the admissions process.
|
en
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https://nodeassets.nbcnews.com/cdnassets/projects/ramen/favicon/nbcnews/all-other-sizes-PNG.ico/favicon.ico
|
NBC News
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https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/supreme-court-strikes-affirmative-action-programs-harvard-unc-rcna66770
|
WASHINGTON — The Supreme Court on Thursday struck down affirmative action programs at the University of North Carolina and Harvard in a major victory for conservative activists, ending the systematic consideration of race in the admissions process.
The court ruled that both programs violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution and are therefore unlawful. The vote was 6-3 in the UNC case and 6-2 in the Harvard case, in which liberal Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson was recused.
The decision was hailed by prominent conservatives, who say the Constitution should be "colorblind," with former President Donald Trump calling it "a great day for America." Liberals, however, condemned the ruling, saying affirmative action is a key tool for remedying historic race discrimination.
"It wasn’t perfect, but there’s no doubt that it helped offer new ladders of opportunity for those who, throughout our history, have too often been denied a chance to show how fast they can climb," said Michelle Obama, the first Black first lady.
President Joe Biden called the decision a "severe disappointment," adding that his administration would provide guidance about how colleges could maintain diversity without violating the ruling.
The court effectively overturned the 2003 ruling Grutter v. Bollinger, in which it said race could be considered as a factor in the admissions process because universities had a compelling interest in maintaining diverse campuses. In doing so, the court scrapped decades of precedent, including a ruling dating to 1978, that upheld a limited consideration of race in university admissions to combat historic discrimination against Black people and other minority groups.
In the majority opinion, Chief Justice John Roberts did not explicitly say the former precedents were overruled, but in a concurring opinion, conservative Justice Clarence Thomas, only the second Black justice to be appointed to the court, said the Grutter case was, "for all intents and purposes, overruled."
Roberts wrote that both programs "lack sufficiently focused and measurable objectives warranting the use of race, unavoidably employ race in a negative manner, involve racial stereotyping, and lack meaningful end points."
The ruling exposed stark divisions among the justices, who sit on a court that is more diverse than it has ever been.
Jackson, the first Black woman to serve on the court, wrote in a dissenting opinion that the ruling was "truly a tragedy for us all."
Liberal Justice Sonia Sotomayor, the first Hispanic justice, wrote that the court "stands in the way and rolls back decades of precedent and momentous progress."
Sotomayor, in a sign of her displeasure, read a lengthy summary of her dissenting opinion in the courtroom.
Thomas, a long-term critic of affirmative action, wrote his own 58-page opinion, in which he called the programs in question "rudderless, race-based preferences designed to ensure a particular racial mix in the entering classes."
Both policies "fly in the face of our colorblind Constitution and our nation's equality ideal," he added.
Jackson stared straight ahead while Thomas read his opinion from the bench.
The ruling is another example in which the court, which has a 6-3 conservative majority, has delivered on the long-held goals of conservative legal activists. It follows the seismic ruling last year that overturned Roe v. Wade, the landmark 1973 decision that guaranteed a right to abortion.
The court’s decision is a major blow to the most selective universities, which say some consideration of race is vital in ensuring they have diverse student bodies.
The small number of schools that have extremely competitive admissions programs are the most affected. They have predicted that rulings against the colleges will lead to a significant drop in the enrollment of minority students and require admissions officers to experiment with new race-neutral plans to counteract the impact. The vast majority of colleges accept almost all applicants and will not be as affected.
Among the dozens of institutions that take race into account are Yale University, Brown University, Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Chicago and Dartmouth College.
Roberts left open the possibility of colleges' considering the discussion of race in an individual student's application, citing the example of someone who personally encountered racial discrimination.
The student "must be treated based on his or her experiences as an individual — not on the basis of race," he added.
He also noted that the ruling does not address considering race in military academies. The Biden administration had warned that a ruling curbing affirmative action would detrimentally affect the U.S. military, which depends on a “well-qualified and diverse officer corps” educated at institutions like the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, as well as civilian universities.
It is unclear what flexibility colleges will have in adopting race-neutral programs to foster diverse student bodies. Those defending affirmative action said such policies will often fail, leading to declines in Black and Hispanic enrollments. The challengers point to examples in the nine states that already ban the practice as evidence that considering race is not essential.
The ruling is likely to have repercussions far beyond higher education, including on K-12 schools, and it puts increased pressure on colleges to come up with workable race-neutral programs that would foster racial diversity. The decision could also lead to future challenges to racial diversity programs used by employers, as similar arguments could be made under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which prohibits discrimination in employment.
In the 2003 ruling, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote that affirmative action programs should no longer be needed by 2028.
Conservative Justice Brett Kavanaugh, in a concurring opinion, said that Thursday's ruling would apply first to those starting college in 2028 and that the decision therefore did not conflict with the 2003 ruling.
Affirmative action, introduced to redress historic discrimination, has been a contentious issue for years, strongly supported by educational institutions and corporate America as being vital to fostering diversity and condemned by conservatives as being antithetical to the notion that racial equality means all races are treated the same.
Both challenges were brought by a group called Students for Fair Admissions, led by the conservative activist Ed Blum.
"The polarizing, stigmatizing and unfair jurisprudence that allowed colleges and universities to use a student’s race and ethnicity as a factor to admit or reject them has been overruled," he said in a statement.
The legal debate that led to the latest ruling was left unresolved by a fractured 1978 Supreme Court ruling that prohibited racial quotas but left the door open to some consideration of race. That then led to the 2003 Grutter ruling, which again reluctantly allowed some affirmative action programs.
In 2016, the last time the Supreme Court ruled on affirmative action, the justices narrowly upheld the admissions policy at the University of Texas at Austin on a 4-3 vote, with conservative Justice Anthony Kennedy, who has since retired, casting the deciding vote.
The court shifted to the right after President Donald Trump appointed three conservative justices. President Joe Biden’s appointment of Jackson did not change the ideological balance of the court, as she replaced fellow liberal Justice Stephen Breyer. Because Jackson served on Harvard’s Board of Overseers during the litigation, she stepped aside from the Harvard case and participated only in the North Carolina dispute.
Blum’s group argued that any consideration of race in college admissions is unlawful under both Title VI and the Constitution. It said that the UNC admissions policy discriminates against white and Asian applicants and that the Harvard policy discriminates against Asians. In both cases, lower courts ruled in favor of the universities.
In defending their policies, the universities and their supporters — including the Biden administration, civil rights groups, businesses and former military leaders — argued that excluding someone based on race is completely different from seeking diversity on campus. The universities say race is just one factor that is considered as part of broad individualized analysis of each applicant.
UNC Chancellor Kevin Guskiewicz said the university "remains firmly committed to bringing together talented students with different perspectives and life experiences and continues to make an affordable, high-quality education accessible to the people of North Carolina and beyond."
Harvard leaders issued a statement reaffirming their commitment to "the fundamental principle that deep and transformative teaching, learning and research depend upon a community comprising people of many backgrounds, perspectives and lived experiences."
Harvard will now "determine how to preserve, consistent with the court's new precedent, our essential values," they added.
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0
| 31
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https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-travel-information
|
en
|
Zika Travel Information
|
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Zika information for travelers to international destinations and US territories
|
en
| null |
Map Legend Country or territory with current Zika outbreak1 Country or territory that has ever reported Zika cases2 (past or current) Areas with low likelihood of Zika infection because of high elevation (above 6,500 feet/2,000 meters) Country or territory with mosquito3 but no reported Zika cases2 Country or territory with no mosquitoes3 that spread Zika 1 No areas are currently reporting Zika outbreaks 2 Locally acquired, mosquito-borne Zika cases 3 Aedes aegypti
Zika Travel Recommendations by Traveler Type and Country Category
Know before you go! Zika continues to be a problem in many parts of the world. There is no vaccine to prevent infection. Zika is spread mostly by the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus). Zika can be passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus. Infection during pregnancy can cause certain birth defects.
Your decision to delay or cancel travel is personal and complex. In making this decision, consider your travel destination and your ability to protect yourself from mosquito bites. CDC recommends that pregnant women and couples planning a pregnancy within the next 3 months consult with a health care provider in making this decision.
Recommendations for US Residents Traveling Abroad
1These countries have a potential risk of Zika, but we do not have accurate information on the current level of risk. As a result, detection and reporting of new outbreaks may be delayed.
2Because Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (the mosquitoes that most commonly spreads Zika) are present in these countries, Zika has the potential to be present, along with other mosquito-borne infections. Detection and reporting of cases and outbreaks may be delayed.
3No Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (the mosquitoes that most commonly spreads Zika) have been reported in these countries. However, other Aedes species mosquitoes have been known to spread Zika, and these may be present.
Areas with Zika outbreaks (red areas):
Areas with current or past transmission but no Zika outbreak (purple areas): American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Bonaire, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Colombia, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Easter Island, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, France, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Saba, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Senegal, Singapore, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos, Uganda, United States (Continental US), United States Virgin Islands, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam
Areas with mosquitoes but no reported Zika cases (yellow areas): Afghanistan, Australia, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Brunei, Chad, China, Christmas Island, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, East Timor, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Georgia, Ghana, Guam, Liberia, Madagascar, Madeira Islands, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Niger, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Oman, Pakistan, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Taiwan, Tanzania, The Gambia, Togo, Tokelau, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uruguay, Wallis and Futuna, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Areas with no mosquitoes that spread Zika (green areas): Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Azores, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Bermuda, Bosnia and Herzegovina, British Indian Ocean Territory, Bulgaria, Canada, Canary Islands, Chile, Cocos Islands, Comoros, Corsica, Croatia, Crozet Islands, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Eswatini, Falkland Islands, Faroe Islands, Finland, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Greenland, Guernsey, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Isle of Man, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jersey, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kerguelen Islands, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Malta, Mauritius, Mayotte, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, North Korea, North Macedonia, Norway, Pitcairn Islands, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Reunion, Romania, Saint Helena, Saint Paul and New Amsterdam Islands, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, San Marino, São Tomé and Principe, Serbia, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Vatican City, Wake Island, Western Sahara
|
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6418
|
dbpedia
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3
| 64
|
https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/five-things-you-may-not-know-about-amelia-earhart
|
en
|
Five Things You May Not Know About Amelia Earhart
|
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[] |
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[] |
2021-10-29T00:00:00
|
In addition to the feats accomplished while in a plane, Earhart made an impact in areas from ranging from fashion to flying an autogiro. Here are five things you may not know about the famous American pilot.
|
en
|
/themes/nasm_theme/favicon.ico
|
https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/five-things-you-may-not-know-about-amelia-earhart
|
Amelia Earhart is one of the most famous American pilots. A record setting aviator, she was the second person to fly solo and nonstop across the Atlantic, the first person to fly solo and nonstop across the United States, and much more. She tragically went missing while attempting to fly around the world.
Earhart’s life, while tragically cut short, was many layered. In addition to the feats accomplished while in a plane, Earhart made an impact in areas from ranging from fashion to flying an autogiro. Here are five things you may not know about the famous American pilot.
1. She Also Flew the Autogiro
In 1930, after only 15 minutes of instruction, Earhart became the first woman to fly an autogiro, made by Pitcairn and featuring rotating blades to increase lift and allow short takeoffs and landings. Earhart set the first autogiro altitude record and made two autogiro cross-country tours, which were marked by three public crashes. Though Earhart was the most famous woman pilot, she was not necessarily the most skilled.
2. First Woman Vice President of the National Aeronautic Association
Earhart became the first woman vice president of the National Aeronautic Association, which authorized official records and races. She persuaded the organization to establish separate female records because women did not have the money or planes — and thus the experience — to fairly compete against men for "world" titles.
3. Politically Outspoken
Earhart lobbied Congress for aviation legislation. She also lobbied for birth control rights, supported women in politics and business, and endorsed the draft for men, women, and even the elderly to promote equality and peace.
4. Entrepreneur and Fashion Designer
Earhart designed a line of "functional" women's clothing, including dresses, blouses, pants, suits, and hats, initially using her own sewing machine, dress form, and seamstress. She modeled her own designs for promotional spreads.
Earhart also designed a line of lightweight, canvas-covered plywood luggage sold by Orenstein Trunk of Newark, New Jersey. Earhart luggage was sold into the 1990s.
5. College Professor
In 1935, Earhart became a visiting professor at Purdue University at the invitation of Purdue president Edward Elliott, an advocate of higher education for women, especially in engineering and science. Earhart, a former premedical student, served as a counselor for women and a lecturer in aeronautics. Elliott was also interested in supporting Earhart's flying career and convinced Purdue benefactors to purchase a twin-engine Lockheed 10-E Electra for her.
|
|||||
6418
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1
| 92
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https://www.tiktok.com/%40luckydogflm/video/7400645780417056032
|
en
|
Make Your Day
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""
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6418
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0
| 66
|
https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/blog/unwanted-sterilization-and-eugenics-programs-in-the-united-states/
|
en
|
Unwanted Sterilization and Eugenics Programs in the United States
|
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2016-01-29T01:51:09+00:00
|
A survey of the shocking history of forced sterilization and eugenics programs in the United States in the 20th century.
|
en
|
https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/favicon-1-32x32.ico
|
Independent Lens
|
https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/blog/unwanted-sterilization-and-eugenics-programs-in-the-united-states/
|
Coerced sterilization is a shameful part of America’s history, and one doesn’t have to go too far back to find examples of it. Used as a means of controlling “undesirable” populations – immigrants, people of color, poor people, unmarried mothers, the disabled, the mentally ill – federally-funded sterilization programs took place in 32 states throughout the 20th century.
As historian William Deverell explains in a piece discussing the “Asexualization Acts” that led to the sterilization of more than 20,000 California men and women,“If you are sterilizing someone, you are saying, if not to them directly, ‘Your possible progeny are inassimilable, and we choose not to deal with that.’”
According to Andrea Estrada at UC Santa Barbara, forced sterilization was particularly rampant in California:
Beginning in 1909 and continuing for 70 years, California led the country in the number of sterilization procedures performed on men and women, often without their full knowledge and consent. Approximately 20,000 sterilizations took place in state institutions, comprising one-third of the total number performed in the 32 states where such action was legal. (from The UC Santa Barbara Current)
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“There is today one state,” wrote Hitler, “in which at least weak beginnings toward a better conception [of citizenship] are noticeable. Of course, it is not our model German Republic, but the United States.” (from The L.A. Times)
Researcher Alex Stern, author of the new book Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in America, adds:
“In the early 20th century across the country, medical superintendents, legislators, and social reformers affiliated with an emerging eugenics movement joined forces to put sterilization laws on the books. Such legislation was motivated by crude theories of human heredity that posited the wholesale inheritance of traits associated with a panoply of feared conditions such as criminality, feeblemindedness, and sexual deviance. Many sterilization advocates viewed reproductive surgery as a necessary public health intervention that would protect society from deleterious genes and the social and economic costs of managing ‘degenerate stock’.”
Eugenics was a commonly accepted means of protecting society from the offspring (and therefore equally suspect) of those individuals deemed inferior or dangerous – the poor, the disabled, the mentally ill, criminals, and people of color.
More recently, California prisons are said to have authorized sterilizations of nearly 150 female inmates between 2006 and 2010. The Center for Investigative Reporting reveals how the state paid doctors $147,460 to perform tubal ligations that former inmates say were done under coercion.
But California is far from being the only state with such troubled practices. For a disturbing history lesson, check out this comprehensive database for your state’s eugenics history. You can find out more information on state-by-state sterilization policies, the number of victims, institutions where sterilizations were performed, and leading opponents and proponents.
While California’s eugenics programs were driven in part by anti-Asian and anti-Mexican prejudice, Southern states also employed sterilization as a means of controlling African American populations. “Mississippi appendectomies” was another name for unnecessary hysterectomies performed at teaching hospitals in the South on women of color as practice for medical students.
For a closer look, see Belle Bogg’s “For the Public Good,” with original video by Olympia Stone that features Willis Lynch, who was sterilized at the age of 14 while living in a North Carolina juvenile detention facility.
Gregory W. Rutecki, MD writes about the forced sterilization of Native Americans, which persisted into the 1970s and 1980s, with examples of young women receiving tubal ligations when they were getting appendectomies. It’s estimated that as many as 25-50 percent of Native American women were sterilized between 1970 and 1976. Forced sterilization programs are also a part of history in Puerto Rico, where sterilization rates are said to be the highest in the world.
Landmark Cases
The film No Más Bebés follows the story of Mexican American women who were sterilized under duress while giving birth at Los Angeles County-USC Medical Center in the 1960s and 1970s. Madrigal v. Quilligan, the case portrayed in the film, is one of several landmark cases that’s affected the reproductive rights of underserved populations, for better or for worse.
Here are some other important cases:
Buck v. Bell: In 1927, Carrie Buck, a poor white woman, was the first person to be sterilized in Virginia under a new law. Carrie’s mother had been involuntarily institutionalized for being “feebleminded” and “promiscuous.” Carrie was assumed to have inherited these traits, and was sterilized after giving birth. This Supreme Court case led to the sterilization of 65,000 Americans with mental illness or developmental disabilities from the 1920s to the ’70s. (Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote in reference to Carrie: “Three generations of imbeciles are enough.”) The court ruling still stands today.
Excerpt from the documentary Fixed to Fail: Buck vs. Bell:
Relf v. Weinberger: Mary Alice and Minnie Relf, poor African American sisters from Alabama, were sterilized at the ages of 14 and 12. Their mother, who was illiterate, had signed an “X” on a piece of paper she believed gave permission for her daughters, who were both mentally disabled, to receive birth control shots. In 1974, the Southern Poverty Law Center filed a lawsuit on behalf of the Relf sisters, revealing that 100,000 to 150,000 poor people were being sterilized each year under federally-funded programs.
Eugenics Compensation Act: In December 2015, the US Senate voted unanimously to help surviving victims of forced sterilization. North Carolina has paid $35,000 to 220 surviving victims of its eugenics program. Virginia agreed to give surviving victims $25,000 each.
Reproductive Justice Today
While the case in No Más Bebés occurred forty years ago, issues of reproductive justice are still relevant today, as state laws continue to restrict access to abortion and birth control. Deborah Reid of the National Health Law program writes:
“The concept of reproductive justice, which is firmly rooted in a human rights framework that supports the ability of all women to make and direct their own reproductive decisions. These decisions could include obtaining contraception, abortion, sterilization, and/or maternity care. Accompanying that right is the obligation of the government and larger society to create laws, policies, and systems conducive to supporting those decisions.”
For organizations such as the National Latina Institute for Reproductive Health, reproductive justice involves not only access to affordable birth control, abortion, and health care, but also providing access to women who are being held in immigration detention centers.
It’s work that connects the dots between power inequities and bodily self-determination – something the eugenics movement sought to limit. As No Más Bebés director Renee Tajima-Peña says in an interview with Colorlines: “The reproductive justice framework is to make sure that people listen to the needs and the voices of poor women, women of color and immigrant women who’ve been marginalized.”
2022 Update:
Read this comprehensive new article by Natalie Lira for PBS’s American Experience and The Latino Experience: “Latinos and the Consequences of Eugenics.”
2020 Updates:
The documentary Belly of the Beast tackles a more recent, equally shocking story of forced sterilizations — in this case in women’s prisons. As the women who investigate these cases discover, despite it being nearly forty years after being banned— forced sterilization continued for decades in women’s prisons, shielded by prison officials and doctors inside the correctional system. And may even still be happening. Read the interview with Belly of the Beast filmmaker Erika Cohn to learn more.
And as Cohn references in that interview, 2020 saw the revelation that there were forced sterilizations performed in an ICE detention center in Georgia. Learn more in this NPR piece, “ICE, A Whistleblower and Forced Sterilization.”
Related Films
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Obtaining Asylum in the United States
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2023-09-13T00:00:00
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ALERT: Court Order on Circumvention of Lawful Pathways Final Rule On Aug
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USCIS
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https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/refugees-and-asylum/asylum/obtaining-asylum-in-the-united-states
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To obtain asylum through the affirmative asylum process you must be physically present in the United States. You may apply for asylum regardless of how you arrived in the United States or your current immigration status.
You must apply for asylum within 1 year of the date of your last arrival in the United States, unless you can show:
Changed circumstances that materially affect your eligibility for asylum or extraordinary circumstances relating to the delay in filing; and
You filed within a reasonable amount of time given those circumstances.
You may apply for affirmative asylum by submitting Form I-589, Application for Asylum and for Withholding of Removal, to USCIS.
If your case is not approved and you do not have a legal immigration status, we will issue a Form I-862, Notice to Appear (NTA), and refer your case to an immigration judge with the Department of Justice's Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR). The immigration judge conducts a “de novo” hearing of the case. This means that the judge conducts a new hearing and issues a decision that is independent of the decision made by USCIS. In certain circumstances, if USCIS does not have jurisdiction over your case, the asylum office will issue a Form I-863, Notice of Referral to Immigration Judge, for an asylum-only hearing. See the section “Defensive Asylum Processing With EOIR” below if this situation applies to you.
If you were previously issued an NTA that was not filed and docketed with the EOIR immigration court, or your previously issued NTA was filed and docketed with EOIR either shortly before (within 21 days) or after you filed your Form I-589 with USCIS, USCIS will refile your NTA (if necessary) and send your Form I-589 to the immigration court for adjudication.
To determine where to file your Form I-589, follow the instructions under the “Where to File” section on our Form I-589 page. For more information, please see What Happens After You File Your Form I-589 With USCIS.
You may live in the United States while your Form I-589 is pending before USCIS. If you are found ineligible, you can remain in the United States while your Form I-589 is pending with the immigration judge. Asylum applicants are not authorized to work unless you meet certain requirements. For more information, please see Permission to Work in the United States. Affirmative asylum applicants are rarely detained by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).
Please see the Affirmative Asylum Process for step-by-step information on applying for asylum through the affirmative asylum process.
A defensive application for asylum occurs when you request asylum as a defense against removal from the United States. For asylum processing to be defensive, you must be in removal proceedings in immigration court with the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR).
Individuals are generally placed into defensive asylum processing in one of two ways:
They are referred to an immigration judge by USCIS after they have been determined to be ineligible for asylum at the end of the affirmative asylum process, or
They are placed in removal proceedings because they:
Were apprehended in the United States or at a U.S. port of entry without proper legal documents or in violation of their immigration status; or
Were apprehended by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) trying to enter the United States without proper documentation, were placed in the expedited removal process, and were found to have a credible fear of persecution or torture by an asylum officer. See Questions & Answers: Credible Fear Screenings for more information on the credible fear process.
Immigration judges hear defensive asylum cases in adversarial (courtroom-like) proceedings, as necessary. The judge will hear arguments from both of the following parties:
You (and your attorney, if represented)
The U.S. government, which is represented by an attorney from U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
The immigration judge then decides whether you are eligible for asylum. If the immigration judge finds you eligible, they will grant asylum. If the immigration judge finds you ineligible for asylum, they will determine whether you are eligible for any other forms of relief from removal. If the immigration judge finds you ineligible for other forms of relief, they will order you to be removed from the United States. Either party can appeal the immigration judge’s decision.
See the Granted a Green Card by an Immigration Judge or Board of Immigration Appeals page for information about the grant of asylum by an immigration judge.
For information about the Executive Office for Immigration Review, including the Immigration Courts and the Board of Immigration Appeals, see Executive Office for Immigration Review. To determine where to file your Form I-589, follow the instructions under the “Where to File” section on our Form I-589 page.
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Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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http://www.gatesfoundation.org/-/media/gfo/2home/home_ourstory_pga1287486_fc235844.jpg?rev=a4772b2a583343ee9cbf5c008663e001
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[
"gates foundation",
"bill gates",
"melinda gates",
"gates story"
] | null |
[] | null |
We share two values that are a big part of why we started our foundation. Both of us were taught to give back and to be optimistic about the future.
|
en
|
/-/media/e30c31e9271c4fc49cb33d56a5adb16c.ashx
|
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
|
https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/our-story
|
From early childhood, we each saw how our parents helped out in our local communities, and we were taught that anything is possible.
Unfortunately, factors outside of anyone’s control make it hard for some people to reach their potential: things like when they were born, who their parents are, where they grew up, whether they are a boy or a girl.
We wake up every day determined to use our resources to create a world where everyone has the opportunity to lead a healthy and productive life. Most importantly, we believe this: All lives have equal value. That’s why we made the decision to donate our wealth from Microsoft to help others.
The challenge when we started out was how to do that in a meaningful and high-impact way. We were drawn to things that sprang from our experience, so we began donating PCs to public libraries across the United States to give everyone a chance to use one. As we read and traveled more, we also became curious about inequalities further from home.
One day, we read a newspaper article about millions of children in poor countries who die from diseases, such as diarrhea and pneumonia, that were easily treated in wealthier countries. That blew our minds. As new parents it hit us especially hard. If there’s anything worse than the death of a child, we said to each other, then surely, it’s the preventable death of a child. We sent the article to Bill Sr. with a note:
Those eight words changed the rest of our lives.
We started consulting experts, learning from locals in the countries where we wanted to work, and researching disease and poverty more deeply. We tried to figure out how we might use our voices to raise the visibility of global health, and how our resources could start saving and transforming lives.
We also expanded our work in the United States from providing access to computers and the Internet to making sure that every student had an equal opportunity to learn, graduate, and succeed.
As our commitment to our work grew, we transferred $20 billion of Microsoft stock to our foundation, making it the largest of its kind in the world. We devoted more and more time to its work until we were both doing it full-time. And when our good friend Warren Buffett donated much of his fortune to our foundation, it allowed us to raise our ambitions about taking on the toughest, most important problems.
Our foundation has spent $53.8 billion since 2000, and we think that’s helped our partners make a difference. How do we know? We are committed to measuring progress so we can see what’s working and what isn’t. We’d like to leave you with one chart we find most hopeful.
It’s this. The number of children who die each year before their fifth birthday. It’s fallen by half since the year 2000. Millions more kids are surviving. That makes us optimistic.
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6418
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 21
|
https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/parks/libertystatepark.html
|
en
|
New Jersey State Park Service
|
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NJDEP - Liberty State Park administered by the New Jersey State Park Service
|
en
|
https://www.nj.gov/dep/about.html
|
From 1892 through 1954, the CRRNJ Terminal stood with the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island to unfold one of this nationâs most dramatic stories: the immigration of northern, southern and eastern Europeans, among others, into the United States. After being greeted by the Statue of Liberty and processed at Ellis Island, these immigrants purchased tickets and boarded trains at the Terminal that took them to their new homes throughout the United States. To learn more about the CRRNJ's history, visit the Historic CRRNJ Train Terminal site.
The CRRNJ Terminal is open daily 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Memorial Day through Labor Day, and 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. after Labor Day until Memorial Day
The âEmpty Skyâ 9/11 Memorial is the official State of New Jersey Memorial that honors the memory of the 750 people that lived in or had ties to New Jersey that lost their lives at the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and Shanksville, PA on September 11, 2001
The names are placed randomly on the twin brushed stainless steel walls. Individuals' names (4 inches tall) are within reach and engraved deep enough for hand rubbing. The memorial, designed by Jessica Jamroz and Frederic Schwartz, was dedicated on September 11, 2011, the 10-year anniversary.
The brushed stainless steel twin walls are 210 feet long, the width of each side of the World Trade Center Towers. They rise 30 feet, standing parallel to each other with a 12-foot wide paved path of bluestone between them. Like the World Trade Center, the stainless steel reflects the constantly changing light of day. The memorial invites visitors to literally and metaphorically look toward the empty sky in memory and look forward as a community.
NJ 9/11 Memorial Foundation Site
Trailered Boats
Permit Required
Fee Applies
Liberty State Park’s boat launch provides access to the Hudson River for trailered boats and vessels, and is located within Parking Lot 2. Hours of operations are 6 a.m. to 10 p.m. year-round. Permits are mandatory year-round. Maximum trailer length is 23 ft. Overflow boat launch parking is available in parking Parking Lot 1.
Seasonal launch permits must be purchased at the park office, and are accepted at both Liberty State Park and Leonardo State Marina. Daily launch permits may be purchased at the park office or at the ticket machine in Parking Lot 2.
Launch Ramp Permit Information Sheet
Car-top Boats (Kayaks, Canoes)
No Permit Required
No Fee
Car-top boats can be launched from the car-top boat launch located at the East Jetty by Parking Lot 4. Hours of operations are 6 a.m. to 10 p.m.
Commercial Uses
Commercial use of Liberty State Park's trailered boat launch and car-top boat launch requires a Special Use Permit. Such activities inlcude, but are not limited to, paid guided kayak tours, paid overland transport, and launching for marine survey operations. For more information please reach out to: libertystateparkpermits@dep.nj.gov
General Rules:
No alcohol.
No solicitation.
No food vendors.
No balloons, stages, tents, additional tables, animal entertainment, inflatables (e.g. bouncy houses), dunk tanks or other similar amusements or rides.
No propane grills, wood fires, generators or access to electrical outlets.
No DJs or live music. Radios must be kept to a minimum volume. Do not disturb other park patrons.
No vehicular access to picnic sites. Applicant and all participants must use designated loading zones. All vehicles must park in designated parking spots.
No nails, screws, staples, glue or tape may be used to hang signage or decorations. No Hammacks.
No markings of any kind, including but not limited to chalk and paint, shall be applied to roads, paths, walkways, trees, buildings, furniture or other structures.
Rental use is for the day. Setup and breakdown must take place on the rented date between 9 a.m. and 9 p.m.
All signage, decorations and banners must be removed after the event.
All trash, litter and hot coal must be placed in designated receptacles. Trash bags are available upon request at the Park Office.
Wedding receptions/ceremonies are not permitted in the park.
Groups that exceed 20 people must make a reservation. Groups that exceed 20 people without a reservation may be fined or asked to leave.
Ticketed events, concerts, organized sporting events, fundraisers, walkathons, car shows and similar events require a Special Use Permit. For information, please reach out to the Special Use Permitting Department at Email: libertystateparkpermits@dep.nj.gov Phone: 201-915-3400, Ext. 104.
Small Groups
20 People or Less
No permit required
No fee
Groups of 20 people or less do not need a reservation to picnic. Up to two of our first-come first-serve brown painted tables in our picnic areas, along with one nearby grill (not located within an Open Air Group Picnic Site), can be used by small groups. Groups of 20 people or less may also picnic on the grass, using their own blankets and camping chairs. A maximum of one Sunshade or canopy, no bigger than 10' x 10' is allowed per group.
Small groups may bring their own charcoal grill, whether picnicking at our tables, or on the grass. All spent coal must be disposed of in the designated "Hot Coal" dumping bins. All visitors are subject to the general park rules listed below, as well as all other rules and regulations of the New Jersey State Park Service, posted throughout the park and available for view online here.
Open-Air Group Picnic Areas
20-50 people
Permit required
No fee
There are seven Open-Air Group Picnic Areas available for reservation. Each is equipped with eight picnic tables (8 ft.) and one large charcoal grill (30ââ x 36ââ). There is no fee for the use of an Open-Air Group Picnic Area; however, a permit must be obtained prior to use. Only one picnic area can be reserved per group.
Applications will be accepted beginning the second Monday of January each year for dates from April 1 â October 31 (excluding July 4). To reserve an Open-Air Group Picnic Area, groups must have a minimum of 20 people and no more than 50 people.
Open-Air Group Picnic Area Information Sheet and Application
Rental Picnic Pavilions
Permit Required
Fee Applies
There are two Picnic Pavilions, Pavilion A and Pavilion B, located on Pavilion Field available for reservation. Each Picnic Pavilion reservation comes with charcoal grills, picnic tables (8 ft.), standard 110v electrical outlets, and access to open lawn space. There are restroom facilities and a parking lot with eighty-eight regular and four ADA-accessible parking spaces directly adjacent to the Pavilions.
Applications will be accepted beginning the second Monday of January each year for dates from April 1 â October 31 (excluding July 4).
Pavilion A accommodates up to 120 people while Pavilion B accommodates up to 80 people. Only one Pavilion can be reserved per group.
Fees are as follows:
Pavilion A: $200 NJ Resident; $250 Non-resident
Pavilion B: $150 NJ Resident; $200 Non-resident
Picnic Pavilion Information Sheet and Application
For more information or to make a reservation, please contact the park office at: Phone: 201-915-3400, Ext.101 or E-mail: Libertystatepark@dep.nj.gov
ADVISORY: Special Use Permits can only be issued to formal organizations such as non-profits, commercial entities, institutions and government entities. For personal celebrations or events without a sponsoring organization, individuals may apply for a Group Picnic Site reservation or reach out to one of the Parkâs tenants listed below.
Any organized special event or special use of Liberty State Parkâs indoor and/or outdoor facilities must be reserved through a Special Event and Special Use Permit Application.
A Special Use Permit is offered by Liberty State Park to accommodate types of activities that fall outside of the scope of normal park usage. Examples of special events and special use include, but are not limited to, any commercial use of or on the property, press conferences, commercial photography and filming, corporate events, non-profit fundraisers, festivals, firework displays, UAV operation, demonstrations, walkathons and races, exercise or other instructional classes, launching of boats for commercial purposes, concerts, televised events and similar events/usage.
A completed application must be submitted to Liberty State Park for review, at least 90 days prior to the event/usage. If the special use or event is large and/or complex, at least one-yearâs prior notice is recommended.
Special Event and Special Use Permit Application
Special Event and Special Use Permit Guidelines
For more information about the permitting process, please reach out to the Park’s Special Use Permitting Department at Email: libertystateparkpermits@dep.nj.gov Phone: 201-915-3400, Ext. 104..
Weddings and Receptions Weddings and receptions are only permitted in designated areas of Liberty State Park, managed by the Parkâs tenants. In order to have your wedding or reception in one of these designated areas, you must contact one of the following Park tenants:
Liberty Science Center
222 Jersey City Blvd.
Jersey City, NJ 07305
P 201.253.1378
E specialevents@lsc.org
The Restaurant at Maritime Parc
84 Audrey Zapp Drive
Liberty State Park
Jersey City, 07305
P 201.413.0050
E info@maritimeparc.com
Liberty House Restaurant
76 Audrey Zapp Drive
Liberty State Park
Jersey City, NJ 07305
P 201.395.0300
E info@landmarkhospitality.com
|
||||||
6418
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 23
|
https://www.bentley.edu/news/50-quotes-from-fearless-women
|
en
|
50 Inspiring Quotes from Fearless Women
|
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[
"Bentley University",
"Val Fox"
] |
2015-01-15T13:24:00
|
Start 2015 right with these 50 inspiring quotes every woman should read this year.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
Bentley University
|
https://www.bentley.edu/news/50-quotes-from-fearless-women
|
Val Fox
We realize the importance of our voices only when they are silenced.
– Malala Yousafzai
Life is not measured by the number of breaths we take, but by the moments that take our breath away.
– Maya Angelou
After all, Ginger Rogers did everything that Fred Astaire did. She just did it backward and in high heels.
– Ann Richards
If you want something said, ask a man; if you want something done, ask a woman.
– Margaret Thatcher
The secret of getting ahead is getting started.
– Sally Berger
It’s not your job to like me, it’s mine.
– Byron Katie
Our deepest wishes are whispers of our authentic self. We must learn to respect them. We must learn to listen.
– Sarah Ban Breathnach
We can do no great things, only small things with great love.
– Mother Theresa
Success is getting what you want; happiness is wanting what you get.
– Ingrid Bergman
A woman is like a tea bag — you never know how strong she is until she gets in hot water.
– Eleanor Roosevelt
I love to see a young girl go out and grab the world by the lapels. Life’s a bitch. You’ve got to go out and kick ass.
– Maya Angelou
I don’t care what you think about me. I don’t think about you at all.
– Coco Chanel
Be the type of girl that climbs the ladder wrong by wrong.
– Mae West
We have to become the men we wanted to marry.
– Gloria Steinem
Women must try to do as men have tried. When they fail, their failure must be but a challenge to others.
– Amelia Earhart
It is past time for women to take their rightful place, side by side with men, in the rooms where the fates of peoples, where their children’s and grandchildren’s fates, are decided.
– Hillary Clinton
When anyone tells me I can’t do anything … I’m just not listening anymore.
– Florence Griffith Joyner
Any woman who understands the problems of running a home will be nearer to understanding the problems of running a country.
– Margaret Thatcher
Nothing is impossible. The word itself says, “I’m possible!”
– Audrey Hepburn
Whatever women do they must do twice as well as men to be thought half their inferior. Luckily, this is not difficult.
– Charlotte Whitton
The most courageous act is still to think for yourself. Aloud.
– Coco Chanel
Courage doesn’t always roar. Sometimes courage is the quiet voice at the end of the day saying, “I will try again tomorrow.”
– Mary Anne Radmacher
A woman with a voice is by definition a strong woman. But the search to find that voice can be remarkably difficult.
– Melinda Gates
Expect the unexpected, and whenever possible, be the unexpected.
– Lynda Berry
The most common way people give up their power is by thinking they don’t have any.
– Alice Walker
And the trouble is, if you don’t risk anything, you risk more.
– Erica Jong
Life shrinks or expands in proportion to one’s courage.
– Anais Nin
We cannot change what we are not aware of, and once we are aware, we cannot help but change.
– Sheryl Sandberg
Passion is energy. Feel the power that comes from focusing on what excites you.
– Oprah Winfrey
You only live once, but if you do it right, once is only enough.
– Mae West
Find out who you are and be that person. That’s what your soul was put on this Earth to be. Find that truth, live that truth and everything else will come.
– Ellen DeGeneres
Don't limit yourself. Many people limit themselves to what they think they can do. You can go as far as your mind lets you. What you believe, remember, you can achieve.
– Mary Kay Ash
I dwell in possibility.
– Emily Dickinson
I haven’t been everywhere, but it’s on my list.
– Susan Sontag
Do one thing every day that scares you.
– Eleanor Roosevelt
Don’t be intimidated by what you don’t know. That can be your greatest strength and ensure you do things differently from everyone else.
– Sarah Blakely
It is our choices, that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities.
– J.K. Rowling
I always did something I was a little not ready to do. I think that’s how you grow. When there’s that moment of ‘Wow, I’m not really sure I can do this,’ and you push through those moments, that’s when you have a breakthrough.
– Marissa Mayer
Don’t ever underestimate the importance you can have because history has shown us that courage can be contagious and hope can take on a life of its own.
– Michelle Obama
If you don’t like being a doormat then get off the floor.
– Al Anon
I used to walk down the street like I was a superstar… I want people to walk around delusional about how great they can be — and then to fight so hard for it every day that the lie becomes the truth.
– Lady Gaga
I learned to always take on things I’d never done before. Growth and comfort do not coexist.
– Virginia Rometty
It took me quite a long time to develop a voice, and now that I have it, I am not going to be silent.
– Madeleine Albright
A lot of people are afraid to say what they want. That’s why they don’t get what they want.
– Madonna
The most effective way to do it, is to do it.
– Amelia Earhart
Always concentrate on how far you have come, rather than how far you have left to go. The difference in how easy it seems will amaze you.
– Heidi Johnson
Are these quotes by notable women inspiring you to take a step on your own path toward leadership in your community or workplace? Read the Bentley-Gallup "Force for Good" Survey to read about the current landscape of Americans' workplace expectations and how they believe business can be a force for good in the world today.
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https://time.com/5936036/secret-2020-election-campaign/
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The Secret History of the Shadow Campaign That Saved the 2020 Election
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2021-02-04T10:40:01+00:00
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The extraordinary effort was dedicated to ensuring the election would be free and fair, credible and uncorrupted. Here's how it was done
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en
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/favicon.ico
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TIME
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https://time.com/5936036/secret-2020-election-campaign/
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A weird thing happened right after the Nov. 3 election: nothing.
The nation was braced for chaos. Liberal groups had vowed to take to the streets, planning hundreds of protests across the country. Right-wing militias were girding for battle. In a poll before Election Day, 75% of Americans voiced concern about violence.
Instead, an eerie quiet descended. As President Trump refused to concede, the response was not mass action but crickets. When media organizations called the race for Joe Biden on Nov. 7, jubilation broke out instead, as people thronged cities across the U.S. to celebrate the democratic process that resulted in Trump’s ouster.
A second odd thing happened amid Trump’s attempts to reverse the result: corporate America turned on him. Hundreds of major business leaders, many of whom had backed Trump’s candidacy and supported his policies, called on him to concede. To the President, something felt amiss. “It was all very, very strange,” Trump said on Dec. 2. “Within days after the election, we witnessed an orchestrated effort to anoint the winner, even while many key states were still being counted.”
In a way, Trump was right.
There was a conspiracy unfolding behind the scenes, one that both curtailed the protests and coordinated the resistance from CEOs. Both surprises were the result of an informal alliance between left-wing activists and business titans. The pact was formalized in a terse, little-noticed joint statement of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and AFL-CIO published on Election Day. Both sides would come to see it as a sort of implicit bargain–inspired by the summer’s massive, sometimes destructive racial-justice protests–in which the forces of labor came together with the forces of capital to keep the peace and oppose Trump’s assault on democracy.
The handshake between business and labor was just one component of a vast, cross-partisan campaign to protect the election–an extraordinary shadow effort dedicated not to winning the vote but to ensuring it would be free and fair, credible and uncorrupted. For more than a year, a loosely organized coalition of operatives scrambled to shore up America’s institutions as they came under simultaneous attack from a remorseless pandemic and an autocratically inclined President. Though much of this activity took place on the left, it was separate from the Biden campaign and crossed ideological lines, with crucial contributions by nonpartisan and conservative actors. The scenario the shadow campaigners were desperate to stop was not a Trump victory. It was an election so calamitous that no result could be discerned at all, a failure of the central act of democratic self-governance that has been a hallmark of America since its founding.
Their work touched every aspect of the election. They got states to change voting systems and laws and helped secure hundreds of millions in public and private funding. They fended off voter-suppression lawsuits, recruited armies of poll workers and got millions of people to vote by mail for the first time. They successfully pressured social media companies to take a harder line against disinformation and used data-driven strategies to fight viral smears. They executed national public-awareness campaigns that helped Americans understand how the vote count would unfold over days or weeks, preventing Trump’s conspiracy theories and false claims of victory from getting more traction. After Election Day, they monitored every pressure point to ensure that Trump could not overturn the result. “The untold story of the election is the thousands of people of both parties who accomplished the triumph of American democracy at its very foundation,” says Norm Eisen, a prominent lawyer and former Obama Administration official who recruited Republicans and Democrats to the board of the Voter Protection Program.
For Trump and his allies were running their own campaign to spoil the election. The President spent months insisting that mail ballots were a Democratic plot and the election would be “rigged.” His henchmen at the state level sought to block their use, while his lawyers brought dozens of spurious suits to make it more difficult to vote–an intensification of the GOP’s legacy of suppressive tactics. Before the election, Trump plotted to block a legitimate vote count. And he spent the months following Nov. 3 trying to steal the election he’d lost–with lawsuits and conspiracy theories, pressure on state and local officials, and finally summoning his army of supporters to the Jan. 6 rally that ended in deadly violence at the Capitol.
The democracy campaigners watched with alarm. “Every week, we felt like we were in a struggle to try to pull off this election without the country going through a real dangerous moment of unraveling,” says former GOP Representative Zach Wamp, a Trump supporter who helped coordinate a bipartisan election-protection council. “We can look back and say this thing went pretty well, but it was not at all clear in September and October that that was going to be the case.”
This is the inside story of the conspiracy to save the 2020 election, based on access to the group’s inner workings, never-before-seen documents and interviews with dozens of those involved from across the political spectrum. It is the story of an unprecedented, creative and determined campaign whose success also reveals how close the nation came to disaster. “Every attempt to interfere with the proper outcome of the election was defeated,” says Ian Bassin, co-founder of Protect Democracy, a nonpartisan rule-of-law advocacy group. “But it’s massively important for the country to understand that it didn’t happen accidentally. The system didn’t work magically. Democracy is not self-executing.”
That’s why the participants want the secret history of the 2020 election told, even though it sounds like a paranoid fever dream–a well-funded cabal of powerful people, ranging across industries and ideologies, working together behind the scenes to influence perceptions, change rules and laws, steer media coverage and control the flow of information. They were not rigging the election; they were fortifying it. And they believe the public needs to understand the system’s fragility in order to ensure that democracy in America endures.
THE ARCHITECT
Sometime in the fall of 2019, Mike Podhorzer became convinced the election was headed for disaster–and determined to protect it.
This was not his usual purview. For nearly a quarter-century, Podhorzer, senior adviser to the president of the AFL-CIO, the nation’s largest union federation, has marshaled the latest tactics and data to help its favored candidates win elections. Unassuming and professorial, he isn’t the sort of hair-gelled “political strategist” who shows up on cable news. Among Democratic insiders, he’s known as the wizard behind some of the biggest advances in political technology in recent decades. A group of liberal strategists he brought together in the early 2000s led to the creation of the Analyst Institute, a secretive firm that applies scientific methods to political campaigns. He was also involved in the founding of Catalist, the flagship progressive data company.
The endless chatter in Washington about “political strategy,” Podhorzer believes, has little to do with how change really gets made. “My basic take on politics is that it’s all pretty obvious if you don’t overthink it or swallow the prevailing frameworks whole,” he once wrote. “After that, just relentlessly identify your assumptions and challenge them.” Podhorzer applies that approach to everything: when he coached his now adult son’s Little League team in the D.C. suburbs, he trained the boys not to swing at most pitches–a tactic that infuriated both their and their opponents’ parents, but won the team a series of championships.
Trump’s election in 2016–credited in part to his unusual strength among the sort of blue collar white voters who once dominated the AFL-CIO–prompted Podhorzer to question his assumptions about voter behavior. He began circulating weekly number-crunching memos to a small circle of allies and hosting strategy sessions in D.C. But when he began to worry about the election itself, he didn’t want to seem paranoid. It was only after months of research that he introduced his concerns in his newsletter in October 2019. The usual tools of data, analytics and polling would not be sufficient in a situation where the President himself was trying to disrupt the election, he wrote. “Most of our planning takes us through Election Day,” he noted. “But, we are not prepared for the two most likely outcomes”–Trump losing and refusing to concede, and Trump winning the Electoral College (despite losing the popular vote) by corrupting the voting process in key states. “We desperately need to systematically ‘red-team’ this election so that we can anticipate and plan for the worst we know will be coming our way.”
It turned out Podhorzer wasn’t the only one thinking in these terms. He began to hear from others eager to join forces. The Fight Back Table, a coalition of “resistance” organizations, had begun scenario-planning around the potential for a contested election, gathering liberal activists at the local and national level into what they called the Democracy Defense Coalition. Voting-rights and civil rights organizations were raising alarms. A group of former elected officials was researching emergency powers they feared Trump might exploit. Protect Democracy was assembling a bipartisan election-crisis task force. “It turned out that once you said it out loud, people agreed,” Podhorzer says, “and it started building momentum.”
He spent months pondering scenarios and talking to experts. It wasn’t hard to find liberals who saw Trump as a dangerous dictator, but Podhorzer was careful to steer clear of hysteria. What he wanted to know was not how American democracy was dying but how it might be kept alive. The chief difference between the U.S. and countries that lost their grip on democracy, he concluded, was that America’s decentralized election system couldn’t be rigged in one fell swoop. That presented an opportunity to shore it up.
THE ALLIANCE
On March 3, Podhorzer drafted a three-page confidential memo titled “Threats to the 2020 Election.” “Trump has made it clear that this will not be a fair election, and that he will reject anything but his own re-election as ‘fake’ and rigged,” he wrote. “On Nov. 3, should the media report otherwise, he will use the right-wing information system to establish his narrative and incite his supporters to protest.” The memo laid out four categories of challenges: attacks on voters, attacks on election administration, attacks on Trump’s political opponents and “efforts to reverse the results of the election.”
Then COVID-19 erupted at the height of the primary-election season. Normal methods of voting were no longer safe for voters or the mostly elderly volunteers who normally staff polling places. But political disagreements, intensified by Trump’s crusade against mail voting, prevented some states from making it easier to vote absentee and for jurisdictions to count those votes in a timely manner. Chaos ensued. Ohio shut down in-person voting for its primary, leading to minuscule turnout. A poll-worker shortage in Milwaukee–where Wisconsin’s heavily Democratic Black population is concentrated–left just five open polling places, down from 182. In New York, vote counting took more than a month.
Suddenly, the potential for a November meltdown was obvious. In his apartment in the D.C. suburbs, Podhorzer began working from his laptop at his kitchen table, holding back-to-back Zoom meetings for hours a day with his network of contacts across the progressive universe: the labor movement; the institutional left, like Planned Parenthood and Greenpeace; resistance groups like Indivisible and MoveOn; progressive data geeks and strategists, representatives of donors and foundations, state-level grassroots organizers, racial-justice activists and others.
In April, Podhorzer began hosting a weekly 2½-hour Zoom. It was structured around a series of rapid-fire five-minute presentations on everything from which ads were working to messaging to legal strategy. The invitation-only gatherings soon attracted hundreds, creating a rare shared base of knowledge for the fractious progressive movement. “At the risk of talking trash about the left, there’s not a lot of good information sharing,” says Anat Shenker-Osorio, a close Podhorzer friend whose poll-tested messaging guidance shaped the group’s approach. “There’s a lot of not-invented-here syndrome, where people won’t consider a good idea if they didn’t come up with it.”
The meetings became the galactic center for a constellation of operatives across the left who shared overlapping goals but didn’t usually work in concert. The group had no name, no leaders and no hierarchy, but it kept the disparate actors in sync. “Pod played a critical behind-the-scenes role in keeping different pieces of the movement infrastructure in communication and aligned,” says Maurice Mitchell, national director of the Working Families Party. “You have the litigation space, the organizing space, the political people just focused on the W, and their strategies aren’t always aligned. He allowed this ecosystem to work together.”
Protecting the election would require an effort of unprecedented scale. As 2020 progressed, it stretched to Congress, Silicon Valley and the nation’s statehouses. It drew energy from the summer’s racial-justice protests, many of whose leaders were a key part of the liberal alliance. And eventually it reached across the aisle, into the world of Trump-skeptical Republicans appalled by his attacks on democracy.
SECURING THE VOTE
The first task was overhauling America’s balky election infrastructure–in the middle of a pandemic. For the thousands of local, mostly nonpartisan officials who administer elections, the most urgent need was money. They needed protective equipment like masks, gloves and hand sanitizer. They needed to pay for postcards letting people know they could vote absentee–or, in some states, to mail ballots to every voter. They needed additional staff and scanners to process ballots.
In March, activists appealed to Congress to steer COVID relief money to election administration. Led by the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, more than 150 organizations signed a letter to every member of Congress seeking $2 billion in election funding. It was somewhat successful: the CARES Act, passed later that month, contained $400 million in grants to state election administrators. But the next tranche of relief funding didn’t add to that number. It wasn’t going to be enough.
Private philanthropy stepped into the breach. An assortment of foundations contributed tens of millions in election-administration funding. The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative chipped in $300 million. “It was a failure at the federal level that 2,500 local election officials were forced to apply for philanthropic grants to fill their needs,” says Amber McReynolds, a former Denver election official who heads the nonpartisan National Vote at Home Institute.
McReynolds’ two-year-old organization became a clearinghouse for a nation struggling to adapt. The institute gave secretaries of state from both parties technical advice on everything from which vendors to use to how to locate drop boxes. Local officials are the most trusted sources of election information, but few can afford a press secretary, so the institute distributed communications tool kits. In a presentation to Podhorzer’s group, McReynolds detailed the importance of absentee ballots for shortening lines at polling places and preventing an election crisis.
The institute’s work helped 37 states and D.C. bolster mail voting. But it wouldn’t be worth much if people didn’t take advantage. Part of the challenge was logistical: each state has different rules for when and how ballots should be requested and returned. The Voter Participation Center, which in a normal year would have supported local groups deploying canvassers door-to-door to get out the vote, instead conducted focus groups in April and May to find out what would get people to vote by mail. In August and September, it sent ballot applications to 15 million people in key states, 4.6 million of whom returned them. In mailings and digital ads, the group urged people not to wait for Election Day. “All the work we have done for 17 years was built for this moment of bringing democracy to people’s doorsteps,” says Tom Lopach, the center’s CEO.
The effort had to overcome heightened skepticism in some communities. Many Black voters preferred to exercise their franchise in person or didn’t trust the mail. National civil rights groups worked with local organizations to get the word out that this was the best way to ensure one’s vote was counted. In Philadelphia, for example, advocates distributed “voting safety kits” containing masks, hand sanitizer and informational brochures. “We had to get the message out that this is safe, reliable, and you can trust it,” says Hannah Fried of All Voting Is Local.
At the same time, Democratic lawyers battled a historic tide of pre-election litigation. The pandemic intensified the parties’ usual tangling in the courts. But the lawyers noticed something else as well. “The litigation brought by the Trump campaign, of a piece with the broader campaign to sow doubt about mail voting, was making novel claims and using theories no court has ever accepted,” says Wendy Weiser, a voting-rights expert at the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU. “They read more like lawsuits designed to send a message rather than achieve a legal outcome.”
In the end, nearly half the electorate cast ballots by mail in 2020, practically a revolution in how people vote. About a quarter voted early in person. Only a quarter of voters cast their ballots the traditional way: in person on Election Day.
THE DISINFORMATION DEFENSE
Bad actors spreading false information is nothing new. For decades, campaigns have grappled with everything from anonymous calls claiming the election has been rescheduled to fliers spreading nasty smears about candidates’ families. But Trump’s lies and conspiracy theories, the viral force of social media and the involvement of foreign meddlers made disinformation a broader, deeper threat to the 2020 vote.
Laura Quinn, a veteran progressive operative who co-founded Catalist, began studying this problem a few years ago. She piloted a nameless, secret project, which she has never before publicly discussed, that tracked disinformation online and tried to figure out how to combat it. One component was tracking dangerous lies that might otherwise spread unnoticed. Researchers then provided information to campaigners or the media to track down the sources and expose them.
The most important takeaway from Quinn’s research, however, was that engaging with toxic content only made it worse. “When you get attacked, the instinct is to push back, call it out, say, ‘This isn’t true,'” Quinn says. “But the more engagement something gets, the more the platforms boost it. The algorithm reads that as, ‘Oh, this is popular; people want more of it.'”
The solution, she concluded, was to pressure platforms to enforce their rules, both by removing content or accounts that spread disinformation and by more aggressively policing it in the first place. “The platforms have policies against certain types of malign behavior, but they haven’t been enforcing them,” she says.
Quinn’s research gave ammunition to advocates pushing social media platforms to take a harder line. In November 2019, Mark Zuckerberg invited nine civil rights leaders to dinner at his home, where they warned him about the danger of the election-related falsehoods that were already spreading unchecked. “It took pushing, urging, conversations, brainstorming, all of that to get to a place where we ended up with more rigorous rules and enforcement,” says Vanita Gupta, president and CEO of the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, who attended the dinner and also met with Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey and others. (Gupta has been nominated for Associate Attorney General by President Biden.) “It was a struggle, but we got to the point where they understood the problem. Was it enough? Probably not. Was it later than we wanted? Yes. But it was really important, given the level of official disinformation, that they had those rules in place and were tagging things and taking them down.”
SPREADING THE WORD
Beyond battling bad information, there was a need to explain a rapidly changing election process. It was crucial for voters to understand that despite what Trump was saying, mail-in votes weren’t susceptible to fraud and that it would be normal if some states weren’t finished counting votes on election night.
Dick Gephardt, the Democratic former House leader turned high-powered lobbyist, spearheaded one coalition. “We wanted to get a really bipartisan group of former elected officials, Cabinet secretaries, military leaders and so on, aimed mainly at messaging to the public but also speaking to local officials–the secretaries of state, attorneys general, governors who would be in the eye of the storm–to let them know we wanted to help,” says Gephardt, who worked his contacts in the private sector to put $20 million behind the effort.
Wamp, the former GOP Congressman, worked through the nonpartisan reform group Issue One to rally Republicans to the effort. “We thought we should bring some bipartisan element of unity around what constitutes a free and fair election,” Wamp says. The 22 Democrats and 22 Republicans on the National Council on Election Integrity met on Zoom at least once a week. They ran ads in six states, made statements, wrote articles and alerted local officials to potential problems. “We had rabid Trump supporters who agreed to serve on the council based on the idea that this is honest,” Wamp says. This is going to be just as important, he told them, to convince the liberals when Trump wins. “Whichever way it cuts, we’re going to stick together.”
The Voting Rights Lab and IntoAction created state-specific memes and graphics, spread by email, text, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and TikTok, urging that every vote be counted. Together, they were viewed more than 1 billion times. Protect Democracy’s election task force issued reports and held media briefings with high-profile experts across the political spectrum, resulting in widespread coverage of potential election issues and fact-checking of Trump’s false claims. The organization’s tracking polls found the message was being heard: the percentage of the public that didn’t expect to know the winner on election night gradually rose until by late October, it was over 70%. A majority also believed that a prolonged count wasn’t a sign of problems. “We knew exactly what Trump was going to do: he was going to try to use the fact that Democrats voted by mail and Republicans voted in person to make it look like he was ahead, claim victory, say the mail-in votes were fraudulent and try to get them thrown out,” says Protect Democracy’s Bassin. Setting public expectations ahead of time helped undercut those lies.
The alliance took a common set of themes from the research Shenker-Osorio presented at Podhorzer’s Zooms. Studies have shown that when people don’t think their vote will count or fear casting it will be a hassle, they’re far less likely to participate. Throughout election season, members of Podhorzer’s group minimized incidents of voter intimidation and tamped down rising liberal hysteria about Trump’s expected refusal to concede. They didn’t want to amplify false claims by engaging them, or put people off voting by suggesting a rigged game. “When you say, ‘These claims of fraud are spurious,’ what people hear is ‘fraud,'” Shenker-Osorio says. “What we saw in our pre-election research was that anything that reaffirmed Trump’s power or cast him as an authoritarian diminished people’s desire to vote.”
Podhorzer, meanwhile, was warning everyone he knew that polls were underestimating Trump’s support. The data he shared with media organizations who would be calling the election was “tremendously useful” to understand what was happening as the votes rolled in, according to a member of a major network’s political unit who spoke with Podhorzer before Election Day. Most analysts had recognized there would be a “blue shift” in key battlegrounds– the surge of votes breaking toward Democrats, driven by tallies of mail-in ballots– but they hadn’t comprehended how much better Trump was likely to do on Election Day. “Being able to document how big the absentee wave would be and the variance by state was essential,” the analyst says.
PEOPLE POWER
The racial-justice uprising sparked by George Floyd’s killing in May was not primarily a political movement. The organizers who helped lead it wanted to harness its momentum for the election without allowing it to be co-opted by politicians. Many of those organizers were part of Podhorzer’s network, from the activists in battleground states who partnered with the Democracy Defense Coalition to organizations with leading roles in the Movement for Black Lives.
The best way to ensure people’s voices were heard, they decided, was to protect their ability to vote. “We started thinking about a program that would complement the traditional election-protection area but also didn’t rely on calling the police,” says Nelini Stamp, the Working Families Party’s national organizing director. They created a force of “election defenders” who, unlike traditional poll watchers, were trained in de-escalation techniques. During early voting and on Election Day, they surrounded lines of voters in urban areas with a “joy to the polls” effort that turned the act of casting a ballot into a street party. Black organizers also recruited thousands of poll workers to ensure polling places would stay open in their communities.
The summer uprising had shown that people power could have a massive impact. Activists began preparing to reprise the demonstrations if Trump tried to steal the election. “Americans plan widespread protests if Trump interferes with election,” Reuters reported in October, one of many such stories. More than 150 liberal groups, from the Women’s March to the Sierra Club to Color of Change, from Democrats.com to the Democratic Socialists of America, joined the “Protect the Results” coalition. The group’s now defunct website had a map listing 400 planned postelection demonstrations, to be activated via text message as soon as Nov. 4. To stop the coup they feared, the left was ready to flood the streets.
STRANGE BEDFELLOWS
About a week before Election Day, Podhorzer received an unexpected message: the U.S. Chamber of Commerce wanted to talk.
The AFL-CIO and the Chamber have a long history of antagonism. Though neither organization is explicitly partisan, the influential business lobby has poured hundreds of millions of dollars into Republican campaigns, just as the nation’s unions funnel hundreds of millions to Democrats. On one side is labor, on the other management, locked in an eternal struggle for power and resources.
But behind the scenes, the business community was engaged in its own anxious discussions about how the election and its aftermath might unfold. The summer’s racial-justice protests had sent a signal to business owners too: the potential for economy-disrupting civil disorder. “With tensions running high, there was a lot of concern about unrest around the election, or a breakdown in our normal way we handle contentious elections,” says Neil Bradley, the Chamber’s executive vice president and chief policy officer. These worries had led the Chamber to release a pre-election statement with the Business Roundtable, a Washington-based CEOs’ group, as well as associations of manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers, calling for patience and confidence as votes were counted.
But Bradley wanted to send a broader, more bipartisan message. He reached out to Podhorzer, through an intermediary both men declined to name. Agreeing that their unlikely alliance would be powerful, they began to discuss a joint statement pledging their organizations’ shared commitment to a fair and peaceful election. They chose their words carefully and scheduled the statement’s release for maximum impact. As it was being finalized, Christian leaders signaled their interest in joining, further broadening its reach.
The statement was released on Election Day, under the names of Chamber CEO Thomas Donohue, AFL-CIO president Richard Trumka, and the heads of the National Association of Evangelicals and the National African American Clergy Network. “It is imperative that election officials be given the space and time to count every vote in accordance with applicable laws,” it stated. “We call on the media, the candidates and the American people to exercise patience with the process and trust in our system, even if it requires more time than usual.” The groups added, “Although we may not always agree on desired outcomes up and down the ballot, we are united in our call for the American democratic process to proceed without violence, intimidation or any other tactic that makes us weaker as a nation.”
SHOWING UP, STANDING DOWN
Election night began with many Democrats despairing. Trump was running ahead of pre-election polling, winning Florida, Ohio and Texas easily and keeping Michigan, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania too close to call. But Podhorzer was unperturbed when I spoke to him that night: the returns were exactly in line with his modeling. He had been warning for weeks that Trump voters’ turnout was surging. As the numbers dribbled out, he could tell that as long as all the votes were counted, Trump would lose.
The liberal alliance gathered for an 11 p.m. Zoom call. Hundreds joined; many were freaking out. “It was really important for me and the team in that moment to help ground people in what we had already known was true,” says Angela Peoples, director for the Democracy Defense Coalition. Podhorzer presented data to show the group that victory was in hand.
While he was talking, Fox News surprised everyone by calling Arizona for Biden. The public-awareness campaign had worked: TV anchors were bending over backward to counsel caution and frame the vote count accurately. The question then became what to do next.
The conversation that followed was a difficult one, led by the activists charged with the protest strategy. “We wanted to be mindful of when was the right time to call for moving masses of people into the street,” Peoples says. As much as they were eager to mount a show of strength, mobilizing immediately could backfire and put people at risk. Protests that devolved into violent clashes would give Trump a pretext to send in federal agents or troops as he had over the summer. And rather than elevate Trump’s complaints by continuing to fight him, the alliance wanted to send the message that the people had spoken.
So the word went out: stand down. Protect the Results announced that it would “not be activating the entire national mobilization network today, but remains ready to activate if necessary.” On Twitter, outraged progressives wondered what was going on. Why wasn’t anyone trying to stop Trump’s coup? Where were all the protests?
Podhorzer credits the activists for their restraint. “They had spent so much time getting ready to hit the streets on Wednesday. But they did it,” he says. “Wednesday through Friday, there was not a single Antifa vs. Proud Boys incident like everyone was expecting. And when that didn’t materialize, I don’t think the Trump campaign had a backup plan.”
Activists reoriented the Protect the Results protests toward a weekend of celebration. “Counter their disinfo with our confidence & get ready to celebrate,” read the messaging guidance Shenker-Osorio presented to the liberal alliance on Friday, Nov. 6. “Declare and fortify our win. Vibe: confident, forward-looking, unified–NOT passive, anxious.” The voters, not the candidates, would be the protagonists of the story.
The planned day of celebration happened to coincide with the election being called on Nov. 7. Activists dancing in the streets of Philadelphia blasted Beyoncé over an attempted Trump campaign press conference; the Trumpers’ next confab was scheduled for Four Seasons Total Landscaping outside the city center, which activists believe was not a coincidence. “The people of Philadelphia owned the streets of Philadelphia,” crows the Working Families Party’s Mitchell. “We made them look ridiculous by contrasting our joyous celebration of democracy with their clown show.”
The votes had been counted. Trump had lost. But the battle wasn’t over.
THE FIVE STEPS TO VICTORY
In Podhorzer’s presentations, winning the vote was only the first step to winning the election. After that came winning the count, winning the certification, winning the Electoral College and winning the transition–steps that are normally formalities but that he knew Trump would see as opportunities for disruption. Nowhere would that be more evident than in Michigan, where Trump’s pressure on local Republicans came perilously close to working–and where liberal and conservative pro-democracy forces joined to counter it.
It was around 10 p.m. on election night in Detroit when a flurry of texts lit up the phone of Art Reyes III. A busload of Republican election observers had arrived at the TCF Center, where votes were being tallied. They were crowding the vote-counting tables, refusing to wear masks, heckling the mostly Black workers. Reyes, a Flint native who leads We the People Michigan, was expecting this. For months, conservative groups had been sowing suspicion about urban vote fraud. “The language was, ‘They’re going to steal the election; there will be fraud in Detroit,’ long before any vote was cast,” Reyes says.
He made his way to the arena and sent word to his network. Within 45 minutes, dozens of reinforcements had arrived. As they entered the arena to provide a counterweight to the GOP observers inside, Reyes took down their cell-phone numbers and added them to a massive text chain. Racial-justice activists from Detroit Will Breathe worked alongside suburban women from Fems for Dems and local elected officials. Reyes left at 3 a.m., handing the text chain over to a disability activist.
As they mapped out the steps in the election-certification process, activists settled on a strategy of foregrounding the people’s right to decide, demanding their voices be heard and calling attention to the racial implications of disenfranchising Black Detroiters. They flooded the Wayne County canvassing board’s Nov. 17 certification meeting with on-message testimony; despite a Trump tweet, the Republican board members certified Detroit’s votes.
Election boards were one pressure point; another was GOP-controlled legislatures, who Trump believed could declare the election void and appoint their own electors. And so the President invited the GOP leaders of the Michigan legislature, House Speaker Lee Chatfield and Senate majority leader Mike Shirkey, to Washington on Nov. 20.
It was a perilous moment. If Chatfield and Shirkey agreed to do Trump’s bidding, Republicans in other states might be similarly bullied. “I was concerned things were going to get weird,” says Jeff Timmer, a former Michigan GOP executive director turned anti-Trump activist. Norm Eisen describes it as “the scariest moment” of the entire election.
The democracy defenders launched a full-court press. Protect Democracy’s local contacts researched the lawmakers’ personal and political motives. Issue One ran television ads in Lansing. The Chamber’s Bradley kept close tabs on the process. Wamp, the former Republican Congressman, called his former colleague Mike Rogers, who wrote an op-ed for the Detroit newspapers urging officials to honor the will of the voters. Three former Michigan governors–Republicans John Engler and Rick Snyder and Democrat Jennifer Granholm–jointly called for Michigan’s electoral votes to be cast free of pressure from the White House. Engler, a former head of the Business Roundtable, made phone calls to influential donors and fellow GOP elder statesmen who could press the lawmakers privately.
The pro-democracy forces were up against a Trumpified Michigan GOP controlled by allies of Ronna McDaniel, the Republican National Committee chair, and Betsy DeVos, the former Education Secretary and a member of a billionaire family of GOP donors. On a call with his team on Nov. 18, Bassin vented that his side’s pressure was no match for what Trump could offer. “Of course he’s going to try to offer them something,” Bassin recalls thinking. “Head of the Space Force! Ambassador to wherever! We can’t compete with that by offering carrots. We need a stick.”
If Trump were to offer something in exchange for a personal favor, that would likely constitute bribery, Bassin reasoned. He phoned Richard Primus, a law professor at the University of Michigan, to see if Primus agreed and would make the argument publicly. Primus said he thought the meeting itself was inappropriate, and got to work on an op-ed for Politico warning that the state attorney general–a Democrat–would have no choice but to investigate. When the piece posted on Nov. 19, the attorney general’s communications director tweeted it. Protect Democracy soon got word that the lawmakers planned to bring lawyers to the meeting with Trump the next day.
Reyes’ activists scanned flight schedules and flocked to the airports on both ends of Shirkey’s journey to D.C., to underscore that the lawmakers were being scrutinized. After the meeting, the pair announced they’d pressed the President to deliver COVID relief for their constituents and informed him they saw no role in the election process. Then they went for a drink at the Trump hotel on Pennsylvania Avenue. A street artist projected their images onto the outside of the building along with the words THE WORLD IS WATCHING.
That left one last step: the state canvassing board, made up of two Democrats and two Republicans. One Republican, a Trumper employed by the DeVos family’s political nonprofit, was not expected to vote for certification. The other Republican on the board was a little-known lawyer named Aaron Van Langevelde. He sent no signals about what he planned to do, leaving everyone on edge.
When the meeting began, Reyes’s activists flooded the livestream and filled Twitter with their hashtag, #alleyesonmi. A board accustomed to attendance in the single digits suddenly faced an audience of thousands. In hours of testimony, the activists emphasized their message of respecting voters’ wishes and affirming democracy rather than scolding the officials. Van Langevelde quickly signaled he would follow precedent. The vote was 3-0 to certify; the other Republican abstained.
After that, the dominoes fell. Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and the rest of the states certified their electors. Republican officials in Arizona and Georgia stood up to Trump’s bullying. And the Electoral College voted on schedule on Dec. 14.
HOW CLOSE WE CAME
There was one last milestone on Podhorzer’s mind: Jan. 6. On the day Congress would meet to tally the electoral count, Trump summoned his supporters to D.C. for a rally.
Much to their surprise, the thousands who answered his call were met by virtually no counterdemonstrators. To preserve safety and ensure they couldn’t be blamed for any mayhem, the activist left was “strenuously discouraging counter activity,” Podhorzer texted me the morning of Jan. 6, with a crossed-fingers emoji.
Trump addressed the crowd that afternoon, peddling the lie that lawmakers or Vice President Mike Pence could reject states’ electoral votes. He told them to go to the Capitol and “fight like hell.” Then he returned to the White House as they sacked the building. As lawmakers fled for their lives and his own supporters were shot and trampled, Trump praised the rioters as “very special.”
It was his final attack on democracy, and once again, it failed. By standing down, the democracy campaigners outfoxed their foes. “We won by the skin of our teeth, honestly, and that’s an important point for folks to sit with,” says the Democracy Defense Coalition’s Peoples. “There’s an impulse for some to say voters decided and democracy won. But it’s a mistake to think that this election cycle was a show of strength for democracy. It shows how vulnerable democracy is.”
The members of the alliance to protect the election have gone their separate ways. The Democracy Defense Coalition has been disbanded, though the Fight Back Table lives on. Protect Democracy and the good-government advocates have turned their attention to pressing reforms in Congress. Left-wing activists are pressuring the newly empowered Democrats to remember the voters who put them there, while civil rights groups are on guard against further attacks on voting. Business leaders denounced the Jan. 6 attack, and some say they will no longer donate to lawmakers who refused to certify Biden’s victory. Podhorzer and his allies are still holding their Zoom strategy sessions, gauging voters’ views and developing new messages. And Trump is in Florida, facing his second impeachment, deprived of the Twitter and Facebook accounts he used to push the nation to its breaking point.
As I was reporting this article in November and December, I heard different claims about who should get the credit for thwarting Trump’s plot. Liberals argued the role of bottom-up people power shouldn’t be overlooked, particularly the contributions of people of color and local grassroots activists. Others stressed the heroism of GOP officials like Van Langevelde and Georgia secretary of state Brad Raffensperger, who stood up to Trump at considerable cost. The truth is that neither likely could have succeeded without the other. “It’s astounding how close we came, how fragile all this really is,” says Timmer, the former Michigan GOP executive director. “It’s like when Wile E. Coyote runs off the cliff–if you don’t look down, you don’t fall. Our democracy only survives if we all believe and don’t look down.”
Democracy won in the end. The will of the people prevailed. But it’s crazy, in retrospect, that this is what it took to put on an election in the United States of America.
–With reporting by LESLIE DICKSTEIN, MARIAH ESPADA and SIMMONE SHAH
Correction appended, Feb. 5: The original version of this story misstated the name of Norm Eisen’s organization. It is the Voter Protection Program, not the Voter Protection Project. The original version of this story also misstated Jeff Timmer’s former position with the Michigan Republican Party. He was the executive director, not the chairman.
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https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/she-could-become-the-first-native-american-woman-governor-if-tim-walz-steps-down-meet-peggy-flanagan
|
en
|
She could become the first Native American woman governor if Tim Walz steps down. Meet Peggy Flanagan
|
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"Jessica Kutz"
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2024-08-06T16:37:25-04:00
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Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz’s role as Kamala Harris’ running mate has the potential to create another barrier-breaking moment.
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en
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PBS News
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https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/she-could-become-the-first-native-american-woman-governor-if-tim-walz-steps-down-meet-peggy-flanagan
|
Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz’s role as Kamala Harris’ running mate has the potential to create another barrier-breaking moment: If the Democratic presidential ticket wins the election and is inaugurated in January — or if Walz steps down to campaign — Lt. Gov. Peggy Flanagan will take his place, becoming the country’s first Native American woman to serve as a state governor.
READ MORE: 5 things to know about Tim Walz, Kamala Harris’ VP pick
Flanagan, who is a citizen of the White Earth Band of Ojibwe, is already the highest-ranking Indigenous woman serving in a statewide elected office and the first to lead the Democratic Lieutenant Governors Association.
During her tenure, Flanagan, who was previously executive director of the Children’s Defense Fund Minnesota, worked to pass legislation on child tax credits and free breakfast and lunch programs for public school students, and to establish the country’s first Missing and Murdered Indigenous Relatives Office to support families in their search for missing loved ones.
Flanagan co-chairs the Young Women’s Initiative of Minnesota, which created a Young Woman’s Cabinet to train members in leadership and as policy advocates.
Flanagan previously told The 19th that as the mother of a young Ojibwe girl, the importance of representation in our democracy is personal: “I couldn’t have ever imagined being able to see elected leaders who look like me. And for my daughter, this is simply her reality,” she said. When young people see themselves reflected in these roles, she said, “That is how we build a strong organization. That is how we build a strong party.”
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https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/culture/a-laday-with-a-torch-leads-the-american-invasion-of-locarno/86090921
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en
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Lady with torch leads American invasion of Locarno Film Festival
|
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"Arta Barzanji, in London",
"Arta Barzanji",
"in London"
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2024-08-08T07:00:00+00:00
|
An interview with Ehsan Khoshbakht, who is curating a retrospective of Columbia Pictures classics from the 1930s to the late 1950s.
|
en
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SWI swissinfo.ch
|
https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/culture/a-laday-with-a-torch-leads-the-american-invasion-of-locarno/86090921
|
Ehsan Khoshbakht, a London-based Iranian film critic, is curating one of Locarno’s highlights: a retrospective of Columbia Pictures classics from the 1930s to the late 1950s. In an interview, Khoshbakht explains the challenges and joys of this cross-cultural tour de force.
The Locarno Film Festival is one of the most fertile platforms for discovering new talents, but it’s also consistently been one of the top venues for exploring the history of cinema. Each year, Locarno’s “Retrospective” section concentrates on a specific theme, such as national cinemas, genres or auteurs.
Mexican Popular Cinema of the 1940s and 1950s; Douglas Sirk, the master of melodrama; milestone Black films across continents – these are just a few of the most recent retrospectives screened in Locarno, and which later toured several countries.
This year’s attendees are in for a treat with a 40-film retrospectiveExternal link of Columbia Pictures, “The Lady with the Torch”, organised in partnership with the Cinémathèque Suisse.
SWI swissinfo.ch: Do you have any notable memories of Columbia films from your childhood?
Ehsan Khoshbakht: Columbia was one of the first studios to enter the television business. In the 1950s, a generation of people who had not seen the films of the 1930s and 1940s started watching the Three Stooges on television, which suddenly became a cult phenomenon. Their films were always short, around 15 minutes.
In the 1950s they started making features with them to bank on this new-found success. And the first Columbia Pictures film I saw was one of these Three Stooges films, Have Rocket, Will Travel, on Iranian television. It is a sci-fi film with a scene with a giant spider chasing the Stooges on the moon. It left its mark on me! I had been an enormous Glenn Ford fan since I was a teenager, and later on, I realised he’s heavily associated with Columbia.
SWI: What factors set Columbia Pictures apart from the other Hollywood studios?
E.K.: The studio system was based on lengthy contracts, usually around seven years, through which various workers, especially stars treated like workhorses, would be tied down and exploited.
However, Columbia didn’t have these long contracts since they didn’t want to take any risks by hiring someone for a long period who may fall out of favour with the public. Instead, they essentially became a studio of “freelancers”. This meant they had different voices, talents, and visions, constantly dropping in and out.
Perhaps the downside of this was a sense of eclecticism, as the studio didn’t develop a signature style like bigger rivals such as Warner Brothers or MGM. While Columbia is not categorised among the five “major” Hollywood studios, it wasn’t exactly a poor B-movie studio either, but it stood somewhere in between and did things in a way completely different from other studios, rich or poor.
Columbia had fascinating variations that both correspond to the broader definitions of the studio system and, at the same time, divert from them.
SWI: Can you talk about Columbia’s humble beginnings in the late 1910s and the 1920s?
E.K.: The studio started with very little means, and it grew in a very cautious and discreet manner. From the late 1920s up to the late 1930s the success and prestige of Columbia is associated with just one name: Frank CapraExternal link.
This was very unusual for Hollywood studios because each had many directors they could rely on. However, with Columbia it was about finding the right stars or directors and banking on them without risking having too many names and faces simultaneously.
After they discovered Rita Hayworth, there was little attempt to find other talents besides her. Other stars were born organically or cultivated after Hayworth started to do poorly at the box office.
Also, the budgeting at Columbia was very different from other studios. The budget of a so-called “A” picture at Columbia was closer to that of a “B” movie at major studios like MGM. They deliberately avoided certain types of films that needed higher budgets, like musicals, of which they did very few, and when they did, they had to see internal talents such as composers, choreographers and dancers.
In dodging these production challenges, their focus became the story: any story that could be told in three rooms was Columbia’s cup of tea. They were the masters of “three-room films”. Gradually, they became more ambitious with the success of earlier films, especially after Capra won the Oscars in the 1930s.
This growth in confidence continued until the final year included for this programme, 1959. But they went on making major box office hits even after that year.
SWI: What was your process for selecting the films for this programme?
E.K.: I printed the entire release schedule of Columbia Pictures from 1929 to 1959 and started watching as many films as possible. I watched at least one title per release month because patterns emerge there. I also made sure all the major stars and genres were covered in this process.
After creating my list of what could be representative of Columbia, I had to decide which ones to leave out. I had to create categories and make sure I’d seen enough films from each: films by directors who made more than a certain number of films in the studio (like Roy William Neill), absolute classics, and underseen films by great directors, great obscure films and finally, films with or about women.
The latter was one of the greatest things about Columbia. Ironically, the studio that had the misogynist Harry Cohen at the top was, at the same time, fertile ground for many female talents as producers, writers, and at least one director, Dorothy Arzner. Virginia Van Upp, the first female executive producer in Hollywood’s history, was appointed in Columbia. And she produced Gilda!
SWI: What makes Locarno the ideal festival to host this retrospective?
E.K.: First of all, it’s a question of resources. Not many festivals are capable of or willing to host major retrospectives. In a way, Locarno is the only major festival in the world that can still host large-scale events like this: showing films through the best available element (including many 35mm prints), publishing a book of original essays, and maintaining a certain quality throughout.
I was reading a book of interviews with the late Michel Ciment, one of the editors of [cinema magazine] PositifExternal link, who was telling a story about when he was on the Locarno jury with [Iranian director] Abbas Kiarostami: they used to watch films by Yasujirō OzuExternal link in the morning, which I guess was the subject of that year’s retrospective, and watch the films they had to judge in the afternoon. This combination, which simultaneously makes cinema’s past and present available for audiences to move between, is the key to the success of any film festival, even though most of them completely ignore it.
SWI: Your new film, the documentary Celluloid Underground, was just released. What’s the dynamic between your work as a curator and a filmmaker?
E.K.: I make films about films and subjects that I can’t screen; either the films have been made about them, or they are not accessible. So, my filmmaking is an extension of my work as a curator – to fill in the gaps. My first film, Filmfarsi (see trailer below), was about Iranian pre-revolutionary popular cinema whose films are now banned. Same with Celluloid Underground. It’s the story of how the ban on foreign films after the revolution affected my way of cinephilia.
Edited by Eduardo Simantob/ts
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https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/preventive-services-covered-by-private-health-plans/
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Preventive Services Covered by Private Health Plans under the Affordable Care Act
|
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2024-02-28T16:09:15+00:00
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Note: This content was updated on February 28, 2024 to incorporate new FAQs from CMS. Tables 1 and 2 were also updated to include updated recommendations. It has been more than ten years since the Affordable Care Act (ACA) required private insurance plans to cover recommended preventive services without any patient cost-sharing. Research has shown<span class="readmore-ellipsis">…</span><a href="https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/preventive-services-covered-by-private-health-plans/" class="see-more light-beige no-float inline-readmore">More</a></p>
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en
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KFF
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https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/preventive-services-covered-by-private-health-plans/
|
Note: This content was updated on February 28, 2024 to incorporate new FAQs from CMS. Tables 1 and 2 were also updated to include updated recommendations.
It has been more than ten years since the Affordable Care Act (ACA) required private insurance plans to cover recommended preventive services without any patient cost-sharing. Research has shown that evidence-based preventive services can save lives and improve health by identifying illnesses earlier, managing them more effectively, and treating them before they develop into more complicated, debilitating conditions, and that some services are also cost-effective. Since the preventive services coverage policy went into effect, there have been numerous additions, changes, and updates to the policy as well as specific recommendations. There have also been legal challenges over elements of the preventive services requirement, including in the pending case, Braidwood Management Inc. v. Becerra. This fact sheet summarizes the federal requirements for coverage for preventive services in private plans, major updates to the requirement, and recent policy activities on this front.
ACA Requirements for Coverage of Preventive Services
Under Section 2713 of the ACA, private health plans must provide coverage for a range of recommended preventive services and may not impose cost-sharing (such as copayments, deductibles, or co-insurance) on patients receiving these services. These requirements apply to all private plans—fully insured and self-insured plans in the individual, small group, and large group markets, except those that maintain “grandfathered” status. In 2019, 13% of workers covered in employer sponsored plans were still in grandfathered plans. The requirements also apply to the Medicaid expansion eligibility pathway.
The required preventive services come from recommendations issued by four expert medical and scientific bodies—the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), the Health Resources and Services Administration’s (HRSA’s) Bright Futures Project, and the HRSA-sponsored Women’s Preventive Services Initiative (WPSI). Individual and small group plans in the health insurance marketplaces are also required to cover an essential health benefit (EHB) package—that includes the full range of preventive requirements described in this fact sheet.
Clinical Preventive Services for Adults and Children
The ACA requires private plans to cover the following four broad categories of services for adults and children (summarized in Tables 1 and 2):
I. Evidence-Based Screenings and Counseling
Insurers must cover evidence-based services for adults that have a rating of “A” or “B” in the current recommendations of USPSTF, an independent panel of clinicians and scientists commissioned by the federal Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. An “A” or “B” letter grade indicates that the panel finds there is high certainty that the services have a substantial or moderate net health benefit. The services required to be covered without cost-sharing include screenings for depression, diabetes, obesity, various cancers, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), prenatal tests, medications that can help prevent HIV, breast cancer, and heart disease, as well as counseling for drug and tobacco use, healthy eating, and other common health concerns. The effective date for a new recommendation from USPSTF is considered to be the last day of the month in which it is published or otherwise released.
II. Routine Immunizations
Health plans must also provide coverage without cost-sharing for immunizations that are recommended and determined to be for routine use by the ACIP, a federal committee comprised of immunization experts that is convened by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A new ACIP recommendation is considered to be issued on the date that it is adopted by the Director of the CDC. The preventive services guidelines require coverage for adults and children and include immunizations such as influenza, meningitis, tetanus, HPV, hepatitis A and B, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and COVID-19. With regard to the COVID-19 vaccine, Congress waived the typical one year delay in implementation and required private insurance plans to begin full coverage 15 days after ACIP recommendation. Going forward, any COVID-19 vaccine recommended by ACIP, including updated boosters, will continue to be fully covered for people enrolled in non-grandfathered plans starting 15 days after the vaccine is recommended by ACIP, irrespective of whether the vaccine is under an emergency use authorization or fully approved by the FDA.
III. Preventive Services for Women
In addition to the recommendations issued by USPSTF and ACIP, the ACA authorized HRSA to make coverage requirements for women for services not addressed by the other recommending bodies. HRSA turns to evidence-based recommendations issued by the Women’s Preventive Services Initiative (WPSI), to identify gaps in recommendations for women and review the evidence regarding the effectiveness of the recommendations. Current recommendations include well-woman visits, all FDA-approved, -granted, or -cleared contraceptives and related services, breastfeeding support and supplies, broader screening and counseling for a range of conditions, including intimate partner violence, urinary incontinence, anxiety, STIs and HIV. Some of the HRSA recommendations for women are similar to recommendations from USPSTF, but with slight variations in the population that is addressed.
Table 1 summarizes the full slate of adult preventive services subject to the preventive services coverage requirements.
IV. Preventive Services for Children and Youth
In addition to services for adults, the ACA requires that private plans cover without cost-sharing the preventive services recommended by the HRSA’s Bright Futures Project, which provides evidence-informed recommendations to improve the health and wellbeing of infants, children, and adolescents. The preventive services covered for children and adolescents include well child visits, immunization and screening services, behavioral and developmental assessments, fluoride supplements, and screening for autism, vision impairment, lipid disorders, tuberculosis, and certain genetic diseases. immunization and screening services, behavioral and developmental assessments, fluoride supplements, and screening for autism, vision impairment, lipid disorders, tuberculosis, and certain genetic diseases.
Table 2 summarizes the full slate of preventive services for children and adolescents.
Coverage Rules and Clarifications
The recommending bodies periodically issue new recommendations and update existing ones based on advances in research. Plans are required to provide full coverage for new and updated recommendations one year after the latest issue date, beginning in the next plan year. If a recommendation is changed during a plan year or a new recommendation is issued, an issuer is not required to make changes in the middle of the plan year, unless one of the recommending bodies determines that a service is discouraged because it is harmful or poses a significant safety concern. In these circumstances, federal guidance will be issued. There are limited circumstances under which insurers may charge copayments and use other forms of cost-sharing for preventive services:
If the primary reason for the visit is not the preventive service, patients may have to pay for the office visit. For example, if an adult man sees a clinician for ongoing management of a chronic condition such as diabetes and also receives a COVID vaccine at that appointment, the plan may charge a co-payment for the office visit but may not charge for the vaccine, which is a recommended preventive service.
If the preventive service is performed by an out-of-network provider when an in-network provider is available to perform the service, insurers may charge patients for the office visit and the preventive service. However, if an out-of-network provider is used because there is no in-network provider able to provide the service then cost-sharing cannot be charged.
If a treatment is given as the result of a recommended preventive service, but is not the recommended preventive service itself, cost-sharing may be charged in some cases. For example, the USPSTF recommends a CT scan for some adults to screen for lung cancer. If cancer is detected during the scan, treatments such as surgery or medication may be prescribed. While plans must cover the screening test services in full, they may charge for the treatments.
The Public Health Service Act (PHSA) and federal regulations also allow plans to use “reasonable medical management” techniques to determine the frequency, method, treatment, or setting for a preventive item or service to the extent it is not specified in a recommendation or guideline. While there is no formal regulatory definition or parameters for reasonable medical management, medical management techniques are typically used by plans to control cost and utilization of care or comparable drug use. For example, plans can impose limits on number of visits or tests if unspecified by a recommendation, cover only generics or selected brands of pharmaceuticals, or require prior authorization to acquire a preferred brand drug. If a plan makes any material modifications that would affect the content of the plan’s Summary of Benefits and Coverage (SBC) during the plan year, the plan must notify enrollees of the change at least 60 days before it takes effect.
Since the policy took effect, a number of questions have arisen about how plans should implement the preventive services policy and the extent to which plans can use medical management practices to limit the frequency, range of covered services, and the types of providers that are subject to the policy. Over the years, the Departments of Health and Human Services, Labor, and Treasury have jointly issued a number of clarifications as” about different aspects of coverage of preventive services.
Notable highlights from clarifying documents include:
Colon cancer screening – USPSTF recommends screening for colorectal cancer in adults ages 45-75 using either stool-based testing or procedural screening, such as sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. There have been some cases of insured asymptomatic patients being charged unexpected cost-sharing for anesthesia and polyp removal during screening colonoscopies. The federal government has clarified multiple times that insurers must cover the full cost of medically necessary anesthesia services, polyp removal and related pathology performed in connection with a preventive colonoscopy in asymptomatic individuals, and follow up colonoscopies in the event of positive findings on stool-based tests, CT, or sigmoidoscopy.
Well-woman visits – The HRSA clinical preventive services for women include coverage for at least one well-woman preventive care visit for adult women. WPSI has clarified that a series of well-woman visits may be required to fulfill all necessary preventive services and should be provided without cost-sharing as needed, determined by clinical expertise. Furthermore, the most recent recommendation states that prenatal visits are considered well woman visits, as are pre-pregnancy, postpartum, and interpartum visits WPSI has also published recommendations for services to be provided as part of well woman care.
Testing and medications for the risk reduction of breast cancer – Federal guidance reinforces the USPSTF recommendation that women with family history of breast, ovarian, or peritoneal cancer should be screened for BRCA-related cancer, and those with positive results should receive genetic counseling and testing without cost-sharing when the services are medically appropriate and recommended by her provider. USPSTF also recommends the provision of chemo-preventive medications, such as tamoxifen and raloxifene, for women who are at increased risk for breast cancer and at low risk for adverse effects.
Special populations – Some of the recommendations subject to the preventive services requirement apply to a certain population, such as “high risk” individuals. The government has clarified that it is up to the health care provider to determine whether a patient belongs to the population in consideration and that plans must cover services accordingly. An individual’s sex assigned at birth or gender identity also cannot limit them from a recommended preventive service that is medically appropriate for that individual; for example, a transgender man who has breast tissue or an intact cervix and meets other requirements for mammography or cervical cancer screening must receive those services without cost sharing regardless of sex at birth.
Contraceptive coverage – Contraceptive services and supplies for women is one of the recommendations from HRSA, and since it was first issued there have been numerous federal clarifications. Plans must cover without cost sharing at least one product within each FDA-approved, granted, or cleared contraceptive method for women as prescribed. In addition to covering the cost of the contraceptive supplies, plans must cover related counseling, insertion, removal, and follow up services. While insurers may use reasonable medical management to limit full coverage to generic drugs within a method category, federal clarifications also state that plans must cover any contraceptive if deemed “medically necessary” by a health care provider. This means that plans must cover the following: brand name drugs if a generic is not available, a clinician-recommended brand name product, and contraceptive products that are not specifically identified by HRSA, such as new contraceptive products approved by the FDA. Some plans may choose to cover only one product within a category of contraceptives that has other have a process in place to make exceptions for an individual who wants to access a therapeutic equivalent product if it is determined to be medically necessary by the individual’s clinician. Any “exceptions process” must be accessible and timely for patients and providers to request coverage for a medically necessary contraceptive.
Houses of worship have always been exempted from the contraceptive requirement, and religiously affiliated nonprofit employers have had an accommodation if they have a religious objection to contraceptives. Some employers have challenged this regulation, claiming the accommodation offered by the government (where the method is covered by their plan but they are not required to pay towards its coverage as part of the premium) makes them complicit in the provision of contraception, a service they object to on religious or moral grounds. The federal policy regarding contraceptive coverage requirements for employer plans has undergone multiple changes in federal regulations and been contested in numerous legal cases, including three that reached the Supreme Court. The current regulations were issued during the Trump Administration and exempt nearly any employer that claims to have a religious or moral objection from providing contraceptive coverage.
Coverage for HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) – In June 2019, PrEP, medications which can help prevent HIV, received an “A”’ grade recommendation from the USPSTF as “effective antiretroviral therapy to persons who are at high risk of HIV acquisition.” Plans or policy years beginning on or after June 30, 2020, must cover PrEP (consistent with the USPSTF recommendation) without cost sharing. Federal guidance clarified that plans and insurers must also cover ancillary and support services for PrEP, such as adherence counseling and risk-reduction strategies, without cost sharing, and cannot use reasonable medical management techniques to restrict access to these services.
Impact of the Preventive Services Rules
The federal HHS Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) estimates that in 2020, approximately 151.6 million people (58 million women, 57 million men, and 37 million children) currently are enrolled in non-grandfathered private health insurance plans that cover preventive services with no-cost sharing. Research has documented the impact of the policy on access to care in some areas, including utilization of cancer screening and contraceptives.
The evidence on cancer screening utilization after the elimination of cost-sharing is mixed and varies by cancer type. Some studies have shown that while screening rates for colorectal cancer among privately insured individuals increased since the passage of the ACA, rates for Pap testing decreased. However, it is difficult to assess the impact of the coverage provision since the recommendations for cervical cancer screening have been revised since the policy went into effect. Screening rates for breast cancer remained stable, though one study found that mammography screening among African American women significantly increased after ACA implementation. Likewise, the elimination of cost-sharing is associated with increases in BRCA genetic testing which helps identify women who are at elevated risk for breast and ovarian cancer. Studies have also indicated that increased access to and affordability of preventive services has helped cancer survivors obtain necessary care.
Several studies found that the contraceptive coverage requirement under the ACA has dramatically reduced OOP spending for contraceptives, including OOP spending for oral contraceptives (Figure 2). Multiple studies have shown increases in utilization for short-term birth control methods such as birth control pills, patches, and diaphragms. Studies have found that utilization of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), such as intrauterine devices (IUDs) and implants, increased after ACA implementation. Additional research also shows that OOP costs for LARCs—some of the most effective forms of pregnancy prevention—were also reduced under the ACA. These findings suggest that the lowered OOP costs from the contraceptive coverage requirement has improved contraception use and adherence.
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https://www.womenforwomen.org/
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Women for Women International
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https://www.womenforwomen.org/themes/custom/ts_wfw/favicon.ico
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2024-07-30T12:00:00+00:00
|
Helping women survivors of war and conflict rebuild their lives
|
en
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/themes/custom/ts_wfw/favicon.ico
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https://www.womenforwomen.org/
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Palestine Emergency Response
As war escalates in Gaza and the West Bank, women and their families are in dire need of life-saving essentials. Your urgent donation will provide:
🥣 Meals from community kitchen
🧦 Clothes, blankets, hygiene kits
❤️ Trauma-informed counseling
What Do We Do?
We work at the critical intersection of women and conflict providing skills, knowledge, and resources that create sustainable change for women, their families, and their communities.
View all Program Components
Download a World of Flavors
Download our e-cookbook for free and get inspired by women refugees whose courage, strength and hope enable them to rise above their circumstances and not only heal but to rebuild.
Where We Work
We proudly provide a broad array of vital support and education for women in 17 countries around the world that have felt the devastating effects of conflict.
View all Countries
Read the Stories of the Women We Serve
Every woman has a unique voice and a journey. See what women have to say about our part in their story.
Celebrating 30 Years
Three decades ago, one woman turned a moment of outrage into a movement. Today that movement has turned into a global community supporting over half a million women survivors of war and conflict around the world.
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https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women
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Most Dangerous Countries for Women 2024
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https://worldpopulationreview.com/favicon.ico
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https://worldpopulationreview.com/favicon.ico
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According to the Travel Industry Association, about 32 million American women travel solo in a year. Whether traveling alone or in a group, safety is of the utmost importance. Unfortunately, many countries around the world are dangerous for female travelers. Some highly-publicized incidents, such as the 26-year-old German backpacker who was brutally murdered in Thailand or the two Scandinavian women beheaded in Morocco have exemplified the dangers that women face when traveling abroad in certain countries.
In an attempt to determine which countries are the most dangerous for female travelers, husband and wife journalists Asher and Lyric Fergusson studied and ranked the 50 most popular tourist countries. Their Women’s Danger Index ranked each country based on eight factors: street safety for wojmen, intentional homicide of women, non-partner sexual violence, intimate partner sexual violence, legal discrimination, global gender gap, gender inequality index, and violence against women attitudes.
Top 10 Most Dangerous Countries for Solo Female Travelers:
South Africa is the most dangerous country in the world for solo female travelers. Only 25% of South African women said they felt safe walking alone at night, the lowest of any country. South Africa is notorious for sexual violence. It is estimated that over 40% of South African women will be raped in their lifetime. Additionally, South Africa ranked the worst for the intentional homicide of women. South Africa was the only country to receive an “F” on the index.
Brazil ranks as the second-most dangerous country for women. Only 28% of women reported feeling safe walking alone at night and the country has the third-highest rate of intentional homicide against women. Brazil also ranked sixth for the percentage of women who have experienced physical or sexual violence from their intimate partners at 36.9%. Russia has the second-highest rate of intentional homicide against women, which is the biggest reason for its third-place spot on the list. Russia also ranks as one of the top ten countries to have laws and regulations that limit women’s ability to participate in society and economy.
Mexico ranks fourth overall for the most dangerous countries for women, as well as ranking fourth for the percentage of women who feel safe walking at night and for intentional homicide against women. Only about 33% of women in Mexico reported feeling safe walking alone at night. Additionally, Mexico ranks third for non-partner sexual violence, which about 16% of women experience. Iran’s place on the most dangerous country list is largely due to its first-place ranking for the gender gap. This index measures disparities between men and women in economic participation, educational attainment, health, and political empowerment. Additionally, Iran ranked third for legal discrimination against women.
The Dominican Republic has the fifth-lowest percentage of women who feel safe walking alone at night, at 33%, and the fifth-highest rate of intentional homicide against women. The Dominican Republic also ranks sixth for gender inequality, which measures health, empowerment, and the labor market. Egypt is the seventh-most dangerous country for female travelers. Egypt has the fourth-highest global gender gap and the seventh-highest gender inequality. Only 47% of women reported feeling safe walking alone at night. Additionally, Egypt ranks sixth for laws and regulations that limit women’s ability to participate in society and the economy.
About 45% of Moroccan women experience physical or sexual violence from their intimate partner, the highest percentage on the list. About 32% of women agree that violence against women is justified under certain circumstances, the tenth-highest of the countries ranked. Additionally, Morocco ranks tenth for legal discrimination against women. As the ninth-most dangerous country for women, India ranks fifth for intimate partner violence, which is 37.2%. According to the gender inequality index, India ranks first. About 45% of Indian women surveyed agreed that a husband or partner is justified in beating their wife or partner under certain circumstances. Finishing the top ten most dangerous countries for women is Thailand. Thailand ranks second for intimate partner violence, which about 44% of women reported. Additionally, about 61% of women agreed that violence against women is justified under certain circumstances, the highest among the 50 countries studied.
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https://camfed.org/us/
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CAMFED
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""
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CAMFED is a pan-African movement supporting girls to go to school, thrive and become influential leaders and changemakers in their communities.
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en
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CAMFED
|
https://camfed.org/
|
You can ignite the CAMFED Multiplier Effect
CAMFED graduates can join Africa’s largest and fastest-growing sisterhood of leaders, the CAMFED Association. Each member, on average, supports another 3 girls to go to school with her own resources, as well as mentoring and encouraging many more. And as a network of activists, we create employment and opportunity, tackling inequality and injustice.
This is the CAMFED Multiplier Effect, and what Nicholas Kristof of The New York Times calls a “perpetual motion machine” — the positive impact a girl’s education has on others’ lives.
Discover CAMFED's Multiplier Effect
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https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/style/modern-love-to-fall-in-love-with-anyone-do-this.html
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en
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To Fall in Love With Anyone, Do This
|
[
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Mandy Len Catron"
] |
2015-01-11T00:00:00
|
What happens if you decide that falling in love is not something that happens to you, but something that you do?
|
en
|
/vi-assets/static-assets/favicon-d2483f10ef688e6f89e23806b9700298.ico
|
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/style/modern-love-to-fall-in-love-with-anyone-do-this.html
|
More than 20 years ago, the psychologist Arthur Aron succeeded in making two strangers fall in love in his laboratory. Last summer, I applied his technique in my own life, which is how I found myself standing on a bridge at midnight, staring into a man’s eyes for exactly four minutes.
Let me explain. Earlier in the evening, that man had said: “I suspect, given a few commonalities, you could fall in love with anyone. If so, how do you choose someone?”
He was a university acquaintance I occasionally ran into at the climbing gym and had thought, “What if?” I had gotten a glimpse into his days on Instagram. But this was the first time we had hung out one-on-one.
“Actually, psychologists have tried making people fall in love,” I said, remembering Dr. Aron’s study. “It’s fascinating. I’ve always wanted to try it.”
[Sign up for Love Letter, our weekly email. And catch up on all things Modern Love.]
I first read about the study when I was in the midst of a breakup. Each time I thought of leaving, my heart overruled my brain. I felt stuck. So, like a good academic, I turned to science, hoping there was a way to love smarter.
I explained the study to my university acquaintance. A heterosexual man and woman enter the lab through separate doors. They sit face to face and answer a series of increasingly personal questions. Then they stare silently into each other’s eyes for four minutes. The most tantalizing detail: Six months later, two participants were married. They invited the entire lab to the ceremony.
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dbpedia
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3
| 55
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https://hbr.org/1995/09/the-power-of-talk-who-gets-heard-and-why
|
en
|
The Power of Talk: Who Gets Heard and Why
|
[
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Deborah Tannen"
] |
2024-07-03T18:00:26+00:00
|
We all know what confidence, competence, and authority sound like. Or do we?
|
/resources/images/favicon.ico
|
Harvard Business Review
|
https://hbr.org/1995/09/the-power-of-talk-who-gets-heard-and-why
|
DT
Deborah Tannen is a Distinguished University Professor in the Linguistics Department at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. She is the author of 15 books, including You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation (William Morrow, 1990), which introduced to the general public the idea of female and male styles of communication.
Post
Post
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New!
HBR Learning
Writing Skills Course
Accelerate your career with Harvard ManageMentor®. HBR Learning’s online leadership training helps you hone your skills with courses like Writing Skills. Earn badges to share on LinkedIn and your resume. Access more than 40 courses trusted by Fortune 500 companies.
Capture your audience's attention with smarter emails, Slacks, memos, and reports.
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dbpedia
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0
| 57
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https://www.sss.gov/register/immigrants/
|
en
|
Immigrants & Dual Nationals | Selective Service System
|
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[] |
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[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
/wp-content/themes/sss/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png
|
Selective Service System
|
https://www.sss.gov/register/immigrants/
|
U.S. immigrants are required by law to register with the Selective Service System.
NOTE: Registering with Selective Service is not signing up for the Armed Services. The Selective Service System is not part of the Department of Defense.
Immigrant Men Are Required to Register
With very few exceptions, all immigrant males between ages 18 and 25 are required by law to register with the Selective Service System (SSS) within 30 days of arriving in the United States. This includes naturalized citizens, parolees, undocumented immigrants, legal permanent residents, asylum seekers, refugees, and all males with visas more than 30 days expired.
Non-Immigrant Foreigners
Non-immigrant men living in the United States on a valid visa are not required to register for as long as they remain on a valid visa up until they turn 26. If you have received a letter from us requesting that you register, please send us copies of supporting documentation to show you are exempt.
Men 26+
Once a man turns 26, he is no longer able to register with the Selective Service System. If you entered the U.S. prior to turning 26, but are now 26 or older, and have not registered, learn more here.
Men 31+
Immigrant men who are 31 or older who are seeking naturalization and who did not register are no longer required to provide a âstatus information letterâ or documentation of their status from Selective Service. If asked for a status information letter, you may print a form letter concerning their request for a letter for use with USCIS.
USCIS Letter
Registering Without a Social Security Number
If you do not have a social security number, you can visit your local post office to pick up a form or download it here. Please mail your form to:
Selective Service System
P.O. Box 94739
Palatine, IL 60094-4739
Printable Registration Form
Updating Your Information
To correct or provide your social security number or update other personal information, please call us at 847-688-6888 for assistance.
You are required to notify us of an address change within 10 days of moving, up until January 1st of the year you turn 26 years old. Men are no longer required to notify Selective Service of address changes once they are 26 years old or older.
Update Your Address
Undocumented Immigrants
We do not now, or in the past, collect or share any information which would indicate a manâs immigration status, either documented or undocumented. Selective Service has no authority to collect such information, has no use for it, and it is irrelevant to the registration requirement. Consequently, there is no immigration data to share with anyone.
U.S. dual nationals are required by law to register with the Selective Service System within 30 days of their 18th birthday, regardless of whether they live inside or outside of the United States.
NOTE: Registering with Selective Service is not signing up for the Armed Services. The Selective Service System is not part of the Department of Defense.
In the Event of a Draft
Most are liable for induction into the U.S. Armed Forces if there is a draft. They would also be eligible for any deferments, postponements, and exemptions available to all other registrants.
However, some non-citizens and dual nationals would be exempt from induction into the military if there is a draft, depending on their country of origin and other factors. Some of these exemptions include:
a non-citizen who has lived in the U.S. for less than one year
a dual national whose other country of nationality has an agreement with the U.S. which specifically provides for an exemption
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dbpedia
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0
| 41
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https://www.rescue.org/
|
en
|
International Rescue Committee (IRC)
|
[
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
The International Rescue Committee (IRC) responds to the world’s worst humanitarian crises and helps people to survive and rebuild their lives. Find out how you can help the IRC offer lifesaving care and life-changing assistance to refugees forced to flee from war or disaster.
|
en
|
/modules/rescue_x/themes/x/favicon.ico
|
The IRC
|
https://www.rescue.org/
|
El Salvador does not allow people like us: either you are a man or you are a woman. My dream upon arriving in the United States is to find a decent job, to have an income to help my parents.
At 27 years old, Fernanda Levin was forced to leave behind her parents, siblings and home simply so that she could safely be herself.
It’s been so horrible, reading the news and wondering where family members are. All my relatives are in eastern Ukraine and I am afraid of what could happen to them.
Newly engaged and working amid the conflict and crisis at home, Ukrainian refugee Anastasiia is rebuilding her life in Poland.
|
||||
6418
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 14
|
https://www.mayflower400uk.org/education/the-mayflower-story/
|
en
|
The Mayflower Story
|
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[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
The Mayflower's history spans hundreds of years and the story is believed to be the beginnings of modern America
|
en
|
favicon.ico
|
Mayflower
|
https://www.mayflower400uk.org/education/the-mayflower-story/
|
The Mayflower set sail on 16th September 1620 from Plymouth, UK, to voyage to America. But its history and story start long before that.
Its passengers were in search of a new life – some seeking religious freedom, others a fresh start in a different land. They would go on to be known as the Pilgrims and influence the future of the United States of America in ways they could never have imagined.
This story isn't just about the Mayflower's passengers though. It's about the people who already lived in America and the enormous effect the arrival of these colonists would have on Native Americans and the land they had called home for centuries.
More than 30 million people can trace their ancestry to the 102 passengers and approximately 30 crew aboard the Mayflower when it landed in Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts, in the harsh winter of 1620.
On board were men, women and children from different walks of life across England and the city of Leiden in Holland.
A significant number were known as Separatists, a group of people who mostly wanted to live a life free from the current Church of England.
Others were on the ship for a multitude of reasons – some anticipated the chance to build a better future for their families and the opportunity of new land, while for others the offer of freedom and adventure was too good to turn down.
Then there were the crew themselves, plus the servants and unaccompanied children sent by their families to be looked after by the adults.
The passengers are often grouped into ‘Saints’ or ‘Strangers’ by historians, alluding to their motivations for the journey. But it’s likely that many ‘Saints’ were skilled tradesmen and many ‘Strangers’ had their own religious reasons for leaving 17th century England.
The origins of these passengers can be traced across England and in the Netherlands – as illustrated by the interactive map below.
Importantly, the Pilgrims were not the first to land in America, nor did they discover it. There were already established colonies at the time, not least Jamestown – founded in 1607.
But the Mayflower story is renowned for its themes of freedom and humanity – including the relationships first formed between the Native American Wampanoag tribe and the colonists and the first Thanksgiving.
We begin much earlier than 1620, in the villages, towns and cities of England.
The King of England
The decision by Henry VIII to break away from the Roman Catholic Church – principally so he could divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, had far-reaching ramifications.
He created his own church, with its own rules determined by him - called the Church of England. In doing this, Henry was expelled by the Pope and the reformation of the English churches had started.
Many believed that Henry’s new church was still too similar to the Pope’s and wanted even more changes. Some wanted to separate it from other churches by purifying it of all Catholic practices. They became known as the Puritans.
However, others believed that you could not change the church and that the only way to form a new group was to break away entirely. They became known as the Separatists.
The Church dictated all aspects of life – from what you ate to what you wore. To dispute that rule was a dangerous path ending in prosecution. This was especially foreboding for Separatists.
The Separatist leaders
The leading religious Separatists who voyaged to America in 1620 mostly originated from an area where modern-day Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire and Lincolnshire meet.
Regarded as dangerous renegades who rejected fundamental principles of the State and the established Church of England, they worshipped in secret to avoid arrest and persecution.
Among them was William Brewster, who was brought up in the village of Scrooby in north Nottinghamshire.
Inspired by the radical words of Richard Clifton, the rector of nearby All Saints' Church in Babworth, Brewster is believed to have founded a Separatist Church in his family home - the manor house at Scrooby.
Scrooby Manor House
He was fined for non-attendance at St Wilfrid’s Church in Scrooby but was respected as an elder and spiritual guide and played a significant role in the congregation’s later journeys.
Brewster strongly influenced William Bradford from Austerfield, a nearby South Yorkshire village. When the Separatists landed in America, Bradford went on to become a Governor of the Plymouth Colony, serving for more than 30 years.
William Bradford’s journal, Of Plimoth Plantation, records much of what happened to the group, including how they had become so persecuted that they could no longer live peacefully.
Bradford was baptised St Helena's church where the original font can be seen today. Heavily influenced by leading Pilgrim William Brewster, he was a sickly young orphan when they first met, but grew into a passionate religious radical.
A similar group had long been growing in the nearby town of Gainsborough in Lincolnshire, drawing members from surrounding villages. They would also worship clandestinely under the guidance of John Smyth at the Gainsborough Old Hall.
Inside Gainsborough Old Hall
Escaping to Holland
As the authorities intensified their crackdown on the Separatists, the two groups decided to flee England for Holland – seen as a liberal nation where they could live peacefully.
One night in the autumn of 1607, they secretly met a boat on the edge of ‘The Wash’ at Scotia Creek, near Boston in Lincolnshire – some having walked 60 miles.
The monument at Scotia Creek that marks where the Pilgrims tried to make their escape
But the captain of a ship betrayed them and the local militia seized the group and took their money, books and personal possessions. Stripped of their belongings and hope, the group were brought by boat back to Boston and held and tried at the Guildhall, home to the local law court and cells.
They were eventually freed and made a second, successful attempt at fleeing to Holland – this time from the coastal town of Immingham in Lincolnshire.
A new life in Leiden
They settled in the city of Leiden via Amsterdam. Leiden was a city of free-thinkers, relative religious tolerance, and a long tradition of offering shelter to the dispossessed.
They built a life in Leiden, living and working here for 12 years. They built land near the spectacular Pieterskerk church and built houses in what is today known as the Engelse poort (English Alley).
Many worked in the textile industry and similar trades – but it was hard work and a challenging life. William Brewster operated a printing press in what is today known as ‘William Brewster Alley’. Here he produced dissident pamphlets that were smuggled into England for distribution.
William Brewster Alley
Eventually the time in a foreign land took its toll and the group started to plan a journey to a new land to start again.
It’s thought there were several reasons for this – not least that the fear their children were effectively growing up as Dutch children.
They wanted to find a place completely free of limitations where they could build a better economic future. They had been living in small houses with big families – and were becoming poor.
The looming threat of war with Spain also cast a cloud over their future.
From 1617 they planned to leave and eventually settled on Virginia in America.
More than half of the group stayed though and fully integrated into Dutch life. Among them was John Robinson, known as the ‘pastor to the Pilgrims’.
Leiden had a profound influence on the lives of the Pilgrims - even after their departure. The concept of civil marriage was one innovation they took with them.
Planning the voyage to America
Virginia in America was an attractive destination because several colonies had already settled there. However, they also felt that they should not settle too near and end up with a similar environment to which they originally fled.
The Separatists worked with their counterparts in England to fund and organise the journey – which had to make commercial sense.
They negotiated with merchants in London and convinced them that funding their journey would see a return on investment thanks to the goods they would be able to send back to England. They also needed permission to land in Virginia and establish a colony.
A ship called the Speedwell would carry the Leiden group to America while another ship called the Mayflower was hired to take passengers who weren’t necessarily travelling for religious reasons.
The Mayflower would sail from the port of Rotherhithe in London, carrying many there for work in the new land, who simply wanted to build a new life, crew and servants. Rotherhithe was home to many of the crew including the Mayflower's Captain Christopher Jones.
A statue of Christopher Jones found in St Mary's Church in Rotherhithe
Leaving England
The Speedwell set sail from Holland on 22nd July 1620, after a moving ceremony by the water’s edge.
The plan was to meet the Mayflower in Southampton before heading off together across the Atlantic.
Southampton was a thriving seaport offering all the commercial facilities to provision and equip for the long sea voyage. Many of the buildings and streets familiar to the passengers then still exist.
When the two ships met in the port there were concerns about the Speedwell though, which needed repairs after developing a leak. But on 15th August 1620 the two ships weighed anchor and set sail from Southampton.
The two ships didn’t get very far when the Speedwell began to take on water again. It may have been because she carried too much sail, straining her timbers, or the direct result of sabotage by a reluctant crew.
They changed course for Dartmouth, a port on the south coast of Devon. It took about a week for the port’s skilled craftsmen to make good the damage.
Unfortunately, the second attempt did not go as hoped either. The Mayflower and the Speedwell were 300 miles clear of Land’s End when the smaller ship yet again began leaking badly and could not risk continuing. The two boats turned about for Plymouth.
One last stop
By this time, the cramped, damp and miserable passengers had already spent up to six weeks at sea. With a fair wind and good fortune, they would have hoped to be nearing America by then.
The Speedwell was finally declared unfit for the journey. Some of the Pilgrims dropped out. The remainder crowded onto the Mayflower, which required re-provisioning, despite funds running low.
They left Plymouth on 16th September 1620, with up to 30 crew and 102 passengers on board. Just under half of them were Separatists, or Saints. They used the name Saints as a way to indicate that they were part of a particular group with a certain set of beliefs.
The Mayflower Steps in Plymouth, built as a memorial to the historic voyage
The rest were known as Strangers, as this is how the Saints viewed all others outside of their group. Many were skilled tradespeople sent by the investors to help build the new colony. Though plenty of the passengers could have probably been defined on either side of this divide.
The passengers
The following passengers were on board the Mayflower:
John Alden
Isaac and Mary (Norris) Allerton, and children Bartholomew, Remember, and Mary
John Allerton
John and Eleanor Billington, and sons John and Francis.
William and Dorothy (May) Bradford
William and Mary Brewster, and children Love and Wrestling
Richard Britteridge
Peter Browne
William Butten
Robert Carter
John and Katherine (White) Carver
James and Mrs. Chilton, and daughter Mary
Richard Clarke
Francis Cooke and son John
Humility Cooper
John Crackstone and son John
Edward Doty
Francis and Sarah Eaton, and son Samuel
Thomas English
Moses Fletcher
Edward and Mrs. Fuller, and son Samuel
Samuel Fuller
Richard Gardiner
John Goodman
William Holbeck
John Hooke
Stephen and Elizabeth (Fisher) Hopkins and children Constance, Giles and Damaris; son Oceanus was born during the voyage.
John Howland
John Langmore
William Latham
Edward Leister
Edmund Margesson
Christopher and Mary (Prower) Martin
Desire Minter
Ellen, Jasper, Richard, and Mary More
William and Alice Mullins and children Priscilla and Joseph
Degory Priest
Solomon Prower
John and Alice Rigsdale
Thomas Rogers and son Joseph
Henry Samson
George Soule
Myles and Rose Standish
Elias Story
Edward Thompson
Edward and Agnes (Cooper) Tilley
John and Joan (Hurst) Tilley and daughter Elizabeth
Thomas and Mrs. Tinker, and a son
William Trevore
John Turner, and two sons
Richard Warren
William and Susanna (Jackson) White, and son Resolved(son Peregrine was born shipboard in Provincetown Harbor after arrival).
Roger Wilder
Thomas Williams
Edward and Elizabeth (Barker) Winslow
Gilbert Winslow
"Mr. Ely"
Dorothy (John Carver's maidservant)
Source: New England Historic Genealogical Society
Sailing the Atlantic
The Mayflower took 66 days to cross the Atlantic – a horrible crossing afflicted by winter storms and long bouts of seasickness – so bad that most could barely stand up during the voyage.
By October, they began encountering a number of Atlantic storms that made the voyage treacherous. It was so bad that the sails often could not be used, instead they simply drifted.
One Stranger was swept overboard and one woman, Elizabeth Hopkins, gave birth to a baby boy, aptly named Oceanus.
The Pilgrims intended to land in Northern Virginia and the Hudson River (today New York) was their intended destination. They had received good reports on this region while in the Netherlands. The Mayflower was almost right on target, missing the Hudson River by just a few degrees.
As they approached land, the crew spotted Cape Cod just as the sun rose on November 9, 1620.
The Pilgrims decided to head south, to the mouth of the Hudson River in New York, where they intended to make their plantation.
But the rough seas nearly shipwrecked the Mayflower and instead they decided to stay and explore Cape Cod rather than risk another journey south. They anchored in what is now Provincetown Harbor. Shortly after, Susannah White gave birth to a son aboard the Mayflower, the first English child born in the colony. He was named Peregrine, derived from the Latin for ‘pilgrim’.
The Mayflower Compact
The colonists knew they had no right to settle in this land they had unintentionally arrived upon and decided to draw up a document that gave them some attempt at legal standing.
An illustration of the signing of the Mayflower Compact
So upon arrival the settlers drew up the Mayflower Compact. Signed by 41 men on board, the compact was an agreement to cooperate for the general good of the colony. They would deal with issues by voting, establish constitutional law and rule by the majority.
The document read:
In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereigne Lord, King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britaine, France and Ireland king, defender of the faith, etc. having undertaken, for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honour of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the Northerne parts of Virginia, doe by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civill body politick, for our better ordering and preservation, and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enacte, constitute, and frame such just and equall laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meete and convenient for the generall good of the Colonie unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cape-Codd the 11. of November, in the year of the raigne of our sovereigne lord, King James, of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fiftie-fourth. Anno Dom. 1620.
Watching from the west
The Pilgrims would spend the next month and a half exploring Cape Cod, while most stayed on board the ship, trying to decide where they would build their plantation.
They searched much of the coastline in this region including the area now known as Plymouth.
The replica Mayflower in Plymouth, Massachusetts today
Watching on were a small group of Native Americans, people for whom this area was already home. The new arrivals tried to follow them but got lost and stuck among some dense thickets. They decided to change course and came across cleared land where corn had been grown and abandoned houses.
They found buried corn, which they took back to the ship, intending to plant it and grow more corn, eventually returning what they had taken. They also found graves.
This village they had stumbled upon was once called Patuxet but had since been deserted following the outbreak of disease.
This was a legacy of what the Native American people had already experienced from European colonists in the 17th century.
The native inhabitants of the region around Plymouth Colony were the various groups of the Wampanoag people and other tribes, who had lived there for some 10,000 years before the Europeans arrived.
The Great Dying
When the Separatists were living in Leiden in 1616, in the same year a map was published detailing explorations of the Cape Cod area to the Bay of Fundy.
But these names were meaningless to the people who lived in this region, which is thought to have been known as Dawnland.
And to them 1616 was memorable for very different reasons – the outbreak of European diseases that would devastate their communities.
Ships from England had been fishing and trading in North America waters since the beginning of the 16th century. They would also bring Native Americans back to Europe – some as slaves – often to callously exhibit.
Some were taught English so they could become interpreters in future. In 1614, six years before the Pilgrims arrived, 27 natives were seized by a man called Thomas Hunt.
The majority came from Patuxet, the very abandoned village the Pilgrims would later find, and what is now modern-day Plymouth, Massachusetts.
One of these was named Tisquantum (also known as Squanto). Hunt tried to sell the natives as slaves in Spain but somehow Tisquantum made his way to England, where he learned some English and was used as an interpreter in future trips to America.
Eventually he found his way back to Patuxet, where tragically he found his family and village had been wiped out by disease brought by European settlers and explorers.
A Wampanoag hut
Between 1616 and 1619 a mysterious disease that would become known as the ‘Great Dying’ ravaged this region, before the Mayflower laid anchor in Cape Cod.
In the winter of 1616-17 an expedition dispatched by Sir Ferdinando Gorges found a region devastated by war and disease, the remaining people so "sore afflicted with the plague, for that the country was in a manner left void of inhabitants."
Two years later another Englishman found “ancient plantations” now completely empty with few inhabitants – and those that had survived were suffering.
So before the Mayflower arrived, this region had greatly suffered from the effects of colonisation.
The first harsh winter
Before settling on what is now Plymouth, the Pilgrims explored other areas of the coast, including an area inhabited by the Nauset people. They saw some figures on the shore who fled when they approached. They explored and found more graves, which they decided not to dig.
They remained ashore overnight and the following morning, they were attacked with arrows. The colonists shot back with guns but could not find them. That would be the last contact until the spring.
On December 25, 1620, the Saints and the Strangers departed the bleak shores of Provincetown and arrived, finally, in what is now Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts, on 26th December 1620.
They decided this place, once home to the people of Patuxet, would be where they settled and began construction of their first buildings.
But the first winter was cold and many of the passengers stayed on board the Mayflower. The ship became home to the sick and dying, with many succumbing to a mixture of contagious diseases.
Building the colony
The settlement’s first fort and watchtower was built on what is now known as Burial Hill (the area contains the graves of Bradford and other original settlers).
The first common house nearly completed in January, built for general use. Each single man was ordered to join himself to one of the 19 families in order to eliminate the need to build any more houses than absolutely necessary.
The Plimoth Plantation recreation of the village
Each extended family was assigned a plot and they each built their own home and the settlement was mostly built by February.
The first house was built as a hospital. Thirty-one of the company were dead by the end of February, with deaths still rising. Coles Hill became the first cemetery, on a prominence above the beach
Only 47 colonists had survived and at its worst just six or seven were able to feed and care for the rest. In this time, half the Mayflower crew also died.
When his crew began to recover from disease, the Mayflower’s captain Christopher Jones sailed the ship back to England, taking half the time that it did on its outward journey.
The Wampanoag and the Pilgrims
The Pilgrims were settling on land home to the Wampanoag – one of many tribes in the wider region. The Wampanoag had lived here for 10,000 years before they arrived.
Each tribe in New England had their own territory in which to fish, harvest and hunt. The boundaries for hunting were very strict as some areas had large populations.
The Wampanoag people knew how to work with the land and moved between sites to get the best of their harvest. They spent the summer near the shore and the winter in land, amongst the woods.
The Wampanoag worked together - a number of groups united together. A head Sachem managed a Sachem from each of the groups. Within this organisation, family and group links were the most important, connecting them to each other and their territory.
In the years before the Mayflower landed, The Wampanoag had been attacked by neighbouring tribes, losing land along the coast. Then came the Great Dying and the losses were so devastating that the Wampanoag had to reorganise its structure and Sachems had to join together and build new unions.
A historic peace
During March 1621, an English speaking member of the Wamponaog, named Samoset, entered the grounds of the Plymouth colony and introduced himself. He is said to have asked for a beer and spent the night talking with the settlers. Samoset, later, brought another member of his tribe – Tisquantum, whose experience meant his English was much advanced.
Tisquantum taught them to plant corn, which became an important crop, as well as where to fish and hunt beaver.
He introduced them to the Wampanoag chief Ousamequin, chief of the Pokanoket people known as Massasoit, an important moment in developing relations.
The statue of Ousamequin that stands on land he would have once ruled over today
One of the first to greet him was Edward Winslow, originally from Worcestershire. A leader in the Separatist group and a skilful diplomat, Winslow had not only been instrumental in organising the journey to America, but was also one of the men who signed the historic Mayflower Compact.
The Wampanoag were wary of the nearby Narragansett tribe, who had not been affected by the disease epidemics and remained a powerful tribe.
They demanded that the Wampanoag show them honour and tribute. Ousamequin would have known an alliance with these new English colonists might help fend off any attacks from the Narragansett.
In 1621, the Narragansett sent the Plymouth colony a threat of arrows wrapped up in snake skin. William Bradford, who was governor of the colony at the time, filled the snake skin with powder and bullets and sent it back.
The Narragansett knew what this message meant, and would not attack the colony.
Ousamequin and The Pilgrims established an historic peace treaty and the Wampanoag went on to teach them how to hunt, plant crops and how to get the best of their harvest, saving the Pilgrims from starvation.
It is believed that Winslow was even able to help nurse Ousamequin back to health when he fell ill, reportedly using his renowned chicken soup and strengthening their relationship further.
The first Thanksgiving
Success followed and following a bumper harvest in the autumn of 1621, the colonists decided to celebrate with a three-day festival of prayer.
The 53 surviving settlers invited their Native Americans friends to join them for a huge feast in what was to become known as the first Thanksgiving.
One of two first-hand accounts of this celebration was contained in the book Mourt’s Relation, primarily written by Winslow. The book describes in detail what happened from the landing of the Mayflower Pilgrims right through to this celebratory feast.
Winslow’s account states:
“Our corn did prove well, and God be praised, we had a good increase of Indian corn, and our barley indifferent good, but our peas not worth gathering, for we feared they were too late sown. They came up very well, and blossomed, but the sun parched them in the blossom. Our harvest being gotten in, our governor sent four men on fowling, that so we might after a special manner rejoice together, after we had gathered the fruits of our labors; they four in one day killed as much fowl, as with a little help beside, served the company almost a week, at which time amongst other recreations, we exercised our arms, many of the Indians coming amongst us, and amongst the rest their greatest king Massasoit, with some ninety men, whom for three days we entertained and feasted, and they went out and killed five deer, which they brought to the plantation and bestowed on our Governor, and upon the Captain and others. And although it be not always so plentiful, as it was at this time with us, yet by the goodness of God, we are so far from want, that we often wish you partakers of our plenty.”
Today, the US celebrates Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday of November.
The impact of colonisation
The repressive church rule in England would drive more people to follow the Mayflower to America. Another ship arrived in 1621 and two more in 1623.
In 1630, 1,000 Puritans arrived under Governor John Winthrop under a charter from by the Massachusetts Bay Company. Winthrop soon established Boston as the capital of Massachusetts Bay Colony, and it would soon grow into the biggest colony in the area.
These Puritans wanted to free themselves of the Church of England and ‘purify’ it from Roman Catholic practices.
They arrived under the guise of creating a perfect city – but ended up creating a society just as intolerant. Quakers were persecuted with public hangings and whippings.
Tensions between these colonists and the Native American people rose. The colonists brought more disease to which the Native Americans would have no immunity. Smallpox would ravage communities still recovering from the Great Dying. Violence increased.
By the 1630s, the Native Americans in this region were in the minority in their own lands and wars such as the brutal Pequot War reduced the population significantly.
By 1676 Boston was an economically flourishing town with a population of about 4,000 and had established itself as the dominant force.
King Philip's War
The carefully managed peace that had originated between the Wampanoag and the Plymouth colony was eventually shattered by King Philip’s War in 1675.
When Ousamequin died in 1662 his son and heir Metacom no longer believed in the value of the alliance with the colonists. The collapse of trade agreements and the aggressive expansion of the colonies left relations at breaking point.
Tensions were raised when the colonists demanded the peace agreement should mean the Wampanoag hand over any guns, and hung three of the tribe for murder in 1675.
Metacom - who was known as King Philip by the English - led an uprising of Wampanoag, Nipmuck, Pocumtuck and Narragansett tribes. They came up against the biggest army the colonial leaders could muster, that fought in coalition with other tribes.
The war is seen as a final attempt to drive out the colonists and lasted 14 months. It is considered the deadliest war in American history.
The colonist army burned villages as they went and by the end of the war, the Wampanoag and their Narragansett allies were almost completely destroyed. Metacom fled to Mount Hope where he was finally killed by the militia.
This war was fought by colonists without support from England or any other European government and is often seen as the moment a new American identity was formed.
The fate of the Plymouth colony
Eventually the likes of Brewster and Winslow went on to found their own communities and the colony began to struggle. The cost of the war did not help and after a colonial governor was appointed to rule over New England in 1692, Plymouth was absorbed into Massachusetts.
The term Pilgrim originated in 1820, when during the 200th commemoration of the colony’s landing they were referred to as the Pilgrim Fathers in reference to Bradford’s manuscript where he names passengers on the boat from Leiden ‘saints’ and ‘pilgrimes’. The phrase was coined.
Modern Response
The Native American activist group, The United American Indians of New England, continues to raise awareness of racism towards Native Americans and the consequences of colonialism. When the Wampanoag leader, Frank James, was informed that his speech was inappropriate and inflammatory for the annual Thanksgiving ceremony 1970, he refused to read their revised speech.
Supporters followed James to hear him give his original speech on Cole’s Hill, next to the statue of Ousamequin. This became the first National Day of Mourning, which continues today in Plymouth, Massachusetts, on the same day as Thanksgiving.
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Volunteers of America
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A home to our heroes.
At Volunteers of America, we know home is more than a place. It’s a feeling.
As one of the nation’s oldest and largest developers of affordable housing, we have provided safe shelter for nearly 20,000 seniors, veterans, and families in need this year.
Our Innovative Dwellings initiative is one way that we are uplifting veterans in need. By repurposing old materials and buildings, we are developing exciting, sustainable solutions to house more veterans than ever before.
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Culture Shock Meaning, Stages, and How to Overcome
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2010-08-03T13:00:00-04:00
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Culture shock is the feeling of uncertainty, confusion, or anxiety that might be experienced when visiting or living in a new environment or country.
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en
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/favicon.ico
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Investopedia
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https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/culture-shock.asp
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What Is Culture Shock?
Culture shock refers to feelings of uncertainty, confusion, or anxiety that people may experience when moving to a new country or experiencing a new culture or surroundings. This cultural adjustment is normal and is the result of being in an unfamiliar environment.
Culture shock can occur when people move to another city or country, such as when retiring abroad. Culture shock can also occur when people go on vacation, travel in retirement or for business, or study abroad for school. For example, international students studying abroad for a semester in another country may experience a cultural adjustment due to an unfamiliarity with the weather, local customs, language, food, and values.
Although the timing of each person's adjustment process can be different, there are specific phases that most people go through before they adjust to their new environment. Culture shock can be quite stressful and lead to anxiety. However, it's possible to overcome it and grow as a result.
Understanding Culture Shock
Culture shock occurs when an individual leaves the comfort of their home and familiar surroundings and moves to an unfamiliar environment. The adjustment period can be fairly intense, particularly if the two locations are completely different, such as going from a small rural area to a large metropolis or moving to another country. People can also experience culture shock when moving from one place to another within the same country.
Typically, no single event causes culture shock, nor does it occur suddenly or without reason. Instead, it gradually builds from a series of incidents, and culture shock can be difficult to identify while struggling with it.
The feeling is particularly intense at the beginning and can be tough to overcome. It's important to remember that the cultural adjustment usually dissipates over time as a person becomes more familiar with a place, the people, customs, food, and language. As a result, navigation of surroundings gets easier, friends are made, and everything becomes more comfortable.
Symptoms of Culture Shock
Culture shock can produce a range of symptoms, which can vary greatly from person to person in terms of scope and intensity. These may include:
Being homesick
Feeling helpless
Feeling isolated
Disorientation
Lack of concentration
Irritability
Sadness
Sleep or eating disturbances
Paranoia
The 4 Stages of Culture Shock
People who experience culture shock may go through four phases that are explained below.
The Honeymoon Stage
The first stage is commonly referred to as the honeymoon phase. That's because people are thrilled to be in their new environment. They often see it as an adventure. If someone is on a short stay, this initial excitement may define the entire experience. However, the honeymoon phase for those on a longer-term move eventually ends, even though people expect it to last.
The Frustration Stage
People may become increasingly irritated and disoriented as the initial glee of being in a new environment wears off. Fatigue may gradually set in, which can result from misunderstanding other people's actions, conversations, and ways of doing things.
As a result, people can feel overwhelmed by a new culture at this stage, particularly if there is a language barrier. Local habits can also become increasingly challenging, and previously easy tasks can take longer to accomplish, leading to exhaustion.
Some of the symptoms of culture shock can include:
Frustration
Irritability
Homesickness
Depression
Feeling lost and out of place
Fatigue
The inability to effectively communicate—interpreting what others mean and making oneself understood—is usually the prime source of frustration. This stage can be the most difficult period of cultural adjustment as some people may feel the urge to withdraw.
For example, international students adjusting to life in the United States during study abroad programs can feel angry and anxious, leading to withdrawal from new friends. Some experience eating and sleeping disorders during this stage and may contemplate going home early.
The Adaptation Stage
The adaptation stage is often gradual as people feel more at home in their new surroundings. The feelings from the frustration stage begin to subside as people adjust to their new environment. Although they may still not understand certain cultural cues, people will become more familiar—at least to the point that interpreting them becomes much easier.
The Acceptance Stage
During the acceptance or recovery stage, people are better able to experience and enjoy their new home. Typically, beliefs and attitudes toward their new surroundings improve, leading to increased self-confidence and a return of their sense of humor.
The obstacles and misunderstandings from the frustration stage have usually been resolved, allowing people to become more relaxed and happier. At this stage, most people experience growth and may change their old behaviors and adopt manners from their new culture.
During this stage, the new culture, beliefs, and attitudes may not be completely understood. Still, the realization may set in that complete understanding isn’t necessary to function and thrive in the new surroundings.
How to Overcome Culture Shock
Time and habit help deal with culture shock, but individuals can minimize the impact and speed the recovery from culture shock.
Be open-minded and learn about the new country or culture to understand the reasons for cultural differences.
Don't indulge in thoughts of home, constantly comparing it to the new surroundings.
Write a journal of your experience, including the positive aspects of the new culture.
Don't seal yourself off—be active and socialize with the locals.
Be honest, in a judicious way, about feeling disoriented and confused. Ask for advice and help.
Talk about and share your cultural background—communication runs both ways.
The Bottom Line
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dbpedia
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3
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https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/title-vii-civil-rights-act-1964
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en
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Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
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US EEOC
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https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/title-vii-civil-rights-act-1964
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EDITOR'S NOTE: The following is the text of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII) (Pub. L. 88-352), as amended. Title VII is codified at 42 U.S.C. 2000e and in subsequent sections. Title VII amendments include those introduced by the Civil Rights Act of 1991 (CRA) and the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009. Editor’s notes appear in italics and include cross-references to the codified version of Title VII. Title VII prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin.
An Act
To enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act may be cited as the "Civil Rights Act of 1964".
* * *
DEFINITIONS
SEC. 2000e. [Section 701]
For the purposes of this subchapter-
(a) The term "person" includes one or more individuals, governments, governmental agencies, political subdivisions, labor unions, partnerships, associations, corporations, legal representatives, mutual companies, joint-stock companies, trusts, unincorporated organizations, trustees, trustees in cases under Title 11 [originally, bankruptcy ], or receivers.
(b) The term "employer" means a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce who has fifteen or more employees for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year, and any agent of such a person, but such term does not include (1) the United States, a corporation wholly owned by the Government of the United States, an Indian tribe, or any department or agency of the District of Columbia subject by statute to procedures of the competitive service (as defined in section 2102 of Title 5 [United States Code]), or
(2) a bona fide private membership club (other than a labor organization) which is exempt from taxation under section 501(c) of Title 26 [the Internal Revenue Code of 1986], except that during the first year after March 24, 1972 [the date of enactment of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972], persons having fewer than twenty-five employees (and their agents) shall not be considered employers.
(c) The term "employment agency" means any person regularly undertaking with or without compensation to procure employees for an employer or to procure for employees opportunities to work for an employer and includes an agent of such a person.
(d) The term "labor organization" means a labor organization engaged in an industry affecting commerce, and any agent of such an organization, and includes any organization of any kind, any agency, or employee representation committee, group, association, or plan so engaged in which employees participate and which exists for the purpose, in whole or in part, of dealing with employers concerning grievances, labor disputes, wages, rates of pay, hours, or other terms or conditions of employment, and any conference, general committee, joint or system board, or joint council so engaged which is subordinate to a national or international labor organization.
(e) A labor organization shall be deemed to be engaged in an industry affecting commerce if (1) it maintains or operates a hiring hall or hiring office which procures employees for an employer or procures for employees opportunities to work for an employer, or (2) the number of its members (or, where it is a labor organization composed of other labor organizations or their representatives, if the aggregate number of the members of such other labor organization) is (A) twenty-five or more during the first year after March 24, 1972 [the date of enactment of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972], or (B) fifteen or more thereafter, and such labor organization-
(1) is the certified representative of employees under the provisions of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended [29 U.S.C. 151 et seq.], or the Railway Labor Act, as amended [45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.];
(2) although not certified, is a national or international labor organization or a local labor organization recognized or acting as the representative of employees of an employer or employers engaged in an industry affecting commerce; or
(3) has chartered a local labor organization or subsidiary body which is representing or actively seeking to represent employees of employers within the meaning of paragraph (1) or (2); or
(4) has been chartered by a labor organization representing or actively seeking to represent employees within the meaning of paragraph (1) or (2) as the local or subordinate body through which such employees may enjoy membership or become affiliated with such labor organization; or
(5) is a conference, general committee, joint or system board, or joint council subordinate to a national or international labor organization, which includes a labor organization engaged in an industry affecting commerce within the meaning of any of the preceding paragraphs of this subsection.
(f) The term "employee" means an individual employed by an employer, except that the term "employee" shall not include any person elected to public office in any State or political subdivision of any State by the qualified voters thereof, or any person chosen by such officer to be on such officer's personal staff, or an appointee on the policy making level or an immediate adviser with respect to the exercise of the constitutional or legal powers of the office. The exemption set forth in the preceding sentence shall not include employees subject to the civil service laws of a State government, governmental agency or political subdivision. With respect to employment in a foreign country, such term includes an individual who is a citizen of the United States.
(g) The term "commerce" means trade, traffic, commerce, transportation, transmission, or communication among the several States; or between a State and any place outside thereof; or within the District of Columbia, or a possession of the United States; or between points in the same State but through a point outside thereof.
(h) The term "industry affecting commerce" means any activity, business, or industry in commerce or in which a labor dispute would hinder or obstruct commerce or the free flow of commerce and includes any activity or industry "affecting commerce" within the meaning of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 [29 U.S.C. 401 et seq.], and further includes any governmental industry, business, or activity.
(i) The term "State" includes a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, Wake Island, the Canal Zone, and Outer Continental Shelf lands defined in the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act [43 U.S.C. 1331 et seq.].
(j) The term "religion" includes all aspects of religious observance and practice, as well as belief, unless an employer demonstrates that he is unable to reasonably accommodate to an employee's or prospective employee's religious observance or practice without undue hardship on the conduct of the employer's business.
(k) The terms "because of sex" or "on the basis of sex" include, but are not limited to, because of or on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions; and women affected by pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions shall be treated the same for all employment-related purposes, including receipt of benefits under fringe benefit programs, as other persons not so affected but similar in their ability or inability to work, and nothing in section 2000e-2(h) of this title [section 703(h)] shall be interpreted to permit otherwise. This subsection shall not require an employer to pay for health insurance benefits for abortion, except where the life of the mother would be endangered if the fetus were carried to term, or except where medical complications have arisen from an abortion: Provided, That nothing herein shall preclude an employer from providing abortion benefits or otherwise affect bargaining agreements in regard to abortion.
(l) The term "complaining party" means the Commission, the Attorney General, or a person who may bring an action or proceeding under this subchapter.
(m) The term "demonstrates" means meets the burdens of production and persuasion.
(n) The term "respondent" means an employer, employment agency, labor organization, joint labor management committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining program, including an on-the-job training program, or Federal entity subject to section 2000e-16 of this title.
APPLICABILITY TO FOREIGN AND RELIGIOUS EMPLOYMENT
SEC. 2000e-1. [Section 702]
(a) Inapplicability of subchapter to certain aliens and employees of religious entities
This subchapter shall not apply to an employer with respect to the employment of aliens outside any State, or to a religious corporation, association, educational institution, or society with respect to the employment of individuals of a particular religion to perform work connected with the carrying on by such corporation, association, educational institution, or society of its activities.
(b) Compliance with statute as violative of foreign law
It shall not be unlawful under section 2000e-2 or 2000e-3 of this title [section 703 or 704] for an employer (or a corporation controlled by an employer), labor organization, employment agency, or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining (including on-the-job training programs) to take any action otherwise prohibited by such section, with respect to an employee in a workplace in a foreign country if compliance with such section would cause such employer (or such corporation), such organization, such agency, or such committee to violate the law of the foreign country in which such workplace is located.
(c) Control of corporation incorporated in foreign country
(1) If an employer controls a corporation whose place of incorporation is a foreign country, any practice prohibited by section 2000e-2 or 2000e-3 of this title [section 703 or 704] engaged in by such corporation shall be presumed to be engaged in by such employer.
(2) Sections 2000e-2 and 2000e-3 of this title [sections 703 and 704] shall not apply with respect to the foreign operations of an employer that is a foreign person not controlled by an American employer.
(3) For purposes of this subsection, the determination of whether an employer controls a corporation shall be based on-
(A) the interrelation of operations;
(B) the common management;
(C) the centralized control of labor relations; and
(D) the common ownership or financial control, of the employer and the corporation.
UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES
SEC. 2000e-2. [Section 703]
(a) Employer practices
It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer -
(1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; or
(2) to limit, segregate, or classify his employees or applicants for employment in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
(b) Employment agency practices
It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employment agency to fail or refuse to refer for employment, or otherwise to discriminate against, any individual because of his race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, or to classify or refer for employment any individual on the basis of his race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
(c) Labor organization practices
It shall be an unlawful employment practice for a labor organization-
(1) to exclude or to expel from its membership, or otherwise to discriminate against, any individual because of his race, color, religion, sex, or national origin;
(2) to limit, segregate, or classify its membership or applicants for membership, or to classify or fail or refuse to refer for employment any individual, in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities, or would limit such employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee or as an applicant for employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; or
(3) to cause or attempt to cause an employer to discriminate against an individual in violation of this section.
(d) Training programs
It shall be an unlawful employment practice for any employer, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining, including on-the-job training programs to discriminate against any individual because of his race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in admission to, or employment in, any program established to provide apprenticeship or other training.
(e) Businesses or enterprises with personnel qualified on basis of religion, sex, or national origin; educational institutions with personnel of particular religion
Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, (1) it shall not be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to hire and employ employees, for an employment agency to classify, or refer for employment any individual, for a labor organization to classify its membership or to classify or refer for employment any individual, or for an employer, labor organization, or joint labor management committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining programs to admit or employ any individual in any such program, on the basis of his religion, sex, or national origin in those certain instances where religion, sex, or national origin is a bona fide occupational qualification reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business or enterprise, and (2) it shall not be an unlawful employment practice for a school, college, university, or other educational institution or institution of learning to hire and employ employees of a particular religion if such school, college, university, or other educational institution or institution of learning is, in whole or in substantial part, owned, supported, controlled, or managed by a particular religion or by a particular religious corporation, association, or society, or if the curriculum of such school, college, university, or other educational institution or institution of learning is directed toward the propagation of a particular religion.
(f) Members of Communist Party or Communist-action or Communist-front organizations
As used in this subchapter, the phrase "unlawful employment practice" shall not be deemed to include any action or measure taken by an employer, labor organization, joint labor management committee, or employment agency with respect to an individual who is a member of the Communist Party of the United States or of any other organization required to register as a Communist-action or Communist-front organization by final order of the Subversive Activities Control Board pursuant to the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950 [50 U.S.C. 781 et seq.].
(g) National security
Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, it shall not be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to fail or refuse to hire and employ any individual for any position, for an employer to discharge any individual from any position, or for an employment agency to fail or refuse to refer any individual for employment in any position, or for a labor organization to fail or refuse to refer any individual for employment in any position, if-
(1) the occupancy of such position, or access to the premises in or upon which any part of the duties of such position is performed or is to be performed, is subject to any requirement imposed in the interest of the national security of the United States under any security program in effect pursuant to or administered under any statute of the United States or any Executive order of the President; and
(2) such individual has not fulfilled or has ceased to fulfill that requirement.
(h) Seniority or merit system; quantity or quality of production; ability tests; compensation based on sex and authorized by minimum wage provisions
Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, it shall not be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to apply different standards of compensation, or different terms, conditions, or privileges of employment pursuant to a bona fide seniority or merit system, or a system which measures earnings by quantity or quality of production or to employees who work in different locations, provided that such differences are not the result of an intention to discriminate because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, nor shall it be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to give and to act upon the results of any professionally developed ability test provided that such test, its administration or action upon the results is not designed, intended or used to discriminate because of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. It shall not be an unlawful employment practice under this subchapter for any employer to differentiate upon the basis of sex in determining the amount of the wages or compensation paid or to be paid to employees of such employer if such differentiation is authorized by the provisions of section 206(d) of Title 29 [section 6(d) of the Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended].
(i) Businesses or enterprises extending preferential treatment to Indians
Nothing contained in this subchapter shall apply to any business or enterprise on or near an Indian reservation with respect to any publicly announced employment practice of such business or enterprise under which a preferential treatment is given to any individual because he is an Indian living on or near a reservation.
(j) Preferential treatment not to be granted on account of existing number or percentage imbalance
Nothing contained in this subchapter shall be interpreted to require any employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee subject to this subchapter to grant preferential treatment to any individual or to any group because of the race, color, religion, sex, or national origin of such individual or group on account of an imbalance which may exist with respect to the total number or percentage of persons of any race, color, religion, sex, or national origin employed by any employer, referred or classified for employment by any employment agency or labor organization, admitted to membership or classified by any labor organization, or admitted to, or employed in, any apprenticeship or other training program, in comparison with the total number or percentage of persons of such race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in any community, State, section, or other area, or in the available work force in any community, State, section, or other area.
(k) Burden of proof in disparate impact cases
(1) (A) An unlawful employment practice based on disparate impact is established under this subchapter only if-
(i) a complaining party demonstrates that a respondent uses a particular employment practice that causes a disparate impact on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin and the respondent fails to demonstrate that the challenged practice is job related for the position in question and consistent with business necessity; or
(ii) the complaining party makes the demonstration described in subparagraph (C) with respect to an alternative employment practice and the respondent refuses to adopt such alternative employment practice.
(B) (i) With respect to demonstrating that a particular employment practice causes a disparate impact as described in subparagraph (A)(i), the complaining party shall demonstrate that each particular challenged employment practice causes a disparate impact, except that if the complaining party can demonstrate to the court that the elements of a respondent's decision making process are not capable of separation for analysis, the decision making process may be analyzed as one employment practice.
(ii) If the respondent demonstrates that a specific employment practice does not cause the disparate impact, the respondent shall not be required to demonstrate that such practice is required by business necessity.
(C) The demonstration referred to by subparagraph (A)(ii) shall be in accordance with the law as it existed on June 4, 1989, with respect to the concept of "alternative employment practice".
(2) A demonstration that an employment practice is required by business necessity may not be used as a defense against a claim of intentional discrimination under this subchapter.
(3) Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, a rule barring the employment of an individual who currently and knowingly uses or possesses a controlled substance, as defined in schedules I and II of section 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802(6)), other than the use or possession of a drug taken under the supervision of a licensed health care professional, or any other use or possession authorized by the Controlled Substances Act [21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.] or any other provision of Federal law, shall be considered an unlawful employment practice under this subchapter only if such rule is adopted or applied with an intent to discriminate because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
(l) Prohibition of discriminatory use of test scores
It shall be an unlawful employment practice for a respondent, in connection with the selection or referral of applicants or candidates for employment or promotion, to adjust the scores of, use different cutoff scores for, or otherwise alter the results of, employment related tests on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
(m) Impermissible consideration of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment practices
Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, an unlawful employment practice is established when the complaining party demonstrates that race, color, religion, sex, or national origin was a motivating factor for any employment practice, even though other factors also motivated the practice.
(n) Resolution of challenges to employment practices implementing litigated or consent judgments or orders
(1) (A) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, and except as provided in paragraph (2), an employment practice that implements and is within the scope of a litigated or consent judgment or order that resolves a claim of employment discrimination under the Constitution or Federal civil rights laws may not be challenged under the circumstances described in subparagraph (B).
(B) A practice described in subparagraph (A) may not be challenged in a claim under the Constitution or Federal civil rights laws-
(i) by a person who, prior to the entry of the judgment or order described in subparagraph (A), had-
(I) actual notice of the proposed judgment or order sufficient to apprise such person that such judgment or order might adversely affect the interests and legal rights of such person and that an opportunity was available to present objections to such judgment or order by a future date certain; and
(II) a reasonable opportunity to present objections to such judgment or order; or
(ii) by a person whose interests were adequately represented by another person who had previously challenged the judgment or order on the same legal grounds and with a similar factual situation, unless there has been an intervening change in law or fact.
(2) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to-
(A) alter the standards for intervention under rule 24 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or apply to the rights of parties who have successfully intervened pursuant to such rule in the proceeding in which the parties intervened;
(B) apply to the rights of parties to the action in which a litigated or consent judgment or order was entered, or of members of a class represented or sought to be represented in such action, or of members of a group on whose behalf relief was sought in such action by the Federal Government;
(C) prevent challenges to a litigated or consent judgment or order on the ground that such judgment or order was obtained through collusion or fraud, or is transparently invalid or was entered by a court lacking subject matter jurisdiction; or
(D) authorize or permit the denial to any person of the due process of law required by the Constitution.
(3) Any action not precluded under this subsection that challenges an employment consent judgment or order described in paragraph (1) shall be brought in the court, and if possible before the judge, that entered such judgment or order. Nothing in this subsection shall preclude a transfer of such action pursuant to section 1404 of Title 28 [United States Code].
OTHER UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES
SEC. 2000e-3. [Section 704]
(a) Discrimination for making charges, testifying, assisting, or participating in enforcement proceedings
It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees or applicants for employment, for an employment agency, or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining, including on—the-job training programs, to discriminate against any individual, or for a labor organization to discriminate against any member thereof or applicant for membership, because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter, or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter.
(b) Printing or publication of notices or advertisements indicating prohibited preference, limitation, specification, or discrimination; occupational qualification exception
It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer, labor organization, employment agency, or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining, including on-the-job training programs, to print or publish or cause to be printed or published any notice or advertisement relating to employment by such an employer or membership in or any classification or referral for employment by such a labor organization, or relating to any classification or referral for employment by such an employment agency, or relating to admission to, or employment in, any program established to provide apprenticeship or other training by such a joint labor-management committee, indicating any preference, limitation, specification, or discrimination, based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, except that such a notice or advertisement may indicate a preference, limitation, specification, or discrimination based on religion, sex, or national origin when religion, sex, or national origin is a bona fide occupational qualification for employment.
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION
SEC. 2000e-4. [Section 705]
(a) Creation; composition; political representation; appointment; term; vacancies; Chairman and Vice Chairman; duties of Chairman; appointment of personnel; compensation of personnel
There is hereby created a Commission to be known as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which shall be composed of five members, not more than three of whom shall be members of the same political party. Members of the Commission shall be appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate for a term of five years. Any individual chosen to fill a vacancy shall be appointed only for the unexpired term of the member whom he shall succeed, and all members of the Commission shall continue to serve until their successors are appointed and qualified, except that no such member of the Commission shall continue to serve (1) for more than sixty days when the Congress is in session unless a nomination to fill such vacancy shall have been submitted to the Senate, or (2) after the adjournment sine die of the session of the Senate in which such nomination was submitted. The President shall designate one member to serve as Chairman of the Commission, and one member to serve as Vice Chairman. The Chairman shall be responsible on behalf of the Commission for the administrative operations of the Commission, and, except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, shall appoint, in accordance with the provisions of Title 5 [United States Code] governing appointments in the competitive service, such officers, agents, attorneys, administrative law judges [originally, hearing examiners], and employees as he deems necessary to assist it in the performance of its functions and to fix their compensation in accordance with the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of Title 5 [United States Code], relating to classification and General Schedule pay rates: Provided, That assignment, removal, and compensation of administrative law judges [originally, hearing examiners] shall be in accordance with sections 3105, 3344, 5372, and 7521 of Title 5 [United States Code].
(b) General Counsel; appointment; term; duties; representation by attorneys and Attorney General
(1) There shall be a General Counsel of the Commission appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for a term of four years. The General Counsel shall have responsibility for the conduct of litigation as provided in sections 2000e-5 and 2000e-6 of this title [sections 706 and 707]. The General Counsel shall have such other duties as the Commission may prescribe or as may be provided by law and shall concur with the Chairman of the Commission on the appointment and supervision of regional attorneys. The General Counsel of the Commission on the effective date of this Act shall continue in such position and perform the functions specified in this subsection until a successor is appointed and qualified.
(2) Attorneys appointed under this section may, at the direction of the Commission, appear for and represent the Commission in any case in court, provided that the Attorney General shall conduct all litigation to which the Commission is a party in the Supreme Court pursuant to this subchapter.
(c) Exercise of powers during vacancy; quorum
A vacancy in the Commission shall not impair the right of the remaining members to exercise all the powers of the Commission and three members thereof shall constitute a quorum.
(d) Seal; judicial notice
The Commission shall have an official seal which shall be judicially noticed.
(e) Reports to Congress and the President
The Commission shall at the close of each fiscal year report to the Congress and to the President concerning the action it has taken [originally, the names, salaries, and duties of all individuals in its employ] and the moneys it has disbursed. It shall make such further reports on the cause of and means of eliminating discrimination and such recommendations for further legislation as may appear desirable.
(f) Principal and other offices
The principal office of the Commission shall be in or near the District of Columbia, but it may meet or exercise any or all its powers at any other place. The Commission may establish such regional or State offices as it deems necessary to accomplish the purpose of this subchapter.
(g) Powers of Commission
The Commission shall have power-
(1) to cooperate with and, with their consent, utilize regional, State, local, and other agencies, both public and private, and individuals;
(2) to pay to witnesses whose depositions are taken or who are summoned before the Commission or any of its agents the same witness and mileage fees as are paid to witnesses in the courts of the United States;
(3) to furnish to persons subject to this subchapter such technical assistance as they may request to further their compliance with this subchapter or an order issued thereunder;
(4) upon the request of (i) any employer, whose employees or some of them, or (ii) any labor organization, whose members or some of them, refuse or threaten to refuse to cooperate in effectuating the provisions of this subchapter, to assist in such effectuation by conciliation or such other remedial action as is provided by this subchapter;
(5) to make such technical studies as are appropriate to effectuate the purposes and policies of this subchapter and to make the results of such studies available to the public;
(6) to intervene in a civil action brought under section 2000e-5 of this title [section 706] by an aggrieved party against a respondent other than a government, governmental agency or political subdivision.
(h) Cooperation with other departments and agencies in performance of educational or promotional activities; outreach activities
(1) The Commission shall, in any of its educational or promotional activities, cooperate with other departments and agencies in the performance of such educational and promotional activities.
(2) In exercising its powers under this subchapter, the Commission shall carry out educational and outreach activities (including dissemination of information in languages other than English) targeted to-
(A) individuals who historically have been victims of employment discrimination and have not been equitably served by the Commission; and
(B) individuals on whose behalf the Commission has authority to enforce any other law prohibiting employment discrimination, concerning rights and obligations under this subchapter or such law, as the case may be.
(i) Personnel subject to political activity restrictions
All officers, agents, attorneys, and employees of the Commission shall be subject to the provisions of section 7324 of Title 5 [originally, section 9 of the Act of August 2, 1939, as amended (the Hatch Act)], notwithstanding any exemption contained in such section.
(j) Technical Assistance Training Institute
(1) The Commission shall establish a Technical Assistance Training Institute, through which the Commission shall provide technical assistance and training regarding the laws and regulations enforced by the Commission.
(2) An employer or other entity covered under this subchapter shall not be excused from compliance with the requirements of this subchapter because of any failure to receive technical assistance under this subsection.
(3) There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this subsection such sums as may be necessary for fiscal year 1992.
(k) EEOC Education, Technical Assistance, and Training Revolving Fund
(1) There is hereby established in the Treasury of the United States a revolving fund to be known as the "EEOC Education, Technical Assistance, and Training Revolving Fund" (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the "Fund") and to pay the cost (including administrative and personnel expenses) of providing education, technical assistance, and training relating to laws administered by the Commission. Monies in the Fund shall be available without fiscal year limitation to the Commission for such purposes.
(2)(A) The Commission shall charge fees in accordance with the provisions of this paragraph to offset the costs of education, technical assistance, and training provided with monies in the Fund. Such fees for any education, technical assistance, or training--
(i) shall be imposed on a uniform basis on persons and entities receiving such education, assistance, or training,
(ii) shall not exceed the cost of providing such education, assistance, and training, and
(iii) with respect to each person or entity receiving such education, assistance, or training, shall bear a reasonable relationship to the cost of providing such education, assistance, or training to such person or entity.
(B) Fees received under subparagraph (A) shall be deposited in the Fund by the Commission.
(C) The Commission shall include in each report made under subsection (e) of this section information with respect to the operation of the Fund, including information, presented in the aggregate, relating to--
(i) the number of persons and entities to which the Commission provided education, technical assistance, or training with monies in the Fund, in the fiscal year for which such report is prepared,
(ii) the cost to the Commission to provide such education, technical assistance, or training to such persons and entities, and
(iii) the amount of any fees received by the Commission from such persons and entities for such education, technical assistance, or training.
(3) The Secretary of the Treasury shall invest the portion of the Fund not required to satisfy current expenditures from the Fund, as determined by the Commission, in obligations of the United States or obligations guaranteed as to principal by the United States. Investment proceeds shall be deposited in the Fund.
(4) There is hereby transferred to the Fund $1,000,000 from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation of the Commission.
ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS
SEC. 2000e-5. [Section 706]
(a) Power of Commission to prevent unlawful employment practices
The Commission is empowered, as hereinafter provided, to prevent any person from engaging in any unlawful employment practice as set forth in section 2000e-2 or 2000e-3 of this title [section 703 or 704].
(b) Charges by persons aggrieved or member of Commission of unlawful employment practices by employers, etc.; filing; allegations; notice to respondent; contents of notice; investigation by Commission; contents of charges; prohibition on disclosure of charges; determination of reasonable cause; conference, conciliation, and persuasion for elimination of unlawful practices; prohibition on disclosure of informal endeavors to end unlawful practices; use of evidence in subsequent proceedings; penalties for disclosure of information; time for determination of reasonable cause
Whenever a charge is filed by or on behalf of a person claiming to be aggrieved, or by a member of the Commission, alleging that an employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labormanagement committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining, including on-the-job training programs, has engaged in an unlawful employment practice, the Commission shall serve a notice of the charge (including the date, place and circumstances of the alleged unlawful employment practice) on such employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee (hereinafter referred to as the "respondent") within ten days, and shall make an investigation thereof. Charges shall be in writing under oath or affirmation and shall contain such information and be in such form as the Commission requires. Charges shall not be made public by the Commission. If the Commission determines after such investigation that there is not reasonable cause to believe that the charge is true, it shall dismiss the charge and promptly notify the person claiming to be aggrieved and the respondent of its action. In determining whether reasonable cause exists, the Commission shall accord substantial weight to final findings and orders made by State or local authorities in proceedings commenced under State or local law pursuant to the requirements of subsections (c) and (d) of this section. If the Commission determines after such investigation that there is reasonable cause to believe that the charge is true, the Commission shall endeavor to eliminate any such alleged unlawful employment practice by informal methods of conference, conciliation, and persuasion. Nothing said or done during and as a part of such informal endeavors may be made public by the Commission, its officers or employees, or used as evidence in a subsequent proceeding without the written consent of the persons concerned. Any person who makes public information in violation of this subsection shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both. The Commission shall make its determination on reasonable cause as promptly as possible and, so far as practicable, not later than one hundred and twenty days from the filing of the charge or, where applicable under subsection (c) or (d) of this section, from the date upon which the Commission is authorized to take action with respect to the charge.
(c) State or local enforcement proceedings; notification of State or local authority; time for filing charges with Commission; commencement of proceedings
In the case of an alleged unlawful employment practice occurring in a State, or political subdivision of a State, which has a State or local law prohibiting the unlawful employment practice alleged and establishing or authorizing a State or local authority to grant or seek relief from such practice or to institute criminal proceedings with respect thereto upon receiving notice thereof, no charge may be filed under subsection (a) of this section by the person aggrieved before the expiration of sixty days after proceedings have been commenced under the State or local law, unless such proceedings have been earlier terminated, provided that such sixty- day period shall be extended to one hundred and twenty days during the first year after the effective date of such State or local law. If any requirement for the commencement of such proceedings is imposed by a State or local authority other than a requirement of the filing of a written and signed statement of the facts upon which the proceeding is based, the proceeding shall be deemed to have been commenced for the purposes of this subsection at the time such statement is sent by registered mail to the appropriate State or local authority.
(d) State or local enforcement proceedings; notification of State or local authority; time for action on charges by Commission
In the case of any charge filed by a member of the Commission alleging an unlawful employment practice occurring in a State or political subdivision of a State which has a State or local law prohibiting the practice alleged and establishing or authorizing a State or local authority to grant or seek relief from such practice or to institute criminal proceedings with respect thereto upon receiving notice thereof, the Commission shall, before taking any action with respect to such charge, notify the appropriate State or local officials and, upon request, afford them a reasonable time, but not less than sixty days (provided that such sixty-day period shall be extended to one hundred and twenty days during the first year after the effective day of such State or local law), unless a shorter period is requested, to act under such State or local law to remedy the practice alleged.
(e) Time for filing charges; time for service of notice of charge on respondent; filing of charge by Commission with State or local agency; seniority system
(1) A charge under this section shall be filed within one hundred and eighty days after the alleged unlawful employment practice occurred and notice of the charge (including the date, place and circumstances of the alleged unlawful employment practice) shall be served upon the person against whom such charge is made within ten days thereafter, except that in a case of an unlawful employment practice with respect to which the person aggrieved has initially instituted proceedings with a State or local agency with authority to grant or seek relief from such practice or to institute criminal proceedings with respect thereto upon receiving notice thereof, such charge shall be filed by or on behalf of the person aggrieved within three hundred days after the alleged unlawful employment practice occurred, or within thirty days after receiving notice that the State or local agency has terminated the proceedings under the State or local law, whichever is earlier, and a copy of such charge shall be filed by the Commission with the State or local agency.
(2) For purposes of this section, an unlawful employment practice occurs, with respect to a seniority system that has been adopted for an intentionally discriminatory purpose in violation of this subchapter (whether or not that discriminatory purpose is apparent on the face of the seniority provision), when the seniority system is adopted, when an individual becomes subject to the seniority system, or when a person aggrieved is injured by the application of the seniority system or provision of the system.
(3)(A) For purposes of this section, an unlawful employment practice occurs, with respect to discrimination in compensation in violation of this title, when a discriminatory compensation decision or other practice is adopted, when an individual becomes subject to a discriminatory compensation decision or other practice, or when an individual is affected by application of a discriminatory compensation decision or other practice, including each time wages, benefits, or other compensation is paid, resulting in whole or in part from such a decision or other practice.
(B) In addition to any relief authorized by section 1977A of the Revised Statutes (42 U.S.C. 1981a), liability may accrue and an aggrieved person may obtain relief as provided in subsection (g)(1), including recovery of back pay for up to two years preceding the filing of the charge, where the unlawful employment practices that have occurred during the charge filing period are similar or related to unlawful employment practices with regard to discrimination in compensation that occurred outside the time for filing a charge.
(f) Civil action by Commission, Attorney General, or person aggrieved; preconditions; procedure; appointment of attorney; payment of fees, costs, or security; intervention; stay of Federal proceedings; action for appropriate temporary or preliminary relief pending final disposition of charge; jurisdiction and venue of United States courts; designation of judge to hear and determine case; assignment of case for hearing; expedition of case; appointment of master
(1) If within thirty days after a charge is filed with the Commission or within thirty days after expiration of any period of reference under subsection (c) or (d) of this section, the Commission has been unable to secure from the respondent a conciliation agreement acceptable to the Commission, the Commission may bring a civil action against any respondent not a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision named in the charge. In the case of a respondent which is a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision, if the Commission has been unable to secure from the respondent a conciliation agreement acceptable to the Commission, the Commission shall take no further action and shall refer the case to the Attorney General who may bring a civil action against such respondent in the appropriate United States district court. The person or persons aggrieved shall have the right to intervene in a civil action brought by the Commission or the Attorney General in a case involving a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision. If a charge filed with the Commission pursuant to subsection (b) of this section is dismissed by the Commission, or if within one hundred and eighty days from the filing of such charge or the expiration of any period of reference under subsection (c) or (d) of this section, whichever is later, the Commission has not filed a civil action under this section or the Attorney General has not filed a civil action in a case involving a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision, or the Commission has not entered into a conciliation agreement to which the person aggrieved is a party, the Commission, or the Attorney General in a case involving a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision, shall so notify the person aggrieved and within ninety days after the giving of such notice a civil action may be brought against the respondent named in the charge (A) by the person claiming to be aggrieved or (B) if such charge was filed by a member of the Commission, by any person whom the charge alleges was aggrieved by the alleged unlawful employment practice. Upon application by the complainant and in such circumstances as the court may deem just, the court may appoint an attorney for such complainant and may authorize the commencement of the action without the payment of fees, costs, or security. Upon timely application, the court may, in its discretion, permit the Commission, or the Attorney General in a case involving a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision, to intervene in such civil action upon certification that the case is of general public importance. Upon request, the court may, in its discretion, stay further proceedings for not more than sixty days pending the termination of State or local proceedings described in subsection (c) or (d) of this section or further efforts of the Commission to obtain voluntary compliance.
(2) Whenever a charge is filed with the Commission and the Commission concludes on the basis of a preliminary investigation that prompt judicial action is necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act, the Commission, or the Attorney General in a case involving a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision, may bring an action for appropriate temporary or preliminary relief pending final disposition of such charge. Any temporary restraining order or other order granting preliminary or temporary relief shall be issued in accordance with rule 65 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. It shall be the duty of a court having jurisdiction over proceedings under this section to assign cases for hearing at the earliest practicable date and to cause such cases to be in every way expedited.
(3) Each United States district court and each United States court of a place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States shall have jurisdiction of actions brought under this subchapter. Such an action may be brought in any judicial district in the State in which the unlawful employment practice is alleged to have been committed, in the judicial district in which the employment records relevant to such practice are maintained and administered, or in the judicial district in which the aggrieved person would have worked but for the alleged unlawful employment practice, but if the respondent is not found within any such district, such an action may be brought within the judicial district in which the respondent has his principal office. For purposes of sections 1404 and 1406 of Title 28 [United States Code], the judicial district in which the respondent has his principal office shall in all cases be considered a district in which the action might have been brought.
(4) It shall be the duty of the chief judge of the district (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) in which the case is pending immediately to designate a judge in such district to hear and determine the case. In the event that no judge in the district is available to hear and determine the case, the chief judge of the district, or the acting chief judge, as the case may be, shall certify this fact to the chief judge of the circuit (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) who shall then designate a district or circuit judge of the circuit to hear and determine the case.
(5) It shall be the duty of the judge designated pursuant to this subsection to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date and to cause the case to be in every way expedited. If such judge has not scheduled the case for trial within one hundred and twenty days after issue has been joined, that judge may appoint a master pursuant to rule 53 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
(g) Injunctions; appropriate affirmative action; equitable relief; accrual of back pay; reduction of back pay; limitations on judicial orders
(1) If the court finds that the respondent has intentionally engaged in or is intentionally engaging in an unlawful employment practice charged in the complaint, the court may enjoin the respondent from engaging in such unlawful employment practice, and order such affirmative action as may be appropriate, which may include, but is not limited to, reinstatement or hiring of employees, with or without back pay (payable by the employer, employment agency, or labor organization, as the case may be, responsible for the unlawful employment practice), or any other equitable relief as the court deems appropriate. Back pay liability shall not accrue from a date more than two years prior to the filing of a charge with the Commission. Interim earnings or amounts earnable with reasonable diligence by the person or persons discriminated against shall operate to reduce the back pay otherwise allowable.
(2) (A) No order of the court shall require the admission or reinstatement of an individual as a member of a union, or the hiring, reinstatement, or promotion of an individual as an employee, or the payment to him of any back pay, if such individual was refused admission, suspended, or expelled, or was refused employment or advancement or was suspended or discharged for any reason other than discrimination on account of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin or in violation of section 2000e-3(a) of this Title [section 704(a)].
(B) On a claim in which an individual proves a violation under section 2000e-2(m) of this title [section 703(m)] and a respondent demonstrates that the respondent would have taken the same action in the absence of the impermissible motivating factor, the court-
(i) may grant declaratory relief, injunctive relief (except as provided in clause (ii)), and attorney's fees and costs demonstrated to be directly attributable only to the pursuit of a claim under section 2000e-2(m) of this title [section 703(m)]; and
(ii) shall not award damages or issue an order requiring any admission, reinstatement, hiring, promotion, or payment, described in subparagraph (A).
(h) Provisions of chapter 6 of Title 29 not applicable to civil actions for prevention of unlawful practices
The provisions of chapter 6 of title 29 [the Act entitled"An Act to amend the Judicial Code and to define and limit the jurisdiction of courts sitting in equity, and for other purposes," approved March 23, 1932 (29 U.S.C. 105-115)] shall not apply with respect to civil actions brought under this section.
(i) Proceedings by Commission to compel compliance with judicial orders In any case in which an employer, employment agency, or labor organization fails to comply with an order of a court issued in a civil action brought under this section, the Commission may commence proceedings to compel compliance with such order.
(j) Appeals
Any civil action brought under this section and any proceedings brought under subsection (i) of this section shall be subject to appeal as provided in sections 1291 and 1292, Title 28 [United States Code].
(k) Attorney's fee; liability of Commission and United States for costs
In any action or proceeding under this subchapter the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the Commission or the United States, a reasonable attorney's fee (including expert fees) as part of the costs, and the Commission and the United States shall be liable for costs the same as a private person.
CIVIL ACTIONS BY THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
SEC. 2000e-6. [Section 707]
(a) Complaint
Whenever the Attorney General has reasonable cause to believe that any person or group of persons is engaged in a pattern or practice of resistance to the full enjoyment of any of the rights secured by this subchapter, and that the pattern or practice is of such a nature and is intended to deny the full exercise of the rights herein described, the Attorney General may bring a civil action in the appropriate district court of the United States by filing with it a complaint (1) signed by him (or in his absence the Acting Attorney General), (2) setting forth facts pertaining to such pattern or practice, and (3) requesting such relief, including an application for a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order or other order against the person or persons responsible for such pattern or practice, as he deems necessary to insure the full enjoyment of the rights herein described.
(b) Jurisdiction; three-judge district court for cases of general public importance: hearing, determination, expedition of action, review by Supreme Court; single judge district court: hearing, determination, expedition of action
The district courts of the United States shall have and shall exercise jurisdiction of proceedings instituted pursuant to this section, and in any such proceeding the Attorney General may file with the clerk of such court a request that a court of three judges be convened to hear and determine the case. Such request by the Attorney General shall be accompanied by a certificate that, in his opinion, the case is of general public importance. A copy of the certificate and request for a three-judge court shall be immediately furnished by such clerk to the chief judge of the circuit (or in his absence, the presiding circuit judge of the circuit) in which the case is pending. Upon receipt of such request it shall be the duty of the chief judge of the circuit or the presiding circuit judge, as the case may be, to designate immediately three judges in such circuit, of whom at least one shall be a circuit judge and another of whom shall be a district judge of the court in which the proceeding was instituted, to hear and determine such case, and it shall be the duty of the judges so designated to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date, to participate in the hearing and determination thereof, and to cause the case to be in every way expedited. An appeal from the final judgment of such court will lie to the Supreme Court.
In the event the Attorney General fails to file such a request in any such proceeding, it shall be the duty of the chief judge of the district (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) in which the case is pending immediately to designate a judge in such district to hear and determine the case. In the event that no judge in the district is available to hear and determine the case, the chief judge of the district, or the acting chief judge, as the case may be, shall certify this fact to the chief judge of the circuit (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) who shall then designate a district or circuit judge of the circuit to hear and determine the case.
It shall be the duty of the judge designated pursuant to this section to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date and to cause the case to be in every way expedited.
(c) Transfer offunctions, etc., to Commission; effective date; prerequisite to transfer; execution of functions by Commission
Effective two years after March 24, 1972 [the date of enactment of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972], the functions of theAttorney General under this section shall be transferred to the Commission, together with such personnel, property, records, and unexpended balances of appropriations, allocations, and other funds employed, used, held, available, or to be made available in connection with such functions unless the President submits, and neither House of Congress vetoes, a reorganization plan pursuant to chapter 9 of Title 5 [United States Code], inconsistent with the provisions of this subsection. The Commission shall carry out such functions in accordance with subsections (d) and (e) of this section.
(d) Transfer of functions, etc., not to affect suits commenced pursuant to this section prior to date of transfer
Upon the transfer of functions provided for in subsection (c) of this section, in all suits commenced pursuant to this section prior to the date of such transfer, proceedings shall continue without abatement, all court orders and decrees shall remain in effect, and the Commission shall be substituted as a party for the United States of America, the Attorney General, or the Acting Attorney General, as appropriate.
(e) Investigation and action by Commission pursuant to filing of charge of discrimination; procedure
Subsequent to March 24, 1972 [the date of enactment of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972], the Commission shall haveauthority to investigate and act on a charge of a pattern or practice ofdiscrimination, whether filed by or on behalf of a person claiming to beaggrieved or by a member of the Commission. All such actions shall beconducted in accordance with the procedures set forth in section 2000e-5of this title [section 706].
EFFECT ON STATE LAWS
SEC. 2000e-7. [Section 708]
Nothing in this subchapter shall be deemed to exempt or relieve any person from any liability, duty, penalty, or punishment provided by any present or future law of any State or political subdivision of a State, other than any such law which purports to require or permit the doing of any act which would be an unlawful employment practice under this subchapter.
INVESTIGATIONS
SEC. 2000e-8. [Section 709]
(a) Examination and copying of evidence related to unlawful employment practices
In connection with any investigation of a charge filed under section 2000e-5 of this title [section 706], the Commission or its designated representative shall at all reasonable times have access to, for the purposes of examination, and the right to copy any evidence of any person being investigated or proceeded against that relates to unlawful employment practices covered by this subchapter and is relevant to the charge under investigation.
(b) Cooperation with State and local agencies administering State fair employment practices laws; participation in and contribution to research and other projects; utilization of services; payment in advance or reimbursement; agreements and rescission of agreements
The Commission may cooperate with State and local agencies charged with the administration of State fair employment practices laws and, with the consent of such agencies, may, for the purpose of carrying out its functions and duties under this subchapter and within the limitation of funds appropriated specifically for such purpose, engage in and contribute to the cost of research and other projects of mutual interest undertaken by such agencies, and utilize the services of such agencies and their employees, and, notwithstanding any other provision of law, pay by advance or reimbursement such agencies and their employees for services rendered to assist the Commission in carrying out this subchapter. In furtherance of such cooperative efforts, the Commission may enter into written agreements with such State or local agencies and such agreements may include provisions under which the Commission shall refrain from processing a charge in any cases or class of cases specified in such agreements or under which the Commission shall relieve any person or class of persons in such State or locality from requirements imposed under this section. The Commission shall rescind any such agreement whenever it determines that the agreement no longer serves the interest of effective enforcement of this subchapter.
(c) Execution, retention, and preservation of records; reports to Commission; training program records; appropriate relief from regulation or order for undue hardship; procedure for exemption; judicial action to compel compliance
Every employer, employment agency, and labor organization subject to this subchapter shall (1) make and keep such records relevant to the determinations of whether unlawful employment practices have been or are being committed, (2) preserve such records for such periods, and (3) make such reports there from as the Commission shall prescribe by regulation or order, after public hearing, as reasonable, necessary, or appropriate for the enforcement of this subchapter or the regulations or orders thereunder. The Commission shall, by regulation, require each employer, labor organization, and joint labor-management committee subject to this subchapter which controls an apprenticeship or other training program to maintain such records as are reasonably necessary to carry out the purposes of this subchapter, including, but not limited to, a list of applicants who wish to participate in such program, including the chronological order in which applications were received, and to furnish to the Commission upon request, a detailed description of the manner in which persons are selected to participate in the apprenticeship or other training program. Any employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee which believes that the application to it of any regulation or order issued under this section would result in undue hardship may apply to the Commission for an exemption from the application of such regulation or order, and, if such application for an exemption is denied, bring a civil action in the United States district court for the district where such records are kept. If the Commission or the court, as the case may be, finds that the application of the regulation or order to the employer, employment agency, or labor organization in question would impose an undue hardship, the Commission or the court, as the case may be, may grant appropriate relief. If any person required to comply with the provisions of this subsection fails or refuses to do so, the United States district court for the district in which such person is found, resides, or transacts business, shall, upon application of the Commission, or the Attorney General in a case involving a government, governmental agency or political subdivision, have jurisdiction to issue to such person an order requiring him to comply.
(d) Consultation and coordination between Commission and interested State and Federal agencies in prescribing recordkeeping and reporting requirements; availability of information furnished pursuant to recordkeeping and reporting requirements; conditions on availability
In prescribing requirements pursuant to subsection (c) of this section, the Commission shall consult with other interested State and Federal agencies and shall endeavor to coordinate its requirements with those adopted by such agencies. The Commission shall furnish upon request and without cost to any State or local agency charged with the administration of a fair employment practice law information obtained pursuant to subsection (c) of this section from any employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee subject to the jurisdiction of such agency. Such information shall be furnished on condition that it not be made public by the recipient agency prior to the institution of a proceeding under State or local law involving such information. If this condition is violated by a recipient agency, the Commission may decline to honor subsequent requests pursuant to this subsection.
(e) Prohibited disclosures; penalties
It shall be unlawful for any officer or employee of the Commission to make public in any manner whatever any information obtained by the Commission pursuant to its authority under this section prior to the institution of any proceeding under this subchapter involving such information. Any officer or employee of the Commission who shall make public in any manner whatever any information in violation of this subsection shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not more than $1,000, or imprisoned not more than one year.
CONDUCT OF HEARINGS AND INVESTIGATIONS PURSUANT TO SECTION 161 OF Title 29
SEC. 2000e-9. [Section 710]
For the purpose of all hearings and investigations conducted by the Commission or its duly authorized agents or agencies, section 161 of Title 29 [section 11 of the National Labor Relations Act] shall apply.
POSTING OF NOTICES; PENALTIES
SEC. 2000e-10. [Section 711]
(a) Every employer, employment agency, and labor organization, as the case may be, shall post and keep posted in conspicuous places upon its premises where notices to employees, applicants for employment, and members are customarily posted a notice to be prepared or approved by the Commission setting forth excerpts from or, summaries of, the pertinent provisions of this subchapter and information pertinent to the filing of a complaint.
(b) A willful violation of this section shall be punishable by a fine of not more than $100 for each separate offense.
VETERANS' SPECIAL RIGHTS OR PREFERENCE
SEC. 2000e-11. [Section 712]
Nothing contained in this subchapter shall be construed to repeal or modify any Federal, State, territorial, or local law creating special rights or preference for veterans.
REGULATIONS; CONFORMITY OF REGULATIONS WITH ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE PROVISIONS; RELIANCE ON INTERPRETATIONS AND INSTRUCTIONS OF COMMISSION
SEC. 2000e-12. [Section 713]
(a) The Commission shall have authority from time to time to issue, amend, or rescind suitable procedural regulations to carry out the provisions of this subchapter. Regulations issued under this section shall be in conformity with the standards and limitations of subchapter II of chapter 5 of Title 5 [originally, the Administrative Procedure Act].
(b) In any action or proceeding based on any alleged unlawful employment practice, no person shall be subject to any liability or punishment for or on account of (1) the commission by such person of an unlawful employment practice if he pleads and proves that the act or omission complained of was in good faith, in conformity with, and in reliance on any written interpretation or opinion of the Commission, or (2) the failure of such person to publish and file any information required by any provision of this subchapter if he pleads and proves that he failed to publish and file such information in good faith, in conformity with the instructions of the Commission issued under this subchapter regarding the filing of such information. Such a defense, if established, shall be a bar to the action or proceeding, notwithstanding that (A) after such act or omission, such interpretation or opinion is modified or rescinded or is determined by judicial authority to be invalid or of no legal effect, or (B) after publishing or filing the description and annual reports, such publication or filing is determined by judicial authority not to be in conformity with the requirements of this subchapter.
APPLICATION TO PERSONNEL OF COMMISSION OF SECTIONS 111 AND 1114 OF TITLE 18; PUNISHMENT FOR VIOLATION OF SECTION 1114 OF TITLE 18
SEC. 2000e-13. [Section 714]
The provisions of sections 111 and 1114, Title 18 [United States Code], shall apply to officers, agents, and employees of the Commission in the performance of their official duties. Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 111 and 1114 of Title 18 [United States Code], whoever in violation of the provisions of section 1114 of such title kills a person while engaged in or on account of the performance of his official functions under this Act shall be punished by imprisonment for any term of years or for life.
TRANSFER OF AUTHORITY
[Administration of the duties of the Equal Employment Opportunity Coordinating Council was transferred to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission effective July 1, 1978, under the President's Reorganization Plan of 1978.]
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COORDINATING COUNCIL; ESTABLISHMENT; COMPOSITION; DUTIES; REPORT TO PRESIDENT AND CONGRESS
SEC. 2000e-14. [Section 715]
[Original introductory text: There shall be established an Equal Employment Opportunity Coordinating Council (hereinafter referred to in this section as the Council) composed of the Secretary of Labor, the Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Attorney General, the Chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission, and the Chairman of the United States Civil Rights Commission, or their respective delegates.]
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission [originally, Council] shall have the responsibility for developing and implementing agreements, policies and practices designed to maximize effort, promote efficiency, and eliminate conflict, competition, duplication and inconsistency among the operations, functions and jurisdictions of the various departments, agencies and branches of the Federal Government responsible for the implementation and enforcement of equal employment opportunity legislation, orders, and policies. On or before October 1 [originally, July 1] of each year, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission [originally, Council] shall transmit to the President and to the Congress a report of its activities, together with such recommendations for legislative or administrative changes as it concludes are desirable to further promote the purposes of this section.
PRESIDENTIAL CONFERENCES; ACQUAINTANCE OF LEADERSHIP WITH PROVISIONS FOR EMPLOYMENT RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS; PLANS FOR FAIR ADMINISTRATION; MEMBERSHIP
SEC. 2000e-15. [Section 716]
[Original text: (a) This title shall become effective one year after the date of its enactment.
(b) Notwithstanding subsection (a), sections of this title other than sections 703, 704, 706, and 707 shall become effective immediately.
(c)] The President shall, as soon as feasible after July 2, 1964 [the date of enactment of this title], convene one or more conferences for the purpose of enabling the leaders of groups whose members will be affected by this subchapter to become familiar with the rights afforded and obligations imposed by its provisions, and for the purpose of making plans which will result in the fair and effective administration of this subchapter when all of its provisions become effective. The President shall invite the participation in such conference or conferences of (1) the members of the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, (2) the members of the Commission on Civil Rights, (3) representatives of State and local agencies engaged in furthering equal employment opportunity, (4) representatives of private agencies engaged in furthering equal employment opportunity, and (5) representatives of employers, labor organizations, and employment agencies who will be subject to this subchapter.
TRANSFER OF AUTHORITY
[Enforcement of Section 717 was transferred to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from the Civil Service Commission (Office of Personnel Management) effective January 1, 1979 under the President's Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1978.]
EMPLOYMENT BY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
SEC. 2000e-16. [Section 717]
(a) Discriminatory practices prohibited; employees or applicants for employment subject to coverage
All personnel actions affecting employees or applicants for employment (except with regard to aliens employed outside the limits of the United States) in military departments as defined in section 102 of Title 5 [United States Code], in executive agencies [originally, other than the General Accounting Office] as defined in section 105 of Title 5 [United States Code] (including employees and applicants for employment who are paid from nonappropriated funds), in the United States Postal Service and the Postal Regulatory Commission, in those units of the Government of the District of Columbia having positions in the competitive service, and in those units of the judicial branch of the Federal Government having positions in the competitive service, in the Smithsonian Institution, and in the Government Printing Office, the Government Accountability Office, and the Library of Congress shall be made free from any discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
(b) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission; enforcement powers; issuance of rules, regulations, etc.; annual review and approval of national and regional equal employment opportunity plans; review and evaluation of equal employment opportunity programs and publication of progress reports; consultations with interested parties; compliance with rules, regulations, etc.; contents of national and regional equal employment opportunity plans; authority of Librarian of Congress
Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission [originally, Civil Service Commission] shall have authority to enforce the provisions of subsection (a) of this section through appropriate remedies, including reinstatement or hiring of employees with or without back pay, as will effectuate the policies of this section, and shall issue such rules, regulations, orders and instructions as it deems necessary and appropriate to carry out its responsibilities under this section. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission [originally, Civil Service Commission] shall-
(1) be responsible for the annual review and approval of a national and regional equal employment opportunity plan which each department and agency and each appropriate unit referred to in subsection (a) of this section shall submit in order to maintain an affirmative program of equal employment opportunity for all such employees and applicants for employment;
(2) be responsible for the review and evaluation of the operation of all agency equal employment opportunity programs, periodically obtaining and publishing (on at least a semiannual basis) progress reports from each such department, agency, or unit; and
(3) consult with and solicit the recommendations of interested individuals, groups, and organizations relating to equal employment opportunity.
The head of each such department, agency, or unit shall comply with such rules, regulations, orders, and instructions which shall include a provision that an employee or applicant for employment shall be notified of any final action taken on any complaint of discrimination filed by him thereunder. The plan submitted by each department, agency, and unit shall include, but not be limited to-
(1) provision for the establishment of training and education programs designed to provide a maximum opportunity for employees to advance so as to perform at their highest potential; and
(2) a description of the qualifications in terms of training and experience relating to equal employment opportunity for the principal and operating officials of each such department, agency, or unit responsible for carrying out the equal employment opportunity program and of the allocation of personnel and resources proposed by such department, agency, or unit to carry out its equal employment opportunity program.
With respect to employment in the Library of Congress, authorities granted in this subsection to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission [originally, Civil Service Commission] shall be exercised by the Librarian of Congress.
(c) Civil action by employee or applicant for employment for redress of grievances; time for bringing of action; head of department, agency, or unit as defendant
Within 90 days of receipt of notice of final action taken by a department, agency, or unit referred to in subsection (a) of this section, or by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission [originally, Civil Service Commission] upon an appeal from a decision or order of such department, agency, or unit on a complaint of discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin, brought pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, Executive Order 11478 or any succeeding Executive orders, or after one hundred and eighty days from the filing of the initial charge with the department, agency, or unit or with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission [originally, Civil Service Commission] on appeal from a decision or order of such department, agency, or unit until such time as final action may be taken by a department, agency, or unit, an employee or applicant for employment, if aggrieved by the final disposition of his complaint, or by the failure to take final action on his complaint, may file a civil action as provided in section 2000e-5 of this title [section 706], in which civil action the head of the department, agency, or unit, as appropriate, shall be the defendant.
(d) Section 2000e-5(f) through (k) of this title applicable to civil actions
The provisions of section 2000e-5(f) through (k) of this title [section 706(f) through (k)], as applicable, shall govern civil actions brought hereunder, and the same interest to compensate for delay in payment shall be available as in cases involving nonpublic parties.
(e) Government agency or official not relieved of responsibility to assure nondiscrimination in employment or equal employment opportunity
Nothing contained in this Act shall relieve any Government agency or official of its or his primary responsibility to assure nondiscrimination in employment as required by the Constitution and statutes or of its or his responsibilities under Executive Order 11478 relating to equal employment opportunity in the Federal Government.
(f) Section 2000e-5(e)(3) [Section 706(e)(3)] shall apply to complaints of discrimination in compensation under this section.
PROCEDURE FOR DENIAL, WITHHOLDING, TERMINATION, OR SUSPENSION OF GOVERNMENT CONTRACT SUBSEQUENT TO ACCEPTANCE BY GOVERNMENT OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION PLAN OF EMPLOYER; TIME OF ACCEPTANCE OF PLAN
SEC. 2000e-17. [Section 718]
No Government contract, or portion thereof, with any employer, shall be denied, withheld, terminated, or suspended, by any agency or officer of the United States under any equal employment opportunity law or order, where such employer has an affirmative action plan which has previously been accepted by the Government for the same facility within the past twelve months without first according such employer full hearing and adjudication under the provisions of section 554 of Title 5 [United States Code], and the following pertinent sections: Provided, That if such employer has deviated substantially from such previously agreed to affirmative action plan, this section shall not apply: Provided further, That for the purposes of this section an affirmative action plan shall be deemed to have been accepted by the Government at the time the appropriate compliance agency has accepted such plan unless within forty-five days thereafter the Office of Federal Contract Compliance has disapproved such plan.
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6418
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dbpedia
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3
| 63
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https://www.rn.ca.gov/practice/ab890.shtml
|
en
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Assembly Bill 890
|
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Statutes, also referred to as codes, are laws that are written and passed by the Legislature and signed by the Governor (or approved by the voters as a ballot measure). Regulations, also referred to as rules, are written by state agencies (e.g., Board of Registered Nursing), approved by the Office of Administrative Law and filed with the Secretary of State. Regulations are drafted to implement, interpret, or make specific the statute. Both statutes and regulations carry the force of law.
Most of the Boardâs statutes are housed within the Business and Professions Code (BPC). The statutory requirements of AB 890 are listed under Division 2, Chapter 6, Article 8.5 of the BPC.
Most of the Boardâs regulations are housed within Title 16 of the Code of California Regulations (CCR). The regulatory requirements of AB 890 are listed under Title 16, Division 14, Article 8 of the CCR.
The two new categories established under AB 890 are commonly referred to as 103 NPs and 104 NPs. While they do not significantly extend or alter the current NPs scope of practice, the new categories do have additional authority to work without standardized procedures.
A 103 NP will work under the provisions outlined in BPC Section 2837.103. This new category of NP can work without standardized procedures, in a group setting with at least one physician and surgeon, within the population focus of their National Certification.
A 104 NP will work under the provisions outlined in BPC Section 2837.104. This new category of NP may work without standardized procedures, outside of a group setting, within the population focus of their National Certification.
No. A move to a 103 or 104 NP is not required; it is just an option. The traditional role of the NP in California remains. If they wish to, NPs can continue to work under physician supervision with the use of standardized procedures in their existing settings.
There is also no requirement for facilities to employ 103 NPs and no requirement for NPs to certify as 103 NPs to retain employment. Furthermore, the ability to work under standardized procedures remains whether or not the licensee is a 103 or 104 NP. It is up to each licensee/facility/employer as to the extent the expanded authority is utilized.
Not at this time. According to BPC Section 2837.103(a)(1)(B) and BPC Section 2837.104(b), a 103 or 104 NP must hold a certification from a national certifying body accredited by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies or the American Board of Nursing Specialties and recognized by the Board. Under the Advanced Practice Registered Nursing Consensus Model, licensure occurs at the level of the population foci, as core competencies are aligned with role/population foci.
Therefore, NPs who wish to progress to a 103 or 104 NP can only do so in one of the following six NP categories outlined in 16 CCR 1481(a):
Family/individual across the lifespan;
Adult-gerontology, primary care or acute care;
Neonatal;
Pediatrics, primary care or acute care;
Women's health/gender-related;
Psychiatric-Mental Health across the lifespan.
While there are other certifications, (e.g., Emergency NP and Dermatology NP), those are a specialty practice area and not a population focus. They do not replace the national certification and do not expand the scope of practice beyond the role or population. Consequently, the Board cannot grant a 103 or 104 NP status in those specialties.
This also applies to legacy/retired certifications (e.g., Acute Care NP and Adult NP) which be only be renewed and not newly obtained. These certifications are currently only recognized for licensure. Consequently, the Board cannot grant a 103 or 104 NP status in those legacy/retired certifications.
As a part of the application process, the applicant will be asked to submit information of the provider(s) who can attest to the completion of the 4,600 hours of the direct patient care hours that meet the TTP requirements. The Board will then send an email to the provider(s) listed asking for an attestation. These providers must be competent in the same specialty area or category listed in 16 CCR Section 1481(a) in which the applicant seeks as a 103 NP.
The attestor cannot have a familiar or financial relationship with the applicant and will be attesting to the applicantâs completion of the transition to practice requirement under penalty of perjury. If a complaint about the accuracy of the reported hours or the attestors relationship to the applicant is received, it will be investigated through the Boardâs established enforcement process.
The attestation form asks the mentoring provider to attest to their supervision of the 103 NP applicantâs clinical experience and mentorship â it does not ask the provider to attest to the NPâs competency. Current law presumes that an NP who has met the TTP requirements and other requirements identified in AB 890 and the corresponding regulations is sufficiently competent to practice without standardized procedures. Since the attestation is not intended to serve as a representation by the attestor as to the 103 NP applicantâs competency, it should not serve as a basis for liability to the attestor in the event that the 103 NP applicant commits negligence, incompetence, or other misconduct. However, the attestation is made under penalty of perjury, and the mentoring provider could face repercussions if they make a false attestation in bad faith.
Once an NP submits their 103 NP application via the BreEZe online portal and identifies their attestor(s) by license number, the BreEZe system will send a system-generated email to each identified attestor.
When the attestor(s) clicks on the link provided in the email they will be directed to an online portal where they can review the information provided by the 103 NP applicant including the area in which the 103 NP applicant is seeking certification and the number of TTP hours the applicant performed in that area.
The attestor can then indicate whether they approve or disapprove (or partially approve) of the 103 NP applicantâs completion of those hours under their supervision. Please note, in this context the term "supervision" does not require constant, direct oversight.
Yes, a 103 NP or 104 NP who is certified in the same specialty area in which an applicant is seeking certification as a 103 NP can attest to the completion of their TTP hours. However, the 103 NP or 104 NP can only attest to hours that were completed by the applicant after the attestor was certified by the Board as a 103 NP or 104 NP where the NP served as a mentor during the additional clinical experience.
It depends. If you already have a furnishing license, you do not need to apply for a new one as a 103 NP. However, if you do not have a furnishing license and would like to be able to furnish without standardized procedures under your 103 NP certification, you will need to apply for one since the 103 NP certification does not automatically provide furnishing authority.
Not at this time. According to BPC Section 2837.103(a)(1)(B) and Section 2837.104(b), a 103 NP must hold a certification from a national certifying body accredited by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies or the American Board of Nursing Specialties and recognized by the Board. Under the Advanced Practice Registered Nursing Consensus Model, licensure occurs at the level of the population foci, as core competencies are aligned with role/population foci. Therefore, NPs who wish to progress to a 103 or 104 can only do so in whichever of the six NP categories outlined in 16 CCR 1481(a) in which they received their national certification.
While there are other certifications, such as an Emergency NP or a Dermatology NP, they are recognized by the Board as a specialty practice area and not a population focus. They do not replace the national certification and do not expand the scope of practice beyond the role or population. Consequently, the Board cannot grant a 103 or 104 NP status in additional specialty areas.
Once certified by the Board, an individualâs authority to practice as a 103 NP or 104 NP will be displayed along with their RN license status through DCAâs License Search. The DCA License Search is an online search tool that is available to the public and is used to verify a professional license issued by the various Boards and Bureaus under DCA.
To view this search tool, please visit: DCA License Search.
According to 16 CCR 1482.4, a 103 NP must practice in good standing for at least three full-time equivalent years or 4600 hours in direct patient care before they can become a 104 NP. The term, âin good standingâ means practice conducted under a current, active, and unrestricted license. The term âunrestrictedâ means the applicant was not subject to a disciplinary action by the Board, including probation, suspension, or public reproval.
If a 104 NP applicant holds a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), they may apply any hours of direct patient care they provided in the course of their doctoral education toward the three-year requirement mentioned above, so long as the direct patient care experience is in the applicantâs area of National Certification and provided during the doctoral part of the applicantâs doctoral education and not credited towards the applicantâs masterâs degree.
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https://www.doi.gov/blog/15-facts-about-our-national-mammal-american-bison
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en
|
15 Facts About Our National Mammal: The American Bison
|
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2022-11-03T00:00:00
|
Explore 15 fun facts about the American bison, the new national mammal of the U.S.
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en
|
/themes/custom/doi_uswds/favicon.ico
|
U.S. Department of the Interior
|
https://www.doi.gov/blog/15-facts-about-our-national-mammal-american-bison
|
The American bison was named the national mammal of the United States on May 9, 2016. This majestic animal joins the ranks of the Bald Eagle as the official symbol of our country—and much like the eagle, they’re a symbol of our American identity and one of the greatest conservation success stories of all time.
In prehistoric times, millions of bison roamed North America—from the forests of Alaska and the grasslands of Mexico to Nevada’s Great Basin and the eastern Appalachian Mountains. Their history has been inextricably intertwined with many Indigenous communities. But by the late 1800s, there were only a few hundred bison left in the United States after European settlers pushed west, reducing the animal’s habitat and hunting the bison to near extinction. Had it not been for a few private individuals working with Tribes, states and the Department of the Interior, the bison would be extinct today.
Explore more fun facts about the American bison:
1. Bison are the largest mammal in North America. Male bison (called bulls) weigh up to 2,000 pounds and stand 6 feet tall, while females (called cows) weigh up to 1,000 pounds and reach a height of 4-5 feet. Bison calves weigh 30-70 pounds at birth.
2. Since the late 19th century, Interior has been the primary national conservation steward of the bison. Public lands managed by Interior support 17 bison herds—or approximately 10,000 bison—in 12 states, including Alaska. This is about one-third of all wild bison in North America.
3. What’s the difference between bison and buffalo? While bison and buffalo are used interchangeably, in North America the scientific name is bison. Actually, it’s Bison bison bison (genus: Bison, species: bison, subspecies: bison or athabascae), but only saying it once is fine. Historians believe the term “buffalo” grew from the French word for beef, “boeuf.”
4.Yellowstone National Park is the only place in the U.S. where bison have continuously lived since prehistoric times. What makes Yellowstone’s bison so special is that they’re the descendants of early bison that roamed our country’s grasslands. In 2021, Yellowstone’s bison population was estimated at 5,450—making it the largest bison population on public lands. This population is allowed to roam relatively freely over the expansive landscape of Yellowstone National Park and some nearby areas of Montana.
5. What’s a “red dog”? It’s a baby bison. Bison calves tend to be born from late March through May and are orange-red in color, earning them the nickname “red dogs.” After a few months, their hair starts to change to dark brown and their characteristic shoulder hump and horns begin to grow.
6. The history of bison and Native Americans are intertwined. Bison have been integral to Tribal culture, providing them with food, clothing, fuel, tools, shelter and spiritual value. Established in 1992, the Inter Tribal Buffalo Council works with the National Park Service to transfer bison from national park lands to Tribal lands.
7. You can judge a bison’s mood by its tail. When it hangs down and switches naturally, the bison is usually calm. If the tail is standing straight up, watch out! It may be ready to charge. No matter what a bison’s tail is doing, remember that they are unpredictable and can charge at any moment. Every year, there are regrettable accidents caused by people getting too close to these massive animals. It’s great to love the bison but love them from a distance.
8. Wind Cave National Park’s herd helped revive bison populations around the country. The story starts in 1905 with the formation of the American Bison Society and a breeding program at the New York City Zoo (today, the Bronx Zoo). By 1913, the American Bison Society had enough bison to restore a free-ranging bison herd. Working with Interior, they donated 14 bison to Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota. More than 100 years later, the bison from Wind Cave have helped reestablishing other herds across the United States and most recently in Mexico.
9. Bison may be big, but they’re also fast. They can run up to 35 miles per hour. Plus, they’re extremely agile. Bison can spin around quickly, jump high fences and are strong swimmers.
10. Pass the salad, please. Bison primarily eat grasses, weeds and leafy plants—typically foraging for nine to 11 hours a day. That’s where the bison’s large protruding shoulder hump comes in handy during the winter. It allows them to swing their heads from side-to-side to clear snow—especially for creating foraging patches. Learn how bison's feeding habits can help ensure diversity of prairie plant species especially after a fire.
11. From hunter to conservationist, Teddy Roosevelt helped save bison from extinction. In 1883, Teddy Roosevelt traveled to the Dakota Territory to hunt bison. After spending a few years in the west, Roosevelt returned to New York with a new outlook on life. He paved the way for the conservation movement, and in 1905, formed the American Bison Society with William Hornaday to save the disappearing bison. Today bison live in all 50 states, including Tribal lands, wildlife refuges, national parks and private lands.
12. Bison can live up to 20 years old. The average lifespan for a bison is 10–20 years, but some live to be older. Cows begin breeding at the age of two and only have one baby at a time. For males, the prime breeding age is six to 10 years. Learn how Interior works to ensure genetic diversity and long-term viability of bison.
13. A little dirt won’t hurt. Called wallowing, bison roll in the dirt to deter biting flies and help shed fur. Male bison also wallow during mating season to leave behind their scent and display their strength.
14. The American bison’s ancestors can be traced to southern Asia thousands of years ago. Bison made their way to America by crossing the ancient land bridge that once connected Asia with North America during the Pliocene Epoch, some 400,000 years ago. These ancient animals were much larger than the iconic bison we love today. Fossil records show that one prehistoric bison, Bison latiforns, had horns measuring 9 feet from tip to tip.
15. Bison are nearsighted -- who knew? While bison have poor eyesight, they have excellent senses of smell and hearing. Cows and calves communicate using pig-like grunts, and during mating season, bulls can be heard bellowing across long distances.
The Department of the Interior collaborates with other federal, Tribal, state and conservation partners to restore large, wild bison herds on appropriate large landscapes to manage bison as native wildlife, and to strengthen cultural connections of Native American peoples and the American public to our national mammal. We hope you’ve enjoyed these fun facts about this amazing animal!
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https://liberalarts.oregonstate.edu/wlf/what-setting
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en
|
Oregon State Guide to Literary Terms
|
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2021-02-08T08:42:09-08:00
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What is a Setting?
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en
|
https://liberalarts.oregonstate.edu/sites/all/themes/doug_fir/favicon.ico
|
College of Liberal Arts
|
https://liberalarts.oregonstate.edu/wlf/what-setting
|
What is a Setting? Transcript (English and Spanish Subtitles Available in Video. Click HERE for Spanish transcript)
By Raymond Malewitz, Oregon State University Associate Professor of American Literature
8 February 2021
When we read a story or watch a movie, we usually focus our attention on the characters and the plot. But we should also pay attention to a third important element of storytelling: the setting. A setting is the time and place in which a story is told.
All stories have settings—even this one. The setting of this video is a weird blank void, and you may not think that it influences the way that you understand this video’s content. But you can probably agree that you’d interpret the lesson differently if the setting were, say, this:
As this difference suggests, setting is much more than a mere backdrop for human action. Just as we are shaped by the city, region, and country that surrounds us, characters in fiction are shaped by their own geographical circumstances. And just as we are molded by the strange 21st century time in which we live, characters in fiction are molded by their own strange historical moments, which influence what they think, how they speak, and how they act. Paying attention to setting—what it is and how it is described--can therefore bring us closer to the central themes, ideas, and conflicts of the stories we love.
Let me give you one example. Sarah Orne Jewett’s 1886 story “The White Heron” is set in rural Maine, and Jewett’s description of the setting helps us to clarify the its central conflict. About halfway through the story, the protagonist, Sylvia, climbs a tall tree to look for a heron’s nest. Here’s how Jewett describes that moment:
“Half a mile from home, at the farther edge of the woods, where the land was highest, a great pine-tree stood, the last of its generation. Whether it was left for a boundary mark, or for what reason, no one could say; the woodchoppers who had felled its mates were dead and gone long ago, and a whole forest of sturdy trees, pines and oaks and maples, had grown again. But the stately head of this old pine towered above them all and made a landmark for sea and shore miles and miles away. Sylvia knew it well.”
Now, this conveniently placed tree obviously serves to advance the story’s plot. Earlier in the story, Sylvia met a hunter from a big city who has traveled to this region to shoot a heron for his taxidermy collection, and he’s offered the girl a large sum of money to help him to find one. After she climbs the tree, Sylvia spots the heron’s hidden nest, which propels the plot forward to its climactic question: will she reveal the bird’s location to the hunter or not?
But the description of the tree also EXPANDS this individual story of a young girl and a hunter into the story of a more general theme of a tension between rural and urban areas in the United States. By calling the old-growth pine-tree “the last of its generation,” Jewett depicts rural Maine as a site of resource extraction—in this case, timber extraction. The other old-growth trees in the area had been removed long ago—presumably to support of the development of eastern cities like the one the hunter calls his home. And this scarcity extends to the dwindling white heron populations in the area. The heron’s feathers had, in the late nineteenth century, been used in hats for fashionable big-city ladies, and the bird had been hunted to near extinction as a result.
Thus what seems like a simple throwaway description of an old-growth tree in fact plays a central role in the understanding the significance of the decision that Sylvia must make later in the story, linking the individual story of a girl and a hunter with the larger history of that region of the United States.
Settings not only help to clarify a given story’s themes. They can also help us to understand a character’s worldview through how they think about their surroundings. As Sylvia’s thoughts on the tree suggest, she views her rural setting as a place of wondrous secrets, grandeur, and dignity. This perspective stands in stark contrast to the hunter’s thoughts on the same setting, which Jewett reveals through a technique called “free indirect discourse” in an earlier passage. When the hunter sits down to dinner at Sylvia’s grandmother’s house, he thinks:
“It was a surprise to find so clean and comfortable a little dwelling in this New England wilderness. The young man had known the horrors of its most primitive housekeeping, and the dreary squalor of that level of society which does not rebel at the companionship of hens. This was the best thrift of an old-fashioned farmstead, though on such a small scale that it seemed like a hermitage. He listened eagerly to the old woman's quaint talk, he watched Sylvia's pale face and shining gray eyes with ever growing enthusiasm, and insisted that this was the best supper he had eaten for a month...”
While the hunter seems polite, his thoughts reveal a fairly condescending attitude towards what he calls the “primitive” and “dreary squalor” of the New England setting. Because we associate this region with our protagonist, Sylvia, when the hunter disparages the region, we are encouraged to view his quest for the bird in a more negative light, aligning the bird’s life with Sylvia’s life in her setting.
As “The White Heron” suggests, students should do more than simply note place and time when they use the term “setting” in their essays. Instead, they should consider the many ways in which place and time shape our understanding of the story’s characters, plot, and themes.
Want to cite this?
MLA Citation: Malewitz, Raymond. "What is a Setting?" Oregon State Guide to English Literary Terms, 8 Feb. 2021, Oregon State University, https://liberalarts.oregonstate.edu/wlf/what-setting. Accessed [insert date].
Interested in more video lessons? View the full series:
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0
| 20
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https://tv.apple.com/us/show/land-of-women/umc.cmc.3jchmur9er2whr7zsubfcasrv
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en
|
Watch Land of Women
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2024-06-26T00:00:00+00:00
|
Gala (Eva Longoria) is a New York City socialite on the run in a quaint Spanish town with her mother and daughter. Galaâs new life brings her into theâ¦
|
en
|
/assets/favicon/apple-touch-icon-9a18d92f405f4cba68b503b186df5f5b.png
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Apple TV
|
https://tv.apple.com/us/show/land-of-women/umc.cmc.3jchmur9er2whr7zsubfcasrv
|
EPISODE 1
Chapter 1
When a betrayal comes to light, Gala whisks Julia and Kate off to Spain for a girls tripâonly for Julia and Kate to discover theyâre actually all on the run.
45 min · Jun 26, 2024 TV-14
EPISODE 2
Chapter 2
Amat complicates Galaâs plans to lay low. Kate tries to return home, unaware of the danger sheâs in. Julia confesses the truth about Galaâs father.
42 min · Jun 26, 2024 TV-14
EPISODE 3
Chapter 3
Gala dives into making the winery successful. Meanwhile, Julia resorts to blackmail, further straining her relationship with Mariona.
44 min · Jul 3, 2024 TV-14
EPISODE 4
Chapter 4
Hank and Kevin close in on Galaâs whereabouts just as she makes a troubling discovery about the extent of Fredâs misdeeds.
37 min · Jul 10, 2024 TV-14
EPISODE 5
Chapter 5
Amat senses somethingâs up with Gala and uncovers her connection to Hank and Kevin. Chaos erupts at the winery.
42 min · Jul 17, 2024 TV-14
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3
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https://www.justice.gov/crt/fcs/T6Manual6
|
en
|
Section VI- Proving Discrimination- Intentional Discrimination
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2017-01-12T07:18:03-05:00
|
en
|
https://www.justice.gov/crt/fcs/T6Manual6
|
This is just a section of the larger revised Title VI Legal Manual. Please click here to see the complete revised Manual.
Title VI Legal Manual
SECTION VI: PROVING DISCRIMINATION – INTENTIONAL DISCRIMINATION
Table of Contents
Introduction
Proving Intentional Discrimination
Direct Evidence of Discriminatory Motive
Express classifications
Other forms of direct evidence
The Arlington Heights Framework
The McDonnell-Douglas Framework
Other Issues Affecting Title VI Cases Involving Intent
Proof of Systemic or Widespread Discrimination (Pattern or Practice)
Permissible Use of Race
Intentional Discrimination by a Third Party
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A. Introduction
Title VI prohibits discrimination based on “race, color, or national origin …under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000d. The purpose of Title VI is simple: to ensure that public funds are not spent in a way that encourages, subsidizes, or results in discrimination on these bases. Toward that end, Title VI bars intentional discrimination. See Guardians Ass’n v. Civil Serv. Comm’n, 463 U.S. 582, 607–08 (1983); Alexander v. Choate, 469 U.S. 287, 292–93 (1985). A Title VI discriminatory intent claim alleges that a recipient intentionally treated persons differently or otherwise knowingly caused them harm because of their race, color, or national origin. Agency regulations implementing Title VI also prohibit intentional discrimination based on race, color, or national origin, covering any disposition, service, financial aid, or other benefits provided under the recipient’s program, the determination of the site or location of facilities, or other aspects of program operations. See, e.g., 28 C.F.R. § 42.104(b) (Department of Justice regulations).
Private parties seeking judicial enforcement of Title VI’s nondiscrimination protections must prove intentional discrimination. Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 280–81 (2001). Private parties may also file administrative complaints with federal agencies alleging that a recipient of the agency’s federal financial assistance has engaged in intentional discrimination; the federal agency providing the assistance may investigate these complaints.[1]
This section provides an overview of the types of evidence necessary to prove intentional discrimination under Title VI. Much of the discussion in this section relies on judicial precedent developed in private plaintiffs’ intent claims for damages, and therefore focuses on standards applied in that context. Those standards may not always apply to agency investigations, which often follow a non-adversarial model in which the agency collects all relevant evidence and then determines whether the evidence establishes discrimination. Under this model, agencies do not “shift the evidentiary burdens” between complainant and recipient when making findings. The burden-shifting framework may nevertheless serve as a useful paradigm for organizing and analyzing the evidence.
Investigating agencies can look to case law for guidance on proving intentional discrimination, but are not bound by case law concerning burden shifting between plaintiff and defendant (that is, as between a complainant and a recipient). An agency need not use the same sequential process as courts, where a plaintiff first offers prima facie evidence and the defendant then offers rebuttal evidence. Rather, an agency has discretion to gather and evaluate all relevant evidence as part of its initial investigation, or may choose to make a preliminary prima facie finding then require recipients to articulate defenses.
B. Proving Intentional Discrimination
Courts have developed a number of analytical frameworks for assessing intent claims. The elements of a Title VI intent claim derive from and are similar to the analysis of cases decided under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause [2] and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended.[3] Because the Title VI statutory prohibition on discrimination is based on the Equal Protection Clause, the constitutional analysis of intentional discrimination should be applied under Title VI.[4]See Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306, 343–44 (2003) (citing Regents of Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265, 287 (1978) (opinion of Powell, J.) (“Title VI . . . proscribe[s] only those racial classifications that would violate the Equal Protection Clause or the Fifth Amendment.”).
Generally, intentional discrimination occurs when the recipient acted, at least in part, because of the actual or perceived race, color, or nationalorigin of the alleged victims of discriminatorytreatment. Doe ex rel. Doe v. Lower Merion Sch. Dist., 665 F.3d 524, 548 (3d Cir. 2011). Whilediscriminatory intent need not be the only motive, a violation occurs when the evidence shows that the entity adopted a policy at issue “‘because of,’ not merely ‘in spite of,’ its adverse effects upon an identifiable group.” Pers. Adm’r of Mass. v. Feeney, 442 U.S. 256, 279 (1979). Some assume that the intentional use of race should be carefully scrutinized only when the intent is to harm a group or an individual defined by race, color, or national origin. That is not true: the Supreme Court in City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469, 493 (1989), and Adarand Constructors, Inc., v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200, 226 (1995), established that any intentional use of race, whether for malicious or benignmotives, is subject to the most careful judicial scrutiny.[5] Accordingly, the record need not contain evidence of “bad faith, ill will or any evil motive on the part of the [recipient].” Williams v. City of Dothan, 745 F.2d 1406, 1414 (11th Cir. 1984).
This section discusses a variety of methods of proof to consider when evaluating recipient behavior to determine whether it meets the legal standard for intentional discrimination. A method of proof—or analytical framework—is an established way of organizing the evidence in an investigation or lawsuit in order to show why that evidence amounts to intentionaldiscrimination.
Those methods are as follows:
Methods that focus on direct evidence
Express classifications. Express classifications are the clearest form of direct evidence of discriminatory intent. If a recipient explicitly conditions the receipt of benefits or services on the race, color, or national origin of the beneficiary, or directs adverse action to be taken based on race, color, or national origin, such a policy or practice constitutes an express classification. See Section B.1.a.
Comments or conduct by decision-makers as direct evidence of intent. The direct method of proof typically involves a statement from a decision-maker that expresses a discriminatory motive. See Section B.1.b.
Methods that focus on circumstantial evidence
The Arlington Heights mosaic of factors.[6] This method of proof, originally developed for Equal Protection Clause cases, uses a number of different types of circumstantial evidence that, taken collectively, can demonstrate that the recipient acted, at least in part, because of race, color, or national origin. This framework is most commonly applied in cases alleging discrimination against a group. Agencies can use this method for many different types of cases, but will find it particularly useful where the complaint is about the treatment of a group, not individuals, and the investigation reveals many different kinds of evidence. Agencies should be sure to consider this method where a complaint challenges an expressly neutral practice that has an effect on a larger class defined by race, color, or national origin. For instance, a complaint alleging that a state agency adopted a new policy with the purpose of reducing the number of minority participants could be investigated using this method. See Section B.2.
The McDonnell-Douglas framework.[7] Plaintiffs use this framework, originally developed for Title VII employment cases, to show that a defendant treated similarly situated individuals differently because of race, color, or national origin. The framework is most commonly applied in cases alleging discrimination in individual instances. Agencies should consider using this method for investigations involving the selection of individuals, such as for program participation, benefits, or services, particularly where the recipient provides a nondiscriminatory explanation for its decision. This method is most likely to be helpful where the complaint is about one or a few individuals, and involves easily identifiable similarly situated individuals not in the protected class. For instance, a complaint alleging that a state agency denied benefits to a family because of that family’s national origin might be investigated using this method. See Section B.3.
More than one type of analysis may apply to facts disclosed in an investigation or trial to determine race-based intent. Agencies and plaintiffs can use them individually or together and may combine both direct and circumstantial evidence. Ultimately, the “totality of the relevant facts” will determine whether the recipient has engaged in intentional discrimination in violation of Title VI. See Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229, 242 (1976) (discussing analysis of intentional discrimination generally).
Regardless of the method or methods of proof ultimately employed, the central question remains whether the recipient acted intentionally based on race, color, or national origin. In evaluating the totality of relevant facts, courts and federal funding agencies look to either direct or circumstantial evidence to establish whether a recipient engaged in intentional discrimination. Often, the available proof consists of a combination of these different kinds of evidence, and therefore more than one method of proof may be appropriate. The box below cross-references the major types of evidence with the related methods of proof discussed in this section.
Finally, it is important for agencies to remember that even if a recipient is found to have engaged in the intentional consideration of race, color, or national origin, this is not the end of the inquiry. Some uses of race are permissible. This is discussed more extensively beginning at page 30.
Title VI case law has traditionally borrowed jurisprudence from other civil rights laws with a similar structure and purpose.[8] The remainder of this section examines methods of proving intentional discrimination in greater detail, with reference to case law not only under Title VI and the Equal Protection Clause, but also under Title VII; Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, 20 U.S.C. § 1681 et seq.; and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. §701, among other laws. Importantly, the analyses under these civil rights laws are not always the same, but this discussion identifies principles that are applicable to Title VI.
1. Direct Evidence of Discriminatory Intent
Direct evidence of discriminatory intent is evidence that, “if believed, proves the fact [of discriminatory intent] without inference or presumption.” Coghlan v. Am. Seafoods Co., 413 F.3d 1090, 1095 (9th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted).
Occasionally, a recipient official admits to having considered race during the decisional process as a basis for its action. In other instances, a recipient explicitly conditions the receipt of benefits or services on the race, color, or national origin of the beneficiary, or explicitly directs action be taken based on race, color, or national origin. These kinds of requirements are often referred to as “express classifications,” and are the clearest form of direct evidence.
Short of an express classification, other direct evidence of discrimination includes “any statement or document which shows on its face that an improper criterion served as the basis … for [an] adverse … action.” Fabela v. Socorro Indep. Sch. Dist., 329 F.3d 409, 415 (5th Cir. 2003). On the other hand, “remarks by non-decisionmakers or remarks unrelated to the decision making process itself are not direct evidence of discrimination.” Standard v. A.B.E.L. Servs., Inc., 161 F.3d 1318, 1330 (11th Cir. 1998).
a. Express classifications
The Equal Protection Clause requires strict scrutiny of any government policy or practice that classifies individuals based on race, color, or national origin. Parents Involved in Cmty. Schs. v. Seattle Sch. Dist. No. 1, 551 U.S. 701, 720 (2007) (“[W]hen the government distributes burdens or benefits on the basis of individual racial classifications, that action is reviewed under strict scrutiny.”); Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244, 270 (2003) (applying strict scrutiny to student admissions policies that considered race as a factor). Similarly, Title VI requires recipients to demonstrate that any intentional use of race, color, or national origin classification is “narrowly tailored” to achieve a “compelling” government interest. Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 720.
A recipient’s express or admitted use of a classification based on race, color, or national origin establishes intent without regard to the decision-makers’ animus or ultimate objective. Such classifications demonstrate a discriminatory purpose as a matter of law. See Miller v. Johnson, 515 U.S. 900, 904–05 (1995); see also Wittmer v. Peters, 904 F. Supp. 845, 849–50 (C.D. Ill. 1995), aff’d, 87 F.3d 916 (7th Cir. 1996). “Put another way, direct evidence of intent is ‘supplied by the policy itself.’” Hassan v. City of New York, 804 F.3d. 277, 295 (3d Cir. 2015) (quoting Massarsky v. Gen. Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111, 128 (3d Cir.1983) (Sloviter, J., dissenting)).
Where a plaintiff demonstrates, or an agency determines, that a challenged policy overtly and expressly singles out a protected group for disparate treatment, “a plaintiff need not prove the malice or discriminatory animus of a defendant ….” Bangerter v. Orem City Corp., 46 F.3d 1491, 1501 (10th Cir. 1995); see also Ferrill v. Parker Grp., Inc., 168 F.3d 468, 473 n.7 (11th Cir. 1999) (“[I]ll will, enmity, or hostility are not prerequisites of intentional discrimination.”). Rather, the focus is on the “explicit terms of the discrimination,” Int’l Union, United Auto. Aerospace & Agric. Implement Workers of Am. v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 499 U.S. 187, 199 (1991); that is, how the recipient’s actions specifically deprived or otherwise adversely affected the individual or individuals of access to a federally funded program or benefit. Even benign motivations for racial classifications are presumptively invalid and trigger strict scrutiny in Equal Protection Clause and Title VI cases. Adarand, 515 U.S. at 223–24 (1995); Grutter, 539 U.S. at 326.
b. Other forms of direct evidence of intent
Even without a direct admission or express policy, a plaintiff may prove intentional discrimination with other forms of direct evidence demonstrating that the “decisionmakers placed substantial negative reliance on an illegitimate criterion in reaching their decision.” Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 277 (1989) (O’Connor, J., concurring); [9] Venters v. City of Delphi, 123 F.3d 956, 972 (7th Cir. 1997) (direct evidence includes “evidence which in and of itself suggests” that someone with managerial authority was “animated by an illegal ... criterion.”). For example, a statement of an official involved in the decision stating that an ostensibly race-neutral action was taken in order to limit minority individuals’ eligibility for a federally funded benefit or program is direct evidence of race-based intent. Even isolated comments may constitute direct evidence of discrimination if they are “contemporaneous with the [adverse action] or causally related to the [adverse action] decision making process.” Kennedy v. Schoenberg, Fisher & Newman, Ltd., 140 F.3d 716, 723 (7th Cir. 1998) (citations omitted).
This type of direct evidence of discriminatory intent does not require “a virtual admission of illegality.” Venters, 123 F.3d at 973. For example, direct evidence need not take the form of an admission where the defendant states “I’m [taking this adverse action] because you’re in a protected group.” Sheehan v. Donlen Corp., 173 F.3d 1039, 1044 (7th Cir. 1999); see Venters, 123 F.3d at 973. The court in Venters explained that “the evidence need not be this obvious to qualify as direct evidence.” Id. And the Sheehan court explained why: because such a requirement “would cripple enforcement of the ... discrimination laws.” Sheehan, 173 F.3d at 1044. The direct evidence of such remarks must, however, establish that race was an important factor motivating the challenged action. “Stray remarks,” “derogatory comments,” even those uttered by decision-makers, may not constitute direct evidence of discrimination if unrelated to the adverse decision. Price Waterhouse, 490 U.S. at 277 (O’Connor, J., concurring); Fuentes v. Perskie, 32 F.3d 759, 767 (3d Cir. 1994). Evidence of such remarks or comments is nevertheless important in an intent case, and can help to establish circumstantial or indirect evidence of intent. Doe v. C.A.R.S. Prot. Plus, Inc., 527 F.3d 358, 368 (3d Cir. 2008); Fitzgerald v. Action, Inc., 521 F.3d 867, 877 (8th Cir. 2008) (same); see also Lounds v. Lincare, Inc., 812 F.3d 1208, 1224 (10th Cir. 2015) (citing Kerri Lynn Stone, Taking in Strays: A Critique of the Stray Comment Doctrine in Employment Discrimination Law, 77 Mo. L. Rev. 149, 177 (2012) (“[S]tray remarks can prove to be invaluable insights into biases at every level of consciousness that may be rife but invisible within the workplace.... [They] may bespeak a workplace culture in which certain language or sentiments are tolerated and perhaps encouraged or rewarded.”)).
By way of illustration, in Wilson v. Susquehanna Township Police Dep’t, 55 F.3d 126 (3d Cir. 1995), a Title VII case, a female plaintiff alleged that she was not promoted because of her sex. The plaintiff’s evidence revealed a number of discriminatory occurrences, including the daily circulation of sexually explicit drawings, the posting of obscene notices (some referring to female employees by name), sexual conversations between officers and female employees, the showing of an x-rated movie and graphic home videos in the station house, the Chief’s regular discussion of sex lives and employees’ anatomy, the Chief’s bemused dismissal of the plaintiff’s complaint about an indecent assault committed by an officer, and the Chief’s comment that he did not promote the plaintiff because the town manager “wanted a man.” Id. at 127–29. The court of appeals described that evidence as direct evidence of intentional sex discrimination, explaining that “[t]he record clearly goes beyond ‘stray remarks’ and evinces strong gender bias in the police department.... This evidence, which included ‘conduct or statements by persons involved directly reflecting the discriminatory attitude,’ ... constitutes ‘direct evidence’ of discriminatory animus.” Id. at 130 (citations and quotations omitted).
In In re Rodriguez, 487 F.3d 1001, 1006–08 (6th Cir. 2007), a case originally brought under Michigan’s Civil Rights Act, which borrows legal standards from federal civil rights laws including Title VII, [10] the court found that a Hispanic employee was not selected for promotion based on a manager’s impression about the applicant’s “language” and “how he speaks.” This evidence, the court held, was direct evidence of discrimination. Stating that “the [EEOC] recognizes linguistic discrimination as national origin discrimination” and that “discriminationbased on manner of speaking can be national origin discrimination,” the court found that the plaintiff’s “Hispanic speech pattern and accent” played a motivating part in the manager’s decision to deny the plaintiff a promotion. Id. at 1008–09; accord, Diaz v. Jiten Hotel Mgmt., Inc., 762 F. Supp. 2d 319, 337 (D. Mass. 2011) (“racially, sexually, or ageist offensive language is necessarily prejudicial, precisely because it is highly probative”).
A clean “direct evidence” case—where direct evidence alone establishes that discrimination was the sole reason for an adverse decision—is rare. Price Waterhouse, 490 U.S. at 271 (“[D]irect evidence of intentional discrimination is hard to come by.”) (O’Connor, J., concurring). After all, decision-makers seldom will admit that they based decisions on race or ethnic origin, or used either as a criterion. See, e.g., SECSYS, LLC v. Vigil, 666 F.3d 678, 686 (10th Cir. 2012).
2. The Arlington Heights Framework
Many cases of intentional discrimination are not proven by a single type of evidence. Rather, many different kinds of evidence-direct and circumstantial, statistical and anecdotal-are relevant to the showing of intent and should be assessed on a cumulative basis. Arlington Heights, 429 U.S. at 266–68, and its progeny set forth a variety of factors probative of intent to discriminate.[11] Under this method of proving intent, the court or investigating agency analyzes whether discriminatory purpose motivated a recipient’s actions by examining factors such as statistics demonstrating a “clear pattern unexplainable on grounds other than” discriminatory ones; “[T]he historical background of the decision”; “[T]he specific sequence of events leading up to the challenged decision”; the defendant’s departures from its normal procedures or substantive conclusions, and the relevant “legislative or administrative history.” Faith Action for Cmty. Equity v. Hawai’i, No. CIV. 13-00450 SOM, 2015 WL 751134, at *7 (D. Haw. Feb. 23, 2015) (Title VI case citing Pac. Shores Props., LLC v. City of Newport Beach, 730 F.3d 1142, 1158–59 (9th Cir. 2013)); see also Sylvia Dev. Corp. v. Calvert Cty., 48 F.3d 810, 819 (4th Cir. 1995) (adding to the Arlington Heights factors evidence of a “consistent pattern” of actions of decision-makers that have a much greater harm on minorities than on non- minorities). When a recipient applies different procedural processes or substantive standards to requests of minorities and non-minorities, the use of such different processes or standards, when a non-minority receives more favorable treatment, may raise an inference of discriminatory intent. “These factors are non-exhaustive.” Pac. Shores Props., 730 F.3d at 1159.
Agencies can use the Arlington Heights framework for many different types of cases, but will find it particularly useful where the complaint is about the treatment of a group, not individuals, and the investigation reveals many different kinds of evidence. Agencies should be sure to consider this method where a complaint challenges an expressly neutral policy or practice that has an effect on a larger class defined by race, color, or national origin. For instance, an agency could use this method when investigating a complaint alleging that a state agency adopted a new policy with the purpose of reducing the number of minority participants.
In court and agency investigations, evaluation of these factors “demands a sensitive inquiry into such circumstantial and direct evidence of intent as may be available.” Arlington Heights, 429U.S. at 266. Moreover, when a plaintiff relies on the Arlington Heights method to establish intent, “the plaintiff need provide very little such evidence ... to raise a genuine issue of fact ...; any indication of discriminatory motive ... may suffice to raise a question that can only be resolved by a fact-finder.” Pac. Shores Props., 730 F.3d at 1159 (citations omitted).
Critically, Arlington Heights directs courts and agencies to engage in a cumulative assessment of the evidence. By way of illustration, in North Carolina State Conference of NAACP v. McCrory, No. 1:13CV658, 2016 WL 1650774, at *5 (M.D.N.C. Apr. 25, 2016), plaintiffs challenged provisions of a North Carolina election law, alleging that discriminatory intent to disenfranchise African-American voters motivated the legislature in violation of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and the Voting Rights Act. The Fourth Circuit agreed. N.C. State Conf. of NAACP v. McCrory, 831 F.3d 204 (4th Cir. 2016). The district court’s error in holding otherwise, the Fourth Circuit explained, “resulted from the court’s consideration of each piece of evidence in a vacuum, rather than engaging in the totality of the circumstances analysis required by Arlington Heights.” Id. at 233. The district court “missed the forest in carefully surveying the many trees.” Id. at 214. Instead, agencies evaluating possible intentional discrimination by recipients must conduct a cumulative assessment of all the available evidence.
This case also illustrates the kinds of evidence relevant to each of the Arlington Heights factors described above:
Historical background of the decision. First, the court considered the historical background in the state generally and related to voting in particular, identifying “North Carolina’s history of race discrimination and recent patterns of official discrimination, combined with the racial polarization of politics in the state” as particularly relevant. Id. at 223. Against this background of historical discrimination in the state, the court found “the record is replete with evidence of instances since the 1980s in which the North Carolina legislature has attempted to dilute the voting rights of African Americans” and pointed to the numerous instances of “Department of Justice and federal court determinations have determined that the North Carolina General Assembly acted with discriminatory intent .…” Id. The court found these examples revealed “a series of official actions taken for invidious purposes,” and held that the district court “erred in minimizing these facts.” Id. (citing Arlington Heights, 429 U.S. at 267).
Sequence of events leading to the decision. Next, the court turned to an examination of the sequence of events leading to the legislature’s passage of the challenged provisions, finding these events “devastating” to the defense. N.C. State Conf. of NAACP, 831 F.3d at 227. The court found that the undisputed sequence of events—“the General Assembly’s eagerness to … rush through the legislative process the most restrictive voting law North Carolina has seen since the era of Jim Crow—bespeaks a certain purpose …. Although this factor, as with the other Arlington Heights factors, is not dispositive on its own, it provides another compelling piece of the puzzle of the General Assembly’s motivation.” Id. at 229.
Legislative history leading to the decision. As instructed by Arlington Heights, the court also considered the sequence of events described above from the perspective of “legislative history” because such evidence “may be highly relevant, especially where there are contemporaneous statements by members of the decisionmaking body, minutes of its meetings, or reports.” Id. (citing Arlington Heights, 429 U.S. at 268). The record revealed that the General Assembly requested a report on voting patterns, and that data established that African Americans in North Carolina disproportionately used early voting, same-day registration, and out-of-precinct voting. N.C. State Conf. of NAACP, 831 F.3d at 230. The court held that “relying on this data, the General Assembly enacted legislation restricting all—and only—practices disproportionately used by African Americans …. [W]e cannot ignore the choices the General Assembly made with this data in hand.” Id.
Impact. The first Arlington Heights factor, statistics demonstrating a clear pattern of discriminatory effect, acknowledges that disparate impact evidence can be probative of discriminatory intent. Arlington Heights, 429 U.S. at 266 (discussing the importance of the impact of the official action, including “whether it bears more heavily on one race than another”). Here, the court analyzed the available impact data and held that the same data showing that African Americans disproportionately used each of the voting mechanisms removed by the new provisions also established “sufficient disproportionate impact” for an Arlington Heights analysis. N.C. State Conf. of NAACP, 831 F.3d at 231.
The court conducted a cumulative assessment of this evidence:
[T]he totality of the circumstances—North Carolina’s history of voting discrimination; the surge in African American voting; the legislature’s knowledge that African Americans voting translated into support for one party; and the swift elimination of the tools African Americans had used to vote and imposition of a new barrier at the first opportunity to do so—cumulatively and unmistakably reveal that the General Assembly used [the new law] to entrench itself.
Id at 233. Accordingly, when viewed collectively, the evidence in the record established intentional discrimination based on race. Id.
Finally, it is important to understand that under the Arlington Heights framework, evidence identifying similarly situated comparators is helpful but not required. In this regard, the relationship between the Arlington Heights framework and the McDonnell-Douglas framework is sometimes misunderstood. As discussed more extensively below in Section B.3., the McDonnell-Douglas method of proof requires a showing that the recipient treated one or a few similarly situated individuals differently because of race, color, or national origin. However, plaintiffs alleging intentional discrimination under civil rights statutes “need not demonstrate the existence of a similarly situated entity who or which was treated better than the plaintiff in order to prevail.” Pac. Shores Props., 730 F.3d at 1158-59 (explaining that a plaintiff need not rely on the McDonnell-Douglas approach to intentional discrimination but may instead produce circumstantial evidence of intentional discrimination using the Arlington Heights method). McDonnell Douglas “is not a straightjacket requiring the plaintiff to demonstrate that such similarly situated entities exist” but is just one way to prove intentional discrimination. Id. at 1159.
Impact evidence. In many cases, including many litigated under Arlington Heights, evidence will show that an ostensibly race-neutral practice has had a much more harmful effect on minorities than on non-minorities. Arlington Heights instructs courts and agencies to consider “the impact of the official action” including whether “it bears more heavily on one race than another.” 429 U.S. at 266 (citations and quotations omitted). Accordingly, the discriminatory impact of a facially neutral policy or practice (frequently, but not always, demonstrated through the use of statistics) can be used as part of the evidentiary showing in an intentional discrimination case. See Melendres v. Arpaio, 989 F. Supp. 2d 822, 902 (D. Ariz. 2013) (awarding injunctive relief to Title VI plaintiffs and finding that plaintiffs demonstrated “racially disparate results” and “additional indicia of discriminatory intent”) (citing Feeney, 442 U.S. at 272); see also Arlington Heights, 429 U.S. at 264–66; Comm. Concerning Cmty. Improvement v. City of Modesto, 583 F.3d 690 (9th Cir. 2009) (Title VI and equal protection case finding that statistical evidence was sufficient to create inference of intent where race-neutral precondition to receiving municipal services served to exclude Latino-majority neighborhoods)).
In only rare instances will a showing of disparate impact by itself support a showing of discriminatory intent¾for example, where racially variant results cannot be explained on other grounds, such as in cases of a dramatic mismatch between jury representation and the composition of a surrounding community. Castaneda v. Partida, 430 U.S. 482, 495–96 (1977). In most instances, however, “impact alone is not determinative, and the Court must look to other evidence.” Arlington Heights, 429 U.S. at 266, 267–68 (enumerating factors that indicate evidence of intent) (footnotes omitted).
When attempting to rely on impact evidence in an intent case, the plaintiff must, as an initial matter, precisely identify the “facially neutral policy or practice” at the heart of the discrimination claim. (The Title VI Legal Manual’s disparate impact section discusses this requirement in detail.) In addition, in Arlington Heights, the selection of a similarly situated comparator group is a key feature of cases where plaintiffs proffer impact evidence. By its nature, “disparate impact” evidence involves showing a disparity. Plaintiff must show that the extent of harm the policy or practice causes minorities and non-minorities is different. The level or degree of impact that a plaintiff alleging discriminatory intent must show depends on a variety of factors, including the strength of the impact evidence and the strength of other indicators of intent under Arlington Heights. But, as one court noted, “[i]t would be improper to posit a quantitative threshold above which statistical evidence of disparate racial impact is sufficient as a matter of law to infer discriminatory intent, and below which it is insufficient as a matter of law.” Gay v. Waiters’ & Dairy Lunchmen’s Union, Local No. 30, 694 F.2d 531, 551 (9th Cir. 1982). Because disparate impact is not the only factor in an Arlington Heights case, “showing disproportionate impact, even if not overwhelming impact, suffices to establish one of the circumstances evidencing discriminatory intent.” N. Carolina State Conference of NAACP, 831 F.3d at 231.
In addition, impact evidence most often involves the presentation of statistical evidence. Thomas v. Washington Cty. Sch. Bd., 915 F.2d 922, 926 (4th Cir. 1990). However, statistical evidence, while extremely beneficial, is not a necessity in impact cases. Id. Indeed, a series of “discrete episodes” negatively affecting minorities can raise a plausible inference of discriminatory impact. McCoy v. Canterbury, No. 3:10-0368, 2010 WL 5343298, at *5 (S.D.W. Va. Dec. 20, 2010), aff’d, 428 Fed. App’x 247 (4th Cir. 2011). Accordingly, non-statistical evidence of harm to minorities and non-minorities that is significantly different will be relevant evidence in an Arlington Heights case.
Moreover, statistics alone will seldom prove discriminatory intent. There may be cases where statistics establish “a clear pattern, unexplainable on grounds other than race,” “but such cases are rare.” Arlington Heights, 429 U.S. at 266, No matter how “devastating or reliable” the statistics appear to be, Ward v. Westland Plastics, Inc., 651 F.2d 1266, 1270 (9th Cir. 1980) (percuriam), they must reveal that some “invidiousdiscriminatory purpose” is causing the disparate outcomes. Arlington Heights, 429 U.S. at 266; see also Feeney, 442 U.S. at 279 (plaintiff must show that the rule was promulgated or reaffirmed “‘because of,’ not merely ‘in spite of,’ its adverse impact on” persons in the plaintiff’s class); Horner v. Ky. High Sch. Athletic Ass’n, 43 F.3d 265, 276 (6th Cir. 1994) (citing Feeney). As such, and in most instances, “the question whether the facts proved are sufficient to permit a legal inference of discriminatory intent cannot properly be reduced into a mere battle of statistics.” Gay, 694 F.2d at 552.[12] Absent a “stark” pattern, then, discriminatory intent requires more than discriminatory impact. Arlington Heights, 429 U.S. at 266.
Recipient’s awareness of the impact. Also consistent with the Arlington Heights factors is an inquiry into whether the discriminatory impact of the challenged action was foreseeable:
[A]ctions having foreseeable and anticipated disparate impact are relevant evidence to prove the ultimate fact, forbidden purpose.... [T]he foreseeable effects standard [may be] utilized as one of the several kinds of proofs from which an inference of segregative intent may be properly drawn.... Adherence to a particular policy or practice, with full knowledge of the predictable effects of such adherence ... is one factor among many others which may be considered by a court in determining whether an inference of segregative intent should be drawn.
Columbus Bd. of Educ. v. Penick, 443 U.S. 449, 464–65 (1979); see United States v. Brown, 561 F.3d 420, 433 (5th Cir. 2009). Foreseeability is a common feature of Title VI and equal protection claims, and allegations that properly package foreseeability together with factors such as impact and history of defendant’s actions, have succeeded.[13] See, e.g., N.C. State Conf. of NAACP, 831 F.3d at 223; Dowdell v. City of Apopka, 698 F.2d 1181, 1186 (11th Cir. 1983) (discussing “obviously foreseeable” outcome of the town’s decision to spend nearly all of its revenue-sharing monies on the white community, at the expense of communities of color); United States v. Bannister, 786 F. Supp. 2d 617, 665–66 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) (expressing support for using discriminatory impact, foreseeable consequences, and historical background to demonstrate intent in enacting mandatory minimums for crack cocaine, but determining that court could not find intentional discrimination where Second Circuit already made finding on the specific issue under consideration).
Additional examples of successful outcomes where impact and foreseeable consequences combine with other Arlington Heights factors, such as history of state action, include the following:
Spanish-speaking food stamp beneficiaries alleged that state agencies administering the state food stamp program continued a policy of failing to ensure bilingual services for food stamp applicants who were limited English proficient. The plaintiffs alleged that the defendants continued this policy while knowing that Spanish-speaking applicants and beneficiaries were being harmed as a consequence. The court found that such knowledge was sufficient to state a Title VI claim that the defendants purposefully acted based on national origin, finding that “disparate impact, history of the state action, and foreseeability and knowledge of the discriminatory onus placed upon the complainants” is the type of circumstantial evidence upon which a case of intentional discrimination is often based. Almendares v. Palmer, 284 F. Supp. 2d 799, 806 (N.D. Ohio 2003) (citations omitted)
A facially neutral NCAA rule (Proposition 16) raising the minimum academic requirements for incoming college athletes to qualify for athletic scholarships and compete in college sports applied to all incoming college athletes but had a statistically greater adverse impact on black athletes. The NCAA was aware that the impact of the proposed rule would reduce the number of black athletes qualifying for athletic scholarships, and adopted the rule specifically to promote higher academic standards among black athletes. The court held that plaintiffs had stated a claim of purposeful discrimination under Title VI. Pryor v. NCAA, 288 F.3d 548, 562 (3d Cir. 2002). Pryor directly addressed the Arlington Heights standards for intentional discrimination, concluding that the plaintiffs met the intent test where the NCAA had actual notice and knowledge of the impact on black athletes, and affirmatively considered that impact in reaching its decision to adopt Proposition 16.[14]
Plaintiffs claimed intentional discrimination based partly on the defendant’s knowledge of the impact that placement of a cement grinding facility would have on the minority community, together with allegations regarding historical practices and a specific sequence of events leading to the placement decision. The court found that the plaintiffs “not only showed that the operation of the cement grinding facility would have a disparate impact upon the predominantly minority community … but also that the [defendant] was well-aware of the potential disproportionate and discriminatory burden placed upon that community and failed to take measures to assuage that burden.” The court further determined that the plaintiffs had stated a claim of intentional discrimination under Title VI, sufficient to survive the defendant’s motion to dismiss. The court set forth that “the controlling decisions of the Supreme Court and the Third Circuit make it clear that a case of intentional discrimination is often based upon the type of circumstantial evidence which the … Plaintiffs allege …, namely, disparate impact, history of the state action, and foreseeability and knowledge of the discriminatory onus placed upon the complainants.” S. Camden, 254 F. Supp. at 496–97 (citing Arlington Heights, 429 U.S. at 267; Penick, 443 U.S. at 465 (1979); Pryor, 288 F.3d at 563).[15]
3. The McDonnell-Douglas Framework
Another common way to prove intentional discrimination is to establish that a recipient treated similarly situated individuals differently because of race, color, or national origin.
1) Step 1—The prima facie case
Plaintiff must first prove a prima facie case of discrimination by a preponderance of the evidence. To establish a prima facie case of intentional discrimination under Title VI using the McDonnell-Douglas framework from Title VII, a plaintiff typically shows that he or she is a member of a particular protected group, was eligible for the recipient’s program, activity or service, and was not accepted into that program or otherwise treated in an adverse manner, and that an individual who was similarly situated with respect to qualifications, but was not in the plaintiff’s protected group was given better treatment. See, e.g., Brewer v. Bd. of Trs. of Univ. of Ill., 479 F.3d 908, 921 (7th Cir. 2007) (Title VI case where court found that plaintiff’s case “falls apart because of a failure to locate a similarly situated individual”).[16]
With respect to what constitutes adverse action or “harm,” there are “no bright-line rules,” Wanamaker v. Columbian Rope Co., 108 F.3d 462, 466 (2d Cir. 1997), so courts and agencies must make that determination in each case. As such, whether conduct rises to the level of “adverse action” is a fact-specific inquiry. The harm need not be physical in nature, or even the type of harm that would permit an award of compensatory damages. For example, the Supreme Court has held that intentional racial segregation is a harm in and of itself. See Brown v. Bd. of Educ., 347 U.S. 483 (1954). Similarly, the stigma that intentional discrimination may cause is a cognizable harm. See generally Johnson v. California, 543 U.S. 499, 507 (2005) (“racial classifications ‘threaten to stigmatize individuals by reason of their membership in a racial group’”) (quoting Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630, 643 (1993)). The provision of fewer or inferior services or benefits to a person or class of persons will satisfy the adversity requirement, but adversity can be established even without the loss of specific services or benefits; threatened or imminent harm can satisfy the adverse action requirement.
Moreover, Title VI’s broad nondiscrimination mandate means that investigating agencies generally should take an inclusive approach to determining legally sufficient harms. Title VI’s plain language supports this approach. The statute states that no person shall on the ground of race, color, or national origin “be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000d. Agency regulations further state that recipients may not administer their programs or activities in a manner that “den[ies] any individual any disposition, service, financial aid, or benefit provided under the program,” 28 C.F.R. § 42.104(b)(1)(i) (DOJ) (emphasis added), or “restrict[s] an individual in any way in the enjoyment of any advantage or privilege enjoyed by others receiving any disposition, service, financial aid, or benefit under the program,” Id. § 42.104(b)(1)(iv) (emphasis added). This language is best read to encompass a broad range of “adverse actions” that may be caused by a recipient’s administration of its program.[17]
2) Step 2 – The defendant must articulate a legitimate non-discriminatory reason
If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the burden in court shifts to the defendant to articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the challenged action. EEOC v. Boeing Co., 577 F.3d 1044, 1049 (9th Cir. 2009). The defendant’s explanation of its legitimate reasons must be clear and reasonably specific; not all proffered reasons would be legally sufficient to rebut a prima facie case. See Texas Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 254–55, 258 (1981). For example, in the employment context, a defendant may not merely state that the employment decision was based on the hiring of the “best qualified” applicant, but must provide specifics regarding that applicant’s qualifications, such as seniority, length of service in the same position, personal characteristics, general education, or experience in comparable work, and must demonstrate why that person’s qualifications were considered superior to those of the plaintiff. See Steger v. Gen. Elec. Co., 318 F.3d 1066, 1075–76 (11th Cir. 2003).
3) Step 3 – The plaintiff must demonstrate pretext
If the defendant meets the Step 2 burden, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to demonstrate that the proffered reason is false—that is, that the nondiscriminatory reason(s) the defendant gives for its actions are not the true reasons and are actually a pretext for the exercise of prohibited discriminatory intent. Brooks v. Cty. Comm’n of Jefferson Cty., 446 F.3d 1160, 1162– 63 (11th Cir. 2006) (addressing a Title VII race discrimination claim). A plaintiff can show pretext by pointing to “weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies, or contradictions” in the defendant’s proffered legitimate reasons for its action, such that a reasonable fact finder could rationally find them unworthy of credence. Id. at 1163 (quoting Jackson v. Ala. State Tenure Comm’n, 405 F.3d 1276, 1289 (11th Cir. 2005)); Mickelson v. N.Y. Life Ins. Co., 460 F.3d 1304, 1315 (10th Cir. 2006). Plaintiffs can, for example, present evidence that the defendant’s stated reasons for taking the adverse action were false; the defendant acted contrary to a written policy setting forth the action the defendant should have taken under the circumstances; or the defendant acted contrary to an unwritten policy or practice when making the decision. See Plotke v. White, 405 F.3d 1092, 1102 (10th Cir. 2005). A plaintiff may also show pretext through evidence that the “employer’s proffered non-discriminatory reasons [were] either a post hoc fabrication or otherwise did not actually motivate the employment action ….” Fuentes, 32 F.3d at 764.
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https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/claudia-alta-taylor-lady-bird-johnson/
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Claudia Alta Taylor “Lady Bird” Johnson
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Claudia Alta Taylor “Lady Bird” Johnson served as First Lady of the United States (1963–1969) as the wife of President Lyndon B. Johnson. A shrewd
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The White House
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https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/claudia-alta-taylor-lady-bird-johnson/
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Claudia Alta Taylor “Lady Bird” Johnson served as First Lady of the United States (1963–1969) as the wife of President Lyndon B. Johnson. A shrewd investor and manager, she broke ground for the role by interacting with Congress directly and advocating strongly for beautifying the nation’s cities and highways.
Christened Claudia Alta Taylor when she was born in a country mansion near Karnack, Texas, she received her nickname “Lady Bird” as a small child; and as Lady Bird she was known and loved throughout America. Perhaps that name was prophetic, as there has seldom been a First Lady so attuned to nature and the importance of conserving the environment.
Her mother, Minnie Pattillo Taylor, died when Lady Bird was five, so she was reared by her father, her aunt, and family servants. From her father, Thomas Jefferson Taylor, who had prospered, she learned much about the business world. An excellent student, she also learned to love classical literature. At the University of Texas she earned a bachelor’s degree in arts and in journalism.
In 1934 Lady Bird met Lyndon Baines Johnson, then a Congressional secretary visiting Austin on official business; he promptly asked her for a date, which she accepted. He courted her from Washington with letters, telegrams, and telephone calls. Seven weeks later he was back in Texas; he proposed to her and she accepted. In her own words: “Sometimes Lyndon simply takes your breath away.” They were married in November 1934.
The years that followed were devoted to Lyndon’s political career, with “Bird” as partner, confidante, and helpmate. She helped keep his Congressional office open during World War II when he volunteered for naval service; and in 1955, when he had a severe heart attack, she helped his staff keep things running smoothly until he could return to his post as Majority Leader of the Senate. He once remarked that voters “would happily have elected her over me.”
After repeated miscarriages, she gave birth to Lynda Bird (now Mrs. Charles S. Robb) in 1944; Luci Baines (Mrs. Ian Turpin) was born three years later.
In the election of 1960, Lady Bird successfully stumped for Democratic candidates across 35,000 miles of campaign trail. As wife of the Vice President, she became an ambassador of goodwill by visiting 33 foreign countries. Moving to the White House after Kennedy’s murder, she did her best to ease a painful transition. She soon set her own stamp of Texas hospitality on social events, but these were not her chief concern. She created a First Lady’s Committee for a More Beautiful Capital, then expanded her program to include the entire nation. She took a highly active part in her husband’s war-on-poverty program, especially the Head Start project for preschool children.
When the Presidential term ended, the Johnsons returned to Texas, where he died in 1973. Mrs. Johnson’s White House Diary, published in 1970, and a 1981 documentary film, The First Lady, A Portrait of Lady Bird Johnson, give sensitive and detailed views of her contributions to the President’s Great Society administration.
Lady Bird led a life devoted to her husband’s memory, her children, and seven grandchildren. She supported causes dear to her–notably the National Wildflower Research Center, which she founded in 1982, and The Lyndon Baines Johnson Library. She also served on the Board of the National Geographic Society as a trustee emeritus.
The biographies of the First Ladies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The First Ladies of the United States of America,” by Allida Black. Copyright 2009 by the White House Historical Association.
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https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/more-perfect-union
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Constitution of the United States—A History
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2015-11-04T10:23:59-05:00
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A More Perfect Union: The Creation of the U.S. Constitution Enlarge General George Washington He was unanimously elected president of the Philadelphia convention. May 25, 1787, freshly spread dirt covered the cobblestone street in front of the Pennsylvania State House, protecting the men inside from the sound of passing carriages and carts. Guards stood at the entrances to
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National Archives
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https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/more-perfect-union
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A More Perfect Union: The Creation of the U.S. Constitution
May 25, 1787, freshly spread dirt covered the cobblestone street in front of the Pennsylvania State House, protecting the men inside from the sound of passing carriages and carts. Guards stood at the entrances to ensure that the curious were kept at a distance. Robert Morris of Pennsylvania, the "financier" of the Revolution, opened the proceedings with a nomination--Gen. George Washington for the presidency of the Constitutional Convention. The vote was unanimous. With characteristic ceremonial modesty, the general expressed his embarrassment at his lack of qualifications to preside over such an august body and apologized for any errors into which he might fall in the course of its deliberations.
To many of those assembled, especially to the small, boyish-looking, 36-year-old delegate from Virginia, James Madison, the general's mere presence boded well for the convention, for the illustrious Washington gave to the gathering an air of importance and legitimacy But his decision to attend the convention had been an agonizing one. The Father of the Country had almost remained at home.
Suffering from rheumatism, despondent over the loss of a brother, absorbed in the management of Mount Vernon, and doubting that the convention would accomplish very much or that many men of stature would attend, Washington delayed accepting the invitation to attend for several months. Torn between the hazards of lending his reputation to a gathering perhaps doomed to failure and the chance that the public would view his reluctance to attend with a critical eye, the general finally agreed to make the trip. James Madison was pleased.
The Articles of Confederation
The determined Madison had for several years insatiably studied history and political theory searching for a solution to the political and economic dilemmas he saw plaguing America. The Virginian's labors convinced him of the futility and weakness of confederacies of independent states. America's own government under the Articles of Confederation, Madison was convinced, had to be replaced. In force since 1781, established as a "league of friendship" and a constitution for the 13 sovereign and independent states after the Revolution, the articles seemed to Madison woefully inadequate. With the states retaining considerable power, the central government, he believed, had insufficient power to regulate commerce. It could not tax and was generally impotent in setting commercial policy it could not effectively support a war effort. It had little power to settle quarrels between states. Saddled with this weak government, the states were on the brink of economic disaster. The evidence was overwhelming. Congress was attempting to function with a depleted treasury; paper money was flooding the country, creating extraordinary inflation--a pound of tea in some areas could be purchased for a tidy $100; and the depressed condition of business was taking its toll on many small farmers. Some of them were being thrown in jail for debt, and numerous farms were being confiscated and sold for taxes.
In 1786 some of the farmers had fought back. Led by Daniel Shays, a former captain in the Continental army, a group of armed men, sporting evergreen twigs in their hats, prevented the circuit court from sitting at Northampton, MA, and threatened to seize muskets stored in the arsenal at Springfield. Although the insurrection was put down by state troops, the incident confirmed the fears of many wealthy men that anarchy was just around the corner. Embellished day after day in the press, the uprising made upper-class Americans shudder as they imagined hordes of vicious outlaws descending upon innocent citizens. From his idyllic Mount Vernon setting, Washington wrote to Madison: "Wisdom and good examples are necessary at this time to rescue the political machine from the impending storm."
Madison thought he had the answer. He wanted a strong central government to provide order and stability. "Let it be tried then," he wrote, "whether any middle ground can be taken which will at once support a due supremacy of the national authority," while maintaining state power only when "subordinately useful." The resolute Virginian looked to the Constitutional Convention to forge a new government in this mold.
The convention had its specific origins in a proposal offered by Madison and John Tyler in the Virginia assembly that the Continental Congress be given power to regulate commerce throughout the Confederation. Through their efforts in the assembly a plan was devised inviting the several states to attend a convention at Annapolis, MD, in September 1786 to discuss commercial problems. Madison and a young lawyer from New York named Alexander Hamilton issued a report on the meeting in Annapolis, calling upon Congress to summon delegates of all of the states to meet for the purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation. Although the report was widely viewed as a usurpation of congressional authority, the Congress did issue a formal call to the states for a convention. To Madison it represented the supreme chance to reverse the country's trend. And as the delegations gathered in Philadelphia, its importance was not lost to others. The squire of Gunston Hall, George Mason, wrote to his son, "The Eyes of the United States are turned upon this Assembly and their Expectations raised to a very anxious Degree. May God Grant that we may be able to gratify them, by establishing a wise and just Government."
The Delegates
Seventy-four delegates were appointed to the convention, of which 55 actually attended sessions. Rhode Island was the only state that refused to send delegates. Dominated by men wedded to paper currency, low taxes, and popular government, Rhode Island's leaders refused to participate in what they saw as a conspiracy to overthrow the established government. Other Americans also had their suspicions. Patrick Henry, of the flowing red Glasgow cloak and the magnetic oratory, refused to attend, declaring he "smelt a rat." He suspected, correctly, that Madison had in mind the creation of a powerful central government and the subversion of the authority of the state legislatures. Henry along with many other political leaders, believed that the state governments offered the chief protection for personal liberties. He was determined not to lend a hand to any proceeding that seemed to pose a threat to that protection.
With Henry absent, with such towering figures as Jefferson and Adams abroad on foreign missions, and with John Jay in New York at the Foreign Office, the convention was without some of the country's major political leaders. It was, nevertheless, an impressive assemblage. In addition to Madison and Washington, there were Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania--crippled by gout, the 81-year-old Franklin was a man of many dimensions printer, storekeeper, publisher, scientist, public official, philosopher, diplomat, and ladies' man; James Wilson of Pennsylvania--a distinguished lawyer with a penchant for ill-advised land-jobbing schemes, which would force him late in life to flee from state to state avoiding prosecution for debt, the Scotsman brought a profound mind steeped in constitutional theory and law; Alexander Hamilton of New York--a brilliant, ambitious former aide-de-camp and secretary to Washington during the Revolution who had, after his marriage into the Schuyler family of New York, become a powerful political figure; George Mason of Virginia--the author of the Virginia Bill of Rights whom Jefferson later called "the Cato of his country without the avarice of the Roman"; John Dickinson of Delaware--the quiet, reserved author of the "Farmers' Letters" and chairman of the congressional committee that framed the articles; and Gouverneur Morris of Pennsylvania-- well versed in French literature and language, with a flair and bravado to match his keen intellect, who had helped draft the New York State Constitution and had worked with Robert Morris in the Finance Office.
There were others who played major roles - Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut; Edmund Randolph of Virginia; William Paterson of New Jersey; John Rutledge of South Carolina; Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts; Roger Sherman of Connecticut; Luther Martin of Maryland; and the Pinckneys, Charles and Charles Cotesworth, of South Carolina. Franklin was the oldest member and Jonathan Dayton, the 27-year-old delegate from New Jersey was the youngest. The average age was 42. Most of the delegates had studied law, had served in colonial or state legislatures, or had been in the Congress. Well versed in philosophical theories of government advanced by such philosophers as James Harrington, John Locke, and Montesquieu, profiting from experience gained in state politics, the delegates composed an exceptional body, one that left a remarkably learned record of debate. Fortunately we have a relatively complete record of the proceedings, thanks to the indefatigable James Madison. Day after day, the Virginian sat in front of the presiding officer, compiling notes of the debates, not missing a single day or a single major speech. He later remarked that his self-confinement in the hall, which was often oppressively hot in the Philadelphia summer, almost killed him.
The sessions of the convention were held in secret--no reporters or visitors were permitted. Although many of the naturally loquacious members were prodded in the pubs and on the streets, most remained surprisingly discreet. To those suspicious of the convention, the curtain of secrecy only served to confirm their anxieties. Luther Martin of Maryland later charged that the conspiracy in Philadelphia needed a quiet breeding ground. Thomas Jefferson wrote John Adams from Paris, "I am sorry they began their deliberations by so abominable a precedent as that of tying up the tongues of their members."
The Virginia Plan
On Tuesday morning, May 29, Edmund Randolph, the tall, 34-year- old governor of Virginia, opened the debate with a long speech decrying the evils that had befallen the country under the Articles of Confederation and stressing the need for creating a strong national government. Randolph then outlined a broad plan that he and his Virginia compatriots had, through long sessions at the Indian Queen tavern, put together in the days preceding the convention. James Madison had such a plan on his mind for years. The proposed government had three branches--legislative, executive, and judicial--each branch structured to check the other. Highly centralized, the government would have veto power over laws enacted by state legislatures. The plan, Randolph confessed, "meant a strong consolidated union in which the idea of states should be nearly annihilated." This was, indeed, the rat so offensive to Patrick Henry.
The introduction of the so-called Virginia Plan at the beginning of the convention was a tactical coup. The Virginians had forced the debate into their own frame of reference and in their own terms.
For 10 days the members of the convention discussed the sweeping and, to many delegates, startling Virginia resolutions. The critical issue, described succinctly by Gouverneur Morris on May 30, was the distinction between a federation and a national government, the "former being a mere compact resting on the good faith of the parties; the latter having a compleat and compulsive operation." Morris favored the latter, a "supreme power" capable of exercising necessary authority not merely a shadow government, fragmented and hopelessly ineffective.
The New Jersey Plan
This nationalist position revolted many delegates who cringed at the vision of a central government swallowing state sovereignty. On June 13 delegates from smaller states rallied around proposals offered by New Jersey delegate William Paterson. Railing against efforts to throw the states into "hotchpot," Paterson proposed a "union of the States merely federal." The "New Jersey resolutions" called only for a revision of the articles to enable the Congress more easily to raise revenues and regulate commerce. It also provided that acts of Congress and ratified treaties be "the supreme law of the States."
For 3 days the convention debated Paterson's plan, finally voting for rejection. With the defeat of the New Jersey resolutions, the convention was moving toward creation of a new government, much to the dismay of many small-state delegates. The nationalists, led by Madison, appeared to have the proceedings in their grip. In addition, they were able to persuade the members that any new constitution should be ratified through conventions of the people and not by the Congress and the state legislatures- -another tactical coup. Madison and his allies believed that the constitution they had in mind would likely be scuttled in the legislatures, where many state political leaders stood to lose power. The nationalists wanted to bring the issue before "the people," where ratification was more likely.
Hamilton's Plan
On June 18 Alexander Hamilton presented his own ideal plan of government. Erudite and polished, the speech, nevertheless, failed to win a following. It went too far. Calling the British government "the best in the world," Hamilton proposed a model strikingly similar an executive to serve during good behavior or life with veto power over all laws; a senate with members serving during good behavior; the legislature to have power to pass "all laws whatsoever." Hamilton later wrote to Washington that the people were now willing to accept "something not very remote from that which they have lately quitted." What the people had "lately quitted," of course, was monarchy. Some members of the convention fully expected the country to turn in this direction. Hugh Williamson of North Carolina, a wealthy physician, declared that it was "pretty certain . . . that we should at some time or other have a king." Newspaper accounts appeared in the summer of 1787 alleging that a plot was under way to invite the second son of George III, Frederick, Duke of York, the secular bishop of Osnaburgh in Prussia, to become "king of the United States."
Alexander Hamilton on June 18 called the British government "the best in the world" and proposed a model strikingly similar. The erudite New Yorker, however, later became one of the most ardent spokesmen for the new Constitution.
Strongly militating against any serious attempt to establish monarchy was the enmity so prevalent in the revolutionary period toward royalty and the privileged classes. Some state constitutions had even prohibited titles of nobility. In the same year as the Philadelphia convention, Royall Tyler, a revolutionary war veteran, in his play The Contract, gave his own jaundiced view of the upper classes:
Exult each patriot heart! this night is shewn
A piece, which we may fairly call our own;
Where the proud titles of "My Lord!" "Your Grace!"
To humble Mr. and plain Sir give place.
Most delegates were well aware that there were too many Royall Tylers in the country, with too many memories of British rule and too many ties to a recent bloody war, to accept a king. As the debate moved into the specifics of the new government, Alexander Hamilton and others of his persuasion would have to accept something less.
By the end of June, debate between the large and small states over the issue of representation in the first chamber of the legislature was becoming increasingly acrimonious. Delegates from Virginia and other large states demanded that voting in Congress be according to population; representatives of smaller states insisted upon the equality they had enjoyed under the articles. With the oratory degenerating into threats and accusations, Benjamin Franklin appealed for daily prayers. Dressed in his customary gray homespun, the aged philosopher pleaded that "the Father of lights . . . illuminate our understandings." Franklin's appeal for prayers was never fulfilled; the convention, as Hugh Williamson noted, had no funds to pay a preacher.
On June 29 the delegates from the small states lost the first battle. The convention approved a resolution establishing population as the basis for representation in the House of Representatives, thus favoring the larger states. On a subsequent small-state proposal that the states have equal representation in the Senate, the vote resulted in a tie. With large-state delegates unwilling to compromise on this issue, one member thought that the convention "was on the verge of dissolution, scarce held together by the strength of an hair."
By July 10 George Washington was so frustrated over the deadlock that he bemoaned "having had any agency" in the proceedings and called the opponents of a strong central government "narrow minded politicians . . . under the influence of local views." Luther Martin of Maryland, perhaps one whom Washington saw as "narrow minded," thought otherwise. A tiger in debate, not content merely to parry an opponent's argument but determined to bludgeon it into eternal rest, Martin had become perhaps the small states' most effective, if irascible, orator. The Marylander leaped eagerly into the battle on the representation issue declaring, "The States have a right to an equality of representation. This is secured to us by our present articles of confederation; we are in possession of this privilege."
The Great Compromise
Also crowding into this complicated and divisive discussion over representation was the North-South division over the method by which slaves were to be counted for purposes of taxation and representation. On July 12 Oliver Ellsworth proposed that representation for the lower house be based on the number of free persons and three-fifths of "all other persons," a euphemism for slaves. In the following week the members finally compromised, agreeing that direct taxation be according to representation and that the representation of the lower house be based on the white inhabitants and three-fifths of the "other people." With this compromise and with the growing realization that such compromise was necessary to avoid a complete breakdown of the convention, the members then approved Senate equality. Roger Sherman had remarked that it was the wish of the delegates "that some general government should be established." With the crisis over representation now settled, it began to look again as if this wish might be fulfilled.
For the next few days the air in the City of Brotherly Love, although insufferably muggy and swarming with blue-bottle flies, had the clean scent of conciliation. In this period of welcome calm, the members decided to appoint a Committee of Detail to draw up a draft constitution. The convention would now at last have something on paper. As Nathaniel Gorham of Massachusetts, John Rutledge, Edmund Randolph, James Wilson, and Oliver Ellsworth went to work, the other delegates voted themselves a much needed 10-day vacation.
During the adjournment, Gouverneur Morris and George Washington rode out along a creek that ran through land that had been part of the Valley Forge encampment 10 years earlier. While Morris cast for trout, Washington pensively looked over the now lush ground where his freezing troops had suffered, at a time when it had seemed as if the American Revolution had reached its end. The country had come a long way.
The First Draft
On Monday August 6, 1787, the convention accepted the first draft of the Constitution. Here was the article-by-article model from which the final document would result some 5 weeks later. As the members began to consider the various sections, the willingness to compromise of the previous days quickly evaporated. The most serious controversy erupted over the question of regulation of commerce. The southern states, exporters of raw materials, rice, indigo, and tobacco, were fearful that a New England-dominated Congress might, through export taxes, severely damage the South's economic life. C. C. Pinckney declared that if Congress had the power to regulate trade, the southern states would be "nothing more than overseers for the Northern States."
On August 21 the debate over the issue of commerce became very closely linked to another explosive issue--slavery. When Martin of Maryland proposed a tax on slave importation, the convention was thrust into a strident discussion of the institution of slavery and its moral and economic relationship to the new government. Rutledge of South Carolina, asserting that slavery had nothing at all to do with morality, declared, "Interest alone is the governing principle with nations." Sherman of Connecticut was for dropping the tender issue altogether before it jeopardized the convention. Mason of Virginia expressed concern over unlimited importation of slaves but later indicated that he also favored federal protection of slave property already held. This nagging issue of possible federal intervention in slave traffic, which Sherman and others feared could irrevocably split northern and southern delegates, was settled by, in Mason's words, "a bargain." Mason later wrote that delegates from South Carolina and Georgia, who most feared federal meddling in the slave trade, made a deal with delegates from the New England states. In exchange for the New Englanders' support for continuing slave importation for 20 years, the southerners accepted a clause that required only a simple majority vote on navigation laws, a crippling blow to southern economic interests.
The bargain was also a crippling blow to those working to abolish slavery. Congregationalist minister and abolitionist Samuel Hopkins of Connecticut charged that the convention had sold out: "How does it appear . . . that these States, who have been fighting for liberty and consider themselves as the highest and most noble example of zeal for it, cannot agree in any political Constitution, unless it indulge and authorize them to enslave their fellow men . . . Ah! these unclean spirits, like frogs, they, like the Furies of the poets are spreading discord, and exciting men to contention and war." Hopkins considered the Constitution a document fit for the flames.
On August 31 a weary George Mason, who had 3 months earlier written so expectantly to his son about the "great Business now before us," bitterly exclaimed that he "would sooner chop off his right hand than put it to the Constitution as it now stands." Mason despaired that the convention was rushing to saddle the country with an ill-advised, potentially ruinous central authority. He was concerned that a "bill of rights," ensuring individual liberties, had not been made part of the Constitution. Mason called for a new convention to reconsider the whole question of the formation of a new government. Although Mason's motion was overwhelmingly voted down, opponents of the Constitution did not abandon the idea of a new convention. It was futilely suggested again and again for over 2 years.
One of the last major unresolved problems was the method of electing the executive. A number of proposals, including direct election by the people, by state legislatures, by state governors, and by the national legislature, were considered. The result was the electoral college, a master stroke of compromise, quaint and curious but politically expedient. The large states got proportional strength in the number of delegates, the state legislatures got the right of selecting delegates, and the House the right to choose the president in the event no candidate received a majority of electoral votes. Mason later predicted that the House would probably choose the president 19 times out of 20.
In the early days of September, with the exhausted delegates anxious to return home, compromise came easily. On September 8 the convention was ready to turn the Constitution over to a Committee of Style and Arrangement. Gouverneur Morris was the chief architect. Years later he wrote to Timothy Pickering: "That Instrument was written by the Fingers which wrote this letter." The Constitution was presented to the convention on September 12, and the delegates methodically began to consider each section. Although close votes followed on several articles, it was clear that the grueling work of the convention in the historic summer of 1787 was reaching its end.
Before the final vote on the Constitution on September 15, Edmund Randolph proposed that amendments be made by the state conventions and then turned over to another general convention for consideration. He was joined by George Mason and Elbridge Gerry. The three lonely allies were soundly rebuffed. Late in the afternoon the roll of the states was called on the Constitution, and from every delegation the word was "Aye."
On September 17 the members met for the last time, and the venerable Franklin had written a speech that was delivered by his colleague James Wilson. Appealing for unity behind the Constitution, Franklin declared, "I think it will astonish our enemies, who are waiting with confidence to hear that our councils are confounded like those of the builders of Babel; and that our States are on the point of separation, only to meet hereafter for the purpose of cutting one another's throats." With Mason, Gerry, and Randolph withstanding appeals to attach their signatures, the other delegates in the hall formally signed the Constitution, and the convention adjourned at 4 o'clock in the afternoon.
Weary from weeks of intense pressure but generally satisfied with their work, the delegates shared a farewell dinner at City Tavern. Two blocks away on Market Street, printers John Dunlap and David Claypoole worked into the night on the final imprint of the six-page Constitution, copies of which would leave Philadelphia on the morning stage. The debate over the nation's form of government was now set for the larger arena.
As the members of the convention returned home in the following days, Alexander Hamilton privately assessed the chances of the Constitution for ratification. In its favor were the support of Washington, commercial interests, men of property, creditors, and the belief among many Americans that the Articles of Confederation were inadequate. Against it were the opposition of a few influential men in the convention and state politicians fearful of losing power, the general revulsion against taxation, the suspicion that a centralized government would be insensitive to local interests, and the fear among debtors that a new government would "restrain the means of cheating Creditors."
The Federalists and the Anti-Federalists
Because of its size, wealth, and influence and because it was the first state to call a ratifying convention, Pennsylvania was the focus of national attention. The positions of the Federalists, those who supported the Constitution, and the anti-Federalists, those who opposed it, were printed and reprinted by scores of newspapers across the country. And passions in the state were most warm. When the Federalist-dominated Pennsylvania assembly lacked a quorum on September 29 to call a state ratifying convention, a Philadelphia mob, in order to provide the necessary numbers, dragged two anti-Federalist members from their lodgings through the streets to the State House where the bedraggled representatives were forced to stay while the assembly voted. It was a curious example of participatory democracy.
On October 5 anti-Federalist Samuel Bryan published the first of his "Centinel" essays in Philadelphia's Independent Gazetteer. Republished in newspapers in various states, the essays assailed the sweeping power of the central government, the usurpation of state sovereignty, and the absence of a bill of rights guaranteeing individual liberties such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion. "The United States are to be melted down," Bryan declared, into a despotic empire dominated by "well-born" aristocrats. Bryan was echoing the fear of many anti-Federalists that the new government would become one controlled by the wealthy established families and the culturally refined. The common working people, Bryan believed, were in danger of being subjugated to the will of an all-powerful authority remote and inaccessible to the people. It was this kind of authority, he believed, that Americans had fought a war against only a few years earlier.
The next day James Wilson, delivering a stirring defense of the Constitution to a large crowd gathered in the yard of the State House, praised the new government as the best "which has ever been offered to the world." The Scotsman's view prevailed. Led by Wilson, Federalists dominated in the Pennsylvania convention, carrying the vote on December 12 by a healthy 46 to 23.
The vote for ratification in Pennsylvania did not end the rancor and bitterness. Franklin declared that scurrilous articles in the press were giving the impression that Pennsylvania was "peopled by a set of the most unprincipled, wicked, rascally and quarrelsome scoundrels upon the face of the globe." And in Carlisle, on December 26, anti-Federalist rioters broke up a Federalist celebration and hung Wilson and the Federalist chief justice of Pennsylvania, Thomas McKean, in effigy; put the torch to a copy of the Constitution; and busted a few Federalist heads.
In New York the Constitution was under siege in the press by a series of essays signed "Cato." Mounting a counterattack, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay enlisted help from Madison and, in late 1787, they published the first of a series of essays now known as the Federalist Papers. The 85 essays, most of which were penned by Hamilton himself, probed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and the need for an energetic national government. Thomas Jefferson later called the Federalist Papers the "best commentary on the principles of government ever written."
Against this kind of Federalist leadership and determination, the opposition in most states was disorganized and generally inert. The leading spokesmen were largely state-centered men with regional and local interests and loyalties. Madison wrote of the Massachusetts anti-Federalists, "There was not a single character capable of uniting their wills or directing their measures. . . . They had no plan whatever." The anti-Federalists attacked wildly on several fronts: the lack of a bill of rights, discrimination against southern states in navigation legislation, direct taxation, the loss of state sovereignty. Many charged that the Constitution represented the work of aristocratic politicians bent on protecting their own class interests. At the Massachusetts convention one delegate declared, "These lawyers, and men of learning and moneyed men, that . . . make us poor illiterate people swallow down the pill . . . they will swallow up all us little folks like the great Leviathan; yes, just as the whale swallowed up Jonah!" Some newspaper articles, presumably written by anti-Federalists, resorted to fanciful predictions of the horrors that might emerge under the new Constitution pagans and deists could control the government; the use of Inquisition-like torture could be instituted as punishment for federal crimes; even the pope could be elected president.
One anti-Federalist argument gave opponents some genuine difficulty--the claim that the territory of the 13 states was too extensive for a representative government. In a republic embracing a large area, anti-Federalists argued, government would be impersonal, unrepresentative, dominated by men of wealth, and oppressive of the poor and working classes. Had not the illustrious Montesquieu himself ridiculed the notion that an extensive territory composed of varying climates and people, could be a single republican state? James Madison, always ready with the Federalist volley, turned the argument completely around and insisted that the vastness of the country would itself be a strong argument in favor of a republic. Claiming that a large republic would counterbalance various political interest groups vying for power, Madison wrote, "The smaller the society the fewer probably will be the distinct parties and interests composing it; the fewer the distinct parties and interests, the more frequently will a majority be found of the same party and the more easily will they concert and execute their plans of oppression." Extend the size of the republic, Madison argued, and the country would be less vulnerable to separate factions within it.
Ratification
By January 9, 1788, five states of the nine necessary for ratification had approved the Constitution--Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecticut. But the eventual outcome remained uncertain in pivotal states such as Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia. On February 6, withFederalists agreeing to recommend a list of amendments amounting to a bill of rights, Massachusetts ratified by a vote of 187 to 168. The revolutionary leader, John Hancock, elected to preside over the Massachusetts ratifying convention but unable to make up his mind on the Constitution, took to his bed with a convenient case of gout. Later seduced by the Federalists with visions of the vice presidency and possibly the presidency, Hancock, whom Madison noted as "an idolater of popularity," suddenly experienced a miraculous cure and delivered a critical block of votes. Although Massachusetts was now safely in the Federalist column, the recommendation of a bill of rights was a significant victory for the anti-Federalists. Six of the remaining states later appended similar recommendations.
When the New Hampshire convention was adjourned by Federalists who sensed imminent defeat and when Rhode Island on March 24 turned down the Constitution in a popular referendum by an overwhelming vote of 10 to 1, Federalist leaders were apprehensive. Looking ahead to the Maryland convention, Madison wrote to Washington, "The difference between even a postponement and adoption in Maryland may . . . possibly give a fatal advantage to that which opposes the constitution." Madison had little reason to worry. The final vote on April 28 63 for, 11 against. In Baltimore, a huge parade celebrating the Federalist victory rolled through the downtown streets, highlighted by a 15-foot float called "Ship Federalist." The symbolically seaworthy craft was later launched in the waters off Baltimore and sailed down the Potomac to Mount Vernon.
On July 2, 1788, the Confederation Congress, meeting in New York, received word that a reconvened New Hampshire ratifying convention had approved the Constitution. With South Carolina's acceptance of the Constitution in May, New Hampshire thus became the ninth state to ratify. The Congress appointed a committee "for putting the said Constitution into operation."
In the next 2 months, thanks largely to the efforts of Madison and Hamilton in their own states, Virginia and New York both ratified while adding their own amendments. The margin for the Federalists in both states, however, was extremely close. Hamilton figured that the majority of the people in New York actually opposed the Constitution, and it is probable that a majority of people in the entire country opposed it. Only the promise of amendments had ensured a Federalist victory.
The Bill of Rights
The call for a bill of rights had been the anti-Federalists' most powerful weapon. Attacking the proposed Constitution for its vagueness and lack of specific protection against tyranny, Patrick Henry asked the Virginia convention, "What can avail your specious, imaginary balances, your rope-dancing, chain-rattling, ridiculous ideal checks and contrivances." The anti-Federalists, demanding a more concise, unequivocal Constitution, one that laid out for all to see the right of the people and limitations of the power of government, claimed that the brevity of the document only revealed its inferior nature. Richard Henry Lee despaired at the lack of provisions to protect "those essential rights of mankind without which liberty cannot exist." Trading the old government for the new without such a bill of rights, Lee argued, would be trading Scylla for Charybdis.
A bill of rights had been barely mentioned in the Philadelphia convention, most delegates holding that the fundamental rights of individuals had been secured in the state constitutions. James Wilson maintained that a bill of rights was superfluous because all power not expressly delegated to thenew government was reserved to the people. It was clear, however, that in this argument the anti-Federalists held the upper hand. Even Thomas Jefferson, generally in favor of the new government, wrote to Madison that a bill of rights was "what the people are entitled to against every government on earth."
By the fall of 1788 Madison had been convinced that not only was a bill of rights necessary to ensure acceptance of the Constitution but that it would have positive effects. He wrote, on October 17, that such "fundamental maxims of free Government" would be "a good ground for an appeal to the sense of community" against potential oppression and would "counteract the impulses of interest and passion."
Madison's support of the bill of rights was of critical significance. One of the new representatives from Virginia to the First Federal Congress, as established by the new Constitution, he worked tirelessly to persuade the House to enact amendments. Defusing the anti-Federalists' objections to the Constitution, Madison was able to shepherd through 17 amendments in the early months of the Congress, a list that was later trimmed to 12 in the Senate. On October 2, 1789, President Washington sent to each of the states a copy of the 12 amendments adopted by the Congress in September. By December 15, 1791, three-fourths of the states had ratified the 10 amendments now so familiar to Americans as the "Bill of Rights."
Benjamin Franklin told a French correspondent in 1788 that the formation of the new government had been like a game of dice, with many players of diverse prejudices and interests unable to make any uncontested moves. Madison wrote to Jefferson that the welding of these clashing interests was "a task more difficult than can be well conceived by those who were not concerned in the execution of it." When the delegates left Philadelphia after the convention, few, if any, were convinced that the Constitution they had approved outlined the ideal form of government for the country. But late in his life James Madison scrawled out another letter, one never addressed. In it he declared that no government can be perfect, and "that which is the least imperfect is therefore the best government."
The Document Enshrined
The fate of the United States Constitution after its signing on September 17, 1787, can be contrasted sharply to the travels and physical abuse of America's other great parchment, the Declaration of Independence. As the Continental Congress, during the years of the revolutionary war, scurried from town to town, the rolled-up Declaration was carried along. After the formation of the new government under the Constitution, the one-page Declaration, eminently suited for display purposes, graced the walls of various government buildings in Washington, exposing it to prolonged damaging sunlight. It was also subjected to the work of early calligraphers responding to a demand for reproductions of the revered document. As any visitor to the National Archives can readily observe, the early treatment of the now barely legible Declaration took a disastrous toll. The Constitution, in excellent physical condition after more than 200 years, has enjoyed a more serene existence. By 1796 the Constitution was in the custody of the Department of State along with the Declaration and traveled with the federal government from New York to Philadelphia to Washington. Both documents were secretly moved to Leesburg, VA, before the imminent attack by the British on Washington in 1814. Following the war, the Constitution remained in the State Department while the Declaration continued its travels--to the Patent Office Building from 1841 to 1876, to Independence Hall in Philadelphia during the Centennial celebration, and back to Washington in 1877. On September 29, 1921, President Warren Harding issued an Executive order transferring the Constitution and the Declaration to the Library of Congress for preservation and exhibition. The next day Librarian of Congress Herbert Putnam, acting on authority of Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, carried the Constitution and the Declaration in a Model-T Ford truck to the library and placed them in his office safe until an appropriate exhibit area could be constructed. The documents were officially put on display at a ceremony in the library on February 28, 1924. On February 20, 1933, at the laying of the cornerstone of the future National Archives Building, President Herbert Hoover remarked, "There will be aggregated here the most sacred documents of our history--the originals of the Declaration of Independence and of the Constitution of the United States." The two documents however, were not immediately transferred to the Archives. During World War II both were moved from the library to Fort Knox for protection and returned to the library in 1944. It was not until successful negotiations were completed between Librarian of Congress Luther Evans and Archivist of the United States Wayne Grover that the transfer to the National Archives was finally accomplished by special direction of the Joint Congressional Committee on the Library.
On December 13, 1952, the Constitution and the Declaration were placed in helium-filled cases, enclosed in wooden crates, laid on mattresses in an armored Marine Corps personnel carrier, and escorted by ceremonial troops, two tanks, and four servicemen carrying submachine guns down Pennsylvania and Constitution avenues to the National Archives. Two days later, President Harry Truman declared at a formal ceremony in the Archives Exhibition Hall.
"We are engaged here today in a symbolic act. We are enshrining these documents for future ages. This magnificent hall has been constructed to exhibit them, and the vault beneath, that we have built to protect them, is as safe from destruction as anything that the wit of modern man can devise. All this is an honorable effort, based upon reverence for the great past, and our generation can take just pride in it."
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Throughout history, some of the most influential women have been writers, poets, and essayists; breaking social barriers, challenging the status quo, and questioning the rules through the art of their writing. Their literary contributions have not only enriched cultural landscapes but also sparked important conversations about gender, identity, and societal norms. At Oxford Summer Courses, where we offer writing courses led by expert tutors, we delve into the lives and works of these pioneering female authors, exploring their profound impact on literature and beyond.
Where are Oxford Summer Courses Hosted?
For ages 9-12, our junior summer courses are hosted at renowned boarding schools including Harrow School, Eton College, and St. John's Beaumont. For ages 13-24, our summer courses are hosted in Cambridge and Oxford University colleges. Apply now to secure your spot in one of our prestigious summer courses.
From the pioneering voices of the late 18th and early 19th Century through to modern day feminist contemporaries in the literary sphere, women have long shaped the landscape of literature, of cultures around the world, and of history with their ingenious creative writing talents.
Here is just a small selection of the most pioneering female writers in history.
1. Jane Austen (1775 - 1817)
Jane Austen was one of the earliest female writers to produce works that critiqued and commented on the British landed gentry, Austen was a writer who focused on plots which explored the dependence of women on marriage, or women who were in the pursuit of economic security.
As such, many of Austen’s works were published anonymously, meaning that she enjoyed little fame during her life. It was after her death that she gained far more status as a writer, with her six full-length novels rarely having been out of print. There have also been several film adaptations of her works, with a number of critical essays and anthologies accompanying them.
Some of Jane Austen’s famous works:
Sense and Sensibility (1811) - First published anonymously by ‘A Lady,’ it tells the story of the Dashwood sisters, Elinor and Marianne as they come of age and are forced to move with their widowed mother from the estate on which they grew up.
Pride and Prejudice (1813) - A novel following the character Elizabeth Bennet, who learns about the repercussions of hasty decision-making and the difference between superficial goodness and actual goodness.
Emma (1815) - A comedy of manners, depicting the concerns of genteel women living in Georgian-Regency England, focusing on issues of marriage, sex, age and social status.
2. Mary Shelley (1797 - 1851)
Second on our list of famous female writers in history is famous Gothic fiction writer, Mary Shelley. Recognised as one of the early creators of science fiction, she was also a prominent editor, working mainly on the works of her husband, the Romantic poet and philosopher, Robert Bysshe Shelley.
Born to political philosopher William Godwin and feminist activist, Mary Wollstonecraft, Shelley was raised solely by her father after her mother’s premature death. Having been provided a rich yet informal education, with her father promoting a lifestyle of anarchism, Shelley married early and pursued a life predominantly dedicated to promoting her husband’s works but also towards writing fiction.
Some of Mary Shelley’s famous works:
Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818) - Written when Shelley was just 18 years old, the story follows young scientist Victor Frankenstein who accidentally creates a sapient creature during an unorthodox experiment.
Valperga (1823) - A historical novel set amongst the wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines which retells the adventures of Castruccio Castracani - a real historical figure who became the Lord of Lucca and conquered Florence, Italy.
Rambles in Germany and Italy (1844) - A travel narrative published in two volumes that describes two European trips Shelley took with her son, Percy, and several of his university friends.
3. Emily Brontë (1818 - 1848)
Emily Brontë was another famous female writer of the Victorian era who is best known for her only novel, Wuthering Heights (which also features on our list of classic books to read for students!)
Publishing her work under the pen name, Ellis Bell, Brontë was also a prolific poet, with her writing at the time and still today regarded as ‘genius.’ Her most famous collection of works, Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell, was a collection of pieces published with her sisters Charlotte and Anne under their pseudo-names.
Emily Brontë’s famous works
Poems by Currer Ellis, and Acton Bell (1846) - A volume of poetry published jointly by the three Brontë sisters, Charlotte, Emily and Anne. It was their first work to ever go to print.
Wuthering Heights (1847) - A prime influence of Romantic and Gothic fiction which concerns two families of the landed gentry living on the West Yorkshire moors - the Earnshaws and the Lintons - the book follows their turbulent relationships with Earnshaw’s adopted son, Heathcliff.
4. Charlotte Brontë (1816 - 1855)
Charlotte Brontë, sister to Emily, is best known for her novels, including Jane Eyre (1847). Although her first novel, The Professor, was initially rejected by publishers, it was her second novel, Jane Eyre which was well-received by critics and has gone on to become a capsule piece in the history of British literature.
Charlotte Brontë’s famous works
Jane Eyre (1847) - This coming-of-age novel follows the journey of its eponymous heroine, including her love for Mr Rochester and his home at Thornfield Hall.
Shirley (1849) - Set in Yorkshire during the industrial depression of the early 19th Century, the story follows characters during the Luddite uprisings in the Yorkshire textile industry.
Villette (1853) - Follows the protagonist, Lucy Snowe, as she flees a family disaster and travels to the fictional city of Villette in France to teach at a girls’ school, where she’s drawn into adventure and romance.
5. Louisa May Alcott (1832 - 1888)
American novelist, short story writer and poet, Louisa May Alcott, may be best known as the author of Little Women, but has made a much larger literary contribution than you may have first thought.
Raised in New England by her parents and Abigail and Amos, Alcott was one of four daughters in the family. Just like the four sisters in her famous novel do, Alcott worked hard to support her family’s struggling financial situation, using writing as an outlet when she had the time.
Published in 1868, Little Women was her first major literary success, after having written for the Atlantic Monthly from 1860. In the early 1860s, she also published a number of lurid short stories for adults under her pen name, A. M. Barnard, in an attempt to break onto the literary scene.
Once a popular household name with her debut novel, Alcott became an active member of various abolitionist and feminist reform movements, including working towards women’s suffrage, which she continued to support throughout her life until her passing in 1888.
Louisa May Alcott’s famous works:
Moods (1864) - Alcott’s first novel which tells the story of passionate tomboy, Sylvia Yule, who embarks on a camping trip with her brother and his two friends, both of whom fall in love with her.
Little Women (1868) - Coming-of-age novel following the lives of four sisters and their journey through genteel poverty as children into womanhood.
Little Men (1871) - Sequel to Alcott’s famous Little Women, reprising characters from the original - Jo Bhaer, her husband, and the various children at Plumfield Estate School.
6. Gertrude Stein (1874 - 1946)
Pioneering American novelist, poet, playwright and art collector, Gertrude Stein was a key figure in early twentieth century feminism - both in a literal and literary sense - who rose to mainstream attention thanks to her ‘quirky’ lifestyle and modernist writing style.
Her experimental creative styles included the use of broken grammar and illogical writing flows, as featured in her 1914 novel Tender Buttons: Objects, Food, Room, as well as repetition to emphasise and re-shape traditional concepts in her later works like, The Making of Americans.
Although born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and then raised in California, it was Paris, that Stein moved to as an adult that she called home for the remainder of her life. During her time here, she hosted a salon in Paris, where leading figures in literature and art would meet and share their work. Notable attendees included Pablo Picasso, Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald.
Gertrude Stein’s famous works:
Three Lives (1909) - Separated into three separate stories following three different lives of working-class women living in Baltimore.
Tender Buttons (1914) - Consisting of three separate sections; ‘Objects,’ ‘Food,’ and ‘Rooms,’ the book consists of poems about the mundanities of everyday life, whilst experimental language keeps the subjects unfamiliar and engaging.
The Making of Americans: Being a History of a Family’s Progress (1925) - A novel which traces the genealogy, history, and psychological development of members of two fictional families.
7. Virginia Woolf (1882 - 1941)
Adeline Virginia Woolf was an early 20th-century writer from England. Considered to be one of the most modernist authors of her period, Woolf not only challenged the social injustices on women in the early 1900s, but also tested and embedded different literary devices into our modern lexicon of creative writing.
Woolf is considered a pioneer in the use of stream of consciousness as a narrative device, especially in one of her more famous novels, A Room of One’s Own.
Encouraged by her father, Woolf began writing professionally in 1900, eventually moving to the more bohemian Bloomsbury area of London, where she was part of the formation of the famous Bloomsbury Group.
Virginia Woolf’s famous works:
Mrs Dalloway (1925) - Fictional high-societal Clarissa Dalloway living in post-First World War England shares the details of a day in her life.
To the Lighthouse (1927) - A philosophical introspection novel which centres on the Ramsay family and their visits to the Isle of Skye in Scotland between 1910 and 1920.
A Room of One’s Own (1929) - An extended essay, based on two lectures Woolf delivered in October 1928 at Newnham College and Girton College (both constituent colleges at the University of Cambridge) about social injustices against women.
8. Agatha Christie (1890 - 1976)
Detective crime writer Dame Agatha Christie is recognised by the Guinness World Records as the best-selling fiction writer of all time, with her novels having sold more than two billion copies around the world. Famed for creating the fictional detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, she also wrote the longest-running play, The Mousetrap, which has been running in the West End since 1952.
Christie’s works remain popular amongst detective fiction fans, (with her even featuring on our list of classic authors to read!), with several of her works having been transformed into TV and film adaptations.
Agatha Christie’s famous works:
Murder on the Orient Express (1934) - During Poirot’s trip home to London from the Middle East on the Orient Express, snowfall brings the train to a halt. A murder is discovered, and detective Poirot is forced to solve the case.
The A.B.C. Murders (1936) - Featuring crime detective Poirot, Arthur Hastings and Chief Inspector Japp - the characters are forced to contend with a series of killings by a mysterious murderer known only as “A.B.C.”
The Mousetrap (1952) - The longest-running West End show, this murder mystery play was written as a birthday present for Queen Mary, the consort of King George V. The plot is still unknown amongst those who have not seen the stage play, with the audience asked not to reveal the twist at the end when they leave the theatre.
9. Harper Lee (1926 - 2016)
Pulitzer prize-winning novelist, Harper Lee, was an American writer best known for her 1960 novel, To Kill a Mockingbird. The book went on to win her the Prize in 1961 and pushed her into literary success as an acclaimed writer.
Lee’s childhood in Monroeville, Alabama, is what inspired her idea for the novel. Her father, a former newspaper editor, businessman and lawyer, served in the Alabama State Legislature from 1926 to 1938. During his time in this role, he defended two black men accused of murdering a white storekeeper. Both men were found guilty of the act and hanged - setting the plot of Harper Lee’s famous novel.
Thanks to the book’s widespread success, Lee has received numerous awards and honorary degrees, including the Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction in 2015, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2007 for her contributions to literature.
Today, Harper Lee’s works are widely taught in schools in the United States, encouraging students to learn more about how to empathise tolerance and dissipate prejudice towards others. In 2006, British librarians even ranked the book ahead of the Bible, calling it a novel that “every adult should read before they die.”
Harper Lee’s famous works:
To Kill a Mockingbird (1960) - A novel about justice, that deals with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. Loosely based on Lee’s observations of an event that occurred near her hometown when she was a child.
Go Set a Watchman (2015) - The second of only two novels published by Harper Lee. First published as a sequel to To Kill a Mockingbird, it is now widely accepted that Go Set a Watchman was a first draft of the aforementioned book, drawing parallels with the original plot.
10. Toni Morrison (1931 - 2019)
Born and raised in Lorain, Ohio, Toni Morrison was an American novelist and editor, made famous by her ability to depict the Black American experience in her writing with such authenticity; in an unjust society, her characters typically struggle to find themselves and their cultural identity; while her use of poetic style and often fantastical style of writing give her stories great strength and texture.
Morrison was incredibly successful as an author, receiving several awards and accolades for her work. In 2012, President Barack Obama presented her with the Presidential Medal of Freedom; in 2016, she received the Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction; and in 2020, Morrison was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame.
Toni Morrison’s famous works:
The Bluest Eye (1970) - Morrison’s first novel tells the story of a young African-American girl named Pecola who grew up following the Great Depression.
Sula (1973) - Morrison’s second novel focuses on a young black girl named Sula as she comes of age during a period of harsh adversity and distrust, even hatred, within the black community that she lives in.
Beloved (1987) - Set after the American Civil War, Beloved tells the story of former slaves who Cincinnati home is haunted by a malevolent spirit. The novel is inspired by an event that actually happened in Kentucky: when an enslaved person, Margaret Garner, escaped and fled to the free state of Ohio in 1856.
11. Margaret Atwood (1939 - )
Canadian-born poet and novelist, Margaret Atwood, is most famous for creating the dystopian novel, The Handmaid’s Tale in 1985, which has subsequently led to tremendous success - including a hit US TV series adaptation of the original book.
Atwood has won numerous awards for her writing, including two Booker Prizes, the Arthur C. Clarke Award, and the PEN Center USA Lifetime Achievement Awards, amongst many others.
Margaret Atwood’s famous works:
The Handmaid’s Tale (1985) - Dystopian novel set in a near-future New England in a strongly patriarchal, totalitarian state which has overthrown the United States government. The central character and narrator, Offred, is one of a group of ‘handmaids’ who are forcibly assigned to produce children for ‘commanders’ - the ruling class of men in the state.
Alias Grace (1996) - A novel of historic fiction which re-tells the notorious 1843 murders of Thomas Kinnear and his housekeeper Nancy Montgomery in Canada, where two of the servants in the household were convicted of the crime.
The Testaments (2019) - A sequel to ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’ set 15 years after the events of the original. Narrated by Aunt Lydia, a character from the previous novel; Agnes, a young woman living under state control; and Daisy, a young woman living in the free country of Canada.
12. Alice Walker (1944 - )
Although all the female writers on our list are very much accomplished in their own right, Alice Walker certainly stands out as one of the most successful in female literary history.
In 1982, she became the first African-American woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her novel The Color Purple. Since then, she’s also been awarded over 15 different awards for her fiction work and social activism, including the Domestic Human Rights Award from Global Exchange (2007) and being inducted into both the Georgia Writers Hall of Fame (2001) and the California Hall of Fame for History, Women and the Arts (2006).
During her career, she has also published seventeen novels and short stories, twelve non-fiction works, and various collections of essays and poetry.
Alice Walker’s famous works:
Meridian (1976) - Described as Walker’s “meditation on the modern civils right movement,” ‘Meridian’ follows a young black woman in the late 1960s who is attending college at a time when the civil rights movement begins to turn volatile.
The Color Purple (1982) - This epistolary novel follows the life of Celie, a poor, uneducated 14-year-old girl living in the Southern United States in the early 1900s who shares her story through a series of letters to God.
Possessing the Secret of Joy (1992) - Follows the story of Tashi, a minor character who features in Walker’s earlier novel, ‘The Color Purple.’ Now in the US we watch her battle an internal conflict between her new culture and the heritage she’s entrenched in.
13. Octavia E. Butler (1947 - 2006)
Acclaimed for her sharp prose, strong protagonists and social commentaries on society from the distant past through to the far future, she also frequently wrote on themes of racial injustice, global warming, women’s rights and political disparity.
Butler’s writing received a tremendous amount of attention, making her a multiple recipient of the Hugo and Nebula awards and a recipient of the PEN West Lifetime Achievement Award. In 1995, she also became the first science fiction writer to receive a MacArthur Fellowship. Today, many of her books remain a common choice for high school and college syllabi.
Octavia E. Butler’s famous works:
Kindred (1979) - Incorporating time travel and slave narratives, the book follows a young African-American woman writer, Dana, who finds herself stuck in time between her LA home in 1976 and a pre-Civil War Maryland plantation.
Parable of the Sower (1993) - A New York Times Notable Book of the Year, this apocalyptic science fiction novel provides commentary on climate change and social inequality. It follows central protagonist Lauren Olamina in her quest for freedom.
Parable of the Talents (1998) - Winner of the Nebula Award for Best Novel, the novel consists of journal entries from Lauren Olamina (previous protagonist in Parable of the Sower) and her husband Taylor Bankole after having founded a new community called Acorn.
14. J. K. Rowling (1965 - )
Joanne Rowling OBE, better known by her pen name J. K. Rowling, is a British author, film producer and screenplay writer, best known for being the author of the bestselling Harry Potter book series.
For seven years, Rowling worked on the first book draft, which was initially rejected by twelve different publishers before being eventually purchased by Barry Cunningham - giving her the platform she needed to launch her fantastical book series. Having won multiple awards and having sold more than 500 million copies of her works, Rowling is the best-selling living author in Britain and recognised as the best-selling children’s author in history.
J. K. Rowling’s famous works:
Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (1997) - The first book in the series; Harry is a wizard who lives with his non-magical (muggle) relatives until his eleventh birthday when he is invited to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The book followed with six sequels, following Harry’s adventuress at Hogwarts with friends Hermione and Ron and his attempts to defeat Lord Voldemort, who murdered Harry’s parents when he was a child.
The Casual Vacancy (2012) - Rowling’s first book for adult readership is a mature murder mystery which explore complex themes such as class, politics and adult social issues. The novel was the fastest-selling in the UK in three years and had the second best-selling opening week for an adult novel ever.
15. Zadie Smith (1975 - )
Sadie Adeline Smith is an English novelist, essayist and short story writer who rose to fame back in the year 2000 after her debut novel, White Teeth became an international bestseller. This initial success has since led her to win a number of awards, including the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and the* Betty Trask Award*.
Since Smith’s early successes, she has gone on to enjoy a lifelong career in the literary world. She began serving as writer-in-residence at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London, before teaching fiction at Columbia University School of the Arts. Since 2010, she has been a tenured professor in the Creative Writing faculty of New York University while also being a regular contributor to The New York Review of Books.
Zadie Smith’s famous works:
White Teeth (2000) - Centred on Britain’s relationship with immigrants from the British Commonwealth, Smith’s debut novel focuses on the later lives of two wartime friends and their families in London.
On Beauty (2005) - Smith’s third novel won the Women’s Prize for Fiction tells the story of two families - each set between New England and London - with events spurred on by a long-time professional rivalry of the two protagonists.
Grand Union (2019) - This is a collection of 11 new and previously unpublished short stories, as well as snippets of work from The New Yorker and other renowned publications.
How did the personal experiences and backgrounds of these famous female writers influence their writing styles and thematic choices in their works?
The personal experiences and backgrounds of these renowned female writers played a significant role in shaping their writing styles and thematic choices. For example, authors like Louisa May Alcott drew from their own upbringing and struggles, such as financial hardships, to create relatable characters and narratives. Alice Walker, drawing from her experiences as an African-American woman, infused her works with themes of racial identity and social injustice. Similarly, Mary Shelley's unconventional upbringing and exposure to radical philosophical ideas influenced her exploration of themes like ambition and the consequences of scientific innovation in "Frankenstein." These personal connections to their writing subjects allowed these authors to create deeply resonant and impactful works that continue to captivate readers today.
Can you provide insights into any lesser-known challenges or obstacles these female writers faced during their careers, particularly regarding societal norms and expectations of their time?
Many of these female writers faced significant challenges and obstacles throughout their careers, often due to societal norms and expectations of their time. For instance, Jane Austen and the Brontë sisters initially published their works under male pseudonyms or anonymously to navigate the male-dominated literary landscape. Virginia Woolf, while celebrated for her innovative writing style, grappled with mental health issues and the constraints imposed by gender roles in early 20th-century England. Additionally, authors like Octavia E. Butler and Zadie Smith encountered barriers in the predominantly white and male-dominated science fiction and literary fiction genres, respectively. Despite these challenges, these writers persevered, leaving behind enduring legacies that continue to inspire generations of readers.
How did the literary contributions of these female writers impact broader social and cultural movements, such as feminism, civil rights, and environmental awareness?
The literary contributions of these female writers had a profound impact on broader social and cultural movements, serving as catalysts for change and inspiring generations of activists. Writers like Mary Shelley and Margaret Atwood explored themes of power, autonomy, and gender dynamics, sparking conversations about feminism and women's rights. Octavia E. Butler's science fiction works addressed issues of race, identity, and social justice, contributing to discussions on civil rights and equality. Additionally, authors such as Toni Morrison and Alice Walker shed light on the African-American experience, challenging societal norms and advocating for racial equality. Furthermore, environmental themes present in the works of writers like Margaret Atwood and Rachel Carson helped raise awareness about ecological issues and the importance of conservation. Overall, these female writers used their literary talents to engage with pressing social and cultural issues, leaving a lasting impact on society.
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AAUW's International Fellowships are awarded for full-time study or research in the United States to women who are not U.S. citizens or permanent residents.
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AAUW : Empowering Women Since 1881
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https://www.aauw.org/resources/programs/fellowships-grants/current-opportunities/international/
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Funding: $20,000–$50,000
Opens: September 3
Deadline: November 15
International Fellowships have been in existence since 1917. The program provides support for women pursuing full-time graduate or postdoctoral study in the United States to women who are not U.S. citizens or permanent residents, and who intend to return to their home country to pursue a professional career. A limited number of awards are available for study outside of the U.S. (excluding the applicant’s home country) to women who are members of Graduate Women International (see the list of GWI affiliates). Both graduate and postgraduate studies at accredited U.S. institutions are supported.
Applicants must have earned the equivalent of a U.S. bachelor’s degree by the application deadline and must have applied to their proposed institutions of study by the time of the application. Recipients are selected for academic achievement and demonstrated commitment to women and girls.
Recipients return to their home countries to become leaders in business, government, academia, community activism, and the arts or scientific fields.
Master’s/first professional degree: $20,000
Doctoral: $25,000
Postdoctoral: $50,000
September 3, 2024
Application opens.
November 15, 2024, by 11:59 p.m. Pacific Standard Time
Deadline for online submission of application, recommendations, and supporting documents.
April 15, 2025
Notification of decisions emailed to all applicants. AAUW is not able to honor requests for earlier notification.
July 1, 2025–June 30, 2026
Fellowship year
When a date falls on a weekend or holiday, the date will be observed on the following business day.
International Fellowships are not open to previous recipients of any AAUW national fellowship or grant (not including branch or local awards or Community Action Grants).
Members of the AAUW board of directors, committees, panels, task forces and staff, including current interns, are not eligible to apply for AAUW’s fellowships and grants. A person holding a current award is eligible for election or appointment to boards, committees, panels and task forces.
International Fellowships are open to women, including people who identify as women, in all fields of study at an accredited institution of higher education or, for postdoctoral fellows, research. AAUW will make final decisions about what constitutes eligible institutions.
Unsuccessful applicants may reapply.
To be eligible for an International Fellowship, applicants must meet the following criteria:
Have citizenship in a country other than the U.S. or possession of a nonimmigrant visa if residing in the U.S. Women who are currently, or expect to be during the fellowship year, a U.S. citizen, U.S. permanent resident, or dual citizen with the U.S. and another country are not eligible.
Hold an academic degree (earned in the U.S. or abroad) equivalent to a U.S. bachelor’s degree completed by the application deadline.
Intend to devote themselves full-time to the proposed academic plan during the fellowship year.
Intend to return to their home country to pursue a professional career upon completion of their studies.
Be proficient in English and confirm proficiency by submitting one of the Required Components (see below), which include certain English proficiency exams, transcripts from English-speaking institutions, or a written statement verifying English is the applicant’s native language. Applicants planning to take one of the accepted English proficiency exams should plan for and take the test as early as possible. Please direct questions about the tests to the test provider.
Master’s/first professional degree and doctoral applicants must have applied by the AAUW application deadline, to an accredited institution of study for the period of the fellowship year and must indicate the name of the institution in the International Fellowship application. While acceptance is not required at the time of application, fellows must provide official confirmation from the institution with their award acceptance materials.
Master’s/first professional degree fellowships are intended for master’s or professional degree-level programs such as J.D., M.F.A., L.L.M., M.Arch., or medical degrees such as M.D., D.D.S., etc. Certificates, associate degrees, and undergraduate degrees are ineligible.
Doctoral fellowships are intended for doctorate degrees classified as research degrees, such as Ph.D. or Ed.D.
Postdoctoral applicants must provide proof of their doctorate degree; hold a doctorate classified as a research degree (e.g., Ph.D., Ed.D., D.B.A., D.M.) or an M.F.A. by indicate where they will conduct their research.
Master’s/first professional degree and doctoral applicants must be enrolled in a U.S.-accredited institution located in the U.S. during the fellowship year.
A limited number of awards are available to Graduate Women International members for study or research in any country other than their own. Note that foreign branches of U.S. institutions are considered outside of the U.S.
Applicants can apply for the fellowship for any year of their program but must be conducting a full year of study or research. International Fellowships do not provide funding for a partial year of study or research. Programs ending prior to April of the fellowship year are not eligible.
Distance learning/online programs: Master’s/first professional degree and doctoral fellowships support traditional classroom-based courses of study at colleges or universities. This fellowship program does not provide funding for distance-learning or online programs or for degrees heavily dependent on distance-learning components. Final decisions about what constitutes distance learning under these fellowships will be made by AAUW. AAUW will accept applications from applicants who are temporarily studying remotely due to COVID-19 precautions at their institution.
The panel meets once a year to review applications for funding. Awards are based on the criteria outlined here. Recommendations by the panel are subject to final approval by AAUW. Fellowships are awarded on a competitive basis according to funds available in a given fiscal year.
To ensure a fair review process, AAUW does not comment on the deliberations of its award panels. AAUW does not provide evaluations of applications. No provisions exist for the reconsideration of fellowship proposals. Applications and supporting documents become the sole property of AAUW and will neither be returned nor held for another year.
Applicants residing in their home country at the time of application, from developing/emerging countries, or from an underrepresented group in any region, will receive special consideration.
Position on return to home country.
Academic and/or professional qualifications.
Demonstrated commitment to the advancement of women and girls in home country.
Proposed time schedule.
Quality and feasibility of proposed plan of study or research.
Demonstrated evidence of prior community and/or civic service in home country.
Applicant’s country’s need for specialized knowledge or skill.
Financial need.
Motivation for graduate study or research.
International Fellowship funds are available for:
Educational expenses.
Living expenses.Dependent child care.
Travel to professional meetings, conferences, or seminars that do not exceed 10% of the fellowship total.
International Fellowship funds are not available for:
Purchase of equipment.
Indirect costs.
Previous expenditures, deficits, or repayment of loans.
Institutional (overhead) costs.
Tuition for dependent’s education.
Grants-in-aid for less than a full academic year or travel grants.
AAUW regards the acceptance of a fellowship as a contract requiring the fulfillment of the following terms:
All International Fellowship recipients are required to sign a contract as an acceptance of the award. Retain these instructions as they will become part of the fellowship contract if the applicant is awarded a fellowship.
An International Fellow is expected to pursue their project full-time during the fellowship year (July 1–June 30). No partial fellowships are awarded. Fellowships may not be deferred.
Any changes in plans for the fellowship year must have the prior written approval of AAUW. AAUW must be notified promptly of any change in the status of an application resulting from the acceptance of another award.
Fellows may spend up to two months traveling abroad for research related to their project plan with prior written approval of AAUW.
Postdoctoral fellows cannot pursue a degree during the fellowship year.
Up to five International Master’s/First Professional Degree Fellowships are renewable for a second year. Fellows will receive application information for this competitive program during their fellowship year.
Stipends are made payable to fellows, not to institutions.
With some exceptions based on relevant tax statuses and treaties, the fellowship stipend is subject to a 14 or 30 percent tax. AAUW will withhold these funds for payment to the Internal Revenue Service.
The determination of whether there is a tax obligation associated with the receipt of an AAUW award is the sole responsibility of the applicant. Specific questions regarding income tax matters should be addressed with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, the applicant’s financial aid office or a personal tax adviser. AAUW cannot provide tax advice. AAUW is a nonprofit, tax-exempt 501(c)(3) public charity founded for educational purposes.
Responsibility for securing visas and other documents, and following policies associated with visas, rests solely with the fellow.
Start the application process by clicking the Apply Now button below to access the application and create an account through our vendor site. Complete all required components in the following areas.
Start
Background
Proposal
Recommendations, Documents & Review
Recommendations:
Provide two recommendations from professors or professional colleagues well acquainted with the applicant, their work, and their academic background, in striving towards scholarly pursuits. When possible, recommenders should be professors or professional colleagues in the applicant’s home country who can speak about the applicant’s qualifications and about the country’s need for the specialized skill or knowledge they plan to acquire with their proposed study or research. AAUW does not accept references from dossier services, such as Parment or Interfolio.
Documents:
Proof of highest degree: Upload transcripts** from the college or university where the highest degree (not a certificate) was obtained. The highest degree must be at least a bachelor’s degree (must be earned on or before the application deadline).
Transcripts** must include a list of courses taken and grades received.
If the institution does not provide a transcript or a list of courses taken and grades received or the degree did not require coursework, an official letter from the institution where the degree was received that includes the degree completion date must be uploaded.
Do not upload copies of additional certificates or other documents the applicant may have received during their education.
Proof of current enrollment (currently enrolled applicants only): Upload transcripts**/lists of courses/institution letters from the college or university in which the applicant is currently enrolled, if enrolled.
Transcripts must include a list of courses taken and grades received.
Many transcripts do not include current coursework. If fall 2023 semester grades are not available and are not on your transcript, a list of courses taken that semester must be provided by the institution’s Office of the Registrar.
If the institution does not provide a transcript or a list of courses taken and grades received or the degree did not require coursework, an official letter* from the institution where the degree was received that includes the degree completion date must be uploaded.
Proof of a doctorate or M.F.A. degree (postdoctoral applicants only): Upload any one of the following:
Transcript showing degree and date received (must be on or before application deadline).
Official letter from institution where degree was received that includes the degree completion date.
Copy of diploma showing date degree was received (must be on or before application deadline).
Proof of English proficiency: Upload one of the following:
Official report of an acceptable and valid TOEFL, IELTS or Cambridge assessment score. Scores are valid for two years. Institutional TOEFL scores and other English proficiency test scores will not be accepted.
Minimum acceptable scores are as follows:
TOEFL iBT (Internet-Based Test): 79
TOEFL Essentials: 8.5
Revised TOEFL Paper-Delivered Test: 60
IELTS: 6.5
Written statement verifying the applicant’s native language is English.
Academic transcript or diploma confirming one of the following:
Secondary diploma or undergraduate degree is from an English-speaking institution.
One semester of full-time study in the applicant’s discipline at an English-speaking institution between
*A certified English translation is required for all components provided in a foreign language. Translations must bear a mark of certification or official signature that the translation is true and complete.
**All transcripts provided must include the applicant’s full name, the school’s name, all courses, and all grades, as well as any other information requested in the application instructions.
See More Fellowship and Grant Opportunities
APPLY NOW
For questions or technical support from ISTS, our technical consultant, please email aauw@applyists.com. Enter AAUW-IF if the website prompts you for a program key. We encourage applicants not to opt out of communications from ISTS, to ensure you receive important communications from AAUW.
Thanks to AAUW’s International Fellowship (1992-93), I graduated Harvard Kennedy School … then joined the UN working for democracy and gender equality. I really want to thank you.”
Mikiko Sawanishi, deputy executive head, United Nations Democracy Fund and 1992-3 International Fellow
Meet a Recent International Fellow
Alexandra Semma Tamayo has worked as a forensic anthropologist at the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences in Villavicencio, Colombia. Her multidisciplinary approach to the identification of missing persons from enforced disappearance has helped bring justice to the families in armed conflict contexts. As an international fellow, her research in fracture patterns observed in gunshot wounds will be extremely helpful in improving the accuracy in trauma interpretation when working with human-rights violations.
Meet Our Alumnae
Tererai Trent
2001–02 International Fellow and scholar, motivational speaker and humanitarian. She founded Tererai Trent International, whose mission is to provide quality education in rural Africa. Oprah Winfrey named Trent as her all-time favorite guest. In 2017, Trent received the AAUW Alumnae Recognition Award.
Mahnaz Rezaie
2014–16 International Fellow and photojournalist, filmmaker and writer who advocates for the rights of Afghan women. She was honored at the 2014 Women in the World Summit for her short film exploring how wearing a hijab in the U.S. affected her relationships.
Sofia Espinoza Sanchez
2013–14 International Fellow and Peruvian molecular biochemist researching cancer and neurological disorders. She also co-directs the Research Experience for Peruvian Undergraduates program.
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https://www.jointcommission.org/resources/news-and-multimedia/newsletters/newsletters/quick-safety/quick-safety-issue-23-implicit-bias-in-health-care/implicit-bias-in-health-care/
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Quick Safety 23: Implicit bias in health care
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https://www.jointcommission.org/resources/news-and-multimedia/newsletters/newsletters/quick-safety/quick-safety-issue-23-implicit-bias-in-health-care/implicit-bias-in-health-care/
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“Of all forms of inequity, injustice in health care is the most shocking and inhuman.”
— Martin Luther King, Jr., National Convention of the Medical Committee for Human Rights, Chicago, 1966
Issue:
On the eve of the 15th anniversary of two seminal reports from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) – Crossing the Quality Chasm1 and Unequal Treatment2 – we find that racial and socioeconomic inequity persists in health care. In Crossing the Quality Chasm, the IOM stressed the importance of equity in care as one of the six pillars of quality health care, along with efficiency, effectiveness, safety, timeliness and patient-centeredness. Indeed, Unequal Treatment found that even with the same insurance and socioeconomic status, and when comorbidities, stage of presentation and other confounders are controlled for, minorities often receive a lower quality of health care than do their white counterparts.
Professor Margaret Whitehead, head of the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Policy Research on Social Determinants of Health, perhaps provides the most intuitive and clear definition of health inequalities (the term used in most countries, where it is generally assumed to refer to socioeconomic differences in health). She defines health inequalities as health differences that “are not only unnecessary and avoidable but, in addition, are considered unfair and unjust.” She also states that “equity in health implies that, ideally, everyone should have a fair opportunity to attain their full health potential and, more pragmatically, that no one should be disadvantaged from achieving this potential, if it can be avoided.”3,4
There is extensive evidence and research that finds unconscious biases can lead to differential treatment of patients by race, gender, weight, age, language, income and insurance status. The purpose of this issue of Quick Safety is to discuss the impact of implicit bias on patient safety. Bias in clinical decision-making does result in overuse or underuse problems that can directly lead to patient harm.
What is “implicit bias?”
Implicit (subconscious) bias refers to the attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions and decisions in an unconscious manner.13 These biases, which encompass both favorable and unfavorable assessments, are activated involuntarily and without an individual’s awareness or intentional control.14
In 1995, Anthony Greenwald and M.R. Benaji hypothesized that our social behavior was not entirely under our conscious control. According to their study, the concept of unconscious bias (hidden bias or implicit bias) suggests that “much of our social behavior is driven by learned stereotypes that operate automatically – and therefore unconsciously – when we interact with other people.”15
Hidden bias tests measure unconscious, or automatic, biases. An individual’s willingness to examine their own possible biases is an important step in understanding the roots of stereotypes and prejudice in our society. The ability to distinguish friend from foe helped early humans survive, and the ability to quickly and automatically categorize people is a fundamental quality of the human mind. Categories give order to life, and every day, we group other people into categories based on social and other characteristics. This is the foundation of stereotypes, prejudice and, ultimately, discrimination.
Once learned, stereotypes and prejudices resist change, even when evidence fails to support them or points to the contrary. People will embrace anecdotes that reinforce their biases, but disregard experience that contradicts them. The statement "Some of my best friends are _____," captures this tendency to allow some exceptions without changing our bias. Research has demonstrated that biases thought to be absent or extinguished remain as "mental residue." Studies show people can be consciously committed to egalitarianism, and deliberately work to behave without prejudice, yet still possess hidden negative prejudices or stereotypes. Studies have found that school teachers clearly telegraph prejudices, so much so that some researchers believe children of color and white children in the same classroom effectively receive different educations. Jerry Kang, vice chancellor for equity, diversity and inclusion, and professor of law at UCLA Law, states: “Automatically, we categorize individuals by age, gender, race and role. Once an individual is mapped into that category, specific meanings associated with that category are immediately activated and influence our interaction with that individual.”
Implicit bias develops early in life from repeated reinforcement of social stereotypes. Implicit pro-white bias occurs among children as young as 3-5 years old.5 The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a computerized, timed dual-categorization task that measures implicit preferences by bypassing conscious processing.6 The IAT is part of Project Implicit, a collaborative investigation effort between researchers at Harvard University, University of Virginia, and University of Washington. The studies examine thoughts and feelings that exist either outside of conscious awareness or conscious control. The goal of the project is to make this technique available for education (including self-education) and awareness.
Between October 1998 and October 2006, more than 4.5 million IAT tests were completed on the IAT website. The project found that:
Implicit bias is pervasive
People are often unaware of their implicit biases
Implicit biases predict behavior
People differ in levels of implicit bias
Many health care organizations have begun administering the IAT, and when it is applied to physicians, significant pro-white bias has been found.7 However, implicit bias is not limited to race. When the IAT was administered at an obesity conference, participants implicitly associated obese people with negative cultural stereotypes, such as “bad, stupid, lazy and worthless.”8,9 Implicit gender bias among physicians also may unknowingly sway treatment decisions. Women are three times less likely than men to receive knee arthroplasty when clinically appropriate.10,11,12 One of the stereotypical reasons for this inequity and underuse problem is that men are viewed as being more stoic and more inclined to participate in strenuous or rigorous activity.
This difference in treatment and clinical decision-making, though unintentional, could lead to failures in patient-centered care, interpersonal treatment (e.g., does the doctor care for you), communication (e.g., did the doctor answer my questions), trust (e.g., the clinicians’ integrity), and contextual knowledge (e.g., your doctor’s knowledge of your values and beliefs). How a physician communicates, his or her body language and verbal cues can be an expression of subconscious bias.
Implicit bias and its effect on health care
Research supports a relationship between patient care and physician bias in ways that could perpetuate health care disparities.9 What makes implicit bias “frightening” in health and health care is that the result is “unthinking discrimination” of which caregivers are not aware.
Academic researchers, in efforts to explain differences in health outcomes, posit that the reasons include lack of trust, communications problems, or simply “unknown and complex” reasons.16 A 2011 study conducted by van Ryn et al. concludes that racism can interact with cognitive biases to affect clinicians’ behavior and decisions and in turn, patient behavior and decisions (e.g., higher treatment dropout, lower participation in screening, avoidance of health care, delays in seeking help and filling prescriptions, and lower ratings of health care quality).17 This unconscious or implicit bias indicates many white health care providers harbor a broad racial framing of Americans of color, one that can be causative in their not providing equitable health care.
Some examples of how implicit bias plays out in health care include:
Non-white patients receive fewer cardiovascular interventions and fewer renal transplants
Black women are more likely to die after being diagnosed with breast cancer
Non-white patients are less likely to be prescribed pain medications (non-narcotic and narcotic)
Black men are less likely to receive chemotherapy and radiation therapy for prostate cancer and more likely to have testicle(s) removed
Patients of color are more likely to be blamed for being too passive about their health care
Implicit bias is not isolated to adult care. At a well-known academic medical center, a child presented with difficulty breathing that baffled the care team. The team of physicians were agonizing over a light box, reviewing the patient’s X-rays, puzzled because they couldn’t determine a diagnosis. Another physician just passing through looked at the X-rays and immediately said, “cystic fibrosis.” The team was tripped up by the patient’s race, which was black, and that the patient had a “white disease.”
Can we overcome implicit bias in health care?
The good news is that with organizational support, skills training, and cognitive resources, clinicians who are highly motivated to control prejudice and bias awareness can successfully prevent racism from affecting the quality of care they provide.17 Some of the skills (from van Ryn et al.)17 that help lower racial bias include:
Perspective-taking: The cognitive component of empathy,17 perspective-taking can reduce bias and inhibit unconscious stereotypes and prejudices. Physician empathy positively affects patient satisfaction, self-efficacy perceptions of control, emotional distress, adherence, and health outcomes.
Emotional regulation skills: Clinicians who have good emotional regulation skills and who experience positive emotion during clinical encounters may be less likely to view patients in terms of their individual attributes, and to use more inclusive social categories. It’s easier to empathize with others when people view themselves as being part of a larger group.
Partnership-building skills: Clinicians who create partnerships with patients are more likely to develop a sense that their partner is on the same “team,” working toward a common goal.
Safety Actions to Consider:
In order to ensure best outcomes and zero harm for all patients, implicit bias and racial discrimination in health and health care should be better understood, assessed and corrected. The following recommendations (from van Ryn et al.)17 should be understood by hospital administrators and clinicians, as well as medical educators and policymakers. In order to begin to address the impact of implicit bias on clinical care decisions, health care organizations should:
Evaluate the racial climate by evaluating employees’ shared perceptions of the policies and practices that communicate the extent to which fostering diversity and eliminating discrimination are priorities in the organization.
Investigate reports of subtle or overt discrimination and unfair treatment.
Identify and work to transform formal and informal norms that ignore and/or support racism.
Establish monitoring systems in which processes and outcomes of care can be compared by patient race. Collecting data on race and other indicators of social position can be used to self-assess, monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the organization’s strategies for eradicating inequities in care.
Give care units and, where appropriate, individual clinicians, equity-specific targeted feedback. When inequities are found, support creative solutions for remediation and create accountability for improvement.
Implement work policies and clinical procedures that protect clinicians from high cognitive load and promote positive emotions. When clinicians’ cognitive capacity is low or overtaxed, memory is biased toward information that is consistent with stereotypes. High cognitive load can be created by: productivity pressures, time pressure, high noise levels, inadequate staffing, poor feedback, inadequate supervision, inadequate training, high communication load, and overcrowding.
Promote racial diversity at all levels of the organizational hierarchy and support positive intergroup contact. Intergroup contact can reduce intergroup prejudice and help reduce feelings of interracial anxiety. Additionally, institutional support for interaction can increase the benefits of intergroup contact.
Implement and evaluate training that ensures that clinicians have the knowledge and skills needed to prevent racial biases from affecting the quality of care they provide. The training should cover self-awareness regarding implicit biases, and skills related to perspective-taking, emotional regulation, and partnership-building.17
Actions that health care providers can take to combat implicit bias, include:
Having a basic understanding of the cultures from which your patients come.
Avoiding stereotyping your patients; individuate them.
Understanding and respecting the magnitude of unconscious bias.
Recognizing situations that magnify stereotyping and bias.
Knowing the National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services in Health and Health Care (the National CLAS Standards).
Performing “teach back (e.g., the National Patient Safety Foundation’s “Ask Me 3®” educational program).18
Assiduously practicing “evidenced-based medicine.”
Using techniques to de-bias patient care, which include training, intergroup contact, perspective-taking, emotional expression, and counter-stereotypical exemplars.
Resources:
1. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 2001.
2. Institute of Medicine. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, Brian D. Smedley, Adrienne Y. Stith, and Alan R. Nelson, Editors. 2002.
3. Whitehead M, Dahlgren M. Concepts and principles for tackling social inequities in health: Levelling up Part 1. Studies on social and economic determinants of population health, No. 2. World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Policy Research on Social Determinants of Health, University of Liverpool. 2006.
4. Braverman P. Public Health Reports, 2014 Supplement 2, Volume 129.
5. Baron AS, Banaji MR. The development of implicit attitudes. Evidence of race evaluations from ages 6 and 10 and adulthood. Psychological Science. 2006;17(1):53-8.
6. Greenwald AG, et al. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998;74(6):1464-80.
7. Green AR, et al. Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of thrombolysis decisions for black and white patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2007;22(9):1231-8.
8. Schwartz MB, et al. Weight bias among health professionals specializing in obesity. Obesity Research. 2003;11(9):1033-9.
9. Chapman E, et al. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 28(11):1504-10.
10. Hawker GA, et al. Differences between men and women in the rate of use of hip and knee arthroplasty. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;343(14):1016-22.
11. Coyte PC, et al. Variation in rheumatologists’ and family physicians’ perceptions of the indications for and outcomes of knee replacement surgery. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1996;23(4):730-8.
12. Wright JG, et al. Variation in orthopedic surgeons’ perceptions of the indications for and outcomes of knee replacement. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1995;152(5):687-97.
13. Staats C. State of the science: Implicit bias review 2014. Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity.
14. Rudman LA. Social justice in our minds, homes, and society: The nature, causes and consequences of implicit bias. Social Justice Research, 17(2):129-142.
15. Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self-Esteem and Stereotypes (1995)
16. Feagin J, Benenefield Z. Systemic racism in U.S. health care. Social Science & Medicine. 103(2014):7-14.
17. van Ryn M, et al. The impact of racism on clinician cognition, behavior, and clinical decision making. Du Bois Review. 8:1(2011):199-218.
18. National Patient Safety Foundation. Ask Me 3®: Good questions for your good health Web page. 2016.
Dovidio JF, et al. Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2002;82(1):62-8.
Tversky A, Kahneman D. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science. 1974;185(4157):1124-31.
Blair IV. The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(3):242-261.
Wilkerson I. No, you’re not imaging it. September 2013. Essence, 44:132-137.
Note: This is not an all-inclusive list.
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Be Friendly, Not Friends: Maintaining Professional Distance is the Key
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"Martin G. Moore"
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2022-06-08T01:43:32+00:00
|
To get weekly insights of high performance leadership from Martin G. Moore, a successful CEO who's already walked the path hit the "subscribe" button here.
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en
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https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca
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https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/friendly-friends-maintaining-professional-distance-key-g-moore
|
To get weekly insights of high performance leadership from Martin G. Moore, a successful CEO who's already walked the path hit the "subscribe" button here.
Since I decided to dedicate one of the earliest episodes of No Bullsh!t Leadership to the issue of friendships in the workplace, a few things have happened:
We've listened to over a thousand leaders who’ve taken our flagship program Leadership Beyond the Theory.
Societal standards have changed - yes, believe it or not in only three or four years!
COVID has come and gone… sort of.
I've been challenged by many leaders who've said to me, “Marty, I completely disagree with this principle of ‘friendly, not friends’. Some of the best working relationships I've ever had have become friendships!”
Despite all of this, I still firmly believe that the way to go in relationships with people who work for you is to be friendly, but not friends. So I figured it's time I did a reboot on this important topic. Like anything else in leadership, every relationship you develop is different. This requires you to read the play, and apply your experience and judgment to each specific situation.
If you want to get my original thoughts on this as a baseline, listen to Episode #14: Friendly, Not Friends, and download your copy of ”The Dos and Don’ts of Appropriate Leader Relationships”.
Friendly and friends - what’s the difference?
I'm friendly to pretty much everyone I come into contact with, it's in my nature. Whether you’re serving me in a restaurant, standing in line in front of me at the pharmacy, or even if you just happen to work for the same company that I do, I'm quick to smile, engage, and connect with people on a human level. I'm genuinely interested in who they are and what they have to say.
In the workplace, with the people who actually worked on my teams, it meant I did a lot of listening - particularly to my direct reports. I paid attention to what was important to each individual that I interacted with. I knew what made them tick. I knew about their aspirations, their frustrations, and their joys. I could tell when they were off their game, and I could tell when they were performing at their best.
I shared as much of myself as I could if I thought that it would help them to be better or to have a broader perspective. All of this, without crossing the line to being friends. They knew they could count on my support and guidance, and I was direct and honest in my communication. But for the most part, I wasn't their friend. Being friends is more than this, it goes beyond a friendly collegial relationship and enters another realm altogether.
The key differences are this: as friends, you would normally find yourself spending a lot of time together socially, outside of the work environment. Friends share things with each other: thoughts, feelings, desires, et cetera, that they wouldn't share with someone who is just a colleague. There's a very close, personal bond that friends develop that says “You can rely on me to have your back no matter what.” It's part of the unspoken, psychological commitment that friends make to each other.
That's where it gets complicated, and the playing field that the team operates on becomes skewed. The key difference in my definition between friendly and friends can be summed up in one phrase: professional distance.
Maintain a professional distance
Professional distance keeps an appropriate line between you and the people who work for you, and that line can't be crossed. You can have really strong, connected, caring relationships with the people you work with and still maintain your professional distance - and that’s all important. With friends, you invariably lose the objectivity that comes with professional distance, no matter how good you might think you are at maintaining it.
Being friendly costs nothing. It enables you to demonstrate genuine interest and connection with another human. It adds value to people if you can make them smile or think, or share a different perspective - over here in the US it's often enough for me to just say “G’day”.
Being friendly with the people you work with is really good. In fact, if you want to be a great leader, I'd say it's essential. You need a context to operate within that demonstrates that you actually care about the people who turn up each day to give their best to you and the team.
In my experience, you won't ever be able to get the best from your people unless you know them reasonably well. Otherwise, how would you know how far to stretch them? How would you be able to read the signs of stress or burnout? How would you be able to find development opportunities that are aligned with their career ambitions? Being friendly is the starting point for trust and respect.
Eight reasons why you should be friendly, but not friends
What's the big deal about being friends? Here’s eight reasons why being friends with the people who work for you isn't such a good idea:
1. It changes the nature of the relationship on both sides
The leader will make concessions for a friend that they wouldn't otherwise make, and the follower will take advantage of the leader's good nature because of the friendship.
“Not me, Marty!” I hear you say, “I've got that under control. I'm completely impartial.”
Well, I'm afraid that's bullsh!t! You won't be able to avoid it. It happens no matter what - not because either of you are malicious, or bad people… not even because either of you consciously seeks to do so. It's simply because your unconscious bias changes the way you treat a friend.
2. No matter what you say or think, you will find it even harder to do the hard work of leadership
When there's a hard conversation that needs to be held or a hard decision that needs to be made, you will rationalize even more when it comes to a friend. You will hesitate for longer - or maybe forever. You'll reject the negatives and instead give them the benefit of any doubt, in every situation.
3. It’ll be harder to overcome your inbuilt biases
Just think about the prime example of the halo effect. If one of your direct reports is your friend, you’ll no doubt have a higher level of respect and admiration for them. You'll have exposure to a broader range of their behaviors and worldviews through your friendship interactions. You’ll look more favorably on them in all areas of their performance. You'll think of friends as high potential people - you may even make commitments to them that you shouldn't about their advancement inside the organization.
Learn more about unconscious biases and how they limit our self-awareness and impact our judgment with Episode #192: Avoiding Common Biases
4. You need to exercise your duty of care as a leader, without fear or favor
People have to be given the same opportunities, the same support, and the same protections. Just be careful with this one, though–I'm talking about equality of opportunity, not equality of outcome. The outcomes people achieve should be determined by one thing, and one thing only: performance.
5. A friend will eat into your Respect Before Popularity mantra
The very first episode of No Bullsh!t Leadership was called Respect Before Popularity because this is the number one principle for a leader to observe when they're trying to lead people well. When you're with a friend, you will want to be popular, and you’ll want to build and foster that friendship. You won't want to risk it by doing unpopular things. If you can't keep your focus on respect before popularity with everyone on your team, it's a really slippery slope.
Want to know how you can let go of your need to be liked? Listen to Episode #1: Respect Before Popularity and download your copy of my Daily Reflection Questions.
6. You’ll find it hard to keep your guard up
You're likely to share things that you probably shouldn't with a friend who's at a lower level than you are. This happens for two reasons:
You'll have more opportunities to talk about work in a less formal and less structured environment, perhaps over a beer… you might even be sitting on each other's porches.
Your additional familiarity will make you feel more relaxed and you'll be less careful about letting things slip.
You'll be more open about how you feel with a friend, so little comments may start to slip about peers or superiors. You may find yourself sharing confidential information that should be only shared at your level. “Surely my friend will keep my confidence,” I hear you say. Are you sure about that? My definition of a secret is something that you only tell one other person, so you can do the math on that one.
7. There will be perceptions of favoritism in your team and this erodes your credibility
It may be entirely appropriate for you to have a closer relationship with your highest performers. But if your friend isn’t a top performer, it becomes a simple case of favoritism. Other people will see this, and will feel disengaged and disheartened. And it's even worse when your friendship goes to the next level and you have a romantic relationship with someone in your team. That's wrong on so many levels (but more on this shortly).
8. When a friend underperforms, and you have to make the tough decision to remove them from their role, that leaves a nasty taste in everyone's mouth
There were three occasions in my corporate career where I had to terminate someone who I was pretty close to. I wouldn't say that any of them were close friends, but closer than I would've liked under the circumstances - we knew each other's families and we'd spent a number of social occasions together.
So if they don't perform, and you manage to steel yourself to take the necessary action, it basically heralds the end of the friendship for all involved. Then, any friends of those friends also decide that you are the devil, leaving a noticeable hole in your social calendar. And make no mistake, it falls to the leader who makes the hard decision to bear the brunt of it. Everyone looking from the outside in thinks that it's heartless to treat a friend that way, which is sort of ironic because the friend who didn't perform in that role should feel worse for not delivering and for letting their friend, the leader, down.
Times have changed, but the principle hasn't
So what's changed? Well, I've learned that COVID has made a difference. Since remote working has taken root, it’s more difficult to grow work friendships, which is probably a good thing. But it also means that perceptions of access and time spent with team members are even more important. If a team member feels isolated, but they manage to work out that other people are getting more face time with you as the boss, that can create a division between the ‘haves’ and the ‘have nots’. This makes it especially important to level the playing field for every team member.
I've also learned that differentiating on merit naturally creates stronger relationships. Now, I sort of already knew that, but the dozens of conversations I've had on this topic in the last few years have really reinforced it. I said in the original episode that you should spend 90% of your time with your best people. If you actually manage to do that well, you will undoubtedly develop stronger relationships with your best people and you'll naturally be closer to them. So there's likely to be a strong correlation between someone who you're close to and someone who is actually delivering the goods. The secret here is to make sure you keep that professional distance, no matter what.
I've learned that there are some genuinely tricky situations. What happens, for example, if you are promoted from within your team to then lead that same team? This is a really common scenario, and it's likely you will have developed peer friendships, which are entirely appropriate. But then you are thrust into a position where you now have to lead those same people - some of whom might be friends.
The bad news is you cannot put the toothpaste back in the tube on this one. However, you can mitigate the potential negatives by putting explicit boundaries in place. It's been a number of years since I was in that position, however, even way back then, I understood the difficulties of having to lead someone who was a close friend. A really clear and explicit conversation that goes something like this should do the trick:
“Hey Greg, this is a potentially tricky situation. You know that you're a close friend of mine, but now I have to lead this team. I can't afford to show any favoritism, because that would end in tears for both of us. I absolutely don't want to lose our friendship, but I'm going to have to put some boundaries in place at work. I'll still always be there for you personally, but I know you'll understand why I need to be a little less familiar with you in the office.”
Even though you can't undo the past, this is a good way of putting some professional distance in place - at least when you're around each other in a work environment.
I've learned more about small towns and family businesses. Small towns are really hard. I gave a keynote in Florida at the end of last year to a large energy cooperative, and the board director who facilitated the Q&A session after my speech asked me that very question: “How do you not form friendships?” His business was only small in relative terms, and many of these people had worked for him for over 20 years. They do have weekend barbecues and social gatherings. Their families are often close to one another.
I also ran into this when I was leading CS Energy. There are places where a particular operational site is the main employer in the town. Everyone's kids go to the same school, their leaders' husbands play social sport together on a Wednesday night. It's almost impossible to be friendly, not friends in those circumstances.
This is why keeping professional distance is absolutely essential in these circumstances, but it can be incredibly difficult. We even used to bring in middle managers from outside of the town, just so they didn't have those deep, strong family bonds with the people they had to lead. Middle managers who take a strong line on performance in places like this are often ostracized in the community. Their wives don't get invited to social events, their kids are bullied at school - can you believe that? Forget being a CEO, these are the toughest leadership jobs around.
Learn more about the Curse of the Middle Manager with Episode #74
The line it’s never acceptable to cross
Here's something that's really changed in a few short years: the dynamics of romantic relationships in the workplace. I've had many people say to me since I recorded ‘Friendly, Not Friends’, "Marty, I don't agree with you. That's ridiculous. I met my husband at work.” Fair enough, I understand that. But we've seen so many cases in the last few years of high profile, highly paid, successful executives whose careers have been ruined because they haven't understood one really important principle: When you are the boss, there is a power dynamic that almost guarantees that you can't have a relationship of equals.
It's almost like an ‘age of consent’ issue, but it's now a ‘position of consent’ issue. Let me explain: in many countries, the age of consent is interpreted in a way that says until someone reaches a certain age, they are incapable of giving their consent. They don't have the maturity, the experience or the understanding to give genuine consent.
Think about this in the context of power dynamics at work. Although I'm the first one to fight for the rights of female agency and self-determination, this is an awfully muddy area. Social norms, particularly in the US and Australia, seem to have swung much further into the direction of protecting women from predatory behavior in the workplace. This is an incredibly welcome and long overdue change, but I'm sure there are also many workplaces where this hasn't yet taken root.
Let's think about the risks, particularly to male leaders. Comments that only a few short years ago would've been considered acceptable are now taboo. The slightest hint of what we call an unwanted advance is now a punishable offense. Perhaps this is exactly what we needed to redress the imbalance and protect the many females who don't feel as though they have the power to speak up, to push back, or to bring attention to this unacceptable behavior - all because of the power dynamics.
So guess what? Male or female, when you are a leader, you cannot–must not–think that it is in any way acceptable to cross that line with someone who works for you. It's the only way to be sure that the object of your affections isn't compliant because of the power dynamics at play. If you're in a relationship with someone who works for you, one of you probably needs to get another job. And if you think you can keep it a secret, you can’t. Let me illustrate this one with a quick example:
Many years ago, my executive assistant brought to my attention the fact that two senior leaders from different departments - one of whom was a peer to me - had coinciding travel schedules. There was no reason on God's green earth why they needed to be in the same location at the same time. She found out when reconciling the travel expenses for the group that these two - who had completely unrelated jobs - had a habit of flying to the same location at the same time, a pattern that had been established for over a year. Both were married - but not to each other - and they were having what they thought was a well concealed office affair, although many people suspected.
This was a real integrity lapse in my eyes. I don't know about you, but I would really struggle to trust anyone who's willing to fabricate reasons to travel on the company's money so that they can spend time with the object of their affections. It reeks of a self-seeking lack of integrity.
No matter how you slice and dice it, a workplace romance will end in tears. Perhaps one of you decides to call it quits, and the other one seeks revenge. Perhaps someone in the team decides that they should make a more public issue of the obvious favoritism that can't be avoided when you are romantically involved with one of your people. Perhaps you just have that nagging feeling that you are always caught between doing the right thing by your romantic partner or doing the right thing for the team and company - as is your job.
I've had people say to me that their most productive and best working relationships were with friends and that it didn't impair their judgment at all. That may be their perspective, but I remain deeply skeptical that anyone can operate without the subconscious favoritism of friendship influencing their decisions and actions. Leadership is hard enough without this, so keep your professional distance and remain friendly, but not friends.
If you want to dip your toe in the water a little more and find out what real leaders do to get results, check out my free Leadership Level Up Masterclass.
The above article is from Episode #197 of the No Bullsh!t Leadership podcast. Each week, I share the secrets of high performance leadership; the career accelerators that you can’t learn in business school, and your boss is unlikely to share with you.
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Best New Shows and Movies to Stream the Week of August 12: 'Emily in Paris,' 'Drag Race' and More
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2024-08-12T10:45:30-07:00
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Wondering what to watch this week on Netflix, Hulu, Prime Video or Max? We've found the most exciting premieres to stream.
|
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Entertainment Tonight
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https://www.etonline.com/best-new-shows-and-movies-to-stream-the-week-of-august-12-emily-in-paris-drag-race-and-more-143096
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With Prime Video, Hulu, Disney+, Max (formerly HBO Max), Apple TV+, Paramount+, Netflix, Peacock, Starz and even more streaming services, there’s no shortage of options when choosing what to binge-watch in your free time. However, sometimes, the sheer amount of great films and television shows available to stream can be overwhelming and lead to aimless scrolling.
Scroll no more! To help, we've rounded up the best movies and TV shows to stream this week, including new arrivals, nostalgia-filled favorites, book-to-screen adaptations and more. For the week of August 12 through August 18, 2024, there are several streaming releases worthy of a watch, including the much-anticipated first half of Netflix's Emily in Paris season 4.
There are more new movies and notable television shows to look forward to watching in your downtime this week. Movie night is covered with Awkwafina and John Cena's hilarious film JACKPOT!. If you're in the mood for something scary, there's the horror film Night Swim. Bad Monkey starring Vince Vaughn as a former-detective-turned-health-inspector debuts. Finally, reality fans won't want to miss the premiere of RuPaul's Drag Race Global All Stars set for this week.
It's time to make your weekly streaming plans. Here are this week's best TV shows and movies to stream.
ET, CBS, SHOWTIME, Nickelodeon and Paramount+ are subsidiaries of Paramount.
Emily in Paris (Season 4) - Part One
On August 15, Lily Collins is back as Emily Cooper in Netflix's hit series Emily in Paris. Emily finds herself single after the events with her neighbor Gabriel (Lucas Bravo) and her ex-boyfriend Alfie (Lucien Laviscount) in season 3. Both suitors reenter Emily's orbit shortly after she decides to embrace the single life and consider new men. Will it finally work out for one of these past lovers? Fans may have to wait to find out until part 2 of season 4 drops on September 12.
Watch on Netflix
JACKPOT!
Starring John Cena and Awkwafina, JACKPOT! is directed by Bridesmaids' director Paul Feig. Set in 2030, Katie (Awkwafina) unexpectedly wins a Grand Jackpot and becomes a murder target as people try to steal her ticket to claim the money for themselves. Unexpected help comes from Noel (Cena) who vows to help her make it alive until she can cash out the prize. Simu Liu, Seann William Scott and Machine Gun Kelly also star in JACKPOT!, which premieres on Prime Video on August 15.
Watch on Prime Video
Bad Monkey
Andrew Yancy (Vince Vaughn) is let go from his detective job at the Miami PD due to his reckless behavior. Looking for work, he takes on the task of delivering a package to a recent widow (Meredith Hagner). When the wife doesn't appear to be upset at her husband's passing, he believes she has something to do with his untimely death. Diving back into the world of investigation, Yancy quickly finds himself in danger. Bad Monkey premieres on Apple TV+ on August 14.
Watch on Apple TV+
Night Swim
Starring The Falcon and the Winter Soldier's Wyatt Russell and The Banshees of Inisherin's Kerry Condon, Night Swim will now be available on streaming after its run in theaters. Night Swim tells the story of the Waller family as they move into their new home. Excited to take advantage of the house's swimming pool (which hasn't been used in 15 years), the family soon learns something sinister resides in the depths. Night Swim premieres on Freevee on August 13.
Watch on Freevee
RuPaul's Drag Race Global All Stars
The Olympics may be over, but you can still watch the best competitors around the globe go head-to-head in RuPaul's Drag Race Global All Stars. RuPaul has gathered the most fierce drag performers around the world to compete for a grand prize of $200,000. Alyssa Edwards from the original series and the All-Stars series will be representing the United States. RuPaul's Drag Race Global All Stars premieres on Paramount+ on August 16.
Watch on Paramount+
The Instigators
Matt Damon and Casey Affleck star in The Instigators, a film about a heist gone wrong. When a desperate father (Damon) and ex-con (Affleck) are out of options, they partner up to rob a corrupt politician. When things go sideways, the two quickly realize they're in over their heads. They convince a therapist (Hong Chau) to help them out before things get messy. The Instigators premiered on Apple TV+ on August 9.
Watch on Apple TV+
Dance Moms: A New Era
Dance Moms is back, but with a new generation of dancers and moms, and a different coach at the center. Dance Moms: A New Era is everything you know and love about the original, just with new faces and new drama. Young dancers will be pushed to their limit as they try and take their skills to the next level. Dance Moms: A New Era premiered on Hulu on August 7.
Watch on Hulu
The Umbrella Academy (Season 4)
The fourth and final season of Netflix's Umbrella Academy premiered on August 8. This season, the Hargreeves siblings will go up against The Keepers. While we don't know exactly what's in store, based on past seasons we are sure to expect epic fight scenes, hilarious quips and all the dysfunctional family drama.
Watch on Netflix
Are You Sure?!
Before their military enlistment, BTS's Jimin and Jung Kook had a summer of fun in 2023. These moments are documented in Disney+'s new series Are You Sure?! The pair from the popular K-pop group vacation in the United States where they try new experiences that ultimately lead to chaos and laughter. The first two episodes of Are You Sure?! dropped to Disney+ on August 8.
Watch on Disney+
French Girl
Zach Braff and Vanessa Hudgens star in French Girl, a movie now streaming on Freevee. Braff plays Gordon, a hopeless romantic who has his world turned upside down when his girlfriend moves to Quebec. To make things worse, his girlfriend will now be working closely with her ex (Hudgens). Misadventures ensue as Gordon does all he can to win back the love of his life.
Watch on Freevee
Hard Knocks: Training Camp with the Chicago Bears
The Emmy-winning sports series, Hard Knocks is back for its 19th edition. This year the documentary crew will follow the Chicago Bears at their training camp as they prepare for the upcoming NFL season. Football fans will get to go behind the scenes and see how General Manager Ryan Poles and Head Coach Matt Eberflus run the Chicago Bears. The first episode of Hard Knocks: Training Camp with the Chicago Bears premiered on Max on August 6.
Watch on Max
Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes
Wes Ball, whose past projects include the Maze Runner trilogy, directs the latest film in the Planet of the Apes franchise. In Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes, the apes have completely taken over and live in harmony, while humans hide in the shadows. When a new leader takes over and wants to end the human threat forever, an unlikely alliance forms between one human (The Witcher's Freya Allan) and a primate. The movie premiered on Hulu on August 2.
Watch on Hulu
Elizabeth Taylor: The Lost Tapes
Elizabeth Taylor passed over a decade ago, but now viewers can hear the Hollywood icon's story in her own words. Newly recovered interviews of Taylor have given unprecedented insight into the star's life and are being shared in HBO's latest documentary. Describing the complexity of her life and the struggles she faced through her legendary career, Taylor's tapes provide viewers with a new side of the Cleopatra actress. Elizabeth Taylor: The Lost Tapes premiered on Max on August 3.
Watch on Max
Batman: Caped Crusader
Prime Video's take on Batman is already hitting the headlines with Minnie Driver voicing a gender-swapped Penguin. The new animated series, Batman: Caped Crusader, centers around Bruce Wayne's quest for justice and the unexpected ramifications. Rated TV-14, this take on the DC hero is geared toward an older audience. All episodes of the show are now streaming via Prime Video.
Watch on Prime Video
Betrayal: A Father's Secret (Docuseries)
ABC News Studio is releasing a second season of the docuseries, Betrayal, based on a popular true crime podcast. This season follows Ashley Lytton, a mother of three who accidentally discovers a sinister secret about her husband, Jason. The series follows the devastating series of events as Ashley and her family grapple with untangling a web of lies and truths. Betrayal: A Father's Secret premiered on Hulu on July 30.
Watch on Hulu
Futurama (Season 12)
Fry, Bender, Leela and the rest of the Planet Express gang are back for season 12 of Futurama. This is the second season debuting on Hulu since the revival of the beloved series. We don't know exactly what is in store for the crew of the interplanetary delivery service, but we imagine they will travel to new worlds and find themselves on hilarious adventures. New episodes of Futurama will drop to Hulu each Monday.
Watch on Hulu
Saving Bikini Bottom: The Sandy Cheeks Movie
In honor of SpongeBob's 25th Anniversary, Sandy Cheeks is getting her very own movie on Netflix. When Bikini Bottom and its inhabitants are scooped out of the ocean, it's up to the air-breathing Sandy to save the town. While many of your favorite aquatic characters — including Squidward and Patrick — will make appearances, this movie mostly takes place on land as Sandy enlists the help of her southern squirrel family to rescue her friends. Saving Bikini Bottom: The Sandy Cheeks Movie premiered on Netflix on August 2.
Watch on Netflix
Learn more about SpongeBob Squarepants' 25th Anniversary and shop limited-edition collaborations.
Olympic Highlights with Kevin Hart and Kenan Thompson
What's better than sports coverage from experts who know what they're talking about? Commentary from comedy legends Kevin Hart and Kenan Thompson — if you prefer laughs to actual insight. Peacock is the streaming home of the 2024 Summer Olympics, and that includes Olympic Highlights with Kevin Hart and Kenan Thompson, a talk-show-style series featuring recaps of the best moments and unexpected events with takes from the duo. The show premiered on July 26, the same day as the opening ceremonies.
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Dress My Tour
Fans of Project Runway will want to check out Dress My Tour. Eleven fashion designers will compete to see their dreams of creating a look for the world's biggest stars come true. Each week, Kate Upton will host as incredibly talented artists including JoJo Siwa, Ty Dolla $ign, Paula Abdul and Toni Braxton have fashion collections designed for their upcoming tours. But it's not just the prestige these designers are after: They can also win $100,000. All episodes of the first season of Dress My Tour dropped to Hulu on July 23.
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Time Bandits
Based on the 1981 film, Time Bandits is a new show coming to Apple TV+ created for television with the help of Taika Waititi. Starring Lisa Kudrow, Time Bandits follows Kevin (Kal-El Tuck) an 11-year-old history buff who accidentally goes back in time. Kevin must work with unlikely allies (a group of time-traveling thieves led by Kudrow's character) to get back to save his family and home. Rated PG, this is a series the whole family can enjoy. Time Bandits premiered on Apple TV+ on July 24.
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Knox Goes Away
Michael Keaton directs Knox Goes Away, an action-packed thriller starring Keaton, James Marsden, Al Pacino and Marcia Gay Harden. In the film, a professional hitman (Keaton) develops a rapid form of dementia with only weeks to live. When his son (Marsden) needs help clearing his name, the contract killer, who is losing his grasp of reality, must solve a case before the police do and before his time runs out. Knox Goes Away premiered on Max on July 26.
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Cirque du Soleil: Without a Net
Acrobatics, death-defying stunts and incredible showmanship make Cirque du Soleil performances a one-of-a-kind entertainment experience. The iconic Las Vegas show, O, complete with a giant pool built into the stage for high diving feats, was shut down during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cirque du Soleil: Without a Net documents this challenging time with the owners even declaring bankruptcy at one point. After 400 days, the performers and crew are given the all-clear to start practicing again and must adjust to a new normal. The documentary premiered on Prime Video on July 25.
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Simone Biles Rising
Simone Biles shocked the world when she left the 2020 Tokoyo Olympics. In Netflix's new series, Simone Biles Rising, Biles gets candid about this time in her life and the impact the events had on her mental health. The two-part series documents the steps Biles has taken since that day and how she moved on to a path of success for the upcoming 2024 Paris Olympics. Simone Biles Rising premiered on Netflix on July 17.
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Lady in the Lake
A young girl disappears on Thanksgiving day in the 1960s. Maddie Schwartz (Natalie Portman) becomes fixated on the death and tries her hand at investigative journalism. Cleo Johnson (Moses Ingram) struggles to provide for herself and her family while working in Black Baltimore politics. While vastly different, their lives appear related, but Schwartz's investigation puts everyone in danger. Lady in the Lake premiered on Apple TV+ on July 19.
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My Spy The Eternal City
Looking for an action-packed film filled with hilarious scenes? Dave Bautista and Chloe Coleman are back for a second My Spy film, where they find themselves in Italy on a school trip. However, when the Vatican is under attack, the mission changes. Along with the iconic pair, other big stars like Ken Jeong, Kristen Schaal, Anna Faris and Craig Robinson appear in the movie. My Spy The Eternal City premiered on Prime Video on July 18.
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Those About to Die
Anthony Hopkins and Game of Thrones' Iwan Rheon star in Peaock's series Those About to Die. Set in the early Roman Empire, this show leads viewers into the gruesome sports where beasts battled soldiers to entertain the masses. The bloody, gladiatorial competitions are happening as the politics and dynasties begin to explode. Those About to Die premiered on Peacock on July 18.
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Love Lies Bleeding
Kristen Stewart, Ed Harris and Katy O'Brian star in the A24 film Love Lies Bleeding. Lou (Stewart) is a reclusive gym owner who falls for a new bodybuilder in town, Jackie (O'Brian). As Jackie begins to work for the family's gun range, she learns Lou Sr. (Harris) is actually at the center of a criminal enterprise. Love Lies Bleeding premiered on Max on July 19.
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Descendents: The Rise of Red
Brandy and Paolo Montalban reprised their iconic Cinderella and Prince Charming roles in Disney+'s original movie, Descendents: The Rose of Red. In the fourth franchise of the Descendents series, Red, the daughter of the infamous Queen of Hearts, is invited to Auradon Prep. Red is excited about the experience, but her mother takes over campus in a coup on her first day. To save the school, Red and Cinderella's daughter must go back in time to stop Red's mom from becoming a villain. The family-friendly film premiered on Friday, July 12.
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The Bachelorette (Season 21)
Listen up, Bachelor Nation: The newest season of The Bachelorette premiered on ABC on Monday, July 8, and began streaming on Hulu the next day. Season 21 stars Jenn Tran as The Bachelorette, who first appeared on Joey Graziadei's season of The Bachelor. Tran will attempt to find love among the 25 suitors vying for her attention.
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Sunny
Rashida Jones stars in Apple TV's new series, Sunny, which is part mystery, part thriller and part dark comedy. Jones stars as Suzie, whose life is devastated when her husband and son go missing after a plane crash. Suzie is gifted a robot named Sunny, allegedly created by her husband, despite his last known profession being refrigerator maintenance at an electronics company. As more questions arise, Suzie and Sunny work together to investigate the truth. Sunny premiered on Apple TV+ on Wednesday, July 10.
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Melissa Etheridge: I'm Not Broken
Famed singer-songwriter Melissa Etheridge struck tragedy when she lost her 21-year-old son from causes related to his opioid addiction. Since then, Etheridge has become inspired by letters she has received from women in prison, many of whom are also struggling with a substance addiction. Melissa Etheridge: I'm Not Broken documents the stories of these incarcerated women and the concert Etheridge performs at the correctional facility. The docuseries premiered on Paramount+ on Tuesday, July 9.
Watch on Paramount+
FAYE
Academy Award-winning actress Faye Dunaway is telling her story in HBO's latest documentary, FAYE. In the doc, Dunaway speaks candidly about her difficult childhood and the challenges she faced throughout her legendary career. The iconic star is joined by those closest to her, including many celebrities who became famous in Hollywood's "second Golden Age." FAYE premiered on Max on Saturday, July 13.
Watch on Max
Beverly Hills Cop 4: Axel F
After 30 years, Eddie Murphy once again steps into the role of Axel Foley. Beverly Hills Cop 4: Axel F features an all-star cast, including Judge Reinhold, Kevin Bacon, Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Taylour Paige. Axel finds himself back in Los Angeles when his daughter (Paige) is in danger. While he might not have changed much since his last job, the city has. The much-anticipated film premiered on Netflix on July 3.
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Space Cadet
Unhappy with her life as a bartender, Rex (Emma Roberts) decides to pursue her childhood dream of becoming an astronaut. Unbeknownst to Rex, her friend Nadine (Poppy Liu) recreates a fake resume that secures Rex's admission into a NASA space training program. Chaos ensues as Rex must keep up with the charade. Tom Hopper and Gabrielle Union also star in Space Cadet, which premiered on Prime Video on July 4.
Watch on Prime Video
Back to Black
First released to theaters, Back to Black is exclusively streaming on Peacock as of Friday, July 5. Back to Black is a biopic about the life of best-selling artist Amy Winehouse. Viewers will see how Winehouse became one of the most popular talents of her time by watching the dramatization of her life from adolescence through her rise to stardom.
Watch on Peacock
Hard Knocks: Offseason With the New York Giants
During the NFL season, you'll see your favorite players on the television screen nearly every week. Typically, what goes on during the offseason is a bit of a mystery, but that's no longer the case thanks to Max's beloved docuseries. This season of offseason Hard Knocks follows general manager Joe Schoen as he navigates the scouting combine, draft and training camps during the Giants' offseason. Hard Knocks: Offseason With the New York Giants premiered on Max on July 2.
Watch on Max
A Family Affair
Zara Ford (Joey King) is the assistant to the self-absorbed, high-maintenance movie star Chris Cole (Zac Efron). Dealing with him is bad enough at work, but things become even more complicated when her mother (Nicole Kidman) and Chris begin to have a relationship. Zara doesn't trust the superstar, but could the feelings between him and her mom be real? Find out by watching A Family Affair, which is streaming now on Netflix.
Watch on Netflix
I Am: Celine Dion
Celine Dion's voice was her identity. Not only did she have chart-topping songs and spectacular concerts, but her iconic singing voice awed crowds without any of the extras. In 2022, Dion shared that she had developed a rare neurological condition called Stiff Person Syndrome which took her voice away from her. (Dion spoke about this diagnosis in an interview with Koda Hotb.) Now fans can see even more about her journey with the illness in a new, intimate documentary called I Am: Celine Dion, streaming on Prime Video as of June 25.
Watch on Prime Video
The Bear (Season 3)
FX's Emmy-winning series The Bear is back for a third season. Tensions are higher than ever in the kitchen as Carmy (Jeremy Allen White) pushes his cousin (Ebon Moss-Bachrach), lead chef (Ayo Edebiri) and the rest of the kitchen staff to a new level to stay at their elite status. Will they be able to handle the heat? Find out when you watch the entire series that dropped to Hulu on Thursday, June 27.
Watch on Hulu
Land of Women (Season 1)
Inspired by award-winning novelist Sandra Barneda's work, Land of Women stars Eva Longoria as Gala. Gala is a socialite in NYC, but when her husband becomes indebted to criminals she must flee the country with her daughter and mother for their safety. Gala takes her unsuspecting relatives to her mother's small hometown in Spain, where she loses her car and money early on their journey, forcing them to live with a local who takes pity on them. The series debuted on Apple TV+ on June 26.
Watch on Apple TV+
Problemista
A24's latest film to come to streaming is Problemista. Written and directed by Julio Torres, Problemista follows Alejandro (Torres) while he has one month left to find a sponsor for his visa — otherwise, he can't stay in the United States. Alejandro's only hope is the unpredictable woman he assists, an eccentric and erratic art studio owner played by Tilda Swinton. Problemista premiered on Max on Friday, June 28.
Watch on Max
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Trump on Hot Mic: 'When You're a Star ... You Can Do Anything' to Women
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2016-10-07T20:08:46+00:00
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A decade before Trump became the Republican nominee for president, his candid views on women were caught on tape.
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Editor's note: This story contains graphic language that some may find offensive.
A decade before Donald Trump became the Republican nominee for president, he shared candid and lewd views on women that were caught on tape.
“I’m automatically attracted to beautiful women — I just start kissing them, it’s like a magnet. Just kiss. I don’t even wait. And when you’re a star, they let you do it. You can do anything," he said in the 2005 conversation. "Grab 'em by the pussy."
Ten years later, as a candidate and now the Republican nominee, Trump has come under fire for insulting and directing crude language toward women. He’s rejected such criticism repeatedly, insisting “nobody has more respect for women than me."
RELATED: GOP Piles on Donald Trump Over Remarks on Women
In the 2005 recording obtained by NBC News from Access Hollywood, Trump, then newly married to Melania Trump, spots a young woman through a bus window while in conversation with Billy Bush, at the time an anchor for Access Hollywood, and others.
"Whoa, whoa," he said to Bush about the woman’s appearance. “I gotta use some Tic Tacs just in case I start kissing her."
Earlier in the conversation, Trump recalls talking about trying to woo a married woman.
"I moved on her actually, she was down in Palm Beach and I failed. I’ll admit it. I did try to fuck her, she was married ... and I moved on her very heavily," Trump is heard saying.
"I took her out furniture shopping. She wanted to get some furniture and I told her 'I'll show you where you can get some nice furniture,'” Trump is heard saying. “I moved on her like a bitch, and I could not get there, and she was married. And all the sudden I see her and she’s got the big phony tits, she’s totally changed her look.”
In a prepared statement, Trump responded to the clip.
"This was locker room banter, a private conversation that took place many years ago. Bill Clinton has said far worse to me on the golf course — not even close. I apologize if anyone was offended."
RNC chairman Reince Preibus also responded to Trump's comments in a statement Friday night.
"No woman should ever be described in these terms or talked about in this manner," he said. "Ever."
Bush, now with the TODAY show, apologized in a statement Friday night, and said he was playing along in the 2005 conversation.
"Obviously I'm embarrassed and ashamed. It's no excuse, but this happened eleven years ago — I was younger, less mature, and acted foolishly in playing along. I'm very sorry," Bush said in the statement.
The new revelations come just 33 days left before the election, making Trump’s uphill climb with women voters even more challenging.
Just 24 percent of women view Trump favorably, according to the latest NBC News/ Wall Street Journal poll from mid-September. In a two-way race, Trump polls two points higher with men, while Clinton leads Trump with women by 14 points.
Clinton has already made Trump's past words on women a key campaign issue, using audio clips in a recent advertisement of him saying “slob” and “pig” when speaking about women. The ad then asks “is this the president we want for our daughters?”
In the last debate, Clinton slammed Trump for allegedly calling former Miss Universe Alicia Machado “Miss Piggy" for gaining weight and “Miss Housekeeping” because she is Latino. Trump kept the matter alive for days, insisting Machado had indeed gained too much weight after winning the beauty pageant and tweeting that she was “disgusting” and alleging that she had a sex tape.
After the debate, an online NBC News/Survey Monkey poll found that 27 percent of likely women voters said the debate had made them think worse of Trump.
Trump has been repeatedly accused of misogyny, with critics citing his many interviews with shock jock Howard Stern, where the conversation often turned raunchy and crude, as well as his behavior on reality television show The Apprentice.
The Associated Press recently reported multiple allegations of inappropriate behavior towards women while he was on the show, based on interviews with more than 20 former cast a crew members of The Apprentice who said Trump was often lewd and derogatory about women on set.
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Watch TV shows and movies online. Stream TV episodes of Shōgun, Grey's Anatomy, This Is Us, Bob's Burgers, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, Empire, SNL, and popular movies on your favorite devices. Start your free trial now.
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https://www.hulu.com
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Channels in your area
Enter your home ZIP code for channels available in your area.
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https://www.dictionary.com/e/you-guys/
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Modern Alternatives To Saying “Guys” and “You Guys”
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2022-07-28T07:01:48+00:00
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We've all used "guys" to refer to a group of people, but if you're looking for better and more up-to-date alternatives, we have just the list for you all.
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en
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Dictionary.com
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https://www.dictionary.com/e/you-guys/
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Listen up, everyone: we know you all have questions, so let’s talk about the terms guys and you guys. You may be asking if there are any good substitutes for such useful terms. The answer is yes, and we have suggestions for each and every one of you. (Including some that we just used without y’all even noticing it).
Is guys gender-neutral?
For years, the term guys and expressions like you guys have been commonly employed to address groups regardless of the gender of the group’s members, including by women addressing other women.
Despite the long history of this kind of use, such terms nevertheless carry gendered origins and connotations. The singular guy, for example, is never used to address or refer to an individual girl or woman. Applying the terms guys and you guys indiscriminately can end up excluding, ignoring, or creating discomfort for some people—particularly women and nonbinary people.
For these reasons, some people prefer to avoid using such terms, because they prefer not to be addressed in these ways or want to respect the preferences of those who don’t.
Gender-neutral words for guys
There’s no doubt that the word guys is useful and, for many people, extremely frequently used. It can be hard to stop using language that comes so naturally, especially when it seems hard-coded into the way we communicate. But there are plenty of similar—and very simple and familiar—terms that can serve all the same functions with complete gender-neutrality.
We’ve done our best to avoid clunky approximations that often miss the mark tone-wise or overstep familiarity (not all strangers like to be called friends, for example). Here are some suggestions for replacing guys or avoiding its use.
names
Here’s a simple alternative to saying guys or you guys: address people with their names.
you
When thinking about alternatives to you guys, the simplest solution is often to just drop the guys. You is used by itself as a plural in this way all the time.
y’all
Y’all is a contraction of you all, a construction that English speakers in the US South have found useful for centuries. There are similar regionalisms (like yinz, you-uns, yous, and youse), but these are far less widespread and recognizable than y’all, whose use has spread beyond the South.
you all, all of you, all
You all and all of you are options that come with a lot of the same benefits as y’all but without the regional association. They can be used in many of the same ways that you guys is used.
For example:
What did you all do this weekend?
Do you all have some time to help me with this?
I can’t believe all of you did this for me.
Hey, all of you, come look at this.
The word all can be used by itself as a term of address for groups.
For example:
Hey, all, check this out.
Attention, all: please gather round.
each of you
To address individuals within a group, you can use the phrase each of you.
For example:
Each of you will have a chance to ask a question.
you both, both of you, you two
You both, both of you, and you two function the same way as you all and all of you except that they are reserved for addressing two people, instead of larger groups.
For example:
What did you both do this weekend?
Do both of you have some time to help me with this?
I can’t believe you two did this for me.
Of course, these phrases can be easily varied to address specific numbers of people, as in the three of you, you four, all five of you, etc.
folks, you folks
Addressing people by actually using the word people can be tricky—it can be used to sound positive (Good job, people!), but it’s also associated with less polite use (Come on, people, get it together!).
What about people vs. peoples or persons? Read more about these terms.
A good alternative is folks, which, like y’all, has some built-in friendliness. And the phrase you folks can easily stand in for you guys.
For example:
What did you folks do this weekend?
Hey, folks, come look at this.
Are you folks interested in looking at the dessert menu?
If you feel like folks sounds too, well, folksy, there are also some very general options.
everyone, everybody
Easy, go-to options to address a large group of people are everyone and everybody.
For example:
What did everyone do this weekend?
Hey, everybody, come look at this.
All of the options to this point have been very general. But there are also options that work for more specific situations, such as when you want to be more informal or when you’re communicating in the classroom, the workplace, or with a team.
team, squad, crew, etc.
Informal collective terms of address like these are best reserved for people you’re familiar with, such as your close colleagues at work or a group of children.
For example:
Nice work, team.
OK, squad, listen up.
Hey, crew, settle in and let’s get started.
students
In classroom settings, the obvious option is students (which also works as an easy-to-remember alternative to the gendered boys and girls).
kids, children
Parents who want to avoid using the word guys (when addressing a son and daughter, for example) may be grasping for a term that packs as much meaning as the exasperated inflection of it (“Guys. Guys.”)—the one that’s meant to simultaneously scold and generate immediate attention (used upon occasions such as discovering wet clothes between couch cushions). In this case, may we suggest applying that same inflection to gender-neutral alternatives, such as kids, children, or little squirrels. (Finding ways to simultaneously express affection and frustration is among the main challenges of parenthood.)
peers, colleagues
These options for a professional setting can convey a sense of equality and warmth. If you feel like it would sound sincere, you could even throw in an adjective like esteemed. In the case of peers, though, just make sure that the people you’re addressing actually are (or consider themselves) your peers.
friends
As mentioned before, not all strangers are comfortable being addressed as friends, so reserve this one in most cases for your actual friends. And don’t miss the opportunity to develop your own very specific and highly informal terms of address for your friend group, such as sibs from different cribs (shout-out to whatever Tumblr user coined this one).
Speaking of highly informal terms of address, that brings us to a related question.
Here are 10 more ways to be more inclusive with your language.
Is dude gender-neutral?
Much like guys and you guys, the word dudes is often used to informally address friends regardless of gender. While the singular dude can be used this way, too, it’s more commonly used in a way similar to how the singular guy is often used—to specifically refer to a man or boy, as in I’ve never seen that dude before—who is he?
Because of this strong association, some people avoid using the words dude or dudes when addressing mixed-gender groups, especially those they don’t know. And using the phrase dudes and dudettes (with the female counterpart dudette) still has the problem of excluding nonbinary people in the same way that the phrases ladies and gentlemen and boys and girls do.
But don’t worry, there are options.
Gender-neutral alternatives for dude, bro, and similar terms
Some similar terms are buddy, pal, mate, champ, and boss. Though these are all gender-neutral, keep in mind that these have all been traditionally applied to men and boys, so some people might recoil at being referred to in these ways (apart from the obvious reason that such terms are intentionally over-the-top).
One alternative to using dude by itself is to substitute the word yo. It’s an interjection rather than a term of address, but it carries a lot of the same energy.
For example, instead of saying You missed it, dude! or You missed it, bro!, try saying You missed it, yo!
Bonus: yo can also be used to express the same subtle emotions that dude can—namely to indicate that you’re exasperated (Dude. Seriously. Stop. → Yo. Seriously. Stop.) or impressed (DUDE! → YO!).
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Our History
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Learn about the history of the American Red Cross from Clara Barton, World War I, World II and beyond.
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en
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/etc/designs/redcross/shared/favicon.ico
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https://www.redcross.org/about-us/who-we-are/history.html
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Since our founding by Clara Barton on May 21, 1881, the American Red Cross has been dedicated to serving people in need. We received our first congressional charter in 1900 and to this day we are tasked by the federal government with providing services to members of the American armed forces and their families as well as providing disaster relief in the United States and around the world.
Even while the Red Cross adapts to meet the changing needs of the people we serve, we always stay true to those roots. Are you familiar with the classic images of Red Cross nurses helping American soldiers and civilian war victims during World War I? In fact, as you read this Red Cross staff and volunteers are still deploying alongside America’s military. Maybe you’ve taken a class through the Red Cross, such as first aid certification or how to swim. Did you know we’ve been offering similar training since the early 1900s? Have you ever given blood or received donated blood? The Red Cross developed the first nationwide civilian blood program in the 1940s and we still provide more than 40% of the blood products in this country.
Today, as throughout our long history, the Red Cross depends on generous contributions of time, blood, and money from the American public to support our lifesaving services and programs. We invite you to learn about our history and hope you will feel inspired to become more involved with the Red Cross.
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National Geographic
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National Geographic Society funds the best and brightest individuals dedicated to scientific discovery, exploration, education and storytelling to illuminate and protect the wonder of our world. National Geographic Explorers are continuing to push the boundaries of knowledge, uncovering new insights about the natural and cultural worlds, and strengthening our connection to them and one another.
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Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) | Overview
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Bureau of Justice Assistance
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https://bja.ojp.gov/program/prea/overview
|
U.S. Department of Justice Final Rule
Governors’ PREA Certifications and Assurances
For More Information
On September 4, 2003, President George W. Bush signed into law the Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) of 2003 (P.L. 108-79). The goal of PREA is to eradicate prisoner rape in all types of correctional facilities in this country. As a result of PREA, the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) established the Protecting Inmates and Safeguarding Communities Program in Fiscal Year (FY) 2004. Funding was made available to states to support efforts to prevent and eliminate prisoner rape between inmates in state and local prisons, jails, and police lockup facilities and to safeguard the communities to which inmates return. The two main goals of the Protecting Inmates and Safeguarding Communities Program are to assist states and local jurisdictions in ensuring that budget cuts don't compromise efforts to protect inmates and to safeguard communities upon the inmate's reentry.
In FY 2011, BJA established the PREA Demonstration Projects to Establish “Zero Tolerance” Cultures for Sexual Assault Program. The PREA Program provides funding to state and local governments and federally recognized tribes for demonstration projects within confinement settings including, adult prisons and jails, juvenile facilities; community corrections facilities; law enforcement lockups and other temporary holding facilities, and tribal detention facilities.
PREA Management Office
For questions, please contact the PREA Management Office (PMO) at [email protected].
PMO Team Members:
Tom Talbot
Dee Halley
Alex Stojsavljevic
U.S. Department of Justice Final Rule
National Standards to Prevent, Detect, and Respond to Prison Rape Under the Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA):
Final Rule on National PREA Standards
Prison and Jail Standards
Lockup Standards
Community Confinement Standards
Juvenile Facility Standards
Governors’ PREA Certifications and Assurances
The PREA statute provides that, if a governor is not able to certify to DOJ that their jurisdiction is in full compliance with the PREA Standards, the governor has the option to submit an assurance to DOJ that (1) commits that not less than five percent of certain DOJ grant funds will be used solely for the purpose of enabling the jurisdiction to achieve and certify full compliance with the Standards in future years, or (2) requests that funds be held in abeyance by DOJ pending disposition consistent with the statute. If the governor is not able to certify to DOJ that the jurisdiction is in full compliance with the Standards and elects not to submit an assurance to DOJ, the jurisdiction will be subject to the loss of five percent of certain DOJ grant funds that it would otherwise receive.
The first year of the five percent reduction was FY 2014, which commenced on October 1, 2013, and ended on September 30, 2014. States that implement PREA have an ongoing obligation for compliance and thus, the PREA reallocation or reduction will be applied each year the governor does not certify full compliance with the PREA Standards.
Starting in 2014, there were three DOJ grant programs subject to the PREA statutory provision related to the submission of certifications and assurances. Two of the grant programs are administered by the Office of Justice Programs (OJP): (1) BJA’s Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant Program, and (2) the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention’s (OJJDP’s) Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) Formula Grant Program. The third grant program, Services, Training, Officers, and Prosecutors (STOP) Violence Against Women Formula Grant Program, is administered by the Office on Violence Against Women (OVW). The Justice for All Reauthorization Act of 2016 specified that programs administered by OVW are not "covered programs" for the purpose of PREA. Thus, starting with FY 2017 funds, the STOP Violence Against Women Formula Program will not be included as a program subject to PREA. The impact on awards from FY 2014 – FY 2016 will not change.
Additional information regarding the PREA amendment under the Justice for All Reauthorization Act of 2016 can be found in the PREA Amendment: Justice for All Reauthorization Act of 2016 Fact Sheet. You can also access full text of the statute.
See the State PREA Submissions site for access to PREA reports submitted for each state.
See the Annual Governors' PREA Certification and Assurance Submission Fact Sheet for additional information on the annual certification and assurance submission process.
Please see below for additional information on governors’ PREA certification and assurance submissions, reduction and reallocation amounts to impacted DOJ grant funds, and proposed PREA implementation activities for jurisdictions that submit an assurance.
FY 2024
September 14, 2023, Letter to the Governors
FY 2024 Certification and Assurance Submission
FY 2023
September 12, 2022, Letter to the Governors
FY 2023 Certification and Assurance Submission
FY 2022
September 3, 2021, Letter to the Governors
FY 2022 Certification and Assurance Submissions
FY 2021
August 10, 2020, Letter to the Governors
FY 2021 Certification and Assurance Submissions
FY 2020
September 16, 2019, Letter to the Governors
FY 2020 Certification and Assurance Submissions
Impact of PREA on Department of Justice Grants for Fiscal Year 2020
FY 2019
September 7, 2018, Letter to the Governors
FY 2019 Certification and Assurance Submissions
Impact of PREA on Department of Justice Grants for Fiscal Year 2019
FY 2018
September 12, 2017, Letter to the Governors
FY 2018 Certification and Assurance Submissions
FY 2017
September 9, 2016, Letter to the Governors
FY 2017 Certification and Assurance Submissions
FY 2016
February 25, 2016, Letter to the Governors
FY 2016 Certification and Assurance Submissions
FY 2016 PREA Reallocation and Reduction Amounts by Jurisdiction
FY 2015
FY 2015 Letter to the Governors
FY 2015 Certification and Assurance Submissions
FY 2015 PREA Reallocation and Reduction Amounts by Jurisdiction
Summary of PREA Implementation Activities Supported by FY 2015 PREA Reallocation Grants
FY 2014
FY 2014 Letter to the Governors
FY 2014 List of Certification and Assurance Submissions
FY 2014 PREA Reallocation and Reduction Amounts by Jurisdiction
Summary of PREA Implementation Activities Supported by FY 2014 PREA Reallocation Grants
2014 Press Updates
Press Release
Remarks: Deputy Attorney General James Cole Speaks at Press Conference Updating States’ Efforts to Comply with Prison Rape Elimination Act
For More Information
Visit the National PREA Resource Center website.
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Woman_Under_the_Influence
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en
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A Woman Under the Influence
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Woman_Under_the_Influence
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1974 film by John Cassavetes
A Woman Under the InfluenceDirected byJohn CassavetesWritten byJohn CassavetesProduced bySam ShawStarringGena Rowlands
Peter FalkCinematographyMitch Breit
Al RubanEdited byDavid Armstrong
Sheila Viseltear
Beth BergeronMusic byBo Harwood
Production
company
Faces International Films
Distributed byFaces Distribution
Release date
Running time
155 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$1 millionBox office$6.1 million (N. American rentals)[1][2]
A Woman Under the Influence is a 1974 American drama film written and directed by John Cassavetes. The story follows a woman (Gena Rowlands) whose unusual behavior leads to conflict with her blue-collar husband (Peter Falk) and family.[3] It received two Academy Award nominations, for Best Actress[4] and Best Director.[5]
Plot
[edit]
Mabel Longhetti, a Los Angeles housewife and mother, sends her three children, Tony, Angelo and Maria, to spend the night with her mother but is extremely hesitant to do so. She is a heavy drinker and exhibits strange behavior. An unexpected pipe leak forces her husband, Nick, a construction foreman, to cancel their date night over the phone, and Mabel is devastated. That night, drunk, she meets a man at a bar, Garson, who offers her some more drinks, and then he takes her home almost passed out. Despite her protests, he forces her to dance with him and appears to sexually assault her at the bottom of the stairs, while she hits him with her handbag.
She wakes up the next morning in bed and the man is still there. She is confused and briefly argues with him before he leaves, calling him by her husband's name and warning him that she's not in the mood for games. Later the same day, Nick brings his 11 member crew over to the house without calling Mabel beforehand. Mabel makes everyone spaghetti and they all sit at the table together to eat. Mabel seems extremely polite and warm to all Nick's colleagues. The meal is superficially pleasant, with Mabel asking each one of Nick's coworkers if they have children. Finally, Nick snaps at Mabel for making one of his men feel uncomfortable by being overly warm to him. The next day, Nick has an early wake up when his mother-in-law and their three children stop over before school, invading the couple's bedroom and making Mabel nervous.
Mabel's strange mannerisms and increasingly odd behavior continue to be a source of concern for Nick. She hosts a birthday party, but one of the child's parents, Mr Jensen, becomes disturbed by her behavior and is reluctant to leave his children alone with her, asking if she's been drinking. When Nick comes home, he finds all the children run wild, half-naked, and he gets into a fistfight with Jensen, who then leaves with his children. Nick also angrily slaps Mabel in front of the children. He brings the doctor who treats her, Dr Zepp, to evaluate her mental health. Mabel grows increasingly angry and suspicious and Nick fights off the doctor when he attempts to sedate her, while repeating to Mabel that he loves her. His mother, Margaret, accuses Mabel of being a bad mother, drinking all the time, and leaving her children hungry and naked. She offers nothing to her son, she says, and the other day she had brought another man to the house. Convinced she has become a threat to herself and others, the doctor institutionalizes her, while Mabel grabs her children in despair.
Nick returns to work and is annoyed by the workers' interest in Mabel's situation. He gets into an altercation with a worker, who falls down a hill and is severely injured. He picks up the children from school in the middle of the day to go to the beach and allows them to sip his beer.
Six months later, Nick plans a large surprise welcome home party for Mabel's return from the institution. However, his mother points out that this may be overwhelming for her, and Nick asks all of the non-family guests to leave. When Mabel arrives, she is apprehensive and quiet, in great contrast to her former outgoing and eccentric personality. Nick tries to make her feel comfortable, telling her that he is with her and the hell with all the others, but to no avail. The evening degenerates in yet another emotional and psychologically taxing event for Mabel. She reveals she underwent electroshock therapy in the mental hospital and becomes increasingly distraught, while at the same time, she asks all the family guests to go home, because she and Nick want to go to bed together, making all, once again, feel awkward.
After the guests leave, Mabel has a breakdown and cuts herself. When she stands on a sofa, bleeding, and refuses to come down, Nick slaps her and causes her to fall in front of their distraught children. She appears to recover somewhat and puts the kids to bed while they express their love for her. Nick and Mabel prepare their bed together as the credits roll.
Cast
[edit]
Gena Rowlands as Mabel Longhetti
Peter Falk as Nick Longhetti
Fred Draper as George Mortensen
Lady Rowlands as Martha Mortensen
Katherine Cassavetes as Margaret Longhetti
Matthew Laborteaux as Angelo Longhetti
Matthew Cassel as Tony Longhetti
Christina Grisanti as Maria Longhetti
Mario Gallo as Harold Jensen
George Dunn as Garson Cross (credited as O.G. Dunn)
John Finnegan as Clancy
Production
[edit]
John Cassavetes was inspired to write A Woman Under the Influence when his wife Gena Rowlands expressed a desire to appear in a play about the difficulties faced by contemporary women. His completed script was so intense and emotional she knew she would be unable to perform it eight times a week, so he decided to adapt it for the screen. When he tried to raise funding for the project, he was told "No one wants to see a crazy, middle-aged dame."[6]
Lacking studio financing, Cassavetes mortgaged his house and borrowed from family and friends, one of whom was Peter Falk, who liked the screenplay so much he invested $500,000 in the project.[6] The crew consisted of professionals and students from the American Film Institute, where Cassavetes was serving as the first "filmmaker in residence" at their Center for Advanced Film Studies. Working with a limited budget forced him to shoot scenes in a real house near Hollywood Boulevard, and Rowlands was responsible for her own hairstyling and makeup.[6]
Upon completion of the film, Cassavetes was unable to find a distributor, so he personally called theater owners and asked them to run the film. According to college student Jeff Lipsky, who was hired to help distribute the film, "It was the first time in the history of motion pictures that an independent film was distributed without the use of a nationwide system of sub-distributors." It was booked into art houses and shown on college campuses, where Cassavetes and Falk discussed it with the audience.[6] It was shown at the San Sebastián Film Festival, where Rowlands was named Best Actress and Cassavetes won the Silver Shell Award for Best Director, and the New York Film Festival, where it captured the attention of film critics like Rex Reed. When Richard Dreyfuss appeared on The Mike Douglas Show with Peter Falk, he described the film as "the most incredible, disturbing, scary, brilliant, dark, sad, depressing movie" and added "I went crazy. I went home and vomited," which prompted curious audiences to seek out the film capable of making Dreyfuss (who is himself bipolar) ill.[6]
Reception and legacy
[edit]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 89% based on 35 reviews, with a rating average of 8.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Electrified by searing performances from Gena Rowlands and Peter Falk, A Woman Under the Influence finds pioneering independent filmmaker John Cassavetes working at his artistic peak."[7]
Nora Sayre of The New York Times observed "Miss Rowlands unleashes an extraordinary characterization....The actress’s style of performing sometimes shows a kinship with that of the early Kim Stanley or the recent Joanne Woodward, but the notes of desperation are emphatically her own....Peter Falk gives a rousing performance...and the children are very well directed. But the movie didn't need to be 2 hours and 35 minutes long: there's too much small talk, which doesn't really reveal character. Still, the most frightening scenes are extremely compelling, and this is a thoughtful film that does prompt serious discussion."[8]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times rated the film four out of four stars and called it "terribly complicated, involved and fascinating – a revelation." He added "The characters are larger than life (although not less convincing because of that), and their loves and rages, their fights and moments of tenderness, exist at exhausting levels of emotion. [...] Cassavetes is strongest as a writer and filmmaker at creating specific characters and then sticking with them through long, painful, uncompromising scenes until we know them well enough to read them, to predict what they'll do next and even to begin to understand why."[9] Ebert later added the film to his "Great Movies" list, in which he called the film "perhaps the greatest of Cassavetes' films."[10]
Time Out London wrote "The brilliance of the film lies in its sympathetic and humorous exposure of social structure. Rowlands unfortunately overdoes the manic psychosis at times, and lapses into a melodramatic style which is unconvincing and unsympathetic; but Falk is persuasively insane as the husband; and the result is an astonishing, compulsive film, directed with a crackling energy."[11]
TV Guide rated the film four out of four stars, calling it "tough-minded" and "moving" and "an insightful essay on sexual politics."[12]
Pauline Kael of The New Yorker,[13] however, condemned the film as a "didactic illustration of (R.D.) Laing's version of insanity.”[14] Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic also panned the film in his 1974 review of it. He wrote: "To me this film is utterly without interest or merit".[15] John Simon, noted for his frequently caustic and disparaging reviews, called the film "dreadful."[16]
In Sight and Sound's 2012 poll on the greatest films of all time, the film placed 59th in the directors' poll and 144th in the critics' poll.[17] In 2015, the BBC named A Woman Under the Influence the 31st greatest American film ever made.[18]
In 1990, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant", one of the first fifty films to be so honored.[19][20]
Restoration and preservation
[edit]
The world premiere screening of a restored print was held at the Castro Theatre in San Francisco on April 26, 2009, as part of the San Francisco International Film Festival. Gena Rowlands was in attendance and spoke briefly. The restoration was done by the UCLA Film & Television Archive with funding provided by Gucci and the Film Foundation.[citation needed]
Awards and honors
[edit]
Award Category Nominee(s) Result Academy Awards[21] Best Director John Cassavetes Nominated Best Actress Gena Rowlands Nominated Golden Globe Awards[22] Best Motion Picture – Drama Nominated Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama Gena Rowlands Won Best Director – Motion Picture John Cassavetes Nominated Best Screenplay – Motion Picture Nominated Grand Prix Won Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards[23] Best Actress Gena Rowlands Won National Board of Review Awards[24] Top Ten Films 6th Place Best Actress Gena Rowlands Won National Film Preservation Board National Film Registry Inducted New York Film Critics Circle Awards[25] Best Actress Gena Rowlands Runner-up San Sebastián International Film Festival Silver Seashell John Cassavetes Won Best Actress Gena Rowlands Won OCIC Award (Honorable Mention) John Cassavetes Won Writers Guild of America Awards[26] Best Drama Written Directly for the Screen Nominated
Home media
[edit]
In 1992 Touchstone Home Video released the movie on VHS.[27]
On September 21, 2004, the film was released in Region 1 – together with Shadows, Faces, The Killing of a Chinese Bookie, and Opening Night – as part of the eight-disc box set John Cassavetes – Five Films by The Criterion Collection. The film is in anamorphic widescreen format with an English audiotrack. Bonus features include commentary by sound recordist and composer Bo Harwood and camera operator Mike Ferris and interviews with Gena Rowlands and Peter Falk. On October 22, 2013, the box set was re-released on Blu-ray.[28]
See also
[edit]
List of American films of 1974
Mental illness in film
Bipolar disorder
References
[edit]
Further reading
[edit]
Carney, Raymond Francis, Junior, “American Dreaming: The Films of John Cassavetes and the American Experience,” (Berkeley and Los Angeles, California and London: University of California Press, 1985).
|
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https://abcnews.go.com/
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2020-11-05T10:13:39-05:00
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en
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/themes/americorps/favicons/favicon.ico
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https://americorps.gov/
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Every year, we enroll more than 200,000 individuals to serve organizations making a difference in communities across America.
Fast facts
35K
locations served across the country
1.8B
hours served
200K
members and volunteers serving
Event
9/11 Day of Service and Remembrance
Remember the fallen by lifting our communities. Honor the heroes by becoming a hero to someone in need. Show the unity and resolve that followed that solemn day during this 9/11 day of service.
Get Involved
Announcement
Expanding Opportunities
The new AmeriCorps State and National rule change will support members' career readiness, provide education awards and benefits for our members and more.
Find out more
Announcement
AmeriCorps 30th Anniversary
From September 2023 to September 2024, AmeriCorps is celebrating three decades of national service.
Celebrate with Us
Opportunity
Make a Difference. Choose AmeriCorps.
You have the power to make a difference and change lives, including your own. Join AmeriCorps and AmeriCorps Seniors to channel your passion into service, kickstart your career, or make an impact in your community. The choice is yours.
Join Now
Previous Next
We bridge divides by bringing people together: connecting individuals and organizations to help communities tackle their toughest challenges.
Serve
Do you want to make an impact in your community and your country? AmeriCorps members and AmeriCorps Seniors volunteers serve with organizations to strengthen communities across our nation.
Find out more
Partner
In need of resources? AmeriCorps is here for you. Every year, we place more than $800 million in funding and more than 200,000 individuals with nonprofit, faith-based, and community organizations.
Find out more
Even a Day Makes a Difference
Time a challenge? You can still serve as a volunteer during a day of service. Find out what’s coming and see how you can get involved.
Not Ready to Serve? You Can Still Help.
AmeriCorps works with local and national partners to tap the power of the American people to tackle our country's most pressing challenges. Your donation helps us further this important mission.
Stories
Every AmeriCorps Experience Tells a Story.
AmeriCorps members and AmeriCorps Seniors volunteers represent the best of America: tirelessly serving people and communities across the country.
My advice to those considering AmeriCorps VISTA is to DO IT! Jump out of the self-imposed comfort zone and discover yourself as you serve others.
Newsroom
National Service Blog
Take a look inside the world of national service and volunteering to learn how AmeriCorps and AmeriCorps Seniors improve lives, foster civic engagement, and strengthen communities across the country.
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https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/f/fahrenheit-451/summary-and-analysis/part-1
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https://www.mariecurie.org.uk/talkabout/articles/famous-quotes-about-grief/268300
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en
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Five famous (and several not
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2021-03-24T00:00:00+00:00
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We present several quotes about grief and the stories of how they came to be. Do any of them resonate with you?
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en
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/Content/ico/favicon.ico?v=2
|
Marie Curie
|
https://www.mariecurie.org.uk/talkabout/articles/famous-quotes-about-grief/268300
|
“No one ever told me that grief felt so like fear. I am not afraid, but the sensation is like being afraid. The same fluttering in the stomach, the same restlessness, the yawning. I keep on swallowing.”
A Grief Observed by C.S. Lewis
As you might expect, there are countless grief quotes in A Grief Observed, a book by C.S. Lewis (author of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe) reflecting on the death of his wife, Joy Davidman.
The story of their marriage is an unusual one. Davidman, a divorced Jewish American mother-of-two, came to London in November 1953, having already met and fallen in love with the devoutly Christian bachelor C.S. Lewis. Lewis saw her as a good friend and like-minded intellectually. He helped her when she ran into financial difficulty. They entered into a civil marriage to allow her to stay in the country. But he wasn’t in love with her.
Or so he thought.
In October 1956, Joy Davidman was diagnosed with incurable cancer, news that hit C.S. Lewis even harder than he might have expected. Faced with losing her forever, Lewis realised that he’d fallen in love with Davidman. They ended up having a full Anglican wedding.
Davidman died in July 1960 and the turmoil that Lewis felt was what inspired A Grief Observed. He also wrote an epitaph in which he yearns for his wife to rise from the dead one day.
Here the whole world (stars, water, air,
And field, and forest, as they were
Reflected in a single mind)
Like cast off clothes was left behind
In ashes, yet with hopes that she,
Re-born from holy poverty,
In lenten lands, hereafter may
Resume them on her Easter Day.
Epitaph for Joy Davidman’s grave, by C.S. Lewis
“If you ever lose someone dear to you, never say the words ‘they’re gone’. They’ll come back.”
Comeback by Prince
Written for his only child, Amiir Gregory Nelson, who died at just one week old, the song Comeback – especially this passage – seems an affirmation of Prince’s belief in the hereafter. Or at the very least his great hope that he would one day see his son again.
Prince lived an incredibly productive life, composing an unknown number of songs (some say around 2,000) before dying of an opioid overdose at the age of 57 in 2016. It was a life often tinged by tragedy, including the death of his son Amiir in 1996, followed by the miscarriage of another child shortly afterwards. According to Mayte Garcia, Prince’s wife and mother to both children, the marriage never recovered, as is sometimes the case for grieving parents.
In spite of the difficulties he faced in life, Prince composed numerous uplifting songs to remind us of the importance of enjoying life while we can.
We could all die any day.
But before I'll let that happen
I'll dance my life away.
1999, by Prince
“One must not let oneself be overwhelmed by sadness.”
Jacqueline Kennedy-Onassis
Jackie Kennedy (or Jackie O as she became known in later life) was far more than the widow of a former President. She was also a fashion icon, book editor, mum, and no stranger to feelings of overwhelming grief and sadness. Both her two-day-old son Patrick and the baby's father, Jackie's first husband President John F. Kennedy, died within four months of each other in 1963. (Her second husband, the shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis, died 12 years later.)
Patrick Kennedy was born prematurely and died with his father by his side while Jackie was still recovering from the emergency caesarean. Just months later, President Kennedy himself died when he was shot in Dallas with Jackie by his side. Understandably, Jackie suffered from suspected post-traumatic stress disorder for some time afterwards.
She was left to look after the Kennedys’ young children on her own, and you can see the proud mother gently instructing three-year-old John Jr to salute his father’s passing coffin in poignant footage of John F. Kennedy’s funeral .
Grief and bereavement are different for everyone and, as Jackie noted later on, her experiences were perhaps shaped by her very unusual and public position:
“Can anyone understand how it is to have lived in the White House and then, suddenly, to be living alone as the President's widow?”
Jacqueline Kennedy-Onassis
“Tomorrow is the most important thing in life.
Comes into us at midnight very clean.
It's perfect when it arrives and it puts itself in our hands.
It hopes we've learned something from yesterday.”
John Wayne’s headstone
This quote originally comes from a Playboy magazine interview but, despite its racy origins, the words were so quietly profound that they were chosen by John Wayne’s loved ones for his headstone, providing solace and motivation in grief.
Headstone epitaphs are, of course, a popular place for memorable quotes about grief and death – from the poignant to the funny…
“Death leaves a heartache no one can heal, love leaves a memory no one can steal”
From an Irish headstone
“I told you I was ill”
Spike Milligan’s headstone
“Murdered by a traitor and a coward whose name is not worthy to appear here”
Jesse James’ headstone, clearly written by a griever feeling angry with assassin Robert Ford
“So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past”
F. Scott Fitzgerald’s headstone, a quote from his book The Great Gatsby reflecting on loss
“Grief is the price we pay for love.”
Queen Elizabeth
The Queen delivered these words as part of a condolence message she sent to the families of the 250 British victims of the 9/11 terrorist attack. The words themselves are adapted from a passage written by Dr Colin Murray Parkes, a psychiatrist at St.Christopher’s Hospice in his book Bereavement: Studies of Grief in Adult Life.
“The pain of grief is just as much part of life as the joy of love: it is perhaps the price we pay for love, the cost of commitment. To ignore this fact, or to pretend that it is not so, is to put on emotional blinkers which leave us unprepared for the losses that will inevitably occur in our own lives and unprepared to help others cope with losses in theirs.”
Dr Colin Murray Parkes, from Bereavement: Studies of Grief in Adult Life
The sentiment, in turn, is not dissimilar to the moving epitaph written in 1817 for legendary author Jane Austen by her brother James, in which he describes the grief of all who knew her:
“Their grief is in proportion to their affection
they know their loss to be irreparable”
Jane Austen’s tombstone, Winchester Cathedral
The Native American blessing
"May the sun bring you energy every day, bringing light into the darkness of your soul.
May the moon softly restore you by light bathing you in the glow of restful sleep and peaceful dreams.
May the rain wash away your worries and cleanse the hurt that sits in your heart.
May the breeze blow new strength into your being, and may you believe in the courage of yourself.
May you walk gently through the world, keeping your loved one with you always, knowing that you are never parted in the beating of your heart."
Apache grief blessing, by unknown author(s)
This beautiful blessing was composed by Apache Native Americans to be wished to grieving comrades. Much Native American writing focuses on the connection between people and the natural environment, and the belief that nature has incredible healing powers. This blessing is no exception.
The Apaches were a semi-nomadic tribe, and when this blessing was first wished, members would have had a very intimate understanding of the great outdoors, dividing their time between hunter-gathering and farming. So, as they went about their lives in the southwestern United States, the sun, moon, rain and breeze from those vast prairie skies would've been reassuring constants, no matter what challenges everyday life brought.
The blessing is also a reminder that we can all benefit from the healing power of nature. Exercise and simple time spent outside can be very beneficial for mental health any time, including when we're touched by grief and loss.
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4469291/
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en
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Gender and Emotion Expression: A Developmental Contextual Perspective
|
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"Tara M. Chaplin"
] |
2015-01-29T00:00:00
|
Small but significant gender differences in emotion expressions have been reported for adults, with women showing greater emotional expressivity, especially for positive emotions and internalizing negative emotions such as sadness. But when, developmentally, ...
|
en
|
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.ico
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PubMed Central (PMC)
|
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4469291/
|
Biology and Socialization Interactions
In this theory, we first propose that there are gender-related display rules in most cultures for emotion (Brody & Hall, 2008). In the US and in many Western cultures, girls are expected to display greater levels of most emotions, particularly positive emotions such as happiness, and internalizing negative emotions, including sadness, fear, anxiety, shame, and guilt (Brody & Hall, 2008). Girls are also expected to display more empathy and sympathy than boys (Zahn-Waxler, Cole, & Barrett, 1991; Zahn-Waxler, Schiro, Robinson, Emde, & Schmitz, 2001), which may also be considered internalizing-type emotions, since they involve expressively reflecting others’ sorrow (Chaplin & Aldao, 2013). These display rules for internalizing emotions in females are consistent with societal gender roles and stereotypes for females to be more relationally oriented, nurturing, and accommodating than males (Zahn-Waxler et al., 1991). Positive and internalizing emotion expressions facilitate rather than threaten relationships and often promote closeness with others, such as in the case of shared happiness promoting bonding or in the case of sadness expressions eliciting sympathy from others and bringing people together in shared mourning of a loss (Barrett & Campos, 1987; Izard & Ackerman, 2000; Zahn-Waxler & Robinson, 1995).
In contrast to the display rules for girls’ emotions, boys, at least in Western cultures, are expected to show less of the “tender” emotions, such as sadness and anxiety, and they are allowed to express externalizing emotions including anger, contempt, and disgust. Anger and contempt function to promote the goal of overcoming obstacles, which can involve the pushing outward, rather than internalizing, of distress (Brody, 1999, 2000; Brody & Hall, 2008). Thus, externalizing emotion expressions are consistent with societal gender roles for males to be assertive, individualistic, independent, and even aggressive, in line with traditional roles for men to protect their families and to overcome dangers that interfere with their ability to provide for their families (Brody, 1999; Eagly & Steffen, 1984).
Gender differences in emotion expressions in the proposed bio-psycho-social model, then, are hypothesized to develop based on a combination of biological gender differences and socialization into the cultural gender roles described above. Then, the expression of gender-role consistent emotions is influenced by contextual factors, including the immediate social context and the larger cultural context(s). In terms of biological factors, Brody (1999) and others have argued that as infants boys have higher activity and arousal levels, and lower language ability and inhibitory control than girls. All of these are likely to be biologically based. Because of these early differences between boys and girls, theorists have proposed that boys are less likely to inhibit or down-regulate negative emotions and more likely to express negative emotions than girls in infancy (Brody, 1999; Weinberg, Tronick, Cohn, & Olson, 1999) and that parents, at least in Western cultures, then respond to boys in ways that dampen their expressiveness; encouraging boys to limit emotions as a means of down-regulating their high arousal and activity levels. Consistent with this idea, Buck (1977) found that boys’ observed emotion expressions decreased with age from age 4 to 6 years whereas girls’ did not, in a sample of U.S. youth. He attributed this finding to socialization agents dampening boys’ expressivity. In contrast to the situation for boys, the bio-psycho-social model proposes that parents are likely to respond to their girls’ biologically based lower arousal and larger vocabularies by talking to them about emotions and otherwise encouraging emotion expression in young girls. Indeed, observational research has shown that parents do use more emotion words when talking with daughters than sons, in particular happiness- and sadness-related words, at least in White U.S. samples (Adams, Kuebli, Boyle, & Fivush, 1995; Fivush, 1989). This combination of biological factors and socialization should lead to increases in girls’ expressions of emotions and boys’ decreased expressions of emotions over time from infancy into childhood. In terms of type of emotion, given gender roles for girls to show greater positive and internalizing emotions than boys, we would expect that gender differences, with girls > boys in positive and internalizing emotions would increase from infancy into childhood. In terms of externalizing emotions, although boys may be encouraged to limit emotion displays in general (for example, according to Buck’s theory), the one type of emotion display that they may be allowed to continue would be externalizing emotions such as anger. These would be allowed because socialization agents would encourage anger in boys to be consistent with gender roles for greater acceptance of externalizing emotion expressions in boys than girls.
What is the empirical evidence for this bio-psychosocially driven increase in gender differences from infancy to childhood and adolescence? In terms of positive emotions, there are four relevant meta-analyses suggesting age-related emergence of gender differences in positive emotion. In the first, Hall and Halberstadt (1986) did not find a significant gender difference in smiling behavior in 2 to 12 year olds, using mainly studies of White U.S. youth. In the second, LaFrance et al. (2003) found significant gender differences (females > males) in smiling behavior, with a medium effect size (d = −.41), in adolescents and adults aged 13 and over, with primarily (but not entirely) White U.S. samples. In the third, Chaplin and Aldao (2013), in their meta-analytic review of primarily (but not entirely) White U.S. children and adolescents aged 0–17, did not find significant gender differences in positive emotion expressions in infancy or the toddler/preschool period, but did find small but significant gender differences (girls > boys) in positive expressions in middle childhood (g = −.20) and adolescence (g = −.28). In the fourth, Else-Quest, Hyde, Goldsmith, and van Hulle’s (2006) meta-analysis of children aged 3 months to 13 years who were likely primarily White U.S. children (although ethnicity and country were not specified), found a trend for a gender difference (girls > boys) in smiling behavior to emerge with increasing age. Taken together, these studies support that gender differences in positive emotion expressions are not found in early childhood, but may be seen in middle childhood and are clearly seen by adolescence and adulthood. This may support biological and socialization theories that girls start off with biologically based lower arousal and better emotion vocabulary and they are socialized over time to enhance expression of emotion and, in particular, socialized to adopt the female gender role to express more “relational” positive emotions.
In terms of internalizing emotions like sadness and fear/ anxiety, there have been two relevant meta-analyses. In the first, Else-Quest et al. (2006) found a small but significant gender difference (girls > boys) in “fearfulness” (including observed fear expressions and parent-reports of child fear experiences and expressions; d = −.12) for children aged 3 months to 13 years and did not find moderation by age. For sadness, Else-Quest and colleagues found no significant gender differences in “sadness” (including observed sadness expressions and parent-reported sadness experiences and expressions). In the second meta-analysis, Chaplin and Aldao (2013) found significant gender differences (girls > boys) in internalizing expressions (including sadness and fear) in infancy (g = −.14), the toddler/ preschool years (g = −.09), and in middle childhood (g = −.12), and a non-significant pattern of girls > boys in internalizing expressions in adolescence (g = −.06), with no moderation by age. Interestingly, when Chaplin and Aldao (2013) divided their findings on internalizing expressions into the specific emotions that made up that composite, the strongest gender differences (girls > boys) were found for fear (g = −.10), shame (g = −.56), and sympathy (g = −.13) and no significant gender difference was found for sadness (g = −.06, ns). Taken together, these findings suggest that, at least for primarily White U.S. and Western European samples, girls may express greater fear and other internalizing emotions than boys (but possibly not greater sadness) and that this begins early (in infancy) and does not change over time with age. In terms of the bio-psycho-social model, this suggests that internalizing emotions are not as affected by socialization or unfolding of biological mechanisms over time, perhaps suggesting that gender differences in some internalizing emotions, including fear, are biologically based (or based on very early socialization, starting in infancy). The course of gender differences in sympathy and shame are a bit less clear, since these emotions do not actually emerge for youth until after infancy and so they did not likely influence Chaplin and Aldao’s findings for internalizing emotion expressions in infancy. More research should be done on the developmental course of gender differences in “social” emotions such as sympathy and shame expressions. The literature on self-reported sympathy and empathy experience (conduced mostly in U.S. and Western European samples) suggests that gender differences in empathic concern may become stronger from childhood to middle adolescence (Michalska, Kinzler, & Decety, 2013; van der Graaff et al., 2014), although gender differences in self-reported empathy may not be reflected in studies of observed empathy or in physiological indicators of empathy (Michalska et al., 2013).
In terms of gender differences in externalizing emotions, there have been at least two relevant reviews. Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) found in their classic narrative review of gender differences in behavior that gender differences (with boys > girls) in mostly observed “frustration reactions” (which included expressions of externalizing emotions) were not found in infancy, but emerged in the toddler period. Consistent with this, Chaplin and Aldao (2013) found that boys and girls were not significantly different in observed externalizing emotion expressions in infancy, but gender differences were significant (boys > girls) at toddler/preschool age (g = .17) and in middle childhood (g = .13). After middle childhood, however, unexpectedly, the direction of gender differences in externalizing emotion expressions changed direction in adolescence, with boys showing less externalizing emotion than girls in adolescence (g = −.27)— although this was based on relatively few studies of adolescents (number of studies = 11). Also consistent with a strengthening of gender differences in externalizing emotion expressions over time from infancy to childhood is Keenan and Shaw’s (1997) review of behavior problems (primarily parent-reported, primarily in U.S. and Western European samples), problems which are often characterized by anger expression. Keenan and Shaw found no gender differences in behavior problems in infancy, but emerging gender differences (boys > girls) in the preschool period. Taken together, these developmental data suggests that gender differences in externalizing emotions are not present in infancy, but develop (potentially due to socialization factors) in the toddler/preschool period and continue into childhood, although perhaps not through adolescence. This may suggest either a biological unfolding of gender differences in externalizing expressions in the preschool period and/or increasing socialization pressures for boys to show externalizing emotions and girls to limit these displays as parents get their children ready to enter school. The unexpected finding that girls showed greater externalizing expressions in adolescence may be due to increases in depression and accompanying irritability in adolescence for girls, or may be due to changing gender roles for teenaged girls’ expressions of anger in recent years (Brown, 1999), with anger becoming more acceptable for teenaged girls.
Social Context Influence
Our bio-psycho-social model (and Brody’s [1999] model) also proposes an important role for social context, consistent with social constructionist theories. We propose that gender roles for emotion expression, once internalized, may be exacerbated or blunted depending on interactions with the in-the-moment social environment and also with the larger societal/cultural context. Emotion expressions are inherently social in nature— they typically are used as ways to signal one’s needs and desires to others in the environment. Individuals express emotions within particular situations or contexts and, at a more global level, within a society and culture and within a subculture (e.g., ethnicity, etc.). Thus, it is necessary to study emotion expression in the context of social interactions. One important contextual factor influencing gender differences in child emotion expressions is the interpersonal context in which one expresses emotion. It has been hypothesized, based on social-constructionist-informed theories, that fewer gender differences in emotion expression will be found when people are with someone they trust and know well (such as when a child is with his/her parent) or when they are alone than when they are with an unfamiliar person (e.g., an experimenter; Hall & Halberstadt, 1986; LaFrance et al., 2003) or with a peer (Zeman & Garber, 1996). This is because children will be more likely to behave in a “socially acceptable” manner with persons they do not know well and, therefore, are more likely to adhere to gender roles. In contrast, they may feel more comfortable when alone or with familiar others (e.g., parents) and thus be more likely to express a full range of emotions, even those that are not consistent with gender roles.
What is the empirical evidence for a role of in-the-moment interpersonal context? For positive emotions, LaFrance et al.’s (2003) meta-analysis found that gender differences (females > males) in positive emotion expressions in adolescents and adults were stronger when with an unfamiliar person than when with a familiar person. Chaplin and Aldao’s (2013) meta-analysis also found that gender differences in positive expressions in 0–17 year olds were strongest when with an unfamiliar adult (g = −.12) and were not significant when with a parent, when alone, or when with a peer. Taken together, this is strong evidence that context matters and that gender differences in positive emotion may emerge based on an interaction between a gender role or script (or possibly a biological propensity) for girls to show high positive emotion and the demands of an environment. One explanation for girls’ tendency to express positive emotions when with unfamiliar others is that girls perceive that the observer is less open to seeing gender-role inconsistent emotions. Another explanation is that girls are socialized (and/or innately predisposed) to try to please others and maintain harmony and thus are more likely to smile when with an unfamiliar other in order to “please” an adult experimenter or in order to reduce social tension in interactions with strangers. Consistent with this, Hall and Halberstadt’s (1986) meta-analysis of 2–12 year olds found that gender differences in smiling (girls > boys) were stronger in socially tense situations (and also, to a lesser extent, in situations with unfamiliar others). In either case, it is clear that the social context matters for the end outcome of emotion expressive behavior.
For externalizing emotion expressions, similarly, Chaplin and Aldao (2013) also found social context influences, such that gender differences were stronger in the presence of peers (and, oddly, when alone) than when with parents or other adults, suggesting that the peer group may influence/elicit gender-role consistent displays of anger or aggression. The story for internalizing emotions was not as clear cut, with Chaplin and Aldao finding that gender differences for these emotions were actually strongest when with parents and when with unfamiliar adults and were attenuated with peers or alone, which does not line up with the hypothesis that gender differences should emerge in situations with relatively unfamiliar others (such as with peers) and not when with familiar others (like parents).
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https://concernusa.org/news/worst-countries-for-womens-rights/
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10 of the worst countries for women's rights
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Compiling data from Georgetown University's Women, Peace and Security Index and United Nations’ Gender Inequality Index, we look at ten of the worst countries for women’s rights where Concern is currently working.
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https://concernusa.org/news/worst-countries-for-womens-rights/
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10. Pakistan
There’s some debate between the 2021 WPS Index and the 2020 UN Gender Inequality Index as to Pakistan’s place when it comes to women’s rights. The latter ranks the country 135th out of 162. It's not a clean bill of health, but also not one of the top ten or even top 25 worst countries for women’s rights. But Women, Peace, and Society Index ranks Pakistan country as 167th out of 170, citing:
Low levels of financial inclusion for women (7%)
Just under four years of schooling for women
An employment rate of just over 21% for women
A largely discriminatory set of social norms and legal frameworks, and high incidences of intimate partner violence
Part of the WPS's low ranking for Pakistan is due to the discrepancies between women’s rights at the province level. The lowest-ranking provinces in the country performed almost four times as poorly as the highest-ranking provinces. These are disparities that, the WPS says, “national averages conceal.” WPS links this to the income and poverty rates within provinces. They also link extreme poverty to gender inequality in Pakistan.
9. Central African Republic
Conditions for women have improved somewhat in the Central African Republic, mainly thanks to a decrease in organized violence that improved a sense of community safety in the 2021 WPS Index. This is a drop in the bucket, however. A crisis in the Central African Republic has entered its tenth year in 2022 and has a disproportionate effect on women. According to the WPS:
Women in the CAR generally only have 3 years of schooling
Their representation in local parliament is less than 9%
Organized violence has gone down. Still, one out of every five Central African women still faces violence from an intimate partner.
In addition to the data that forms the heart of the WPS Index, there are other indicators of and barriers to women’s rights in CAR. Harmful gender practices like early marriage mean that 61% of married women were in a union before their 18th birthday. Women of reproductive age are also restricted in terms of their sexual and reproductive health and rights. According to UN Women, just over a quarter of Central African women were able to access modern family planning resources in 2019.
8. Somalia
Somalia ranks twelfth on the 2021 WPS Index. Highlights from their report:
Somalia has greater political representation for women than CAR (23% of the country's Parliament is female)
However, the number of women in the workforce is drastically lower (23% compared to 68%)
In some cases, the indicators to meeting the Sustainable Development Goal of gender equality in the country are incomplete, due in part to Somalia’s protracted cycle of crisis. There are worrisome gaps in reporting, including data on women’s land ownership rights, harassment and violence against women, and the gender pay gap.
Other indicators that the United Nations reports on do not suggest positive results in these areas. More than a third of Somali women were married before they turned 18. Only 2% of women in the country were able to access safe and modern family planning and birth control resources. This has led to one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the world: For every 100,000 live births, 829 Somali women will die.
7. Sierra Leone
Even higher than Somalia’s maternal mortality rate is Sierra Leone, where 1,120 women out of every 100,000 will die due to complications from pregnancy or childbirth. This has been a longstanding issue — one that Concern has addressed in part through our project, Innovations for Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health (2009-2016). While many in the country are pushing to overturn outdated and outmoded gender norms, crises have interrupted progress, such as the 2014-16 Ebola epidemic leading to an increase in unplanned teen pregnancies.
While Sierra Leone has enjoyed relative peace for the last 20 years, gender-based violence is still a fact of life in many areas. According to the WPS Index:
Only 45.8% of Sierra Leonean women feel safe walking home at night in their communities
Most women also receive fewer than three years of an education.
School-related GBV is also a rule rather than an exception in Sierra Leone. (Concern is currently working to address this through the Safe Learning Model.)
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is common among 90% of women and girls ages 15-49
6. Sudan
The summer of 2019 brought several advances in women’s rights to Sudan, including:
The criminalization of FGM
The repeal of laws restricting women’s rights in terms of what they wore, where they could go, and what they could do for work
A target of 40% female representation in the country’s transitional parliament
This is a promising advancement for the country, though progress may be delayed given the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, only 22% of parliament was female-led (although this is already a huge step forward).
5. Chad
Of the 162 countries ranked on the United Nations’ Gender Inequality Index for 2020, Chad ranks 160. Chad passed its Reproductive Health Law 20 years ago, which has led to a significant decrease in practices like FGM. However, child marriage is still common — one report conducted by Concern in 2015 showed that the median age for a first marriage was 16 for girls and 22 for boys. In one focus group for this report, a participant noted: “Early marriage is a custom in our community, but a real danger for the girl: pregnancy, surgery, death, and also several cases of running away.”
“Early marriage is a custom in our community, but a real danger for the girl: pregnancy, surgery, death, and also several cases of running away.” — Concern Chad focus group participant, 2015
Since that report, we’ve seen numbers like the percentage of women reporting intimate partner violence drop. However there’s still a lot of work to be done:
Women complete less than two years of school in Chad
Women are also chronically underrepresented in Chadian parliament
Chad also has the second-highest maternal mortality rate in the world, with 1,140 deaths for every 100,000 live births
4. Democratic Republic of Congo
The Democratic Republic of Congo ranks 163 out of 170 on the 2021 WPS Index and 150 out of 162 on the UN's 2020 Gender Inequality Index. Progress on gender equality in the DRC has been slow, with inequalities existing across all sectors. Many of these discrepancies exist at the legislative level. The WPS estimates 25% of national laws have some level of bias towards men. This has harsh ripple effects on gender equality in the DRC:
An estimated 51% of women in the DRC will experience violence from an intimate partner in their lifetime
37% have reported so in the last 12 months
37% of Congolese women also were married before their 18th birthday
For every 1,000 girls in the DRC, 124 will become mothers between ages 15 and 19
These numbers are reflected in the education discrepancy between genders: Men are almost twice as likely as women to go beyond primary education in the DRC — 65.8% of men versus 36.7% of women.
3. South Sudan
Harmful gender norms as a result of a patriarchal culture have left women in South Sudan excluded from decision-making and political activity. Women have few decision-making powers within the household. A lack of resource ownership and land rights is at the heart of power imbalances between the genders.
Less than 5% of women are financially included within their communities and society
In 2020, the United Nations did not have enough data to accurately rank South Sudan on its Gender Inequality Index
It did, however report that the country has the highest maternal mortality rate in the world. More than 1% of pregnant South Sudanese woman will die due to complications from pregnancy or childbirth.
The 2021 WPS Index works with a bit more data on South Sudan, enough to rank it 165th out of 170 countries for women’s rights and security. A longstanding conflict in the country makes it less safe for women both in their communities and with their domestic partners — one in four South Sudanese women have reported intimate partner violence.
2. Syria
Before war broke out in 2011, gender dynamics in Syria were traditionally patriarchal: Women only gained the right to vote in national elections in the mid-1950s, and, while they were allowed to work, they made up a small percent of the pre-war workforce. Many Syrian women, particularly in the country’s then-thriving middle class, opted to stay at home and raise families. Syrians still view marriage as a contract between the husband and the wife’s father. It was only in 2020 that the country criminalized honor killings.
The protracted Syrian crisis has exacerbated many of these gender norms, while also introducing many of the gendered complications that come with conflict. One of the reasons Syria ranks so low on the WPS Index owes to ongoing conflict.
75 out of every 100,000 Syrian women are killed in organized violence
Only 16.9% of women feel safe in their own communities
Georgetown University qualifies the number of conflict-related incidences of sexual violence as “massive”
Nearly 25% of Syrian women have reported experiencing violence from an intimate partner
These numbers are even higher for Syrian refugee women. Syria performs slightly better on the UN’s Gender Inequality Index, however some of the determining factors — including years of education between men and women — are a bit skewed, as conflict has prevented an entire generation of Syrian girls and boys from having a basic education.
1. Afghanistan
Afghanistan ranks last out of 170 countries on the WPS Index and 157th out of 162 on the UN Gender Inequality Index. More than four decades of conflict and crisis combined with regressive gender norms have left many Afghan women and girls uneducated.
Afghan girls who are allowed to attend school generally don’t stay for more than two years
This reflects in financial inclusion for women in the country; which the WPS ranks at just 7.2%
The country also ranks among the highest for gender-based violence. 35 out of every 100 women are exposed to violence at the hands of an intimate partner.
Along with neighboring Pakistan, honor killings are illegal here, but still widely prevalent.
Women’s Rights: Your Concern In Action
None of the issues listed in these countries, which rank among the worst for women’s rights, can be fixed overnight or through policy change alone. Change and progress towards gender equality happens at the community, family, and even individual level — questioning intrinsic gender norms held by and for both women and men, what it means to be a woman or a man, and how equity can coexist with tradition.
Yet we also see how deep the connections go between gender inequality and issues like poverty, hunger, conflict, and climate change. At Concern, gender transformation is at the heart of all of our programs, whether they’re designed to address agricultural challenges, help individuals build small businesses, respond to an acute crisis, or end hunger. As an international team of over 4,000, and with the millions of people we serve each year, critically examine and challenge gender dynamics in order to make greater, more sustainable progress towards ending extreme poverty. Where it makes sense, we also build and strengthen systems to support that level of equality.
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Welcome
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2024-08-12T12:00:00+00:00
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UN Women is the global champion for gender equality, working to develop and uphold standards and create an environment in which every woman and girl can exercise her human rights and live up to her full potential. We are trusted partners for advocates and decision-makers from all walks of life, and a leader in the effort to achieve gender equality.
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UN Women
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https://www.unwomen.org/en
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We are the global champion for gender equality.
UN Women is the UN organization delivering programmes, policies and standards that uphold women’s human rights and ensure that every woman and girl lives up to her full potential.
Learn More
Highlights
Image
Feature
Women in Afghanistan have not stopped striving for their rights, and neither should we
Women in Afghanistan have not stopped striving for their rights, and neither should we
Image
Afghan women and girls push for their rights over three years of Taliban rule
Afghan women and girls push for their rights over three years of Taliban rule
Image
FAQs: Afghan women three years after the Taliban takeover
FAQs: Afghan women three years after the Taliban takeover
Image
Interview
Interview with Hawa Yokie on youth-led innovation in Sierra Leone
Interview with Hawa Yokie on youth-led innovation in Sierra Leone
Image
Interview
‘Women-led organizations are heroes of the humanitarian work in Sudan’ – Interview with activist Shaza Ahmed
‘Women-led organizations are heroes of the humanitarian work in Sudan’ – Interview with activist Shaza Ahmed
Image
News
At least 557,000 women in Gaza are facing severe food insecurity
At least 557,000 women in Gaza are facing severe food insecurity
We focus on issues that unlock progress on gender equality.
Leadership and political participation
Leadership and political participation
Economic empowerment
Economic empowerment
Ending violence against women
Ending violence against women
Peace and security
Peace and security
Humanitarian action
Humanitarian action
Governance and national planning
Governance and national planning
Youth
Youth and gender equality
Women and girls with disabilities
Women and girls with disabilities
Sustainable development
Sustainable development
HIV and AIDS
HIV and AIDS
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https://kids-in-mind.com/
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Parents' Movie Guide, Ratings and Reviews
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2018-05-09T09:48:21-04:00
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Our parents' guide goes beyond the MPAA ratings: Movies are rated according to how much sex, nudity, violence, gore & profanity they contain.
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Kids-In-Mind.com
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https://kids-in-mind.com/
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we need your help
Right now without your help, without support from loyal readers, we will not be able to continue publishing. Since Google has decided to dominate online advertising and destroyed small ad agencies, ad rates for independent sites have diminished to a trickle.
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“One of the 50 Coolest Websites…they simply tell it like it is” – TIME
THIS WEEK |
Based on the eponymous novel: A woman (Blake Lively) meets a man (Justin Baldoni) that she thinks might be the one, but soon realizes that she’ll need to make some life-changing decisions to break a pattern of abuse. Also with Jenny Slate, Hasan Minhaj, Brandon Sklenar, Kevin McKidd, Amy Morton and Alex Neustaedter. Directed by Justin Baldoni. [Running Time: 2:10] – Why is it rated PG-13? Read the Review
Content Ratings: S5 | V5 | L4
Based on the eponymous video game: A hidden vault that is said to contain the key to immense power is sought by a powerful man (Edgar Ramírez), who is convinced that a teen girl (Ariana Greenblatt) possesses one of the keys. Four people (Cate Blanchett, Kevin Hart, Jamie Lee Curtis and Florian Munteanu) and a robot (voiced by Jack Black) come together to protect her from his greedy desires and prevent him from opening the vault. Also with Janina Gavankar, Benjamin Byron Davis, Olivier Richters, Gina Gershon and Ryann Redmond. Directed by Eli Roth. [Running Time: 1:42] – Why is it rated PG-13? Read the Review
Content Ratings: S1 | V5 | L4
When Bikini Bottom is mysteriously removed from the ocean floor, Sandy Cheeks (voiced by Carolyn Lawrence) takes it upon herself, with the help of SpongeBob (voiced by Tom Kenny), to save her friends and her underwater home. Also with the voices of Clancy Brown, Bill Fagerbakke, Mr. Lawrence, Mary Jo Catlett, Rodger Bumpass, Ilia Isorelýs Paulino, Matty Cardarople, Wanda Sykes, Jill Talley, Craig Robinson, Grey Griffin and Johnny Knoxville. Directed by Liza Johnson. [Running Time: 1:22] – Why is it rated TV-Y7? Read the Review
Content Ratings: S1 | V3 | L1
CURRENT RELEASES
When Harold, the beloved children’s book character (Zachary Levi), manages to use his crayon to leave his storybook world, he has to grow up quickly while learning about how the real world actually works. Also with Lil Rel Howery, Benjamin Bottani, Zooey Deschanel, Tanya Reynolds, Jemaine Clement, Alfred Molina and Pete Gardner. Directed by Carlos Saldanha. [Running Time: 1:32] – Why is it rated PG? Read the Review
Content Ratings: S1 | V3 | L1
A man (Josh Hartnett) takes his teen daughter (Ariel Donoghue) to a concert by her favorite singer and the event turns out to be more than either of them expected. Also with Hayley Mills, Alison Pill, Saleka Shyamalan, Kid Cudi, Tim Russ, Marnie McPhail, Vanessa Smythe and Jonathan Langdon. Directed by M. Night Shyamalan. [Running Time: 1:45] – Why is it rated PG-13? Read the Review
Content Ratings: S1 | V5 | L5
When a woman (Bette Midler) announces to her closest friends (Megan Mullally and Sheryl Lee Ralph) that she is getting married again, the friends travel to Key West to help her celebrate her day. However, her former best friend (Susan Sarandon), estranged after a misunderstanding years earlier, must be deceived to get her there. Also with Sophie von Haselberg, Deja Dee, Michael Bolton, Brandee Evans, Kaden Taylor, Avangeline Friedlander and Bruce Greenwood. Directed by Jocelyn Moorhouse. [Running Time: 1:39] – Why is it rated R? Read the Review
Content Ratings: S5 | V3 | L5
While idling his days away, Deadpool (Ryan Reynolds) realizes he has to spring to action when his homeworld is threatened, and may finally have found a way to be an Avenger; however, he needs to work with Wolverine (Hugh Jackman) to defeat their common foe. Also with Emma Corrin, Matthew Macfadyen, Jon Favreau, Morena Baccarin, Rob Delaney, Leslie Uggams and Brianna Hildebrand. Directed by Shawn Levy. [Running Time: 2:07] – Why is it rated R? Read the Review
Content Ratings: S4 | V8 | L10
When a famous rock star’s (Harry Connick Jr.) comeback album fails, he retreats to a bucolic life on the Greek island of Cyprus, only to discover that a cliff by his house is a popular suicide spot; while trying to prevent depressed locals from jumping to their death, he also rekindles a youthful romance with the town doctor (Agni Scott). Also with Ali Fumiko Whitney, Tony Demetriou, Angeliki Filipidou, Lea Maleni, Athina Roditou, Clarence Smith and Yiola Klitou. Directed by Stelana Kliris. Several lines of dialogue are spoken in Greek with English subtitles. [Running Time: 1:33] – Why is it rated TV-MA? Read the Review
Content Ratings: S4 | V3 | L3
A young woman (Daisy Edgar-Jones) determined to break the cycle of destruction caused by massive tornadoes, stops chasing them after suffering a personal tragedy. However, years later she is convinced to join a new team of storm chasers using revolutionary technology to predict the strikes. Also with Glen Powell, Anthony Ramos, Brandon Perea, Maura Tierney, Harry Hadden-Paton, Sasha Lane, Daryl McCormack, Kiernan Shipka, Nik Dodani, David Corenswet, Tunde Adebimpe and Katy O’Brian. Directed by Lee Isaac Chung. [Running Time: 1:57] – Why is it rated PG-13? Read the Review
Content Ratings: S1 | V6 | L4
An FBI agent (Maika Monroe) with a special set of skills searches for a serial killer that seems to have a connection with her. Also with Nicolas Cage, Blair Underwood, Alicia Witt, Michelle Choi-Lee, Dakota Daulby, Lauren Acala and Kiernan Shipka. Directed by Oz Perkins. [Running Time: 1:41] – Why is it rated R? Read the Review
Content Ratings: S1 | V7 | L5
Set in the late 1950s: In an effort to fully fund the space endeavor leading up to Apollo 11, a smooth-talking and successful marketing manager (Scarlett Johansson) takes on the task of bringing the mission to every American home, not realizing how she might impact the lives of others on the project. Also with Channing Tatum, Woody Harrelson, Ray Romano, Jim Rash, Anna Garcia, Donald Elise Watkins, Noah Robbins, Christian Clemenson, Colin Woodell, Nick Dillenburg, Christian Zuber and Colin Jost. Directed by Greg Berlanti. [Running Time: 2:12] – Why is it rated PG-13? Read the Review
Content Ratings: S1 | V2 | L5
Based on the true story of a Reverend (Demetrius Grosse) and his wife (Nika King) who, in the late 1990s in a small town in East Texas, started a movement to adopt and care for orphans and children from abusive homes. They eventually inspired 22 families to adopt 77 children. Also with Elizabeth Mitchell, Diaana Babnicova, Jillian Reeves, Kaysi J. Bradley, Della Golden, Aria Jennai Pulliam, Asher Liam Clay, Taj Johnson, Rose Person, Jacinte Blankenship, Demián Castro, Lisha Wheeler, Roscoe Johnson, Sandra Jarrett and Rena Canady-Laster. Directed by Joshua Weigel. [Running Time: 2:07] – Why is it rated PG-13? Read the Review
Content Ratings: S4 | V4 | L3
A young woman (Mia Goth) who’s found success starring in pornographic films is determined to become a mainstream movie star and will do anything to make that happen; however, her past gets in the way. Also with Simon Prast, Elizabeth Debicki, Chloe Farnworth, Brad Swanick, Uli Latukefu, Susan Pingleton, Giancarlo Esposito, Moses Sumney, Halsey and Kevin Bacon. Directed by Ti West. [Running Time: 1:44] – Why is it rated R? Read the Review
Content Ratings: S7 | V7 | L6
Forty years after the Detroit smart-alecky cop (Eddie Murphy) almost destroyed Beverly Hills while chasing local bad guys, he returns to protect his estranged attorney daughter (Taylour Paige) from corrupt drug-dealing cops, and reunite with his old pals (Judge Reinhold and John Ashton). Also with Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Paul Reiser, Bronson Pinchot and Kevin Bacon. Directed by Mark Molloy. Several lines of dialogue are spoken in Spanish with some accompanied by English subtitles and others without translation. [Running Time: 1:58] – Why is it rated R? Read the Review
Content Ratings: S3 | V6 | L10
When a self-absorbed movie star (Zac Efron) and his assistant’s mother (Nicole Kidman) meet and start a relationship, her daughter (Joey King) protests vehemently. Also with Kathy Bates, Liza Koshy, Wes Jetton, Ian Gregg, Sarah Baskin and Zele Avradopoulos. Directed by Richard LaGravenese. [Running Time: 1:51] – Why is it rated PG-13? Read the Review
Content Ratings: S5 | V2 | L5
Gru (voiced by Steve Carell) and his family are sent to a safe house after his arch nemesis (voiced by Will Ferrell) threatens to destroy him. Also with the voices of Kristen Wiig, Joey King, Sofía Vergara, Miranda Cosgrove, Dana Gaier, Madison Skyy Polan, Pierre Coffin, Steve Coogan, Stephen Colbert, Chloe Fineman and Brad Ableson. Directed by Chris Renaud & Patrick Delage. [Running Time: 1:35] – Why is it rated PG? Read the Review
Content Ratings: S1 | V3 | L1
Omnibus movie with three stories: A man tries to break free from a life path guided and controlled by another man, a police officer suspects that his wife has been replaced after she returns from being shipwrecked, and a woman searches for a person prophesied to become a supernatural spiritual guide. With Emma Stone, Jesse Plemons, Willem Dafoe, Margaret Qualley, Yorgos Stefanakos, Hong Chau, Tessa Bourgeois, Kencil Mejia and Mamoudou Athie. Directed by Yorgos Lanthimos. [Running Time: 2:44] – Why is it rated R? Read the Review
Content Ratings: S8 | V7 | L6
Several stories recounting the expansion and settlement of the western territories of the United States; the Montana, Wyoming and Kansas territories are explored in this first chapter. With Kevin Costner, Sienna Miller, Sam Worthington, Jena Malone, Owen Crow Shoe, Tatanka Means, Ella Hunt, Tim Guinee, Giovanni Ribisi, Danny Huston, Colin Cunningham, Scott Haze, Tom Payne, Abbey Lee, Michael Rooker, Will Patton, Jim Lau and Georgia MacPhail. Directed by Costner. Several lines of dialogue are spoken in Athabaskan with English subtitles. [Running Time: 3:01] – Why is it rated R? Read the Review
Content Ratings: S6 | V7 | L4
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Civil War movie review & film summary (2024)
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Whatever you're expecting, this movie will give you something else.
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Whatever you expect from an Alex Garland movie, he always gives you something else."Civil War" is something else again. It premiered in the US hours before I published this and it's already divisive. I look forward to reading all of the arguments for and against, even though both early raves and pans seem to be operating under the reductive assumption that it's one of three things: (1) an alternative future history of a divided United States that's intended as a cautionary tale; (2) a technically proficient but empty-headed misery porn compendium that derives much of its power from images redolent of genocide and/or lynching, but ducks political specifics so as not to offend reactionaries; or (3) a visionary spectacular with ultra-violence that might or might not have something important to say but will definitely look and sound great on an expensive home entertainment system.
As it turns out, "Civil War" is mainly something else: a thought experiment about journalistic ethics, set in a future United States, yet reminiscent of classic movies about Western journalists covering the collapse of foreign countries, such as "The Year of Living Dangerously," "Salvador," "Under Fire," and "Welcome to Sarajevo."
How utterly bizarre, you might think. And in the abstract, it is bizarre. But "Civil War" is a furiously convincing and disturbing thing when you're watching it. It's a great movie that has its own life force. It's not like anything Garland has made. It's not like anything anyone has made, even though it contains echoes of dozens of other films (and novels) that appear to have fed the filmmaker's imagination.
Specifically, and most originally, "Civil War" is a portrait of the mentality of pure reporters, the types of people who are less interested in explaining what things "mean" (in the manner of an editorial writer or "pundit") than in getting the scoop before the competition, by any means necessary. Whether the scoop takes the form of a written story, a TV news segment, or a still photo that wins a Pulitzer, the quest for the scoop is an end unto itself, and it's bound up with the massive dopamine hit that that comes from putting oneself in harm's way. The kinds of obsessive war correspondents who rarely come back to their own countries don't care about the real-world impact of the political realities encoded within the epic violence they chronicle, or else compartmentalize it to stay focused.
The main characters of "Civil War" are four journalists. The film introduces them covering a clash in New York City between what appear to be police forces from the official government and violent members of the opposition (we have to infer a lot because Garland drops you right into the deep end, as Haskell Wexler did in "Medium Cool," about a news cameraman covering the 1968 protests in Chicago). Kirsten Dunst plays Lee, a legendary white female photojournalist in the mold of her namesake Lee Miller. She's partnered with a South American-born reporter named Joel (Wagner Moura). Both work for Reuters news agency and are fond of Sammy (veteran character actor Stephen McKinley Henderson), an older African-American journalist who writes for “what’s left of the New York Times,” as Joel puts it; he walks slowly on a cane, definitely a liability when covering protests and battles.
The group gains a fourth member, Jessie (Cailee Spaeny, the title character of "Priscilla"), a kind of junior version of Lee who idolizes her. Jessie charms the hard-drinking, on-the-prowl Joel and ends up joining the trio as they drive to Washington, D.C. in hopes of interviewing the president (Nick Offerman) before he surrenders to the military forces of something called the WA, or Western Alliance. The WA consists of militias from California and Texas (with secondary support from Florida, which is apparently a different separatist group that shares the WA's values).
The first full-length trailer for "Civil War" got picked apart as if it were the movie itself rather than an advertisement for it (a weird regular occurrence in "film discourse," such as it is). But the actual movie turns out to be more politically astute and plausible than early reactions said, even though it's likely that Garland's "you already know the story" approach (like the way the overall arc of the US occupation of Vietnam was depicted in "Full Metal Jacket") will seem to validate the gripes for the first hour. Yes, it's true, Texas votes Republican in national elections and California votes Democratic, but as of this writing, Northern California is increasingly controlled by libertarian-influenced tech billionaires, and much of central and eastern California leans Republican and loathes California Democrats so much that they've advocated "divid(ing) parts of coastal California, including the Bay Area, from California to become an independent country." The president is referred to as a fascist. I’m not sure how literally we’re supposed to take that because both Trump and Biden have been called that by people who don’t like them.
But if you had to make a list of what "Civil War" is trying to do, "diagnosing what ails the United States of America" might not crack the Top 5. Yes, if you wanted to treat the movie so reductively, you could. But if you pay attention to what the movie is actually doing rather than cherry picking elements that validate whatever take you brought in with you, it won't be easy. I went into "Civil War" with arms folded, expecting to hate it, because so many contemporary films about US politics by foreign filmmakers seem to have cribbed their worldview from New York Times editorials and bad Tweets. It upended my preconceived notions.
As far as "future shock" goes, Garland, an Englishman, isn't cynically avoiding specifics or talking out of his behind. He's burying the text under subtext, in the name of creating a compelling but credible experience, until said text explodes through the screen via Jesse Plemons, who has a cameo as a soldier who might or might not be a Western Front officer but is surely a parasite on the remnants of the body politic. This soft-voiced, smirky hellion interrogates the terrified group of journalists (which consists of two white women, a native-born Black man, and a South American emigre, plus an Asian-American and a Chinese immigrant who joined them on the road) with all the delicacy of Gene Hackman's racist white cop Popeye Doyle terrorizing Black people in "The French Connection" for kicks.
A terse line of dialogue reveals that Lee became famous for taking a prize-winning photo of something called the "Antifa massacre" when Jessie was very young. "Antifa massacre" is initially tossed off in a way that makes you wonder if Garland is hoping progressives will assume it was anti-fascists who were murdered by reactionaries, but reactionaries will assume it was the reverse. Thanks to Plemons' demonic showstopper and the thunderous, ultimately chilling finale (set during the attempted coup in Washington) I think it's clear what happened. But your mileage will vary.
Nevertheless, these characters aren't constantly exposition-ing to each other and explaining the world to the viewer because that's not what people would do in real life, whether they were trying to survive mass extinction in Gaza or Ukraine or endure a military dictatorship in Argentina or Myanmar. Indeed, one of the most fascinating (or if you don't like it, perplexing) aspects of "Civil War" is that it often plays like an artifact warped into our world from some future popular culture that has decided it's finally time for a "big statement" movie in the vein of "Apocalypse Now" or "Full Metal Jacket," but for people who remember an American Civil War and have enough perspective to consider buying a ticket to a blockbuster about it.
Garland is known as mainly a science fiction storyteller. He wrote "28 Days Later," "Sunshine" and "Dredd," adapted "Never Let Me Go" from Kazuo Ishiguro's novel, and wrote and directed "Ex Machina" and "Annihilation," all of which had an intense and believable physicality on top of dealing in metaphors and visceral experiences. (He also did the gender essentialist horror flick "Men," which some people defend but that I consider his only failure.) "Civil War" isn't science fiction, exactly, nor could it be described mainly as "speculative fiction," although it falls under that umbrella. The world-building is masterful. But the world-building is not the movie.
I appreciated it as a story about journalists whose own country is cratering but who keep chasing the story and are determined to catch it even if it kills them. Would they have embedded themselves with Hitler's army if they'd somehow survived behind enemy lines in Germany in the 1940s and been given the opportunity? I wouldn't rule it out. They will probably come across as unlikable, or at least off-putting, to most viewers—the New York Times and other supposedly "neutral" mainstream outlets have come under fire in recent years for seeming to give the rise of American fascism the "both sides" treatment, and when their reporters are called out, they often say that their only duty is to tell the story. Certain members of certain professions have that code. Other members disagree. Both factions are represented in "Civil War," but in a fictionalized context that asks "Is the storyteller's highest obligation to tell what happened or choose a side?" and then lets the audience fight over the answer. A case could be made that the title is not just about the civil war in the future US, but within contemporary journalism.
I've purposefully avoided describing a lot of the story in this review because I want people to go in cold, as I did, and experience the movie as sort of picaresque narrative consisting of set pieces that test the characters morally and ethically as well as physically, from one day and one moment to the next. Suffice to say that the final section brings every thematic element together in a perfectly horrifying fashion and ends with a moment of self-actualization I don't think I'll ever be able to shake.
This review was filed from the SXSW Film Festival. It opens on April 12th.
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National Geographic Magazine
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National Geographic stories take you on a journey that’s always enlightening, often surprising, and unfailingly fascinating.
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National Geographic
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https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine
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https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1948/06/26/the-lottery
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“The Lottery,” by Shirley Jackson
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"small towns",
"stones",
"sacrifices",
"murders",
"rituals",
"fiction",
"shirley jackson"
] | null |
[
"Shirley Jackson",
"Madeleine Baran",
"Condé Nast"
] |
1948-06-26T00:00:00
|
Fiction, from 1948: “The people had done it so many times that they only half listened to the directions; most of them were quiet, wetting their lips, not looking around.”
|
en
|
https://www.newyorker.com/verso/static/tny-fiction/assets/favicon.ico
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The New Yorker
|
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1948/06/26/the-lottery
|
Audio: Read by A. M. Homes.|||
The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green. The people of the village began to gather in the square, between the post office and the bank, around ten o’clock; in some towns there were so many people that the lottery took two days and had to be started on June 26th, but in this village, where there were only about three hundred people, the whole lottery took only about two hours, so it could begin at ten o’clock in the morning and still be through in time to allow the villagers to get home for noon dinner.
The children assembled first, of course. School was recently over for the summer, and the feeling of liberty sat uneasily on most of them; they tended to gather together quietly for a while before they broke into boisterous play, and their talk was still of the classroom and the teacher, of books and reprimands. Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full of stones, and the other boys soon followed his example, selecting the smoothest and roundest stones; Bobby and Harry Jones and Dickie Delacroix—the villagers pronounced this name “Dellacroy”—eventually made a great pile of stones in one corner of the square and guarded it against the raids of the other boys. The girls stood aside, talking among themselves, looking over their shoulders at the boys, and the very small children rolled in the dust or clung to the hands of their older brothers or sisters.
Soon the men began to gather, surveying their own children, speaking of planting and rain, tractors and taxes. They stood together, away from the pile of stones in the corner, and their jokes were quiet and they smiled rather than laughed. The women, wearing faded house dresses and sweaters, came shortly after their menfolk. They greeted one another and exchanged bits of gossip as they went to join their husbands. Soon the women, standing by their husbands, began to call to their children, and the children came reluctantly, having to be called four or five times. Bobby Martin ducked under his mother’s grasping hand and ran, laughing, back to the pile of stones. His father spoke up sharply, and Bobby came quickly and took his place between his father and his oldest brother.
The lottery was conducted—as were the square dances, the teen-age club, the Halloween program—by Mr. Summers, who had time and energy to devote to civic activities. He was a round-faced, jovial man and he ran the coal business, and people were sorry for him, because he had no children and his wife was a scold. When he arrived in the square, carrying the black wooden box, there was a murmur of conversation among the villagers, and he waved and called, “Little late today, folks.” The postmaster, Mr. Graves, followed him, carrying a three-legged stool, and the stool was put in the center of the square and Mr. Summers set the black box down on it. The villagers kept their distance, leaving a space between themselves and the stool, and when Mr. Summers said, “Some of you fellows want to give me a hand?,” there was a hesitation before two men, Mr. Martin and his oldest son, Baxter, came forward to hold the box steady on the stool while Mr. Summers stirred up the papers inside it.
The original paraphernalia for the lottery had been lost long ago, and the black box now resting on the stool had been put into use even before Old Man Warner, the oldest man in town, was born. Mr. Summers spoke frequently to the villagers about making a new box, but no one liked to upset even as much tradition as was represented by the black box. There was a story that the present box had been made with some pieces of the box that had preceded it, the one that had been constructed when the first people settled down to make a village here. Every year, after the lottery, Mr. Summers began talking again about a new box, but every year the subject was allowed to fade off without anything’s being done. The black box grew shabbier each year; by now it was no longer completely black but splintered badly along one side to show the original wood color, and in some places faded or stained.
Mr. Martin and his oldest son, Baxter, held the black box securely on the stool until Mr. Summers had stirred the papers thoroughly with his hand. Because so much of the ritual had been forgotten or discarded, Mr. Summers had been successful in having slips of paper substituted for the chips of wood that had been used for generations. Chips of wood, Mr. Summers had argued, had been all very well when the village was tiny, but now that the population was more than three hundred and likely to keep on growing, it was necessary to use something that would fit more easily into the black box. The night before the lottery, Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves made up the slips of paper and put them into the box, and it was then taken to the safe of Mr. Summers’ coal company and locked up until Mr. Summers was ready to take it to the square next morning. The rest of the year, the box was put away, sometimes one place, sometimes another; it had spent one year in Mr. Graves’ barn and another year underfoot in the post office, and sometimes it was set on a shelf in the Martin grocery and left there.
There was a great deal of fussing to be done before Mr. Summers declared the lottery open. There were the lists to make up—of heads of families, heads of households in each family, members of each household in each family. There was the proper swearing-in of Mr. Summers by the postmaster, as the official of the lottery; at one time, some people remembered, there had been a recital of some sort, performed by the official of the lottery, a perfunctory, tuneless chant that had been rattled off duly each year; some people believed that the official of the lottery used to stand just so when he said or sang it, others believed that he was supposed to walk among the people, but years and years ago this part of the ritual had been allowed to lapse. There had been, also, a ritual salute, which the official of the lottery had had to use in addressing each person who came up to draw from the box, but this also had changed with time, until now it was felt necessary only for the official to speak to each person approaching. Mr. Summers was very good at all this; in his clean white shirt and blue jeans, with one hand resting carelessly on the black box, he seemed very proper and important as he talked interminably to Mr. Graves and the Martins.
Just as Mr. Summers finally left off talking and turned to the assembled villagers, Mrs. Hutchinson came hurriedly along the path to the square, her sweater thrown over her shoulders, and slid into place in the back of the crowd. “Clean forgot what day it was,” she said to Mrs. Delacroix, who stood next to her, and they both laughed softly. “Thought my old man was out back stacking wood,” Mrs. Hutchinson went on, “and then I looked out the window and the kids was gone, and then I remembered it was the twenty-seventh and came a-running.” She dried her hands on her apron, and Mrs. Delacroix said, “You’re in time, though. They’re still talking away up there.”
Mrs. Hutchinson craned her neck to see through the crowd and found her husband and children standing near the front. She tapped Mrs. Delacroix on the arm as a farewell and began to make her way through the crowd. The people separated good-humoredly to let her through; two or three people said, in voices just loud enough to be heard across the crowd, “Here comes your Mrs., Hutchinson,” and “Bill, she made it after all.” Mrs. Hutchinson reached her husband, and Mr. Summers, who had been waiting, said cheerfully, “Thought we were going to have to get on without you, Tessie.” Mrs. Hutchinson said, grinning, “Wouldn’t have me leave m’dishes in the sink, now, would you, Joe?,” and soft laughter ran through the crowd as the people stirred back into position after Mrs. Hutchinson’s arrival.
“Well, now,” Mr. Summers said soberly, “guess we better get started, get this over with, so’s we can go back to work. Anybody ain’t here?”
“Dunbar,” several people said. “Dunbar, Dunbar.”
Mr. Summers consulted his list. “Clyde Dunbar,” he said. “That’s right. He’s broke his leg, hasn’t he? Who’s drawing for him?”
“Me, I guess,” a woman said, and Mr. Summers turned to look at her. “Wife draws for her husband,” Mr. Summers said. “Don’t you have a grown boy to do it for you, Janey?” Although Mr. Summers and everyone else in the village knew the answer perfectly well, it was the business of the official of the lottery to ask such questions formally. Mr. Summers waited with an expression of polite interest while Mrs. Dunbar answered.
“Horace’s not but sixteen yet,” Mrs. Dunbar said regretfully. “Guess I gotta fill in for the old man this year.”
“Right,” Mr. Summers said. He made a note on the list he was holding. Then he asked, “Watson boy drawing this year?”
A tall boy in the crowd raised his hand. “Here,” he said. “I’m drawing for m’mother and me.” He blinked his eyes nervously and ducked his head as several voices in the crowd said things like “Good fellow, Jack,” and “Glad to see your mother’s got a man to do it.”
“Well,” Mr. Summers said, “guess that’s everyone. Old Man Warner make it?”
“Here,” a voice said, and Mr. Summers nodded.
A sudden hush fell on the crowd as Mr. Summers cleared his throat and looked at the list. “All ready?” he called. “Now, I’ll read the names—heads of families first—and the men come up and take a paper out of the box. Keep the paper folded in your hand without looking at it until everyone has had a turn. Everything clear?”
The people had done it so many times that they only half listened to the directions; most of them were quiet, wetting their lips, not looking around. Then Mr. Summers raised one hand high and said, “Adams.” A man disengaged himself from the crowd and came forward. “Hi, Steve,” Mr. Summers said, and Mr. Adams said, “Hi, Joe.” They grinned at one another humorlessly and nervously. Then Mr. Adams reached into the black box and took out a folded paper. He held it firmly by one corner as he turned and went hastily back to his place in the crowd, where he stood a little apart from his family, not looking down at his hand.
“Allen,” Mr. Summers said. “Anderson. . . . Bentham.”
“Seems like there’s no time at all between lotteries any more,” Mrs. Delacroix said to Mrs. Graves in the back row. “Seems like we got through with the last one only last week.”
“Time sure goes fast,” Mrs. Graves said.
“Clark. . . . Delacroix.”
“There goes my old man,” Mrs. Delacroix said. She held her breath while her husband went forward.
“Dunbar,” Mr. Summers said, and Mrs. Dunbar went steadily to the box while one of the women said, “Go on, Janey,” and another said, “There she goes.”
“We’re next,” Mrs. Graves said. She watched while Mr. Graves came around from the side of the box, greeted Mr. Summers gravely, and selected a slip of paper from the box. By now, all through the crowd there were men holding the small folded papers in their large hands, turning them over and over nervously. Mrs. Dunbar and her two sons stood together, Mrs. Dunbar holding the slip of paper.
“Harburt. . . . Hutchinson.”
“Get up there, Bill,” Mrs. Hutchinson said, and the people near her laughed.
“Jones.”
“They do say,” Mr. Adams said to Old Man Warner, who stood next to him, “that over in the north village they’re talking of giving up the lottery.”
Old Man Warner snorted. “Pack of crazy fools,” he said. “Listening to the young folks, nothing’s good enough for them. Next thing you know, they’ll be wanting to go back to living in caves, nobody work any more, live that way for a while. Used to be a saying about ‘Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon.’ First thing you know, we’d all be eating stewed chickweed and acorns. There’s always been a lottery,” he added petulantly. “Bad enough to see young Joe Summers up there joking with everybody.”
“Some places have already quit lotteries,” Mrs. Adams said.
“Nothing but trouble in that,” Old Man Warner said stoutly. “Pack of young fools.”
“Martin.” And Bobby Martin watched his father go forward. “Overdyke. . . . Percy.”
“I wish they’d hurry,” Mrs. Dunbar said to her older son. “I wish they’d hurry.”
“They’re almost through,” her son said.
“You get ready to run tell Dad,” Mrs. Dunbar said.
Mr. Summers called his own name and then stepped forward precisely and selected a slip from the box. Then he called, “Warner.”
“Seventy-seventh year I been in the lottery,” Old Man Warner said as he went through the crowd. “Seventy-seventh time.”
“Watson.” The tall boy came awkwardly through the crowd. Someone said, “Don’t be nervous, Jack,” and Mr. Summers said, “Take your time, son.”
“Zanini.”
After that, there was a long pause, a breathless pause, until Mr. Summers, holding his slip of paper in the air, said, “All right, fellows.” For a minute, no one moved, and then all the slips of paper were opened. Suddenly, all the women began to speak at once, saying, “Who is it?,” “Who’s got it?,” “Is it the Dunbars?,” “Is it the Watsons?” Then the voices began to say, “It’s Hutchinson. It’s Bill,” “Bill Hutchinson’s got it.”
“Go tell your father,” Mrs. Dunbar said to her older son.
People began to look around to see the Hutchinsons. Bill Hutchinson was standing quiet, staring down at the paper in his hand. Suddenly, Tessie Hutchinson shouted to Mr. Summers, “You didn’t give him time enough to take any paper he wanted. I saw you. It wasn’t fair!”
“Be a good sport, Tessie,” Mrs. Delacroix called, and Mrs. Graves said, “All of us took the same chance.”
“Shut up, Tessie,” Bill Hutchinson said.
“Well, everyone,” Mr. Summers said, “that was done pretty fast, and now we’ve got to be hurrying a little more to get done in time.” He consulted his next list. “Bill,” he said, “you draw for the Hutchinson family. You got any other households in the Hutchinsons?”
“There’s Don and Eva,” Mrs. Hutchinson yelled. “Make them take their chance!”
“Daughters draw with their husbands’ families, Tessie,” Mr. Summers said gently. “You know that as well as anyone else.”
“It wasn’t fair,” Tessie said.
“I guess not, Joe,” Bill Hutchinson said regretfully. “My daughter draws with her husband’s family, that’s only fair. And I’ve got no other family except the kids.”
“Then, as far as drawing for families is concerned, it’s you,” Mr. Summers said in explanation, “and as far as drawing for households is concerned, that’s you, too. Right?”
“Right,” Bill Hutchinson said.
“How many kids, Bill?” Mr. Summers asked formally.
“Three,” Bill Hutchinson said. “There’s Bill, Jr., and Nancy, and little Dave. And Tessie and me.”
“All right, then,” Mr. Summers said. “Harry, you got their tickets back?”
Mr. Graves nodded and held up the slips of paper. “Put them in the box, then,” Mr. Summers directed. “Take Bill’s and put it in.”
“I think we ought to start over,” Mrs. Hutchinson said, as quietly as she could. “I tell you it wasn’t fair. You didn’t give him time enough to choose. Everybody saw that.”
Mr. Graves had selected the five slips and put them in the box, and he dropped all the papers but those onto the ground, where the breeze caught them and lifted them off.
“Listen, everybody,” Mrs. Hutchinson was saying to the people around her.
“Ready, Bill?” Mr. Summers asked, and Bill Hutchinson, with one quick glance around at his wife and children, nodded.
“Remember,” Mr. Summers said, “take the slips and keep them folded until each person has taken one. Harry, you help little Dave.” Mr. Graves took the hand of the little boy, who came willingly with him up to the box. “Take a paper out of the box, Davy,” Mr. Summers said. Davy put his hand into the box and laughed. “Take just one paper,” Mr. Summers said. “Harry, you hold it for him.” Mr. Graves took the child’s hand and removed the folded paper from the tight fist and held it while little Dave stood next to him and looked up at him wonderingly.
“Nancy next,” Mr. Summers said. Nancy was twelve, and her school friends breathed heavily as she went forward, switching her skirt, and took a slip daintily from the box. “Bill, Jr.,” Mr. Summers said, and Billy, his face red and his feet overlarge, nearly knocked the box over as he got a paper out. “Tessie,” Mr. Summers said. She hesitated for a minute, looking around defiantly, and then set her lips and went up to the box. She snatched a paper out and held it behind her.
“Bill,” Mr. Summers said, and Bill Hutchinson reached into the box and felt around, bringing his hand out at last with the slip of paper in it.
The crowd was quiet. A girl whispered, “I hope it’s not Nancy,” and the sound of the whisper reached the edges of the crowd.
“It’s not the way it used to be,” Old Man Warner said clearly. “People ain’t the way they used to be.”
“All right,” Mr. Summers said. “Open the papers. Harry, you open little Dave’s.”
Mr. Graves opened the slip of paper and there was a general sigh through the crowd as he held it up and everyone could see that it was blank. Nancy and Bill, Jr., opened theirs at the same time, and both beamed and laughed, turning around to the crowd and holding their slips of paper above their heads.
“Tessie,” Mr. Summers said. There was a pause, and then Mr. Summers looked at Bill Hutchinson, and Bill unfolded his paper and showed it. It was blank.
“It’s Tessie,” Mr. Summers said, and his voice was hushed. “Show us her paper, Bill.”
Bill Hutchinson went over to his wife and forced the slip of paper out of her hand. It had a black spot on it, the black spot Mr. Summers had made the night before with the heavy pencil in the coal-company office. Bill Hutchinson held it up, and there was a stir in the crowd.
“All right, folks,” Mr. Summers said. “Let’s finish quickly.”
Although the villagers had forgotten the ritual and lost the original black box, they still remembered to use stones. The pile of stones the boys had made earlier was ready; there were stones on the ground with the blowing scraps of paper that had come out of the box. Mrs. Delacroix selected a stone so large she had to pick it up with both hands and turned to Mrs. Dunbar. “Come on,” she said. “Hurry up.”
Mrs. Dunbar had small stones in both hands, and she said, gasping for breath. “I can’t run at all. You’ll have to go ahead and I’ll catch up with you.”
The children had stones already, and someone gave little Davy Hutchinson a few pebbles.
Tessie Hutchinson was in the center of a cleared space by now, and she held her hands out desperately as the villagers moved in on her. “It isn’t fair,” she said. A stone hit her on the side of the head.
Old Man Warner was saying, “Come on, come on, everyone.” Steve Adams was in the front of the crowd of villagers, with Mrs. Graves beside him.
“It isn’t fair, it isn’t right,” Mrs. Hutchinson screamed, and then they were upon her. ♦
|
||||
6418
|
dbpedia
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2
| 22
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https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/28/fact-sheet-the-american-families-plan/
|
en
|
FACT SHEET: The American Families Plan
|
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2021-04-28T00:00:00
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Today, President Biden announced the American Families Plan, an investment in our kids, our families, and our economic future.In March, the President
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
The White House
|
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/28/fact-sheet-the-american-families-plan/
|
Today, President Biden announced the American Families Plan, an investment in our kids, our families, and our economic future.
In March, the President signed into law the American Rescue Plan, which continues to provide immediate relief to American families and communities. Approximately 161 million payments of up to $1,400 per person have gone out to households, schools are reopening, and 100 percent of Americans ages 16 and older are now eligible for a COVID-19 vaccine. The Rescue Plan is projected to lift more than five million children out of poverty this year, cutting child poverty by more than half. While too many Americans are still out of work, we are seeing encouraging signs in the labor market, as businesses begin to rehire and some of the hardest hit sectors begin to reopen.
But the President knows that we need to do more. It is not enough to restore where we were prior to the pandemic. We need to build a stronger economy that does not leave anyone behind – we need to build back better. President Biden knows a strong middle class is the backbone of America. He knows it should be easier for American families to break into the middle class, and easier to stay in the middle class. He knows that we need to continue to enable those who dropped out of the workforce – particularly the approximately two million women who left due to COVID – to rejoin and stay in the workforce. And, he knows that, unlike in past decades, policies to make life easier for American families must focus on bringing everyone along: inclusive of gender, race, or place of residence – urban, suburban, or rural.
The American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan are once-in-a-generation investments in our nation’s future. The American Jobs Plan will create millions of good jobs, rebuild our country’s physical infrastructure and workforce, and spark innovation and manufacturing here at home. The American Families Plan is an investment in our children and our families—helping families cover the basic expenses that so many struggle with now, lowering health insurance premiums, and continuing the American Rescue Plan’s historic reductions in child poverty. Together, these plans reinvest in the future of the American economy and American workers, and will help us out-compete China and other countries around the world.
To grow the middle class, expand the benefits of economic growth to all Americans, and leave the United States more competitive, President Biden’s American Families Plan will:
Add at least four years of free education. Investing in education is a down payment on the future of America. As access to high school became more widely available at the turn of the 20th Century, it made us the best-educated and best-prepared nation in the world. But everyone knows that 13 years is not enough today. The American Families Plan will make transformational investments from early childhood to postsecondary education so that all children and young people are able to grow, learn, and gain the skills they need to succeed. It will provide universal, high quality preschool to all three- and four- year-olds. It will provide Americans two years of free community college. It will invest in making college more affordable for low- and middle-income students, including students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs), and institutions such as Hispanic-serving institutions, Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander-serving institutions, and other minority-serving institutions (MSIs). And, it will invest in our teachers as well as our students, improving teacher training and support so that our schools become engines of growth at every level.
Provide direct support to children and families. Our nation is strongest when everyone has the opportunity to join the workforce and contribute to the economy. But many workers struggle to both hold a full-time job and care for themselves and their families. The American Families Plan will provide direct support to families to ensure that low- and middle-income families spend no more than seven percent of their income on child care, and that the child care they access is of high-quality. It will also provide direct support to workers and families by creating a national comprehensive paid family and medical leave program that will bring America in line with competitor nations that offer paid leave programs. The program will allow people to manage their health and the health of their families. And, it will provide critical nutrition assistance to families who need it most and expand access to healthy meals to our nation’s students – dramatically reducing childhood hunger.
Extend tax cuts for families with children and American workers. While the American Rescue Plan provided meaningful relief for hundreds of millions of Americans, too many families and workers feel the squeeze of too-low wages and the high costs of meeting their basic needs and their aspirations. At the same time, the wealthiest Americans continue to get further and further ahead. The American Families Plan will extend key tax cuts in the American Rescue Plan that benefit lower- and middle-income workers and families, including the Child Tax Credit, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit. In addition to making it easier for families to make ends meet, tax credits for working families have been shown to boost child academic and economic performance over time. The American Families Plan will also extend the expanded health insurance tax credits in the American Rescue Plan. These credits are providing premium relief that is lowering health insurance costs by an average of $50 per person per month for nine million people, and will enable four million uninsured people to gain coverage.
Leading economic research has shown that the investments proposed in the American Families Plan will yield significant economic returns – boosting productivity and economic growth, producing a larger, more productive, and healthier workforce on a sustained basis, and generating savings to states and the federal government. Evidence shows that a dollar invested in high-quality early childhood programs for low-income children will result in up to $7.30 in benefits, including increased wages, improved health, and reduced crime. Parental paid leave has been shown to keep mothers in the workforce, increasing labor force participation and boosting economic growth. And, sustained tax credits for families with children have been found to yield a lifetime of benefits, ranging from higher educational attainment to higher lifetime earnings
In all, the American Families Plan includes $1.8 trillion in investments and tax credits for American families and children over ten years. It consists of about $1 trillion in investments and $800 billion in tax cuts for American families and workers. Alongside the American Families Plan, the President will be proposing a set of measures to make sure that the wealthiest Americans pay their share in taxes, while ensuring that no one making $400,000 per year or less will see their taxes go up. When combined with President Biden’s American Jobs Plan, this legislation will be fully paid for over 15 years, and will reduce deficits over the long term.
ADD AT LEAST FOUR YEARS OF FREE PUBLIC EDUCATION, CLOSE EQUITY GAPS, AND MAKE COLLEGE MORE AFFORDABLE
Early in the 20th century, the expansion of access to free public high school in the United States set a new global standard. Direct public investment in our children’s future propelled U.S. economic growth and enhanced our global competitiveness. Now, mounting evidence suggests that 13 years of school is no longer sufficient to prepare our students for success in today’s economy. Research tells us that we must invest early to support our children’s development and readiness for academic success; our transforming economy requires that we provide every student the opportunity to obtain a postsecondary degree or certificate.
That is why the American Families Plan calls for an additional four years of free, public education for our nation’s children. Specifically, President Biden is calling for $200 billion for free universal pre-school for all three- and four-year-olds and $109 billion for two years of free community college so that every student has the ability to obtain a degree or certificate. In addition, he is calling for an approximately $85 billion investment in Pell Grants, which would help students seeking a certificate or a two- or four-year degree. Recognizing that access to postsecondary education is not enough, the American Families Plan includes $62 billion to invest in evidence-based strategies to strengthen completion and retention rates at community colleges and institutions that serve students from our most disadvantaged communities. This is alongside a $46 billion investment in HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs. President Biden is also calling for $9 billion to train, equip and diversify American teachers in order to ensure that our high school graduates are ready for success. These investments, combined with those laid out in the President’s American Jobs Plan, will boost earnings, expand employment opportunities, and enable the U.S. to win the 21st century.
UNIVERSAL PRE-SCHOOL FOR ALL THREE- AND FOUR-YEAR-OLDS
Preschool is critical to ensuring that children start kindergarten with the skills and supports that set them up for success in school. In fact, research shows that kids who attend universal pre-K are more likely to take honors classes and less likely to repeat a grade, and another study finds low-income children who attend universal programs do better in math and reading as late as eighth grade. Unfortunately, many children, but especially children of color and low-income children, do not have access to the full range of high-quality pre-school programs available to their more affluent peers. In addition to providing critical benefits for children, preschool has also been shown to increase labor force participation among parents – especially women — boosting family earnings and driving economic growth. By some estimates, the benefits of a universal pre-K system to U.S. GDP are more than three times greater than the investment needed to provide this service.
President Biden is calling for a national partnership with states to offer free, high-quality, accessible, and inclusive preschool to all three-and four-year-olds, benefitting five million children and saving the average family $13,000, when fully implemented. This historic $200 billion investment in America’s future will first prioritize high-need areas and enable communities and families to choose the settings that work best for them. The President’s plan will also ensure that all publicly-funded preschool is high-quality, with low student-to-teacher ratios, high-quality and developmentally appropriate curriculum, and supportive classroom environments that are inclusive for all students. The President’s plan will leverage investments in tuition-free community college and teacher scholarships to support those who wish to earn a bachelor’s degree or another credential that supports their work as an educator, or to become an early childhood educator. And, educators will receive job-embedded coaching, professional development, and wages that reflect the importance of their work. All employees in participating pre-K programs and Head Start will earn at least $15 per hour, and those with comparable qualifications will receive compensation commensurate with that of kindergarten teachers. These investments will give American children a head start and pave the way for the best-educated generation in U.S. history.
FREE COMMUNITY COLLEGE AND OTHER POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION INVESTMENTS
For much of the 20th century, graduating from high school was a gateway to a stable job and a living wage. But over the last 40 years, we have seen the most growth in jobs requiring higher levels of job preparation, including education and training. Today, 70 percent of jobs are held by people with more than a high school degree. American workers need and deserve additional support to build their skills, increase their earnings, remain competitive, and share in the benefits of the new economy. President Biden’s plan will expand access to affordable postsecondary education, laying the groundwork for innovation and inclusive economic growth for all Americans. Specifically, President Biden’s plan will:
Offer two years of free community college to all Americans, including DREAMers. The current crisis has led to a steep college enrollment decline, particularly for low-income students and students of color. As of Fall 2020, high-minority and high-poverty high schools saw a 9.4 percent and 11.4 percent decline in college enrollment, respectively. But even before the pandemic, cost remained a barrier to attending and graduating from community college for many Americans. President Biden’s $109 billion plan will ensure that first-time students and workers wanting to reskill can enroll in a community college to earn a degree or credential for free. Students can use the benefit over three years and, if circumstances warrant, up to four years, recognizing that many students’ lives and other responsibilities can make full-time enrollment difficult. If all states, territories, and Tribes participate, about 5.5 million students would pay $0 in tuition and fees.
Provide up to approximately $1,400 in additional assistance to low-income students by increasing the Pell Grant award. While nearly 7 million students depend on Pell Grants, the grant has not kept up with the rising cost of college. Over the last 50 years, the value of Pell Grants has plummeted. The maximum grant went from covering nearly 80 percent of the cost of a four-year college degree to under 30 percent — leading millions of low-income students to take out debt to finance their education. One in three community college students receive Pell Grants to pay for their education. Among students of color, nearly 60 percent of Black, half of American Indian or Alaska Native, almost half of Latino, and over one-third of Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander students rely on Pell Grants to pay for college. The American Families Plan will increase the maximum Pell Grant award by approximately $1,400, a down payment on President Biden’s commitment to double the maximum award. The plan also allows DREAMers to access Pell Grants.
Increase college retention and completion rates. An education beyond high school can lead to higher pay, financial stability, social mobility, and better health outcomes. It also has public benefits such as a reduction in crime rates and higher civic engagement. However, far too many students enter college but do not graduate. Research shows that only approximately three out of five students finish any type of degree or certificate program within six years. To complete, students need additional support. The President is proposing a bold $62 billion grant program to invest in completion and retention activities at colleges and universities that serve high numbers of low-income students, particularly community colleges. States, territories, and Tribes will receive grants to provide funding to colleges that adopt innovative, proven solutions for student success, including wraparound services ranging from child care and mental health services to faculty and peer mentoring; emergency basic needs grants; practices that recruit and retain diverse faculty; transfer agreements between colleges; and evidence-based remediation programs.
Provide two years of subsidized tuition and expand programs in high-demand fields at HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs. Research has found that HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs are vital to helping underrepresented students move to the top of the income ladder. For example, while HBCUs are only three percent of four-year universities, their graduates make up approximately 80 percent of Black judges, half of Black lawyers and doctors, and 25 percent of Black undergraduates earning STEM degrees. Yet, these institutions have significantly less resources than other top colleges and universities, undermining their ability to grow and support more students. President Biden is calling on Congress to make a historic investment in HBCU, TCU, and MSI affordability. Specifically, he is calling for a new $39 billion program that provides two years of subsidized tuition for students from families earning less than $125,000 enrolled in a four-year HBCU, TCU, or MSI. The President is also calling for $5 billion to expand existing institutional aid grants to HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs, which can be used by these institutions to strengthen their academic, administrative, and fiscal capabilities, including by creating or expanding educational programs in high-demand fields (e.g., STEM, computer sciences, nursing, and allied health), with an additional $2 billion directed towards building a pipeline of skilled health care workers with graduate degrees. These investments, combined with the $45 billion proposed in the American Jobs Plan targeted to these institutions, will enable America’s HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs to tackle longstanding inequities in postsecondary education and make the U.S. more competitive on the global stage.
EDUCATION AND PREPARATION FOR TEACHERS
Few people can have a bigger impact on a child’s life than a great teacher. Unfortunately, the U.S. faces a large and growing teacher shortage. Before the pandemic, schools across the nation needed an estimated additional 100,000 certified teachers, resulting in key positions going unfilled. Shortages of certified teachers disproportionately impact schools with higher percentages of students of color, which have a higher proportion of teachers that are uncertified and in their first or second year, exacerbating educational disparities. At the same time, while teachers of color can have a particularly strong impact on students of color, around one in five teachers are people of color, compared to more than half of K-12 public school students. President Biden is calling on Congress to invest $9 billion in American teachers, addressing shortages, improving training and supports for teachers, and boosting teacher diversity.
These investments will improve the quality of new teachers entering the profession, increase retention rates and increase the number of teachers of color, all of which will improve student outcomes like academic achievement and high school graduation rates, resulting in higher long-term earnings, job creation and a boost to the economy. In addition, as more teachers stay in the profession, a virtuous cycle is created, wherein districts save money on recruiting and training new teachers and can invest those funds back into programs that directly impact students.
Specifically, President Biden’s plan will:
Address teacher shortages, improve teacher preparation, and strengthen pipelines for teachers of color. President Biden is calling on Congress to double scholarships for future teachers from $4,000 to $8,000 per year while earning their degree, strengthening the program, and expanding it to early childhood educators. The President’s plan also invests $2.8 billion in Grow Your Own programs and year-long, paid teacher residency programs, which have a greater impact on student outcomes, teacher retention, and are more likely to enroll teacher candidates of color. His plan targets $400 million for teacher preparation at HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs and $900 million for the development of special education teachers.
Help current teachers earn in-demand credentials. Many teachers are eager to answer the call to get certified in areas their schools need, like special education, but are deterred due to the high cost of professional programs. President Biden is calling on Congress to invest $1.6 billion to provide educators with opportunities to obtain additional certifications in high-demand areas like special education, bilingual education, and certifications that improve teacher performance. This funding will support over 100,000 educators, with priority for public school teachers with at least two years of experience at schools with a significant portion of low-income students or significant teacher shortages. All funds will be available immediately, flowing through the states, and available until expended.
Invest in educator leadership. Millions of teachers – and the students they educate – would stand to benefit from greater mentorship and leadership opportunities. President Biden is calling on Congress to invest $2 billion to support programs that leverage teachers as leaders, such as high-quality mentorship programs for new teachers and teachers of color. These programs are proven tools to improve both student outcomes and teacher retention by providing new teachers with the support they need. The President’s plan will also leverage teachers as leaders of other key priorities within their school buildings, and compensate teachers for this work, recognizing the incredible expertise of our veteran educators, and their value in supporting the next generation of great teachers.
PROVIDE DIRECT SUPPORT TO CHILDREN AND FAMILIES
The hope of a middle-class life has gotten further and further out of reach for too many American families, as the costs of raising children – from child care to taking paid leave time to care for a new child or when a child is ill – have grown. Middle-class families and those trying to break into the middle class increasingly feel the strain of these rising costs, while wage growth has failed to keep up. These rising costs impact our economy as a whole as well. In part due to the lack of family friendly policies, the United States has fallen behind its competitors in female labor force participation. One study found that a lack of child care options costs the United States economy $57 billion per year in lost earnings, productivity, and revenue. Another study found that lack of paid leave options cost workers $22.5 billion each year in lost wages.
CHILD CARE
The high cost of child care continues to make it hard for parents – especially women — to work outside the home and provide for their families. Difficulty in finding high-quality, affordable child care leads some parents to drop out of the labor force entirely, some to reduce their work hours, and others to turn down a promotion. When a parent drops out of the workforce, reduces hours, or takes a lower-paying job early in their careers—even temporarily—there are lifetime consequences on earnings, savings, and retirement. These costs are especially significant for mothers and people of color, exacerbating inequality and harming the economic security of their families, as 91 percent of the income gains experienced by middle-class families over the last forty years were driven by women’s earnings.
High-quality early care and education lay a strong foundation so that children can take full advantage of education and training opportunities later in life. The evidence is clear: for early years, quality care is education. This especially important for children from low-income families, who too often start school without access to high-quality educational opportunities. A study by Nobel Laureate James Heckman found that every dollar invested in a high-quality, birth to five program for the most economically disadvantaged children resulted in $7.30 in benefits as children grew up healthier, were more likely to graduate high school and college, and earned more as adults.
Building on the American Jobs Plan’s investments in school and child care infrastructure and workforce training, President Biden’s American Families Plan will ensure low and middle-income families pay no more than 7 percent of their income on high-quality child care for children under 5 years-old, saving the average family $14,800 per year on child care expenses, while also generating lifetime benefits for three million children, supporting hundreds of thousands of child care providers and workers, allowing roughly one million parents, primarily mothers, to enter the labor force, and significantly bolstering inclusive and equitable economic growth. Specifically, President Biden’s plan will invest $225 billion to:
Make child care affordable. Families will pay only a portion of their income based on a sliding scale. For the most hard-pressed working families, child care costs for their young children would be fully covered and families earning 1.5 times their state median income will pay no more than 7 percent of their income for all children under age five. The plan will also provide families with a range of inclusive and accessible options to choose from for their child, from child care centers to family child care providers to Early Head Start.
Invest in high-quality child care. Child care providers will receive funding to cover the true cost of quality early childhood care and education–including a developmentally appropriate curriculum, small class sizes, and culturally and linguistically responsive environments that are inclusive of children with disabilities. These investments support positive interactions that promote children’s social-emotional and cognitive development.
Invest in the child care workforce. More investment is needed to support early childhood care providers and educators, more than nine in ten of whom are women and more than four in ten of whom are women of color. They are among the most underpaid workers in the country and nearly half receive public income support programs. The typical child care worker earned $12.24 per hour in 2020—while receiving few, if any, benefits, leading to high turnover and lower quality of care. This investment will mean a $15 minimum wage for early childhood staff and ensure that those with similar qualifications as kindergarten teachers receive comparable compensation and benefits. And, it will ensure child care workers receive job-embedded coaching and professional development, along with additional training opportunities funded by the American Jobs Plan and American Families Plan. These investments will lead to better quality care, while also enabling these workers to care for their own families, reducing government spending on income support programs and increasing tax revenues.
PAID LEAVE
The United States has fallen behind our economic competitors in the number of women participating in the labor force. The pandemic has exacerbated this problem, pushing millions of people—especially women—out of the workforce, eroding more than 30 years of progress in women’s labor force participation and resulting in a $64 billion loss in wages and economic activity per year. A lack of family-friendly policies, such as paid family and medical leave for when a worker need time to care for a new child, a seriously ill family member, or recover from their own serious illness, has been identified as a key reason for the U.S. decline in competitiveness. The United States is one of the only countries in the world that doesn’t guarantee paid leave. Nearly one in four mothers return to work within two weeks of giving birth and one in five retirees left or were forced to leave the workforce earlier than planned to care for an ill family member. Further, today nearly four of five private sector workers have no access to paid leave. 95 percent of the lowest wage workers, mostly women and workers of color, lack any access to paid family leave.
Paid family and medical leave supports workers and families and is a critical investment in the strength and equity of our economy. President Biden’s American Families Plan will:
Create a national comprehensive paid family and medical leave program. The program will ensure workers receive partial wage replacement to take time to bond with a new child, care for a seriously ill loved one, deal with a loved one’s military deployment, find safety from sexual assault, stalking, or domestic violence, heal from their own serious illness, or take time to deal with the death of a loved one. It will guarantee twelve weeks of paid parental, family, and personal illness/safe leave by year 10 of the program, and also ensure workers get three days of bereavement leave per year starting in year one. The program will provide workers up to $4,000 a month, with a minimum of two-thirds of average weekly wages replaced, rising to 80 percent for the lowest wage workers. We estimate this program will cost $225 billion over a decade.
President Biden’s paid leave plan has broad benefits for working families and the economy as a whole. Studies have shown that, under state paid leave laws, new mothers are 18 percentage points more likely to be working a year after the birth of their child. In addition, paid leave can reduce racial disparities in wage loss between workers of color and white workers, improve child health and well-being, support employers by improving employee retention and reducing turnover costs, and increase women’s labor force participation. Over 30 million workers, including 67 percent of low-wage workers, do not have access to a single paid sick day. Low-wage and part-time workers, a majority of whom are women, are less likely to have access to paid sick days.
The COVID pandemic has highlighted the need for a national paid sick leave policy, to help workers and their loved ones quickly recover from short-term illness and prevent the spread of disease. Therefore, the President calls upon Congress to pass the Healthy Families Act which will require employers to allow workers to accrue seven days paid sick leave per year to seek preventative care for them or their family– such as getting a flu shot, recovering from short-term illness, or caring for a sick child or family member or a family member with disability-related needs.
NUTRITION
The pandemic has added urgency to the issue of nutrition insecurity, which disproportionately affects low-income families and families of color. No one should have to worry about whether they can provide nutritious food for themselves or their children. A poor diet jeopardizes a child’s ability to learn and succeed in school. Nutrition insecurity can also have long-lasting negative impact on overall health and put children at higher risk for diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure. Today, one-fifth of American children are obese, and research shows that childhood obesity increases the likelihood of obesity in adulthood. In addition to the incredible financial burden on the health care system, diet-related diseases carry significant economic and national security implications by decreasing work productivity, increasing job absenteeism, and threatening military readiness. A recent study found that U.S. children are getting their healthiest meals at school, demonstrating that school meals are one of the federal government’s most powerful tools for delivering nutrition security to children. To ensure the nutritional needs of families are met, President Biden’s plan will invest $45 billion to:
Expand summer EBT to all eligible children nationwide. The Summer EBT Demonstrations helps low-income families with children eligible for free and reduced-price meals during the school year purchase food during the summer. Research shows that this program decreases food insecurity among children and has led to positive changes in nutritional outcomes. The American Families Plan builds on the American Rescue Plan’s support for Summer Pandemic-EBT by investing more than $25 billion to make the successful program permanent and available to all 29 million children receiving free and reduced-price meals.
Expand healthy school meals. The Community Eligibility Provision (CEP) allows high-poverty schools to provide meals free of charge to all of their students. It is currently available to individual schools, groups of schools within a district, or an entire district with at least 40 percent of students participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) or other means tested programs. The program is particularly important because some families whose children would be eligible for free meals may not apply for them due to stigma or not fully understanding the application process. In addition, other families in high-poverty schools may still be facing food insecurity but make just enough to not qualify for free school meals. However, only 70 percent of eligible schools have adopted CEP, because some schools would receive reimbursement below the free meal rate. The President’s plan will fund $17 billion to expand free meals for children in the highest poverty districts by reimbursing a higher percentage of meals at the free reimbursement rate through CEP. Additionally, the plan will lower the threshold for CEP eligibility for elementary schools to 25 percent of students participating in SNAP. Targeting elementary students will drive better long-term health outcomes by ensuring low-income children are receiving nutritious meals at an early age. The plan will also expand direct certification to automatically enroll more students for school meals based on Medicaid and Supplemental Security Income data. This proposal will provide free meals to an additional 9.3 million children, with about 70 percent in elementary schools.
Launch a healthy foods incentive demonstration. To build on progress made during the Obama Administration to improve the nutrition standards of school meals, this new $1 billion demonstration will support schools that are further expanding healthy food offerings. For example, schools adopting specified measures that exceed current school meal standards will receive an enhanced reimbursement as an incentive.
Facilitate re-entry for formerly incarcerated individuals through SNAP eligibility. Individuals convicted of a drug-related felony are currently ineligible to receive SNAP benefits unless a state has taken the option to eliminate or modify this restriction. Denying these individuals—many of whom are parents of young children—SNAP benefits jeopardizes nutrition security and poses a barrier to re-entry into the community in a population that already faces significant hurdles to obtaining employment and stability. SNAP is a critical safety net for many individuals as they search for employment to support themselves and their families. This restriction disproportionately impacts African Americans, who are convicted of drug offenses at much higher rates than white Americans.
UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE REFORM
The unemployment insurance (UI) system is a critical lifeline to workers at the hardest times. During the pandemic, it saved millions from poverty and helped people put food on the table. But, the system is in desperate need of reform and strengthening. Too often Americans found themselves waiting weeks to get the benefits they deserved. Too often the benefits Americans would automatically receive would’ve been too low and would not have gone long enough absent Congress stepping in. Too often the safeguards to prevent fraud in the system have been insufficient. And it has been unemployed people of color who have borne the brunt of the UI system’s weaknesses. President Biden is committed to strengthening and reforming the system for the long term. That’s why he won $2 billion in the American Rescue Plan to put toward UI system modernization, equitable access, and fraud prevention. And, that’s why he wants to work with Congress to automatically adjust the length and amount of UI benefits unemployed workers receive depending on economic conditions. This will ensure future legislative delay doesn’t undermine economic recovery and it will enable permanent reform of the system to provide the safety net that workers deserve in the hardest times.
TAX CUTS FOR AMERICA’S FAMILIES AND WORKERS
While the American Rescue Plan provided meaningful relief for hundreds of millions of Americans, that is just a first step. Now is the time to build back better, to help families and workers who for too long have felt the squeeze of stagnating wages and an ever-increasing cost-of-living. Direct assistance to families in the form of tax credits paid on a regular basis lifts children and families out of poverty, makes it easier for families to make ends meet, and boosts the academic and economic performance of children over time. But if Congress does not act, millions of American families and workers will see their taxes go up at the end of the year.
President Biden believes we must extend the American Rescue Plan’s expanded tax credits that lifted millions of children out of poverty, made it easier for families to afford child care, and ensured that low-income workers without children would not continue to be taxed into poverty.
Specifically, President Biden’s plan will:
Extend expanded ACA premiums tax credits in the American Rescue Plan. Health care should be a right, not a privilege, and Americans facing illness should never have to worry about how they are going to pay for their treatment. No one should face a choice between buying life-saving medications or putting food on the table. President Biden has a plan to build on the Affordable Care Act and lower prescription drug costs for everyone by letting Medicare negotiate prices, reducing health insurance premiums and deductibles for those who buy coverage on their own, creating a public option and the option for people to enroll in Medicare at age 60, and closing the Medicaid coverage gap to help millions of Americans gain health insurance. The American Families Plan will build on the American Rescue Plan and continue our work to make health care more affordable. The American Rescue Plan included a historic investment in reducing Americans’ health care costs. The biggest improvement in health care affordability since the Affordable Care Act, the American Rescue Plan provided two years of lower health insurance premiums for those who buy coverage on their own, saving families an average of $50 per person per month. The American Families Plan will make those premium reductions permanent, a $200 billion investment. As a result, nine million people will save hundreds of dollars per year on their premiums, and four million uninsured people will gain coverage. The Families Plan will also invest in maternal health and support the families of veterans receiving health care services.
Extend the Child Tax Credit increases in the American Rescue Plan through 2025 and make the Child Tax Credit permanently fully refundable. The President is calling for the Child Tax Credit expansion, first enacted in the American Rescue Plan, to be extended. This legislation expands the Child Tax Credit from $2,000 per child to $3,000 per child for six-years old and above, and $3,600 per child for children under six. It also makes 17-year-olds eligible for the first time and makes the credit fully refundable on a permanent basis, so that low-income families—the families that need the credit the most—can benefit from the full tax credit. The expanded Child Tax Credit in the American Rescue Plan benefited nearly 66 million children, and it was the single largest contributor to the plan’s historic reductions in child poverty.
For a family with two parents earning a combined $100,000 per year and two children under six, the Child Tax Credit expansion means an additional $3,200 per year in tax relief. For a family with two parents earning a combined $24,000 per year and two children under six, the expansion means even more, with a credit increase of than $4,400 because the full credit was not previously fully available to them.
The credit would also be delivered regularly. This means that families will not need to wait until tax season to receive a refund. Instead, they will receive regular payments that allow them to cover household expenses as they arise.
The American Families Plan will make permanent the full refundability of the Child Tax Credit, while extending the other expansions to the Child Tax Credit through 2025—when the 2017 law’s individual provisions expire. The President is committed to working with Congress to achieve his ultimate goal of making permanent the Child Tax Credit as well as all of the expansions he signed into law in the American Rescue Plan.
Permanently increase tax credits to support families with child care needs. To help families afford child care, President Biden is calling on Congress to make permanent the temporary Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit (CDCTC) expansion enacted in the American Rescue Plan. Families will receive a tax credit for as much as half of their spending on qualified child care for children under age 13, up to a total of $4,000 for one child or $8,000 for two or more children. A 50 percent reimbursement will be available to families making less than $125,000 a year, while families making between $125,000 and $400,000 will receive a partial credit with benefits at least as generous as those they receive today. The credit can be used for expenses ranging from full-time care to after school care to summer care.
This is a dramatic expansion of support to low- and middle-income families. In 2019, a family claiming a CDCTC for the previous year got less than $600 on average towards the cost of care, and many low-income families got nothing. If Congress fails to extend the CDCTC expansion, more than 6 million families could see their taxes go up at the end of the year – many by thousands of dollars – making obtaining affordable child care more difficult. Importantly, this tax credit works in tandem with the American Families Plan’s direct investments in childcare affordability for families with young children.
Make the Earned Income Tax Credit Expansion for childless workers permanent. Before this year, the federal tax code taxed low-wage childless workers into poverty or deeper into poverty — the only group of workers it treated this way. The American Rescue Plan addressed this problem by roughly tripling the EITC for childless workers, benefitting 17 million low-wage workers, many of whom are essential workers including cashiers, cooks, delivery drivers, food preparation workers, and childcare providers. For example, a childless worker who works 30 hours per week at $9 per hour earns income that, after taxes, leaves them below the federal poverty line. By increasing her EITC to more than $1,100, this EITC expansion helps pull such workers out of poverty.
The President is calling on Congress to make this expansion permanent. President Biden believes our tax code should reward work and not wealth. And that means rewarding workers who work hard every day at modest wages to provide their communities with essential services.
Give IRS the authority to regulate paid tax preparers. Tax returns prepared by certain types of preparers have high error rates. These preparers charge taxpayers large fees while exposing them to costly audits. As preparers play a crucial role in tax administration, and will be key to helping many taxpayers claim the newly-expanded credits, IRS oversight of tax preparers is needed. The President is calling on Congress to pass bipartisan legislation that will give the IRS that authority.
TAX REFORM THAT REWARDS WORK – NOT WEALTH
The President’s tax agenda will not only reverse the biggest 2017 tax law giveaways, but reform the tax code so that the wealthy have to play by the same rules as everyone else. It will ensure that high-income Americans pay the tax they owe under the law—ending the unfair system of enforcement that collects almost all taxes due on wages, while regularly collecting a smaller share of business and capital income. The plan will also eliminate long-standing loopholes, including lower taxes on capital gains and dividends for the wealthy, that reward wealth over work. Importantly, these reforms will also rein in the ways that the tax code widens racial disparities in income and wealth.
President Biden’s plan uses the resulting revenue to rebuild the middle class, investing in education and boosting wages. It will also give tax relief to middle-class families, dramatically reducing child poverty and cutting the cost of child care in half for many families. The result of the President’s individual tax reforms will be a tax code with fewer loopholes for the wealthy and more opportunity for low- and middle-income Americans.
Altogether, these tax reforms focused on the highest income Americans would raise about $1.5 trillion across the decade. In combination with the American Jobs Plan, which produces long-term deficit reduction through corporate tax reform, all of the investments would be fully paid for over the next 15 years.
President Biden’s plan will:
Revitalize enforcement to make the wealthy pay what they owe. We have a two-tiered system of tax administration in this country: regular workers pay the taxes they owe on wages and salaries while some wealthy taxpayers aggressively plan to avoid the tax laws. Those with the highest incomes generate income in opaque categories where misreporting rates can reach 55 percent. A recent study found that the top one percent failed to report 20 percent of their income and failed to pay over $175 billion in taxes that they owed. But today, the IRS does not even have the resources to fully investigate this evasion. As a result of budget cuts, audit rates on those making over $1 million per year fell by 80 percent between 2011-2018.
The President’s proposal would change the game—by making sure the wealthiest Americans play by the same set of rules as all other Americans.It would require financial institutions to report information on account flows so that earnings from investments and business activity are subject to reporting more like wages already are.It would also increase investment in the IRS, while ensuring that the additional resources go toward enforcement against those with the highest incomes, rather than Americans with actual income less than $400,000. Additional resources would focus on large corporations, businesses, and estates, and higher-income individuals. Altogether, this plan would raise $700 billion over 10 years.
Increase the top tax rate on the wealthiest Americans to 39.6 percent. One of the 2017 tax cut’s clearest giveaways to the wealthy was cutting the top income tax rate from 39.6 percent to 37 percent, exclusively benefitting the wealthiest households—those in the top one percent. This rate cut alone gives a couple with $2 million in taxable an annual tax cut of more than $36,400. The President’s plan restores the top tax bracket to what it was before the 2017 law, returning the rate to 39.6 percent, applying only to those within the top one percent.
End capital income tax breaks and other loopholes for the very top. The President’s tax reform will end one of the most unfair aspects of our tax system: that the tax rate the wealthy pay on capital gains and dividends is less than the tax rate that many middle-class families pay on their wages. Households making over $1 million—the top 0.3 percent of all households—will pay the same 39.6 percent rate on all their income, equalizing the rate paid on investment returns and wages. Moreover, the President would eliminate the loophole that allows the wealthiest Americans to entirely escape tax on their wealth by passing it down to heirs. Today, our tax laws allow these accumulated gains to be passed down across generations untaxed, exacerbating inequality. The President’s plan will close this loophole, ending the practice of “stepping-up” the basis for gains in excess of $1 million ($2.5 million per couple when combined with existing real estate exemptions) and making sure the gains are taxed if the property is not donated to charity. The reform will be designed with protections so that family-owned businesses and farms will not have to pay taxes when given to heirs who continue to run the business. Without these changes, billions in capital income would continue to escape taxation entirely.
The President is also calling on Congress to close the carried interest loophole so that hedge fund partners will pay ordinary income rates on their income just like every other worker. While equalizing tax rates on wages and capital gains will address this disparity, permanently eliminating carried interest is an important structural change that is necessary to ensure that we have a tax code that treats all workers fairly. The President would also end the special real estate tax break—that allows real estate investors to defer taxation when they exchange property—for gains greater than $500,000, and the President would also permanently extend the current limitation in place that restricts large, excess business losses, 80 percent of which benefits those making over $1 million.
Finally, high-income workers and investors generally pay a 3.8 percent Medicare tax on their earnings, but the application is inconsistent across taxpayers due to holes in the law. The President’s tax reform would apply the taxes consistently to those making over $400,000, ensuring that all high-income Americans pay the same Medicare taxes.
To view this fact sheet in your browser, click here.
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Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage
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By Jonathan Grossman When he felt the time was ripe, President Roosevelt asked Secretary of Labor Perkins, 'What happened to that nice unconstitutional bill you had tucked away?'
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https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/history/flsa1938
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By Jonathan Grossman
When he felt the time was ripe, President Roosevelt asked Secretary of Labor Perkins, 'What happened to that nice unconstitutional bill you had tucked away?'
On Saturday, June 25, 1938, to avoid pocket vetoes 9 days after Congress had adjourned, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed 121 bills. Among these bills was a landmark law in the Nation's social and economic development -- Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA). Against a history of judicial opposition, the depression-born FLSA had survived, not unscathed, more than a year of Congressional altercation. In its final form, the act applied to industries whose combined employment represented only about one-fifth of the labor force. In these industries, it banned oppressive child labor and set the minimum hourly wage at 25 cents, and the maximum workweek at 44 hours.1
Forty years later, a distinguished news commentator asked incredulously: "My God! 25 cents an hour! Why all the fuss?" President Roosevelt expressed a similar sentiment in a "fireside chat" the night before the signing. He warned: "Do not let any calamity-howling executive with an income of $1,000 a day, ...tell you...that a wage of $11 a week is going to have a disastrous effect on all American industry."2 In light of the social legislation of 1978, Americans today may be astonished that a law with such moderate standards could have been thought so revolutionary.
Courting disaster
The Supreme Court had been one of the major obstacles to wage-hour and child-labor laws. Among notable cases is the 1918 case of Hammer v. Dagenhart in which the Court by one vote held unconstitutional a Federal child-labor law. Similarly in Adkins v. Children's Hospital in 1923, the Court by a narrow margin voided the District of Columbia law that set minimum wages for women. During the 1930's, the Court's action on social legislation was even more devastating.3
New Deal promise. In 1933, under the "New Deal" program, Roosevelt's advisers developed a National Industrial Recovery Act (NRA).4 The act suspended antitrust laws so that industries could enforce fair-trade codes resulting in less competition and higher wages. On signing the bill, the President stated: "History will probably record the National Industrial Recovery Act as the most important and far-reaching legislation ever enacted by the American Congress." The law was popular, and one family in Darby, Penn., christened a newborn daughter Nira to honor it.5
As an early step of the NRA, Roosevelt promulgated a President's Reemployment Agreement "to raise wages, create employment, and thus restore business." Employers signed more than 2.3 million agreements, covering 16.3 million employees. Signers agreed to a workweek between 35 and 40 hours and a minimum wage of $12 to $15 a week and undertook, with some exceptions, not to employ youths under 16 years of age. Employers who signed the agreement displayed a "badge of honor," a blue eagle over the motto "We do our part." Patriotic Americans were expected to buy only from "Blue Eagle" business concerns.6
In the meantime, various industries developed more complete codes. The Cotton Textile Code was the first of these and one of the most important. It provided for a 40-hour workweek, set a minimum weekly wage of $13 in the North and $12 in the South, and abolished child labor. The President said this code made him "happier than any other one thing...since I have come to Washington, for the code abolished child labor in the textile industry." He added: "After years of fruitless effort and discussion, this ancient atrocity went out in a day."7
A crushing blow. On "Black Monday," May 27, 1935, the Supreme Court disarmed the NRA as the major depression-fighting weapon of the New Deal. The 1935 case of Schechter Corp. v. United States tested the constitutionality of the NRA by questioning a code to improve the sordid conditions under which chickens were slaughtered and sold to retail kosher butchers.8 All nine justices agreed that the act was an unconstitutional delegation of government power to private interests. Even the liberal Benjamin Cardozo thought it was "delegation running riot." Though the "sick chicken" decision seems an absurd case upon which to decide the fate of so sweeping a policy, it invalidated not only the restrictive trade practices set by the NRA-authorized codes, but the codes' progressive labor provisions as well.9
As if to head off further attempts at labor reform, the Supreme Court, in a series of decisions, invalidated both State and Federal labor laws. Most notorious was the 1936 case of Joseph Tipaldo.10The manager of a Brooklyn, N.Y., laundry, Tipaldo had been paying nine laundry women only $10 a week, in violation of the New York State minimum wage law. When forced to pay his workers $14.88, Tipaldo coerced them to kick back the difference. When Tipaldo was jailed on charges of violating the State law, forgery, and conspiracy, his lawyers sought a writ of habeas corpus on grounds the New York law was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court, by a 5-to-4 majority voided the law as a violation of liberty of contract.11
The Tipaldo decision was among the most unpopular ever rendered by the Supreme Court. Even bitter foes of President Roosevelt and the New Deal criticized the Court. Ex-President Herbert Hoover said the Court had gone to extremes. Conservative Republican Congressman Hamilton Fish called it a "new Dred Scott decision" condemning 3 million women and children to economic slavery.12
A switch in time. Wage-hour legislation was a campaign issue in the 1936 Presidential race. The Democratic platform called for higher labor standards, and, in his campaign, Roosevelt promised to seek some constitutional way of protecting workers. He tried to pave the way for such legislation in his speeches and new conferences in which he spoke of the breakdown of child labor provisions, minimum wages, and maximum hour standards after the demise of the NRA codes.
When Roosevelt won the 1936 election by 523 electoral votes to 8, he interpreted his landslide victory as support for the New Deal and was determined to overcome the obstacle of Supreme Court opposition as soon as possible. In February 1937, he struck back at the "nine old men" of the Bench: He proposed to "pack" the Court by adding up to six extra judges, one for each judge who did not retire at age 70. Roosevelt further voiced his disappointment with the Court at the victory dinner for his second inauguration, saying if the "three-horse team [of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches] pulls as one, the field will be ploughed," but that the field will not be ploughed if one horse lies down in the traces or plunges off in another direction."13
However, Roosevelt's metaphorical maverick fell in step. On "White Monday," March 29, 1937, the Court reversed its course when it decided the case of West Coast Hotel Company v. Parrish.14 Elsie Parrish, a former chambermaid at the Cascadian Hotel in Wenatchee, Wash., sued for $216.19 in back wages, charging that the hotel had paid her less than the State minimum wage. In an unexpected turn-around, Justice Owen Roberts voted with the four-man liberal minority to uphold the Washington minimum wage law.
As other close decisions continued to validate social and economic legislation, support for Roosevelt's Court "reorganization" faded. Meanwhile, Justice Roberts felt called upon to deny that he had switched sides to ward off Roosevelt's court-packing plan. He claimed valid legal distinctions between the Tipaldo case and the Parrish case. Nevertheless, many historians subscribe to the contemporary view of Robert's vote, that "a switch in time saved nine."15
A young worker's plea
While President Franklin Roosevelt was in Bedford, Mass., campaigning for reelection, a young girl tried to pass him an envelope. But a policeman threw her back into the crowd. Roosevelt told an aide, "Get the note from the girl." Her note read,
I wish you could do something to help us girls....We have been working in a sewing factory,... and up to a few months ago we were getting our minimum pay of $11 a week... Today the 200 of us girls have been cut down to $4 and $5 and $6 a week.
To a reporter's question, the President replied, "Something has to be done about the elimination of child labor and long hours and starvation wages."
-FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Public Papers and Addresses, Vol. V New York, Random House, 1936), pp. 624-25.
Back to the drawing board
Justice Roberts' "Big Switch" is an important event in American legal history. It is also a turning point in American social history, for it marked a new legal attitude toward labor standards. To be sure, validating a single State law was a far cry from upholding general Federal legislation, but the Parrish decision encouraged advocates of fair labor standards to work all the harder to develop a bill that might be upheld by the Supreme Court.
An ardent advocate. No top government official worked more ardently to develop legislation to help underpaid workers and exploited child laborers than Secretary Frances Perkins. Almost all her working life, Perkins fought for pro-labor legislation. To avoid the sometime pitfall of judicial review, she consulted legal experts in forming legislation. Her autobiographical account of her relations with President Roosevelt is filled with the names of lawyers with whom she discussed legislation: Felix Frankfurter, Thomas Corcoran, Gerard Reilly, Benjamin Cohen, Charles Wyzanski, and many others both within and outside Government.
When, in 1933, President Roosevelt asked Frances Perkins to become Secretary of Labor, she told him that she would accept if she could advocate a law to put a floor under wages and a ceiling over hours of work and to abolish abuses of child labor. When Roosevelt heartily agreed, Perkins asked him, "Have you considered that to launch such a program... might be considered unconstitutional?" Roosevelt retorted, "Well, we can work out something when the time comes."16
During the constitutional crisis over the NRA, Secretary Perkins asked lawyers at the Department of Labor to draw up two wage-hour and child-labor bills which might survive Supreme Court review. She then told Roosevelt, "I have something up my sleeve....I've got two bills ...locked in the lower left-hand drawer of my desk against an emergency." Roosevelt laughed and said, "There's New England caution for you.... You're pretty unconstitutional, aren't you?"17
Earlier Government groundwork. One of the bills that Perkins had "locked" in the bottom drawer of her desk was used before the 1937 "Big Switch." The bill proposed using the purchasing power of the Government as an instrument for improving labor standards. Under the bill Government contractors would have to agree to pay the "prevailing wage" and meet other labor standards. The idea had been tried in World War I to woo worker support for the war. Then, President Hoover reincarnated the "prevailing wage" and fair standards criteria as conditions for bidding for the construction of public buildings. This act -- the Davis-Bacon Act -- in expanded form stands as a bulwark of labor standards in the construction industry.
Roosevelt and Perkins tried to make model employers of government contractors in all fields, not just construction. They were dismayed to find that, except in public construction, the Federal Government actually encouraged employers to exploit labor because the Government had to award every contract to the lowest bidder. In 1935, approximately 40 percent of government contractors, employing 1.5 million workers, cut wages below and stretched hours above the standards developed under the NRA.
The Roosevelt-Perkins remedial initiative resulted in the Public Contracts Act of 1936 (Walsh-Healey). The act required most government contractors to adopt an 8-hour day and a 40-hour week, to employ only those over 16 years of age if they were boys or 18 years of age if they were girls, and to pay a "prevailing minimum wage" to be determined by the Secretary of Labor. The bill had been hotly contested and much diluted before it passed Congress on June 30, 1936. Though limited to government supply contracts and weakened by amendments and court interpretations, the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act was hailed as a token of good faith by the Federal Government -- that it intended to lead the way to better pay and working conditions.18
A broader bill is born
President Roosevelt had postponed action on a fair labor standards law because of his fight to "pack" the Court. After the "switch in time," when he felt the time was ripe, he asked Frances Perkins, "What happened to that nice unconstitutional bill you tucked away?"
The bill -- the second that Perkins had "tucked" away -- was a general fair labor standards act. To cope with the danger of judicial review, Perkins' lawyers had taken several constitutional approaches so that, if one or two legal principles were invalidated, the bill might still be accepted. The bill provided for minimum-wage boards which would determine, after public hearing and consideration of cost-of-living figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, whether wages in particular industries were below subsistence levels.
Perkins sent her draft to the White House where Thomas Corcoran and Benjamin Cohen, two trusted legal advisers of the President, with the Supreme Court in mind, added new provisions to the already lengthy measure. "Ben Cohen and I worked on the bill and the political effort behind it for nearly 4 years with Senator Black and Sidney Hillman," Corcoran noted.19
An early form of the bill being readied for Congress affected only wages and hours. To that version Roosevelt added a child-labor provision based on the political judgment that adding a clause banning goods in interstate commerce produced by children under 16 years of age would increase the chance of getting a wage-hour measure through both Houses, because child-labor limitations were popular in Congress.20
Congress-round I
On May 24, 1937, President Roosevelt sent the bill to Congress with a message that America should be able to give "all our able-bodied working men and women a fair day's pay for a fair day's work." He continued: "A self-supporting and self-respecting democracy can plead no justification for the existence of child labor, no economic reason for chiseling worker's wages or stretching workers' hours." Though States had the right to set standards within their own borders, he said, goods produced under "conditions that do not meet rudimentary standards of decency should be regarded as contraband and ought not to be allowed to pollute the channels of interstate trade." He asked Congress to pass applicable legislation"at this session."21
Senator Hugo Black of Alabama, a champion of a 30-hour workweek, agreed to sponsor the Administration bill on this subject in the Senate, while Representative William P. Connery of Massachusetts introduced corresponding legislation in the House. The Black-Connery bill had wide Public support, and its path seemed smoothed by arrangements for a joint hearing by the labor committees of both Houses.
Generally, the bill provided for a 40-cent-an-hour minimum wage, a 40-hour maximum workweek, and a minimum working age of 16 except in certain industries outside of mining and manufacturing. The bill also proposed a five-member labor standards board which could authorize still higher wages and shorter hours after review of certain cases.
Proponents of the bill stressed the need to fulfill the President's promise to correct conditions under which "one-third of the population" were "ill-nourished, ill-clad, and ill- housed." They pointed out that, in industries which produced products for interstate commerce, the bill would end oppressive child labor and "unnecessarily long hours which wear out part of the working population while they keep the rest from having work to do." Shortening hours, they argued, would "create new jobs...for millions of our unskilled unemployed," and minimum wages would "underpin the whole wage structure...at a point from which collective bargaining could take over."22
Advocates of higher labor standards described the conditions of sweated labor. For example, a survey by the Labor Department's Children's Bureau of a cross section of 449 children in several States showed nearly one-fourth of them working 60 hours or longer a week and only one-third working 40 hours or less a week. The median wage was slightly over $4 a week.23
One advocate, Commissioner of Labor Statistics Isador Lubin, explained to the joint Senate-House committee that during depressions the ability to overwork employees, rather than efficiency, determined business success. The economy, he reported, had deteriorated to the chaotic stage where employers with high standards were forced by cut-throat competition to exploit labor in order to survive. "The outstanding feature of the proposed legislation," Lubin said, is that "it aims to establish by law a plane of competition far above that which could be maintained in the absence of government edict."24
Opponents of the bill charged that, although the President might damn them as "economic royalists and sweaters of labor," the Black-Connery bill was "a bad bill badly drawn" which would lead the country to a "tyrannical industrial dictatorship." They said New Deal rhetoric, like "the smoke screen of the cuttle fish," diverted attention from what amounted to socialist planning. Prosperity, they insisted, depended on the "genius" of American business, but how could business "find any time left to provide jobs if we are to persist in loading upon it these everlastingly multiplying governmental mandates and delivering it to the mercies of multiplying and hampering Federal bureaucracy?"25
Organized labor supported the bill but was split on how strong it should be. Some leaders, such as Sidney Hillman of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union and David Dubinsky of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, supported a strong bill. In fact, when Southern congressmen asked for the setting of lower pay for their region, Dubinsky's union suggested lower pay for Southern congressmen. But William Green of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and John L. Lewis of the Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO), on one of the rare occasions when they agreed, both favored a bill which would limit labor standards to low-paid and essentially unorganized workers. Based on some past experiences, many union leaders feared that a minimum wage might become a maximum and that wage boards would intervene in areas which they wanted reserved for labor-management negotiations. They were satisfied when the bill was amended to exclude work covered by collective bargaining.
The weakened bill passed the Senate July 31, 1937, by a vote of 56 to 28 and would have easily passed the House if it had been put to a vote. But a coalition of Republicans and conservative Democrats bottled it up in the House Rules Committee. After a long hot summer, Congress adjourned without House action on fair labor standards.26
Congress-round II
An angry President Roosevelt decided to press again for passage of the Black-Connery bill. Having lost popularity and split the Democratic Party in his battle to "pack" the Supreme Court, Roosevelt felt that attacking abuses of child labor and sweatshop wages and hours was a popular cause that might reunite the party. A wage-hour, child-labor law promised to be a happy marriage of high idealism and practical politics.
On October 12, 1937, Roosevelt called a special session of Congress to convene on November 15. The public interest, he said, required immediate Congressional action: "The exploitation of child labor and the undercutting of wages and the stretching of the hours of the poorest paid workers in periods of business recession has a serious effect on buying power".27
Despite White House and business pressure, the conservative alliance of Republicans and Southern Democrats that controlled the House Rules Committee refused to discharge the bill as it stood. Congresswoman Mary Norton of New Jersey, now chairing the House Labor Committee, made a valiant attempt to shake the bill loose".28 Many representatives had told her that they agreed with the principles of the bill but that they objected to a five-man wage board with broad powers. Therefore, Norton told the House of Representatives that the Labor Committee would offer an amendment to change the administration of the bill from a five-man board to an administrator under the Department of Labor. Urging representatives to sign a petition to jar the bill out of committee, Norton appealed:
I now hope and urge that these Members will keep faith with me, as I have kept faith with them, and sign the petition . . . we are approaching Thanksgiving Day, . . . I do not see how any Member of this House can enjoy his Thanksgiving dinner tomorrow if he fails to put his name to that petition this afternoon.
Though Norton missed her Thanksgiving Day dead-line, by December 2, the bill's supporters had rounded up enough signers to give the petition the 218 signatures necessary to bring the bill to a vote on the House floor.29
With victory within grasp, the bill became a battle-ground in the war raging between the AFL and the CIO. The AFL accused the Roosevelt Administration of favoring industrial over craft unions and opposed wage-board determination of labor standards for specific industries. Accordingly, the AFL fought for a substitute bill with a flat 40-cent-an-hour minimum wage and a maximum 40-hour week.
In the ensuing confusion, shortly, before the Christmas holiday of 1937, the House by a vote of 218 to 198 unexpectedly sent the bill back to the Labor Committee.30 In her memoir of President Roosevelt, Frances Perkins wrote:
This was the first time that a major administration bill had been defeated on the floor of the House. The press took the view that this was the death knell of wage-hour legislation as well as a decisive blow to the President's prestige.31
Roosevelt tries again
Again, Roosevelt returned to the fray. In his annual message to Congress on January 3, 1938, he said he was seeking "legislation to end starvation wages and intolerable hours." He paid deference to the South by saying that "no reasonable person seeks a complete uniformity in wages." He also made peace overtures to business by pointing out that he was forgoing "drastic" change, and he appeased organized labor, saying that "more desirable wages are and should continue to be the product of collective bargaining."32
The day following Roosevelt's message, Representative Lister Hill, a strong Roosevelt supporter, won an Alabama election primary for the Senate by an almost 2-to-1 majority over an anti-New Deal congressman. The victory was significant because much of the opposition to wage-hour laws came from Southern congressmen. In February, a national public opinion poll showed that 67 percent of the populace favored the wage-hour law, with even the South showing a substantial plurality of support for higher standards.33
Reworking the bill. In the meantime, Department of Labor lawyers worked on a new bill. Privately, Roosevelt had told Perkins that the length and complexity of the bill caused some of its difficulties. "Can't it be boiled down to two pages?" he asked. Lawyers trying to simplify the bill faced the problem that, although legal language makes legislation difficult to understand, bills written in simple English are often difficult for the courts to enforce. And because the wage-hour, child-labor bill had been drafted with the Supreme Court in mind, Solicitor Labor Gerard Reilly could not meet the President's two-page goal; however, he succeeded in cutting the bill from 40 to 10 pages.
In late January 1938, Reilly and Perkins brought the revision to President Roosevelt. He approved it, and the new bill went to Congress.34
Roosevelt and Perkins prepared for rugged opposition. Roosevelt put pressure on Congressmen who had ridden his coattails to election victory in 1936 and who then knifed New Deal legislation. Perkins added to her staff Rufus Pole, a young lawyer, to follow the bill through Congress. Pole worked resourcefully pinpointed the issues that bothered some Congressmen, and identified a large number of Senators and Representatives who could be counted on to vote favorably.
Norton appointed Representative Robert Ramspeck of Georgia to head a subcommittee to bridge the gap between various proposals. The subcommittee's efforts resulted in the Ramspeck compromise which Perkins felt "contained the bare essentials she could support."35 The compromise retained the 40-cent minimum hourly wage and the 40-hour maximum workweek. It did not provide for an administrator as had the previous bill which had been voted back to the committee by the House. Instead, the compromise allowed for a five-member wage board which would be less powerful than those proposed by the Black-Connery bill.
Congress-the final round
The House Labor Committee voted down the Ramspeck compromise, but, by a 10-to-4 vote, approved an even more "barebones" bill presented by Norton. Her bill following the AFL proposal, provided for a 40-cent hourly minimum wage, replaced the wage boards proposed by the Ramspeck compromise with an administrator and advising commission, and allowed for procedures for investigation into certain cases.36
A message from the voters. Again, the House Rules Committee (under Rep. John J. O'Conner of New York, whom Roosevelt called an "obstructionist" who "pickled" New Deal programs) prevented discussion of the bill on the House floor by a vote of 8 to 6.37 The President then put his prestige on the line. On April 30, 1938, for the sixth time since taking office, he communicated with Congress over wages and hours through a letter to Mrs. Norton. He said he had no right whatsoever as President to criticize the rules but suggested as an ex-legislator and as a friend that "the whole membership of the legislative body should be given full and free opportunity to discuss [exceptional measures] which are of undoubted national importance because they relate to major policies of Government and affect the lives of millions of people." He avoided judgement of the bill but noted that the Rules Committee, by a narrow vote, had prevented 435 members from "discussing, amending, recommitting, defeating or passing some kind of a bill." He concluded: "I still hope that the House as a whole can vote on a wage and hour bill. ...I hope that the democratic processes of legislation will continue."38
Three days later, May 3, 1938, Congressman Claude Pepper won a resounding victory over anti-New Dealer J. Mark Wilcox in the Florida Senate primary. Wilcox had made New Deal programs the major issue and had labeled Pepper "Roosevelt rubber stamp."
Nothing impresses Congressmen more than election returns. The January and May victories of New Deal advocated in the South brought home to Southern Congressmen the message of how their constituents felt about fair labor standards. A petition to discharge the bill from the Rules Committee was placed on the desk of the Speaker of the House on May 6, at 12 noon. In 2 hours and 20 minutes, 218 members has signed it, and additional members were waiting in the aisles.39
Braving the floor battle. Proponents of the wage-hour, child-labor bill pressed the attack. They continued to point to "horror stories." One Congressman quoted a magazine article entitled "All Work and No Pay" which told how, in a company that paid wages in scrip for use in the company store, pay envelopes contained nothing for a full week's work after the deduction of store charges.
The most bitter controversy raged over labor standards in the South. "There are in the State of Georgia," one Indiana Congressman declaimed, "canning factories working ... women 10 hours a day for $4.50 a week. Can the canning factories of Indiana and Connecticut of New York continue to exist and meet such competitive labor costs?"40 Southern Congressmen, in turn, challenged the Northern "monopolists" who hypocritically "loll on their tongues" words like "slave labor" and "sweat-shops" and support bills which sentence Southern industry to death. Some Southern employers told the Department of Labor that they could not live with a 25-cent-an-hour minimum wage. They would have to fire all their people, they said. Adapting a biblical quotation, Representative John McClellan of Arkansas rhetorically asked, "What profiteth the laborer of the South if he gain the enactment of a wage and hour law -- 40 cents per hour and 40 hours per week -- if he then lose the opportunity to work?"41
Partly because of Southern protests, provisions of the act were altered so that the minimum wage was reduced to 25 cents an hour for the first year of the act. Southerners gained additional concessions, such as a requirement that wage administrators consider lower costs of living and higher freight rates in the South before recommending wages above the minimum.
Though the revised bill had reduced substantially the administrative machinery provided for in earlier drafts, several Congressmen singled out Secretary Perkins for personal attack. One Perkins detractor noted that, although Congress had "overwhelmingly rebelled" against delegation of power,
We delegate to Madam Perkins the authority and power to 'issue an order declaring such industry to be an industry affecting commerce.' Now section 9 is ...one of the 'snooping' sections of the bill. Imagine the feeling of the merchant or the industry up in your district when a 'designated representative'...of Mme. Perkins' enter and inspect such places and such records'...I know no previous law going quite so far.42
A resulting compromise modified the authority of the administrator in the Department of Labor.
The bill was voted upon May 24, 1938, with a 314-to-97 majority. After the House had passed the bill, the Senate-House Conference Committee made still more changes to reconcile differences. During the legislative battles over fair labor standards, members of Congress had proposed 72 amendments. Almost every change sought exemptions, narrowed coverage, lowered standards, weakened administration, limited investigation, or in some other way worked to weaken the bill.
The surviving proposal as approved by the conference committee finally passed the House on June 13, 1938, by a vote of 291 to 89. Shortly there-after, the Senate approved it without a record of the votes. Congress then sent the bill to the President. On June 25, 1938, the President signed the Fair Labor Standards Act to become effective on October 24, 1938.43
Jonathan Grossman was the Historian for the U.S. Department of Labor. Henry Guzda assisted. This article originally appeared in the Monthly Labor Review of June 1978. The final section, titled "The act as law" and containing dated material, has been omitted in the electronic version.
NOTES
1. The New York Times, June 27, 28, 1938; Harry S. Kantor, "Two Decades of the Fair Labor Standards Act," Monthly Labor Review, October 1958, pp. 1097-98.
2. Franklin Roosevelt, Public Papers and Address, Vol. VII (New York, Random House, 1937), p.392.
3. Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S. 251 (1918); Adkins v. Children's Hospital, 262 U.S. 525 (1923).
4. The proper initials for the Law are NIRA. The initials for the National Recovery Administration created by the act as NRA. Following a common practice, the initials NRA are used here for both the law and the administration.
5. Roosevelt, Public Papers, II (June 16, 1933), p.246.
6. Roosevelt, Public Papers, II (July 24 and 27, 1933), pp. 301, 308-12.
7. Roosevelt, Public Papers, II (July 9 and 24, 1933), pp. 275, 99; Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York, Viking Press, 1946); pp. 204-08.
8. Schechter Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495(1935).
9. Arthur M. Schlesinger, The Age of Roosevelt (Boston, Mass., Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1960), pp. 277-83; Roosevelt, Public Papers, IV (May 29, 1935), pp. 198-221; John W. Chambers, "The Big Switch: Justice Roberts and the Minimum-Wage Cases," Labor History, Vol. X, Winter 1969, pp.49-52.
10. Morehead v. Tipaldo, 298 U.S. 587 (1936).
11. Ironically, like the four Schechter brothers in the NRA case who went broke, Tipaldo also suffered financially. "My customers wouldn't give my drivers their wash," he lamented. Columnist Heywood Broun quipped. "Those who live by the chisel will die under the hammer." Chambers, "Big Switch," p. 57.
12. Chambers, "Big Switch," pp. 54-58.
13. Roosevelt, Public Papers, VI (Feb. 5 1937), pp. 51-59; VI (Mar. 4, 1937), p. 116; George Martin, Madam Secretary Frances Perkins(Boston Mass., Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1976), pp. 388-90.
14. West Coast Hotel Company v. Parrish, 300 U.S. 379 (1937).
15. Chambers, "Big Switch," pp. 44, 73; Robert P. Ingalls, "New York and the Minimum-Wage Movement, 1933-1937," Labor History, Vol. XV, Spring 1974, pp. 191-97.
16. Perkins, Roosevelt, p. 152
17. Perkins, Roosevelt, pp. 248-49, 252-53; Roosevelt, Public Papers, V(Jan.` 3, 1936), p. 15; Jonathan Grossman with Gerard D. Reilly, Solicitor of Labor, Oct. 22, 1965.
18. 25th Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1937 (U.S. Department of Labor), pp. 34-35; Herbert C. Morton, Public Contracts and Private Wages: Experience Under the Walsh-Healey Act(Washington, D.C., The Brookings Institution, 1965), pp. 7-10; The Department of Labor (New York, Praeger Publishers, 1973), pp. 19-20, 211-13.
19. Letter from Thomas Corcoran to Jonathan Grossman, Ap. 10, 1978.
20. Perkins, Roosevelt, pp. 254-57; Roosevelt, Public Papers, V(Jan. 7, 1937); Jeremy P. Felt, "The Child Labor Provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act," Labor History , Vol. XI, Fall 1970, pp. 474-75; Interview, Jonathan Grossman with Gerard D. Reilly, Solicitor of Labor, Oct. 22, 1965.
21. Roosevelt, Public Papers, VI(May 24, 1937), pp. 209-14.
22. Record of the Discussion before the U.S. Congress on the FLSA of 1938, I.(U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics)(Washington, GAO, 1938), pp.20-21.
23. Hearings to Provide for the Establishment of Fair Labor Standards in Employments in and Affecting Interstate Commerce and for Other Purposes, Vol. V.(1937). (U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on Education and Labor, 75th Cong., 1st sess), pp. 383-84.
24. Isador Lubin, Testimony, Hearings to Provide Fair Labor Standards(1937), pp.309-10.
25. Record of Discussion of FLSA of 1938, I(U.S. Department of Labor), pp.38, 115, 124.
26. Perkins, Roosevelt,pp. 257-59; Paul Douglas and Joseph Hackman, "Fair Labor Standards Act, I," "Political Science Quarterly Vol. LIII, December 1938, pp. 500-03, 508; The New York Times, Aug. 18, 1937.
27. Roosevelt, Public Papers, VI (Oct. 4, 1937, Oct. 12, 1937, Nov. 15, 1937), pp. 404, 428-29, 496
28. Mrs.Norton replaced Representative Connery as chair of the House Labor Committee after his death.
29. Record of Discussion of FLSA of 1938, (U.S. Department of Labor), (1937), p. 415.
30. The New York Times, Dec. 13, 1937; Douglas and Hackman, "FLSA," pp.508-11.
31. Perkins, Roosevelt, p. 261.
32. Roosevelt, Public Papers, VII (Jan. 3, 1938),p.6.
33. The New York Times, Jan. 5, Feb. 16, May 9, 1938.
34. Perkins, Roosevelt, p. 261.
35. Roosevelt, public Papers, VII (Aug. 16, 1938), pp. 488-89; Perking, Roosevelt, pp. 262-63.
36. Roosevelt, Public Papers, VI(May 24, 1937), pp. 215; Perking, Roosevelt pp. 262-63.
37. Perking, Roosevelt, p.263; Roosevelt, Public Papers, VII (Aug. 16, 1938), p.489.
38. Roosevelt, Public Papers, VII(Apr. 30, 1938), pp.333-34.
39. The New York Times, May 6, 7, 1938; Perking, Roosevelt, pp.263-64 (Perking makes an error in the date of Lister Hill's primary victory); Jonathan Grossman and James Anderson, interview with Clara Beyer, Nov, 5, 1965.
40. Record of Discussion of FLSA of 1938. V (U.S. Department of Labor), p. 873.
41. "Interview with Clara Beyer, No. 25, 1965; U.S. Record of Discussion of FLSA of 1938. V (U.S. Department of Labor), pp. 873, 915, 929.
42. Record of Discussion of FLSA of 1938. V (U.S. Department of Labor), p. 902.
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FactBench
|
0
| 14
|
https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/how-reggae-new-age-musicians-keep-bob-marleys-rich-legacy-alive/articleshow/82545303.cms
|
en
|
How reggae & new-age musicians keep Bob Marley's rich legacy alive
|
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[
"Jamaica",
"Bob Marley death anniversary",
"kingston",
"Bob Marley legacy",
"bob marley music",
"Bunny",
"Bob Marley",
"Marley",
"Popular Music",
"Reggae"
] | null |
[] |
2021-05-11T17:37:00+05:30
|
It's been four decades since the Jamaican singer's death.
|
en
|
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/icons/etfavicon.ico
|
The Economic Times
|
https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/how-reggae-new-age-musicians-keep-bob-marleys-rich-legacy-alive/articleshow/82545303.cms
|
Synopsis
It's been four decades since the Jamaican singer's death.
KINGSTON, JAMAICA: It's been four decades since Bob Marley's death, a period longer than the reggae icon's brief but potent life that skin cancer ended when he was 36.
#Budget' 2024 with ET
Union Budget 2024 Live Updates
Yet Marley lives on as a voice of the dispossessed, the palpable vibrancy, spirit of protest and moral zeal of his songs including "One Love," "Redemption Song" and "I Shot The Sheriff" enduring in a way few bodies of popular music have ever done.
His rich anthems of peace and struggle, hope and discontent, still reverberate globally and especially in his native Jamaica, a small nation whose rich culture its most famous son popularised on an international stage.
"It is said the brightest stars sometimes don't burn as long and, in many ways, Bob Marley was our brightest star; he accomplished a lot in a short period of time," said Judy Mowatt, an original member of the influential I-Threes trio whose vocals backed Marley.
"Looking back now, I believe in many ways, he was before his time," Mowatt told AFP.
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"His words have been prophetic -- he was a man who believed everything he sung, it wasn't just lyrics and music."
'Money can't buy life'
Marley was diagnosed with acral lentiginous melanoma in 1977, which was first discovered underneath a toenail when he suffered a foot injury playing football.
He opted against doctors' recommendations that he amputate his toe, a procedure that would have violated his staunch Rastafarian faith.
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While in New York in 1980 to perform two shows at Madison Square Garden, Marley collapsed during a Central Park jog. He was rushed to the hospital, where doctors found the cancer had crept into his brain, lungs and liver.
Marley performed what would be his final show in Pittsburgh on September 23, 1980. Not long after, he cut his tour short and underwent months of ultimately unsuccessful alternative cancer treatment in Germany.
On his way home to Jamaica to receive one of his nation's highest awards, the Order of Merit, Marley's condition worsened. He landed in Miami to seek emergency treatment.
"Money can't buy life," he reportedly told his son Ziggy from his hospital bed before his death on May 11, 1981, forty years to the day on Tuesday.
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Bob Marley was diagnosed with acral lentiginous melanoma in 1977, which was first discovered underneath a toenail when he suffered a foot injury playing football.
The Wailers, reunited
Learning of Marley's death is a moment seared into Mowatt's consciousness.
"It was a Monday morning, sitting on the veranda like I am now, and I got the phone call that Bob passed," she said. "It was very painful. All the years we have worked together has come to a closure and it just hit me.
"Bob was gone forever."
Marley was given a state funeral in Jamaica on May 21, 1981, that combined elements of Ethiopian Orthodox and Rastafari tradition. He was eulogized by former Prime Minister Edward Seaga and buried in a chapel near his birthplace, with his guitar.
This year's 40th anniversary of Marley's death is particularly poignant, as 2021 marked the death of the last surviving member of the original Wailers, Bunny.
"This is the first year that we are memorializing Bob's transition anniversary from 1981 in the context of all three Wailers leaving, Peter (Tosh) having left in 1987, and Bunny surviving them both for 40 years and 33 years respectively, transitioning here in 2021," Maxine Stowe, Bunny Wailer's long-time manager, said.
The Wailers "are now reunited in another plane of existence," Stowe said.
The group in the 1960s helped transform reggae, with its heavy bass lines and drums, into a global phenomenon with untold impact.
The genre - which emerged out of Jamaica's ska and rocksteady styles, also drawing from American jazz and blues - has influenced countless artists and inspired many new music styles including reggaeton, dub and dancehall.
The style is often championed as a music of the oppressed, with lyrics addressing socio-political issues, imprisonment and inequality.
"His voice was an omnipresent cry in our electronic world, his sharp features, majestic locks and prancing style a vivid etching on the landscape of our minds," Seaga said during his eulogy.
"Most people do not command recollection. Bob Marley was never seen. He was an experience which left an indelible, mystical imprint with each encounter," Seaga continued.
"Such a man cannot be erased from the mind. He is part of the collective consciousness of the nation."
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Subscribe to The Economic Times Prime and read the ET ePaper online.
...moreless
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Subscribe to The Economic Times Prime and read the ET ePaper online.
...moreless
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1
2
3
|
||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
0
| 43
|
https://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/celebrity/beverly-hills-90210-actor-david-gail-dies-at-58-2985758/
|
en
|
‘Beverly Hills, 90210’ actor David Gail dies at 58
|
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Michelle Stein Amg Parade"
] |
2024-01-22T13:54:46+00:00
|
Actor David Gail of ‘Beverly Hills, 90210’ has died at age 58.
|
en
|
Las Vegas Review-Journal
|
https://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/celebrity/beverly-hills-90210-actor-david-gail-dies-at-58-2985758/
|
Actor David Gail—best known for his work in Port Charles, Savannah and Beverly Hills, 90210—has died at age 58. A cause of death has not been reported.
On Saturday, Jan. 20, Peter Ferriero, who hosts a Beverly Hills, 90210 rewatch podcast, shared the news via his Instagram Story.
“Was just told by his friends that our David Gail has passed away,” Ferriero shared with his followers. “I’m so upset by this news. So grateful I had the opportunity to chat with him.”
View the original article to see embedded media.
Meanwhile, Gail’s sister, Katie Colmenaries, confirmed his death with a touching Instagram tribute.
“There’s barely been even a day in my life when you were not with me by my side always my wingman always my best friend ready to face anything and anyone w me,” she captioned a photo of the siblings hugging. “The bears will never be the same but I will hold you so tight every day in my heart you gorgeous loving amazing fierce human being missing you every second of every day forever there will never be another.”
View the original article to see embedded media.
During Season 4 of 90210, Gail portrayed a recurring character named Stuart Carson—who was briefly engaged to Brenda (Shannen Doherty).
Meanwhile, in the General Hospital spinoff, Port Charles, Gail was Dr. Joe Scanlon. He also portrayed Dean Collins in the WB’s Savannah.
Other acting credits include Growing Pains and Doogie Howser, M.D., Robin’s Hoods and The Round Table, among others.
|
|||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
1
| 19
|
https://allthatsinteresting.com/how-did-bob-marley-die
|
en
|
Bob Marley's Death And The Tragic Story Of What Caused It
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Marco Margaritoff",
"John Kuroski",
"Cite This Article",
"www.facebook.com",
"Marco.Margaritoff"
] |
2023-11-01T02:00:00-04:00
|
Bob Marley died at 36 in Miami on May 11, 1981 after the acral lentiginous melanoma skin cancer found under his toenail spread to his lungs, liver, and brain.
|
en
|
/apple-touch-icon-ipad.png
|
All That's Interesting
|
https://allthatsinteresting.com/how-did-bob-marley-die
|
On May 11, 1981, reggae icon Bob Marley died due to a rare form of skin cancer that had gone tragically untreated for years.
Mere days after Bob Marley played Madison Square Garden to thunderous applause in September 1980, the singer collapsed while jogging in Central Park. The subsequent diagnosis was bleak: aggressive melanoma on his toe had spread to his brain, liver, and lungs. Within a year, on May 11, 1981, Bob Marley died at the age of just 36.
Bob Marley left behind a wealth of iconic ballads like “Three Little Birds” and “One Love” that remain powerful for people around the world to this day. He also left behind many protest songs like “Get Up, Stand Up” and “Buffalo Soldier.” For years, his music had inspired countless people around the world, and when Bob Marley died suddenly, his fans were shocked and devastated.
However, Bob Marley’s death was tragically quite preventable. Had Marley noticed the cancerous spot on his toe earlier, it could have possibly been treated or cured. And even after Marley realized that the dark spot was more than just a soccer injury, he disregarded doctors’ advice and eventually pursued alternative but ineffective treatments. Unchecked, his cancer spread.
Cancer killed Bob Marley, but that hasn’t stopped conspiracy theories from taking root. Some believe that the CIA killed the singer with radioactive boots because of his support of certain Jamaican politicians. In fact, the CIA was behind an attempt on Marley’s life in 1976.
These theories aside, the answer to how Bob Marley died is a simple one: cancer. Bob Marley passed away in Miami en route home to Jamaica from Germany, where he’d been futilely pursuing alternative cancer treatments. His death left in 1981 a hole in the world of music that will never be filled.
Bob Marley Helps Bring Reggae To The World
Bob Marley was born to a Black Jamaican woman and white British man on Feb. 6, 1945, in St. Ann Parish, Jamaica. Teased for his biracial makeup as a child, he would grow determined to unify both races with his music as an adult — and become an anti-war icon after essentially single-handedly popularizing reggae.
Marley’s father, Norval Sinclair, largely remains an enigma, aside from his work as a ferro-cement engineer and service in Britain’s navy. Abandoning his 18-year-old wife Cedella Malcolm to fend for herself, he left his young son to be teased as “the German boy” or “the little yellow boy” before dying in 1955.
Marley and his mother moved to Kingston’s Trench Town neighborhood two years later. He became so passionate about music by 14 that he dropped out of school to pursue it as a career — and found like-minded locals to form The Wailers by the early 1960s. Their experimental ska and soul fusion soon popularized early reggae.
While the band found some international success in the early 1970s, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer left the group in 1974. It was at this point that Bob Marley took a firmer grasp on its direction, with Exodus in 1977, Kaya a year later, and Uprising in 1980 featuring the renowned classic songs Marley is known for today.
But both medical and political trouble was brewing for the singer, trouble that would eventually lead to Bob Marley’s death.
The Long Road To Bob Marley’s Death
Conspiracy theorists may pinpoint the beginning of the end for Bob Marley as Dec. 3, 1976. That day, Marley and his wife were attacked at their Jamaican home by gunmen shortly before Marley agreed to hold a free concert on Dec. 5, 1976, in Kingston called “Smile Jamaica.” The concert coincided with the country’s elections, a turbulent time fraught with aggression by desperate Jamaicans on both sides. Marley himself was loosely aligned with Michael Manley, the left-wing, democratic socialist candidate.
Conspiracy theorists believe that the CIA ordered this assassination attempt out of fear that Marley’s political positions would conflict with U.S. foreign policy. But something else was happening at the same time that more concretely led to Bob Marley’s death just a few years later.
In 1977, the singer noticed a worrisome dark spot under his right toenail. The first doctor to examine Marley believed it was merely a soccer injury and sent him on his way. But as the lesion grew worse, a second doctor ordered a biopsy. Then, doctors discovered that the lesion on Marley’s foot was actually melanoma. Specifically, Marley had a rare and aggressive kind of skin cancer called acral lentiginous melanoma.
Doctors told Marley he should have the toe amputated to stop the cancer’s spread. But Marley refused. The Tribune writes that Marley’s Rastafarian faith forbid the “cutting of the flesh” (though Marley did consent to have a surgical excision and skin graft of the area).
As such, Marley’s cancer was not treated aggressively. And it continued to spread throughout the years. Then, at the height of his fame in 1980, he collapsed while jogging in Central Park. Doctors found that Marley’s cancer had spread to his brain and that it was spreading to his vital organs.
His manager, Danny Sims, recalled a doctor stating that Marley had “more cancer in him than I’ve seen with a live human being.” The doctor gave Marley mere months to live and suggested that the singer “might as well go back out on the road and die there.”
And that’s more or less what Bob Marley did.
How Did Bob Marley Die?
After playing a final show on Sept. 23, 1980, in Pittsburgh, Bob Marley sought treatment in Miami, New York, and Germany. But with a distrust for “Western medicine” Marley underwent treatments which were ultimately ineffective. In Germany, Marley underwent a holistic cancer treatment that included exercise, vitamins, and ozone injections (this is prohibited by the FDA today).
These treatments proved futile. Eventually Marley was too frail to play to his beloved soccer or even to bear the weight of his dreadlocks, which his wife was forced to cut off in the final months of his life.
Bob Marley departed Germany for Jamaica in May 1981. When his health dramatically worsened, he deplaned in Florida and died at the University of Miami Hospital on May 11, 1981. Bob Marley’s last words to his son were, “Money can’t buy life.” He was buried in a chapel near the village he was born in on May 21. By then, The Tribune reports that he weighed just 82 pounds.
The Aftermath Of Bob Marley’s Death And Theories About What Caused It
Though some believe that the CIA ordered both the 1976 assassination attempt and arranged to give Marley a pair of radioactive boots which caused his cancer, these are merely conspiracy theories.
In the end, Bob Marley’s death was caused by one thing: untreated cancer. Had the singer been more aggressive about treating the melanoma on his toe, it would not have spread. Had he listened to doctors’ advice instead of seeking alternative treatments, perhaps Bob Marley would still be alive today.
Decades after Bob Marley’s death, he remains one of the most recognizable faces on Earth and his message of unity is more popular than ever. But Marley is also a symbol of something else: the importance of getting checked for skin cancer and, if it’s detected, pursuing aggressive treatments.
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wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
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FactBench
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3
| 57
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https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/05/11/metro/today-history-may-11-bob-marley-dies-36/
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en
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Today in History: May 11, Bob Marley dies at 36
|
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2024-05-11T00:00:00
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Today is Friday, May 11, the 132nd day of 2024. There are 234 days left in the year.
|
en
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/pf/resources/images/favicon.png?v=bostonGlobe&d=485
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BostonGlobe.com
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https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/05/11/metro/today-history-may-11-bob-marley-dies-36/
|
Today is Friday, May 11, the 132nd day of 2024. There are 234 days left in the year.
Birthdays: Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan is 91. Rock singer Eric Burdon (The Animals; War) is 83. Actor Pam Ferris is 76. Former White House chief of staff John F. Kelly is 74. Actor Shohreh Aghdashloo is 72. Actor Frances Fisher is 72. Sports columnist Mike Lupica is 72. Actor Boyd Gaines is 71. Actor and former MTV VJ Martha Quinn is 65. Actor Tim Blake Nelson is 60. Actor Jeffrey Donovan is 56. Actor Nicky Katt is 54. Actor-singer Jonathan Jackson is 42. Rapper Ace Hood is 36. Latin singer Prince Royce is 35. Actor Annabelle Attanasio (TV: “Bull”) is 31. Musician Howard Lawrence (Disclosure) is 30.
In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant arrived in New Amsterdam to become governor of New Netherland.
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In 1858, Minnesota became the 32nd state of the Union.
In 1927, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences was founded during a banquet at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles.
In 1935, the Rural Electrification Administration was created as one of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal programs.
In 1946, the first CARE packages, sent by a consortium of American charities to provide relief to the hungry of postwar Europe, arrived at Le Havre, France.
In 1953, a tornado devastated Waco, Texas, claiming 114 lives.
In 1960, Israeli agents captured Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in Buenos Aires.
In 1973, the espionage trial of Daniel Ellsberg and Anthony Russo in the “Pentagon Papers” case came to an end as Judge William M. Byrne dismissed all charges, citing government misconduct.
In 1981, legendary reggae artist Bob Marley died in a Miami hospital at age 36 of acral lentiginous melanoma, a skin cancer that is rare but the most common type found among people of color.
In 1996, an Atlanta-bound ValuJet DC-9 caught fire shortly after takeoff from Miami and crashed into the Florida Everglades, killing all 110 people on board.
In 2010, Conservative leader David Cameron, at age 43, became Britain’s youngest prime minister in almost 200 years after Gordon Brown stepped down and ended 13 years of Labour government.
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In 2020, Twitter announced that it would add a warning label to tweets containing disputed or misleading information about the coronavirus.
In 2022, the Senate fell far short in a rushed effort toward enshrining Roe v. Wade abortion access as federal law, blocked by a Republican filibuster. The move came after a draft report from the Supreme Court overturning the 50-year-old ruling. (The 6-3 decision would be issued essentially as drafted the following month.)
Last year, Manhattan prosecutors said they would bring criminal charges against a man accused of using a deadly chokehold on an unruly passenger aboard a New York City subway train.
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wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
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FactBench
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0
| 5
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https://lataco.com/who-killed-bob-marley-bootleg-theater-los-angeles
|
en
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WHO KILLED BOB MARLEY? ~ Bootleg Theater ~ Los Angeles ~ L.A. TACO
|
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2007-04-26T15:12:58+00:00
|
Bootleg Theater ~ 2220 Beverly Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90057 ~ (800) 595-4849 ~ Fri, Sat, & Sun. @ 8 PM ~ $20 ~ Ends April 29th A dead man floats face down in the sea on a massive movie screen, gently rocked by Marc Anthony Thompson’s unhurried and mesmerizing beat. In front of the […]
|
en
|
https://lataco.com/who-killed-bob-marley-bootleg-theater-los-angeles
|
Bootleg Theater ~ 2220 Beverly Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90057 ~ (800) 595-4849 ~ Fri, Sat, & Sun. @ 8 PM ~ $20 ~ Ends April 29th
A dead man floats face down in the sea on a massive movie screen, gently rocked by Marc Anthony Thompson's unhurried and mesmerizing beat. In front of the bobbing body, in simple black pants, black tee, and bare feet, Roger Guenveur Smith (Do the Right Thing, A Huey P. Newton Story, Inside the Creole Mafia, The Watts Towers Project) sways like kelp, kept afloat by the current of his spoken-word tale full of young men leaping to their death from bridges or soaring like Icarus towards the heavens in defiance of God. "Power has its ups and downs," says the elevator man ferrying corporate giants between skyscraper floors.
Photo by Jason Adams.
WHO KILLED BOB MARLEY?, Guenveur Smith's latest one man show, mixes urgent stream-of-conciousness flow-etry and footage of a film the actor/artist shot in Jamaica about a suicidal U.S. poet who travels to a literary festival to read his last poem, "I'm going to kill myself," with clips and stills from Smith's real-life journey as the son of "negro professionals": a father attorney and a mother dentist. Against cinematographer Arthur Jaffe's lyrical images and Thompson's pelvic thrusting riffs, Smith's powerful words ("My toes like the 10 Commandments circumventing the globe.") and Tai Chi style choreography snake-charm our hearts to get out from behind our comfort zones and be touched by Smith's lucid dreams, where Basquiat's crown is put on top of Martin Luther King's head and "this boy Cho, they could have saved him with poetry."
Inspired by Bob Marley and convinced that "All revolution is love," Smith wails, rhymes, sheds actual tears, sings like Tuff Gong himself, and explores the ups and downs of his masculine power with humility, candor and humor (imagining the casting of his own show, he puts out word for "a young Belafonte, but angrier and sweatier"). Recalling his chance meetings with the Rasta revolutionary, Smith draws together disparate places and heart-felt experience from his life and passport drawing together connections in history, words, rhythm, race, and place. Young enslaved lovers choose to jump to their death off Jamaica's Lover's Leap in the 1700's rather than be separated, while Smith's on-screen alter-ego/suicidal poet is too self-absorbed to reach the arm-length distance between him and his beautiful artist woman.
"STOP!" he urges the world around him as it forces his own feelings to spiral, and Thompson' score, like a lumbering ghost, comes to an instant halt. Recalling his days as a student of theater, dressed up as Frederick Douglass, Smith asks a bunch of young rude bwoys to turn down their dancehall during rehearsel. But he soon realizes that asking them to turn down their bass is like asking them to "turn down their race." An angry young male comes at him with a screwdriver while the crowd chants, "Yankie come fi mash up the soundsystem!" "Brother please, STOP!"
Could Smith have crossed the river to save Basquiat?
Smith wants to build a bridge between Trenchtown, Marley's teenage home, and his own streets of Baldwin Hills. Bob Marley's work, he tells us, was fueled by his search for his absent father. Playing little-big Icarus to the grandiose on-screen reflection of his own father, Smith scrutinizes and honors the man who tolerated his son's desire to be an "acteur," but was quick to remind him of the better medical or legal professions chosen by his cousins and brother.
Marc Anthony Thompson
Watching his father swimming in the Jamaican ocean he loved, Smith wonders which sins his father is trying to wash away. Was his father a "negro professional" or a "professional negro" of the "incog-negro" kind? Without conclusion, Smith still knows the sins of the father will be revisited upon the son. At a formal ceremony, while receiving an award from his peers, a grown Smith, in an uncommon gesture of reverence, hands his trophy to his father, the undeniably Black man ("he had diabetes and prostate cancer") who "got along with all the animals when he wasn't eating them."
What has this to do with who killed Bob Marley? When Roger Guenveur Smith met the Rasta Man, Marley told him "you like football, you get a team" or in his more sophisticated version from "Redemption Song": it doesn't matter whose sons we are or the fate our fathers suffered, "None but ourselves can free our minds." Reliving his encounters with Bob or the conspiracy theories he heard from people like Al Anderson, Smith stitches together portraits of bottomless Black strength, a fortitude that unfortunately comes even more attached to a life of looking over your shoulder.
Roger Guenveur Smith's seminal new one-of-a-kind-man show lives and incorporates by Marley's words, showing us what independence can do to the artist and the man even with 500 sea-urchin needles stuck in his left foot... the masculine one.
|
||||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
3
| 82
|
https://nypost.com/2023/06/27/jo-mersa-marley-bob-marleys-grandson-cause-of-death-revealed/
|
en
|
Jo Mersa Marley, Bob Marley’s grandson, cause of death revealed
|
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[] |
[] |
[
"Celebrities",
"Entertainment",
"bob marley",
"celebrity deaths",
"Reggae"
] | null |
[
"Emily Lefroy"
] |
2023-06-27T00:00:00
|
Joseph “Jo Mersa” Marley — son of musician Stephen Marley and the grandson of reggae legend Bob Marley — died at age 31 on December 26 after being found unresponsive in a vehicle.
|
en
|
New York Post
|
https://nypost.com/2023/06/27/jo-mersa-marley-bob-marleys-grandson-cause-of-death-revealed/
|
Details surrounding the cause of Jo Mersa Marley’s death have been revealed.
Joseph “Jo Mersa” Marley — son of musician Stephen Marley and the grandson of reggae legend Bob Marley — died at 31 on Dec. 26 after being found unresponsive in a vehicle.
In documents obtained by Rolling Stone from the Miami-Dade Medical Examiner’s Office Tuesday, Marley reportedly died of “acute asthma exacerbation” after being infected by a rhinovirus or enterovirus.
Marley had a history of asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia, and was not taking his asthma medication at the time of his death, according to the magazine.
The report also noted that he had a history of smoking, and had “enlarged glottic tonsils” as well as black discoloration in his lungs.
At the time of his death, South Florida Caribbean radio station WZPP reported the musician suffered an asthma attack in a post on Instagram.
A toxicology report found THC — the chemical in marijuana — as well as naloxone and 0.08% of ethanol in Marley’s system at the time of his death, per Rolling Stone.
“An acute asthma exacerbation due to viral illness is a common occurrence and considered a non-allergic event,” the medical examiner’s report stated. “Additionally, chronic smoking of combustible products such as tobacco or marijuana is dangerous in a person with asthma.”
Marley had spoken to his mother the day before his death, on Christmas Day, and “informed her he was feeling ill, ostensibly due to his asthma,” according to Rolling Stone.
There was no evidence of injury, but his lung showed signs of congestion, hyperexpansion and increased mucus in its airwave.
Marley spent his early life in Jamaica before moving to Miami — and followed his father’s and grandfather’s footsteps into music. He was known for tracks such as “Burn It Down,” “Made It” and “Rock and Swing.”
In a 2014 story for the Jamaica Observer, Marley talked about the pressure of his famous surname and admitted it was challenging.
“My father has created a legacy by putting out songs with meaning,” he said. “It’s something I have to live up to.”
But in another interview with entertainment site the Pier in the same year, he had a different take on his famous family.
“There’s things that you have to overcome and things you just have to do and that’s how it is. We have to go through life you know? There’s no pressure for me,” he said.
“I give thanks for being a Marley. I’m very appreciative and thankful that I am born where I am born and put where God has decided. I’m very thankful about it and proud.”
|
|||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
0
| 80
|
https://hellorayo.co.uk/greatest-hits/uk/news/shannen-doherty-90210-death/
|
en
|
Beverly Hills 90210 and Charmed star Shannen Doherty dies age 53
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Rory Gannon"
] |
2024-07-14T15:22:31+00:00
|
The death has been announced of Shannen Doherty, who starred in the likes of Beverly Hills 90210 and Charmed. She was aged 53.
|
en
|
/tesla/static/favicons/rayo/favicon.svg
|
Greatest Hits Radio
|
https://hellorayo.co.uk/greatest-hits/uk/news/shannen-doherty-90210-death/
|
Doherty starred in a number of hit 90s TV shows including Charmed
Shannen Doherty, star of 90s hit TV shows Beverly Hills 90210 and Charmed, has died at the age of 53.
In a statement released by People magazine, Shannen's publicist Leslie Sloane said: "It is with a heavy heart that I confirm the passing of actress Shannen Doherty.
"On Saturday, July 13, she lost her battle with cancer after many years of fighting the disease. The devoted daughter, sister, aunt and friend was surrounded by her loved ones as well as her dog, Bowie. The family asks for their privacy at this time so they can grieve in peace."
Doherty had been battling breast cancer since she was first diagnosed with the disease in 2015. Since December 2016, Doherty had been receiving chemotherapy for the condition, and described the experience as "frightening".
As well as her breast cancer, she revealed that she had a brain tumour removed last year in an attempt to halt the spread of her disease.
However, last year she announced that her cancer has spread to other parts of her body, including her bones.
Doherty's acting career first began in 1989 when she played the role of Heather Duke in the teen comedy film Heathers.
But it was not until 1990 when she took on the role of Brenda in Beverly Hills 90210 that her career began to take off.
Doherty received praise across her time on the show for her portrayal of Brenda, who was a student who had moved from Minnesota to Los Angeles, and struggled to adapt to the new lifestyle.
Some of Shannen's 90210 co-stars have paid tribute including Jennie Garth who played Kelly Taylor: 'I am still processing my tremendous grief over the loss of my long time friend Shannen, the woman I have often described as one of the strongest people I have ever known. Our connection was real and honest. We were so often pitted against each other but none of that reflected the truth of our real relationship which was one built on mutual respect and admiration.
'She was courageous, passionate, determined and very loving and generous. I will miss her and will always honor her deeply in my heart and in my memories. My heart breaks for her family and Bowie and all the people who loved her. 💔'
Jason Priestly, who played Brandon, the twin to Brenda, wrote: "Shocked and saddened to hear about the passing of my friend Shannen. She was a force of nature and I will miss her. Sending love and light to her family in this dark time.."
Brian Austin Green and Tori Spelling both paid tribute on Instagram stories, with Brian writing: 'Shan. My sister. You loved me through everything. You were a big part of my understanding of love. I'll miss you more than I know how to process right now. Thank you for the gift of you' and Tori writing: 'I don't have outward words yet, but WE knew and that's what matters.'
Shannen's Charmed co-stars also paid tribute, with Bryan Krause who played Leo writing:
Alyssa Milano, who played Phoebe, acknowledged her 'complicated' relationship with Shannen in a statement to Entertainment Weekly: 'It's no secret that Shannen and I had a complicated relationship, but at its core was someone I deeply respected and was in awe of. She was a talented actress, beloved by many, and the world is less without her. My condolences to all who loved her."
Celebrities who have passed away in 2024
Hear all the latest news from across the UK on the hour, every hour, on Greatest Hits Radio on DAB, at greatesthitsradio.co.uk, and on the Greatest Hits Radio app.
|
||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
1
| 54
|
https://www.reggaeville.com/artist-details/bob-marley/news/view/in-the-press-1981-rip-bob-marley-may-11-1981/
|
en
|
IN THE PRESS 1981... RIP Bob Marley
|
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Reggaeville - world of reggae in one village. Online reggae magazine with the latest news, photos, concerts, videos, releases, reviews, interviews, articles, features and much more about Reggae and Dancehall!
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https://www.reggaeville.com/artist-details/bob-marley/news/view/in-the-press-1981-rip-bob-marley-may-11-1981/
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IN THE PRESS 1981... RIP Bob Marley - May 11, 1981
05/11/2024 by Reggaeville
Today (May 11, 2021) marks the 40th anniversary of Bob Marley's death. Marley died on Monday May 11, 1981 in Miami, FL. We have compiled press coverage to take you back to 1981. Watch the video animation above. It starts with the PR Newswire news release. Read it below:
FROM PR NEWSWIRE IN NYC… TO WORLD NEWS
"Kingston, Jamaica. May 12, 1981 - Jamaica House: The executive offices of Prime Minister Edward P.G. Seaga of Jamaica this afternoon announced that the body of Bob Marley, 36-year-old Reggae Musician who died May 11 and who was a recipient of the Jamaica Order of Merit, will lie in state at Jamaica National Arena in Kingston on May 20 and 21.
On May 21 at 1:30pm an official Funeral Service to be attended by the Prime Minister and his family will take place at the Arena, which can accommodate 10,000 people. Following the service, a procession will stop at the Bob Marley Tuff Gong International Headquarters and at the Ethiopian Orthodox Church at Maxfield Avenue in Kingston. It will then proceed to Tinson Pen Airport, where the body will be flown to Marley’s birthplace, Nine Miles in St.Ann Parish on the north coast, near Ocho Rios. Marley will be buried and a shrine established at Nine Miles.
Prime Minister Seaga has rescheduled his annual budget address to Parliament from May 21 to May 28 to be able to attend the service.
The Marley Family has asked that no floral tributes be sent and requested donations be made to the Honorable Bob Marley Memorial Account, the Royal Bank of Jamaica LTD. PO Box 96, Kingston, Jamaica. Contributions will be divided between the Cancer Society and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church."
Full list of press coverage used in the video:
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Considered the hub of Reggae music, the Bob Marley Mausoleum located in the heart of St Ann’s Parish's Nine Mile is not only credited as the resting place but also the birthplace of the legendary Bob Marley. This humble cottage was where the Jamaican great spent thirteen years of his childhood and the place still manages to maintain its original look and feel even after refurbishment. The folks who maintain the house have done a commendable job of preserving the furniture and its position in the layout, offering a truly authentic touring experience for its guests. The mausoleum is a small white house where the tomb is located 1.83 meters (6 feet) above the ground, a peaceful place of reverence for the world famous Robert Nesta Marley. The site also features attractions like his iconic 'Rock Pillow' which inspired him to write so many of his songs.
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Jamaican reggae musician (1945–1981)
"Marley" redirects here. For other uses, see Marley (disambiguation) and Bob Marley (disambiguation).
Robert Nesta Marley (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican reggae singer, guitarist, and songwriter. Considered one of the pioneers of the genre, he fused elements of reggae, ska and rocksteady and was renowned for his distinctive vocal and songwriting style.[2][3] Marley increased the visibility of Jamaican music worldwide and made him a global figure in popular culture.[4][5] He became known as a Rastafarian icon, and he infused his music with a sense of spirituality.[6] Marley is also considered a global symbol of Jamaican music and culture and identity and was controversial in his outspoken support for democratic social reforms.[7][8] Marley also supported the legalisation of cannabis and advocated for Pan-Africanism.[9] In 1976, Marley survived an assassination attempt in his home, which was believed to be politically motivated.[10]
Born in Nine Mile, Jamaica, Marley began his career in 1963, after forming the group Teenagers with Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer, which became the Wailers. In 1965, they released their debut studio album, The Wailing Wailers, which included the single "One Love", a reworking of "People Get Ready". It was popular worldwide and established the group as a rising figure in reggae.[11] The Wailers released 11 more studio albums, and after signing to Island Records, changed their name to Bob Marley and the Wailers. While initially employing louder instrumentation and singing, they began engaging in rhythmic-based song construction in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which coincided with Marley's conversion to Rastafari. Around this time, Marley relocated to London, and the group embodied their musical shift with the release of the album The Best of The Wailers (1971).[12]
Bob Marley and the Wailers began to gain international attention after signing to Island and touring in support of the albums Catch a Fire and Burnin' (both 1973). Following their disbandment a year later, Marley carried on under the band's name.[13] The album Natty Dread (1974) received positive reviews. In 1975, following the global popularity of Eric Clapton's version of Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff",[14] Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, a live version of "No Woman, No Cry", from the Live! album.[15] This was followed by his breakthrough album in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Top 50 of the Billboard Soul Charts.[16] A few months later, Marley survived an assassination attempt at his home in Jamaica and permanently relocated to London. There, he recorded the album Exodus, which incorporated elements of blues, soul, and British rock and had commercial and critical success. In 1977, Marley was diagnosed with acral lentiginous melanoma; he died in May 1981, shortly after baptism into the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Fans around the world expressed their grief, and he received a state funeral in Jamaica.
The greatest hits album Legend was released in 1984 and became the best-selling reggae album of all time.[17] Marley also ranks as one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of more than 75 million records worldwide.[18] He was posthumously honoured by Jamaica soon after his death with a designated Order of Merit by his nation. In 1994, Marley was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Rolling Stone ranked him No. 11 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[19] and No. 98 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.[20] His other achievements include a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and induction into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.
Early life
Marley was born on 6 February 1945 at the farm of his maternal grandfather in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, to Norval Sinclair Marley and Cedella Malcolm.[21] Norval was a white Jamaican born in Clarendon Parish.[22][23] Norval went by the moniker "Captain", despite only having been a private in the British Army.[24] At the time of his marriage to Cedella Malcolm, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old, Norval was supervising a subdivision of land for war veteran housing, and he was about 64 years old at the time of Bob Marley's birth.[22][24][25] Norval, who provided little financial support for his wife and child and rarely saw them,[22] died when Marley was 10 years old.[26]
Some sources state that Marley's birth name was Nesta Robert Marley, with a story that when Marley was still a boy, a Jamaican passport official reversed his first and middle names because Nesta sounded like a girl's name.[27][28] Marley's biographer has refuted claims by some cousins that the Marley surname had Syrian-Jewish origins.[22][29]
Marley's maternal grandfather, Omariah, known as a Myal, was an early musical influence on Marley.[22] Marley began to play music with Neville Livingston, later known as Bunny Wailer, while at Stepney Primary and Junior High School in Nine Mile, where they were childhood friends.[30][31][32]
At age 12, Marley left Nine Mile with his mother and moved to the Trenchtown section of Kingston. Marley's mother and Thadeus Livingston, Bunny Wailer's father, had a daughter together named Claudette Pearl,[33] who was a younger sister to both Bob and Bunny. With Marley and Livingston living together in the same house in Trenchtown, their musical explorations deepened to include the new ska music and the latest R&B from United States radio stations whose broadcasts reached Jamaica.[34] Marley formed a vocal group with Bunny Wailer and Peter Tosh. The line-up was known variously as the Teenagers, the Wailing Rudeboys, the Wailing Wailers, and finally just the Wailers. Joe Higgs, who was part of the successful vocal act Higgs and Wilson, lived nearby and encouraged Marley.[35] Marley and the others did not play any instruments at this time and were more interested in being a vocal harmony group. Higgs helped them develop their vocal harmonies and began teaching Marley guitar.[36][37]
Marley's mother later married Edward Booker, a civil servant from the United States, giving Marley two half-brothers: Richard and Anthony.[38][39]
Career
1962–1972: Early years
In February 1962, Marley recorded four songs, "Judge Not", "One Cup of Coffee", "Do You Still Love Me?" and "Terror", at Federal Studios for local music producer Leslie Kong.[40] Three of the songs were released on Beverley's with "One Cup of Coffee" being released under the pseudonym Bobby Martell.[41]
In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, and Cherry Smith were called the Teenagers. They later changed the name to the Wailing Rudeboys, then to the Wailing Wailers, at which point they were discovered by record producer Coxsone Dodd, and finally to the Wailers. Their single "Simmer Down" for the Coxsone label became a Jamaican No. 1 in February 1964 selling an estimated 70,000 copies.[42] The Wailers, now regularly recording for Studio One, found themselves working with established Jamaican musicians such as Ernest Ranglin (arranger "It Hurts To Be Alone"),[43] the keyboardist Jackie Mittoo and saxophonist Roland Alphonso. By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left the Wailers, leaving the core trio of Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh.[44]
In 1966, Marley married Rita Anderson, and moved near his mother's residence in Wilmington, Delaware, in the United States for a short time, during which he worked as a DuPont lab assistant, and on the assembly line and as a fork lift operator at a Chrysler plant in nearby Newark, under the alias Donald Marley.[45][46]
Though raised Catholic, Marley became interested in Rastafari beliefs in the 1960s, when away from his mother's influence.[47] After returning to Jamaica, Marley formally converted to Rastafari and began to grow dreadlocks.
After a financial disagreement with Dodd, Marley and his band teamed up with Lee "Scratch" Perry and his studio band, the Upsetters. Although the alliance lasted less than a year, they recorded what many consider the Wailers' finest work. Marley and Perry split after a dispute regarding the assignment of recording rights, but they would continue to work together.[48]
1969 brought another change to Jamaican popular music, where the beat slowed down even further. The new beat was a slow, steady, ticking rhythm that was first heard on the Maytals song "Do the Reggay". Marley approached producer Leslie Kong, who was regarded as one of the major developers of the reggae sound. For the recordings, Kong combined the Wailers with his studio musicians called Beverley's All-Stars, which consisted of bassists Lloyd Parks and Jackie Jackson, drummer Paul Douglas, keyboardists Gladstone Anderson and Winston Wright, and guitarists Rad Bryan, Lynn Taitt, and Hux Brown.[49] As David Moskowitz writes, "The tracks recorded in this session illustrated the Wailers' earliest efforts in the new reggae style. Gone are the ska trumpets and saxophones of the earlier songs, with instrumental breaks now being played by the electric guitar." The songs recorded would be released as the album The Best of The Wailers, including tracks "Soul Shakedown Party", "Stop That Train", "Caution", "Go Tell it on the Mountain", "Soon Come", "Can't You See", "Soul Captives", "Cheer Up", "Back Out" and "Do It Twice".[49]
Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer re-cut some old tracks with JAD Records in Kingston and London in an attempt to commercialise the Wailers' sound. Bunny later asserted that those songs "should never be released on an album... they were just demos for record companies to listen to". In 1968, Bob and Rita visited songwriter Jimmy Norman at his apartment in the Bronx. Norman had written the extended lyrics for "Time is on My Side" (recorded by Irma Thomas and the Rolling Stones) and had also written for Johnny Nash and Jimi Hendrix.[50] A three-day jam session with Norman and others, including Norman's co-writer Al Pyfrom, resulted in a 24-minute tape of Marley performing several of his own and Norman-Pyfrom's compositions. According to reggae archivist Roger Steffens, this tape is rare in that it was influenced by pop rather than reggae, as part of an effort to break Marley into the US charts.[50] According to an article in The New York Times, Marley experimented on the tape with various sounds, adopting a doo-wop style on "Stay With Me" and "the slow love song style of 1960s artists" on "Splish for My Splash".[50] He lived in Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, during 1972.[51]
1972–1974: Move to Island Records
In 1972, Bob Marley signed with CBS Records in London and embarked on a UK tour with soul singer Johnny Nash.[52] While in London the Wailers asked their road manager Brent Clarke to introduce them to Chris Blackwell, who had licensed some of their Coxsone releases for his Island Records. The Wailers intended to discuss the royalties associated with these releases; instead, the meeting resulted in the offer of an advance of £4,000 to record an album.[53] Since Jimmy Cliff, Island's top reggae star, had recently left the label, Blackwell was primed for a replacement. In Marley, Blackwell recognised the elements needed to snare the rock audience: "I was dealing with rock music, which was really rebel music. I felt that would really be the way to break Jamaican music. But you needed someone who could be that image. When Bob walked in he really was that image."[54] The Wailers returned to Jamaica to record at Harry J's in Kingston, which resulted in the album Catch a Fire.
Primarily recorded on an eight-track, Catch a Fire marked the first time a reggae band had access to a state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care as their rock 'n' roll peers.[54] Blackwell desired to create "more of a drifting, hypnotic-type feel than a reggae rhythm",[55] and restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements. Marley travelled to London to supervise Blackwell's overdubbing of the album at Island Studios, which included tempering the mix from the bass-heavy sound of Jamaican music and omitting two tracks.[54]
The Wailers' first album for Island, Catch a Fire, was released worldwide in April 1973, packaged like a rock record with a unique Zippo lighter lift-top. Initially selling 14,000 units, it received a positive critical reception.[54] It was followed later that year by the album Burnin', which included the song "I Shot the Sheriff". Eric Clapton was given the album by his guitarist George Terry in the hope that he would enjoy it.[56] Clapton was impressed and chose to record a cover version of "I Shot the Sheriff", which became his first US hit since "Layla" two years earlier and reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 14 September 1974.[57] Many Jamaicans were not keen on the new reggae sound on Catch a Fire, but the Trenchtown style of Burnin found fans across both reggae and rock audiences.[54]
During this period, Blackwell gifted his Kingston residence and company headquarters at 56 Hope Road (then known as Island House) to Marley. Housing Tuff Gong Studios, the property became not only Marley's office but also his home.[54]
The Wailers were scheduled to open 17 shows in the US for Sly and the Family Stone. After four shows, the band was fired because they were more popular than the acts they were opening for.[58] The Wailers disbanded in 1974, with each of the three main members pursuing a solo career.
1974–1976: Line-up changes and shooting
Despite the break-up, Marley continued recording as "Bob Marley & The Wailers". His new backing band included brothers Carlton and Aston "Family Man" Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on lead guitar, Tyrone Downie and Earl "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, and Alvin "Seeco" Patterson on percussion. The "I Threes", consisting of Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, and Marley's wife, Rita, provided backing vocals. In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica with a live version of "No Woman, No Cry", from the Live! album.[15] This was followed by his breakthrough album in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Top 50 of the Billboard Soul Charts.[16]
On 3 December 1976, two days before "Smile Jamaica", a free concert organised by Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley in an attempt to ease tension between two warring political groups, Bob Marley, Rita, and manager Don Taylor were wounded in an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home. Taylor and Rita sustained serious injuries but later made full recoveries. Marley sustained minor wounds in the chest and arm.[59] The attempt on his life was believed to have been politically motivated, as many felt that Smile Jamaica was actually a support rally for Manley. Nonetheless, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed as scheduled, two days after the attempt. The members of the group Zap Pow played as Bob Marley's backup band before a festival crowd of 80,000 while members of The Wailers were still missing or in hiding.[60][61]
1976–1979: Relocation to England
Marley left Jamaica at the end of 1976, and after a month-long "recovery and writing" sojourn at the site of Chris Blackwell's Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, arrived in England, where he spent two years in self-imposed exile.
Whilst in England, he recorded the albums Exodus and Kaya. Exodus stayed on the British album charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included four UK hit singles: "Exodus", "Waiting in Vain", "Jamming", and "One Love" (which interpolates Curtis Mayfield's hit, "People Get Ready"). During his time in London, Marley was arrested and convicted of possession of a small quantity of cannabis.[62] In 1978, Marley returned to Jamaica and performed at another political concert, the One Love Peace Concert, again in an effort to calm warring parties. Near the end of the performance, by Marley's request, Michael Manley (leader of then-ruling People's National Party) and his political rival Edward Seaga (leader of the opposing Jamaica Labour Party) joined each other on stage and shook hands.[63]
Under the name Bob Marley and the Wailers, 11 albums were released, four live albums and seven studio albums. The releases included Babylon by Bus, a double live album with 13 tracks, was released in 1978 and received critical acclaim. This album, and specifically the final track "Jamming", with the audience in a frenzy, captured the intensity of Marley's live performances.[64]
1979–1980: Later years
Survival, a defiant and politically charged album, was released in 1979. Tracks such as "Zimbabwe", "Africa Unite", "Wake Up and Live" and "Survival" reflected Marley's support for the struggles of Africans. His appearance at the Amandla Festival in Boston in July 1979 showed his strong opposition to South African apartheid, which he already had shown in his song "War" in 1976.
In early 1980, Marley was invited to perform at a 17 April celebration of Zimbabwe's Independence Day.[66]
Uprising (1980) was Marley's final studio album and the last album that was released during his lifetime. It is one of his most religious productions, as it includes "Redemption Song" and "Forever Loving Jah".[67]
Confrontation, released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded during Marley's lifetime, including the hit "Buffalo Soldier" and new mixes of singles previously only available in Jamaica.[68]
Personal life
Religion and beliefs
Marley was a longtime member of the Rastafari movement, whose culture was a key element in the development of reggae. He became an ardent proponent of Rastafari, taking its music out of the socially deprived areas of Jamaica and onto the international music scene.[69] As part of being a Rastafarian, Marley felt that Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia was an incarnation of God or "Jah".[70] However, later in life, he ended up converting to Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and was baptised by Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq in the presence of his wife Rita Marley and their children, with the name of Berhane Selassie, on 4 November 1980, shortly before his death.[71][72]
As a Rastafarian, Marley supported the legalisation of cannabis or "ganja", which Rastafarians believe is an aid to meditation.[73] Marley began to use cannabis when he converted to the Rastafari faith from Catholicism in 1966. Marley was arrested in 1968 after being caught with cannabis but continued to use marijuana in accordance with his religious beliefs. Of his marijuana usage, Marley said, "When you smoke herb, herb reveal yourself to you. All the wickedness you do, the herb reveal itself to yourself, your conscience, show up yourself clear, because herb make you meditate. Is only a natural t'ing and it grow like a tree."[74] Marley saw marijuana usage as a vital factor in religious growth and connection with Jah, and as a way to philosophise and become wiser.[75]
Marley was a Pan-Africanist and believed in the unity of African people worldwide. His beliefs were rooted in his Rastafari religious beliefs.[76] Marley was substantially inspired by Marcus Garvey and had anti-imperialist and pan-Africanist themes in many of his songs, such as "Zimbabwe", "Exodus", "Survival", "Blackman Redemption" and "Redemption Song." The lattermost draws influence from a 1937 speech given by Marcus Garvey in Nova Scotia.[77] Marley held that independence of African countries from European domination was a victory for all those in the African diaspora. In the song "Africa Unite", he sings of a desire for all peoples of the African diaspora to come together and fight against "Babylon"; similarly, in the song "Zimbabwe", Marley marks the liberation of the whole continent of Africa, and evokes calls for unity between all Africans, both within and outside Africa.[78]
Family
Marley married Alfarita Constantia "Rita" Anderson in Kingston, Jamaica, on 10 February 1966.[79] He had many children: three were born to his wife Rita, and two additional children were adopted from Rita's previous relationships as his own, and they have the Marley name. The official Bob Marley website acknowledges 11 children.
Those listed on the official site are:[80]
Sharon, born 23 November 1964, daughter of Rita from a previous relationship, but then adopted by Marley after his marriage with Rita
Cedella, born 23 August 1967, to Rita
David "Ziggy", born 17 October 1968, to Rita
Stephen, born 20 April 1972, to Rita
Robert "Robbie", born 16 May 1972, to Pat Williams
Rohan, born 19 May 1972, to Janet Hunt
Karen Marley, born 1973, to Janet Bowen
Stephanie Marley, born 17 August 1974 to Rita and Owen "Ital Tacky" Stewart a former Jamaican soccer player. Nonetheless, Bob adopted Stephanie as one of his own which entitled her to his estate.[81]
Julian, born 4 June 1975, to Lucy Pounder
Ky-Mani, born 26 February 1976, to Anita Belnavis
Damian, born 21 July 1978, to Cindy Breakspeare
Other sites have noted additional individuals who claim to be family members,[82] as noted below:
Makeda was born on 30 May 1981, to Yvette Crichton, after Marley's death.[83] Meredith Dixon's book lists her as Marley's child, but she is not listed as such on the Bob Marley official website.
Various websites, for example,[84] also list Imani Carole, born 22 May 1963, to Cheryl Murray; but she does not appear on the official Bob Marley website.[83]
Marley also has several notable grandchildren, including musicians Skip Marley and YG Marley, American football player Nico Marley, model Selah Marley, and filmmaker Donisha Prendergast.[85]
Aside from music, association football played a major role throughout Marley's life. As well as playing the game, in parking lots, fields, and even inside recording studios, Marley followed the Brazilian club Santos and its star player Pelé growing up and was also a supporter of English football club Tottenham Hotspur and Argentine midfielder Ossie Ardiles, who played for the club for a decade beginning in 1978.[87]
Marley surrounded himself with people from the sport, and in the 1970s, made the Jamaican international footballer Allan "Skill" Cole his tour manager. Marley told a journalist, "If you want to get to know me, you will have to play football against me and the Wailers."
Automobiles
Two of the cars that Marley owned were BMWs, a 1602 and then an E3 2500. He purchased these because of the name. Marley said BMW stood for Bob Marley and the Wailers.[88]
Illness
In July 1977, Marley was diagnosed with a type of malignant melanoma under the nail of his right big toe.[89] Contrary to urban legend, this lesion was not primarily caused by an injury during a football match that year but was instead a symptom of already-existing cancer.[90] Marley had to see two doctors before a biopsy was done, which confirmed acral lentiginous melanoma. Unlike other melanomas, which usually appear on skin exposed to the sun, acral lentiginous melanoma occurs in places that are easy to miss, such as the soles of the feet, or under toenails. Although it is the most common melanoma in people with dark skin, it is not widely recognised and was not mentioned in the most popular medical textbook of the time.[91]
Marley rejected his doctors' advice to have his toe amputated, which would have hindered Marley's performing career, citing his religious beliefs. Instead, the nail and nail bed were removed, and a skin graft was taken from his thigh to cover the area.[92][93] Despite his illness, Marley continued touring and was in the process of scheduling a 1980 world tour.[94]
The album Uprising was released in May 1980. The band completed a major tour of Europe, where it played its biggest concert to 100,000 people at San Siro stadium in Milan, Italy. After the tour, Marley went to the United States, where he performed two shows at Madison Square Garden in New York City as part of the Uprising Tour.[95] On 21 September 1980, Marley collapsed while jogging in Central Park and was taken to the hospital, where it was found that his cancer had spread to his brain, lungs, and liver.[96] Marley's last concert took place two days later at the Stanley Theater (now The Benedum Center For The Performing Arts) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[97] The only known photographs from the show were included in Kevin Macdonald's 2012 documentary film Marley.[98]
Death
After eight months of the alternative treatment failing to effectively treat his advancing cancer, Marley boarded a plane for his home in Jamaica.[99] During the flight, his vital functions worsened. After landing in Miami, Florida, Marley was taken to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, later renamed University of Miami Hospital, for urgent medical attention, where he died on 11 May 1981, at the age of 36, due to the spread of melanoma to his lungs and brain. Marley's final words to his son Ziggy were: "On your way up, take me up. On your way down, don't let me down."[100]
On 21 May 1981, Marley was given a state funeral in Jamaica that combined elements of Ethiopian Orthodoxy[101][102] and Rastafari tradition.[103] He was buried in a chapel near his birthplace in Nine Mile; Marley's casket contained his red Gibson Les Paul guitar, a Bible opened at Psalm 23, and a stalk of ganja placed there by his widow Rita Marley.[104] Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga delivered the final funeral eulogy to Marley, saying:
His voice was an omnipresent cry in our electronic world. His sharp features, majestic looks, and prancing style a vivid etching on the landscape of our minds. Bob Marley was never seen. He was an experience which left an indelible imprint with each encounter. Such a man cannot be erased from the mind. He is part of the collective consciousness of the nation.[65]: 58
Legacy
Awards and honours
1976: Rolling Stone magazine's "Band of the Year"
June 1978: Awarded the Peace Medal of the Third World from the United Nations[65]: 5
February 1981: Awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit, then the nation's third-highest honour[105]
March 1994: Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
1999: "Album of the Century" for Exodus by Time magazine[106]
February 2001: A star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
February 2001: Awarded Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.[107]
2004: Rolling Stone ranked him 11th on their list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time"[19]
Among the first inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame
"One Love" named song of the millennium by BBC
Voted one of the greatest lyricists of all time by a BBC poll[108]
2006: A blue plaque at his first UK residence in Ridgmount Gardens in London, dedicated to him by the Nubian Jak Community Trust and supported by the Mayor of London[109][110][111]
2010: Catch a Fire inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame (Reggae Album)[112]
2022: Inducted into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame[113]
Other tributes
A statue was inaugurated, next to the national stadium on Arthur Wint Drive in Kingston to commemorate Marley.[114] In 2006, the New York City Department of Education co-named a portion of Church Avenue from Remsen Avenue to East 98th Street in the East Flatbush section of Brooklyn as "Bob Marley Boulevard."[115][116] In 2008, a statue of Marley was inaugurated in Banatski Sokolac, Serbia.[117]
Internationally, Marley's message also continues to reverberate among various indigenous communities. For instance, members of the Native American Hopi and Havasupai tribes revere his work.[65] There are also many tributes to Marley throughout India, including restaurants, hotels, and cultural festivals.[118][119]
Marley evolved into a global symbol, which has been endlessly merchandised through a variety of media. Despite this, author Dave Thompson lamented what he perceived to be the pacification of Marley that came with his commercialisation, stating:
Bob Marley ranks among both the most popular and the most misunderstood figures in modern culture ... That the machine has utterly emasculated Marley is beyond doubt. Gone from the public record is the ghetto kid who dreamed of Che Guevara and the Black Panthers, and pinned their posters up in the Wailers Soul Shack record store; who believed in freedom; and the fighting which it necessitated, and dressed the part on an early album sleeve; whose heroes were James Brown and Muhammad Ali; whose God was Ras Tafari and whose sacrament was marijuana. Instead, the Bob Marley who surveys his kingdom today is smiling benevolence, a shining sun, a waving palm tree, and a string of hits which tumble out of polite radio like candy from a gumball machine. Of course it has assured his immortality. But it has also demeaned him beyond recognition. Bob Marley was worth far more.[120]
Marley is discussed in the 2007 action thriller I Am Legend, where the protagonist named his daughter after him. Marley's music is also used in the film.[121][122]
Depictions in popular culture
Several film adaptations of Marley's life have been made. For instance, a feature-length documentary about his life, Rebel Music, won various awards at the Grammys. With contributions from Rita, The Wailers, and Marley's lovers and children, it also tells much of the story in his own words.[123] In February 2008, director Martin Scorsese announced his intention to produce a documentary movie on Marley. The film was set to be released on 6 February 2010, on what would have been Marley's 65th birthday.[124] However, Scorsese dropped out due to scheduling problems. He was replaced by Jonathan Demme,[125] who dropped out due to creative differences with producer Steve Bing during the beginning of editing. Kevin Macdonald replaced Demme[126] and the film, Marley, was released on 20 April 2012.[127] In 2011, ex-girlfriend and filmmaker Esther Anderson, along with Gian Godoy, made the documentary Bob Marley: The Making of a Legend, which premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival.[128]
In October 2015, Jamaican author Marlon James's novel, A Brief History of Seven Killings, a fictional account of the attempted assassination of Marley, won the 2015 Man Booker Prize at a ceremony in London.[129]
In February 2020, Get Up, Stand Up! The Bob Marley Musical was announced by writer Lee Hall and director Dominic Cooke, starring Arinzé Kene as Bob Marley. It was premiered at London's Lyric Theatre on 20 October 2021, after being postponed from its original February premiere due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[130][131]
Bob Marley: One Love, an American biographical drama musical film directed by Reinaldo Marcus Green and starring Kingsley Ben-Adir as Marley, was released in the United States on 14 February 2024.[132]
Discography
Studio albums
The Wailing Wailers (1965)
Soul Rebels (1970)
Soul Revolution Part II (1971)
The Best of the Wailers (1971)
Catch a Fire (1973)
Burnin' (1973)
Natty Dread (1974)
Rastaman Vibration (1976)
Exodus (1977)[133]
Kaya (1978)
Survival (1979)
Uprising (1980)
Confrontation (1983)
See also
Biography portal
Cannabis portal
Jamaica portal
Desis bobmarleyi – an underwater spider species named in honour of Marley
Fabian Marley
List of peace activists
Outline of Bob Marley
References
Sources
Further reading
|
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wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
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FactBench
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0
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https://ca.news.yahoo.com/bob-marley-wailers-keyboardist-tyrone-182034553.html
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Bob Marley and the Wailers Keyboardist Tyrone Downie Dead at 66 After Illness, Partner Confirms
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"Jack Irvin"
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2022-11-09T18:20:34+00:00
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Downie performed with the group starting in the mid-1970s and contributed to albums featuring the singles "Redemption Song" and "Three Little Birds"
|
en
|
https://s.yimg.com/rz/l/favicon.ico
|
Yahoo News
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https://people.com/music/bob-marley-and-the-wailers-keyboardist-tyrone-downie-dead-age-66-after-illness/
|
David Corio/Redferns/Getty Tyrone Downie And Bob Marley
Tyrone Downie, a Jamaican-born keyboardist known for his work in Bob Marley and the Wailers, has died. He was 66.
The musician died on Saturday at a hospital in Jamaica after "feeling ill," his partner Bernadine Simpson reportedly told The Jamaica Gleaner. His exact cause of death is currently unknown.
Born on May 20, 1956 in Kingston, Jamaica, Downie studied at Kingston College and performed in the school's chapel choir, according to Billboard, before playing in the group Impact All Stars.
The Wailers was formed by Peter Tosh, Bunny Wailer and Marley in 1963 and became known as Bob Marley and the Wailers in 1974. Downie joined the group around that time and first contributed to 1976's Rastaman Vibration, their highest-charting album and only to reach the top 10 of the Billboard 200 chart.
RELATED: Kate Middleton and Prince William Play the Drums During Visit to Bob Marley's Home in Jamaica
Manfred Schmid/Redferns via Getty The Wailers
Downie played with the band on their subsequent five studio albums — 1977's Exodus, 1978's Kaya, 1979's Survival, 1980's Uprising and 1983's Confrontation — as well as including "Redemption Song" and "Three Little Birds." Released two years after Marley's death at age 36 in 1981, Confrontation was the group's final album. Members of the Wailers have since reunited for several performances.
In addition to Bob Marley and the Wailers, Downie also performed with the Caribs, The Abyssinians, Beenie Man, Black Uhuru, Buju Banton, Peter Tosh, Junior Reid, Tom Tom Club, Ian Dury, Burning Spear, Steel Pulse, Alpha Blondy, Tiken Jah Fakoly and Sly & Robbie.
Unbeknownst to him, the keyboardist was also the subject of Grace Jones' 1983 single "My Jamaican Guy." In 2010, she revealed the song's inspiration to The Guardian. "I couldn't have him because he was with somebody else. He was a beautiful guy. He doesn't even know I wrote it about him," she said at the time. "Well, he'll know now."
In 2001, Downie released his first and only solo album, Organ-D.
Roberto Ricciuti/Redferns/Getty Tyrone Downie
RELATED: Bunny Wailer, Reggae Icon and Founder of The Wailers, Dead at 73
According to The Gleaner, he is survived by nine children, seven grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.
Following the news of Downie's death, Marley's official Twitter account (run by his estate) shared a tribute to his late collaborator. "Reflecting on brother Tyrone Downie, Bob's keyboardist, who made his transition yesterday. Rest in peace brother," read the post.
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wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
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FactBench
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2
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https://www.healthcert.com/blog/bob-marley-melanoma-story
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en
|
The Bob Marley melanoma story
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2023-06-16T05:56:26+00:00
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This is the Bob Marley story. Passionate about skin cancer prevention, detection and treatment, we share this story every time we teach about melanoma.
|
en
|
https://www.healthcert.com/blog/bob-marley-melanoma-story
|
This is the Bob Marley story. Passionate about skin cancer prevention, detection and treatment, HealthCert shares this story every time we teach about melanoma.
Bob Marley was a Jamaican singer, songwriter and musician, and considered one of the pioneers of reggae. He died in 1981 aged 36 from a melanoma that started under his big toenail in 1977.
The first doctor that he consulted thought that the lesion on his toe was a soccer injury. After it began to look worse, Marley consulted another doctor who biopsied the spot and discovered that it was melanoma. The recommendation was to amputate his toe, but Marley chose to have excision surgery instead, in which the surgeon removed the nail and surrounding tissue.
Marley had no further treatment and did well until he collapsed in New York City in 1980. He was rushed to hospital and tests revealed that the melanoma had spread to his brain, lungs and stomach. He refused his doctor's treatment plan and went to Germany to try alternative treatments including exercise, ozone injections and vitamins.
Marley's condition continued to worsen and he chartered a plane to return to Jamaica. While in flight, his condition became critical and the plane did an emergency landing in Miami where Marley passed away. He never made it back to his beloved Jamaica. Marley was reportedly only 82 pounds when he died.
We share Marley's story every time we teach about melanoma because his story demonstrates that even people with darker skin can get melanoma. In addition, in those with dark skin, melanoma often develops in places that do not get a lot of sun exposure such as inside the mouth, on the tongue, under fingernails and toenails, and on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Further, Marley's story highlights the importance of primary care physicians being confident and skilled in the diagnosis of skin cancer, and shows that early detection gives patients the best chance of successful treatment. If Marley's first doctor hadn't misdiagnosed the melanoma, Marley may have received earlier treatment that could have potentially saved his life.
His story also reminds patients not to be complacent and to take precautions against skin cancer, no matter their skin type.
Just like his music, Bob Marley's melanoma story lives on to educate and impact others.
Learn more about skin cancer medicine in primary care at the next Skin Cancer Certificate Courses:
|
||||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
1
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|
https://repeatingislands.com/2013/06/06/how-bob-marley-was-given-up-to-die/
|
en
|
How Bob Marley Was Given Up To Die
|
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2013-06-06T00:00:00
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This article by Nzau Musau from Kenya’s Star revisits the circumstances of Marley’s death. Follow the link below for the original report. Robert Nesta Marley, the Jamaican reggae hero who was extensively quoted at the just concluded African Union Jubilee Summit meeting in Addis Ababa died a slow and excruciating death this month 32 years…
|
en
|
Repeating Islands
|
https://repeatingislands.com/2013/06/06/how-bob-marley-was-given-up-to-die/
|
This article by Nzau Musau from Kenya’s Star revisits the circumstances of Marley’s death. Follow the link below for the original report.
Robert Nesta Marley, the Jamaican reggae hero who was extensively quoted at the just concluded African Union Jubilee Summit meeting in Addis Ababa died a slow and excruciating death this month 32 years ago.
One could say he was neglected, forgotten and taken for granted by those whom he trusted – the ivy who insulated him and mindlessly sucked out his musical success.
Details pieced together from writings on Bob as well as the recent Kevin MacDonald’s “Marley” documentary reveal a painful story of a man who was left to waste away his musical genius and succumb to an early death.
On May 13, 1977, bob had badly injured his big toe while playing football against French journalists in Paris. He went on with his performances. In fact, it is a few weeks after the injury that he performed at the now famous London “live” gig at the Rainbow Theatre.
The wound deteriorated and got uglier by the day as he continued to perform and play football even after cancerous cells had been detected in it. At the instigation of the Rastas around him, he rejected amputation of the toe and opted for a lesser aggressive surgery and moved on with his life.
In “Marley”, Wailer’s lead guitarist Junior Marvin claims Bob got bad advise from people around him. Some told him he wouldn’t be able to dance on performances if he agreed to cut the toe.
In the same documentary, his long time producer and the man who introduced him to the European market – Chris Blackwell – confesses that he’d forgotten about Marley’s health problems by the time the singer collapsed almost five years later at Central Park on September 21, 1981.
“I knew he had problems with his toe but I’d forgotten about it. If he was going to regular clinics, he would probably be around today,” Blackwell says in award-winning documentary.
The night before, as Timothy White recalls in Catch a Fire, Bob had woken up dazed and had trouble remembering the now famous show he held at Madison Square Garden with the American The Commodores.
When he collapsed and with foam frothing in his mouth, the Rastas around him, as one of the tour members recalled, simply lifted him up, made some incantations in patois and took him back to his hotel.
They didn’t even bother to tell Rita, his wife, who was also in the tour. The same Rastas made a decision to continue the tour with the sickly man. They dragged him to Pittsburg for another show where he ended up sitting on a stool and playing redemption song as the other band members watched in unmistakable fright.
Before that, Rita had tried to stop the tour after noticing that Bob looked ancient and drawn. White reports that when Rita suggested to Bob that they cancel the tour, he said: “Dem seh nuh,” meaning Bob’s road manager Allan Skill Cole, Danny Sims and the booking agency.
“It makes nuh sense ta stop da tour. If dey stop da tour, Bob is gwan die anyway,” White reports Cole as telling Rita directly. Eventually the tour was cancelled and Bob admitted at Manhattan Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre for radium treatment.
The hospital detected cancer tissues in his liver, lungs, brains and were spreading to other vital organs. Perturbed by media reports about his hospitalisation, he left the centre and headed to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami. He did not last long there too. He left for another cancer clinic in Mexico.
Seeing the end was nigh, Rita secretly arranged to have her husband baptised in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church on November 4, 1980. He took the name Berhane Selassie. Shortly thereafter and on recommendation of a Jamaican doctor Carl Fraser, Bob went to seek help in Germany.
He was taken to Dr Josef Issels whom the Rastas suspected had been a Nazi doctor. White reports that Bob was first elated when he turned up at Issels Ringberg Clinic in Bavaria.
“His deep depression returned with full force, however, when he entered the elegant, well appointed reception hall and saw the large, gruesome crucifix hanging in the alcove above the main staircase,” he says.
Writing about his last interview with Bob, Kris Needs said when Bob started his chemo, “he looked like a lost cause. He was deteriorating so quickly.”
Bob appeared to have known he was a lost cause. When Issel’s invited Daily Mail to his clinic to check on his patient, Bob is said to have said: “I was given up by the doctors to die. Now I know I can live. I have proved it.”
It was here in Bavaria that his locks, his identity as he called them, were cut and not at the chemo sessions in the US. In “Marley”, Ciddy Breakspeare, Bob’s girlfriend, attests that they decided to cut them because they were heavy and were weighing him down.
“I remember it was us the women, all of us. We gathered together, lit candles. We were reading from the book of Job and we just cut. That was quite a night,” she recalled the anguish of shaven Marley.
The weather in German was foul and snowy. A bald-head Bob who in “Time will tell” had sang that Jah will never give power to a bald-head had to wear a woolen cap. His friend and art director for the Wailers, Neville Garrick, says they also had to wear dark glasses because it was so white:
“The lake was frozen three feet deep you could drive a car over it. I said this is a fridge where they keep people alive. No, Rottach-Egern I will never forget that.”
Dr Issels is said to have placed Marley on his unorthodox treatment which entailed exercise, vaccines, injections, vitamins and trace minerals among others. Some writers have said that Issels tortured Marley too. He plunged long needles through his stomach through to spine as part of the treatment.
Writing in the Covert War Against Rock, Alex Constantine says the torture continued until Marley foundered on the brink of death. He quotes Bob’s mother Cedella Booker testifying to this horror.
“I myself witnessed Issels rough treatment of Nesta [Marley]. One time I went with Nesta to the clinic, and we settled down in a treatment room. Issels came in and announced to Nesta, ‘I’m going to give you a needle.’
“Standing over Marley on the examination table, Issels plunged the needle straight into Nesta’s navel right down to the syringe. [Marley] grunted and winced. He could only lie there helplessly, writhing on the table, trying his best to hide his pain. Jesus Christ, I heard myself mumbling. Issels yanked out the needle and strolled casually out of the room. Marley was left groaning with pain. I went and stood at his side and held his hand.”
He says that with every visit, Bob’s mother found him smaller, frailer, thinner.
“As the months of dying dragged past, the suffering was etched all over his face. He would fall into fits of shaking, when he would lose all control and shiver from head to toe like a coconut leaf in a breeze. His eyes would turn in his head, rolling in their sockets until even the white jelly was quivering.”
He says starvation made it worse. He quotes the mother as saying that for a whole week, he would be allowed no food apart from what he got intravenously. He was wasting to a skeleton. He would weigh 82 pounds on the day of his death.
It is said the starvation left Marley with knotted intestines and he had to be operated on to free them up and clear the obstruction: “Every day would be a knife that death stabbed and twisted anew in an already open, bleeding wound.”
The Rastas kept visiting him and cheering him up. In “Marley”, Neville remembers his last visit to Bavaria when he found Bob with a stroke on his left side and frustrated because he couldn’t finger the guitar.
“When I left him I thought he’d turn better. He was trying tell me that he was going to beat this t’ing, you know, al beat dis t’ing,” Garrick says.
Issel’s eventually gave his patient a notice of death; that there was nothing more he could do for him. Diane Jobson, Bob’s lawyer, says in Marley that Issels said if they had to leave his clinic, they had to do so within 48 hours.
“We decided to rent a plane. Bob wan know if it’s a Concord and I said, no Concord,” Jobson laughingly attests to Bob’s sense of humour at his dying time.
He was flown to Miami where most of his children had been gathered. His eldest daughter Cedella attests that his father looked “so tiny” in the Kevin Macdonald film.
He died a few days later on May 11, 1981.
|
|||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
0
| 75
|
https://www.cp24.com/entertainment-news/bob-marley-one-love-stirs-up-27-7m-weekend-madame-web-flops-1.6774251
|
en
|
'Bob Marley: One Love' stirs up $27.7M weekend, 'Madame Web' flops
|
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"Jake Coyle"
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2024-02-18T22:58:00-05:00
|
Paramount Pictures’ Bob Marley biopic “Bob Marley: One Love” outperformed expectations to debut at No. 1 at the box office with a $27.7 million opening weekend, while Sony’s “Madame Web” flopped with one of the lowest debuts for a movie centered on a Marvel character.
|
en
|
https://static.ctvnews.ca/bellmedia/cp24/img/favicon.ico
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CP24
|
https://www.cp24.com/entertainment-news/bob-marley-one-love-stirs-up-27-7m-weekend-madame-web-flops-1.6774251
|
NEW YORK (AP) — Paramount Pictures’ Bob Marley biopic “Bob Marley: One Love” outperformed expectations to debut at No. 1 at the box office with a $27.7 million opening weekend, while Sony’s “Madame Web” flopped with one of the lowest debuts for a movie centered on a Marvel character.
Both films launched in theaters on Tuesday to rope in Valentine’s Day moviegoers. But on a weekend that was once expected to go to “Madame Web,” “One Love” emerged as the much-preferred option in theaters, despite largely poor reviews.
Instead, “One Love,” starring Kingsley Ben-Adir and produced with the involvement of the Marley estate, performed roughly on par with previous hit musical biopics like “Rocketman” and “Elvis.” Paramount is forecasting that “One Love” will gross $51 million over its first six days, including estimates for President’s Day on Monday. It added $29 million from 47 international territories.
Chris Aronson, distribution chief for Paramount, noted that pre-release projections forecast a six-day total closer to $30 million for “One Love.” But moviegoers from a wide range turned out for the first big-screen biopic of the Rastafarian legend.
“It was across all generations. It wasn’t just a movie for an older audience that grew up with Bob Marley’s music,” said Aronson. “Our highest quadrant was (age) 18 to 24. A third of the audience was under 25. That, to me, speaks volumes.”
Produced for about $70 million, “One Love,” directed by Reinaldo Marcus Green, chronicles Marley during the making of the 1977 album “Exodus” while leading up to a pivotal concert for his native Jamaica. Among the movie’s producers are Marley’s children, Ziggy and Cedella, and his wife, Rita.
Ziggy Marley, in a statement Sunday, said: “We thank the people for embracing this film and in so doing helping to highlight the message of one love.”
Though critics dinged the film (43% “fresh” on Rotten Tomatoes) for relying on biopic conventions, audiences gave it a much higher grade, with an “A” CinemaScore. That kind of audience response plus the strong opening should bode well for the film’s run.
“Madame Web,” however, was dead on arrival. Over six days, Sony is estimating a $15.2 million weekend and a six-day $25.8 million haul. Audiences (a “C+” CinemaScore) agreed with critics (13% “fresh”).
Such launches were once unfathomable for stand-alone superhero films. But the film, an extension of Sony’s universe of Spider-Man films, struggled to shed the bad buzz surrounding the $80 million project. In it, Dakota Johnson stars as a New York paramedic with clairvoyant powers.
“The entire superhero genre has had a really rough go of it over the past year,” said Paul Dergarabedian, senior media analyst for data firm Comscore. “Certain things are no longer a sure bet. Except maybe now, the musical biopic has become the go-to genre. It just shows how tastes can change.”
Sony’s Spider-Man spinoffs have been mostly hit and miss. Its two “Venom” films have together surpassed $1.3 billion worldwide. But 2022’s poorly received “Morbius” collected just $167.4 million globally. “Madame Web” still couldn’t come close to the $39 million domestic opening weekend for “Morbius.” In 61 overseas markets, “Madame Web” added $25.7 million.
The better news for Sony’s Spider-verse came Saturday night at the 51st Annie Awards, where “Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse” won best feature and collected seven prizes in total. “Across the Spider-Verse” is nominated for best animated feature at the Academy Awards — and the Annie Awards can often be a good predictor of winner.
The 2024 box office has gotten off to a sobering start for Hollywood, and the disappointing result for “Madame Web” won’t help. Moviegoing has slowed to a crawl in recent weeks, while 2023’s strikes have impacted this year’s release schedules. Even with the strong “One Love” opening, ticket sales were down 15% on the weekend compared to 2023, according to ComScore.
Expectations are high for “Dune: Part Two,” opening March 1. Until then, “Bob Marley: One Love” will be jammin’.
Estimated ticket sales for Friday through Sunday at U.S. and Canadian theaters, according to Comscore. Final domestic figures will be released Monday.
1. “Bob Marley: One Love,” $27.7 million.
2. “Madame Web,” $15.2 million.
3. “Argylle,” $4.7 million.
4. “Migration,” $3.8 million.
5. “The Chosen,” Episodes 4-6, $3.4 million.
6. “Wonka,” $3.4 million.
7. “The Beekeeper,” $3.3 million.
8. “Anyone But You,” $2.4 million.
9. “Lisa Frankenstein,” $2 million.
10. “Land of Bad,” $1.8 million.
|
||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
1
| 39
|
https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2024/02/04/aston-barrett-dead-bob-marley-the-wailers-musician-77/72473243007/
|
en
|
Aston Barrett, bassist for Bob Marley & The Wailers, dies at 77
|
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2024-02-04T00:00:00
|
Aston Barrett, a longtime bassist for the legendary reggae band Bob Marley & The Wailers, has died. He was 77.
|
en
|
USA TODAY
|
https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2024/02/04/aston-barrett-dead-bob-marley-the-wailers-musician-77/72473243007/
|
Aston Barrett, a bassist for the legendary reggae band Bob Marley & The Wailers, has died. He was 77.
The musician's death was announced by his family on social media Saturday.
His daughter Aiesha Barrett shared on her Instagram account that he passed away just before her birthday.
"Worst birthday ever!" she captioned a photo of herself and her father in a music studio. "... I told you I was coming back to spend my birthday with you. What am I supposed to do now! Why?"
Rolling Stone and the BBC reported that Barrett died Saturday morning after suffering from a "long medical battle," according to his son, Aston Barrett Jr.
His daughter did not specify his cause of death, simply stating he "fought a hard fight."
"Strongest soldier I’ve ever known , my forever hero. I LOVE YOU FOR ETERNITY," she wrote.
A tribute to Barrett, nicknamed "Family Man" or "Fams," was also shared on the verified Bob Marley Instagram account Saturday.
"It is with tears in our hearts and eyes that we share the news from @jr.astonbarrett that his father our beloved friend, musical partner, bredrin Aston Family Man Barrett @famsbass has made the transition from the physical world," the post, featuring a set of photos of Marley and Barrett, read. "Anytime we listen to the music pay close attention to the genius of Fams on the bass."
The post continued: "A pioneer, unique, trendsetter , revolutionary in the musical space and most of all as his name implies a true family man. Condolences to his family. JAH comfort them in this time of grief. The legacy, joy and spirit of Fams lives on. Rastafari."
Barrett Jr. played his father in the upcoming biopic "Bob Marley: One Love," to be released Feb. 14.
The younger Barrett has continued his father's legacy, leading and playing drums for the Wailers, currently on tour. The older Barrett stopped performing in 2018.
Contributing: Mike Snider
|
|||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
3
| 77
|
https://www.dossey.com/blog/2013/december/bob-marleys-estate-everything-is-not-going-to-be/
|
en
|
Bob Marley's Estate - Everything is Not Going to Be Alright...
|
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Bob Marley's estate remained in limbo for many years because he died without a Will.
|
en
|
Dossey & Jones, PLLC
|
https://www.dossey.com/blog/2013/december/bob-marleys-estate-everything-is-not-going-to-be/
|
Bob Marley died on May 11, 1981 at the age of 36, stricken with cancer and without a Will. At this time of his death, Marley's estate was an estimated $30 million. It seems that Marley's personal life was as "productive" as his professional music career; he died leaving Rita Marley, his then spouse, and 11 children (by 8 different mothers).
According to Jamaican law, Rita was entitled to 10% plus a life estate in 45% of the estate. The remainder of the estate would be split evenly between the children. (Note: a "life estate" is a legal property term; if you have a "life estate", you can enjoy the property during your life, but you do not have any rights to it at your death)
After Marley's death, the legal fighting began. First, Marley's attorney and accountant attempted to create an estate plan after his death, convincing Rita to forge Marley's signature and predate asset transfers to her before his death. The attorney and accountant were eventually found guilty of fraud and criminal conspiracy; Rita also eventually confessed and was removed from control of Marley's estate.
Then, Rita borrowed money and sued the estate over the Marley's name and likeness. Marley's mother, Cedella Booker, asserted Rita's heart was black. In the 90's, the Jamaican Supreme Court ruled that Rita and his children were entitled to rights to profit from Marley's name, likeness and image.
Many of these legal troubles would have been prevented if Marley would have had a Will. Knowing for over a year that he had cancer, Marley rejected creating a Will due to his Rastafarian faith. Ironically, Marley's estate has been decimated by the same problems (commercialism, corruption, etc.) he was attempting to prevent by not having a Will.
|
|||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
3
| 2
|
https://www.dermorlando.com/blog/tragic-death-of-bob-marley-from-toe-nail-melanoma
|
en
|
Tragic Death of Bob Marley from Toe-Nail Melanoma
|
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Six months after Bob Marley came within inches of losing his life to the politically-motivated gunmen, he was surprised by a doctor’s diagnosis of a rare form of melanoma skin cancer.
|
en
|
https://www.dermorlando.com/media/site/favicon.ico
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https://www.dermorlando.com/blog/tragic-death-of-bob-marley-from-toe-nail-melanoma/
|
Released on Valentine’s Day 2024, the movie One Love received mixed reviews from critics. But, on its opening day in the U.S., the film about Bob Marley’s life broke records by earning more than $14 million at the box office. The film follows the making, release and tour of Marley’s ninth studio album produced with his Jamaican reggae band the Wailers.
The movie’s title was taken from a popular song “One Love” written by Bob Marley and recorded by his group in 1965 for their eponymous debut studio album “The Wailing Wailers.” A reworked version titled “One Love/People Get Ready” was included on the group’s historic 1977 album Exodus and became Marley’s anthem calling for universal love, respect and unity.
Time Magazine later declared Exodus to be “the Best Album of the 20th century” and a masterpiece of spiritual exploration. The revamped medley included Curtis Mayfield’s legendary lyrics about social awareness. Forty years after Marley’s death from a rare form of melanoma skin cancer, the king of reggae is still widely regarded as one of the most influential and iconic musicians of all time.
Prior to his diagnosis of skin cancer...
On December 3, 1976, just days before a concert was planned in support to help quell local violence, seven armed-men raided Marley’s Kingston residence in a botched assassination attempt. Although there were no fatalities, the politically-progressive musician was shot in the chest and arm while his wife, his manager and a band employee were also injured by gunfire.
Six months after Bob Marley came within inches of losing his life to the politically-motivated gunmen, he was surprised by a doctor’s diagnosis of a rare form of melanoma skin cancer. Unfortunately, a dark lesion under a toenail on his right foot was initially misdiagnosed as a bruise from a soccer injury. Bob Marley died four years later at age 36 from acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM).
Hidden Dangers of ALM
“Bob Marley’s premature death should serve as a reminder of the deadly nature of this indiscriminate skin disease,” says Dr. Michael Steppie Orlando Mohs cancer surgeon and medical director of Associates in Dermatology. “While it is true that most melanomas are caused by UV exposure from sunlight or tanning beds, ALM develops on hairless skin like under the nails, on the soles of the feet, or on the palms of your hands.”
Although subungual melanoma is rare overall, ALM is the leading cause of melanoma in patients of color. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, Bob Marley refused the recommended treatment, which would have included the surgical remove of his toe and opted instead to remove the nail bed and cancerous tissue below. Nonetheless, the melanoma metastasized to other areas of his body (brain, liver and lungs) tragically ending the musician’s life much too soon.
How to Protect Skin of Color
If you have skin of any color, you can develop skin cancer. Although skin cancers are less prevalent in non-white ethnic groups, it is most often diagnosed at a later stage with a worse prognosis. The overall lack of awareness of skin cancer facts among individuals of color highlights the necessity to have routine full-body skin exams. Moreover, it is important people learn more about their skin type and how to protect it from both obvious and hidden dangers.
It is not clear as to why skin cancer incidence has grown dramatically in recent years, but any delay in detection in skin of color could be fatal. Here’s some tips on how to spot concerning skin conditions:
Squamous Cell Carcinoma – In skin of color, squamous cell carcinoma is most common in African Americans and Asian Indians. It often develops from a scar or burn and is a rapid-growing. LOOK FOR: a scaly red patch, open sore that can crust or bleed, or an elevated wart-like growth. In people of color, it is often seen in a non-sun-exposed area like lower body parts.
Basal Cell Carcinoma – In skin of color, basal cell carcinoma presents as a black pearly translucent bump or skin growth. It is most common in Hispanics and then Black people of color. Due to pigmentation, it may not be as apparent in dark skin types. LOOK FOR: Basal cell carcinomas are normally linked to UV exposure and seen on sun-exposed areas of skin. On skin of color, 90% of basal cell carcinoma lesions occur on the head or neck.
Melanoma – In skin of color, melanoma is not that common but can be fatal if not discovered and treated early before it is allowed to metastasize. Malignant melanoma begins in the cells that produce skin color (melanin). Due to its difficulty to detect, more African Americans, Asians and Latino people die of melanoma than whites. LOOK FOR: Any new or unusual black or brown spot (or changes to an existing mole) with irregular edges that are notched, ragged or blurred. In people of African descent, it is crucial to routinely check the palms, bottom of the feet, and under or around the nails for acral lentiginous melanoma.
People of African, Asian, Latino, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern and Native American descent need to understand the subtleties of skin cancer warning signs and what to look for on darker skin tones. Generally speaking, should you notice something new, changing or unusual anywhere on your skin, it’s time to contact a dermatologists. Remember, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma often hide on your extremities, eyes, ears, nose, or scalp.
Prevention Is the Best Approach to Skin Cancer
Skin cancer is indeed color blind. Although people of color are less likely to develop skin cancer, they are much more likely to die from skin cancer. This is primarily due to the delay in detection and treatment that is related to a lack of routine skin checks and annual skin care exams. Moreover, there is a lack of awareness about recommended sun protection strategies among those with skin of darker color.
“While skin cancer is less common in people of color,” says Dr. Steppie, “it is often more dangerous as people with darker skin may not catch it in the early stages when the disease is most treatable. Plus, patients may not recognize cancers on darker skin.” Since skin cancer is often painless, you may not notice it unless you look for it. This means a monthly self-check is an important and potentially life-saving exam for people of any skin tone.
The most important step for preventing skin cancer is protecting skin from damaging ultraviolet sources of light, including both the sun and tanning beds. If you’re going to be outside or otherwise exposed to sunlight, know your skin type and protect it from damage. Performing monthly self-care skin checks and noticing anything new, changing or unusual on sun-exposed and unexposed areas of your skin can keep you and your loved ones safe.
Associates in Dermatology provides skin exams, clinical dermatology, and cosmetic procedures designed to meet your skin care needs. Make your appointment online or call 800-877-7546 to schedule an appointment at one of our seventeen dermatology offices in Orlando, Altamonte Springs, Apopka, Celebration, Clermont, Davenport, Dr. Philips, Hunter's Creek, Kissimmee, Lake Wales, Mount Dora, Ocoee, Poinciana, Sanford, or St. Cloud.
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wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
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FactBench
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1
| 81
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https://www.pinkvilla.com/trending/world/how-old-was-bob-marley-when-he-died-exploring-the-reason-behind-the-musicians-early-demise-1263514
|
en
|
How old was Bob Marley when he died? Exploring the reason behind the musician's early demise
|
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[] |
[] |
[
"Bob Marley"
] | null |
[
"Marita Pinto"
] |
2023-12-06T10:39:51+05:30
|
The trailer for the biopic Bob Marley: One Love, which is based on the legendary reggae pioneer, has been released by Paramount Pictures.
|
en
|
/assets/icons/favicon.ico
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PINKVILLA
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https://www.pinkvilla.com/trending/world/how-old-was-bob-marley-when-he-died-exploring-the-reason-behind-the-musicians-early-demise-1263514
|
Trigger warning: This article contains references to an individual's death.
Fans of the legendary reggae musician Bob Marley are thrilled about the impending biopic about one of the most iconic figures in history. A new trailer for Bob Marley: One Love, the biopic film, has finally been released.
The reggae legend's brief but eventful life is explored in his upcoming drama-musical biopic. It looks at his ascent to prominence as a reggae music pioneer. The blend of his distinct voice and rocksteady, reggae, and ska influences in his compositions set his career apart.
While. the world is all set to celebrate the legendary musician's life, his death was unforgettably the most shocking news to the world. Let's take a look at what caused the legend's death at an early age!
What was the reason behind legendary singer Bob Marley's early death?
Marley collapsed while jogging in Central Park a few days after performing to raucous cheers at Madison Square Garden in September 1980. But after an ineffective eight months of therapy, Marley took a plane back to Jamaica. His condition deteriorated during the flight home, and upon arriving in Miami, he was taken to the hospital immediately. He passed away on May 11, 1981.
Marley passed away from a type of skin cancer called acral lentiginous melanoma.When it was first discovered in 1977, it was under one of his toe nails. Playing football in 1977, he became aware of melanoma for the first time. An injury to foot felt more severe than usual and continued to worsen. He was told to have his toe amputated by the doctors after they determined it was cancer.
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He declined, though, since removing any portion of one's body from its "temple" is considered sinful in the Rastafarian faith. He agreed to a skin graft instead, but regrettably, this didn't stop the disease from spreading throughout his body by 1980.
Theories around Bob Marley's death
On May 21, 1981, Marley was given a state funeral in Jamaica. Edward Seaga, the prime minister, gave the eulogy. He was laid to rest with his Gibson Les Paul guitar next to his birthplace in a chapel.
Bob Marley passed away from cancer, but that didn't stop conspiracy theories from spreading. Some people think that because the singer supported some politicians in Jamaica, the CIA used radioactive boots to kill him. In fact, Marley's 1976 assassination attempt was orchestrated by the CIA. Aside from these theories, the explanation for Bob Marley's death is a simple one: cancer.
ALSO READ: Who was Jeffrey Dahmer’s dad Lionel? Exploring his relationship with the infamous serial killer amid his passing
|
||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
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FactBench
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0
| 34
|
https://clintonlindsay.com/2020/12/08/bob-marleys-guitar-sells-for-153600-at-juliens-auction-in-california/
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en
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BOB MARLEY’S GUITAR SELLS FOR $153,600 AT JULIEN’S AUCTION IN CALIFORNIA!
|
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2020-12-08T00:00:00
|
BY BRIAN BONITTO—-Associate Editor— A GUITAR owned by reggae king Bob Marley sold for a whopping US$153,600 at the December 1-2 Julien’s Auctions’ annual Icons and Idols Trilogy: …
|
en
|
CLINTON LINDSAY
|
https://clintonlindsay.com/2020/12/08/bob-marleys-guitar-sells-for-153600-at-juliens-auction-in-california/
|
BY BRIAN BONITTO—-
Associate Editor—
A GUITAR owned by reggae king Bob Marley sold for a whopping US$153,600 at the December 1-2 Julien’s Auctions’ annual Icons and Idols Trilogy: Rock and Roll, which took place in Beverly Hills, California.
The guitar, a 1975 Ovation 1612-4 Custom Balladeer acoustic-electric, features a natural spruce top and shallow back and ebony fingerboard. It was estimated to fetch between US$80,000 and US$100,000.
It is the first time one of Marley’s guitars was part of the privately-held Julien’s Auctions, which was first held in 2003.
Marley, who died in 1981 at age 36, was a competent rhythm guitarist who favored the Gibson brand that was popular during the 1970s.
The instrument was sold during the week Billboard magazine named Legend, his greatest hits album, the top-selling reggae album for 2020.
Released by Island Records in 1984, it is the best-selling reggae album of all time. Legend includes some of Marley’s most popular songs such as Three Little Birds, Stir It Up, and Redemption Song.
According to liveauctioneers.com, the auction, which sold nearly 900 items, included instruments and memorabilia from a wide array of music icons.
Three guitars belonging to American musician Eddie Van Halen sold for more than US$422,000, while two Fender guitars smashed by rock singer Kurt Cobain sold for a combined US$281,600.
Van Halen and Cobain died October 2020 and April 1994, respectively.
A mid-1960’s Hammond B-3 organ played by Gregg Allman garnered US$102,400. Allman died in 2017.
|
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wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
3
| 61
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https://ibw21.org/editors-choice/jamaica-is-using-bob-marleys-legacy-to-market-austerity/
|
en
|
Jamaica Is Using Bob Marley’s Legacy to Market Austerity
|
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2019-07-04T00:10:15+00:00
|
By Keston Perry — The reggae icon would be embarrassed by his country’s attempts to rebrand a disastrous ideology.
|
en
|
Institute of the Black World 21st Century
|
https://ibw21.org/editors-choice/jamaica-is-using-bob-marleys-legacy-to-market-austerity/
|
A mural of Bob Marley at Notting Hill Carnival in 2012. (SimonM_89, CC-BY-NC-SA 2.0)
h2>The reggae icon would be embarrassed by his country’s attempts to rebrand a disastrous ideology.
By Keston Perry, The Nation —
The island nation of Jamaica holds a special, almost spiritual significance for many people of color, as well as for anyone concerned about advancing equality and justice in the world. It is the birthplace of the Rastafari movement, reggae, dancehall—and democratic socialism before it became popular in the United States. Bob Marley’s legacy epitomizes the struggle for transforming an economy and society using its natural resources, its culture and industrious people. Marley himself strived to overturn an unfair global economic system that oppressed black Jamaicans and people of color everywhere.
However, since Marley’s death almost four decades ago, Jamaica’s economy has not done much for working people. In Jamaica, one-fifth of the population live in poverty. The country experiences high levels of crime and violence. Unemployment reaches between 40 and 60 percent in Kingston’s lowest-income neighborhoods like Trench town (44.8 percent), where Bob Marley grew up. The national minimum wage is about US$52 for a 40-hour workweek, even after a 12.9 percent increase last year. According to Oxfam, Jamaica is ranked 96th out of 157 countries and 21st out of 25 Latin American and Caribbean countries on addressing inequality.
How did Jamaica get there? In 1973, when left-wing Michael Manley was prime minister, his People’s National Party (PNP) government faced rising oil prices and lower sales of bauxite and alumina products. As a result, Manley was forced to accept a series of loans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) that reversed earlier gains made through the PNP’s democratic socialist program, including food subsidies, rent controls, higher wealth and property taxes, nationalization of key industries, free education, and support for agricultural production. Mired in political violence, higher inflation, and increasing desperation due to dwindling foreign exchange reserves, the PNP and later the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) implemented massive cuts to wages and social spending, privatized national companies, opened markets, cut numerous civil service jobs, and initiated several currency devaluations. This also meant that workers, the agricultural sector, and small manufacturing businesses suffered.
Marley’s term for this might have been a “Babylon System”: “the vampire, yea! (vampire) / Suckin’ the children day by day, yeah! / Me say de Babylon system is the vampire, falling empire, / Suckin’ the blood of the sufferers, yeah!”
Unhappy about this state of affairs, Jamaicans have become predictably fatigued and have come to accept austerity as a way of life. In November 2018, the Jamaican Central Bank’s public relations department took it a step further, and launched a public information campaign using billboards, radio jingles, and television ads to teach Jamaicans about why very low inflation is important.
Based on the Central Bank’s official target of a 4 to 6 percent inflation rate set in August 2017, both the IMF and the international financial media have spiritedly endorsed the new campaign. Borrowing the language of reggae music, and sticking closely to neoliberal economic doctrine, the campaign claims “low and stable inflation is to the economy what the bass line is to reggae music.”
Most people think inflation is bad, and it is—when it is out of control. However, the media often exaggerates its effects, by equating any inflationwith stories of hyperinflation. For example, hyperinflation in Venezuela at present is another ball game altogether, as it causes massive instability and erodes ordinary people’s ability to meet their everyday food and medical needs. It is particularly bad in an open economy like Jamaica, as it creates uncertainty for investments, and can lead to capital flight hurting low-wage workers, for instance in its textile or retail industry.
While Jamaica experienced some years of high inflation in the 1980s and ’90s, successive currency devaluations have not helped its workers or the economy. The package of neoliberal policies, especially currency devaluations, prompted the country to open its domestic markets and made it more beholden to foreign capital. This is why it has become the focus and the “bogeyman” of central banks and the neoliberal establishment led by the World Bank, Wall Street, and the IMF. They have wrongly given priority to the prices of goods and services as an important reflection of how well an economy is doing. More importantly, they prioritize the desires of investors.
With the neoliberal takeover, low inflation has become the mantra of Jamaican politicians. What the “inflation targeting” campaign doesn’t mention is that a very low inflation rate mostly benefits asset holders and investors in the country’s “booming” stock market. It redistributes power away from working people who clamor for an economy that provides better jobs, public health care, goods that are more complex, job security, and better wages. It also surrenders democratic control over the economy to these financial elites that would neglect these broader concerns. This marketing campaign therefore places undue attention on inflation, and suggests the status quo of bare minimum public services and stagnant wages is good enough.
After the 2008 global financial crisis, the IMF imposed one of its harshest austerity programs globally, as Jamaica’s debts piled up to 140 percent of GDP at the time. This included a budget surplus of 7.5 percent, worse than Greece’s at the peak of the euro crisis. In 2018, for every dollar the government spent, 66 cents went towards repaying its debts and interests, while 18 cents and 12 cents were spent on health and education respectively. That, in turn, reduced opportunities for ordinary Jamaicans to improve their lives, while reducing levels of employment and restricting worker wages. The regime essentially reduces the limited power of workers and ordinary people to meet their current and future needs, and further empowers local and international financial elites.
By publishing and legislating inflation targets that are extraordinarily low by developing-country standards, the Bank of Jamaica hoped it would keep investors interested, and attract new capital into the economy. It also showed a commitment to the IMF program that advocates continued suppression of wages in the national economic pie by keeping business costs down and the country “attractive” to investors.
In this regard, Bob Marley was prescient in his song “Chant Down Babylon”: “Men see their dreams and aspirations / Crumble in front of their face, / And all of their wicked intention / To destroy the human race.” Marley railed against the social and economic structures that marginalized working-class people and promoted black consciousness and solidarity with the downtrodden and marginalized. His ideological commitment was to bring about social change and emancipation through changing the mindset, language, and political possibilities toward inspiring action.
In “Crazy Baldheads, ” Marley also demands “we gonna chase those crazy baldheads out of town / Chase those crazy baldheads out of our town.” For Marley, Rastafarianism meant love and equality, while a “baldhead” symbolized those political and financial elites who continue to prop up an unfair capitalist system to enforce oppressive policies.
Today, neoliberal economics in Jamaica continues to create wealth for those with capital and privilege. It promotes a cycle of debt, despair, and poverty. Now, it has essentially colonized reggae music.
Norman Girvan, a brilliant Jamaican economist who dedicated his life and work to illuminating the need for social transformation, believed that Jamaica was in a permanent state of dependence due to the IMF and its neoliberal economic policies. In one of his speeches prior to his passing four years ago, he lamented the country’s perennial dependence on international capital. In reference to the stranglehold of the IMF and its policies, he reckoned that it purveyed “policy recolonization of the Jamaican state and the gutting of its capacity to influence economic life except for the most elementary tools of the fiscal budget and central bank operations.”
He added that this “recolonization by invitation” was characterized “by an increasingly ready acceptance by policy elites of the diagnostic and prescriptive frameworks handed down by those with the money and the power.” In similar fashion, Marley warned about this in “Roots”: “Some are wolf in sheep’s clothing / Look at that / Many are called / But only a few are chosen.” In “Could You be Loved,” Marley suggested, “Don’t let them fool ya / Or even try to school ya / Oh, no / We’ve got a mind of our own / So go to hell if what you’re thinking is not right.”
In effect, the false prophets of neoliberal economic philosophy, including those upholding the idea that inflation targeting improves growth and welfare, are committed to perpetuating a system of racism and economic discrimination. Marley, as Girvan, would cringe at the state of affairs in Jamaica today. Girvan hardly ever addressed inflation in his work, except to state that much of the IMF-type policies have “made fiscal and monetary policy hostage to exchange rate policy and inflation policy” that narrowed other possibilities to transform the Jamaican economy. Girvan probably knew that inflation targeting was not an adequate policy measure, as Ha-joon Chang, and others have noted, as it would push inequality up further. Attempting to lower inflation beyond a suggested normal rate (roughly as 10 percent) only serves to disproportionately raise the income levels gained from interest for already-rich asset holders and investors.
Girvan ended his reflection about independence in Jamaica suggesting that true sovereignty begins with independent and critical thought. The way forward is to “get it together, get it together right now,” and create a new song of freedom: a new redemption song for Jamaica.
Keston PerryKeston Perry is a political economist doing research on how natural resources and innovation affect the pattern of economic development in Latin America.
|
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wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
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FactBench
|
1
| 78
|
https://honey.nine.com.au/latest/bob-marley-life-career-music-death-timeline-explainer/588ea66b-964c-421e-adb0-75ee6ad48205
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en
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What happened to Bob Marley, as new film biopic is released - 9Honey
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[
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2024-01-25T04:15:12+00:00
|
His music remains some of the most recognisable ever recorded.
And Bob Marley has been dubbed "reggae's bi...
|
en
|
/assets/imgs/honey/apple-icon-57x57.477b3e8e.png
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//honey.nine.com.au/latest/bob-marley-life-career-music-death-timeline-explainer/588ea66b-964c-421e-adb0-75ee6ad48205
|
His music remains some of the most recognisable ever recorded.
And Bob Marley has been dubbed "reggae's biggest star" and "the voice of a nation".
But while most people could hum one of his tunes, there's plenty about the legendary musician that's not widely known.
READ MORE: The budget 'mistake' most families make and how to fix it
However a new biopic, Bob Marley: One Love, tells the full story of the man from Jamaica who introduced reggae to the rest of the world and was a renowned political activist.
Despite dying in his 30s, he sold a staggering 75 million records, with honours including a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
The film had a big push this week when Prince Harry and the Duchess of Sussex turned up at the premiere on the Caribbean island of Jamaica.
What's Bob Marley: One Love film about?
The movie charts the life of Bob Marley, real name Robert Nesta Marley.
He was born in Jamaica on on 6 February 1945 to a Jamaican singer mother and British father.
His father died from a heart attack when Marley was just 10.
READ MORE: Harry and Meghan's photo raises eyebrows over polarising figure
He met one of the original members of his band, Neville Livingston, later called Bunny Wailer when he was young – and his mother went on to marry Bunny's father.
Peter Tosh also joined and the band underwent various name changes and line-ups.
They were The Teenagers, The Wailing Rudeboys, The Wailing Wailers and finally The Wailers.
The band's first record, Simmer down, released in 1964 went to number one in Jamaica.
In the 1970s they hit the big time, landing major record deals.
They opened for band Sly and the Family Stone in the US but were sacked after a handful of shows – not because they were bad, but because they were more popular than the main act.
The band split to all go solo in 1974.
READ MORE: Bizarre way cleaner finally got filthy floor sparkling
Marley went on to have huge success.
However he, his wife and his manager were hurt in an assassination attempt in 1976, thought to be politically motivated.
He performed two days later at a political rally, despite his injuries.
He later moved to England and released multiple hits, including One Love. But amid his success he was diagnosed with cancer and died in his 30s.
Bob Marley: One Love cast
Marley is played by British actor Kingsley Ben-Adir, 37 in the new film, Bob Marley: One Love.
READ MORE: Kate's surgery 'came as a surprise to those close to her'
The up-and-coming-star has had small parts in Marvel movie Secret Invasion, and played one of the many Ken's in the Barbie film.
He was also in British TV shows Vera and Peaky Blinders.
He went to Kingston to spend time with Marley's family and bandmates before making the movie.
"Many of the people I spoke to in Jamaica were wary of me when I first sat down. And rightly so," he told The Guardian.
"I would tell them: 'If I was you, I'd feel the same. But I want to try my best to represent this properly.' I told them: 'Listen, I've grown up with Jamaicans, believe me I'm not taking this lightly. I've agreed to do it, so I'm f---ing going to try my best.'"
READ MORE: Why Ryan Gosling hasn't walked a red carpet with his partner in years
Also in the film is Lashana Lynch as Marley's widow Rita, who has also been in some of the Marvel movies.
Popular British actor James Norton pays record company boss Christopher Blackwell.
Bob Marley Songs
His most famous songs include One Love, Don't Worry about a Thing, Sun is Shining, No Woman No Cry, Get Up Stand Up and Jamming.
Inside Harry and Meghan's star-studded friendship circle
Bob Marley's children
Marley had 11 children with multiple women, including one who he adopted, according to reports.
There are four Marley grandchildren.
Many of his children and grandchildren are also performers.
His widow, Rita, a 77-year old mother of six is still alive.
However there have been claims he had two more children too.
What was Bob Marley's cause of death?
Marley died aged just 36 on May 11, 1981 .
A few year before, in 1977, he was diagnosed with lentiginous melanoma after a mark was found on his toe.
He refused to have it amputated due to his religious beliefs and also fears over how it would affect his performing .
He was at the height of his career, playing huge shows including at Madison Square Garden.
But he collapsed while running in Central Park and was told cancer had spread.
He performed his last concert two days later and despite treatment, died less than a year later.
He was given a state funeral in Jamaica, with people lining the streets.
Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga declared: "He is part of the collective consciousness of the nation.
READ MORE: How you can score over $900 off robot vacuums
What did Bob Marley say before he died?
His final words to his son Ziggy Marley were: "On your way up, take me up. On your way down, don't let me down."
Ziggy, who is now also a musician later wrote on Instagram: "A father telling his son that puts some responsibility on my shoulders. He told me that, and I take it very seriously."
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wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
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FactBench
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2
| 95
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https://stylecaster.com/lists/rita-marley-now/
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en
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Where’s Rita Marley Now? What Happened To Bob Marley’s Widow
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[
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[
"Lea Veloso"
] |
2024-02-14T22:47:20+00:00
|
Here's where Bob Marley's wife Rita Marley is now and what happened to her and their five kids.
|
en
|
StyleCaster
|
https://stylecaster.com/lists/rita-marley-now/
|
Where is Rita Marley now?
Rita Marley currently lives in Miami, Florida after suffering a stroke in 2016. “I said to her, ‘You’ve worked all your life, and this is God’s way, as cruel as it might seem, of saying you need to just relax now,” her daughter told Rolling Stone in a 2021 profile. “The grave is not calling you, so I’m’a just make you chill.’ So that’s how we look at it.”
Cedella recalls seeing glimmers of the “fierce” woman she’s known. “I know when she’s watching too much YouTube because her [blood] pressure goes up,” Cedella recalled. “She was just watching something on Instagram about the flood in Jamaica for the storm that just passed. I had to tell her, ‘Mom, you have to stop watching this stuff because it’s not healthy.’ She thinks Trump doesn’t like black people, and she was very nervous about what she saw happening in America with the election.”
Rita Marley was responsible for much of Bob Marley’s estate and is the Founder and Chairperson of the Bob Marley Foundation, Bob Marley Museum, Tuff Gong International, and the Rita Marley Foundation.
Bob and Rita’s son Ziggy talked to People about how she impacted the film Bob Marley: One Love. “My mom is the backbone of everything. Without her, none of this would’ve been happening. My father’s career wouldn’t be what it is,” Ziggy told the publication. “They really complement each other in that way. You need someone like that by your side. You can’t do it alone. You could never do it alone.”
How did Bob Marley die?
Bob Marley died from acral lentiginous melanoma, an aggressive type of cancer. Marley sought other forms of treatment that substituted western medicine. However, the cancer spread throughout his body to the point that a doctor told his manager Danny Sims that the musician had “more cancer in him than I’ve seen with a live human being.” Marley was on his way from Germany to Jamaica, but he deplaned in Florida and died at the University of Miami Hospital on May 11, 1981. Bob Marley’s last words to his son Ziggy were, “Money can’t buy life.”
Marley had a state funeral held in Jamaica ten days after he died. A public viewing preceded the funeral where an estimated 100,000 people attended to pay their respects. The casket contained his red Gibson Les Paul guitar, a Bible opened at Psalm 23, and a stalk of ganja placed there by his widow, Rita. Marley also wore dreads, but it was a wig since all his hair fell out during cancer treatment.
The “Redemption Song” musician was diagnosed with melanoma after finding a black spot under his toe. He and his doctor ignored the lesion on his toe since they thought it was a soccer injury. However, it began to spread and a biopsy revealed that it was actually an aggressive melanoma. He rejected doctor’s advice to amputate the toe due to his religious beliefs. But the nail and toe graft were removed instead.
Marley continued to tour—selling out shows in Milan, Italy, and Madison Square Garden in New York City. He collapsed while jogging in Central Park and found out that his cancer spread to other parts of his body. He canceled the rest of his tour and was transferred to the clinic of Josef Issels in Rottach-Egern, Bavaria, Germany, where he underwent an alternative cancer treatment called Issels treatment.
Ziggy Marley revealed his father’s true legacy to Grammy.com. “I think for me what I learned from my father most [from] being around him is a way of having principles and living up to your principles and standing up for your principles,” his son says. “His example is a good example for me. … Selflessness, charity, standing up for what you believe, and having principles. Spirituality too.”
|
|||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
2
| 94
|
https://couplesresorts.co.uk/blog/bob-marley-jamaica/
|
en
|
Marley’s Jamaica
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Ciaran Murray"
] |
2013-04-26T12:14:10+00:00
|
With the anniversary of Bob Marley’s death less than a month away (11 May) Couples Resorts Blog plots the legendary King of Reggae’s path round his irie island homeland.Nine Miles, St. Ann Parish This quaint village in the lush mountains is the birthplace and resting place of Robert Nesta Marley. Born on 6 February 1945 to teenage mother Cedalla Booker and Liverpool-born British Army Captain Norval Sinclair Marley at his grandfather’s house.
|
en
|
Couples Resorts
|
https://couplesresorts.co.uk/blog/bob-marley-jamaica/
|
With the anniversary of Bob Marley’s death less than a month away (11 May) Couples Resorts Blog plots the legendary King of Reggae’s path round his irie island homeland.
Nine Miles, St. Ann Parish
This quaint village in the lush mountains is the birthplace and resting place of Robert Nesta Marley. Born on 6 February 1945 to teenage mother Cedalla Booker and Liverpool-born British Army Captain Norval Sinclair Marley at his grandfather’s house. Marley’s close relatives live and guide tourists and fans though the star’s childhood home.
Little Bay, West End of Negril
The spring where Marley used to hang out and bathe. With pristine white sands and tranquil community Little Bay is the perfect spot to relax, cool off and escape from the heat and exhaustion of the town centre in Negril. Marley had a little holiday cottage where he and his crew would go to for a rest when the pressures of recording got too much.
56 Hope Road, Kingston
The former residence of Marley and home to the Tuff Gong record label, founded by his ska band, The Wailers in 1970. It was also the site of a failed assassination in 1976 during the Jamaican general election. Marley, his wife Rita and manager Don Taylor were among those shot and wounded. All survived, though Marley was shot in the arm and Rita received a head wound. The site became a museum in 1986.
Jamaica’s Blue Mountains
The longest mountain range in Jamaica where, after the failed assassination, Marley and Rita sought sanctuary after being released from hospital. Four days later they perform at the Smile Jamaica festival, although Marley is unable to play guitar and Rita sings with her head still in bandages.
Heroes Park Circle, Kingston
The location for the One Love Peace Concert that was held on 22 April 1978. The concert was set up in an effort to calm warring political parties – the Jamaican Labour Party and the People’s Nation Party. Whilst performing ‘Jammin’’ with The Wailers, Marley called joined the hands of political rivals Edward Seaga (JLP) and Michael Manley (PNP) saying, “…we’re inviting a few leading people…to shake hands…to show people that you love them right, to show people that you gonna unite, show the people that you’re over bright, show the people that everything is alright.”
|
|||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
0
| 62
|
https://rodeorealty.blog/2018/01/26/home-listed-rodeo-realtys-lisa-scott-sorrentino-purchased-musician-ziggy-marley/
|
en
|
Home listed by Rodeo Realty’s Lisa and Scott Sorrentino purchased by musician Ziggy Marley
|
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[
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[
"Rodeo Realty Media Team"
] |
2018-01-26T00:00:00
|
Reggae musician Ziggy Marley, son of Bob Marley, has purchased a $5.55 million home in Toluca Lake. The spacious Spanish-style estate was listed by Rodeo Realty’s Lisa and Scott Sorrentino. The recently purchased home is featured in the Los Angeles Times. Walled and gated with complete privacy positioned adjacent to the prestigious Lakeside Golf Club, … Continue reading "Home listed by Rodeo Realty’s Lisa and Scott Sorrentino purchased by musician Ziggy Marley"
|
en
|
Rodeo Realty
|
https://rodeorealty.blog/2018/01/26/home-listed-rodeo-realtys-lisa-scott-sorrentino-purchased-musician-ziggy-marley/
|
Reggae musician Ziggy Marley, son of Bob Marley, has purchased a $5.55 million home in Toluca Lake. The spacious Spanish-style estate was listed by Rodeo Realty’s Lisa and Scott Sorrentino. The recently purchased home is featured in the Los Angeles Times.
Walled and gated with complete privacy positioned adjacent to the prestigious Lakeside Golf Club, the 9,300 sq. ft. home includes a dramatic center hall with a dome ceiling, a double-island chef’s kitchen, a family room, six fireplaces, two staircases, six large bedrooms and seven baths.
Additional features of the property includes a library, screening room, bell tower, bar, and wine cellar.
French doors lead to the backyard, which includes a courtyard fountain, a covered loggia, an outdoor kitchen, a basketball court, a meditation garden, and a swimming pool and spa.
|
|||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
1
| 96
|
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/rishita-roy-chowdhury-903462124_did-the-cia-kill-bob-marley-wild-conspiracy-activity-7165759315088191488-YxGK
|
en
|
Rishita Roy Chowdhury on LinkedIn: Did The CIA Kill Bob Marley? Wild Conspiracy Theory Explained
|
https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/sync/D5627AQHq9K4NPRlLqQ/articleshare-shrink_1280_800/0/1720568481533?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=KrTBVFbiV-MyqKVlzDk0mzm6O_8epuxsP2pmjdmoyMw
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https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/sync/D5627AQHq9K4NPRlLqQ/articleshare-shrink_1280_800/0/1720568481533?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=KrTBVFbiV-MyqKVlzDk0mzm6O_8epuxsP2pmjdmoyMw
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Rishita Roy Chowdhury"
] |
2024-02-20T17:29:14.064000+00:00
|
Bob Marley passed away in 1981 and the wildest theory about the reggae icon is related to his death. A former CIA officer sent shockwaves across the world by…
|
en
|
https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca
|
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/rishita-roy-chowdhury-903462124_did-the-cia-kill-bob-marley-wild-conspiracy-activity-7165759315088191488-YxGK
|
FirstCuriosity is hiring writers for movies, TV shows, celebrity news and Marvel/DC sections. Requirements: 1. Applicants must have an excellent grasp of the English language, incredible grammar, and sentence construction skills 2. Prior experience of a minimum of 1-2 years in writing 3. An eye for trending stories and good research skills 4. Knowledge of Hollywood, a keen interest in the entertainment world, and a passion for quality content. Location: WFH Vacancies: 4 Interested candidates can drop their CVs at rishita@firstcuriosity.com with the subject FC Content Writer #hiring #contentwriting #entertainment
Golden age of Hollywood had an unapologetic star who chose love and his truth above money and moral policing. His story needs to be remembered.
The ‘white feminism’ backlash over ‘Barbie’ begs attention to the irony of the film’s billion-dollar earnings and popularity in contrast to the snub during the awards season. ‘Oppenheimer’ is a masterpiece, but the plastic doll no one cared about transforming into a cultural phenomenon deserved better recognition. https://lnkd.in/g-RhCryV
Lost in the pages of history: The first Playboy edition sold 50,000 copies because of Marilyn Monroe’s explicit images, but she never consented to it. https://lnkd.in/dT9qygKw
FirstCuriosity is hiring writers for Movies, TV Shows, Celebrity and Entertainment sections. Requirements: Applicants must have a good grasp of the English language, incredible grammar, and sentence construction skills Prior experience of minimum 2-3 years in writing and editing Knowledge of Hollywood, entertainment news and a keen interest in exploring various topics along with knowledge of content and social media strategies Location: WFH Interested candidates can drop their CVs at rishita@firstcuriosity.com with the subject FC Content Writer #hiring #contentwriting
|
|||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
1
| 79
|
https://www.today.com/parents/family/bob-marley-kids-rcna139766
|
en
|
Bob Marley is the father of 12 children. What to know about his kids
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Randi Richardson"
] |
2024-02-22T17:11:37+00:00
|
Bob Marley's name is synonymous with reggae and service, two of his life's works that live on in his children.
|
en
|
https://nodeassets.nbcnews.com/cdnassets/projects/ramen/favicon/today/all-other-sizes-PNG.ico/favicon.ico
|
TODAY.com
|
https://www.today.com/parents/family/bob-marley-kids-rcna139766
|
Bob Marley's name is synonymous with reggae and service, two of his life's works that live on in his children.
The singer's biopic, "Bob Marley: One Love," opened in theaters Feb. 14 and paints a picture of what his life was like in the late 1970s before his death in 1981 at age 36 from malignant melanoma.
The "Jamming" singer is survived by 12 children and his widow, Rita Marley, with whom he raised five kids.
Keep reading to learn more about Bob Marley's kids and their mothers.
How many kids did Bob Marley have?
The "One Love" singer had 12 children and about half of them pursued music, too.
Who are the mothers of Bob Marley's kids
He had his three oldest children, Cedella Marley, Ziggy Marley and Stephen Marley, with his widow, Rita Marley, in 1967, 1968 and 1972, respectively. Bob Marley also adopted two of her kids, Sharon Marley, whom Rita Marley had in 1964 before marrying the singer, and Stephanie Marley, born in 1974. Rita Marley’s sixth child, Serita Stewart, was born in 1985, after Marley’s death.
Bob Marley also had Rohan Marley with Janet Hunt and Robbie Marley with Pat Williams in 1972. The reggae legend had Karen Marley the next year with Janet Bowen and Julian Marley in 1975 with Lucy Pounder.
In 1976, Ky-Mani Marley was born to the singer and Anita Belnavis, a table tennis champion in Jamaica. Two years later, in 1978, Damian Marley was born to Cindy Breakspeare, a jazz musician and model who was crowned Miss World in 1976.
Lastly, Bob Marley had Makeda Jahnesta in 1981 with Yvette Crichton.
Bob Marley's kids in order
Sharon Marley, 1964
Rita Marley's eldest child, Sharon Marley, whom her husband adopted, was born in 1964. She followed in her father's footsteps of reggae, winning three Grammys in her career on projects with her little sister Cedella Marley and little brothers Ziggy Marley and Stephen Marley. They landed their first Grammy for best reggae recording for "Conscious Party" in 1989.
The following year, they won the same honor for "One Bright Day." In 1998, they won best reggae album for "Fallen Is Babylon." Sharon Marley released the EP "Steppah" in 2024.
Cedella Marley, 1967
Cedella Marley, whose mother is Rita Marley, has three Grammys with her siblings. She helped produce the new “Bob Marley: One Love” biopic about her dad.
Ziggy Marley, 1968
Ziggy Marley, whose mother is Rita Marley, was also a producer on his dad's biopic and won his first three Grammys with his siblings. He went on to win five more Grammys, four of which are for best reggae album.
He told TODAY.com in an interview that his father's legacy was all about “being a good human (and) being ... someone who is of service to others.”
“Not a selfish person — (he’s) a good example for all of us as human beings going into sacrifice for the betterment of the community and the people,” he added.
Stephen Marley, April 1972
Stephen Marley, whose mother is Rita Marley, is currently on tour with his little brother Damian Marley. Stephen Marley's first career Grammys were with his siblings and he also has five more, all of which are for best reggae album.
Robbie Marley, May 16, 1972
Robbie Marley, whose mother is Pat Williams, is "a graphic artist who also writes poetry," his Instagram bio says. He made an appearance in the 2011 TV series "Marley Africa Roadtrip" as himself.
Rohan Marley, May 19, 1972
Rohan Marley, whose mother is Janet Hunt, played football at the University of Miami and later played in the Canadian Football League for the Ottawa Rough Riders. He is an entrepreneur, founding Marley Coffee in 2009 and pitching in with his family's charitable organization 1Love.
"Bob Marley dreamt of one day putting his passion of music into farming," Marley Coffee's website says. "Through his son Rohan Marley, that dream was finally brought to life."
Karen Marley, 1973
Karen Marley, whose mother is Janet Bowen, owns an eponymously named clothing collection and some of her siblings sometimes pose as models for her.
Stephanie Marley, 1974
Stephanie Marley, whose mother is Rita Marley and who Bob Marley adopted, graduated from Western University in London, Ontario Canada with a bachelor's in psychology. She's worked with the Bob Marley Museum and the Bob Marley Foundation. She is currently the director of her mother’s organization, the Rita Marley Foundation.
Stephanie Marley told her alma mater in 2015 that she was raised to serve “our brothers, our neighbors, even the man on the street.”
“It’s a way of life. That’s the way we were raised,” she said. “I strongly believe the fame my parents earned, the success they have achieved, is because they’re gifted with kindness. I think Bob’s true purpose was — all the work, all his music — for him to achieve that level."
Julian Marley, 1975
Julian Marley, whose mother is Lucy Pounder, won the best reggae album Grammy in 2024 for "Colors Of Royal." He has released several albums over the years.
He told The Guardian Nigeria in 2020 how he's found his own lane in the genre that his father popularized.
“You can’t do twice as much; you have to do what you can do,” he said. “You have to do what you are supposed to do, (because) everyone has a mission. Everyone has something to do.”
Ky-Mani Marley, 1976
Ky-Mani Marley, whose mother is Anita Belnavis, is also an artist. He was nominated for best reggae album at the 2002 Grammys for "Many More Roads," but his brother Damian Marley won the award that year.
Ky-Mani was just a kid when his father died in 1981. He told the Las Vegas Review-Journal in 2022 that he only has "one memory" of Bob Marley.
“I have one memory of my father just being in the countryside, with him and my older brother Stephen,” he said. “I keep that memory very dear to my heart.”
Damian Marley, 1978
Damian Marley, whose mother is Cindy Breakspeare, has five Grammys, four of which are for best reggae album. He released his new single "Quien Dijo Miedo," with Kevin Florez and Kingston Florez, earlier this month.
Makeda Jahnesta, 1981
Makeda Jahnesta Marley, whose mother is Yvette Crichton, is the youngest child of Bob Marley. She was born just weeks after he died.
|
||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
0
| 35
|
https://www.mandourlaw.com/bob-marleys-family-sues-half-brother-for-trademark-infringement/
|
en
|
Bob Marley’s Family Sues Half-Brother for Trademark Infringement
|
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] | null |
[
"Joseph Mandour"
] |
2011-12-05T21:36:21+00:00
|
The family of legendary reggae singer, Bob Marley, has filed a lawsuit citing both copyright and trademark infringement against Marley's half brother, Richard Booker.
|
en
|
California Trademark Attorneys
|
https://www.mandourlaw.com/bob-marleys-family-sues-half-brother-for-trademark-infringement/
|
Los Angeles – The family of legendary reggae singer, Bob Marley, has filed a lawsuit citing both copyright and trademark infringement against Marley’s half brother, Richard Booker.
The lawsuit, filed Thursday in federal court by Marley’s widow Rita and their children, alleges that Richard Booker and companies that he is associated with have been using the now-deceased Rastafarian’s image, music, and other intellectual property without the permission of Marley’s family members.
Some of Booker’s businesses and projects that have been using Marley’s intellectual property are the annual Nine Miles Music Festival and the Bob Marley Movement of Jah People Inc., which handles all promotions for the music festival. Marley’s half brother is also said to own a restaurant in Jamaica, called Mama Marley’s. Richard Booker is the son of Marley’s mother, Cedella Booker. He currently resides in Miami, where he operates most of his businesses.
The lawsuit also claims that Marley’s heirs have long been in opposition to Booker’s attempts to trademark Marley-related names. They claim that at one point, they had reached a licensing deal with Booker but that he has since failed to carry out his end of the deal.
The Marley family is seeking unspecified damages and is also asking the judge to order an injunction on Booker’s use of any Marley-related references and imagery in present and future business ventures.
Marley, who died of cancer in 1981, was best-known as the lead singer and rhythm guitarist for the reggae band, Bob Marley and the Wailers. He is credited for introducing both Jamaican music and the Rastafari movement to a worldwide audience. Some of Marley’s best-known hits include, “Buffalo Soldier,” “I Shot the Sherriff,” “Could You Be Loved,” “No Woman, No Cry,” “Three Little Birds,” “Redemption Song,” “Stir It Up,” and “One Love.”
|
|||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
3
| 3
|
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bob-Marley
|
en
|
Bob Marley | Biography, Songs, Albums, Death, & Facts
|
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1999-12-02T00:00:00+00:00
|
Bob Marley was a Jamaican singer-songwriter whose thoughtful ongoing distillation of early ska, rock steady, and reggae musical forms blossomed in the 1970s into an electrifying rock-influenced hybrid that made him an international superstar.
|
en
|
/favicon.png
|
Encyclopedia Britannica
|
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bob-Marley
|
Early life and career
Marley—whose parents were Norval Sinclair Marley, a white rural overseer, and the former Cedella Malcolm, the Black daughter of a local custos (honored civic official)—would forever remain the unique product of parallel worlds. His poetic worldview was shaped by the countryside, his music by the tough impoverished West Kingston streets. Marley’s maternal grandfather was not just a prosperous farmer but also a bush doctor adept at the mysticism-steeped herbal healing that guaranteed respect in Jamaica’s remote hill country. As a child, Marley was known for his shy aloofness, his startling stare, and his penchant for palm reading. Virtually kidnapped by his absentee father (who had been disinherited by his own prominent family for marrying a Black woman), the preadolescent Marley was taken to live with an elderly woman in Kingston until a family friend rediscovered the boy by chance and returned him to the village of Nine Miles.
Britannica Quiz
Offbeat Rhythms: Understanding Reggae
By his early teens Marley was back in West Kingston, living in government-subsidized housing in Trench Town, a desperately poor area often compared to an open sewer. In the early 1960s, while a schoolboy serving an apprenticeship as a welder (along with fellow aspiring singer Desmond Dekker), Marley was exposed to the languid jazz-inflected shuffle-beat rhythms of ska, a Jamaican amalgam of American rhythm and blues and Jamaican mento (folk-calypso) strains then catching on commercially. Marley was a fan of Fats Domino, the Moonglows, and pop singer Ricky Nelson, but, when his big chance came in 1961 to record with producer Leslie Kong, he cut “Judge Not,” a peppy ballad he had written that was derived from rural maxims learned from his grandfather. Among his other early tracks was “One Cup of Coffee” (a rendition of a 1961 hit by Texas country crooner Claude Gray), issued in 1963 in England on Chris Blackwell’s Anglo-Jamaican Island Records label.
Formation of the Wailers, role of Rastafari, and international fame
Marley also formed a vocal group in Trench Town with friends who would later be known as Peter Tosh (original name Winston Hubert MacIntosh) and Bunny Wailer (original name Neville O’Reilly Livingston). The trio, which named itself the Wailers (because, as Marley stated, “We started out crying”), received vocal coaching by noted singer Joe Higgs. Later they were joined by vocalist Junior Braithwaite and backup singers Beverly Kelso and Cherry Green.
In December 1963 the Wailers entered Coxsone Dodd’s Studio One facilities to cut “Simmer Down,” a song by Marley that he had used to win a talent contest in Kingston. Unlike the playful mento music that drifted from the porches of local tourist hotels or the pop and rhythm and blues filtering into Jamaica from American radio stations, “Simmer Down” was an urgent anthem from the shantytown precincts of the Kingston underclass. A huge overnight smash, it played an important role in recasting the agenda for stardom in Jamaican music circles. No longer did one have to parrot the stylings of overseas entertainers; it was possible to write raw, uncompromising songs for and about disenfranchised, poverty-stricken West Indians.
This bold stance transformed both Marley and his island nation, engendering the urban poor with a pride that would become a pronounced source of identity (and a catalyst for class-related tension) in Jamaican culture—as would the Wailers’ Rastafarian faith, a creed popular among the impoverished people of the Caribbean, who worshipped the late Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie I as the African redeemer foretold in popular quasi-biblical prophecy. The Wailers did well in Jamaica during the mid-1960s with their ska records, even during Marley’s sojourn to Delaware in 1966 to visit his relocated mother and find temporary work. Reggae material created in 1969–71 with producer Lee Perry increased the contemporary stature of the Wailers, and, once they signed in 1972 with the (by that time) international label Island and released Catch a Fire (the first reggae album conceived as more than a mere singles compilation), their uniquely rock-contoured reggae gained a global audience. It also earned the charismatic Marley superstar status, which gradually led to the dissolution of the original triumvirate about early 1974. Although Peter Tosh would enjoy a distinguished solo career before his murder in 1987, many of his best solo albums (such as Equal Rights [1977]) were underappreciated, as was Bunny Wailer’s excellent solo album Blackheart Man (1976).
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Eric Clapton’s version of the Wailers’ “I Shot the Sheriff” in 1974 spread Marley’s fame. Meanwhile, Marley continued to guide the skilled Wailers band through a series of potent topical albums. By this point Marley was also being backed by a trio of female vocalists including his wife, Rita Marley (née Alfarita Constania Anderson). She later achieved her own recording success, as would many of the couple’s children, especially together as the group Ziggy Marley and the Melody Makers, led by Marley’s eldest son. Featuring eloquent songs like “No Woman No Cry,” “Exodus,” “Could You Be Loved,” “Coming in from the Cold,” “Jamming,” and “Redemption Song,” Marley’s landmark albums included Natty Dread (1974), Live! (1975), Rastaman Vibration (1976), Exodus (1977), Kaya (1978), Uprising (1980), and the posthumous Confrontation (1983). Exploding in Marley’s reedy tenor, his songs were public expressions of personal truths—eloquent in their uncommon mesh of rhythm and blues, rock, and venturesome reggae forms and electrifying in their narrative might. Making music that transcended all its stylistic roots, Marley fashioned an impassioned body of work that was sui generis.
Marley’s political involvement, the attempted assassination, and the One Love concert
He also loomed large as a political figure and in 1976 survived what was believed to have been a politically motivated assassination attempt. The Smile Jamaica concert—at which Marley and the Wailers were scheduled to perform on December 5, 1976, and which was initially framed as an apolitical celebration of community—came to be widely viewed as an endorsement of the incumbent prime minister, Michael Manley, of the People’s National Party, who sought to capitalize on that perception by following the announcement of the concert with a call for legislative elections. Two days before the concert, a group of gunmen, perhaps seeking to punish Marley for his supposed support of Manley, broke into Marley’s home and wounded Rita Marley, Bob Marley’s manager (Don Taylor), an employee of the band, and Marley himself. Shortly after performing the concert, Marley fled Jamaica, first to the Bahamas and then to London, where he lived in exile for a period and recorded Exodus, which would be hailed by Time magazine as the most important album of the 20th century, “a political and cultural nexus, drawing inspiration from the Third World and then giving voice to it the world over.”
In 1978, according to some observers, Jamaica was on the brink of civil war, and Marley’s attempt to broker a truce between the country’s warring political factions led in April of that year to his headlining the One Love peace concert. At the concert, Marley brought together Manley and his political adversary Edward Seaga of the Jamaica Labour Party, who would become prime minister in 1980. Marley’s sociopolitical clout also earned him an invitation to perform in 1980 at the ceremonies celebrating majority rule and internationally recognized independence for Zimbabwe.
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wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
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FactBench
|
1
| 80
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https://www.radiotimes.com/movies/bob-marley-one-love-true-story/
|
en
|
One Love true story: What happened to Bob Marley?
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[
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] | null |
[
"Patrick Cremona"
] |
2024-02-16T10:23:20+00:00
|
The new biopic is now showing in UK cinemas.
|
en
|
Radio Times
|
https://www.radiotimes.com/movies/bob-marley-one-love-true-story/
|
The film is not a cradle-to-grave biopic but, instead primarily focuses on the reggae icon's life between the years 1976 to 1978 – during which time he recorded his seminal album Exodus – although there are also a number of flashbacks showing key moments from his earlier life.
One of the most dramatic moments occurs right at the film's outset, when Marley, his wife Rita, his manager Don Taylor, and bandmate Louis Griffiths survived an assassination attempt in Kingston, Jamaica.
Meanwhile, the film also covers his diagnosis of skin cancer, which ultimately led to his tragic death at the age of just 36. Read on for more information about what happened to Bob Marley.
More like this
Who orchestrated the assassination attempt on Bob Marley?
One of the events that sets the film in motion – and led Marley to leave Jamaica to live and work in London – is the assassination attempt that saw seven armed assailants enter his home in Kingston and open fire on 3rd December 1976.
This is very much based on real events. The attempt on Marley's life took place against the backdrop of Jamaica's extremely turbulent political climate at the time, just two days before he was set to stage a concert promoting unity and an end to the violence that was sweeping the country.
Although Marley had not explicitly endorsed either of the two major political parties – the governing socialist People's National Party (PNP) led by Michael Manley and the capitalist Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) led by Edward Seaga – the assassination attempt was considered to be informed by the political tensions.
In the immediate aftermath of the shooting, there was much debate over who had orchestrated the hit.
The lack of consensus is summed up by a cable sent by US Ambassador Sumner Gerard at the time, which read: "Some see the incident as an attempt by JLP gunmen to halt the concert, which would feature the 'politically progressive' music of Marley and other reggae stars.
"Others see it as a deep-laid plot to create a progressive, youthful Jamaican martyr to the benefit of the PNP. Those holding the latter view note that the four persons shot, three of them including Marley, only suffered minor wounds."
It's never been conclusively proved exactly who was responsible for orchestrating the hit, although it is known that all seven gunmen were tried and executed.
Therefore, the scene at the end of the film in which one of the gunmen appears at Marley's doorstep to seek forgiveness is a fabrication and is not based on real events.
How did Bob Marley die?
As is shown in the film, Marley was diagnosed with malignant melanoma in 1977 after a growth was found under his toenail.
His doctors advised him to have the toe amputated but Marley did not want to go ahead with this, owing to his view that such a procedure was at odds with his Rastafarian religious beliefs.
Marley continued to record and perform during his illness and even scheduled a world tour for 1980, but after two performances at New York's Madison Square Garden, he collapsed while running in Central Park and was subsequently informed the cancer had spread to his brain, lungs, and liver.
He performed for the last time just two days later – at the Stanley Theater in Pittsburgh – and afterwards, had to cancel his remaining shows as his health continued to deteriorate.
In his final months, he received an alternative cancer treatment in Germany, but when this failed to yield positive results he opted to return to his home nation. However, on the flight to Jamaica his health worsened and the plane was forced to land in Miami, where Marley was urgently taken to hospital. He died on 11th May 1981.
A state funeral was held for him in Jamaica ten days later and his legacy has continued to grow ever since.
Bob Marley: One Love is now showing in UK cinemas. Check out more of our Film coverage or visit our TV Guide and Streaming Guide to find out what's on tonight.
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wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
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FactBench
|
1
| 38
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https://www.wect.com/story/38133492/plaid-pack-bob-marleys-cause-of-death-used-to-dispel-myth-about-skin-cancer/
|
en
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PLAID PACK: Bob Marley's cause of death used to dispel myth about skin cancer
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[
"melanoma",
"bob marley"
] | null |
[
"Frances Weller"
] |
2018-05-08T04:14:12+00:00
|
Bob Marley is credited with introducing the world to reggae music. Now, the Jamaican-born artist is being used to dispel a myth that black people can't get skin cancer.
|
en
|
//webpubcontent.gray.tv/gray/arc-fusion-assets/images/favicons/wect/favicon.ico?d=420
|
https://www.wect.com
|
https://www.wect.com/story/38133492/plaid-pack-bob-marleys-cause-of-death-used-to-dispel-myth-about-skin-cancer/
|
Bob Marley is credited with introducing the world to reggae music. Now, the Jamaican-born artist is being used to dispel a myth that black people can’t get skin cancer.
"If you look up his cause of death, he died from melanoma,” says Dr. Rosalyn George, a Wilmington dermatologist.
George says she uses Marley’s melanoma as proof to her patients that people of color get skin cancer, too.
"I use that all the time when I talk to my patients because I have a lot of African-American patients who say ‘I don't need to wear sunscreen,’ and it's important for people to protect their skin no matter what skin color they have,” George says.
Marley, whose mother was black and father was white, was diagnosed in 1977 with metastatic melanoma. The cancer was found in his toe.
Doctors advised Marley to have the toe amputated, but the devout Rastafarian refused, citing religious beliefs, and concerns it would interfere with his performances.
Melanoma in darker-skinned people is often found on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
George acknowledges people of color are less likely to get skin cancer than white people, but when they do, they are less likely to survive.
"The most important thing I want people to know is that it’s less common," George said. "It’s probably 20 times more common for white people to get skin cancer than African-Americans, but if an African-American gets skin cancer, they are more likely to die from it."
Marley’s skin cancer spread to his brain and lungs.
Despite his failing health, the singer continued to perform. His final concert was on Sept. 23, 1980, in Pittsburgh.
Marley was attempting to get back home to Jamaica for treatments when he had to make an emergency stop in Miami.
He died on May 11, 1981, at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, now named University of Miami Hospital. He was 36.
Click here to visit the Plaid Pack page for more information.
|
||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
0
| 8
|
https://www.billboard.com/music/features/ziggy-marley-beverly-hills-home-tour-7377357/
|
en
|
Go Inside Ziggy Marley’s ‘Vibe-y’ Beverly Hills Home: ‘Everything Was Done With Feeling’
|
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Brooke Mazurek"
] |
2016-05-20T20:51:58+00:00
|
Ahead of a tour in support of his new album, the eldest son of Bob Marley opens his home to Billboard.
|
en
|
Billboard
|
https://www.billboard.com/music/features/ziggy-marley-beverly-hills-home-tour-7377357/
|
The finches and jays banter in the oak trees above — but Ziggy Marley has chickens on his mind. As a toddler in Kingston, Jamaica, where he was born the second child to Rita and Bob Marley, chickens would cluck through the yard behind the family’s tiny zinc-paneled home. “We grew up getting our own eggs, and there were goats, banana trees, a garden in the back,” says Marley, 47, the memory giving way to a smile reminiscent of his father’s. The living was modest for the family before the reggae legend rose to international fame in the late 1970s: “We used to all sleep in one room, some on the bed and some on the ground” — but it was, by Ziggy’s account, “good living.”
It was also a world away from where he sits today, beside an hourglass-shaped pool in a 3,828-square-foot home nestled in one of Beverly Hills’ most private enclaves. Stars like Nicole Kidman, Jennifer Lawrence and Nicole Richie, who paid a reported $6.7 million for her home in April 2015, are among those who also live on the secluded street high in the hills. Yet despite all the surrounding cachet, the property holds a different sort of magic for the seven-time Grammy winner who was born David Nesta Marley (Ziggy was a nickname given by his dad).
He and wife Orly Agai, a former vice president at William Morris, had been eager to move out of her two-bedroom West Hollywood condo for nearly a year before Marley spotted the four bedroom, four bathroom home with a guest house online in 2004. “I’m vibe-y,” he says. “Places speak to me and I’ll just know, ‘This is the spot.’ Orly was pregnant with our first child and getting anxious. She had a real estate guy looking and I said, ‘Just let me look.’ We came here, walked out back and said, ‘Oh yeah, this is the spot.’ Just like that. That was it.”
Built in 1956, the ranch-style home with Mediterranean touches was renovated in the early 2000s by architect Gus Duffy, whose past clients include Kurt Russell and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and builder Gordon Gibson, who intended to keep the home for himself. Though an undisclosed rapper rented it for a few years, adding little more than a few pinball machines, the space had been virtually unlived in when it went on the market. Dozens were interested, but Gibson’s decision on the future homeowner ultimately boiled down to Marley’s spirit. The musician recently had played a charity show for a surfer named Jesse Billauer who had been in an accident that rendered him quadriplegic. Gordon personally knew Billauer and felt the Marleys should have the home. Good karma has been present ever since. Soon after moving in, Marley, who was raised Rastafarian, and Agai, who is Jewish and Israeli with Iranian roots, were married in the living room before 30 of their closest friends and family. They have four children, the youngest a newborn and the eldest 11 (Marley has three from previous relationships), with whom the hands-on dad loves to jump on the couch. “My wife don’t like us messing up the house, but that’s the fun stuff, man,” he says. When they aren’t monkeying around indoors, they’ll play soccer out back — a sport Bob, who died when Ziggy was 12, loved — or hike to the nearby state park where Ziggy jogs three times a week.
In lieu of hiring an interior decorator, the couple have spent the past decade collecting treasures for each room — beginning with rare Persian rugs. “Even before we had a chair, [Orly] was like, ‘Persian rugs!’ ” says Marley with a laugh. “We had a Persian rug before we had a bed.” Hermes scarves, which were acquired from auctions and eBay through the years, are framed on the living room and bedroom walls. An inlaid Syrian card table with Star of David details sits beneath a wall of family photos. “Everything was done with feeling. Everything was ‘this speaks to me, let’s get it,’ ” says Marley. “That’s the best way to put your house together.” (For a larger image of Marley’s family photo wall, click here).
(To find out details on Marley’s family photo wall below, mouse over the image.)
Much of his time this past year has been spent in the home recording studio (originally a garage) where he tracked and produced nearly every song on his self-titled sixth studio album, due May 20 on Tuff Gong Worldwide. The songs, he says, were derived from ideas that had been incubating in his mind for the past 20 years, and then materialized in rooms throughout the house. “It’s the most complete record for me, but the music is always evolving,” says Marley, who will embark on a 35-city North American tour at the end of May. “That’s the good thing about performing it — I can fulfill my dream of what it is today and not what it was yesterday. The album is a moment in time, and life is now.”
And right now, it’s time to harvest the cucumbers from a garden outside of the kitchen, where tomato vines and pepper plants, garlic and strawberry leaves abound. “I don’t think of home as a building, I think of nature. One day I’d like to have a farm, but until then,” he says, glancing over at the plot of produce not so different from the one he grew up with, “this will keep me sane, this will keep me connected.”
|
|||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
1
| 14
|
https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/apr/24/bob-marley-funeral-richard-williams
|
en
|
Bob Marley's funeral, 21 May 1981: a day of Jamaican history
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Richard Williams",
"www.theguardian.com"
] |
2011-04-24T00:00:00
|
<p>Bob Marley's funeral 30 years ago was an extraordinary event.<strong> Richard Williams</strong> was there, and recalls a Jamaican carnival of music, prayer and full Rasta pageantry</p>
|
en
|
the Guardian
|
https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/apr/24/bob-marley-funeral-richard-williams
|
They buried Bob Marley on 21 May 1981 at Nine Mile, the village where, 36 years earlier, he had been born. His heavy bronze coffin was carried to the top of the highest hill in the village and placed in a temporary mausoleum painted in the colours of red, green and gold. Alongside Marley's embalmed corpse, the casket contained his red Gibson Les Paul guitar, a Bible opened at Psalm 23, and a stalk of ganja placed there by his widow, Rita, at the end of the funeral ceremony earlier in the day.
On the night of his death, on 11 May, I had gone to the Island Records studios in an old church in Notting Hill, west London, where Aswad had been cutting tracks in the very basement studio where Bob had completed Catch A Fire, his breakthrough album, nine years earlier. But it was long after midnight, and the musicians had gone home after watching the tributes to the dead man hurriedly assembled by the British TV networks. The only people left were a caretaker and one of Aswad's roadcrew, both Jamaicans.
"A sad day," I said, unable to think of anything more profound or perceptive.
They raised their eyes, and the roadie paused in the middle of rolling his spliff.
"Jah give," he replied, "and Jah take away."
That was the mood in Kingston when Marley's body arrived on a flight from Miami a few days later. There was no reason to grieve, the Rastas told anyone who expressed sorrow. Death meant nothing. Bob hadn't gone anywhere. He was still among us.
The announcement of the country's national budget was postponed by several days to accommodate Marley's state funeral. Invitations had to be sent out, the mausoleum had to be constructed, and security had to be organised at the National Arena, where the main ceremony would be held. And the prime minister, Edward Seaga, had to prepare his eulogy.
On the day before the funeral, the coffin was placed in the arena, a large, gymnasium-like building. The lid was open and the public – an estimated 100,000 of them – were allowed to file past to take a final look. Marley's head was once more covered with dreadlocks; but this was a wig which covered his bald skull, his own hair having been lost during his treatment for cancer in New York, Miami, Mexico, and finally the Bavarian clinic of Dr Josef Issels, following the diagnosis of a malignant melanoma four years earlier.
In Jamaica, everyone claimed to be Bob's friend. "Sure I knew him," the cab driver who picked me up at Norman Manley Airport said. "He smoked the herb of life." And he passed his spliff over his shoulder to his friend in the back seat, a uniformed policeman.
The day of the funeral began with an hour-long service for family and close friends at the Ethiopian Orthodox Church of the Holy Trinity on Maxfield Avenue, presided over by His Eminence Abuna Yesehaq, the church's archbishop in the western hemisphere, who had baptised Marley in New York the previous November, just after his last triumphal concerts at Madison Square Garden. Bob's baptismal name was Berhane Selassie – "Light of the Trinity".
At the end of the short service the coffin was transported to the National Arena, where the 6,000-strong congregation were assembling under the eyes of cameras and reporters from around the world. Above the entrance, a huge banner proclaimed: "Funeral Service of the Honourable Robert Nesta Marley, OM". The Order of Merit had been conferred a few weeks before his death.
The casket was carried into the hall on the shoulders of a score of white-jacketed guards of the Jamaica Defence Force. Inside and out in the street, a powerful public address system blasted out Bob's records, while in the surrounding avenues the hawkers of badges, posters, soft drinks and ganja worked the large numbers of people who had arrived without invitations and were prepared, if they could not get in, to listen to the ceremony as it was relayed by the loudspeakers.
"Babylon system is a vampire," Bob's voice wailed as the coffin was deposited on a trestle table in the middle of the broad stage and covered with two flags, the green, gold and black of Jamaica and the red, green and gold of Ethiopia. The decorations were the work of Neville Garrick, the creator of all the Wailers' album cover art from 1976's Rastaman Vibration to 1980's Uprising. The balconies were open to the public, and filled up quickly, but on the floor the rows of chairs were marked with signs: Family, Government, Press, Twelve Tribes of Israel, Musicians.
Photographers swiftly surrounded Cedella Booker, Bob's mother, in whose Miami home he had died, as she took her place. She was followed by his widow and some of his children, including his sons Ziggy, aged 12, the nine-year-olds Steve and Robert Junior, born to different mothers, and Julian, aged five, and his daughters Cedella, 13, and Stephanie, six. Applause saluted the entry of Michael Manley, the former prime minister, whose pro-Cuban policies had provoked the disastrous enmity of the US government and the International Monetary Fund, and who had been deposed by Seaga at an election six months earlier.
The Rastafarians, in particular, still saw Manley as a friend of the oppressed, and there was an obvious contrast with the polite but tepid response accorded to Seaga, who hurried to his seat surrounded by uniformed guards. The governor-general of Jamaica, Sir Florizel Glasspole, ON, GCMG, CD, the Queen of England's official representative, arrived from his residence, the palatial Devon House, to provide an appropriate symbol of the island's colonial history, a living reminder that the ancestors of most of those present had been brought from Africa four centuries earlier to form the world's only entirely slave-based economy.
The formal guard of the Ethiopian church, elderly men and women in white robes, took their places around the coffin and the centre of the stage was soon filled with the church's elders, in robes of varied and vivid design. On the right of the platform a riser had been built for the choir and for the United Africa Band, a group consisting of several percussionists, a bass guitarist and organist, directed by Brother Cedric Brooks. To the left, another riser was covered with amplifiers, keyboards and drums, all stencilled with the legend "Bob Marley and the Wailers".
A voice came over the loudspeakers. "Brothers and sisters, this is a funeral service for the late Bob Marley. Please don't forget that. The selling of all merchandise must stop now." In the row in front of me, the producer Harry J, accompanied by his latest protegee, the singer Sheila Hilton, was in conversation with a Rasta wearing a red, green and gold tam o'shanter. "There has to be a revolution to get a solution," the Rasta proclaimed. Harry J didn't seem to be entirely in agreement. I wondered if, under the armpit of his glossy silk suit, he was stillpacking the silver Smith & Wesson revolver I'd seen him remove from the glove compartment of his Oldsmobile as he took Chris Blackwell and me to a Catch A Fire session in his studio nine years earlier, the day after Marley and Blackwell had signed the deal that would set the whole phenomenon in motion.
A little while after the scheduled hour of 11 o'clock, the service began with an Anglican hymn, "O God, Our Help in Ages Past", accompanied by the drummers of the United Africa Band. As the familiar 18th-century melody – written by William Croft, an Oxford scholar and composer to Queen Anne, whose remains lie in Westminster Abbey – died away, the archbishop, standing beneath a parasol held by an acolyte, began to read passages from the Anaphora of John, Son of Thunder and the Anaphora of St Mary, rendered in Ge'ez, the ancient tongue of Ethiopia, and Amharic.
The governor-general stepped forward, a small, portly figure, to read the first lesson, taken from 1 Corinthians: "The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death." The congregation sang another hymn, coincidentally a favourite of Elvis Presley: "Then sings my soul, my Saviour God, to Thee/ How great Thou art, how great Thou art." Manley read from 1 Thessalonians: "Therefore, brethren, we were comforted over you in all our affliction and distress by your faith/ For now we live, if ye stand fast in the Lord."
Then, to the delight of the Rastas in the balcony, it was the turn of the dreadlocked Allan "Skill" Cole, Jamaica's finest footballer and one of the dead man's closest friends. Cole was wearing the raiment of the Twelve Tribes of Israel, a popular sub-sect of Rastafari founded in Jamaica in the late 1960s and with whom Marley had long been associated; his inclusion in the proceedings had been tolerated by the Ethiopian elders, to whom the Rasta doctrines represented a form of heresy, only under protest. He had been scheduled to read from Psalm 68, which bears the subtitle "To the chief musician, a psalm or song of David".
Instead he announced that he proposed to deliver passages from Corinthians and Isaiah particularly dear to Rastafarian hearts. Mutterings and shufflings among the church dignitaries on the platform were answered by sounds of delighted approval from the congregation. Their mood turned to boisterous glee as the footballer refused to heed urgent requests to leave the platform, continuing with his reading before returning to his seat amid the sounds of triumph.
The archbishop, clearly annoyed, recovered his composure in time to read the Beatitudes – "Blessed are the poor in spirit; for theirs is the kingdom of heaven" – and to lead the Lord's Prayer before Seaga delivered a eulogy memorable only for its closing benediction: "May his soul," intoned the man in the dark business suit, "rest in the arms of Jah Rastafari." Even the Twelve Tribes could scarce forbear to cheer this explicit recognition of their usually ignored presence within Jamaican society.
The archbishop's address contained an implicit rebuke of Skill Cole in a direct address to the Rastas in the hall. Why advocate repatriation to Africa, he demanded, when it would profit them more to work together for a better life in Jamaica? "Jah!" they shouted in defiance as he spoke. "Rastafari!"
The most extraordinary moment of the ceremony, the most beautiful and un-European, came after the members of Marley's old band mounted the stage. The I-Threes – Rita Marley, Judy Mowatt and Marcia Griffiths – sang "Rastaman Chant" to a ponderous and mournful rhythm before the Wailers, directed by the guitarist Junior Murvin, struck up "Natural Mystic".
It was during this song, while the crowd was getting to its feet and moving towards the stage to join what had suddenly been transformed from an obsequy to a celebration, that Ziggy and Stevie Marley could be seen dancing among the musicians. Identically dressed in maroon suits and white shoes, they performed joyous imitations of their late father's distinctive stage choreography, and the resemblance was such that the congregation gasped at the sight. When the engineer at the mixing desk superimposed a recording of Bob's voice above the band's heavyweight rhythm, the effect was hallucinatory.
Cedella Booker closed the service. Accompanied by two other women, she delivered "Amen" – written by Curtis Mayfield, whose music had inspired Marley's earliest efforts – in a powerful voice as her listeners swayed to the rhythm.
Then the musicians put down their instruments, lifted the coffin on to their shoulders and carried it through the hall and out into the roadway, where it was placed in a hearse, ready for the 50-mile journey to the place where Marley's life had begun.
As the cortege left Kingston, it passed by the house at 56 Hope Road whose walls still bore the scars from the bullets that narrowly failed to kill Marley in a politically motivated attack in 1976. On South Camp Road, outside the Alpha Boys School, where many of Jamaica's finest musicians had been taught to play by an inspiring teacher named Ruben Delgado, pupils sang "No Woman, No Cry" as the procession headed towards Marcus Garvey Drive and out of the city on the road towards Spanish Town .
Crossing the parish of St Catherine to the town of Bog Walk, where the road splits right to Port Maria and left to Ocho Rios, the cars turned north-east through Moneague and past the 2,000ft peak of the mountain called Friendship, taking the left fork past Claremont and into the parish of St Ann, skirting the foothills of the Dry Harbour Mountains and on through Brown's Town. All along the route, people came out of houses, schools, farms and workshops to stand by the roadside. Finally, in mid-afternoon, the dead man and his companions arrived at Nine Mile, a hamlet set at the end of a single-track road among gentle, verdant red-clay hills.
A helicopter buzzed overhead, carrying a film crew, their cameras trained on slopes covered with white-robed figures. Rastas from all over the island had set off early to be in place when the cortege arrived. Policemen fingered machine guns but disorder was minimal, despite the crush as the coffin was removed from the hearse and carried by many willing hands up to the small temporary mausoleum.
Nine Mile turned out to be no more than a scattering of shanties, with one or two bars and a small single-storey stone building consecrated, according to a handwritten sign, to the use of the Holy Baptist Church of the Fire of God of the Americas. This was a place where workers in the sugar plantations set in the flatlands towards the sea had built their homes and quietly cultivated their modest crops. It was here, on 6 February 1945, that Cedella Booker had brought Bob Marley into the world, and it was here, only a few paces away from the mausoleum, in a tiny two-room shack, that Bob and Rita had returned for a year at the end of the 1960s, to nurture their first child.
After a brief ceremony of interment, the convoy departed, followed by the police. Only the Rastas remained. For the last time, Junior Murvin and Neville Garrick climbed the low mound to the mausoleum, picking their way through empty Red Stripe cans, the music they helped to send around the globe throbbing from cassette players.
As the light began to fail, the vendors of ice creams and soft drinks packed their goods away. The thump of the helicopter's rotors receded. The white-robed members of the Twelve Tribes of Israel melted into the dusk. Bob had come home.
|
|||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
2
| 57
|
https://www.wanderlustmagazine.com/inspiration/sleeping-with-bob-marleys-ghost-nine-miles-jamaica/
|
en
|
Sleeping with Bob Marley's ghost
|
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2017-03-19T00:00:00+00:00
|
Author Joshua Jelly-Shapiro is given rare permission to spend the night at Bob Marley's mausoleum in Nine Miles Jamaica and discovers a secret about the singer's unorthodox burial
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
Wanderlust
|
https://www.wanderlustmagazine.com/inspiration/sleeping-with-bob-marleys-ghost-nine-miles-jamaica/
|
Hidden in the hills above Brown’s Town, St. Ann’s, the village of Nine Miles is a dusty hamlet as remote as it sounds. Its one main street winds past sloping plots of dasheen and yams.
When Bob Marley was born here in 1945, his mother was a 16-year-old peasant girl, with dark skin and deep roots in the area. His white father was employed as a surveyor of Crown Lands nearby. He was the short outcast son of a prominent Kingston family.
Captain Marley was past 60 when he rode into Nine Miles on a white horse and chatted up young Cedella, or ‘Ciddy’. She bore a son, some months later, whom she christened Nesta Robert; she started raising her little half-caste boy here, and then after she brought him to Jamaica’s capital when he was twelve, he finished the job himself.
In Kingston’s streets in his teens, he earned the nickname Tuff Gong for his scrappy prowess as a fighter. By the time he died at just 36, from cancer, he’d become a musician so renowned in his homeland and beyond that every mile of the winding road to Nine Miles was lined with mourners when his hearse passed.
That route is still traversed by old lorries carrying bananas and sugarcane and by shared ‘roto-taxis’ carrying kerchiefed country women, stuffed five across in rattly Toyotas’ backseats, heading home from town with their shopping.
Now, though, these vehicles have been joined by white-panelled tourist buses that bump up the rough road from Ocho Rios and disgorge their sunburned cargo within the high-walled gates of the compound that’s been built up around Marley’s refurbished birth shack and the rather grander mausoleum alongside, where he’s interred.
Outside the walls, affected Rastas mill about, trying to sell visitors bootleg CDs and “Bob Marley weed.” Few of their prey experience much of Bob’s world beyond the disembodied voices or hands that, reaching through slats in the wall, proffer those CDs and herb. The tourists, put off by poverty, prefer patronising the overpriced gift shop.
The gift shop is strategically located between the parking lot and the bar, with wares including stuffed monkeys with dreads, Rasta-coloured socks, and shelves full of all you might need: rolling papers, all kinds; a metal ‘herb grinder’; a six-inch ‘Marley’s mood’ lighter to craft a spliff to puff while kicking about the hacky-sack affixed with Bob’s face, which is also for sale here.
Nine Miles can be a gnarly scene. Until, that is, you move beyond the several square feet of transactional nastiness around its one tourist trap to stroll through a place that exudes the mellow air of little mountain towns everywhere.
I had the fortune to arrive with a man whose ties to the Marley family were close: Ralph was a lawyer, better known to is friends, on account of his love for pot, as Ganja Man. He led the fight to win Bob’s mother, and her other sons, their piece of his posthumous pie. (Marley famously died without a will.)
I listened to Ganja Man ring up ‘Bob’s brother Richard’, one of Ciddy’s other sons who lived in Miami, to see if we might crash that night in the family’s home by the mausoleum. “It’s cool,” Ganja Man said, before lowering his window to greet one affable local after another, identifying them all as “Bob’s cousin.”
I stepped from the car and walked down a lane lined with the familiar features of country life here. Outside a little shop called Yah Suh Nice Store, a cheery higgler was selling “gunga rice and peas” in Styrofoam trays. Down further, a hand-painted sign outside a crooked wooden house, just below the Marley mausoleum, advertised “Mount Zion Apostolic Ministries Incorporated.”
Nearby, a rough concrete retaining wall was painted with a fresh mural of a sort one sees all over Jamaica, showing a round-faced local potentate who’d recently passed. “In Memory of Karl ‘Busta’ Brown,” it said ”Our Father, Our Hero, Our Strength.” The dark bar next door, I learned from a young woman standing outside, had until recently been “Busta Brown’s place.”
The young woman had big eyes set in a wide face over a button nose, and bore more than a passing resemblance to the photos of a young Ciddy, Bob’s mother, that hangs in her mausoleum. (She died here in 2008, after returning from Florida and opening a school in her old hometown.) Were they related? To some degree, probably. Ciddy’s mother, Omeriah Malcolm, Bob’s maternal granddad and a local grandee of his day, fathered dozens of kids.
The kinship ties that bind this bit of St. Ann’s to itself, with Omeriah’s offspring still hoeing his lands, are hardly rare in rural Jamaica. What distinguishes Nine Miles, though, is that not a few of Marley’s darker cousins earn their living from his memory. This fact, it’s fair to say, doesn’t occur to most tourists who come here picturing their hero’s latte-coloured face.
But back at the compound, on old Omeriah’s land, which has been built up in Bob’s name, it is several of his cousins who work there as tour guides, and who prod visitors with their own theme song: “One love, one heart / Tip your tour guide, and feel alright.”
They lead visitors up the hill to show them the little shack where Bob was born. They point to a rock outside that may or may not have inspired his verse, in “Talkin’ Blues,” about how “rock stone was my pillow too.” They take their charges through the handsome marble chapel where Bob is buried, right next to the newer one where his mother is.
By day, this Temple Mount felt overrun. But that night, after the cruise shippers cleared out and the compound’s high gates were locked, I accompanied Ganja Man up the path to the mausoleum that he called “Zion” to a nodding night watchman called Chicken to “smoke with Bob.”
There in the chapel, arrayed around the tomb’s stone plinth, lay the offerings of pilgrims from the four corners: a charcoal drawing of Malcolm X; a small Canadian flag on a wooden dowel; a book emblazoned with Marley’s face and the title, in what looked like Serbo-Croatian, “Boba Marlija.”
From the road below, the plaintive sounds of singing people drifted up. The congregants of Zion Apostolic Ministries Incorporated were praising Jesus. Puffing his spliff, Ganja Man looked over. “You know they cut him out,” he said, through the haze. “Bongo Joe—he took Bob out; put him back again.”
There was only one thing, next morning, to do: find Bongo Joe. We found Bongo Joe sitting on the porch of a sturdy split-level ranch house on the edge of Brown’s Town. Out front, a few of his bredren were roasting bits of the breadfruit over a fire.
Bongo Joe waved ‘hello’. He was a wiry little Rasta man with smiling eyes. His locks were tucked into a knitted tam. He showed me into a home whose rooms were furnished with a few mattresses on the floor, an old antique globe, and an old unplugged refrigerator being used, with its doors open and absent of ‘current’ to cool its shelves, for simple storage.
“Give thanks.” Our host offered the traditional Rasta greeting. He bid me sit on a bag of fertiliser. I asked him his name. “My name Bongo.” He paused. “My other name – my Babylon name – it’s Gilbert Powell.” He chuckled gently, and then he told me his tale.
Born here in Brown’s Town, he had adopted Jah as lord in the late 1960s and taken his nom de Rasta around the same time he “met a lady from up in the hills.” The said lady was from Nine Miles. It was in renting a house there, from Bob Marley’s aunt, that he got to know the local kid who always made time, Bongo Joe said, to drive his Land Rover up from town and, tending to one of the family plots, to fill his jeep with “plenty punkin and yam.”
Bongo Joe was a trusted fellow Rasta in the rural homeplace where Marley returned, even after growing world famous, “when him want to relax hisself.” The men became close and when the end came, Bongo Joe was there. The hearse that carried the Gong up from the capital, he said, had broken down around the town of Ewarton; Bob’s bredren, following in one of the departed’s trucks, slid his coffin from one carrier into the next.
They continued into St. Ann’s and, once they reached Nine Miles, slid the box containing Bob’s battered body and his Gibson guitar out of the pickup’s bed and into his marble tomb, without remembering, some said later, to turn the coffin around again. No one knew for sure.
But the prospect that “Bob went in wrong way” set the stage for the secret drama in which Bongo Joe, who worked with the Marley family and served as a tour guide at Zion for years, played his crucial role.
“We always tell people,” he recalled, “that Bob Marley head face east, face the star.” The heads of the dead, in Jamaica, must face the rising sun. Tombs on the island, no matter their context, are angled that way. It matters. “But we never sure,” Bongo continued. “And then Bob mother and him lawyer start having dreams. Having dreams that Bob not happy in him tomb.”
“They thought he was faced the wrong way?”
“Yeah mon. So, one day, Bob brother Richard, he say, “Bongo. Come up here.”” Up by the tomb, Bongo found Bob’s brother standing with their mother and a robed priest from the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. “”We need to get in there,” Richard say. “We need help to dig Bob out. We need to turn him round.”
Bongo, there on his porch in Brown’s Town, lifted a pantomime hammer and chisel. “So I start to dig. Dig and dig and dig and dig. The whole of me face white up. Dust flying in me nose. I couldn’t leave it, cause they wanted me to do it. So I dig and dig.”
|
||||
wrong_mix_domainrange_death_00144
|
FactBench
|
1
| 55
|
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-12273557/How-did-Bob-Marley-die-Inside-reggae-legends-death-One-Love-biopic-trailer-released.html
|
en
|
How did Bob Marley die? Inside the reggae legend's death as One Love biopic trailer is released
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[
"dailymail",
"tvshowbiz"
] | null |
[
"Brian Gallagher",
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2023-07-07T03:37:01+01:00
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The legacy of Bob Marley will be told on the silver screen when Paramount Pictures releases the highly-anticipated biopic Bob Marley: One Love.
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/favicon.ico?v=2
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Mail Online
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https://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-12273557/How-did-Bob-Marley-die-Inside-reggae-legends-death-One-Love-biopic-trailer-released.html
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The legacy of Bob Marley will be told on the silver screen when Paramount Pictures releases the highly-anticipated biopic Bob Marley: One Love.
The studio released the first trailer for One Love on Thursday, starring Kingsley Ben-Adir (One Night In Miami) as the reggae legend.
Marley's life was legendary - with hit songs such as his cover of Eric Clapton's I Shot the Sheriff, One Love, No Woman, No Cry, Get Up Stand Up and more.
Sadly, his death on May 11, 1981 at just 36 years of age was tragic and avoidable.
With the biopic set for release early next year, we're looking back at his legacy and his untimely death.
Marley started his musical career by launching The Teenagers with Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer, with their first album - 1965's The Wailing Wailers - containing the hit One Love.
The group was ultimately changed to Bob Marley and the Wailers, after signing with Island Records.
They released the hit albums Catch a Fire and Burning in 1973 (the latter of which featured I Shot The Sheriff), Natty Dread in 1974 and his seminal Live! in 1975, which featured a live version of No Woman No Cry, his first hit song outside of Jamaica.
His 1976 album Rastaman Vibration became a hit in America as well, with 1977's Exodus featuring the hit Jammin'.
1977 was also the same year Marley was first diagnosed with malignant melanoma in his left toe, which had incorrectly been rumored to be caused by a football match injury that year, though was later revealed as a symptom of a cancer that was already in his body.
The melanoma was discovered in an unusual place - underneath his right big toe - while most forms of melanoma are discovered in places exposed by the sun.
After doctors diagnosed Marley with acral lentiginous melanoma, they recommended that he have his right big toe amputated.
However, Marley refused, citing his religious beliefs, instead opting to get an excision surgery, where doctors removed the right big toe nail and the tissue around it.
Marley went back to work after the surgery and never had any further treatment in the years that followed.
He released the album Kaya in 1978, Survival in 1979 and Uprising in 1980, and later that year Marley collapsed while jogging in New York City's Central Park.
He was taken to the hospital where he learned that the cancer had spread to his brain, lungs and liver.
Marley held his final concert just days later - September 23, 1980 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, though his health deteriorated so quickly that he canceled the remainder of the tour.
He sought treatment in New York City, Boston and Miami, all of them giving him less than a month left to live, which lead him to seek an alternative.
Marley went to Germany to receive an alternative cancer treatment known as the Issels treatment, named after doctor Josef Issels.
While the treatment was ultimately not effective - based on avoiding certain food, drinks and other substances - it did prolong his life by roughly eight months.
The singer was on a flight back to his homeland of Jamaica when his condition worsened so much they landed in Miami, where he was taken to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital for immediate treatment, which is where he passed away on May 11, 1981.
Marley's final words were to his son Ziggy - 'On your way up, take me up. On your way down, don't let me down.'
The new film Bob Marley: One Love follows the iconic singer's life, with Kingsley Ben-Adir playing the singer.
He's joined by Lashanna Lynch playing his wife Rita, Jesse Cilio as Bob's father Norval and James Norton as Chris Blackwell, the founder of Island Records.
The film - directed by Reinaldo Marcus Green - will debut in theaters nationwide on January 12, 2014, just weeks ahead of what would have been Marley's 79th birthday on February 6.
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