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https://guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2022/3/ticket-inspector-visits-every-delhi-metro-station-in-record-time-696959
en
Revenue inspector visits every Delhi Metro station in record time
https://www.guinnessworl…image-696978.jpg
https://www.guinnessworl…image-696978.jpg
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[ "Guinness World Records", "Delhi Metro", "Delhi Metro Network", "Prafull Singh", "Revenue Inspector", "fastest time to travel all Delhi metro stations", "Tube challenge", "Kirti Nagar", "" ]
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[ "Sanj Atwal" ]
2022-03-31T14:38:18
A Delhi Metro Revenue Inspector, Prafull Singh, has set a new record for the fastest time to travel all Delhi Metro stations at 16 hr 2 min 17 sec.
en
/images/favicon.ico?v=3
Guinness World Records
https://guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2022/3/ticket-inspector-visits-every-delhi-metro-station-in-record-time-696959
The Delhi Metro serves Delhi and its surrounding cities in the National Capital Region of India. With a pre-COVID annual ridership of 1.79 billion people, it is by far the largest and busiest metro rail system in the country. Inspired by the London Tube Challenge, Prafull Singh (India) made a decision to set the equivalent record on his own turf. As a Revenue Inspector for Delhi Metro Rail Corporation, he saw this as the perfect way to promote the “comfort, safety and affordability” of public transport, whilst also earning himself a Guinness World Records title. Prafull successfully completed the 348.12 km (216.31 mi) circuit of all 254 stations on 29 August 2021, setting a new record for the fastest time to travel all Delhi Metro stations at 16 hr 2 min 17 sec. Prior to the addition of two new stations in 2021, the fastest time to travel to all London Underground stations was 15 hr 45 min 38 sec, achieved by Steve Wilson (UK) in 2015. A new record holder has not yet been verified. For the purposes of this record, a Delhi Metro station is defined as any station within the Delhi Metro Network, which consists of 10 colour-coded lines and 254 stations. It is necessary for a train to stop at the station for the visit to count, although the challenger does not need to exit the train or the station. At each station, a photograph must be taken including a digital timestamp or a clock visible within the image. As a long-time user of his hectic hometown metro system, Prafull was “very much aware about the all lines.” “For this you have to be well prepared about all the lines, stations, interchange stations, terminal stations etc,” he explained. Prafull knew that in order to save as much time as possible, he would have to complete all the non-interconnected lines first. He meticulously planned his route by “mind mapping with the help of visualisation” and decided which of the 254 stations would be best to start and end at. View a larger version of this Delhi Metro map here The night before his official attempt, Prafull was unable to sleep “due to anxiety.” At 8:56 a.m. the next day, he stepped onto the first train of many at Brig. Hoshiar Singh (aka Bahadurgarh City Park), Delhi’s westernmost metro station. Prafull continued eastward on the Green Line (Line 5) to its terminal station, Ashok Park Main, where a connecting branch line took him to Kirti Nagar station on the Blue Line (Lines 3 & 4). Kirti Nagar is one of Delhi’s busiest stations and Prafull told us he “faced a lot of time to wait for the metro” here. Instead of tackling the Blue Line straight away, he switched over to the Red Line (Line 1), which is 34.69 km (21.56 mi) long. He travelled from Inderlok to the west end of the line in Rithala, before coming back on himself to reach Shaheed Sthal (aka New Bus Adda), Delhi’s easternmost metro station. From here he took the metro back to Welcome station, which connects the Red Line to the Pink Line (Line 7). The Pink Line is the longest line in the Delhi Metro Network with a total length of 58.43 km (36.31 mi) and 38 stations. It covers Delhi in a ‘U’ shaped pattern, passing alongside the city’s infamous ring road which experiences massive daily traffic jams. After completing the Pink Line, Prafull hopped onto a train on the Yellow Line (Line 2); the first underground line to be opened on the Delhi Metro. The Yellow Line is home to Prafull’s favourite station, Patel Chowk, which houses a small museum with exhibits tracing the genesis of the Delhi Metro. Prafull travelled the entire 49 km (30 mi) length of the Yellow Line, from Samaypur Badli in the north to Huda City Centre station in the south. From here Prafull needed a way to get onto the main Blue Line (Line 3), without going back via the Yellow Line as that would add on a significant chunk of time. For this record, the use of any form of private transport is disallowed, however, transfers between metro lines made by scheduled public transport or on foot are permitted. Thus, Prafull used the Rapid Metro of Gurgaon, a feeder link to the Delhi Metro Network, in order get closer to the Blue Line. He then walked and took a bus to Dwarka Sector 21. Dwarka Sector 21 was the station where Prafull had his longest wait for a train; around 15 minutes. “This is a physically and mentally demanding challenge” – Prafull Singh The Blue Line connects Dwarka Sub City in the west with the satellite city of Noida in the east, covering a distance of 56.61 km (35.18 mi). Prafull also travelled along the branch line (Line 4), which runs for 6.25 km (3.88 mi) to Anand Vihar. After completing the Blue Line, Prafull rode a west-bound train for the entire length of the Magenta Line (Line 8) which covers 25 stations. India's first ever fully-automated driverless train service was launched on this line in 2020. Prafull arrived at its terminal, Janakpuri West, where he switched back onto the Blue Line for a few stops until he reached Dwarka. At Dwarka, he could access the Grey Line (Line 9), which is the shortest route in the network, comprising just four stations. Prafull ticked the tiny Grey Line off his list and then hopped back onto the Blue Line towards the dreaded Dwarka Sector 21 again. On the bright side, the end of this metro madness was almost in sight for him. After another long wait for a train at Dwarka Sector 21, Prafull was now on the penultimate metro line of his journey; the Orange Line (Airport Express Line). He rode the entire 22.7 km (14.1 mi) to New Delhi station, before getting on a train to Kashmere Gate station where he could complete the final Violet Line (Line 6). Prafull reached his final stop, Raja Nahar Singh station, at 58 minutes past midnight on 30 August 2021, successfully achieving the fastest time to travel all Delhi Metro Stations with a time of 16 hr 2 min 17 sec. Everything mostly went according to Prafull’s plan, although some of the metro stations’ signs were in different places to where he was expecting them to be. He had to exit several trains in order to search for these stray signs, which increased his total time taken. Additionally, Prafull wore a face mask for the entire 16 hours in the sweltering summer heat, causing him a “shortness of breath”. However, it was all worth it in the end because Prafull values his Guinness World Records title “no less than an Olympic medal.” “This record is recognised by all the social media platforms and newspapers and people now get to know me all over India.” – Prafull Singh The Delhi Metro master’s adventures are not over yet though – he hopes to also set a new record soon for the fastest time to travel all underground Delhi Metro stations.
7119
dbpedia
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https://www.selfroadiez.com/location/delhi/kirti_nagar_-_metro_station/
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Kirti Nagar – Metro Station
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https://www.selfroadiez.com/wp-content/themes/travel/images/favicon.ico
https://www.selfroadiez.com/location/delhi/kirti_nagar_-_metro_station/
Log in Username Password Remember me next time Forgot your password? Don't have an account yet? Sign up. Register Username Email How much is 18 + 3? Password Repeat password Sign me up for the SelfRoadiez newsletter I agree to the terms & conditions.
7119
dbpedia
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https://www.sony.co.in/microsite/retailshops/
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Sony
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Sony Authorized Dealer always strive to deliver excellent customer experience that helps you make the right choices. They are committed to assist in delivering quality products and service that you deserve when you buy a Sony product. Sony warranties only when the products are purchased from authorized reseller. Purchase of Sony products from out-of-network points may pose challenges to customers. Customers may receive products that are counterfeit, used, re-conditioned ,defective or not designed to properly operate in Indian environment. We urge all our discerning customers to purchase from our authorized resellers as listed above for a truly joyful experience.
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dbpedia
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https://metrostationshub.com/moti-nagar/
en
Location, Map and Route – Metro Stations Hub
https://metrostationshub…onhub-32x32.webp
https://metrostationshub…onhub-32x32.webp
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[ "sakil sheikh" ]
2024-03-27T18:23:43+00:00
en
https://metrostationshub…onhub-32x32.webp
https://metrostationshub.com/moti-nagar/
Moti Nagar Metro Station | Location, Map and Route Moti Nagar Metro Station, a bustling hub on the Blue Line of Delhi’s vast Metro network, pulsates with the capital’s energy. Situated near the revered Jhulelal Mandir, it is a vital artery connecting commuters to destinations like Noida and Dwarka. Location: Najafgarh Road, DLE Industrial Area, Kirti Nagar, Delhi, 110015 Lines: Blue Line Platforms: 2 side platforms Platform 1: Towards Noida Electronic City / Vaishali Platform 2: Towards Dwarka Sector 21 Tracks: 2 Construction: Elevated, double-track Platforms: 2 levels Parking: Available Accessibility: Yes Status: Operational, staffed Station code: KNR Opened: December 31, 2005 Passengers: Approximately 18,336 per day in January 2015 Station layout This station has two levels: Level 2 (Platforms): Two side platforms: Platform 1: Eastbound towards Noida Electronic City/Vaishali (next station: Kirti Nagar) Platform 2: Westbound towards Dwarka Sector 21 (next station: Ramesh Nagar) Doors open on the left on both platforms. Disabled access is available on both platforms. Level 1 (Concourse): Fare control area. Station agent for assistance. Metro Card vending machines for purchasing tickets. Crossover to access opposite platform. Ground Level (Street Level): Station entrance and exit. Map of Moti Nagar metro station About sakil sheikh Sakil Sheikh Sakil Sheikh is an accomplished author hailing from Dubai, renowned for his insightful perspectives on the vibrant city. With a penchant for concise storytelling, Sakil captures the essence of Dubai's dynamic culture and lifestyle in his works. His writing reflects a deep understanding of the city's multifaceted identity, making him a compelling voice in the literary landscape. View all posts by sakil sheikh →
7119
dbpedia
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https://www.dominos.co.in/store-location/new-delhi/kirti-nagar-metro-station
en
Domino’s Pizza Restaurant Nearby KIRTI NAGAR METRO STATION, New Delhi
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[ "order pizza online", "dominos pizza KIRTI NAGAR METRO STATION" ]
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Find Domino’s Pizza restaurant nearby KIRTI NAGAR METRO STATION New Delhi. Get pizza menus, photos, ratings and reviews for Domino's Pizza store in KIRTI NAGAR METRO STATION.
en
https://www.dominos.co.i…ges/mbl-logo.png
https://www.dominos.co.in/store-locations/new-delhi/kirti-nagar-metro-station
FOOD THAT PEOPLE LIKE Peppy Paneer, Chicken Wings, Chocolava, Veggie Pizza Average ₹700 for two people (approx.) Exclusive of applicable taxes and charges, if any Cards Meal Coupons accepted Address KIRTI NAGAR METRO STATION DELHI Shop 2 and 3 Ground Floor Kirti Nagar Metro Station Delhi-110015 PH 011-5100585-87
7119
dbpedia
3
74
https://www.distancesfrom.com/maps-in-kirti%2520nagar%2520Metro%2520Station/340050.aspx
en
Find distance between cities
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[ "distance from", "distance beween", "distance calculator", "distance", "distances", "travel distance", "distance between cities", "road distance calculator" ]
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Distance calculator can estimate shortest distance between any two cities or locations. Know the distance you are going to cover before heading out to a new city.
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https://delhimetrorail.info/kirti-nagar-delhi-metro-station
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Kirti Nagar Delhi Metro Station
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[ "Kirti Nagar Delhi Metro Route Fare First Train Last Train" ]
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Kirti Nagar Delhi Metro Station
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https://delhimetrorail.info/kirti-nagar-delhi-metro-station
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https://www.squareyards.com/blog/delhi-metro-green-line-pbtr
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Green Line Metro: Timings, Stations, Map, and Fare
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[ "Arushi Jain" ]
2022-11-15T08:29:56+00:00
Know more about the Green Line metro timings, routes, stations, and other vital information.
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https://static.squareyards.com/assets/images/favicon.ico
SY Blog
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On April 3rd, 2010, the commencement of the Green Line Metro took place. The other popular name for the Green Line metro is Line 5. It is an additional or extended part of the Delhi metro. The Green Line metro route runs between Inderlok, Delhi, and Brigadier Hoshiar Singh station in Haryana. The Green Line metro also has an extended branch line that connects Ashok Park to Kirti Nagar station. The Green Line Metro was the first metro line that used standard gauge coaches and not the broad gauge coaches as used on the Red Line, Blue Line, and Yellow Line. Let’s read more about the Green Line metro route, stations, timings, and fares. The Green Line Delhi Metro Route With the help of the Green line metro, the connectivity of the eastern part of Delhi NCR up to Bahadurgarh has become easy. The Delhi Green Line Metro extended branch covers a total distance of 29.64 km, approximately, from Kirti Nagar to Ashok Park Main. The run time of the Green Line Metro is shorter and helps people who commute daily and change routes from the Red Line and the Pink Line. The elevated stretch of the Green Line metro runs along National Highway 9. Furthermore, the Green Line metro route is majorly along NH9 in North West Delhi and North Delhi. The Delhi metro’s Green line route also bypasses the Tikri border to reach the Bahadurgarh border in Haryana. You can move further, and check the Green Line metro map to locate the stations. The map below will also help you better understand the Delhi Green Line metro route. The Green Line, Delhi Metro Map Check the Green line Delhi Metro map from the image given below. Delhi Metro Green Line Station List You can see the Delhi Metro Green line station list in the table given-below: Green Line Branch Stations The Green Line Metro branch stations are: Ashok Park Main Satguru Ram Singh Marg Kirti Nagar Fare on Green Line Delhi Metro The Green Line metro in Delhi decides the fare of a journey depending upon the distance covered by the traveller. The minimum fare chargeable in the metro is Rs. 10 on the Green Line Metro. However, the maximum fare for a longer route on the Delhi metro Green Line is Rs. 60. However, the only exception to the fares is for the airport line, as the fare is slightly different for this line due to the additional services offered. Delhi Metro Green Line Timings The Delhi metro’s Green line route is a part of the daily routine of several people travelling towards Bahadurgarh in Haryana. The Delhi metro Green line timings start at 05:30 am and 11:30 pm. Regardless, there is always an arrival time difference for the first Green Line metro in the morning. Moreover, the frequency and Green Line metro timings vary as per office hours, non-peak hours, national holidays, and weekends (Saturday and Sunday). Top Localities Near Green Line Delhi Metro The top localities near Green Line Metro Station in Delhi are as follows: Inderlok Ashok Park Main Punjabi Bagh Shivaji Park Madipur Paschim Vihar East and West Peera Garhi Udyog Nagar Surajmal Stadium Nangloi and Nangloi Railway Station Rajdhani Park Mundka and Mundka Industrial Area Ghevra Tikri Kalan and Tikri Border Pandit Shriram Sharma Area Bahadurgarh City Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh Area Residential Projects Near Green Line Delhi Metro The exquisite residential projects near the Green Line Delhi Metro are as follows: Indo Rang Homes Essel Flat Supriya Flat CGHS Ltd Pragati Flat Paschim Vihar Ekta Enclave Ekta Flat Paschim Vihar Durga Enclave Paschim Vihar Anuradha Flat CGHS Ankur Flat Paschim Vihar Anandvan CGHS Ambica Vihar Bhera Enclave CA Flat Adarsh Flat CGHS Ltd Defence Flat DDA Raksha Kunj Flat RZF Nihal Vihar Charak Sadan Flat Tata Value Homes New Heaven Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Is the Green Line metro open in Delhi? Yes, the Green Line metro in Delhi has been completely functional since April 3, 2010. How many metro stations are on the Green Line? There are a total of 24 metro stations on the Green Line on a stretch of 28.79 km. Which station is the last station on the green line of the Delhi metro? The Green Line metro station runs between Inderlok and Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh. However, there is a branch line which connects the Ashok Park main station with Kirti Nagar station. Which metro line is the slowest in Delhi? Green Line metro is the slowest metro line in Delhi.
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https://www.agatetravel.com/india/delhi/metro-timings.html
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Delhi Metro Timings – First and Last Train Timetable
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Delhi Metro operates around from 05:00 to 23:30 with slightly difference among different lines. The airport line runs from 04:45 to 23:30; line 1 from 05:30 to 23:00…
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Delhi metro serves Old and New Delhi, and its satellite cities of Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida, and Ghaziabad. The Delhi Metro operates approximately from 5:00 a.m. to 23:30 p.m., with slightly difference according to different lines and stations. For example, the airport express line operates from 4:45 a.m. to 23:30 p.m. Here under are Delhi metro timings of different lines for your reference. Delhi Metro Interiors Delhi Metro Interiors Delhi Metro Timings for Line 1 (Red Line) From To First Train Weekdays First Train Sunday Last Train Shaheed Sthal (New Bus Adda) Rithala 5:30 8:00 23:00 Rithala Shaheed Sthal(New Bus Adda) / Dilshad Garden 5:25 5:25 23:00 Dilshad Garden Rithala 5:30 5:30 23:17 Delhi Metro Timings for Line 2 (Yellow Line) From To First Train Weekdays First Train Sunday Last Train Samaypur Badli Millennium City Centre Gurugram 5:50 5:50 23:00 Millennium City Centre Gurugram Samaypur Badli 5:45 5:45 23:00 Delhi Metro Timings for Line 3/4 (Blue Line) From To First Train Weekdays First Train Sunday Last Train Dwarka Sector - 21 Noida Electronic City 6:12 6:30 22:32 Dwarka Sector - 21 Vaishali 6:00 6:00 22:50 Noida Electronic City Dwarka Sector - 21 5:45 8:10 23:00 Vaishali Dwarka Sector - 21 6:00 6:00 23:00 Delhi Metro Timings for Line 5 (Green Line) From To First Train Weekdays First Train Sunday Last Train Brig. Hoshiar Singh Kirti Nagar 6:00 8:00 22:46 Brig. Hoshiar Singh Inderlok 6:10 8:07 22:40 Kirti Nagar Brig. Hoshiar Singh 6:00 7:30 23:00 Inderlok Brig. Hoshiar Singh 6:00 7:49 23:00 Delhi Metro Timings for Line 6 (Violet Line) From To First Train Weekdays First Train Sunday Last Train Kashmere Gate Raja Nahar Singh (Ballabhgarh) 6:00 7:05 23:00 Raja Nahar Singh (Ballabhgarh) Kashmere Gate 5:40 8:00 22:36 Delhi Metro Timings for Line 7 (Pink Line) From To First Train Weekdays First Train Sunday Last Train Majlis Park Maujpur-Babarpur 6:00 8:00 23:00 Majlis Park Shiv Vihar 6:00 8:00 23:00 Maujpur-Babarpur Majlis Park 6:00 8:00 23:00 Shiv Vihar Majlis Park 6:00 8:00 23:00 Delhi Metro Timings for Line 8 (Magenta Line) From To First Train Weekdays First Train Sunday Last Train Janakpuri West Botanical Garden 5:40 8:00 23:00 Botanical Garden Janakpuri West 6:00 8:00 23:00 Delhi Metro Timings for Line 9 (Grey Line) From To First Train Weekdays First Train Sunday Last Train Dwarka Dhansa Bus Stand 6:00 8:00 23:00 Dhansa Bus Stand Dwarka 6:00 8:00 23:00 Delhi Metro Timings for Airport Metro Express Line (Orange Line) From To First Train Weekdays First Train Sunday Last Train Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector - 25 New Delhi 4:40 4:40 23:15 New Delhi Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector - 25 5:00 5:00 23:40 Delhi Metro Timings for Rapid Metro - RMGL From To First Train Weekdays First Train Sunday Last Train Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector - 25 New Delhi 4:40 4:40 23:15 New Delhi Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector - 25 5:00 5:00 23:40 Last Train Timings from Terminal Stations on Different Metro Lines The chart below lists some of the important line interchanges and stations close to Delhi attractions. Line 1 (Red Line) From Shaheed Sthal (New Bus Adda) Towards Last Train Time Attractions / Interchange Welcome 23:24 Jheel Park / Interchange Kashmere Gate 23:33 Maharaia Agrasen Park / St James Church / Interchange Inder Lok 23:43 Inderlok MakkiJama Masjid / Interchange Netaji Subhash Place 23:49 Interchange Rohini (West) 23:57 Unity One Mall From Rithala Towards Last Train Time Attractions / Interchange Rohini (West) 23:01 Unity One Mall Netaji Subhash Place 23:09 Interchange Inder Lok 23:15 Inderlok MakkiJama Masjid / Interchange Kashmere Gate 23:26 IMaharaia Agrasen Park / St James Church / Interchange Welcome 23:34 Jheel Park / Interchange Line 2 (Yellow Line) From Samaypur Badli Towards Last Train Time Attractions / Interchange Azadpur 23:12 Interchange Kashmere Gate 23:25 Interchange Chandni Chowk 23:27 Chandni Chowk New Delhi (Yellow & Airport Line) 23:31 Interchange Rajiv Chowk 23:34 Connaught Place / Interchange Patel Chowk 23:36 Bangla Sahib Gurudwara / Jantar Mantar Central Secretariat 23:38 India Gate / Parliament House / National Museum of India Lok Kalyan Marg 23:42 Lodhi Gardens Jor Bagh 23:45 Lodhi Gardens / Safdarjung Tomb Dilli Haat - Ina 23:47 Interchange Hauz Khas 23:53 Hauz Khas Qutab Minar 00:01 Mehrauli Archaeological Park / Jamali Kamali Mosque / Qutub Minar Chhat Tarpur 00:04 Chattarpur Mandir Sikanderpur 00:17 Interchange From Millennium City Centre Gurugram Line 3 & Line 4 (Blue Line) From Dwarka Sector – 21 to Noida Electronic City & Vsishali Towards Last Train Time Attractions / Interchange Dwarka 23:16 Interchange Janak Puri West 23:23 Interchange Rajouri Garden 23:37 Interchange Kirti Nagar 23:43 Interchange Rk Ashram Marg 23:55 Birla Mandir / Interchange Rajiv Chowk 23:57 Connaught Place / Interchange Barakhamba Road 23:59 Agrasen ki Baoli / Interchange Mandi House 00:01 Interchange Supreme Court 00:03 Crafts Museum / National Zoological Park / Interchange Yamuna Bank 00:08 Interchange Akshardham 00:00 Akshardham Temple / Interchange Mayur Vihar Phase-I 00:03 Interchange Botanical Garden 00:16 Interchange From Noida Electronic City to Noida Electronic City & Vsishali Towards Last Train Time Attractions / Interchange Botanical Garden 23:17 Interchange Mayur Vihar Phase-I 23:29 Interchange Akshardham 23:32 Akshardham Temple / Interchange Yamuna Bank 23:35 Interchange Supreme Court 23:40 Crafts Museum / National Zoological Park / Interchange Mandi House 23:42 Interchange Barakhamba Road 23:44 Agrasen ki Baoli / Interchange Rajiv Chowk 23:46 Connaught Place / Interchange Rk Ashram Marg 23:48 Birla Mandir / Interchange Kirti Nagar 00:00 Interchange Rajouri Garden 00:06 Interchange Janak Puri West 00:16 Interchange Dwarka 00:26 Interchange Dwarka Sector - 21 00:43 Interchange Line 6 (Violet Line) From Kashmere Gate Towards Last Train Time Attractions / Interchange Lal Quila 23:02 Red Fort Jama Masjid 23:04 Jama Masjid Delhi Gate 23:06 National Gandhi Museum ITO 23:08 Raj Ghat Mandi House 23:10 Interchange Central Secretariat 23:15 India Gate / Rashtrapati Bhavan / Parliament House / Interchange Khan Market 23:18 National Gallery of Modern Art JLN Stadium 23:21 Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah Jangpura 23:23 Humayun's Tomb Lajpat Nagar 23:25 Interchange Kalkaji Mandir 23:34 Lotus Temple / Interchange Tughlakabad 23:39 Tughlaqabad Fort From Raja Nahar Singh Towards Last Train Time Attractions / Interchange Tughlakabad 00:04 Tughlaqabad Fort Kalkaji Mandir 23:43 Lotus Temple / Interchange Lajpat Nagar 23:51 Interchange Jangpura 23:54 Humayun's Tomb JLN Stadium 23:56 Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah Khan Market 23:58 National Gallery Of Modern Art Central Secretariat 00:02 India Gate / Parliament House / Interchange Mandi House 00:06 Interchange ITO 00:08 Raj Ghat Delhi Gate 00:10 National Gandhi Museum Jama Masjid 00:12 Jama Masjid Lal Quila 00:14 Red Fort Kashmere Gate 00:17 Interchange Line 8 (Magenta Line) From Janakpuri West Towards Last Train Time Attractions / Interchange Hauz Khas 23:29 Hauz Khas / Interchange Kalkaji Mandir 23:39 Lotus Temple / Interchange Okhla Nsic 23:41 Lotus Temple / Interchange Jamia Millia Islamia 23:46 Interchange Botanical Garden 00:01 Interchange From Botanical Garden Towards Last Train Time Attractions / Interchange Jamia Millia Islamia 23:15 Interchange Okhla Nsic 23:19 Lotus Temple / Interchange Kalkaji Mandir 23:21 Lotus Temple / Interchange Hauz Khas 23:32 Hauz Khas / Interchange Janakpuri West 00:00 Interchange Airport Express Line From Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector - 25 Towards Last Train Time Attractions / Interchange Dwarka Sector - 21 23:17 Interchange Airport (T-3) 23:21 / Delhi Aerocity 23:24 / Dhaula Kuan 23:29 Interchange Shivaji Stadium 23:34 / New Delhi 23:37 Interchange From New Delhi Last Train Timings from Interchange Stations of Delhi Metro From Kashmere Gate Station: Red Line, Yellow Line, Violet Line are available. Towards Last Train Time Attractions / Interchange Azadpur 00:13 Interchange Welcome 23:34 Jheel Park / Interchange Rajiv Chowk 23:34 Connaught Place / Interchange Jor Bagh 23:45 Lodhi Gardens / Safdarjung Tomb Hauz Khas 23:53 Hauz Khas Chhat Tarpur 00:04 Chattarpur Mandir Inder Lok 23:43 Inderlok MakkiJama Masjid / Interchange Rohini (West) 23:57 Unity One Mall From Mandi House Station: Blue Line and Violet Line are available. Towards Last Train Time Attractions / Interchange Supreme Court 00:03 Crafts Museum / National Zoological Park / Interchange Akshardham 00:00 Akshardham Temple / Interchange Botanical Garden 00:16 Interchange Rajiv Chowk 23:46 Connaught Place / Interchange Rk Ashram Marg 23:48 Birla Mandir / Interchange Kalkaji Mandir 23:34 Lotus Temple / Interchange Delhi Gate 00:10 National Gandhi Museum Lal Quila 00:14 Red Fort From Dilli Haat - Ina Station: Yellow Line and Pink Line are available. Towards Last Train Time Attractions / Interchange Hauz Khas 23:53 Hauz Khas Qutab Minar 00:01 Mehrauli Archaeological Park / Jamali Kamali Mosque / Qutub Minar Punjabi Bagh West 00:28 Interchange Netaji Subhash Place 00:33 Interchange Lajpat Nagar 23:49 Interchange Mayur Vihar-1 00:04 Interchange Anand Vihar I.S.B.T 00:19 Interchange Welcome 00:16 Interchange Rajiv Chowk: Yellow Line and Blue Line are available. Towards Last Train Time Attractions / Interchange Central Secretariat 23:38 India Gate / Parliament House Hauz Khas 23:53 Hauz Khas New Delhi (Yellow & Airport Line) 23:53 Interchange Kashmere Gate 23:59 Interchange Mandi House 00:01 Interchange Akshardham 00:00 Akshardham Temple / Interchange Rk Ashram Marg 23:48 Birla Mandir / Interchange Dwarka Sector - 21 00:43 Interchange From Central Secretariat Station: Yellow Line and Violet Line are available. Towards Last Train Time Attractions / Interchange Chhat Tarpur 00:04 Chattarpur Mandir Patel Chowk 23:49 Bangla Sahib Gurudwara / Jantar Mantar Khan Market 23:18 National Gallery of Modern Art JLN Stadium 23:21 Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah Jangpura 23:23 Humayun's Tomb ITO 00:08 Raj Ghat Delhi Gate 00:10 National Gandhi Museum Jama Masjid 00:12 Jama Masjid Hauz Khas: Yellow Line and Magenta Line are available. Towards Last Train Time Attractions / Interchange Chhat Tarpur 00:04 Chattarpur Mandir Lok Kalyan Marg 23:43 Lodhi Gardens Rajiv Chowk 23:51 Connaught Place / Interchange Azadpur 00:13 Interchange Okhla Nsic 23:41 Lotus Temple / Interchange Jamia Millia Islamia 23:46 Interchange Botanical Garden 00:01 Interchange Janakpuri West 00:00 Interchange From Inderlok Station: Red Line and Green Line are available. Towards Last Train Time Attractions / Interchange Netaji Subhash Place 23:49 Interchange Rohini (West) 23:57 Unity One Mall Kashmere Gate 23:26 IMaharaia Agrasen Park /St James Church / Interchange Welcome 23:34 Jheel Park / Interchange Kirti Nagar 23:15 Interchange Punjabi Bagh West 23:06 Interchange Rajdhani Park 23:25 / Brig. Hoshiar Singh 23:43 / From New Delhi Station: Yellow Line and Airport Express are available. Towards Last Train Time Attractions / Interchange Rajiv Chowk 23:34 Connaught Place / Interchange Lok Kalyan Marg 23:42 Lodhi Gardens Hauz Khas 23:53 Hauz Khas Chandni Chowk 23:57 Chandni Chowk Kashmere Gate 23:59 Interchange Azadpur 00:13 Interchange Dhaula Kuan 23:47 Interchange Dwarka Sector - 21 23:59 Interchange You May Like: Delhi Mtero Fare Delhi Metro Stations Delhi Metro Card
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https://www.agoda.com/en-in/hotels-near-satguru-ram-singh-marg-metro-station/attractions/new-delhi-and-ncr-in.html
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https://www.metrotraintimings.in/Delhi/Delhi-Metro-Rail-Timings-from-Kirti_Nagar-to-Vaishali.htm
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Kirti Nagar to Vaishali Delhi Metro Train Timings
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[ "metro train", "metro rail", "metro rail timings", "red line metro rail", "Metro Kirti Nagar to Vaishali train timings", "Metro timings", "Metro delhi metro train", "Metro time table", "Metro train timings on sunday", "Metro delhi", "secunderabad Metro", "Metro train timings Kirti Nagar to Vaishali", "Kirti Nagar to Vaishali updated train timings", "Metro latest updated", "local trains", "delhi local train timings", "Metro timings", "Metro schedle" ]
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Delhi Metro Train Timings from Kirti Nagar to Vaishali, Morning first & Night Last Train timetable. ladies spical Metro train timings from Kirti Nagar sunday. Metro Rail Ticket Price & fare list
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TIME: Delhi Metro Train Timings Delhi Metro Red Line Station are Dilshad Garden, Jhil Mil, Mansarover Park, Shahdara, Welcome, Seelampur, Shastri Park, Kashmere Gate, Tis Hazari, Pul Bangash, Pratap Nagar, Shastri Nagar, Inder Lok, Kanhaiya Nagar, Keshav Puram, Netaji Subash Place, Kohat Enclave, Pitam Pura, Rohini East, Rohini West, Rithala Delhi Metro Yellow Line Jahangirpuri, Adarsh Nagar, Azadpur, Model Town, Gtb Nagar, Viswavidyalaya, Vidhan Sabha, Civil Lines, Kashmere Gate, Chandni Chowk, Chawri Bazar, New Delhi, Rajiv Chowk, Patel Chowk, Central Secretariat, Udyog Bhawan, Race Course (LOK KALYAN MARG), Jorbagh, INA, AIIMS, Green Park, Hauz Khas, Malviya Nagar, Saket, Qutab Minar, Chhattarpur, Sultanpur, Ghitorni, Arjan Garh, Guru dronacharya, Sikandarpur, MG Road, IFFCO Chowk, Huda City Centre Delhi Metro Blue Line Noida City Center, Golf Course, Botanical Garden, Noida Sector 18, Noida Sector 16, Noida Sector 15, New Ashok Nagar, Mavur Vihar Extention, Mayur Vihar Phase 1, Akshardham, Yamuna Bank, Indraprastha, Pragati Maidan, Mandi House, Barakhamba, Rajiv Chowk, RK Ashram Marg, Jhandewalan, Karol Bagh, Rajendra Place, Patel Nagar, Shadi Pur, Kirti Nagar, Moti Nagar, Ramesh Nagar, Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden, Subash Nagar, Tilak Nagar, Janak Puri East, Janak Puri West, Uttam Nagar East, Uttam Nagar West, Nawada, Dwaraka Mor, Dwarka, Dwarka Sec 14, Dwarka Sec 13, Dwarka Sec 12, Dwarka Sec 11, Dwarka Sec 10, Dwarka Sec 09, Dwarka Sec 08, Dwarka Sec 21, Vaishali, Kaushambi, Anand Vihar, Karkar Duma, Preet Vihar, Nirman Vihar, Laxmi Nagar, Yamuna Bank Delhi Metro Green Line Inder Lok, Ashok Park Main, Punjabi Bagh, Shivaji Park, Madi Pur, Paschim Vihar East, Paschim Vihar West, Peera Garhi, Udyog Nagar, Surajmal Stadium, Nangloai, Nangloai Rly Station, Rajdhani Park, Mundka, Ashok Park Main, Satguru Ram Singh Marg, Kirti Nagar Delhi Metro Violet Line ITO, Mandhi House, Janpath, Central Secretariat, Khan Market, Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Jangpura, Lajpat Nagar, Moolchand, Kailash Colony, Nehru Place, Kalkaji Mandir, Govindpuri, Okhla, Jasola, Sarita Vihar, Mohan Cooperative, Tughlakabad, Badarpur, Sarai, NHPC Chowk, Mewala Maharajpur, Sector-28, Badkal Mor, Old Faridabad, Neelam Chowk Ajronda, Bata Chowk, Escorts Mujesar Airport Express New Delhi Airport Express, Shivaji Stadium, Dhaula Kuan, Delhi Aero City, IGI Airport, The Delhi Metro has been instrumental in ushering in a new era in the sphere of mass urban transportation in India. The swanky and modern Metro system introduced comfortable, air conditioned and eco-friendly services for the first time in India and completely revolutionized the mass transportation scenario not only in the National Capital Region but the entire country. Having constructed a massive network of 218.17 Km with 164 stations in record time, the DMRC today stands out as a shining example of how a mammoth technically complex infrastructure project can be completed before time and within budgeted cost by a Government agency. The DMRC opened its first corridor between Shahdara and Tis Hazari on 25th December, 2002. Subsequently, the first phase of construction worth 65 kilometres of Metro lines was finished two years and nine months ahead of schedule in 2005. Since then the DMRC has also completed the construction of another 125 kilometres of Metro corridors under the second phase in only four and a half years. The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC) was registered on 3rd May 1995 under the Companies Act, 1956 with equal equity participation of the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (GNCTD) and the Central Government to implement the dream of construction and operation of a world- class Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS). The Airport Express link between the Indira Gandhi International Airport and New Delhi has now propelled Delhi to the league of global cities which have high speed rail connectivity between the city and the airport. Presently, the Delhi Metro network consists of about 218.17 Km with 164 stations along with six more stations of the Airport Express Link. The network has now crossed the boundaries of Delhi to reach NOIDA and Ghaziabad in Uttar Pradesh,Gurgaon and faridabad in Haryana. The Delhi Metro has also contributed tremendously on the environment front by becoming the first ever railway project in the world to claim carbon credits for regenerative braking. DMRC has also been certified by the United Nations (UN) as the first Metro Rail and Rail based system in the world to get carbon Credits for reducing Green House gas emissions as it has helped to reduce pollution levels in the city by 6.3 lakh tons every year thus helping in reducing global warming. It has also set up roof top solar power plants at many of its stations. All stations of the presently under construction corridors are being constructed as green buildings. In the present phase of Delhi Metro’s construction, the DMRC is in the process of building another 160 kilometres of Metro lines which will weave a web of Metro corridors along the city’s Ring Road besides connecting with many other localities in NOIDA, Ghaziabad and Bahadurgarh. Apart from providing Delhites with a comfortable public transport option, the Delhi Metro is also contributing significantly towards controlling pollution as well as reducing vehicular congestion on the roads. According to a study, Delhi Metro has helped in removing about 3.9 lakh vehicles from the streets of Delhi. The DMRC today has 235 train sets of four, six and eight coaches. More than a hundred trains of six coach configuration and over 60 trains of eight coach configuration are currently operational.
7119
dbpedia
0
60
https://porter.in/bike-parcel-delivery-delhi
en
Send and receive packages with Porter Package Delivery Services in Delhi
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Choose Porter for online package delivery services in Delhi. Send packages at affordable rates with on-time pick-up and deliveries.
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porter.in
https://porter.in/bike-parcel-delivery-delhi
The vibrant city of Delhi is home to several businesses and individuals who require efficient delivery services throughout the year. Porter provides easy pickup and delivery services in Delhi, letting you conveniently send packages across the city. Rest your fingers from searching pickup and delivery services near me. At Porter, we make it easy to send packages in Delhi — be it gifts, documents, or groceries — with our convenient door-to-door delivery service at economical prices. You can book our on-demand package delivery service within minutes to fulfill urgent deliveries. We will assign a driver-partner for quick doorstep pickup and package delivery. Be it individuals or businesses, we deliver packages for all, anywhere and anytime. Send packages in Delhi effortlessly with our pickup and delivery services. We offer local pickup and delivery in Delhi for packages of up to 20kg. All you have to do is — On the Porter app, choose Porter for Two-wheelers Enter your pickup and drop addresses along with contact details Add any other stops, if needed Choose the goods type, if needed Choose your payment method - cash, Porter credit or PayTM Apply any coupons for special discounts and wait while a driver-partner gets allocated. Once you place an order, our driver-partner will reach your doorstep in just a few minutes. You can track the delivery of your goods until they reach their destination safely. With our convenient service and secure payment options, you can send packages nearby within the city easily.
7119
dbpedia
3
35
https://www.zomato.com/ncr/restaurants/in/kirti-nagar-metro-station-kirti-nagar
en
Restaurants in Kirti Nagar Metro Station, Kirti Nagar, Delhi NCR
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[ "" ]
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Restaurants in Kirti Nagar Metro Station, Kirti Nagar. Menus, Address, Photos, Reviews for Restaurants in Kirti Nagar Metro Station, Kirti Nagar, Delhi NCR
https://b.zmtcdn.com/dat…e71717417610.png
https://www.zomato.com/ncr/restaurants/in/kirti-nagar-metro-station-kirti-nagar
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dbpedia
3
42
https://www.mappls.com/ci5as1
en
Kirti Nagar Metro Station Bike Parking, Kirti Nagar Metro Station, Patel Road, Kirti Nagar Industrial Area, New Delhi, Delhi, 110015
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[ "maps", "navigation", "tracking", "safety", "step by step voice-guided directions", "directions to the doorsteps destination", "live traffic updates", "real-time GPS navigation", "traffic", "discover restaurants", "discover malls" ]
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Find and navigate with step by step voice-guided directions to the doorsteps destination with live traffic updates, ETA along your route easily using Mappls Ap
en
images/favicon.ico
https://www.mappls.com/ci5as1
If you have any queries regarding this place , You can ask them here to get instant and relevant responses by the Place Owner or the Mappls Community...
7119
dbpedia
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17
https://www.myhoardings.com/Transit-Media/Metro-Station-Kirti-Nagar-Delhi-4684
en
Kirti Nagar Metro Station Back lit panel Advertising Rate in Delhi
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[ "Advertise in Kirti Nagar Metro Station Kirti Nagar Metro", "Delhi Metro Advertising", "Metro station advertising", "Metro advertising rights", "Delhi Metro Station Kirti Nagar Metro station branding company", "Metro advertising agency", "Metro station advertising", "Who owns advertising rights for Delhi Metro" ]
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Delhi Metro Station Kirti Nagar Inquire Metro station back lit panel Advertising Agency in Delhi for Metro station Advertising Rates and Options. MyHoardings is one of leading Metro Station Advertising Companies.
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Advertising rates on Delhi Metro stations are governed by parameters like size of the Display Board, average daily Footfall on the Metro station, Lit / Non-Lit, tenure of the ad campaign and the time of year in which Metro Advertisement campaign is planned. Usually the advertising campaign duration for branding on Kirti Nagar Metro station is a month for Ambient lit panels/Backlit panels. However booking some formats of Metro advertising requires minimum ad duration 3 months. You may contact MyHoardings at +91 9953-847-639 for further details. Although we at MyHoardings aim to provide the best possible Metro advertising rates to our clients, still there is a scope of discussion on above mentioned Metro advertising rates on Kirti Nagar metro station. Also, the mentioned rates for advertising on Delhi Metro stations are subject to changes based on the time of year when campaign is planned. We can provide better advertising rates for ad campaign running more than a month.
7119
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https://thefurniturepark.com/how-to-reach-kirti-nagar-furniture-market/
en
How to Reach Kirti Nagar Furniture Market?
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2018-10-06T10:36:26+00:00
Luxury Furniture Stores In Delhi Kirti Nagar
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https://thefurniturepark…/09/fav-icon.jpg
The Furniture Park
https://thefurniturepark.com/how-to-reach-kirti-nagar-furniture-market/
REACH BY DELHI METRO Reaching Kirti Nagar Furniture Market by Delhi Metro is the most popular and easiest way. It isn’t difficult to locate. The Kirti Nagar Metro Station on the Blue Line is the closest to the market, after reaching at Kirti Nagar Metro you have to take an E-Riksha or Auto – whichever is more convenient to you. From the metro station the market is around 2-3 kms away and it should take around 10 minutes to reach. REACH BY BUS You can also reach the Furniture market by bus. The following transit lines have routes that pass near Kirti Nagar Furniture Market – Bus: 108, 778. Beds on Sale at The Furniture Park, Kirti Nagar Sofa on Sale at The Furniture Park, Kirti Nagar REACH BY OWN VEHICLE Follow the Google Map directions by clicking on the link below: https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/the+furniture+park/ Parking is at owners risk and there is no Government Parking lot available nearby. Buy Sofa from The Furniture Park in Kirti Nagar Delhi
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dbpedia
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https://porter.in/bike-parcel-delivery-delhi
en
Send and receive packages with Porter Package Delivery Services in Delhi
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Choose Porter for online package delivery services in Delhi. Send packages at affordable rates with on-time pick-up and deliveries.
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porter.in
https://porter.in/bike-parcel-delivery-delhi
The vibrant city of Delhi is home to several businesses and individuals who require efficient delivery services throughout the year. Porter provides easy pickup and delivery services in Delhi, letting you conveniently send packages across the city. Rest your fingers from searching pickup and delivery services near me. At Porter, we make it easy to send packages in Delhi — be it gifts, documents, or groceries — with our convenient door-to-door delivery service at economical prices. You can book our on-demand package delivery service within minutes to fulfill urgent deliveries. We will assign a driver-partner for quick doorstep pickup and package delivery. Be it individuals or businesses, we deliver packages for all, anywhere and anytime. Send packages in Delhi effortlessly with our pickup and delivery services. We offer local pickup and delivery in Delhi for packages of up to 20kg. All you have to do is — On the Porter app, choose Porter for Two-wheelers Enter your pickup and drop addresses along with contact details Add any other stops, if needed Choose the goods type, if needed Choose your payment method - cash, Porter credit or PayTM Apply any coupons for special discounts and wait while a driver-partner gets allocated. Once you place an order, our driver-partner will reach your doorstep in just a few minutes. You can track the delivery of your goods until they reach their destination safely. With our convenient service and secure payment options, you can send packages nearby within the city easily.
7119
dbpedia
0
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https://chasingthemetro.wordpress.com/tag/green-line/
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Chasing the Metro
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Keeping up with the expanding Delhi Metro Rail
en
https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico
Chasing the Metro
https://chasingthemetro.wordpress.com/tag/green-line/
Photos of the Kirti Nagar – Ashok Park Main section of the Green Line, which opened a few weeks/months back. This section goes though a mostly industrial, mostly neglected part of Delhi. These photos are also available on my Green Line flickr set. . Kirti Nagar station, showing the covered passage leading from the Green […] I thought I’d finish exploring and photographing Delhi Metro’s existing lines before the (entire, for Phase 2) Yellow and Violet lines open, but of course this post goes out on the day the yellow line extension becomes operational! In any case, here are photos from the far flung (at least from where I live) Green […]
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https://www.nmrcnoida.com/PassengerInformation/RouteMap
en
Welcome to Noida Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.
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en
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About us Noida Metro Rail Corporation Limited(NMRC) is a company incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act 2013, having its registered office at Block-III, 3rd Floor, Ganga Shopping Complex, Sector-29 Noida 201301. NMRC is a Joint Venture Company of Government of India (GoI) and Government of Uttar Pradesh (GoUP) established for the purpose of planning, building and establishing of Mass transit and other urban transport and people mover systems of all types and disciplines.
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dbpedia
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https://theoryofsettlementsyear4.wordpress.com/2016/11/22/metro-walk-kirti-nagar/
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METRO WALK, KIRTI NAGAR by Bala, Aparajita, Rupak, Nihal, Saifiz, Goutham
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2016-11-22T00:00:00
On a wintry Wednesday afternoon, we decided to embark upon our metro walk journey, and accordingly boarded the metro at ITO station around 2:30 pm. We got off at Kirti Nagar, which is primarily a residential colony, though our perception of it was as being home to Asia's largest furniture market, reputed boutiques, and imported…
en
https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico
Theory of Settlements-2016
https://theoryofsettlementsyear4.wordpress.com/2016/11/22/metro-walk-kirti-nagar/
On a wintry Wednesday afternoon, we decided to embark upon our metro walk journey, and accordingly boarded the metro at ITO station around 2:30 pm. We got off at Kirti Nagar, which is primarily a residential colony, though our perception of it was as being home to Asia’s largest furniture market, reputed boutiques, and imported kitchen and traditional carpentry furniture makers. As we exited from Gate No.1, the typical Delhi metro station scene unfolded before us, with our being surrounded by auto divers and witnessing long line of auto rickshaws, battery rickshaws and cycle rickshaws. The traffic in the area was extremely sluggish, and we thanked our stars that it wasn’t a hot summer afternoon. Further ahead, we saw a large open space with a lot of trees, which presented itself to us as a refreshing contrast amidst the dense surroundings. We took a left from the metro scene into the Kirti Nagar main road, which was lined on the left side by buildings with commercial functions in the ground floor and residences in the upper floor. The shops included mobile stores, clothes stores, stationeries, photo studios, general stores and restaurants. The residences were moderately good-looking, probably owned by middle-income group families. On our right was a planned, posh DDA residential colony that spread itself over a vast area. The Kirti Nagar main road had a steadily moving traffic, and at wider points in the road, the movement was much freer. Having got satisfactorily near the heart of Kirti Nagar, we took a road on our left further into the area, and found that the road marked a natural progression from a hygienic locality at the mouth, to a line of slums at the very end of the road, beyond which were railway lines. ORDER AND DISORDER The primary roads in the area had been properly planned and intersected each other at perfect right angles, dividing the colony into broad sectors. The boutiques, wood market and the other main commercial spaces of Kirti Nagar were concentrated in a huge sector on one corner of the colony. The other sectors were taken up by commercial-cum-residential blocks, whose standards varied according to their proximity to the railway lines – the nearer one got to the back, shabbier were the buildings. These buildings, mostly single-storeyed, had commercial functions facing the roads, with residences facing inwards. Most of the shops spilled out on to the roads, which were also used by a number of food vendors. Hence, whereas the roads were ordered, there was a noticeable disorderliness in the way the buildings within were cropping up and spilling out. They were yearning to burst out from the boxes within which they had been forcibly enclosed. CONTROL AND FLEXIBILITY The residential area spoke of an imposed control, fought by an involuntary flexibility displayed by the buildings. The boutiques and wood market sector, on the other hand, could be clearly perceived as being properly chalked out and integrated within the larger plan. The outer roads in this area were planned too, but the difference was that the shops respected the boundaries instead of fighting them. Thus, this sector displayed a good balance between control and flexibility. Even the shopkeepers here acknowledged the well-balanced nature of the buildings. Thus we see that control does not always lead to order, nor does flexibility to disorder. PERSPECTIVE : Citizen vs Government On the way back, we ventured into the DDA colony on the other side of the main road, and not surprisingly, found that the residences were reminiscent of any other such colony in Delhi, not really standing out or making a mark. Open spaces were sprinkled neatly throughout the area, which were shared by the buildings surrounding them. The area had obviously been envisioned as homes for the elite class of people, and accordingly was it perceived by the residents as well. Here, the perspectives of the government and the residents neatly align, in contrast to the other side of the road. While the unplanned colonies might be seen as a problem by the government, the DDA colony is seen as an epitome of perfect planned development. Clean, straight roads and high walls everywhere dictated to us to keep out and keep moving. We did so. As it got darker and the skies slowly closed out the remaining sunlight, we made our way back to the metro station, satisfied with our observations from the walk.
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dbpedia
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https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-metro-s-blue-line-services-to-be-disrupted-today-details-here-11668297169889.html
en
Delhi Metro’s Blue line services to be disrupted today. Details here
https://images.livemint.…668298056529.JPG
https://images.livemint.…668298056529.JPG
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[]
[ "DMRC", "Delhi Metro", "Blue line delhi metro", "Delhi metro blue line", "delhi metro train services", "delhi metro blue line routes" ]
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[ "Livemint" ]
2022-11-13T05:39:47+05:30
The DMRC had released a statement regarding the order and informed that there will disruption in metro services between Ramesh Nagar and Kirti Nagar metro stations due to planned maintenance activity.
en
https://www.livemint.com…ons/mintfavi.svg
mint
https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-metro-s-blue-line-services-to-be-disrupted-today-details-here-11668297169889.html
The early morning passengers travelling on the Delhi metro Blue line may face some issues today as the services on this line will be partially curtailed for the initial few hours due to planned maintenance work. The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) had released a statement regarding the order and informed that there will disruption in metro services between Ramesh Nagar and Kirti Nagar metro stations due to planned maintenance activity. In a tweet, DMRC wrote, "To undertake the scheduled track maintenance work between Moti Nagar and Kirti Nagar on the Blue Line i.e. Line-3/4 (Dwarka Sec-21 to Noida Electronic City/Vaishali), train services on the morning of 13th November 2022 (Sunday) will be regulated." The order further stated that the Moti Nagar metro station on the Blue Line will also remain closed till 7:00 am on Sunday. DMRC further stated that the services on Dwarka Sec-21/Dwarka to Ramesh Nagar & Kirti Nagar to Noida Electronic City/Vaishali will continue as per schedule. The statement also added that the connectivity between Ramesh Nagar and Kirti Nagar metro stations will be provided through Free Feeder Bus service during this period. "Passengers are advised to plan their journey accordingly, it said. Meanwhile, DMRC is also working on some new projects for the upgradation and expansion of metro services. On 8 November, the authority introduced the set of two 8-coach trains which were converted from the existing fleet of 39 six-coach trains, on the red line of the Delhi Metro i.e. between Rithala to Shaheed Sthal New Bus Adda. The Delhi Metro currently has a fleet of 336 train sets comprising 176 six coach trains, 138 eight coach trains and 22 four coach trains across all its corridors (excluding Rapid Metro, Gurugram and Noida Metro).
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https://www.delhimetrorail.com/map
en
Welcome to Delhi Metro Rail Corporation(DMRC)
https://www.delhimetrora…icon-120x120.png
https://www.delhimetrora…icon-120x120.png
[]
[]
[]
[ "" ]
null
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Delhi Metro is a world-class metro. To ensure reliability and safety in train operations, it is equipped with the most modern communication and train control system. It has state-of-art air-conditioned coaches. Ticketing and passenger control are through Automatic Fare Collection System, which is introduced in the country for the first time. Travelling in Delhi Metro is a pleasure with trains ultimately available at three minutes frequency. Entries and exits to metro stations are controlled by flap-doors operated by 'smart-cards' and contact less tokens.
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7119
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2
63
https://skyking.co/delhi
en
Courier Pickup & Delivery Service in Delhi
https://skyking.co/images/icon.png
https://skyking.co/images/icon.png
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[]
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[ "Courier Services in Delhi", "professional courier", "Courier companies", "parcel delivery service" ]
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Looking for a reliable courier company in Delhi? Contact SkyKing and avail courier delivery services, order fulfillment, shipping high value goods at affordable cost.
en
/images/icon.png
SkyKing
https://skyking.co/network
Branches of Delhi Be it the IT hubs or the popular and old colleges, the capital city Delhi is a busy place, and hence demands the best courier services. Skyking, one of the renowned and reliable companies offering courier services in Delhi makes sure to appease the Delhiites with the cutting edge provisions of sending across goods and packages across the country. Being tagged as the best in India by clients and customers, we always ensure to strive towards achieving the best results, delivering happiness to different locations of India via our streamlined process of parcel pick up and completely professional delivery services. Rely upon us for the most advanced technological prowess The professional courier team of Skyking promises to make use of the unmatched tools, techniques and prowess to carry on hassle- free transit of goods to different locations from companies or individuals. We are the most credible and trustworthy company with the assurance to benefit people with the most safe and secure services. Keeping a strict note of being time-definite, the team looks forward to render special attention to emergencies, and send off the shipments within fixed deadlines. This way, Skyking has reached the zenith of success to become one of the efficient courier companies of Delhi over the years. Choose us to get the best facilities at cheapest rates! With few clicks, we are there at your service The strong online existence maintained by our team has made it possible for us to be customer friendly, offering regular assistance. This also helps you to track your shipment on the go and be in touch with us! Thus, wait no more and seal the deal with Skyking to avail the most convenient and top-class parcel delivery service. The unprecedented situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the relevant directives issued by the Governments at the centre and the various states/union territories, to contain the spread of the deadly virus, has put our entire network in INDIA and NEPAL temporarily non operational, due to the total lock down. We request all our valuable customers to understand the current challenging scenario faced by SkyKing Courier Service and to cooperate with us by waiting until the 14th Apr’20 for the situation to improve for us to continue to serve you as you have always trusted us to do. We await further information from the various government and and local authorities for resumption of the our operations. In the meantime, we request you all to please take care, stay home and stay safe. Let us all stop COVID-19 in its steps here in INDIA. Please do e-mail us at support@skyking.co in case you have any query. With warm regards, Arvind Biyani Ajay Biyani Rajesh Biyani Amit Biyani
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0
95
https://www.delhimetrorail.com/tour-guide
en
Welcome to Delhi Metro Rail Corporation(DMRC)
https://www.delhimetrora…icon-120x120.png
https://www.delhimetrora…icon-120x120.png
[]
[]
[]
[ "" ]
null
[]
null
Delhi Metro is a world-class metro. To ensure reliability and safety in train operations, it is equipped with the most modern communication and train control system. It has state-of-art air-conditioned coaches. Ticketing and passenger control are through Automatic Fare Collection System, which is introduced in the country for the first time. Travelling in Delhi Metro is a pleasure with trains ultimately available at three minutes frequency. Entries and exits to metro stations are controlled by flap-doors operated by 'smart-cards' and contact less tokens.
en
/apple-icon-120x120.png
null
7119
dbpedia
1
61
https://www.nobroker.in/blog/blue-line-delhi-metro/
en
Blue Line Delhi Metro: Routes, Stations, Best Localities and More
https://www.nobroker.in/…-Delhi-Metro.jpg
https://www.nobroker.in/…-Delhi-Metro.jpg
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[ "" ]
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[ "Prakhar" ]
2024-01-23T12:58:13
Explore the comprehensive guide to the Blue Line Delhi Metro. It will cover its routes, key stations, and unparalleled connectivity throughout the city.
en
The NoBroker Times
https://www.nobroker.in/blog/blue-line-delhi-metro/
The Delhi Metro's Blue Line is one of the most essential transit corridors in Delhi and the entire NCR region. Blue Line Delhi Metro spans over 50 kilometres from Noida to Dwarka and connects several critical residential, commercial and urban areas. As one of the earliest metro lines, the Blue Line has transformed mobility and real estate prospects around its stations. In this blog, we will examine various aspects of the Blue Line metro route in Delhi along with stations, connectivity options, impact on property prices and more. Overview of Blue Line Delhi Metro The Delhi Metro's Blue Line was the first metro line in Delhi. It runs from Dwarka Sector 21 in the west to Noida/Vaishali in the east. The total length of the Blue Line is around 50 kilometres. It has a mix of elevated and underground sections running through some of the busiest parts of Delhi. It greatly reduces travel time for daily commuters as it connects major residential as well as commercial areas. The line runs through some of Delhi's major locations like Dwarka, Uttam Nagar, Janakpuri, etc. Key Points Length: The Blue Line spans 50 kms in length. Stations: It currently serves around 50 metro stations Start Date: Blue Line Delhi Metro started on December 31, 2005. Owner: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation operates and runs the Blue Line. Users: Lakhs of daily commuters use the Blue Line for their daily commute. Features Alternative Route: The Blue Line provides an alternative suburban rail route within Delhi. Areas Covered: Major areas like Indraprastha, Noida Electronic City, Noida City Centre are covered on the Blue Line. Blue Line Delhi Metro Map Blue line Delhi metro was the first metro line when operations began in 2002.It connects Dwarka in southwest Delhi to Noida and Vaishali in Uttar Pradesh. The total length of this line is around 50 kilometres. The blue line plays a very important role in connecting Central Delhi to the satellite city of Noida. It has helped reduce traffic and pollution in Delhi to a great extent. Blue Line Metro Route Delhi: Station List The Blue Line Delhi Metro covers many essential areas of Delhi and Noida. It has 50 stations from Noida Electronic City to Dwarka Sector 21. Starting from Noida, the key stations are Noida Sector 62, Noida City Centre, Noida Sector 18 and the Botanical Garden. These stations provide direct connectivity to significant sections of Noida. As the Blue Line enters Delhi, stations like Yamuna Bank, Indraprastha and Supreme Court serve central Delhi. Essential stations in the Blue Line metro route Delhi, like Mandi House and Barakhamba Road, are located in the heart of Delhi. Further, stations like Rajiv Chowk and Jhandewalan are busy transit hubs. Moving towards west Delhi, stations like Karol Bagh and Rajendra Place provide direct access to the main markets and roads. Similarly, stations like Shadipur and Patel Nagar are well connected with residential and commercial areas. Other stations helping residents of west Delhi are Kirti Nagar, Moti Nagar and Ramesh Nagar. Reaching outer west Delhi, stations like Rajouri Garden, Tagore Garden and Uttam Nagar are major connectivity points. Further, stations like Dwarka Mor, Dwarka and Dwarka Sector 21 are the terminus stations of the Blue Line in southwest Delhi. In summary, the Blue Line also covers significant parts of Delhi from east to west, Noida, and Ghaziabad through its well-connected 50 stations. The extensive network and coverage area make it one of the most used metro lines in Delhi NCR. Delhi metro blue line timings can be checked on the official website. List of these stations are provided in the following table- Violet Line Metro Route Delhi Fare Details The Blue Line is one of the longest metro routes, so it is important for commuters to know about the fare structure. Depending on the distance travelled according to the blue line metro map Delhi, fares vary on the Delhi Metro network. Delhi Metro Blue Line Fare can be calculated as follows- Additional details Smart Cards also offer a 10% discount on minimum fare. Blue Line Delhi Metro Timing and Frequency The Blue Line caters to thousands of daily commuters travelling from one end of Delhi to another for work, education or other purposes. To ensure smooth and timely movement of passengers, DMRC operates the Blue Line metro services throughout the day with frequent intervals. Let us look at the operational timings and frequency of trains run on the Blue Line. Real Estate Significance of Blue Line Delhi Metro The Blue Line of the Delhi Metro has played a significant role in the development of real estate around its corridor. Some of the key impacts are: Property prices around metro stations have increased manifold. Locations which were considered far-flung are now well-connected and viable for living. This has also increased demand in these areas. Developers are launching more projects catering to various budget segments near metro stations as connectivity boosts sales. Options are available for buyers from affordable to luxury housing. Rental yields on properties around metro stations are also higher compared to other localities due to good occupancy levels. Tenants prefer metro-connected areas for ease of daily commute. Commercial real estate has also grown significantly. Office spaces, malls and markets are being developed actively utilizing increased connectivity and access to larger catchment areas. Apartments launched with metro views as a unique selling point sell faster. Green spaces and amenities around some metro stations have made living more attractive. Infrastructure upgrades around metro corridors through government schemes and private investments have strengthened these micro-markets. Real estate today acts as a catalyst for economy in these regions. Best Localities to Live Along Blue Line Metro Delhi With 50 stations along its route, it has transformer connectivity and transportation in the National Capital Region. Several properties located near the blue line metro stations have greatly benefited from their proximity to public transport. Some of these localities are- Janakpuri East- Janakpuri East station serves the large residential area of West Delhi. It has become an important transfer point between the blue and magenta lines. Properties around the station are conveniently located. Shadipur- Shadipur station provides vital connectivity to the busy commercial and residential hubs in western parts of the city. Various new projects have come up near the station to benefit from its location. Ramakrishna Ashram Marg- Ramakrishna Ashram Marg station serves the busy Connaught Place area, known for its offices and shops. Commercial spaces near this station selling at a premium due to availability of good public transport. Indraprastha- Indraprastha station is a major interchange on the blue and yellow lines. It connects to the Delhi University area and nearby properties witnessing higher demand. Mayur Vihar Extension- Mayur Vihar Extension station caters to large population in East Delhi's suburbs. Several new housing projects launched in the vicinity for its residence to access the station easily. Noida Electronic City- As the terminal station, Noida Electronic City has propelled growth of Noida as a centre for the IT industry and technology firms. Invest in Real Estate Near Blue Line Delhi Metro with NoBroker Blue Line Delhi Metro has defined and shaped Delhi NCR's urbanization pattern over the past 20 years. It has boosted affordable housing, offices, retail and connectivity. Prices of properties near its stations have substantially outpaced other localities due to heightened demand. If you are looking to invest in a metro-served area, researching locations on the Blue Line can offer good returns potential. NoBroker, as a one-stop platform, makes such investment simple by eliminating brokerage and enabling direct contact with homeowners. You can also find reliable rental investment options near this vital transit artery. FAQ's
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https://www.delhimetrorail.com/contact-us
en
Welcome to Delhi Metro Rail Corporation(DMRC)
https://www.delhimetrora…icon-120x120.png
https://www.delhimetrora…icon-120x120.png
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Delhi Metro is a world-class metro. To ensure reliability and safety in train operations, it is equipped with the most modern communication and train control system. It has state-of-art air-conditioned coaches. Ticketing and passenger control are through Automatic Fare Collection System, which is introduced in the country for the first time. Travelling in Delhi Metro is a pleasure with trains ultimately available at three minutes frequency. Entries and exits to metro stations are controlled by flap-doors operated by 'smart-cards' and contact less tokens.
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https://www.indiatravelforum.in/threads/nearest-metro-station-to-new-delhi-railway-station.3102/
en
Nearest metro station to New Delhi railway station
https://www.indiatravelf…tar_female_m.png
https://www.indiatravelf…tar_female_m.png
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[ "" ]
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I will be in Delhi arriving by train at New Delhi railway station. When in Delhi I would prefer to travel by metro, as it is an easier way to get...
en
https://www.indiatravelf…foro/logo.og.png
India Travel Forum
https://www.indiatravelforum.in/threads/nearest-metro-station-to-new-delhi-railway-station.3102/
Hey Mayuri. Although it depends on which side of the railways station you come out of, but the closest Metro station to the NDRS is the New Delhi Metro Station. It is within walking distance and you will be able to see it clearly when you come out. Ask for the "Ajmeri Gate" exit. Again, before coming out of the NDRS ask at least 3 people which side to exit from - 3 is the minimum unless you want to come out of the wrong gate. Anyways, even if that happens there is a station but its not that close. Hello there, welcome to the forum! As what has been said, the New Delhi Metro Station is the closest metro station to the New Delhi Railway Station. It is about a kilometre away from the New Delhi Railway Station, if you're coming from Platform 1 (Paharganj Gate). However, if you're coming from Platform 16 (Ajmeri Gate), the New Delhi Metro Station is just adjacent to it and not more than a minute's walk away. So you need to walk towards the Platform 16 to reach the Ajmeri Gate which would take you to the New Delhi Metro Station. There are also other metro stations near the New Delhi Railway Station, aside from the New Delhi Metro Station: Ramakrishna Ashram Marg Metro Station - This is about 2.3 kilometres away from the New Delhi Railway Station. Shastri Nagar Metro Station - This is about 7.4 kilometres away from the New Delhi Railway Station. Kirti Nagar Metro Station - This is about 10.6 kilometres away from the New Delhi Railway Station. Kailash Colony Metro Station - This is about 12.3 kilometres away from the New Delhi Railway Station. Shahdara Metro Station - This is about 12.8 kilometres away from the New Delhi Railway Station. With these railway stations, you need to hire an auto or taxi to reach them. So it is a bit more inconvenient as compared to the New Delhi Metro Station which is just close to the New Delhi Railway Station. The New Delhi Metro Station is located on the Yellow Line of the Delhi Metro. Depending on where you're going, you might need to change trains or colours of trains (Blue, Green, Violet or Red). I hope this helps you!
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https://m.economictimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/22-interchange-delhi-metro-stations-to-drastically-cut-short-travel-time/articleshow/30526353.cms
en
22 interchange Delhi Metro stations to drastically cut short travel time
https://img.etimg.com/th…ctimes/photo.jpg
https://img.etimg.com/th…ctimes/photo.jpg
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[ "Central Secretariat", "Anand Vihar", "Kirti Nagar", "Rajiv Chowk", "Karkarduma Vihar", "Cut", "Delhi Metro stations", "Kashmere" ]
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The number of interchange stations will increase to 22 from the current nine, leading to a drastic reduction of travel time and saving of commuters' money.
en
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/icons/etfavicon.ico
The Economic Times
https://m.economictimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/22-interchange-delhi-metro-stations-to-drastically-cut-short-travel-time/articleshow/30526353.cms
Synopsis The number of interchange stations will increase to 22 from the current nine, leading to a drastic reduction of travel time and saving of commuters' money. NEW DELHI: With the completion of third phase of Delhi Metro, the number of interchange stations will increase to 22 from the current nine, leading to a drastic reduction of travel time and saving of commuters' money. The crisscrossing of lines in Phase III with the existing lines at many places will lead to emergence of several interchange stations, thus, shortening the distance between two different parts of the city by upto 15 kms at some locations. At present, there are nine interchange stations-- Rajiv Chowk, Kashmere Gate, Central Secretariat, Inderlok, Ashok Park Main, Yamuna Bank, Dwarka Sec 21, New Delhi and Kirti Nagar. Once phase III becomes fully operational by 2016, Delhi Metro network will have 13 more interchange hubs across the city, which includes Hauz Khas, INA, Rajouri Garden, Mayur Vihar phase-I, Azadpur, Netaji Subhash Place, Lajpat Nagar, Anand Vihar, Karkardooma, Welcome, Kalkaji Mandir, Botanical Garden and Mandi House. With the coming up of interchange stations at Karkarduma and Anand Vihar in the third phase, the present day distance of these stations from nearest Metro station Welcome will come down drastically to 4.34 kms and 5.49 kms from the earlier 19.26 kms and 20.32 kms respectively if going by a train. Thus, bringing them closer by almost 15 kms will not only save travel time but will also help in saving money for the passengers. Similarly, with the coming up of other interchange stations in phase III, commuters in almost all parts of Delhi will be able to change trains without going to the present interchange stations like Rajiv Chowk and Central Secretariat. For instance, Hauz Khas Metro station will come up as an interchange between Line 2 and the Janakpuri West-Botanical Garden corridor (Line 8) of Phase III. Passengers coming from Gurgaon on Line 2 will be able to get down at Hauz Khas and take a direct train to Kalkaji. And by doing so they would save traveling of about 13.14 kms. Earlier, for the same route the interchange facility was available only at Central Secretariat station and distance to be traveled was about 18.6 kms and with Line 8 connectivity in Phase-3 the distance between Hauz Khas and Kalkaji would be just 5.45 kms. Through this connectivity, travelling time between Gurgaon and Noida will be brought down by at least 30 minutes. (You can now subscribe to our Economic Times WhatsApp channel) (Catch all the Business News, Breaking News, Budget 2024 Events and Latest News Updates on The Economic Times.) Subscribe to The Economic Times Prime and read the ET ePaper online. ...moreless (You can now subscribe to our Economic Times WhatsApp channel) (Catch all the Business News, Breaking News, Budget 2024 Events and Latest News Updates on The Economic Times.) Subscribe to The Economic Times Prime and read the ET ePaper online. ...moreless Why India needs its biggest port Vadhavan, more now than ever FOMO overriding fundamentals? What makes India’s top shipbuilder sail despite downside calls Is a discount of up to 3% enough to tempt Indians buy into auto scrappage? How Tata Motors is breaking the silence of EVs, and making them roar instead RBI and Fed are singing different tunes as world awaits next payments tech wave Once derided, startups are now market darlings marching to Nifty 50 1 2 3
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https://yometro.com/kirti-nagar-metro-station-110122
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Kirti Nagar Metro Station Route Map
https://yometro.com/imag…etro-station.jpg
https://yometro.com/imag…etro-station.jpg
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Lets learn about Kirti Nagar Metro Station, a part of Delhi Metro Blue Main Line and Green Branch Line. Get quick facts like route map, interchange, parking, feeder bus, gate info, ATM, nearby locations, contact number, plan, faqs etc.
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https://yometro.com/favicon-96x96.png
YoMetro - Route Finder
https://yometro.com/kirti-nagar-metro-station-110122
𝒜. Yes. Kirti Nagar metro station is functional and active, you may travel from or to this station. 𝒜. Yes. Kirti Nagar metro station has parking facility based on paid service with various chareges as per hours slots and vehicle. 𝒜. Yes. The facility of feeder bus service is available at Kirti Nagar metro station. But feeder bus service is paid and not included with metro fare, also both have different ticket charges. Generally feeder buses are available from 06:00 AM to 10:00 PM.
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https://www.swiggy.com/city/delhi
en
Order Food Online In Delhi
https://media-assets.swiggy.com/swiggy/image/upload/c_scale,w_715/v1513594444/swiggy_host_ytmrnn
https://media-assets.swiggy.com/swiggy/image/upload/c_scale,w_715/v1513594444/swiggy_host_ytmrnn
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[ "Order Food Online Delhi", "Food Delivery In Delhi", "Online Food Delivery In Delhi" ]
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Order Food Online From Restaurants Serving In Delhi From Swiggy & Get 50% Off On First Order. Get Food Delivered Within 30 Mins.
en
https://media-assets.swi…/c/logo_2022.png
Swiggy.com
https://www.swiggy.com/city/delhi
Order Delicious Food Online in Delhi from Swiggy Hunger has no excuses. Your cravings must be satisfied, whether it's early morning or late night. Don't let your cravings go in vain. Place your online food order in Delhi with Swiggy and be assured of timely delivery. The capital city of India has countless restaurants near you that deliver piping hot, lip-smacking cuisines. Swiggy lets you order your favourite food online in Delhi from top-rated restaurants, cafes, and food joints from your local vicinity. Don’t let the plethora of options confuse you. Use search filters and sort your options to find exactly what you need. Looking for that favourite Maharaja Mac? Just type it in the search box, and you will get it. Swiggy’s Superfast Food Delivery is here! Nobody likes to eat cold food, and we understand that more than anyone else. That’s why our trusted delivery partners deliver your food within a few minutes, so you can enjoy it warm and delicious. Once you place your order, our superfast delivery partners reach the restaurant, pick up your order and deliver piping hot food to your address. No more waiting for hours to get your food. Order with Swiggy and get lightning-fast food delivery in Delhi. What makes Swiggy special? When it comes to food, every foodie wants only the best. Then why not choose the best app for food delivery in Delhi? Here are some reasons why Swiggy should be your go-to food delivery app: Mindblowing Discount Offers No more worrying about burning a hole in your wallet. Swiggy offers countless mindblowing discounts for customers in Delhi. Order your favourite dishes from restaurants near you at amazing discounts! Top-rated Restaurants Craving that delicious butter chicken from your favourite restaurant? Or some spicy Chhole Bhature from your local food joint? Swiggy delivers it all by partnering with top-rated restaurants in Delhi. Choose the restaurants based on ratings, locations, and menus and get them delivered in a jiffy. Say goodbye to fighting the peak-hour traffic and waiting to get a table. Order from Swiggy and relish the delicious flavours of Delhi cuisine from the comfort of your home. Super Fast Delivery Nothing's more frustrating than late food deliveries. But when you order from Swiggy, you can be assured of superfast deliveries. Swiggy's delivery representatives know the city like the back of their hand. No matter which part of Delhi you live in, your order is on time. Whether it’s Lajpat Nagar, Karol Baugh, or Connaught Place, you get on-time food delivery in Delhi. So set the table and put on your favourite Netflix show; your food is on its way. Wide range of dishes to choose from It's always great to have more options when it comes to ordering food. People have different tastes, and we absolutely love that. Swiggy's partner restaurants, cafes, and food joints offer a wide range of food items ranging from Indian cuisines to Chinese, Japanese, fast food, Thai, Italian, Mexican, and many other delicacies to choose from. Ditch the same old food and surprise your taste buds with something new with Swiggy's massive range of menus.
848
dbpedia
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https://sbahn.berlin/en/about-us/company-profile/history-of-s-bahn-berlin/
en
History of S-Bahn Berlin
https://sbahn.berlin/typ…n/favicon-16.png
https://sbahn.berlin/typ…n/favicon-16.png
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A moving story in pictures and text: from its very inception to the post-war years and the division of Berlin up to present age.
en
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https://sbahn.berlin/en/about-us/company-profile/history-of-s-bahn-berlin/
100 years of emotional history Looking back at our moving history: The Beginning: the Prussian Railway The first Prussian railway line, which connected Berlin over Zehlendorf with Potsdam, was built. Over the following years, more and more districts of the city connected to this network. Berlin's Rail Traffic: a Success Story By the end of the century, the network of railways in Berlin comprised 412 km, 114 stations, with up to 1,142 trains operating on weekdays. The Electric Train Operation Begins In April 1900, the Prussian Railway launched its first electrical trial operations with 750 volts DC on the Wannsee railway during night breaks. On August 1, 1900, the time had come: the electric train operation between the Wannsee station and Zehlendorf station was in operation. © Historische Sammlung DB AG/Wolfgang Stephan The Birth of the S-Bahn Berlin Shortly after the end of World War I, plans to expand the rail network continued in Berlin. The goal was to power new lines. A total of six experimental railcars of AEG rolled along the route from Stettin suburban railway station to Bernau. The date became the "official birth of the S-Bahn Railway". The end station was later named after the production series, „Bernau“. The Unit Train Rolls Down the Tracks Introduction of the unit train vehicle concept (which is still in use to this day): eight equal-length cars form a complete train. © Historische Sammlung der DB AG/ Wolfgang Stephan A Classic is on the Move The S-bahn railway put the “City Train” design into operation. This was the first time they took on the red-yellow color theme. This type of vehicle shaped the image of the S-Bahn railway for nearly seven decades. In 1997, the trains operated their last courses into well-deserved retirement. © Historische Sammlung der DB AG, Max Krajewsky Timeless and Beautiful: the Introduction of the S-Bahn Logo The Reichsbahn Director introduced the S-Bahn logo for the Fast-City-train. It is still debated whether the "S" stands for Schnellbahn (fast train) or Stadtbahn (city train). The mystery remains unsolved. © Historische Sammlung der DB AG The S-Bahn Network Continues to Grow In the early 1930s, the S-Bahn network developed rapidly: in 1933, electrification was completed with the Wannseebahn, and 1934 began with the construction of the north-south suburban railway tunnel. In September 1936, the Humboldthain to Unter den Linden route opened. Rapid Development and propaganda The S-Bahn experienced a rapid development and heyday, it is considered a symbol of modern mobility. At the same time, the influence of the Nazi dictatorship began to make itself felt from 1933 onwards. The construction of the north-south tunnel, for example, was used for propaganda purposes. Expansion of Electrical Operating Service Approximately 262 kilometers of route network are converted into modern and environmentally friendly electrical operations. World War ll On April 15, 1939, a few months before World War ll broke out, the second route of the north-south suburban railway was put into operation. Further routes were installed until September 1943. However, as the war progressed, the operation of the S-Bahn suffered. At the beginning of April 1945, traffic was suspended on more and more sections of the line. At the end of April, service came to a complete standstill. The S-Bahn ring was now the front line. Highest Number of Vehicles With 1140 quarter trains, the S-Bahn Berlin has the highest number of vehicles to date and reaches a passenger record with 737 million passengers. Consequences of War On April 25th, the S-Bahn operations come to a complete standstill due to the fighting in Berlin; there is no power supply due to lack of coal. At the end of the war, about 90 percent of the trains are destroyed or not operational. © Historische Sammlung der DB AG The Demolition of the North-South Tunnel In the final days of the war, the reinforced concrete tunnel ceiling of the North-South S-Bahn tunnel beneath the Landwehr Canal was blown up. It is still not clear who did it and why. The tunnel was destroyed over a length of almost one hundred meters. The waterline burst and spilled from the Anhalter station, over Potsdamer Platz up to the stations Unter den Linden, Oranienburger Straße, and Stettiner station (today's Nordbahnhof). At Friedrichstrasse station, the water flood also reached the subway system. Many people who had sought shelter in the stations from the atrocities of the war had drowned. The S-Bahn in the Turmoil of the Postwar Period The S-Bahn irregularly began service again on the first route section between Wannsee and Schöneberg. Soon, the red and yellow trains carried around 420 million passengers a year, which comprised one third of public transportation in Berlin. Berlin Divided Despite the divide in East and West Berlin, the S-Bahn continues to travel beyond the sector borders. Construction Boom In the late 1940s and in the 1950s numerous Berlin S-Bahn lines were extended and lengthened. The first section was Mahlsdorf-Hoppegarten, the construction boom ended in 1956 with the connection from Strausberg to Strausberg Nord. © Historische Sammlung der Deutschen Bahn AG The Construction of the Wall Separates Berlin The construction of the wall begins. Berlin and its public transportation systems were massively affected by the divide. S-Bahn and U-Bahn traffic were interrupted due to the border closings. The Friedrichstraße railway station was turned into a strictly secured border crossing. Two independent S-Bahn systems were created, both operated by the Deutsche Reichsbahn (state railway of the GDR). The S-Bahn Boycott in West Berlin Politicians and unions called in response to the S-Bahn boycott in West Berlin. Back then, the operator of the S-Bahn was the Deutsche Reichsbahn, which was located in the east of the city but responsible for both jurisdictions. The solidarity gesture was to prevent the "Western money" of the fare revenues from being used to finance the construction of the Wall. The boycott was well received: Within a very short time, the number of S-Bahn passengers in West Berlin's public transportation system no longer played a significant role. © Hans Schubert Rise in the East While the S-Bahn lost importance in the West Berlin, it remained an important means of transportation in the Eastern part of the city. Passenger numbers reached up to 1.2 million passengers for the Tenth World Festival, a new high point. Strike in the West In 1980, the West Berlin employees of the German Reichsbahn went on strike. The reason: A wave of lay-offs were carried out by the Deutsche Reichsbahn against employees based in West Berlin. Afterwards, many strikers were denounced, others did not voluntarily return to work. Due to the shortage of staff, the Deutsche Reichsbahn in West Berlin could only offer limited S-Bahn traffic covering up to 73 kilometers. Routes such as the Ringbahn, the Wannsee train and the connection to Spandau were sent into hibernation. The BVG Takes Control An agreement was settled between the German Reichsbahn and the Berlin Senate for the hand-over of operating rights from the West Berlin S-Bahn to the BVG. This was in effect by January 9, 1984. At this time, only 8,000 to 10,000 people daily used the red and yellow trains in the Western part of the city. © Udo Dittfurth Triumph and Voluntary Overtime During the Fall of the Berlin Wall On the night of November 9th to 10th, the fall of the Berlin Wall sent Germany into a collective celebration. Especially in Berlin, people flocked to the crossing points of the border, where the mass transit system was literally overrun. Many train drivers volunteered for additional services and put in countless overtime hours allowing the trains to run all night. Continuous Operation on the City Train On July 2, 1990 S-Bahn City Trains were back in service. Starting on September 1st, they also stopped at the underground "ghost stations" of the North-South Railway with the exception of Potsdamer Platz, which would later go into service on March 1, 1992. © Historische Sammlung der DB AG/Werner Reiche The Year of Track Closings The Berlin S-Bahn put three routes back into service: Wannsee to Potsdam City, Frohnau to Hohen Neuendorf, and Lichtenrade to Blankenfelde. A few years later the routes Schönholz-Tegel-Hennigsdorf and Priesterweg-Lichterfelde-Süd as well as Westkreuz-Pichelsberg-Spandau were reactivated. © Joachim Donath The Industrial Expansion A further merger took place with the fusion of the German Federal Railways (Deutscher Bundesbahn) and German Reichsbahn to Deutsche Bahn AG. With the founding of the new company, the operating rights for the West Berlin routes of the S-Bahn were handed over from the BVG to the Deutsche Bahn AG. Happy Birthday, S-Bahn Berlin GmbH The S-Bahn Berlin was created as a limited liability company. © David Ulrich Wedding Day at the S-Bahn Berlin The last section of the Ringbahn has been completed and celebrated with a big Wedding Day in the Wedding district. With the commissioning of the route from Westhafen to the Schönhauser Allee, the Ring was now fully in service after almost 41 years. © Joachim Donath Train Fleet Makeover Within ten years, many S-Bahn trains up to 70 years old were replaced by 500 new 481 series trains. If the average life of a train was 43 years in 1995, and only 8 years in 2006. The acquisition of the new trains of the 481 series cost about 1.2 billion euros. Vehicle Crisis Manufacturer-related vehicle defects and management errors in the company led the S-Bahn Berlin into a crisis that resulted in performance restrictions. A new management which worked with additional staff and extended workshop capacities to repair defects was put into effect. Other divisions of Deutsche Bahn supported this change by providing more employees and benefits. In 2009, 2010 and 2011, in an effort to restore passenger satisfaction, the S-Bahn Berlin spent over 140 million euros. In total, Deutsche Bahn invested 400 million euros in the new vehicle fleet. Alliance with DB Regio The S-Bahn Berlin and its trains become part of DB Regio AG. © David Ulrich "90 Years Uniting Berlin" The anniversary is inspired by the motto "90 Years Uniting Berlin". The S-Bahn Berlin launched christening campaigns to express its commitment to the region, the population, and to its passengers. © Stjepan Sedlar Transportation Contract Signing Railway and political representatives signed the transportation contract for the Ring/South-East subnetwork and ordered 382 new S-Bahn production series 483/484 trains from the manufacturer consortium Siemens/Stadler. © büro+staubach Investment in the Future: Presentation of the New 483/484 Series Investments of 900 million euros in the train fleet of the S-Bahn Berlin take shape. In October 2016 with the series 483/484 was presented as a genuine highlight (timeline). © Christiane Flechtner First new trains in regular passenger service Initial field testing of the new S-Bahn trains commenced on 1 January. The first ten pre-production trains were trialled in regular passenger service on the S47 line between Spindlersfeld and Hermannstraße. In August, the field test was completed successfully and regular operation began. © Dominic Dupont/DB AG New S-Bahn series proves itself After the new S-Bahn had already been in service on lines S46 (since 27 June 2022) and S8 (since 14 October 2022), it was put into service on the S41 and S42 Ringbahn lines ahead of schedule on 11 December 2022, as the manufacturers Stadler and Siemens Mobiliy made faster progress with production than planned. Login Login E-Mail-Adresse Password Forgot password?
848
dbpedia
1
58
https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/West_Berlin
en
West Berlin
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2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00
West Berlin was a free city and political enclave surrounded by East Berlin and East Germany that existed between 1949 and 1990. It comprised the western regions of Berlin, which were bordered by East Berlin and parts of East Germany. West Berlin consisted of the American, British, and French...
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Military Wiki
https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/West_Berlin
For other uses, see West Berlin (disambiguation). West Berlin was a free city and political enclave surrounded by East Berlin and East Germany that existed between 1949 and 1990. It comprised the western regions of Berlin, which were bordered by East Berlin and parts of East Germany. West Berlin consisted of the American, British, and French occupation sectors, which had been established in 1945. It was politically closely affiliated with West Germany, although it had a special status, because its administration was formally conducted by the Western Allies. East Berlin encompassed the region occupied and administered by the Soviet Union, and was claimed as its capital by East Germany. The Western Allies did not recognise this claim, as they asserted that the entire city of Berlin was legally under four-power administration. The Berlin Wall, built in 1961, physically divided East and West Berlin until it fell in 1989. With about two million inhabitants, West Berlin had the highest number of residents of any city in Cold War-era Germany. Origins[] The Potsdam Agreement established the legal framework for the occupation of Germany in the wake of World War II. According to the agreement, Germany would be formally under the administration of the four major wartime Allies—the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union—until a German government acceptable to all parties would be established. The territory of Germany, as it existed in 1937, would be reduced by most of Eastern Germany thus creating the former eastern territories of Germany. The remaining territory would be divided into four zones, each administered by one of the allied countries. Berlin, which was surrounded by the Soviet zone of occupation—newly established in most of Middle Germany—would be similarly divided, with the Western Allies occupying an enclave consisting of the western parts of the city. According to the agreement, the occupation of Berlin would end only as a result of a quadripartite agreement. The Western Allies were guaranteed three air corridors to their sectors of Berlin, and the Soviets also informally allowed road and rail access between West Berlin and the western parts of Germany (see section on traffic). At first, this arrangement was officially only meant to be a temporary administrative structure, with all parties declaring that Germany and Berlin would soon be reunited. However, as the relations between the western allies and the Soviet Union soured and the Cold War began, the joint administration of Germany and Berlin broke down. Soon Soviet-occupied Berlin and western-occupied Berlin had separate city administrations. In 1948, the Soviets tried to force the Western Allies out of Berlin by imposing a land blockade on the western sectors: the Berlin Blockade. The West responded by using its air corridors for supplying their part of the city with food and other goods in the Berlin Airlift. In May 1949, the Soviets lifted the blockade, and West Berlin as a separate city with its own jurisdiction was maintained. By the end of 1949, two new states had been created out of occupied Germany—the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in the West and the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) in the East—with West Berlin an enclave surrounded by, but not part of, the GDR. Legal status[] According to the legal theory followed by the Western Allies, the occupation of most of Germany ended in 1949 with the declaration of the Federal Republic of Germany (23 May 1949) and the German Democratic Republic (7 October 1949). However, because the occupation of Berlin could only be ended by a quadripartite agreement, Berlin remained an occupied territory under the formal sovereignty of the allies. Hence, the Grundgesetz (the constitution of the Federal Republic) was not fully applicable to West Berlin. When on 4 August 1950 the West Berlin parliament passed a new constitution (Verfassung von Berlin), declaring Berlin a state of the Federal Republic and the provisions of the Grundgesetz as binding law superior to Berlin state law (Article 1, clauses 2 and 3) this became statutory law only on 1 September and only with the inclusion of the western Allied proviso[1] that Art. 1, clauses 2 and 3, were not valid (literally in German: zurückgestellt, i.e. deferred for the time being; the clauses became valid law on 3 October 1990, the day of Germany's unification) and that Art. 87 (clause 3), specifying that insofar as for the time being the western Allies accepted provisions of the Grundgesetz as applicable, they were only considered superior law to the extent necessary to prevent conflicts between the Grundgesetz and the Constitution of Berlin (West).[2] Thus civic liberties and personal rights (save the secrecy of telecommunications) guaranteed by the Grundgesetz were also valid in Berlin (West). In addition, West German federal laws did not apply to West Berlin, but the House of Representatives of Berlin (German: Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin; the West Berlin legislature; reunited Berlin's legislature bears the same name) used to vote in every new federal law without debate to maintain legal status with the pre-1990 Federal Republic of Germany. The ambiguous legal status of West Berlin, then still legally styled as Greater Berlin, although technically only comprising the western sectors, meant that West Berliners were not eligible to vote in federal elections. In their notification of permission of 12 May 1949 the three western military governors for Germany explained their proviso in No. 4, as follows: "A third reservation concerns the participation of Greater Berlin in the Federation. We interpret the effect of Articles 23 and 144 (2) of the Basic Law as constituting acceptance of our previous request that while Berlin may not be accorded voting membership in the Bundestag or Bundesrat nor be governed by the Federation she may, nevertheless, designate a small number of representatives to the meetings of those legislative bodies".[3] Consequently, West Berliners were indirectly represented in the Bundestag in Bonn by 20 non-voting delegates chosen by the city's House of Representatives. Similarly, the Senate sent four non-voting delegates to the Bundesrat. However, as West German citizens, West Berliners were able to stand for election, such as Social Democrat Chancellor Willy Brandt, who was elected via his party's list of candidates. Also, men there were exempt from the Federal Republic's compulsory military service; this exemption made the city a popular destination for West German youths, which resulted in a flourishing counterculture, which became one of the defining features of the city. The Western Allies remained the ultimate political authorities in West Berlin. All legislation of the "Abgeordnetenhaus", the domestic state and the adopted federal law, only applied under the proviso of the confirmation by the three Western Allied commanders-in-chief. If they approved a bill, it was enacted as part of West Berlin's statutory law. If the commanders-in-chief rejected a bill, it did not become law in West Berlin; this, for example, was the case with West German laws on military duty. West Berlin was run by the elected Governing Mayor of Berlin (the mayor of reunited Berlin bears the same title) and the Senate of Berlin (city-state government, the government of reunited Berlin bears the same name) seated at Rathaus Schöneberg. The Governing Mayor and Senators (ministers) had to be approved by the Western Allies and thus derived their authority from the occupying forces, not from their electoral mandate. The Soviets unilaterally declared the occupation of East Berlin at an end along with the rest of East Germany. This move was, however, not recognised by the Western Allies, who continued to view all of Berlin as a jointly occupied territory belonging to neither of the two states. This view was supported by the continued practice of patrols of Allied soldiers of all four Allies in all four sectors. Thus, occasionally Western Allied soldiers were on patrol in East Berlin and Soviet soldiers were patrolling in West Berlin. After the Wall was built, East Germany wanted to control Western Allied patrols upon entering or leaving East Berlin, a practice that the Western Allies regarded as unacceptable. So, after protests to the Soviets, the patrols continued uncontrolled on both sides, with the tacit agreement that the western Allies would not use their patrolling privileges for helping Easterners to flee to the West.[4] In many ways, West Berlin functioned as the de facto 11th state of West Germany, and was depicted on maps published in the West as being a part of West Germany. There was freedom of movement (to the extent allowed by geography) between West Berlin and West Germany. There were no separate immigration regulations for West Berlin: all immigration rules for West Germany were followed in West Berlin. West German entry visas issued to visitors were stamped with "valid for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany including Berlin (West)", authorising entry to West Berlin as well as West Germany. West Berlin remained a military occupation zone until 3 October 1990, the day of unification of East Germany, East and West Berlin with the West German Federal Republic of Germany. The West German Federal Government, as well as the governments of most western nations, considered East Berlin to be a "separate entity" from East Germany.[5] Communist countries, however, did not recognise West Berlin as part of West Germany and usually described it as a "third" German jurisdiction, called selbständige politische Einheit (independent political entity). On maps of East Berlin, West Berlin often did not appear as an adjacent urban area but as a monochrome terra incognita, sometimes showing the letters WB, meaning West Berlin, or overlaid with a legend or pictures. It was often labelled "Besonderes politisches Gebiet Westberlin" (West Berlin special political area). Citizenship[] While East Germany established an East German citizenship as part of its second constitution in 1967, a distinct West German citizenship did not exist. Instead, West Germany continued the definition of pre-World War II German citizenship for all ethnic or naturalised Germans in West Germany, East Germany or any part of Berlin. So while West Berlin was not unanimously regarded as part of the Federal Republic, its citizens were treated like West German citizens by West German authorities, save for the limitations imposed by West Berlin's legal status. This meant that West Berliners could circumvent some of these limitations if they had a second home in West Germany proper. For example, they could vote in Bundestag elections and they could be conscripted into West German military service. Immigration[] The Federal Republic of Germany issued West German passports to West Berliners on request that showed West Berlin as their place of residence. However, West Berliners could not use their passports for crossing East German borders and were denied entrance by any country of the Eastern Bloc, since governments of these countries held the view that West Germany was not authorised to issue legal papers for West Berliners. However, West Berliners travelling with West German passports carrying a secondary address in West Germany were treated as West Germans by the East German authorities. Since West Berlin was not a sovereign state, it did not issue passports. West Berliners were issued an auxiliary identity card (German: Behelfsmäßiger Personalausweis) by the city state of Berlin (West) that was devoid of any West German federal symbols and did not indicate citizenship. From 11 June 1968, East Germany made it mandatory that West Berlin and West German transit passengers obtain a transit visa (German: Transitvisum), issued upon entering East Germany, because by its second constitution East Germany considered West Germans and West Berliners as foreigners. Since identity cards had no pages to stamp visas, the Eastern visa departments stamped their visas onto separate leaflets which were loosely stuck into the identity cards, which until the mid-1980s, were little booklets. A fee of West German Deutsche Mark (DM) 5, levied by East Germany from the transit passengers, could be reimbursed by the West German Federal Government. For entering visa-requiring western countries, such as the US, West Berliners commonly used West German passports. However, for countries which did not require stamped visas for entry, including Switzerland, Austria, and many members of the then European Economic Community, West Berlin identity cards were also acceptable for entry. Occasionally, East Germany selectively banned travellers on their way through East Germany. From 13 April 1968, ministers and leading officials of the West German Federal Government were denied transit until further notice. In January 1970 East Germany interrupted transit traffic several times, because parliamentary committees of the West German Bundestag met for sessions in West Berlin, which – according to the East German authorities – they were not allowed to do, since West Berlin was not a part of West Germany. Naming conventions[] Most Westerners called the Western sectors "Berlin", unless further distinction was necessary. The West German Federal government officially called West Berlin "Berlin (West)", whereas the East German government commonly referred to it as "Westberlin"; it began to use "Berlin (West)" only in the late 1980s. Starting from 31 May 1961, East Berlin was officially called Berlin, Capital of the GDR (German: Berlin, Hauptstadt der DDR), replacing the formerly used term Democratic Berlin), or simply "Berlin," by East Germany, and "Berlin (Ost)" by the West German Federal government. Other names used by West German media included "Ost Berlin", "Ostberlin", or "Ostsektor". These different naming conventions for the divided parts of Berlin when followed by individuals, governments, or media commonly indicated their political leanings. Period following the building of the Wall[] On 26 June 1963, U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited West Berlin and gave a public speech known for its famous phrase "Ich bin ein Berliner". The Four Power Agreement on Berlin (September 1971) and the Transit Agreement (May 1972) helped to significantly ease tensions over the status of West Berlin. While many restrictions remained in place, it also made it easier for West Berliners to travel to East Germany and it simplified the regulations for Germans travelling along the autobahn transit routes. At the Brandenburg Gate in 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan provided a challenge to the then-Soviet premier: "General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!" On 9 November 1989, the Wall was opened, and the two parts of the city were once again physically—though at this point not legally—united. The Two Plus Four Treaty, signed by the two German states and the four wartime allies, paved the way for German reunification and an end to the western occupation of West Berlin. On 3 October 1990—the day Germany was officially reunified—East and West Berlin formally reunited as the city of Berlin, which then joined the enlarged Federal Republic as a city-state along the lines of the existing West German city-states of Bremen and Hamburg. Walter Momper, the mayor of West Berlin, became the first mayor of the reunified city. Boroughs of West Berlin[] West Berlin comprised the following boroughs: In the American Sector: Neukölln Kreuzberg Schöneberg Steglitz Tempelhof Zehlendorf In the British Sector: Charlottenburg Tiergarten Wilmersdorf Spandau In the French Sector: Reinickendorf Wedding Exclaves[] West Berlin's border was identical with the municipal boundary of Berlin as defined in the Greater Berlin Act of 1920 and amended in 1938, and the border between the Soviet sector and the French, British and American sectors respectively, which followed the boundaries of Berlin administrative boroughs as defined in the same years. Another amendment was added in 1945 at the border between the British sector of Berlin and the Soviet zone such that the Wehrmacht airfield at Berlin-Gatow became British and the airfield at Berlin-Staaken became Soviet. The resulting borderline of all these changes was complicated with a lot of geographical oddities, including a number of exclaves and enclaves that Greater Berlin had inside some neighbouring municipalities since 1920, all of which happened to become part of the British or American sectors after 1945, thus parts of West Berlin surrounded by East Germany. Furthermore the Gatow/Staaken exchange in August 1945 resulted in the geographically western half of Berlin-Staaken, which was located at the western outskirts of the city, becoming de jure Soviet occupied. However, the de facto administration remained with the Borough of Spandau in the British sector. So all inhabitants of Staaken could vote for West Berlin's city state elections in 1948 and 1950. On 1 February 1951 East German Volkspolizei surprised the West Staakeners and occupied western Staaken and ended the administration by the Spandau Borough; instead, western Staaken became an exclave of the Soviet occupied borough Berlin-Mitte in the city centre. However, on 1 June 1952, western Staaken's de facto administration was conveyed to neighbouring East German Falkensee in the East German district Nauen. This situation was undone on 3 October 1990, the day of German unification, when West Staaken was reincorporated into united Berlin. Under the Four Power Agreement on Berlin in 1971, the Allies authorised West Berlin to negotiate territorial allocations with East Germany. On 20 December 1971, the first territorial re-allocations took place and included the exclaves numbered 1–3, 6, 8, 10 and 11 (mentioned below), connecting exclave 11 with West Berlin and ceding the other six to East Germany as well as including a payment of four million West German Deutsche Mark to the East. The remaining exclaves were either ceded (No. 5, 7 and 12) to East Germany or territorially connected with West Berlin (No. 4 and 6) in a second redeployment in 1988. West Berlin's twelve exclaves were the following: 1–3 Böttcherberg (German) (0.30 ha/0.74 acre): three unconnected, uninhabited and unused pieces of land, belonged to West Berlin's Borough of Zehlendorf, ceded to East Germany in 1971, since then a part of Potsdam. 4 Erlengrund (German) (0.51 ha/1.26 acre): Allotment club, seasonally inhabited, belonging to the Borough of Spandau, territorially connected with West Berlin, when East Germany ceded the adjacent tract of land in 1988. Until 1988, the members of the allotment club in West Berlin could only access it via a short passage while accompanied by East German border guards. Except for emergency rescuers, no one else was allowed to access the exclave. The path to Erlengrund was fenced on both sides so not to allow access to East Germans. 5 Falkenhagener Wiese (45.44 ha/112.28 acre): unused grassland, belonged to the Borough of Spandau, ceded to East Germany in 1988, since then a part of Falkensee. 6 Fichtewiese (German) (3.51 ha/8.67 acre): Allotment club, seasonally inhabited, belonging to the Borough of Spandau, and territorially connected with West Berlin, when East Germany ceded the adjacent tract of land in 1988. Until 1988, the allotment holders had to pass East German border controls on their way between Fichtewiese and the rest of West Berlin. Except for emergency rescuers, no one else was allowed to access the exclave. The path connecting Fichtewiese with West Berlin was fenced on both sides so not to allow access to East Germans. 7 Finkenkrug, (3.45 ha/8.53 acre): Five kilometers away from West Berlin's border, and belonged to the Borough of Spandau, ceded to East Germany in 1971, since then a part of Falkensee. 8 Große Kuhlake (8.03 ha/19.84 acre): unused grassland, belonged to the Borough of Spandau, ceded to East Germany in 1971. 9 Laßzins-Wiesen (13.49 ha/33.33 acre): unused grassland, belonged to the Borough of Spandau, ceded to East Germany in 1988, since then a part of Schönwalde. 10 Nuthewiesen (German) (3.64 ha/8.99 acre): uninhabited wet meadows, belonged to the Borough of Zehlendorf, ceded to East Germany in 1971, since then a part of Potsdam. 11 Steinstücken (12.67 ha/31.31 acre): inhabited by West Berliners and belonging to the Borough of Zehlendorf. Until 1971, the inhabitants had to pass East German border controls on their way between Steinstücken and the main area of West Berlin. Except for emergency rescuers and repair personnel, no one else was allowed to access the exclave. The road connecting Steinstücken was immured on both sides not allowing Easterners to enter it. In 1961, a permanent US military post was erected in the exclave. All military personnel stationed there had to be flown in by helicopter. In 1971, Steinstücken's status as exclave ended when it was connected to West Berlin by a strip of territory about one kilometer in length and 20 meters in width. This territory was acquired by West Berlin during the territorial re-allocations. A paved two-lane road (Bernhard-Beyer-Straße) was constructed in this strip before the territory was handed over from the GDR to West Berlin. This road was bordered by the Berlin Wall on both sides. Bus line 18 (now 118) was extended into Steinstücken in 1972. 12 Wüste Mark (German) (21.83 ha/53.94 acre): despite its name (meaning "desert border region" in English), not a wasteland, but a seasonally tilled acreage, belonging to the Borough of Zehlendorf, ceded to East Germany in 1988, and since then a part of Stahnsdorf. Wüste Mark is a tract of land adjacent to Wilmersdorf's forest cemetery in Güterfelde. Until 1988, the West Berlin farmer tilling the land was allowed after filing a formal request to cross with his tractor through East Germany. Post and telecommunications[] West Berlin had its own postal administration first called Deutsche Post Berlin (1947–1955) and then Deutsche Bundespost Berlin, separate from West Germany's Deutsche Bundespost, and issuing its own postage stamps until 1990. However, the separation was merely symbolic; in reality West Berlin's postal service was completely integrated with West Germany's, using the same postal code system. East and West engaged each other in postal battles in 1948/1949 (during the Blockade) and 1959/1960 (World Year of the Refugees) refusing to transport messages with stamps showing values in the new East or West German currency or with special stamps showing subjects related to the Blockade or the fate of the World War II refugees. The Post Office also ran the telephone network in Berlin. It was in a sorry state in all four sectors, because by July 1945, before the Western Allies took control of their sectors, the Soviets had dismantled and deported almost all automatic telephone switches, allowing direct dialling instead of operator connected calling. So Berlin's telephone network dropped from hundreds of thousands of connected telephones to a mere 750 in use by end of 1945, all of which were assigned to Allied staff or utility services. Rebuilding the system became a lengthy enterprise because of the post-war economic crisis and the following Berlin Blockade. On 25 February 1946 calls between Berlin and any of the four Allied zones of occupation were again made possible. In April 1949 the Eastern branch of the Deutsche Post disconnected all 89 existing telephone lines from West Berlin into the Soviet Zone of occupation in Germany. Meanwhile West Berlin was integrated into the West German telephone network, using the same international dialling code as West Germany, +49, with the area code 030. On 27 May 1952 the Eastern Deutsche Post cut all 4,000 lines connecting East and West Berlin. In order to reduce Eastern tapping of telecommunications between West Berlin and West Germany microwave radio relay connections were built, which wirelessly transmitted telephone calls between antenna towers in West Germany and West Berlin, where two of which were built, one antenna in Berlin-Wannsee and later a second in Berlin-Frohnau, finished on 16 May 1980 with a height of 358 m (1,175 ft) (this tower was demolished on 8 February 2009). Following the détente, on 31 January 1971 East Germany allowed the opening of 10 telephone lines between East and West Berlin. The Western area code for East Berlin was then 00372 (international access prefix 00, East German country code 37, area code 2). Calls from East Berlin were only possible with operator assistance. On 24 June 1972 East Germany opened 32 local exchanges (including Potsdam) in the East German suburbia of West Berlin for calls from West Berlin. From 14 April 1975 East Berliners could once again dial directly to West Berlin, without operator assistance. East Germany conceded to an increase in lines between East and West Berlin to 120 on 15 December 1981. However, private phones were very rare in the East. In 1989, the 17 million East Germans (including East Berliners) were served by only 4 million telephones, only half of which were installed in private homes, the rest being in offices, companies, public telephone kiosks, and the like. Transport and transit travel[] West Berliners could travel to West Germany and all Western and non-aligned states at all times, except during the Berlin Blockade by the Soviet Union (24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949), due to restrictions on passenger flight capacity imposed by the airlift. Travelling to and from West Berlin by road or train always required passing through East German border checks, since West Berlin was an enclave surrounded by East Germany and East Berlin. Road traffic[] For travel from West Berlin through East Germany by car or rail a valid passport was required for citizens of West Germany and other western nationals to be produced at East German border checks; West Berliners could only get admission through their identity cards (see above). For travel from West Berlin to Denmark, West Germany, or Sweden, via dedicated East German transit routes (German: Transitstrecke), East German border guards issued a transit visa for a fee of 5 Western Deutsche Mark. For journeys between West Berlin and Poland or Czechoslovakia through East Germany, each traveller was also required to present a valid visa for the destination country. The transit routes for road travel connecting West Berlin to other destinations usually consisted of autobahns and other highways, marked by Transit signs. Transit travellers (German: Transitreisende) were prohibited to leave the transit routes, and occasional traffic checkpoints would check for violators. There were four transit routes between West Berlin and West Germany: One between West Berlin's Heerstraße with the East German checkpoint in Dallgow until 1951, then replaced by Staaken for destinations in Northern Germany (originally via highway F 5) at the Eastern checkpoint in Horst (a part of today's Nostorf) and the Western Lauenburg upon Elbe. These were replaced in 20 November 1982 by a new autobahn crossing at Zarrentin (E)/Gudow (W).[6] On 1 January 1988, the new Stolpe checkpoint opened on this route to West Berlin. This is part of today's Hohen Neuendorf (E)/Berlin-Heiligensee (W). A second transit route led to Northwestern and Western Germany – following today's A 2 – crossing the inner German border at Marienborn (E)/Helmstedt (W), also called Checkpoint Alpha. A third route to Southwestern Germany consisted of today's A 9 and A 4 with border crossing at Wartha (E)/Herleshausen (W). A fourth (via today's A 9) to Southern Germany had border crossings originally at Mount Juchhöh (E)/Töpen (W) and later at Hirschberg upon Saale (E)/ Rudolphstein (a part of today's Berg in Upper Franconia) (W). The latter three routes used autobahns built during the Nazi era. They left West Berlin at Checkpoint Dreilinden, also called Checkpoint Bravo (W)/Potsdam-Drewitz (E). Transit routes to Poland were via today's A 11 to Nadrensee-Pomellen (East Germany, GDR)/Kołbaskowo (Kolbitzow) (PL), eastwards via today's A 12 to Frankfurt upon Oder (GDR)/Słubice (PL), or southeastwards via today's A 13 and A 15 to Forst in Lusatia/Baršć (GDR)/Zasieki (Berge) (PL). Additional routes led to Denmark and Sweden by ferry between Warnemünde (GDR) and Gedser (DK) and by ferry between Sassnitz (GDR) and Rønne (DK) or Trelleborg (S). Routes to Czechoslovakia were via Schmilka (GDR)/Hřensko (Herrnskretschen) (ČSSR) and via Fürstenau (a part of today's Geising) (GDR)/Cínovec (Cinvald/Böhmisch Zinnwald) (ČSSR). The transit routes were also used for East German domestic traffic. This meant that transit passengers could potentially meet with East Germans and East Berliners at restaurants at motorway rest stops. Since such meetings were deemed illegal by the East German government, border guards would calculate the travel duration from the time of entry and exit of the transit route. Excessive time spent for transit travel could arouse their suspicion and prompt questioning or additional checking by the border guards. Western coaches could stop only at dedicated service areas, since the East German government was concerned that East Germans might potentially use coaches to escape into the West. On 1 September 1951 East Germany, because of shortages in foreign currencies, started to levy road tolls from cars using the transit routes. At first the toll amounted to Eastern Deutsche Mark 10 per passenger car and 10 to 50 for trucks, depending on size. Eastern Deutsche Marks had to be exchanged for Western Deutsche Mark a rate of 1:1. On 30 March 1955, East Germany raised the toll for passenger cars to 30 Deutsche Marks, but after West German protests, in June of the same year it changed it back to the previous rate. Following a new agreement between East and West Germany, starting from 1 January 1980 the Western Federal Government paid an annual lump sum (German: Transitpauschale) of 50 million Western Deutsche Marks to the Eastern government, so that transit passengers no longer had to pay tolls individually. Railway[] Four transit train connections—earlier also called interzonal train (German: Interzonenzug)—connected West Berlin with Hamburg via Schwanheide (E)/Büchen (W) in the North, with Hanover via Marienborn (E)/Helmstedt (W) in the West, with Frankfurt upon Main via Gerstungen (E)/Hönebach (W) in the Southwest, and with Nuremberg via Probstzella (E)/Ludwigsstadt (W) in the South of West Germany. These transit trains did not service domestic passengers of East Germany and made stops in East Germany almost only for East German border guards upon entering and leaving of the country. Until the construction of the Berlin Wall, interzonal trains would also stop once on their way within East Germany for travellers having a visa for entering or leaving East Germany. Train travel from West Berlin to Czechoslovakia, Denmark (by ferry), Poland, or Sweden (by ferry) required a visa to enter East Berlin or East Germany to allow transfer to an international train—which also carried domestic passengers—bound for an international destination. One railway connection between West Berlin and Oebisfelde (E)/Wolfsburg (W) was reserved for freight trains only. In July and August 1945, the three Western Allies and the Soviet Union decided that the railways, previously serviced by the Deutsche Reichsbahn (German Reich Railways), should continue to be operated by one railway administration to service all four sectors. So West Berlin had – with the exception of a few small private railway lines – no separate railway administration. Furthermore, the operation of the Reichsbahn's Berlin S-Bahn electric metropolitan transport network, consisting of commuter trains, was also maintained. After the founding of East Germany on 7 October 1949 it gained responsibility for the Reichsbahn in its territory. East Germany continued to run its railways under the official name Deutsche Reichsbahn, which thus maintained responsibility for almost all railway transport in all four sectors of Berlin.[7] The GDR-controlled 'Bahnpolizei', the Reichsbahn's railway police, were authorised to patrol station premises and other railway property in the whole city including West Berlin. After the Berlin Blockade transit trains (German: Transitzüge) would leave and enter West Berlin only via one line through Berlin-Wannsee railway station (W) and Potsdam Griebnitzsee railway station (E). All transit trains would start or end in East Berlin, passing through West Berlin with only one stop in the Western Berlin Zoologischer Garten railway station, which became West Berlin's main railway station. Until 1952, the Reichsbahn also permitted stops at other stations on the way through the Western sectors. After easing of tensions between East and West Germany, starting on 30 May 1976 transit trains going westwards, southwestwards, or southwards stopped once again at station of Wannsee. For transit trains going northwestwards, a shorter line was reopened on 26 September 1976 with an additional stop at the then Berlin-Spandau railway station, entering East Germany at Staaken. Many Reichsbahn employees working in West Berlin were West Berliners. Their East German employer, whose proceeds from ticket sales for Western Deutsche Marks contributed to East Germany's foreign revenues, tried to hold down wage social security contributions in Western Deutsche Mark. Therefore, West Berlin employees of the Reichsbahn were paid partly in Eastern German currency. They could spend this money in East Germany and take their purchases to West Berlin, which other Westerners could not do to the same extent. West Berlin employees were trained in East Germany and employed under East German labour laws.[8] West Berliners employed by the Reichsbahn were not included in the Western health insurance system. The Reichsbahn ran its own hospital for them in West Berlin, the building of which is now used as the headquarters of Bombardier Transportation. For certain patients, the Reichsbahn would facilitate treatment in a hospital in East Berlin. In medical emergencies, the employees could use West Berlin doctors and hospitals, which would then be paid for by the Reichsbahn. The GDR used the western stations to distribute propaganda and display posters with slogans like "Americans Go Home." On 1 May, May Day, a state holiday in East and West, S-Bahn trains were sometimes decorated with the East German banner and a red flag. Waterways[] Two waterways via the rivers and canals Havel and Mittellandkanal were open for inland navigation, but only freight vessels were allowed to cross from West Berlin into East German waters. The Havel crossed at the East German border in Nedlitz (a part of Potsdam-Bornstedt), continuing through the Elbe-Havel Canal and then either taking the Elbe northwestwards crossing the border again at Cumlosen (E)/Schnackenburg (W) or westwards following the Mittellandkanal to Buchhorst (Oebisfelde) (E)/Rühen (W). Western freight vessels could stop only at dedicated service areas, because the East German government wanted to prevent any East Germans from boarding them. Through these waterways, West Berlin was connected with the western European inland navigation network, connecting to seaports like Hamburg and Rotterdam, as well as industrial areas such as the Ruhr Area, Mannheim, Basel, Belgium and eastern France. In July and August 1945, the Western Allies and the Soviet Union decided that the operation and maintenance of the waterways and locks, which were previously run by the national German directorate for inland navigation (German language: Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt Berlin), should be continued and reconstructed in all four sectors.[9] So, except of the originally city-owned Neukölln Ship Canal and some later built canals (e.g. Westhafen Canal) and locks, West Berlin had no separate inland navigation authority, but the East Berlin-based authority operated most waterways and locks, their lockmasters were employed by the East.[9] Because of the negligent maintenance the western Allies later conveyanced it to the Senate of Berlin (West).[10] The western entrance to the Teltowkanal, connecting several industrial areas of West Berlin for heavy freight transport, was blocked by East Germany in Potsdam-Klein Glienicke. Therefore, vessels going to the Teltowkanal had to take a detour via the river Spree through West and East Berlin's city centre to enter the canal from the East. On 20 November 1981, East Germany reopened the western entrance, which required two more vessel border checkpoints – Dreilinden and Kleinmachnow – because the waterway crossed the border between East Germany and West Berlin four times. Another transit waterway connected West Berlin via the East German vessel checkpoint at Hennigsdorf and the Oder-Havel Canal with the Oder river and Polish Szczecin (Stettin). Air traffic[] Air traffic was the only connection between West Berlin and the Western world that was not directly under East German control. British European Airways opened the first regular service for civilians on 4 July 1948 between West Berlin and Hamburg. Tickets were originally sold for pounds sterling only.[citation needed] West Berliners and West Germans who had earlier fled East Germany or East Berlin, and thus could face imprisonment on entering East Germany or East Berlin, could only take flights for travel to and from West Berlin.[11] To enable individuals threatened by East German imprisonment to fly to and from West Berlin the West German government subsidised the flights. The flights between West Germany and West Berlin were under Allied control by the quadripartite Berlin Air Safety Center. According to permanent agreements, three air corridors to West Germany were provided, which were open only for British, French or U.S. military planes or civilian planes registered with companies in those countries. The airspace controlled by the Berlin Air Safety Center comprised a radius of 20 miles (32.12 km) around the seat of the Center in the Kammergericht building in Berlin-Schöneberg – thus covering most of East and West Berlin and the three corridors, of the same width – one northwestwards to Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel Airport, one westwards to Hanover, one southwestwards to Frankfurt upon Main (Rhein-Main Air Base). Also the airspace expanding to a width of 20 miles (32 km) over the German-German border was subject to the control by the Berlin Air Safety Center. The West German Lufthansa and most other airlines were not permitted to fly to West Berlin. Flights of Lufthansa or the East German Interflug servicing connections between East and West Germany (such as between West German Düsseldorf and Hamburg and East German Leipzig) began in August 1989, but these routes had to go through Czechoslovak or Danish airspace. Traffic between West Berlin and East Germany[] Until 1953, travelling from West Berlin into East Germany (German Democratic Republic (GDR)), fell under Interzonal traffic regulations overseen by three Allied military governments (the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SVAG), the Control Commission for Germany – British Element, and the Office of Military Government/United States (OMGUS)). On 27 May 1952, East Germany closed its border with West Germany and its 115-kilometre (71 mi)-long border with West Berlin. From then on West Berliners required a permit to enter East Germany. East German border checkpoints were established in East German suburbs of West Berlin, and most streets were gradually closed for interzonal travel into East Germany. The last checkpoint to remain open was located at the Glienicker Brücke towards Potsdam, until it was also closed by East Germany on 3 July 1953. The checkpoint at Staaken's Heerstraße remained open only for transit traffic to West Germany. This caused hardship for many West Berlin residents, especially those who had friends and family in East Germany. However, East Germans could still enter West Berlin. A number of cemeteries located in East Germany were also affected by the closure. Many church congregations in Berlin owned cemeteries outside the city, so many West Berlin congregations had cemeteries that were located in East Germany. For example, the Friedhof vor Charlottenburg (in Cemetery in front/outside of Charlottenburg) was located in the East German suburb of Dallgow, yet belonged to Catholic congregations in Berlin-Charlottenburg. So many West Berliners wishing to visit the grave of a relative or friend on cemeteries located in East Germany were now unable to do so. Until 1961, East Germany sparsely issued permits to West Berliners to visit the cemeteries on the Catholic feast of All Saints on 1 November and on the Protestant Day of Repentance and Prayer.[citation needed] In 1948–1952, the Reichsbahn connected the western suburbs of West Berlin to its S-Bahn network. Train routes servicing these suburbs formerly went through West Berlin stations, but ceased to make stops in the western stations or terminated service before entering West Berlin. Private West Berlin railway lines like the Neukölln–Mittenwalde railway (Neukölln-Mittenwalder Eisenbahn, NME), connecting the East German Mittenwalde with West Berlin-Neukölln and the Bötzowbahn between West Berlin-Spandau and East German Hennigsdorf, were disrupted at the border between West Berlin and East Germany on 26 October 1948 and August 1950, respectively. Tramways and bus routes that connected West Berlin with its East German suburbs and were operated by West Berlin's public transport operator Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe Gesellschaft (BVG West) ceased operation on 14 October 1950, after West Berlin tram and bus drivers had been repeatedly stopped and arrested by East German police for having western currency on them, considered a crime in the East.[12] The BVG (West) terminated route sections that extended into East Germany, like the southern end of tram line 47 to Schönefeld, the southwestern end of tram line 96 to Kleinmachnow, as well as two bus lines to Glienicke at the Nordbahn, north, and to Falkensee, northwest of West Berlin.[12] The East German section of tram line 96 continued operating with eastern personnel and cars, obliging the eastern passengers – rarely westerners who needed special permits to enter East Germany - to change from eastern into western trains crossing the border by foot, until it was closed by the Wall.[13] The Reichsbahn shut down all of its West Berlin terminal stations and redirected its trains to stations in East Berlin, starting with Berlin Görlitzer Bahnhof – closed on 29 April 1951 – before serving rail traffic with Görlitz and the southeast of East Germany. On 28 August 1951, trains usually serving Berlin Lehrter Bahnhof were redirected to stations in East Berlin, while trains from West Germany were redirected to the Western Berlin Zoologischer Garten. The Reichsbahn also closed down both Berlin Anhalter Bahnhof and Berlin Nordbahnhof, on 18 May 1952. On 28 August 1951, the Reichsbahn opened a new connection – from Spandau via Berlin Jungfernheide station – for the S-Bahn lines connecting East German suburbs to the west of West Berlin (namely Falkensee, Staaken) with East Berlin, thus circumventing the centre of West Berlin. In June 1953, the Reichsbahn further cut off West Berlin from its East German suburbs by the introduction of additional express S-Bahn trains (German: Durchläufer). These routes originated from several East German suburbs bordering West Berlin (such as Falkensee, Potsdam, Oranienburg, Staaken, and Velten), crossing West Berlin non-stop until reaching its destinations in East Berlin. However, also the regular S-Bahn connections with West Berlin's East German suburbs, stopping at every Western station, continued. From 17 June to 9 July 1953, East Germany blocked off any traffic between East and West due to the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany. From 4 October 1953, all S-Bahn trains crossing the border between East Germany and Berlin had to pass a border checkpoint in East Germany. Travellers from East Germany were checked before entering any part of Berlin, to identify individuals intending to escape into West Berlin or smuggling rationed or rare goods into West Berlin. S-Bahn trains were checked at Hoppegarten, Mahlow and Zepernick in East Germany bordering East Berlin and in Hohen Neuendorf, Potsdam-Griebnitzsee and Staaken-Albrechtshof in East Germany bordering West Berlin. On 4 June 1954, the Bahnhof Hennigsdorf Süd station located next to West Berlin was opened solely for border controls, also to monitor West Berliners entering or leaving East Berlin, which they could still do freely, while they were not allowed to cross into East Germany proper without a special permit. In 1951, the Reichsbahn began construction work on the Berlin outer-circle railway line. This circular line connected all train routes heading for West Berlin and accommodated all domestic GDR traffic, thus directing railway traffic into East Berlin while by-passing West Berlin. Commuters in the East German suburbs around West Berlin now boarded Sputnik express trains, which took them into East Berlin without crossing any western sectors. With the completion of the outer-circle railway, there was no further need for express S-Bahn trains crossing the West Berlin border and thus their service ended on 4 May 1958, while stopping S-Bahn trains continued service. However, while East Germans could get off in West Berlin, West Berliners needed the hard-to get permits to enter East Germany by S-Bahn. With the construction of the Berlin Wall on 13 August 1961, any remaining railway traffic between West Berlin and its East German suburbs ended. The rail traffic between East and West Berlin was sharply reduced and restricted to few checkpoints under GDR control. East Berliners and East Germans were then unable to freely enter and leave West Berlin. However, international visitors could obtain visas for East Berlin upon crossing one of the checkpoints at the Wall. Following the policy of détente of the Federal Government under Chancellor Willy Brandt, West Berliners could again apply for visas to visit East Germany, which were granted more freely than in the period until 1961. On 4 June 1972, West Berlin's public transport operator BVG could open its first bus line into the East German suburbs since 1950 (line E to Potsdam via Checkpoint Bravo as it was known to the US military). This route was open only to persons bearing all the necessary East German permits and visas. For visits to East Germany, West Berliners could use four checkpoints along the East German border around West Berlin: The two road transit checkpoints Dreilinden (W)/Drewitz (E) and Berlin-Heiligensee (W)/Stolpe (E) as well as the old transit checkpoint at Heerstraße (W)/Staaken (E) and the checkpoint at Waltersdorfer Chaussee (W)/Schönefeld (E), which was also open for travellers boarding international flights at Schönefeld Airport. Traffic between East and West Berlin[] While East and West Berlin became formally separate jurisdictions in September 1948, and while there were travel restrictions in all other directions, for more than a decade, freedom of movement existed between the western sectors and the eastern sector of the city. However, time and again Soviet and later East German authorities imposed temporary restrictions for certain persons, certain routes, and certain means of transport. Gradually the eastern authorities disconnected and separated the two parts of the city. While the Soviets blocked all transport to West Berlin (Berlin Blockade between 24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949) they increased the supplies for food in East Berlin in order to gain the compliance of West Berliners who at that time still had free access to East Berlin. West Berliners buying food in East Berlin were regarded as approving of the Soviet attempt to repress the Western Allies from West Berlin. This was seen as support by the communists and as treason by most Westerners. Until that time all over Germany food and other necessary supplies had been available only with ration stamps issued by one's municipality, this was until the Communist putsch in Berlin's city government in September 1948 – the unitary City Council of Greater Berlin (German: Magistrat von Groß Berlin) for East and West. By July 1948 a mere 19,000 West Berliners out of a total of almost 2 million covered their food requirements in East Berlin. So 99% of the West Berliners preferred to live with shorter supplies than before the Blockade but support the Western Allies' position. In West Germany rationing of most products had ended with the introduction of the Western Deutsche Mark on 21 June 1948. The new currency was also introduced in West Berlin on 24 June and this, at least officially was the justification for the Soviet Blockade due to which, rationing in West Berlin had to continue. However, in the course of the Berlin Air Lift some supplies were increased beyond the pre-Blockade level and therefore certain rations in West Berlin were raised. While West Berliners were officially welcome to buy food in East Berlin, the Soviets tried to prevent them buying other essential supplies there, particularly coal and fuel. For this reason, on 9 November 1948, they opened checkpoints on 70 streets entering West Berlin and closed the others for horse carriages, lorries and cars, later (16 March 1949) the Soviets erected roadblocks on the closed streets. From 15 November 1948 West Berlin ration stamps were no longer accepted in East Berlin. All the same, the Soviets started a campaign with the slogan The smart West Berliner buys at the HO (German: Der kluge West-Berliner kauft in der HO), the HO being the Soviet zone chain of shops. They also opened so-called "Free Shops" in the Eastern Sector, offering supplies without ration stamps, but at extremely high prices in Eastern Deutsche Marks. Ordinary East and West Berliners could only afford to buy there if they had revenues in Western Deutsche Mark and bartered the needed Eastern Deutsche Mark on the spontaneous currency markets, which developed in the British sector at the Zoo station. Their demand and supply determined a barter ratio in favour of the Western Deutsche Mark with more than 2 Eastern Deutsche Marks offered for one Western Deutsche Mark. After the Blockade – when holders of Western Deutsche Marks could buy as much they could afford, up to five and six east marks were offered for one west mark. In the East, however, the Soviets had arbitrarily decreed a rate of 1 for 1 and exchanging at other rates was criminalised. On 12 May 1949 the Blockade ended and all roadblocks and checkpoints between East and West Berlin were removed. The Berlin Airlift, however, continued until 30 September 1949 to amass sufficient supplies in West Berlin, the so-called Senate Reserve, in readiness for another possible blockade, ensuring that an airlift could then be restarted with ease. On 2 May 1949 the power stations in East Berlin again started to supply West Berlin with sufficient electricity, which had to be rationed to some hours a day after the usual supplies had been interrupted at the start of the Blockade. However, the Western Allies and the West Berlin City Council decided to be self-sufficient in terms of electricity generation capacity, to be independent of Eastern supplies and not to be held to ransom by the eastern authorities. On 1 December 1949 the new powerhouse West (German: Kraftwerk West, in 1953 renamed after the former Governing Mayor of West Berlin into Kraftwerk Reuter West) went on line and West Berlin's electricity board declared independence from Eastern supplies. However, for a time Eastern electricity continued to be supplied albeit intermittently. Supply was interrupted from 1 July until the end of 1950 and then started again until 4 March 1952, when the East finally switched it off. From then on West Berlin turned into an 'electricity island' within a pan-European electricity grid that had developed from the 1920s, because electricity transfers between East and West Germany never fully ceased. The 'electricity island' situation was noticed most in situations of particularly high demand; in other areas of Europe peaks in demand could be met by tapping into electricity supplies from neighbouring areas, but in West Berlin this was not an option and for certain users the lights would go out. In 1952 West Berliners were restricted entry to East Germany proper by means of a hard-to-obtain East German permit. Free entry to East Berlin remained possible until 1961 and the building of the Wall. Berlin's underground (Untergrundbahn, U-Bahn) and Berlin's S-Bahn (a metropolitan public transit network), rebuilt after the war, continued to span all occupation sectors. Many people lived in one half of the city and had family, friends, and jobs in the other. However, the East continuously reduced the means of public transport between East and West, with private cars being a very rare privilege in the East and still a luxury in the West. Starting on 15 January 1953 the tram network was interrupted. East Berlin's public transport operator Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG-East, BVB as of 1 January 1969) staffed all trams, whose lines crossed the sectorial border, with women drivers, which were not permitted as drivers by the BVG (West), West Berlin's public transport operator. Instead of changing the Western rules, so that the Easterly intended interruption of the cross-border tram traffic would not happen, the BVG (West) insisted on male drivers. So cross-border tram traffic ended on 16 January.[14] In East German propaganda this was a point for the East, arguing that the West did not allow drivers coming with their trams from the East to continue along their line into the West, but remaining silent on the fact that the end of cross-border tram traffic was most welcome to the East. The underground and the S-Bahn networks, except the above-mentioned traverse S-Bahn trains, continued to provide services between East and West Berlin. However, occasionally the East Berlin police – in the streets and on cross-border trains in East Berlin – identified suspicious behaviour (such as carrying heavy loads westwards) and watched out for unwelcome Westerners. Once in a while West Germans were banned from entering East Berlin. This was the case between 29 August and 1 September 1960, when ex prisoners of war and deportees, homecomers (German: Heimkehrer), from all around West Germany and West Berlin met for a convention in that city. The homecomers released mostly from a long detention in the Soviet Union were unwelcome in East Berlin.[15] Since they could not be recognised by their identification papers all West Germans were banned for these days from East Berlin. West Berliners were allowed, since the quadripartite Allied status quo provided for their free movement around all four sectors. From 8 September 1960 on, the East subjected all West Germans to apply for a permit before entering East Berlin. As the communist government in the East gained tighter control, and the economic recovery in the West significantly outperformed the Eastern development, more than a hundred thousand East Germans and East Berliners left East Germany and East Berlin for the West every year. East Germany closed the borders between East and West Germany and sealed off the border with West Berlin in 1952; but because of the quadripartite Allied status of the city, the 46-kilometre (29 mi)-long sectorial border between East and West Berlin remained open. As there was freedom of movement between West Berlin and West Germany, Easterners could use the city as a transit point to West Germany, usually travelling there by air. To stop this drain of people defecting, the East German government built the Berlin Wall, thus physically closing off West Berlin from East Berlin and East Germany, on 13 August 1961. All Eastern streets, bridges, paths, windows, doors, gates or sewers opening to West Berlin were systematically sealed off by walls, concrete elements, barbed wire or bars. The Wall was directed against the Easterners, who by its construction were no longer allowed to leave the East, except with an Eastern permit, not usually granted. Westerners were still granted visas on entering East Berlin. Initially eight street checkpoints were opened, and one checkpoint in the Berlin Friedrichstraße railway station, which was reached by one line of the Western underground (today's U 6), two Western S-Bahn lines, one under and one above ground (approximate to today's S 2 and S 3, however lines changed a lot from 1990 onwards), and transit trains between West Germany and West Berlin started and ended there. The eight street checkpoints were – from North to South along the Wall – on Bornholmer Straße, Chausseestraße, Invalidenstraße, Brandenburg Gate, Friedrichstraße (Checkpoint Charlie in US military denomination, since this crossing was to their sector), Heinrich-Heine-Straße (also Checkpoint Delta), and Sonnenallee. When the construction of the Wall started after midnight early on 13 August, West Berlin's Governing Mayor Willy Brandt was on a West German federal election campaigning tour in West Germany. Arriving by train in Hanover at 4 am he was informed about the Wall and flew back to West Berlin's Tempelhof Central Airport. In the course of the day he protested along with many other West Berliners on Potsdamer Platz and at the Brandenburg Gate. On 14 August, under the pretext that Western demonstrations required it, the East closed the checkpoint at the Brandenburg Gate, 'until further notice', a situation that was to last until 22 December 1989, when it was finally reopened. On 26 August 1961 East Germany generally banned West Berliners from entering the Eastern sector. West Germans and other nationals, however, could still get visas on entering East Berlin. Since intra-city phone lines had been cut by the East already in May 1952 (see below) the only remaining way of communication with family or friends on the other side was by mail or at meeting in a motorway restaurant on a transit route, because the transit traffic remained unaffected throughout. On 18 May 1962 East Germany opened the so-called Tränenpalast checkpoint hall (Palace of Tears) at Berlin Friedrichstraße station, where Easterners had to say a sometimes tearful farewell to returning Westerners as well as the few Easterners who had managed to get a permit to visit the West. Until June 1963 the East deepened its border zone around West Berlin in East Germany and East Berlin by clearing existing buildings and vegetation to create an open field of view, sealed off by the Berlin Wall towards the West and a second wall or fence of similar characteristics to the East, observed by armed men in towers, with orders to shoot at escapees. Finally in 1963 West Berliners were again allowed to visit East Berlin. On this occasion a further checkpoint for pedestrians only was opened on the Oberbaumbrücke. West Berliners were granted visas for a one-day-visit between 17 December 1963 and 5 January the following year. 1.2 million out of a total 1.9 million West Berliners visited East Berlin during this period. In 1964, 1965 and 1966 East Berlin was opened again to West Berliners, but each time only for a limited period. East Germany found particular joy in playing with the different legal statuses it assigned to East Germans, East Berliners, West Germans, and West Berliners, as well as citizens from other countries in the world. Until 1990 East Germany designated each Border crossings in East Berlin for certain categories of persons, with only one street checkpoint being open simultaneously for West Berliners and West Germans (Bornholmer Straße) and Berlin Friedrichstraße railway station being open for all travellers. On 9 September 1964, the East German Council of Ministers (government) decided to allow Eastern pensioners to visit family in West Germany or West Berlin. According to the specified regulations valid from 2 November on Eastern pensioners could apply, and were usually allowed, to travel into the West to visit relatives once a year for a maximum of four weeks. If pensioners decided not to return, the government did not miss them as manpower, unlike younger Easterners, who were subject to a system of labour and employment, which demanded almost everybody work in the Eastern command production system. On 2 December 1964 East Germany, always short of hard currency, decreed that every Western visitor had to buy a minimum of 5 Eastern Mark der Deutschen Notenbank per day (MDN,[16] 1964–1968 the official name of the East German mark, to distinguish it from the West Deutsche Mark) at the still held arbitrary compulsory rate of 1:1. The five marks had to be spent, as exporting Eastern currency was illegal, which is why importing it after having bargained for it at the currency market at Zoo station was also illegal. Western pensioners and children were spared from the compulsory exchange (officially in German language: Mindestumtausch, i.e. minimum exchange). Not long after East Germany held the first cash harvest from the new compulsory exchange rules by allowing West Berliners to visit East Berlin once more for a day during the Christmas season. The following year, 1965, East Germany opened the travelling season for West Berliners on 18 December. In 1966 it opened for a second harvest of Western money between the Easter (10 April) and Pentecost (29 May) holidays and later again at Christmas. The situation only changed fundamentally after 11 December 1971 when, representing the two German states, the Western Egon Bahr and the Eastern Michael Kohl signed the Transit Agreement. This followed by a comparable agreement for West Berliners, once more allowing regular visits to East Germany and East Berlin. After ratification of the Agreement and specifying the pertaining regulations West Berliners could apply for the first time again for visas for any chosen date to East Berlin or East Germany from 3 October 1972 onwards. If granted, a one-day-visa entitled them to leave the East until 2 am the following day. West Berliners were now spared the visa fee of 5 Western Deutsche Marks, not to be confused with the compulsory exchange amounting to the same sum, but yielding in return 5 Eastern marks. This financial relief did not last long, because on 15 November 1973 East Germany doubled the compulsory exchange to 10 Eastern marks, payable in West German Deutsche Marks at par. One-day-visas for East Berlin were now issued in a fast procedure on entering East Berlin; visas for longer stays and visas for East Germany proper needed a prior application, which could be a lengthy procedure. To ease the application for West Berliners seeking such Eastern visas, the GDR Foreign Ministry was later allowed to open Offices for the Affairs of Visits and Travelling (German: Büros für Besuchs- und Reiseangelegenheiten) in West Berlin, but were not allowed to show any official symbols of East Germany. The Eastern officials working commuted every morning and evening between East and West Berlin. Their uniforms showed no official symbols except the name Büro für Besuchs- und Reiseangelegenheiten. They accepted visa applications and handed out confirmed visas issued in the East, to the West Berlin applicants. A shed formerly housing one such Büro für Besuchs- und Reiseangelegenheiten can be found on Waterlooufer 5–7 in Berlin-Kreuzberg, close to Hallesches Tor underground station.[17] The disagreement about Berlin's status was one of the most important debates of the Cold War. Another form of traffic between East and West Berlin was the transfer of West Berlin's sewage into East Berlin and East Germany through the sewer pipes built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The sewage flowed into the East because most of the pre-war premises for sewage treatment, mostly sewage farms, happened to be in the East after the division of the city. Sewer pipes, however, once discovered as a way to flee the East, were blocked by bars. West Berlin paid for the treatment of its sewage in Western Deutsche Marks which were desperately needed by the Eastern government. Since the methods used in the East did not meet Western standards, West Berlin increased the capacity of modern sewage treatment within its own territory, so that the amount of its sewage treated in the East had considerably reduced by the time the Wall came down. Similar was the situation with refuse. The removal, burning or disposal of the ever-growing amount of West Berlin's rubbish became a costly problem, but here too an agreement was found, since West Berlin would pay in Western Deutsche Marks. On 11 December 1974 East Germany and West Berlin's garbage utility company BSR signed a contract to dispose of refuse on a dump right beside the Wall in East German Groß-Ziethen (today a part of Schönefeld). An extra checkpoint, solely open for Western bin lorries was opened there. Later a second dump, further away, was opened in Vorketzin, a part of Ketzin. As for the S-Bahn, operated in all of Berlin by the East German Reichsbahn, the construction of the Wall meant a deep cut into its integrated network of lines, especially for Berlin's circular S-Bahn line around all of the Western and Eastern inner city. The lines were separated and those mostly located in West Berlin were continued, but only accessible from West Berlin with all access in East Berlin closed. However, even before the Wall had been built, West Berliners increasingly refrained from using the S-Bahn, since boycotts against it were issued, the argument being that every S-Bahn ticket bought provided the GDR government with valuable Western Deutsche Marks. Usage dropped further as the Western public transport operator BVG (West) offered parallel bus lines and expanded its network of underground lines. After the construction of the Wall usage dropped so much that running the S-Bahn lines in West Berlin turned into a loss-making exercise: wages and maintenance costs – however badly it was carried out – outdid the proceeds from ticket sales. So the Reichsbahn finally agreed to surrender operation of the S-Bahn in West Berlin, as had been determined by all Allies in 1945, and on 29 December 1983 the Allies, the Senate of Berlin (West; i.e. the city state government) and the Reichsbahn signed an agreement to change the operator from Reichsbahn to BVG (West) which took effect on 9 January 1984. On 9 November 1989 East Germany opened the borders for East Germans and East Berliners, who could then freely enter West Berlin. West Berlin itself had never restricted their entry. For West Berliners and West Germans the opening of the border for free entry lasted longer. The regulation concerning one-day-visas on entering the East and the compulsory minimum exchange of 25 Western Deutsche Marks by 1989, continued. However, more checkpoints were opened. Finally on 22 December 1989 East Germany granted West Berliners and West Germans free entry without charge at the existing checkpoints, demanding only valid papers. Eastern controls were slowly eased into spot checks and finally abolished on 30 June 1990, the day East and West introduced the union concerning currency, economy and social security (German language: Währungs-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialunion). Traffic between different parts of West Berlin crossing the East[] When the Wall was built in 1961 three metro lines starting in northern parts of West Berlin, passed through tunnels under the Eastern city centre and ended again in southern parts of West Berlin. The lines concerned were today's underground lines U 6 and U 8 and the S-Bahn line S 2 (today partly also used by other lines). On the sealing off of West Berlin from East Berlin by the Berlin Wall the entrances of the stations on these lines located in East Berlin were shut, however, western trains were allowed to continue to pass through without stopping. Passengers in these trains experienced the empty and barely lit ghost stations where time had stood still since 13 August 1961. West Berlin's public transport operator BVG (West) paid the east an annual charge in Western Deutsche Marks for its underground lines to use the tunnels under East Berlin. U 6 and S 2 also had one subterranean stop at the Eastern Berlin Friedrichstraße railway station, the only station beneath East Berlin where western U Bahn trains were still allowed to stop. Passengers could change there between U 6, S 2 and the elevated S 3 (then starting and ending in Friedrichstraße) or for the transit trains to West Germany, buy duty free tobacco and liquor for west marks in GDR run Intershop kiosks, or enter East Berlin through an inbuilt checkpoint. See also[] 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing Berlin Brigade Berlin Crisis of 1961 Bonn Ghost station History of Germany (1945–1990) Judgment in Berlin List of Commandants of Berlin Sectors Nonviolent revolution RAF Gatow Spandau Prison Stunde Null United States Army Berlin References[] British Garrison Berlin 1945 -1994, "No where to go", W. Durie ISBN 978-3-86408-068-5 [] Berlin 1969 in the forgotten midpoint of the Cold War...twenty years after the Berlin Blockade...twenty years before the fall of the Berlin Wall Berlin Exclaves History of the Western Allies in Berlin
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https://www.the-berlin-wall.com/videos/monetary-union-and-end-of-the-eastern-mark-735/
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Monetary union: Western marks for all
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1990-07-01T00:00:00
July 01, 1990: The economic, monetary and social union of West Germany and the GDR comes into force on 1 July 1990. The changes spell the end of the Eastern mark. GDR citizens finally have access to the Western mark, a long-time symbol of West German prosperity. Adults can change up to 4,000 Eastern marks at a rate of 1:1. For pensioners the maximum is 6,000. Savings in excess of those limits will be changed at a rate of 2:1. Wages and pensions are converted 1:1, and debts are halved. Brigitte Wnuck von Lipinski, landlady of Gittis Bierbar in Mitte, talks about the night before GDR money went out of circulation.
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History of the Berlin Wall and its fall visualized with videos and images - rbb
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March 18, 1990 The GDR holds its first free election The GDR holds its first free and democratic parliamentary elections on 18 March 1990. Alliance for Germany, which supports Germany being reunified within the scope of the Basic Law, wins the most votes (48 percent). The alliance was a coalition of opposition parties: the CDU (a former bloc party whose leading candidate was Lothar de Maizière), the German Social Union and the Democratic Awakening. The newly founded Social Democratic Party in the GDR (SDP, though it has changed its abbreviation to SPD by the time of the election) wins 21.9 percent of the vote. Lothar de Maizière becomes prime minister of the GDR. Politics, East 00:44 Video versions: SD , MD February 1990 Evictions trigger riots On 13 February 1990 a group of squatters occupy a former department store to save it from being demolished. The building stands on Oranienburger Strasse and dates back to the early 20th century. The new residents rename it Kunsthaus Tacheles and turn it into an art centre that becomes a popular tourist attraction. Members of the alternative scene occupy other buildings throughout the city. A lot of squatters from Kreuzberg move East after reunification. When police clear a number of squats in Mainzer Strasse, riots break out and last for days. The clearance is one of the largest police operations in Berlin’s post-war history. Politics, Culture, East 01:42 Video versions: SD , MD January 15, 1990 Dissolving the Stasi The GDR’s secret service (Stasi) is being dissolved. Protestors storm its headquarters in East Berlin. For decades the Stasi spied on its own citizens and hounded political opponents. Its staff included numerous full-time spies as well as so-called “unofficial collaborators”. After the Wall fell, the GDR government initially had no plans to dissolve the Stasi. It is largely thanks to the Central Round Table and the citizens’ committees that the Stasi (which by then had been renamed the Office for National Security) was eventually abolished. Carlo Jordan represented the Greens at the Round Table. Contemporary Witnesses, Politics, Opposition, East 01:44 Video versions: SD , MD 1990 Chipping away at the Wall The Eastern Block is gradually disintegrating. One of the most obvious signs of the change is the roaring trade going on at the Wall. People are chipping away at the concrete and selling the chunks, often with a certificate of authenticity. The Berlin Wall has become one big souvenir. Alwin Nachtweh was one of the entrepreneurs keeping souvenir hunters supplied with pieces of the Wall. He talks about how illegal traders avoided the authorities, and how East Berliners would try to sell him their old uniforms. Some of them, he says, had their whole lives in a plastic bag. Everyday Life, West, East 01:52 Video versions: SD , MD December 31, 1989 New Year at the Brandenburg Gate By the time 1989 draws to a close, Berlin has changed beyond all recognition. The Wall is no longer the fearful thing it once was. The Brandenburg Gate, once a symbol of the divided city, opens up to pedestrians. After 28 years of separation, Berliners from both sides of the city see in the New Year together at the Brandenburg Gate. Everyday Life, West, East 00:26 Video versions: SD , MD November 10, 1989 Willy Brandt at Schöneberg town hall On 10 November 1989, the day after the border opens, Willy Brandt is in West Berlin. The former chancellor served as Mayor of Berlin between 1957 and 1966, which means he was in power during the early years of the Wall. Brandt joins Chancellor Kohl in speaking at a rally outside Schöneberg town hall, where a crowd of Berliners have gathered. In his speech, he says: “From the war, and from the discord between the allied powers, grew the line that eventually divided Europe and Germany. Berlin reproduced this line in numerous ways. But now here we are, and I thank God that it has happened in my lifetime, watching as the two halves of Europe begin finding their way back to each other.” His famous words, “What belongs together can now grow together”, were not actually part of this speech. Also present at Schöneberg town hall are Walter Momper (Mayor of Berlin) and Hans-Dietrich Genscher (West Germany’s foreign minister). Politics, West, East 02:14 Video versions: SD , MD Video subtitles: VTT Subtitle EBU-TT Subtitle November 10, 1989 Helmut Kohl at Schöneberg town hall On 10 November 1989, the day after the border opens, Chancellor Kohl gives a speech at a rally in West Berlin in front of Schöneberg town hall. The building was the seat of the Mayor of Berlin from 1949 to 1991. Also present at Schöneberg town hall are Walter Momper (Mayor of Berlin), Hans-Dietrich Genscher (West Germany’s foreign minister) and Willy Brandt (former chancellor). Chancellor Kohl has to try and make himself heard above the noise of the crowd. In his speech, he underlines the importance of German unity, talks about a united Germany in Europe and takes time to remember all those who lost their lives at the Wall. He calls for the country to reject radical ideas and voices, and to remain calm and act wisely in the days and weeks to come. Politics, West, East 04:38 Video versions: SD , MD October 02, 1990 Allied control ends Allied control in Berlin has been governing relations between the occupying powers and West Germany since 1949. This control, along with Berlin’s special status, comes to an end in early October 1990, when the GDR becomes part of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Two plus Four treaty is signed on 12 September 1990. It returns full sovereignty to Germany, giving the country sole control over its domestic and foreign affairs. Politics, West 00:56 Video versions: SD , MD October 03, 1990 Germany reunited On 3 October 1990, just 329 days after the Wall fell, the GDR officially becomes part of the Federal Republic of Germany. The country has been reunited and Berlin is once again Berlin. The GDR actually began assuming large parts of West Germany’s economic and legal systems on 1 July 1990. When the Deutsche mark became the sole currency in the GDR, East Germany was as good as part of the Federal Republic. On 23 August, a special meeting of the People’s Chamber (the GDR’s parliament) agreed to the GDR joining West Germany under Article 23 of the Basic Law. Politics, West, East 01:02 Video versions: SD , MD June 26, 1963 Kennedy and Khrushchev in Berlin The Cold War is raging. US President John F. Kennedy arrives in West Berlin in the morning of 26 June 1963. As he drives through the walled-in city, excited Berliners line the streets and give him a rapturous welcome. Children are given the day off school and businesses are closed. A reported 1.5 million people have come out to get a glimpse of Kennedy. His visit culminates with a speech in front of Schöneberg Town Hall, at that time the official seat of Berlin's mayor Willy Brandt and his successors. It is here that the young president and bearer of hope for West Berliners utters the legendary words "ich bin ein Berliner" to huge applause and cheers from the crowd. Just two days after Kennedy, the GDR authorities retaliate by inviting Kremlin leader Nikita Khrushchev on a state visit to East Berlin. But the East Berliners' enthusiasm for Khrushchev is muted in comparison... Contemporary Witnesses, Politics, West, East 03:59 Video versions: SD , MD December 17, 1963 First border pass agreement For the first time since 1961, small gaps start to appear in the Wall. The border pass agreement is signed on 17 December 1963, 28 months after the Wall goes up, allowing West Berliners to visit their relatives in the other part of the city over Christmas. More than 700,000 West Berliners take advantage of this long-awaited chance to see their loved ones on the other side of the Wall. Some 1.2 million cross over to the East between 19 December and 5 January. GDR post office workers are responsible for processing the permit applications. Although they are state employees, they do not represent East German public authorities like police or customs officials. As a result, the Federal Republic views the border pass agreement as an administrative agreement which does not signify recognition of the GDR. The SED regime, on the other hand, does everything it can to give the agreement the character of an international treaty. A total of four border pass agreements are negotiated up until 1966. Escaping, Contemporary Witnesses, Politics, West, East 02:43 Video versions: SD , MD 1965 Studio at the Barbed Wire West Berlin's authorities mount illuminated display boards on the GSW housing association high-rise near the Wall in an attempt to provide East Berliners with news from the West. The Studio at the Barbed Wire was launched by the Berlin Senate in 1961 in cooperation with the American sector's radio station, RIAS Berlin: their goal is to provide information and news across the Wall in response to the propaganda blaring out of the GDR's speaker vans. This sparks a conflict dubbed the "speaker war", which does not end until October 1965. Wolfgang Göbel was responsible for designing the display boards on the GSW housing association high-rise back then. Border, Contemporary Witnesses, Politics, West, East 01:54 Video versions: SD , MD 1966 Division of the evangelical synod The evangelical church is fighting against moves to divide its diocese which still encompasses the whole of Berlin. In February 1966 Kurt Scharf is appointed as the new bishop. However, he cannot visit his East Berlin parishes, as he is refused access to East Berlin. Instead, he retains informal ties to Christians in the East. Meinhard Schröder, then a theology student, talks about his connections with Christians in the East. Contemporary Witnesses, Politics, West, East 01:35 Video versions: SD , MD November 04, 1989 Stefan Heym speaks on Alexanderplatz On 4 November, 500,000 people gather at a rally on Alexanderplatz in East Berlin. It is the biggest non-state-organised demonstration in the history of the GDR. The crowd calls for democracy, constitutional laws, and freedom of speech and the press. A group of East Berlin stage actors were the first to have the idea of a rally, and the event sees more than 20 speakers step up to the microphone. Among them are politicians like Günter Schabowski, Stasi official Markus Wolf, theologian Friedrich Schorlemmer, lawyer Gregor Gysi, university rector Lothar Bisky, authors such as Christoph Hein, Stefan Heym and Christa Wolf, playwright Heiner Müller, and the actors Steffie Spira, Ulrich Mühe and Jan Josef Liefers. The poet Stefan Heym is also among those to speak. Contemporary Witnesses, Politics, Opposition, East 03:51 Video versions: SD , MD November 04, 1989 Jan Josef Liefers speaks on Alexanderplatz On 4 November, 500,000 people gather at a rally on Alexanderplatz in East Berlin. It is the biggest non-state-organised demonstration in the history of the GDR. The crowd calls for democracy, constitutional laws, and freedom of speech and the press. A group of East Berlin stage actors were the first to have the idea of a rally, and the event sees more than 20 speakers step up to the microphone. Among them are politicians like Günter Schabowski, Stasi official Markus Wolf, theologian Friedrich Schorlemmer, lawyer Gregor Gysi, university rector Lothar Bisky, authors such as Christoph Hein, Stefan Heym and Christa Wolf, playwright Heiner Müller, and the actors Steffie Spira, Ulrich Mühe and Jan Josef Liefers. This is a recording of actor Jan Josef Liefers' speech on Alexanderplatz. Contemporary Witnesses, Politics, Opposition, East 01:29 Video versions: SD , MD December 1972 The Basic Treaty For the first time since 1965, West Berliners are able to travel to East Berlin for Christmas. Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik is easing tensions. On 21 December, the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR sign the Basic Treaty. It is part of a strategy adopted by the West German government under Chancellor Willy Brandt, aiming to normalise relations with the GDR. The FRG acknowledges Germany's partition, but also includes a clause stating the objective of reunification. Politics, West, East 00:28 Video versions: SD , MD June 01, 1968 Prague Spring East Berlin in the early summer of nineteen sixty-eight. Alexanderplatz is a huge building site: socialism is getting a makeover and the GDR capital is set to become a modern showcase of the Republic. In June 1968 18-year-old Toni Krahl, who will later front the rock band City, travels to Prague and is impressed by what he finds there: "socialism with a human face". However, on 21 August 1968 half a million soldiers from the Warsaw Pact countries invade the CSSR, crushing the Prague Spring. The authorities in East Berlin welcome the intervention and convict 1,200 people who take to the streets in protest, including Toni Krahl. Contemporary Witnesses, Politics, Opposition, East 04:00 Video versions: SD , MD November 04, 1989 Christa Wolf speaks on Alexanderplatz On 4 November, 500,000 people gather at a rally on Alexanderplatz in East Berlin. It is the biggest non-state-organised demonstration in the history of the GDR. The crowd calls for democracy, constitutional laws, and freedom of speech and the press. A group of East Berlin stage actors were the first to have the idea of a rally, and the event sees more than 20 speakers step up to the microphone. Among them are politicians like Günter Schabowski, Stasi official Markus Wolf, theologian Friedrich Schorlemmer, lawyer Gregor Gysi, university rector Lothar Bisky, authors such as Christoph Hein, Stefan Heym and Christa Wolf, playwright Heiner Müller, and the actors Steffie Spira, Ulrich Mühe and Jan Josef Liefers. Writer Christa Wolf also speaks the rally. This film shows her speech. Contemporary Witnesses, Politics, Opposition, Culture, East 03:16 Video versions: SD , MD July 29, 1973 World Festival of Youth For the second time since 1951 East Berlin is organising the World Festival of Youth and Students. Eight million people descend on the city, transforming Alexanderplatz into a huge festival arena. The GDR, with its new head of state and Party leader Erich Honecker, wants to present a cosmopolitan image. Free love, long hair: a colourful chaos. Suddenly almost anything seems to go in the GDR capital, turned upside down for nine days. West Berlin sports teacher Gunnar Rohn talks about his experiences at the festival. A different kind of provocation is coming from East Berlin's cinemas: the film The Legend of Paul and Paula escapes a ban by the skin of its teeth. It is to become one of the most successful DEFA films of all time. Contemporary Witnesses, Culture, East 03:24 Video versions: SD , MD November 04, 1989 Rally at Alexanderplatz On 4 November, 500,000 people gather for a rally on Alexanderplatz in East Berlin. It is the largest non-state-organised demonstration in GDR history. The crowd calls for democracy, constitutional laws, and freedom of speech and the press. A group of East Berlin stage actors were the first to have the idea of a rally, and the event sees more than 20 speakers step up to the microphone. Among them are politicians like Günter Schabowski, Stasi official Markus Wolf, theologian Friedrich Schorlemmer, lawyer Gregor Gysi, university rector Lothar Bisky, authors such as Christoph Hein, Stefan Heym and Christa Wolf, playwright Heiner Müller, and actors Steffie Spira, Ulrich Mühe and Jan Josef Liefers. Politics, Opposition, East 00:36 Video versions: SD , MD May 1971 Centrum Warenhaus on Alexanderplatz The Centrum Warenhaus on Alexanderplatz is the shopping Mecca of East Germany. It opens its doors in 1970. Sales assistant, Gert Roth, is there from day one. He recalls the store's beginnings and special promotional offers. When Erich Honecker enters office, he not only promises flats, stable prices and a better supply of goods. He also "treats" GDR citizens to 150,000 pairs of blue jeans, a product imported from the West. This much-coveted item of clothing is only available at the Centrum Warenhaus on Alexanderplatz. Contemporary Witnesses, Everyday Life, East 01:19 Video versions: SD , MD
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Top Things to Do in Berlin-Mitte (From a Local!)
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2024-02-25T01:00:00+00:00
This detailed guide shares what to do and see in Berlin-Mitte, including the best museums, historic sites, restaurants, and so much more!Â
en
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Tall Girl Big World
https://tallgirlbigworld.com/things-to-do-berlin-mitte/
Mitte is the central neighborhood in Berlin and is where you’ll find most of the city’s top attractions. Here’s a complete guide on what to do and see in Berlin-Mitte, including the best museums, historic sites, restaurants, and so much more! This post contains affiliate links. We may receive a commission if you make a purchase after clicking on one of these links. You can read our full affiliate disclosure here. Literally the “Middle” of Berlin, Mitte is one of the busiest neighborhoods in the city. Mitte is where Berlin first sprang up along the banks of the Spree River in the 13th century. Today it’s the beating heart of the city and is where you’ll find the top attractions in Berlin, including the Brandenburg Gate, Alexanderplatz, Checkpoint Charlie, and more. Even after living in Berlin for five years, Mitte is a neighborhood I find myself in at least once per week. Although certain areas of Berlin-Mitte feel more touristy than others (Alexanderplatz and Brandenburg Gate, for example), there’s really nowhere in Mitte that’s a “no go” zone for me. It’s a vibrant neighborhood loaded with history, beautiful architecture, and good food. In this post, I’m sharing the top things to do in Berlin-Mitte. Know that this is a LONG guide because Mitte is very densely populated with attractions. I suggest using the provided Table of Contents to bop around the post at your leisure. Drop me a comment at the end of this post if you have additional questions on visiting Mitte! Table of Contents Click “show” to see the full table of contents for this post. You can jump around the post as desired by clicking on the individual sections listed below. Map of the Sights & Restaurants in This Guide Museums in Berlin Mitte Below are the top museums in Mitte. If you’re traveling on a budget, read my guide on the best free museums in the city for information on which museums are always free and which have free admission hours. Museum Island Museum Island is arguably the crowning jewel of Berlin-Mitte. It’s a UNESCO World Heritage site with five world-famous museums: Altes Museum — The first public museum ever opened in Berlin! This beautiful building showcases the city’s classical antiquities collection. Neues Museum — Home to the beloved Nefertiti sculpture (yes, it’s as incredible as they say!). The museum displays a mixture of Egyptian artifacts and papyrus, prehistoric and ancient artifacts, and other objects from antiquity. Alte Nationalgalerie — My favorite art museum in Berlin. The permanent collection boasts art and sculptures from the 19th and 20th centuries, with special emphasis on the Romantic and Impressionist movements. Bode Museum — Arguably the most beautiful museum on Museum Island. You’ll find art and sculptures dating from the Middle Ages to the 18th century here. There’s also a whopping coin collection on display. Pergamon Museum — Home of the Museum of the Ancient Near East and the Museum of Islamic Art. Much of the museum will remain under construction in 2024 so some of the most popular exhibits will be closed (including the Ishtar Gate and the Market Gate of Miletus.) Tip: You can either purchase a combined ticket to get access to all five museums for a day, or you can purchase an individual ticket to just one of the museums. You can probably see two full museums in a single day, at most. Humboldt Forum Part museum, part cultural center, the Humboldt Forum is a free museum in Berlin-Mitte and one of the newest in the city. The exhibition spaces are dedicated to the histories of Africa, Oceania, Asia, and the Americas, but are explained through the lens of colonialism and its lasting impact on each region. There are also lectures, live demonstrations, and guided tours that happen regularly at the Humboldt Forum (although not all are free). During Advent, you’ll find a lovely Christmas market set up in the inner courtyard of the Humboldt Forum as well! Tip: Head to the roof terrace of the Humboldt Forum for a great view of the Berlin Cathedral, TV Tower, and Berlin-Mitte. It costs €5 but is one of the more affordable viewpoints in the city. German History Museum Housed in the former Royal Prussian armory, the German History Museum (Deutsche Historische Museum) is yet another fantastic free museum in Mitte. As you can imagine, there’s a lot of text to read and objects to examine — it’s no wonder considering Germany’s history can be traced beyond the Middle Ages! Give yourself at least 4 hours to go through the German History Museum at a leisurely pace. Museum of Natural History The Museum of Natural History is a fantastic pick for adults and children alike. It’s a working research museum with some 30 million items in its collection covering everything from zoology to paleontology to geology. Naturally, a mere fraction of the full collection can be seen inside the museum. My personal favorite is the Wet Collection, which displays 276,000 jars containing one million specimens! Get your tickets for the Museum of Natural History here. Topography of Terror The Topography of Terror (Topographie des Terrors) is a free museum that’s located on the former site of the Nazi Secret State Police (SS) headquarters. Its location was intentional, as the permanent exhibit explains in detail what atrocities were committed by the SS and police force in Hitler’s Third Reich. Futurium The Futurium is the perfect museum for museum-haters. The space is labeled as “A House of Futures.” It’s an interactive exhibit where visitors are confronted with the question “how do you want to live?” You’re given a wristband upon entry, which assigns you an avatar. Think of your avatar as “Future You.” As you go through the exhibit, you’ll learn about issues facing humans today (be it fossil fuel usage, medical breakthroughs, etc.) and you’ll have to cast your “vote” at each station for how you want the future to progress. At the end, you’ll scan your wristband again and will be treated to a glimpse of the future you’ve selected to build. Think of it as a big thought experiment! Top Attractions in Berlin Mitte There are SO many things to do in Berlin-Mitte. I’ve done my best to arrange this section in the order you’d come across the attractions if you were walking straight from Alexanderplatz to the Brandenburg Gate and beyond. Know in advance that the two main streets you’ll be spending the bulk of your time exploring are Unter den Linden (which has Museum Island, the Brandenburg Gate, and more) and Friedrichstraße (Checkpoint Charlie, Palace of Tears, and so on.). Remember that I’ve provided an interactive map at the very top of this guide, should you want to see where each attraction in Berlin-Mitte is located! Alexanderplatz Alexanderplatz is the beating heart of Berlin. When the Berlin Wall stood, Alexanderplatz served as the center of East Berlin, and some of the harsh architecture common in Soviet-controlled states can still be seen around the square today. There are quite a few attractions worth seeing here, which I’ve outlined in this very detailed guide to Alexanderplatz. The key places to note are St. Mary’s Church (there’s a 14th century mural inside), the World Clock (which was erected by the East German government and originally listed the incorrect time zones), and who can overlook the iconic TV tower? Alexanderplatz: TV Tower The TV tower (Fernsehturm) is right up there with the Brandenburg Gate as being the most iconic landmark in Berlin. The TV tower was constructed by the Soviets for a few key reasons: To broadcast Soviet-approved TV programs to East Berliners. To show the world how technologically advanced the German Democratic Republic was. To showcase socialism on a larger scale. (The ball at the top is meant to represent the Soviet space shuttle Sputnik, and it used to light up red at night to represent socialism.) Admire the TV tower from the ground, or book skip-the-line tickets in advance to ascend to the top for a rotating view of Berlin from up above. Hackescher Markt One S-Bahn stop away from Alexanderplatz is Hackescher Markt. It’s a quirky, fun area to hang out, get a coffee, and window shop. I suggest visiting Hackescher Markt on a Thursday or Saturday when the market is set up. There are some nice handmade goods for sale, as well as some cheap street food options for lunch. Just around the corner from Hackescher Markt are the Hackesche Höfe (shown above), a series of interconnected courtyards with lots of boutiques and shops inside. Nikolaiviertel The Nikolaiviertel is the “Old Town” of Berlin-Mitte, and is in fact the oldest residential area of the entire city. Like much of Berlin, the Nikolaiviertel was destroyed in WWII and wasn’t rebuilt until 1987. Be sure to enter the Nikolai Church while you’re in the area. There’s an exhibit on the history of the Nikolaiviertel that’s quite interesting. Unter den Linden Unter den Linden is the city’s best-known boulevard and is home to some of Berlin’s top attractions. I’ve already mentioned one of the most popular places along Unter den Linden in this guide: Museum Island. It’s a must-visit place in Berlin-Mitte and I highly recommend it! Unter den Linden ends with the iconic Brandenburg Gate, one of the symbols of the city. The walk from Museum Island to the Brandenburg Gate is about 1.5km, and you’ll see the following sights en route. Unter den Linden: Berlin Cathedral The Berlin Cathedral (Berliner Dom) is a gorgeous Baroque-style cathedral on Museum Island. It costs €10 to enter, and your ticket includes access to the nave and an exhibit on the first floor detailing the architectural plans of the church. You also get access to the grand dome on the top of the building. Your calves will be burning by the time you reach the top, but the spectacular view of the city is worth it! If you need a rest after climbing up to the top of the cathedral, find a grassy spot in the Lustgarten (Pleasure Garden) in front of the church. It’s a popular hangout spot for visitors and locals alike! Unter den Linden: Bebelplatz Bebelplatz is one of the most beautiful squares in Berlin-Mitte. It’s surrounded by architectural gems like the State Opera House (Staatsoper), Hotel de Rome, St. Hedwig’s Cathedral, and the Old Palace (now part of Humboldt University). Set into the ground in the center of the square is a memorial to the Nazi book burning that took place on this site in May 1933. A huge pile of “un-German” books were burned, and it’s said that the German author Eric Kästner watched from the crowd as his own novels turned to ash. If you don’t know the memorial is there, you might miss it. Look down through the window in the ground into a white room full of empty bookshelves — it’s haunting. Tip: The Hotel de Rome is a luxury hotel located in the former headquarters of the Dresdner Bank. Head to the rooftop bar for a stunning view of Bebelplatz, the TV tower, and Unter den Linden (it’s especially perfect on balmy summer evenings!). Unter den Linden: Staatsoper Opera lovers, take note! The State Opera House (Staatsoper) is an elegant building that produces some of the finest operas in Europe. The history of the Staatsoper dates back to the 1740s, when it was initially built for Frederick II as the “Königliche Hofoper” (King’s Court Opera). The building you see today is not original to the site (in fact, the Staatsoper was destroyed not once, but twice, in WWII!). However, the opera house retains its Old World opulence and is a spectacular venue to see German classics like The Magic Flute as well as more modern works. Tip: If you live in Berlin and are under 30 years of age, I suggest signing up for the ClassicCard app to score 15 Euro tickets on opera tickets! Unter den Linden: Neue Wache This impressive building was formerly the site of the palace guard house (Neue Wache means New Guardhouse). Today it’s a memorial to the victims of war and tyranny. Feel free to walk around the interior of the Neue Wache. It’s a quiet space that encourages reflection. Unter den Linden: Brandenburg Gate After Alexanderplatz, the top thing to do in Mitte is see the Brandenburg Gate. I’ve lived in the city since 2019 and I still have to pinch myself anytime I walk past the gate! The Brandenburg Gate is iconic. It was here that former US President Ronald Regan proclaimed, “Mr. Gorbachov, tear down this wall!” in 1987. During the Cold War, East Berlin lay on one side of the gate and West Berlin the other. Today it’s a symbol of unity for Germany and can be found on the 10, 20, and 50 cent Euro coins printed in Germany. Reichstag The Reichstag is the seat of the German Bundestag (the national parliament). When you look up at the soaring glass dome of the Reichstag building, know that it’s laden with symbolism. In 1933, a raging fire broke out in the Reichstag. The Nazi party claimed that communists were planning to overthrow the government, which led to the passing of a constitutional act that effectively allowed the Nazis to gain complete control of the country. The Reichstag wasn’t rebuilt until the 1990s, and it was decided that the dome should be rebuilt out of glass to represent Germany’s desire to move away from its Nazi past towards a future of unity and democracy. It’s a can’t-miss attraction in Berlin-Mitte! Tip: You can tour the dome of the Reichstag for free, but you MUST book your tickets in advance. When you show up for your tour, bring an internationally-recognized form of ID (such as a passport). Give yourself around 90 minutes to complete the self-guided audio tour and take in the epic views from atop the dome. For a fee, you can also book a guided tour of the Reichstag (i.e. see more than just the glass dome). Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe A few blocks down the street from the Brandenburg Gate is the Holocaust Memorial (formally titled The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe). It’s made up of more than 2,500 concrete slabs spanning 19,000 square meters. You’re welcome to walk in amongst the concrete slabs; you’ll notice that as you go deeper into the memorial, the concrete rises up far above your head and causes you to feel like you’re being suffocated — that was intentional and is meant to encourage reflection. Potsdamer Platz Potsdamer Platz is a bustling transportation hub in the city center. During the Cold War, the square served as the largest death strip in Berlin — i.e. a no man’s land that neither East or West Berliners could cross without being killed. Potsdamer Platz isn’t the most glamorous of squares, but it’s a good place to know to help orient yourself in Berlin. The annual Berlinale film festival takes place here, and there’s also a piece of the Berlin Wall on display near the entrance to the underground train station. If you have cash to burn, The Mall of Berlin has a bunch of chain stores and some eateries. Another good place to grab lunch near Potsdamer Platz is The Playce, which is a large food hall with a lot of different cuisines represented. Tip: While you’re at Potsdamer Platz, look for the first stoplight in Europe, installed here in 1924 (someone used to sit up top and manually change the lights!). Friedrichstraße After Unter den Linden, Friedrichstraße is the most well-known street in Berlin. It’s not quite as beautiful, but as you walk from the Friedrichstraße train station towards Gendarmenmarkt you’ll pass a former GDR border check-in hall, Checkpoint Charlie, and more. Eventually you’ll come across more restaurants, shops, and a pretty pedestrian zone. Friedrichstraße: Palace of Tears One of the more underrated things to do in Berlin-Mitte is visit the former Cold War check-in hall near Friedrichstraße Station, called The Palace of Tears (Tränenpalast). Why “the Palace of Tears?” Because of the many tearful goodbyes that occurred at this border control point between friends and family who were kept apart by the Berlin Wall. The check-in hall’s original structure has been preserved and now houses a free exhibition called “Site of German Division,” which explains how the border crossings between the East and West worked. Friedrichstraße: Dussmann das Kulturkaufhaus Dussman is one of the best local bookstores in Berlin and is where I go when I want a book now and don’t mind paying full-price for a new novel. It’s a massive bookstore with multiple floors and books in various languages (the English and German sections are the largest, but there’s a smaller international section as well). The bookstore is open until midnight during the week and is a great place to go if you’ve run out of reading materials for your trip, need a souvenir, or just need to duck inside to escape the rain or cold. Tip: Check out my full list of English bookstores in Berlin if you’re looking for more local gems! Friedrichstraße: Checkpoint Charlie One of the most famous places to visit in all of Berlin is Checkpoint Charlie. During the Cold War, Checkpoint Charlie was yet another entry point for people traveling between East and West Germany. What made Checkpoint Charlie so famous, however, was the nail-biting tank standoff that occurred between US and Soviet forces in October 1961. The situation was so tense that there were fears of another World War breaking out. Today Checkpoint Charlie feels quite touristy, but it’s a worthwhile thing to see in Mitte. There’s a small museum on the site as well, which isn’t a “must” for me (you can learn similar information for free at the Palace of Tears, which I previously mentioned in this post). Friedrichstraße: “The Wall” Panorama “Die Mauer” is a moving 1:1 scale panorama designed by artist Yadegar Asisi. The panorama shows you the perspective of a West Berliner in Kreuzberg looking over the Wall, into the death strip. The panorama can be viewed from atop a 4-meter high viewing platform in the center of the room. (Book your ticket here.) Tip: Yadegar Asisi also has a Panorama on Museum Island associated with the Pergamon Museum that’s fantastic, so know that his panoramas ARE worth the money! Gendarmenmarkt One of the prettiest squares in Berlin, Gendarmenmarkt was once a site of refuge for French Protestants seeking refuge from the Catholic French government in the 17th century. Gendarmenmarkt is known for its two identical cathedrals — the German Cathedral (Deutscher Dom) and the French Cathedral (Französischer Dom) — that face each other across opposite sides of the square. Inside the German Cathedral, you’ll find a free exhibit on the history of the German parliament. Between the cathedrals is the stunning Concert Hall (Konzerthaus) that was designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel. The interior is gorgeous, and is yet another wonderful venue for classical music in Berlin. Note that Gendarmenmarkt is currently undergoing construction. It’s projected to last through 2024. Rausch Schokoladenhaus If you need a break from the museums, historic sites, and other tourist attractions in Mitte, might I suggest recharging with a healthy dose of chocolate from Rausch? Raush Schockoladenhaus is one of the oldest chocolate shops in the city, and is my personal favorite in Berlin. On the ground floor of the store, you’ll find more than 200 varieties of chocolates, truffles, and pralines for sale (but a premade bundle or pick and choose your chocolates individually). There’s also a deli at street level selling takeaway hot chocolate and other treats, but I prefer heading to the very top floor to sip my creamy hot chocolate in peace. Rausch offers three different kinds of hot chocolate (43%, 60%, or 70% cacao), and you’re welcome to add whipped cream, a shot of alcohol such as amaretto, and flavorings like chili and orange. Oranienburger Straße Oranienburger Straße is yet another popular shopping street in Berlin-Mitte, close to Museum Island. Mitte attractions along this street include Monbijoupark, the 19th century New Synagogue (which can be toured with a guide), and the former royal post office at the intersection of Tucholskystraße. Oranienburger Straße is generally a nice street to wander down if you’re looking for a bite to eat or want to shop at local boutiques. Oranienburger Straße: Tadshikische Teestube A lesser known thing to do in Berlin-Mitte is experience Russian Samovar at the Tajikistan Tea Room (Tadshikische Teestube). The tea house was originally built as the Tajikistan pavilion at a Leipzig trade fair in 1974, but it’s since been moved to its current location off of Oranienburger Straße. The Samovar experience includes a very strong pot of black tea, which you dilute with hot water and sip between nibbles of marzipan or candied fruit. A shot of vodka is provided for you to sip as a palate cleanser between cups of tea. Come with a friend or family, and make a reservation in advance if you plan on visiting over the weekend. Berlin Wall Memorial The Berlin Wall Memorial is located near the Nordbahnhof train station and showcases 1.4km-long piece of the original Berlin Wall. Both the wall itself as well as the border strip surrounding it have been preserved, and the open-air exhibits detailing the history of the Wall are free to enter. The Nordbahnhof train station contains additional free exhibits that share the history of the train station during the Cold War and the various escape attempts that were made on the site. Babylon Theater A completely underrated attraction in Berlin-Mitte is Babylon Theater. It was built in 1929 as a silent movie theater, and is now the oldest movie theater in the world that still houses its own orchestra. You can see a variety of films at the Babylon, but it’s best known for its silent film showings. If Fritz Lang’s Metropolis is showing while you’re in Berlin, I highly recommend booking tickets. It’s considered to be one of the most influential movies ever made, and seeing it with a live orchestra is a unique experience you won’t get anywhere else! Flea Markets in Berlin Mitte Flea markets are incredibly popular in Berlin, and there are some great ones that open every weekend in Mitte. For additional recommendations on the best flea markets in Berlin in general, click the link to read my full guide. Arkonaplatz On Sundays from 10am, quaint Arkonaplatz is transformed into a flea market. It’s a smaller market that’s popular with locals (many visitors overlook Arkonaplatz in favor of the larger, better known Mauerpark Flea Market nearby). Expect to find small home decor items, servingware, DDR relics, and so forth at the Arkonaplatz flea market. Antique and Book Market at the Bode Museum One of my favorite flea markets in Mitte can be found near the Bode Museum (on Museum Island). This flea market primarily sells antique books, but there are some newer titles as well (although you have to do some rummaging to find the gems hidden amongst the stacks). You’ll also find plenty of antique and vintage knick knacks, vinyl records, and small decor items for sale. The flea market at the Bode Museum is open on Saturdays and Sundays. Berlin Art Market (Berliner Kunstmarkt am Zeughaus) On Saturdays and Sundays from 11am, the street between the German Historical Museum and the Spree River is turned into a bustling art market. It’s not a flea market per se, but rather an outdoor art market where artists of various mediums sell their work. This is a wonderful market to visit if you’re looking for a more unique souvenir to remember your trip to Berlin. You can find handmade paintings, photos, graphics, postcards, and more here. Green Spaces & Parks in Berlin Mitte One of the things I love most about Berlin is how green the city is! Mitte has quite a few parks, and my favorites can be found below. Tiergarten At the end of Unter den Linden, across from the Brandenburg Gate, you’ll see lots and lots of trees. That’s the beautiful Tiergarten. It was formerly the royal hunting grounds and was opened to the public in the 1830s. At the heart of the park, in a massive roundabout, you’ll find the Siegesäule (Victory Column). For a few Euros, you can ascend the spiral staircase within the column to see the Tiergarten and surrounding cityscape from above. Monbijoupark and James-Simon Park Monbijoupark and James-Simon Park are small but popular parks on the banks of the Spree River. Although they’re technically two separate parks, they’re right next to each other and it feels like they’re part of the same one! These two parks are located just off of Museum Island, and on warm summer nights you’ll be hard pressed to find a spot to sit amongst the locals sipping beer, chatting with friends, and listening to music. Tip: Monbijoupark is also one of my favorite spots to see cherry blossoms in the spring! Volkspark am Weinberg Once the site of a vineyard, the Volkspark am Weinberg is now a small park in the middle of the city. If your hotel or AirBNB is near the Volkspark, definitely come here whenever you need to rest your feet. There’s a small pond in the middle of the park that’s surrounded by cherry blossom trees, and pretty cafes and bookstores can be found around the park. Where to Eat & Drink in Berlin Mitte At the point, I’ve already written a literal novella about all the things there are to do in Mitte so I’ll keep my restaurant recommendations short and sweet. Leave me a comment at the end of this post if there’s a different type of cuisine you’re craving, and I’ll be happy to give you some more tailored restaurant recs! Father Carpenter (Münzstr 21) — Popular Australian-style brunch spot with good coffee, eggs, and breakfast bits. Gets busy on the weekend! Zeit für Brot (Alte Schönhauser Str. 4) — Incredible grab-and-go local bakery chain that sells my favorite cinnamon buns in the city. Banh Mi Stable (Schendelgasse 9) — €6 Vietnamese banh mi sandwiches. There are only three sandwiches on the menu and no sides. Great budget-friendly lunch option. Frea Bakery (Gartenstraße 9) — An all-vegan bakery and cafe. I’m not vegan, and I genuinely can never tell that the food is vegan based on taste alone. The pastries in particular are unreal! Magic John’s (Oranienburger Str. 48) — New York-style slice shop selling pizza by the slice. Cheap, fast, delicious! Curry 61 (Oranienburger Str. 6) — The place in Berlin-Mitte to try currywurst. Hofbräu Wirtshaus Berlin (Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 30) — A Bavarian beer hall chain tha serves classic German fare. Think: bratwurst, potato dumplings, and schnitzel. What Do You Fancy Love? (Linienstraße 41) — Local Berlin cafe that has excellent coffee, chai lattes, and small bites. Pho Co (Rosa-Luxemburg-Straße 20) — No-frills Vietnamese place with good food at lower prices. Have Fun Exploring Mitte! If you’ve actually read through this full guide on what to do in Mitte, congratulations. You basically just read a book. Mitte is jam-packed with attractions and there’s lots here to fill your visit to Berlin. If you have any questions or comments, don’t hesitate to leave a comment down below!
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Facts about Berlin
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Berlin, August 2024 Surprising facts and figures about the capital
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Berlin, August 2024 Berlin the trendsetter: Be it sightseeing or trendy nightlife, galleries or gastronomy, music or fashion - the German capital always has something fresh to offer. So what exactly is it that makes Berlin so appealing? It is the diversity, the wide variety of contrasts and the sheer inexhaustible range of options that keep visitors flocking to Berlin from all over the world. Did you know that... Culture and Events ... Berlin is one of the few cities that is home to three UNESCO World Heritage Sites? In addition to the famous Museumsinsel (Museum Island) and the Prussian palaces and gardens, it also includes the modernist housing estates in Berlin. The German capital was also awarded the accolade of "UNESCO City of Design". Berlin is thus a member of the UNESCO network of Creative Cities. ... Berlin is the only city in the world to host three opera houses? The Deutsche Oper, the Staatsoper Unter den Linden and the Komische Oper can accommodate more than 4,700 spectators. The latter will be undergoing extensive renovation for several years and will hence move to the Schillertheater for that period. ... Berlin has more than 150 theatres and stages of all genres? In the year 2023, a massive 3 million tickets were sold for theatre, orchestra and dance performances. The Friedrichstadt Palast is an absolute hit with audiences, followed by the Berlin Philharmonic and the Staatsoper Unter den Linden. ... Berlin is the only European city that can boast of more museums than the number of rainy days? Because the average number of rainy days per year is 106, whereas the number of museums is around 170. ... the Gemäldegalerie at the Kulturforum, inaugurated in 1998, houses many collections? Namely, it brings together the painting collections of the Bode-Museum (in the former eastern part of the city) and the former Gemäldegalerie in Dahlem (in the former western part of the city), which were separated due to the division of the city. ... with around 290 galleries dedicated to classical modern and contemporary art, Berlin is the top location for galleries in Europe? ... the world's largest universal museum is under construction on the Museumsinsel in the centre of Berlin? Alte Nationalgalerie, Bode-Museum, Altes Museum and Neues Museum with the world-famous bust of Nefertiti have already been renovated. The James-Simon-Galerie connects four of the five buildings on the Museumsinsel. The Pergamonmuseum is undergoing a complete renovation. The north wing and the middle section are currently being modernised, followed by the south wing. A new fourth wing is also planned, which will connect the north and south wings. The Pergamonmuseum is therefore currently completely closed in order to carry out extensive renovation work. In 2027, the north wing with the Pergamon Altar will be on display again as the first completed construction phase. ... following the footsteps of the Louvrein Paris, the Hermitage in St Petersburg and the British Museum in London, four of the Museumsinsel buildings will be interconnected in future via an underground tour? ... the central entrance building of Berlin's Museumsinsel, the James-Simon-Galerie, was named after the art patron James Simon? It is thanks to him that the famous bust of Nefertiti can be seen at the Neues Museum. The James-Simon-Galerie, a simple concrete building with slender white columns, designed by David Chipperfield, connects four of the five buildings on the Museumsinsel. ... 14.2 million people from Germany and abroad flooded into Berlin's museums, exhibitions and memorials in 2023? The visitors are particularly fond of the memorials and documentation centres, such as the Berlin Wall Memorial or the memorial site "Topography of Terror". ... in addition to the world renowned collections, Berlin also has offbeat museums? These include the Lipstick Museum, the Schwules Museum, the Hemp Museum or the Urban Nation, the museum for "urban contemporary art". The Buchstabenmuseum (Museum of Letters) is also one of a kind in the world. Its collection includes more than 1,000 letters, lettering, logos and signs, most of which come from the Berlin cityscape. ... the East Side Gallery is the longest open-air gallery in the world and at 1,316 metres, also the longest remaining section of the Berlin Wall? This section was painted in 1990 by 118 artists from 21 countries with 106 pieces of art. Many of the artists in the collection returned to Berlin in 2009 to brush up on their artworks. In an online exhibition, artists and people from Friedrichshain and Kreuzberg talk about their lives in the divided city in 76 video interviews - at the time when they crossed the border as well as after that. ... Berlin hosts about 50 film festivals every year? No wonder, there are 99 cinema halls here, which is the maximum number in a single city across Germany. From the big film festivals to specials: A wide variety of film festivals on a wide range of topics are held here throughout the year, including of course the Berlinale, the Berlin Independent Film Festival, the Berlin International Film Festival or the Sehsüchte Festival. ... the Berlinale will already be 75 years old in 2025? It is one of the most popular film festivals in Europe and as the film industry's top media event, it draws around 20,000 trade visitors and journalists from 132 countries every year. What sets the Berlinale apart from other film festivals is the huge amount of public participation. Cinema fans from Germany and abroad bought around 330,000 tickets in 2024 (not counting those of the trade audience). ... Berlin is a sought-after setting for international films and series? "Babylon Berlin" was filmed here, as was the fifth season of the hit US series "Homeland" as well as blockbusters such as "Inglourious Basterds" and "The First Avenger: Civil War". One of the most popular filming locations was Pfaueninsel (Peacock Island). It served as the backdrop for no less than six Edgar Wallace films, including "Neues vom Hexer" (News of the Magician) and "Der Mönch mit der Peitsche" (The Monk with the Whip). ... Berlin landmarks are seen in a different light once a year? At the "Festival of Lights", which takes place in October, the TV Tower, the Brandenburg Gate, the Berlin Cathedral, the Victory Column and many other buildings serve as huge projection surfaces for original light installations. They make the festival one of the most elaborate and popular light art festivals in the world. The organiser opts for energy-saving LED technology. “Celebrating Freedom” - from October 4 to 13, 2024, the 20th Festival of Lights will once again illuminate numerous buildings and public places in bright colors. Urban Nature ... Berlin is not only the largest, but also the greenest metropolis in Germany? Around 30 percent of the total area of 892 square kilometres is green and forested land. The streets are lined with around 432,000 trees. 2,500 parks and green spaces offer recreational opportunities for Berliners as well as visitors. In addition, there are about 880 colonies of allotment gardens with over 71,000 gardens within the city. ... 6.6 percent of Berlin's total area is covered by water? That comes to a striking 58.9 square kilometres. At 45 kilometres, the Spree is the longest river in the city; the Teltow Canal is the longest canal in the city at 29 kilometres. Visitors can also explore Berlin aboard an excursion boat: This offer includes everything from short round trips to boat tours that last for several hours. ... the city's largest lake is the Großer Müggelsee with a surface area of almost 7.6 square kilometres? ... Berlin's second highest elevation, the 120-metre-high Teufelsberg, is made of rubble? After the war, 26 million cubic metres of rubble were piled up here. ... the tallest tree in Berlin is a Beech tree that was planted in Tegeler Forst in 1843? It has now reached a height of 43.15 metres and a diameter of 96 centimetres. It thus knocks the Burgsdorf larch out from the first place. The Tegeler Forst is a forest of superlatives. It is also home to the oldest tree, a pedunculate oak estimated to be 800 to 900 years old. It is about 15 metres high, the circumference of the trunk is 6.65 metres. It is said that Alexander and Wilhelm von Humboldt gave it the name "Dicke Marie". ... Berlin is home to the largest Chinese garden in Europe? It is part of the Marzahn Recreationa Park with its ensemble of eleven "Gardens of the World". Here visitors can also enjoy a tea ceremony. There are also Balinese, Japanese, Korean and Oriental gardens, an Italian Renaissance garden, a perennial garden, a Christian garden, an English landscape garden, a Jewish garden and a maze. ... Berlin is home to two zoos due to the former division of the city - the Tierpark Berlin in Friedrichsfelde with its beautiful outdoor enclosures, and the Zoologischer Garten with its aquarium? The two zoo locations in the capital hold many a records. With around 30,000 animals, they have a combined population that is unmatched anywhere in the world in terms of diversity and rarity. Founded about 175 years ago, Berlin's Zoological Garden (Zoologischer Garten) is the oldest surviving zoo in Germany, the third oldest in Europe and also the most richly biodiverse zoo in the world. The neighbouring aquarium, one of the largest in the world, has also earned this distinction. Yet another record: With an area of 160 hectares, the Friedrichsfelde Zoo is the largest adventure animal park in Europe. ... Berlin's oldest zoo inhabitant is 66 years old? At least that is the estimate. Thanks to full board, the best medical care and being far away from natural predators, gorilla lady Fatou the flamingo has left its average life expectancy of 40 years far behind. ... the Berlin Zoo is home to the only panda bears in Germany? Since 2017, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing have been living in the panda garden that was built especially for them. Culinary Delights of Berlin ... Berlin is ‘the’ place to go for gourmets? 21 restaurants in Berlin have been awarded Michelin stars. This puts Berlin ahead of Munich and Hamburg. Five restaurants received two Michelin stars and 15 more have one star. The highest rating of three stars was again awarded to "Rutz". It is the first and only three-star restaurant in Berlin since 2020. Enjoy your meal! ... Berlin is the European city with the most Green Michelin Stars? And this is more than Copenhagen, Paris and Oslo. Six restaurants in the German capital excel in sustainability because they use regional and seasonal products, avoid long transport routes, pay attention to species-appropriate animal husbandry and save energy. The "Bandol sur Mer", the "FREA", the "Rutz", "Nobelhart & Schmutzig", the "Horváth", and the "Tisk" were all given awards. ... the Hotel Adlon serves a noble Döner Kebab? For just under 37 euros, you get a flatbread filled with fillet strips of veal loin, lettuce and cabbage, tomatoes, red onions and a special truffle cream. ... Berlin has its own beer speciality? Berliner Weiße is a fizzy, slightly sour beer made with a blend of wheat and barley malt and fermented in the bottle. Served with a shot of raspberry or woodruff syrup, this makes for a refreshing summer drink called “Weiße mit Schuss”. ... the most famous pastry in Berlin is a fist-sized boiled pastry filled with jam? In the rest of the country, it is known as the Berliner. But you would not find it under this name in Berlin. The people of Berlin simply refer to it as “pancakes” (Pfannkuchen). And what is usually understood as pancakes in the rest of Germany are called “egg pancakes” (Eierkuchen) in Berlin. .... visitBerlin.de alone lists more than 60 vegan and vegetarian restaurants? The actual number is probably much higher, because new restaurants, snack bars, cafés and pubs keep popping up all the time. Ice cream parlours, supermarkets and meat shops also offer exclusively animal-free food and products - there is even a vegan sex shop in the German capital. ... there is a restaurant on the roof of the German Bundestag? It is the only restaurant in the world that is in a parliament building and is open to the public. However, an advance booking is mandatory. ... the oldest restaurant in Berlin is more than 400 years old and is still in business today? The restaurant "Zur letzten Instanz" has been located on Waisenstraße since 1621, once hosted Napoleon and is now frequented by numerous celebrities. Transport the Berlin public transport system is supposed to have carried 1.1 billion passengers in 2022? 529.8 million people took the "underground train" (U-Bahn), 200.6 million took the tram and 460.6 million took the bus or the ferry. In 2023, BVG has reached the peak level of 2019 again. ... the Berlin public transport network also includes six ferries? Among other things, they run all year round from Wannsee suburban railway station (S-Bahnhof) to Alt-Kladow and seasonally from Müggelheim to Rahnsdorf. ... the longest ferry route in Berlin, the F10, runs across the Großer Wannsee? The distance is 4.4 kilometres. ... an Englishman set a Guinness World Record in May 2017? Adham Fisher covered all 173 Berlin underground stations in 6 hours, 53 minutes and 24 seconds, breaking the record that was previously set in 2014. … the Berlin S-Bahn will celebrate its 100th anniversary in 2024? On 8 August 1924, an electrically powered train ran from today's Nordbahnhof to Bernau for the first time. Today, 16 lines take Berliners and visitors throughout the city and into the surrounding area. ... the class 485 S-Bahn trains were also fondly called “Coke cans” by East Berliners? The reason was their striking red livery. From 2002, the cars were gradually repainted in the traditional colors - but the name remained. ... with Berlin Central Station, the city has for the first time in its history been given a genuine central interchange station, which is the largest in Europe? Around 330,000 passengers board numerous regional and long-distance trains here every day. ... four ICE Sprinter connections link Berlin with other German cities? The Berlin-Munich journey takes less than four hours and is offered fourteen times a day, whereas the Berlin-Frankfurt route is offered six times a day. The leisurely night travel is also gaining popularity and Berlin is clearly one of the hotspots of this trend: For example, there are direct connections to Amsterdam, Brussels, Budapest, Paris, Stockholm, Prague, Vienna and Zurich. ... Berlin's cycling network covers 2,376 kilometres including the outer districts? ... the length of the German capital's public road network is 5,480 kilometres? ... the longest road in the city, 11.9 kilometres, is the Adlergestell running from Adlershof to Schmöckwitz? And the shortest road, Eiergasse in the Nikolai district, measures only 16 metres! The widest road, at 85.2 metres, is not Breite Straße but Straße des 17. Juni. The City and its History ... Berlin's city boundary is 234 kilometres long? The largest extension from east to west is 45 kilometres, and that from north to south 38 kilometres. ... Berlin, with an area of 892 square kilometres, is almost nine times as big as Paris? ... Berlin has approximately the same latitude as London and the same longitude as Naples in Italy? ... at 368 metres, the Berlin TV Tower is the tallest building in Germany? ... the new solar plant at Messe Berlin puts the capital at the third place as far as Germany's largest rooftop solar plants are concerned? Until the end of 2024, a system with 20,000 photovoltaic modules and a total output of up to 8.5 megawatts will be installed on an area of approximately 50,000 square metres on more than 20 halls of the grounds at the Radio Tower. This will allow Messe Berlin to avoid 2,900 tonnes of CO2 per year. ... Berlin has between 960 and 2,100 bridges? Of course, this would depend on what you mean by a bridge. More than 600 of these cross over waterways, which means Berlin easily beats Venice. The oldest bridge is the Jungfernbrücke, built in 1798 and largely preserved in its original form. ... Europe's first traffic lights were put into operation on Potsdamer Platz in 1924? It is still possible to visit a replica of the traffic light tower there today. ... the Quadriga on the Brandenburg Gate was taken to France by Napoleon in 1806? He had the Berlin landmark taken away as a symbol of his victory over Prussia in the Battle of Auerstedt. It was brought back to Berlin in 1814 after the victory of the European allies over Napoleon. Since then, the quadriga has been popularly known as the "Retourkutsche". However contrary to rumours, the Quadriga has always faced eastwards - i.e. towards the city in old Berlin. ... many names in the city go back to the Prussian kings from the House of Hohenzollern, and only a few first names among them have been in use over the last 300 years? These include, for example, Friedrichstadt and Friedrichstraße, Friedrichstadt-Palast and Friedrichswerder, Friedrichshain, Friedrichsfelde, Friedrichshagen, Wilhelmstraße and Wilhelmshagen. ... the Berlin football club Hertha BSC, founded in 1892, is named after a pleasure boat, which one of the co-founders had taken a trip on with his father? ... in the olden days, the city of Berlin ended at the Brandenburg Gate? This historic city boundary can still be identified from street names such as Wallstraße, Mauerstraße, Linienstraße or Palisadenstraße. The former city gates are mainly preserved in the names of underground stations - Schlesisches Tor, Kottbusser Tor, Hallesches Tor and Oranienburger Tor. ... the city reached its population peak in 1942? At that time, 4,478,102 people were living in Berlin. Today, the figure is around 3.9 million. ... seven American presidents have visited Berlin after the war? John F. Kennedy's statement "Ich bin ein Berliner" [I am a Berliner] (1963) and Ronald Reagan's emphatic appeal "Mr. Gorbachev - Reißen Sie diese Mauer ein!" [Mr. Gorbachev - Tear down this wall!] (1987) has remained etched in people's minds. ... visitors who wanted to go from the western part of the city to the eastern part during the Wall era had to exchange at least 25 Deutschmarks per day for GDR marks at an exchange rate of 1:1? Money that was not spent could not be exchanged back. However, it could be "deposited" at the border branches of the GDR's state bank when leaving the country and collected again when entering the country. For tourists from West Germany, the visa cost five DM, whereas it was free for West Berliners. Life in Berlin ... Berlin is one of the most multicultural cities in Germany? At the end of 2022, around 3.6 million people were living here. Around 30 percent of them immigrated to Berlin from abroad or are descendants of immigrants. ... a total of around 197,000 students were enrolled at Berlin's universities in the winter semester 2023/24? 23.7 percent of students come from abroad. ... the largest departmental store in continental Europe is the Berlin Kaufhaus des Westens, better known as KaDeWe, founded in 1907? The sales area on six floors is more than 60,000 square metres, which is the equivalent of eight football pitches. Over 50,000 people visit the international department store every day - sometimes twice as many during the Christmas season. The gourmet department on the sixth floor is also famous, with over 30 restaurants and bars. ... there are over 60 weekly markets, design markets and flea markets in the Berlin area? The "Turkish Market" on Maybachufer in Neukölln is particularly popular, offering a colourful assortment of fruit and vegetables, Turkish specialities and colourful fabrics. Many visitors are drawn to Winterfeldtplatz in Schöneberg and Kollwitzplatz in Prenzlauer Berg. The offering there ranges from organic products and specialities from many countries to felt shoes, handicrafts and natural cosmetics. ... up to 80 Christmas markets attract numerous national and international guests to Berlin every year? From nostalgic to sustainable, from Scandinavian to Japanese: Berlin is now considered the German capital of Christmas markets. More Fun Facts ... the feet of the "Goldelse" on top of the Siegessäule are 92 cm long? In other words, that would be the equivalent of a shoe size 138! ... the people of Berlin are real dog lovers? Around 130,000 dogs are registered in the city. ... Berlin is a city of inventors? Many useful things that have become an integral part of our daily lives originated in Berlin. Among them are the computer, the thermos flask and the torch. ... the international distress signal SOS was adopted at the International Radio Conference in Berlin in 1906? The text can be used in extracts or edited. Please indicate the copyright visitBerlin. Please forward sample copy to: presse[at]visitBerlin.de or visitBerlin | Pressestelle | Am Karlsbad 11 | D-10785 Berlin. Find more Berlin inspiration on our Social Media Our Social-Media Profiles Instagram @visit_Berlin Facebook fb.de/visitBerlin | fb.de/Berlin Twitter @visitBerlin | @BerlinTourism | @visitBerlinNews blog.visitBerlin.de youtube.de/Berlin visitBerlin.de | about.visitBerlin.de Impressions of our users on Instagram: #visit_Berlin #secretspots_Berlin #foodspots_Berlin The text can be used in extracts or edited. Please indicate the copyright visitBerlin. Please forward sample copy to: presse@visitBerlin.de or visitBerlin | Pressestelle | Am Karlsbad 11 | D-10785 Berlin. Contact us For international press inquiries
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https://www.walk-this-way.net/top-5-japanese-places-in-berlin/
en
Top 5 Japanese places in Berlin
https://image.jimcdn.com…es-in-berlin.jpg
https://image.jimcdn.com…es-in-berlin.jpg
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2024-02-18T11:31:00
One of the most impressive trips I have taken was to Japan. It is simply a completely different world in which hardly anyone understood me and in which there are so many things and places to discover. Because Japan is very far away, I have researched Japanese places in Berlin for my book. In my book, I have compiled the most beautiful Japanese places in Berlin. Until the book is published, I want you to get a taste of Japan in Berlin by introducing my "Top 5 Japanese places in Berlin". In case you want to pre-order the book, just check out my online shop for "TRAVEL THE WORLD IN BERLIN".
en
https://u.jimcdn.com/cms/o/sf39a92a694844a41/img/favicon.ico?t=1466177670
walk this way
https://www.walk-this-way.net/top-5-japanese-places-in-berlin/
One of the most impressive trips I have taken was to Japan. It is simply a completely different world in which hardly anyone understood me and in which there are so many things and places to discover. Because Japan is very far away, I have researched Japanese places in Berlin for my book. In my book, I have compiled the most beautiful Japanese places in Berlin. Until the book is published, I want you to get a taste of Japan in Berlin by introducing my "Top 5 Japanese places in Berlin". In case you want to pre-order the book, just check out my online shop for "TRAVEL THE WORLD IN BERLIN". If you want to find more hidden gems of Berlin, check out my folding maps BertaBerlin and QueerBerlin. They are available in well-chosen locations all over Charlottenburg, Neukölln, Kreuzberg, Mitte and Prenzlauer Berg in Berlin and online. But for those of you, who want to stay up to date, feel free to follow me on INSTAGRAM, FACEBOOK or register for my NEWSLETTER BertaNews.
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https://www.veronicahelenspeck.com/lavventura-intro/berlin
en
Global Communications Consultancy & Strategic Advisory Agency
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[ "" ]
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[ "Veronica Speck" ]
2021-12-30T12:08:06-08:00
The VHS City Guide to Berling, Germany.
en
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VHS / VENTURES
https://www.veronicahelenspeck.com/lavventura-intro/berlin
Berlin, Germany’s capital, dates to the 13th century. Reminders of the city's turbulent 20th-century history include its Holocaust memorial and the Berlin Wall's graffitied remains. Divided during the Cold War, its 18th-century Brandenburg Gate has become a symbol of reunification. The city's also known for its art scene and modern landmarks like the gold-colored, swoop-roofed Berliner Philharmonie, built in 1963. Here is our travel guide to Berlin, Germany. STAY DAS STUE The architect Patricia Urquiola designed this hotel in the former Danish Embassy, near Tiergarten. The interior nods to the Berlin zoo, located outside the hotel. Drakestrasse 1, das-stue.com. SCHLOSSHOTEL BERLIN Built in 1914 in the style of a French palace, this magnificent villa has served as a private residence, embassy, naval officer’s club, and later, a luxury hotel, hosting such notable guests as Romy Schneider and Paul McCartney. In 2014, Berlin fashion designer Patrick Hellmann acquired the property and began renovations, restoring its glorious historical details while bringing much of the design—previously done by Karl Lagerfeld in the 1990s—firmly into the 21st century. The Kaiser Suite has an antique library with original frescoes, and the first-floor Karl Lagerfeld Suite has lovely Art Deco touches and a stone balcony overlooking the gardens. Brahmsstraße 10; schlosshotelberlin.com HOTEL ADLON KEMPINSKI A luxurious hotel with views facing the Brandenburg Gate, featuring classic interiors, a pool, bistro, and spa, which is considered one of the best in Germany. Unter den Linden 77; kempinski.com HOTEL DE ROME A Rocco Forte Hotel located in a neoclassical 19th-century bank house on Bebelplatz, in the historic heart of East Berlin. Many of the building’s original details—graceful marble columns, skylights, an intricate iron staircase—have been retained, most notably down below in the pool area—formerly the bank’s jewel vault. Behrenstraße 37; roccofortehotels.com WALDORF ASTORIA Set in an elegant skyscraper in City West and around the corner from Kurfürstendamm shopping boulevard. Hardenbergstraße 28; hilton.com/en/hotels/berwawa-waldorf-astoria-berlin KPM BERLIN HOTEL KPM is the vision of Berlin banker Jörg Woltmann, who helped save the 18th century Royal Porcelain Manufactory Berlin complex, on which the hotel has stood since 2019. The modern, cube-like building has a rooftop terrace with views over Berlin. Engl. Str. 6; kpmhotel.de PROVOCATEUR HOTEL Red velvet ropes flank the entrance of this glamorous, 1920s era style hotel. Original 1911 gold-clad elevators ferry you upstairs to the rooms. The hotel also features a restaurant and bar. Brandenburgische Str. 21; provocateur-hotel.com ORIANA Orania is located in the ultra-cool Kreuzberg neighborhood along Oranieplatz, and has a storied past. From 1913 to 1924, the ground floor was home to iconic café Oranienpalast, concerts, and cabarets. In 1934, the Jewish owners at the time had to sell the property below market value in order to be able to emigrate. In 1995, it was registered as a national monument. In 2014, Sattler Architects and Dietmar Mueller-Elmau turned the space into a hotel with a restaurant, literary salon, bar, and concert stage. The lobby looks more like a living room with two fireplaces, a Steinway piano and small stage for local Berlin musicians, and an excellent wine bar and restaurant called Ora. Oranienstraße 40; orania.berlin SOHO HOUSE BERLIN Soho House is hard to beat in terms of location and what it has to offer: situated in the hip Mitte district it has chic interiors, a great rooftop pool with a Mexican-themed restaurant as well as Cecconi’s, plus an outstanding Italian restaurant where the crowd gathers in the evenings. Beautiful design that feels modern and sophisticated carries throughout the hotel, and with one of the best rooftop pools, one can relax during hot summer days and enjoy great tunes and delicious Margaritas in the evening courtesy of its vibrant atmosphere. Make sure you pay a visit to the bar and restaurant to enjoy delicious cocktails and food. Torstraße 1; sohohouse.com/en-us/houses/soho-house-berlin HOTEL ZOO The historic Hotel Zoo Berlin once housed Hollywood’s most glamorous film stars and swinging Great Gatsby-style parties in the golden 1920s. Designed by Dayna Lee, the glamour of the past was restored in a recent reopening. Have a drink in the “living room” lounge or on the rooftop terrace. Kurfürstendamm 25; hotelzoo.de GORKI APARTMENTS Private apartments set in a 19th-century building at the end of a tree-lined street leading up to Weinbergspark in the heart of central Berlin-Mitte, with luxury interior design featuring Tom Dixon lighting19th-century. The most impressive spaces are the penthouses with a private roof deck. Weinbergsweg 25; gorkiapartments.com SIR SAVIGNY HOTEL Located in Charlottenburg, this boutique hotel is set in a historic building constructed in 1983. Visit the Library, Lounge, and The Butcher, which serves delicious burger. Kantstraße 144; sirhotels.com RITZ CARLTON Located in the vibrant neighborhood of Mitte on Potsdamer Platz featuring art deco details. Visit the Fragrances Bar, renowned for its avant-garde cocktails that are chosen through fragrances— each fragrance is linked to a specific cocktail made with fresh and complex ingredients to cater to everyone's mood. There is also a restaurant with German cuisine, a lounge, and a spa with a pool and sauna. Potsdamer Platz 3; ritzcarlton.com MICHELBERGER A trendy hotel across from the Warschauer Straße U-Bahn station. The cafe and bar serves German dishes and their own special blend of liquor with a unique illustrated label. Warschauer Str. 39-40; michelbergerhotel.com 25HOURS HOTEL BIKINI A renovated 1950s high-rise is home to the Berlin outpost of this hip German hotel chain, which is sandwiched between the Berlin Zoo and the trendy concept mall Bikini Berlin. The hotel is also home the Monkey Bar, one of Berlin's most popular cocktail bars, and guests can cut the line by taking a private elevator straight to the door. Budapester Str. 40; 25hours-hotels.com LULU GULDSMEDEN A boutique, eco-friendly hotel located along Potsdammer Strasse with high ceilings, enormous windows, exposed brick walls, and only using organic and Fair Trade goods throughout, from the food and drink to the bath amenities. Potsdamer Str. 67; guldsmedenhotels.com/berlin HOTEL AM STEINPLATZ Vladimir Nabokov, Brigitte Bardot, and Alain Delon have all stayed at this luxury hotel at some point in its history. It opened in 1913 on a quiet, leafy square in Charlottenburg, and the boutique property retains its alluring Art Nouveau flourishes. Steinpl. 4; marriott.com/hotels/travel/berak-hotel-am-steinplatz HOTEL AMO Part of the German mini-chain Amano Group, this boutique hotel opened in a converted office building in Friedrichstrasse. Friedrichstraße 113; amanogroup.de/de/hotels/amo/ DINE | DRINK BORCHARDT The best spot for people-watching since 1853. Settle in for a Wiener schnitzel the size of your head and watch the chicest of Berlin’s ladies (and gentlemen) who lunch. Franz. Str. 47; borchardt-restaurant.de GRILL ROYAL Elegant grill restaurant, overlooking the river, with an international menu but known for steaks. Friedrichstraße 105b; grillroyal.com KATZ ORANGE A multi-level restaurant with a charming courtyard and romantic library serving a seasonal menu. Bergstraße 22; katzorange.com PARIS BAR Founded by a French soldier in the 1950s, the living room of the Berlin bohème has become a hub for artists, musicians, and socialites from Madonna and Claudia Schiffer to Robert Rauschenberg and Damien Hirst. The art on the walls includes works by German painters Martin Kippenberger and Daniel Richter. Kantstrasse 152; parisbar.net CAFE EINSTEIN Located on the landmark-strewn avenue of Unter den Linden, Cafe Einstein is an airy oasis known for its excellent schnitzel and dapper waitstaff. Order the duck with red wine cabbage and the knödel with vanilla cream. Unter den Linden 42, einstein-udl.com. TADIM Located in the heart of Kreuzberg’s bustling Turkish epicenter, Tadim has been serving doner kebab for over 20 years. Adalbertstraße 98; tadim-lahmacun.de HOUSE OF SMALL WONDER A petite cafe that seems like it is set inside a greenhouse. There is also a location in Brooklyn, NY. Auguststraße 11-13; houseofsmallwonder.de 893 RYŌTEI BERLIN A modern Japanese meets Peruvian restaurant with sushi and sashimi in Charlottenburg. Look for the neon sign — it’s the only indicator that a restaurant lies behind the mirrored, graffiti-covered walls. Chef/Owner Ngo also runs the popular spots Kuchi, Madame Ngo and Cocolo Ramen. Kantstrasse 135, 893ryotei.de. ANNELIES Famous for their buttermilk pancakes— stacked with berry compote, granola, cultured cream and butter, and drenched in maple syrup. Based in Kreuzberg, over the road from Görlitzer Park. Görlitzer Straße. 68; anneliesberlin.com GRACE BERLIN Located on the famous Kurfürstendamm avenue, designed by Dayna Lee. Order the beef tartar, Chilean sea bass, five-spice lobster and Grace dessert bowl. Kurfürstendamm 25; grace-berlin.com RESTAURANT PASTERNAK Opened in 1994 and located in Prenzlauer Berg, serving Russian and Ukrainian dishes; named after the Nobel Prize-winning Russian poet and author of “Doctor Zhivago,” Boris Pasternak. Try the bowl of soljanka, a creamy, dill-spiked soup that has Russian origins then move on to sautéed calf’s liver and latkes accented with a spicy apple jam. And don’t forget to have a few shots of the house vodka. Knaackstraße 22-24; restaurant-pasternak.de CAFÉ OLIV A minimalist cafe in Mitte with excellent carrot cake and quiches. Münzstrasse 8, oliv-cafe.de. CRACKERS Built on the dance floor of a former nightclub in Mitte, this German-Mediterranean restaurant serves grass-fed grilled lamb with tzatziki and olives, and baked aubergine with hummus, smoked almonds and pickled peppers. Friedrichstrasse 158, crackersberlin.com. CHUNGKING NOODLES A pop-up restaurant by Chef Ash Lee serving spicy noodles. Reichenberger Str. 35 ORA This bar and restaurant in the Oriana Hotel used to be a pharmacy, and the interiors including apothecary cabinets and old tiled floors are still intact. Seasonal dishes include a spring asparagus salad with spinach, radish and scallions. Oranienplatz 14, ora-berlin.de. HALLMANN UND KLEE Deep in Neukölln, a charming breakfast cafe with vintage furniture, mismatched chairs, and wood floors. Böhmischestrasse 13, hallmann-klee.de CAFE KANEL Near Tempelhof Field in Neukölln, a tiny bakery with a wonderful Danish “backmeister” (baking master). Order the laugenecke (a warm, flaky croissant meets a salty pretzel). Schillerpromenade 25 THE BARN A coffee roaster, which also serves teas, juices, cakes and sandwiches. We recommend order a flaky croissant. Auguststrasse 58, thebarn.de LE PETIT ROYAL A Charlottenburg spot with an excellent fennel salad, lobster bisque, and organic steak. Grolmanstrasse 59, lepetitroyal.de ERNST Conceived by the 23-year-old Canadian chef Dylan Watson-Brawn who began his career at 17, apprenticing in Michelin-starred restaurants in Tokyo, as well as Noma in Copenhagen and Eleven Madison Park in New York City. Ernst is an intimate supper club. Gerichtstrasse 54, ernstberlin.de ENGELBECKEN Many restaurants in Berlin claim to serve the best schnitzel,” Magers says of the fried, thin veal cutlet that’s one of Germany’s most famous dishes. “But Engelbecken is actually the best — and it’s organic. The pork roast (also organic) is a must-try, as well. It’s usually crowded, so best to make a reservation.” Witzlebenstrasse 31, engelbecken.de LOKAL A corner, cozy, restaurant with white walls, hanging lamps & a bar, serving modern, seasonal European dishes. Linienstraße 160; lokal-berlin DALUMA Organic cold-pressed juices and Acai bowls are served at this healthy cafe. Weinbergsweg 3; daluma.de ANNA BLUME A cafe and restaurant, connected to florist, with marble-topped tables, homemade cakes & terrace seating. Kollwitzstraße 83; cafe-anna-blume.de SILO COFFEE A trendy cafe with outdoor seating, dishing up breakfast & lunch specials, plus specialty coffee. Gabriel-Max-Straße 4; silo-coffee.com SCHNEEWEISS Located in the heart of Berlin-Friedrichshain, this stylish designer restaurant serves Austrian Alpine cuisine. Simplonstraße 16; schneeweiss-berlin.de SPEISEHOUSE BERLIN Traditional dishes like schnitzels, ham hock and pork knuckle in an elegant, wood-lined dining room. Wühlischstraße 30; speisehaus-berlin.de THE BUTCHER A hamburger restaurant in West Berlin. Kantstraße 144; the-butcher.com/berlin BURGERMEISTER A popular burger joint in Kreuzberg, and open late. burger-meister.de CLÄRCHENS BALLHAUS Dancing and live music with a vintage mirrored hall, Italian & German cuisine plus dance classes. Auguststraße 24/25; claerchensball.haus MRS. ROBINSON’S A cozy produce-focused restaurant by Samina Raza & Ben Zviel. Pappelallee 29; mrsrobinsons.de CODA A stylish specialist venue for artfully designed & presented desserts, plus wine pairings and cocktails. Friedelstraße 47; coda-berlin.com NOVEMBER BRASSERIE A raw fish restaurant on an elegant corner in Prenzlauer Berg. A perfect date spot, with memorable taste and presentation. Highly recommend the sashimi platter and the sea bream. Husemannstraße 15; november.berlin MEZZE BAR BY MONTRAW Wine and seasonal Mediterranean shared plates in a homey atmosphere with friendly service. Straßburger Str. 33; themezzebar.com MARKTLOCAL A fantastic farm to table restaurant in a cozy, wood paneled and plant-filled room. Features a great selection of natural wines, hearty dishes, and creative starters. A great place for a Saturday night meal before going out for drinks in the neighborhood. Pücklerstraße 34; marktlokal.berlin CAFÉ MUGRABI A favorite neighborhood spot, especially for brunch. Mugrabi features a modern Levant menu of shakshuka, humous and more. Görlitzer Str. 58; cafemugrabi.com LODE & STIJN A Michelin (and locals) recommended spot, Lode & Stijn features creative, seasonal dishes with wine pairings in a minimalist space. Lausitzer Str. 25; lode-stijn.de KITTEN DELI Another Levantine restaurant beloved by the locals, Kitten Deli is known for its french toast and brunch. Friedel Straße 30 GAZZO Excellent pizza, always busy so book ahead or wait at the wine bar across the street. Hobrechtstraße 57; gazzopizza.com REMI A tasty and social restaurant where the food is formal and cooked to perfection, but the atmosphere is casual and welcoming. Torstraße 48; remi-berlin.de LIMORI RAMEN When you inevitably crave ramen in the colder months (or even the warm ones), this is the place to go. Great classic ramen, as well as delicious matcha desserts. Mulackstraße 29 FACTORY GIRL Cute and local breakfast spot with gluten-free and vegan options. Busy on the weekends. Auguststraße 29c; factorygirl.net MOGG A well-known Berlin sit-down deli for anyone missing a good pastrami sandwich and New York style cheesecakes. Auguststraße 11-13; moggmogg.com RESTAURANT SAN Excellent quality Japanese sushi and sashimi. Weydingerstraße 22; 3berlin.com BONANZA COFFEE ROASTERS A highly recommended and award-winning coffee shop where you can post up, work, and people watch. Adalbertstraße 70; bonanzacoffee.de GREEN TEA CAFE MAMECHA Authentic Japanese style cafe with matcha, snacks, and desserts. Hours are a bit random but a very relaxed atmosphere to relax and enjoy a drink. Mulackstraße 33; mamecha.com HAPPY MATCHA Reliable spot for matcha and matcha treats. Many options for add-ons, and one of the rare places that offers almond milk as a non-dairy option. Torstraße 68; hppymatcha.com RÖSTÄTTE Buzzy and busy Mitte spot for great coffee, matcha and pastries. Always surprisingly social on weekday mornings. Ackerstraße 173; roeststaette.com DRINK BERGHAIN Berghain is perhaps the most popular nightclub in the world, and one of the hardest to get into. It is located in a former East German power station, and named after its location near the border between Kreuzberg and Friedrichshain. Doors open at midnight on Saturday and the party lasts until Monday. Wear black and speak German (or don’t speak at all) for the best shot at gaining entry. Am Wriezener bhf; berghain.berlin MONKEY BAR One of the best places to watch the sunset in Berlin. Try the signature Moscow Mule Slushy. Located at the op of the 25Hours Hotel Bikini. Budapester Str. 40; monkeybarberlin.de COCKTAIL D’AMORE A massive underground club with a tough door. Each party runs for about 30 hours, from Saturday night to Monday morning, and in the summer, visitors can dance outside next to the Neukölln Canal. Sonnenallee 221 BAR TAUSEND Hidden under the Friedrichstraße train station with a beautiful interior, live music and tapas, lies one of the best clubs in Berlin. DJs perform from Friday to Saturday. Schiffbauerdamm 11; tausendberlin.com NEUE ODESSA BAR Inventive cocktails, and classic standards like a Moscow Mule, served in trendy neighborhood bar where DJs play until the early morning.Torstraße 89; neueodessabar.de BUCK AND BRECK Classic & creative cocktails in a sleek, tucked-away space where mobile phones are banned. Brunnenstraße 177; buckandbreck.com SALON ZUR WILDEN RENATE A techno club that took over an abandoned apartment building in Friedrichshain with 1970s wallpaper. Alt-Stralau 70, 1; renate.cc SOLAR BAR A rooftop cocktail bar and restaurant in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg with DJ’s. Im Innenhof, Stresemannstraße 76; solarberlin.com 40 SECONDS A popular hospitality group with bars and restaurants including Golvet, The Dawg, Forty’s, and Vesper Bar. 40seconds.de BEUSTER BAR Deli platters, steak tartare, mussels, plus creative cocktails, in a hip space with retro stylings. Weserstr. 32; beusterbar.com MEINE BAR A popular local bar in Mitte. Auguststraße 61 LERCHEN&EULEN Coffee, cake, and cocktails at a cozy bar with mismatched furniture and exposed brick walls. Pücklerstraße 33; lerchenundeulen.de DAS HOTEL BAR A cocktail bar and live music venue. Oberland Straße 26 -35; dashotel.radio PRINCE CHARLES A nightclub and bar, known for house & hip hop music, with live music. Prinzenstraße 85F; bechstein-network.com/ KATER BLAU A club with a riverside terrace, hosting DJ-led all-night parties with a techno vibe. Holzmarktstraße 25; katerblau.de AVENUE A hip-hop and house club. Karl-Marx-Allee 34; avenue-club-berlin.com ART | CULTURE | ACTIVITIES EAST SIDE GALLERY The East Side Gallery in Friedrichshain is a long stretch of the Berlin Wall that is clad in colorful iconic images; and includes the Wall Museum. The memorial gallery features over 100 murals painted by artists from all over the world detailing their interpretations of the events surrounding November 9, 1989, when the wall came down. Mühlenstraße 3-100; eastsidegallery-berlin.com BERLIN WALL MEMORIAL Located in Prenzlauer Berg, this portion of the wall is a harrowing section known as the “death strip” and the museum allow visitors to see the most preserved swath of the remaining wall complex. As you walk along this one-mile stretch of Bernauer Strasse, an open-air exhibit features photographs and signs detailing the stories on either side of the barrier. There’s also a preserved piece of the original border wall and a watchtower, as well as an indoor visitor center with exhibits chronicling the political and historical events surrounding the city’s division. Bernauer Str. 111; stiftung-berliner-mauer.de REICHSTAG Reduced to rubble after one of history's most infamous fires in the 1930s, and then rebuilt decades later, the stately Reichstag is arguably Germany's most iconic landmark. The building has been home of Germany’s parliament (the Bundestag) since 1999 and now serves as a symbol of the country’s reunification. Today, a glistening glass dome designed by Norman Foster sits atop the grand old structure, and guests can ascend its 755-foot-long ramp for sweeping views over the city. Platz der Republik 1; bundestag.de/besuche/architektur/reichstag/ HELMUT NEWTON FOUNDATION Helmut Newton was born in Berlin, and his namesake museum features the photographer’s works as well as exhibitions with the most influential photographers of our time, such as David LaChapelle and Guy Bourdin. The permanent display Private Property gives in-depth insight via footage of Newton on set, letters to and from publications about his commissions and a replica of his own apartment, which certainly confirms his interest in the female form. The latest mammoth exhibition, running until November, displays every page of his Sumo book in its running order, juxtaposing iconic nudes with portraits and fashion. Jebensstraße 2; helmut-newton-foundation.org BRANDENBURG GATE This triumphant neoclassical arch is Berlin’s most famous monument and the only remaining gate of the 14 that originally surrounded the city when it was a proud Prussian metropolis. Since then, Napoleon and Hitler have stormed through it and the world watched as thousands of Berliners swarmed the site with sledgehammers to topple the nearby Wall in 1989. Ever since, this Acropolis-inspired 1791 monument has come to symbolize German reunification. Pariser Platz; berlin.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten GALERIE BASTIAN Galerie Bastian is devoted to the work of important modern as well as major Contemporary artists. Recent exhibitions have included Pablo Picasso, Andy Warhol and Anselm Kiefer. This year the gallery’s program includes Robert Rauschenberg and Cy Twombly, amongst others. Taylorstraße 1; bastian-gallery.com MEMORIAL TO THE MURDERED JEWS OF EUROPE A short walk from Brandenburg Gate, this sprawling, maze-like set of 2,711 concrete columns is a haunting reminder of the atrocities and toll of World War II and Germany’s main memorial to the six million Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Officially called the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, the site occupies an entire 205,000-square-foot city block and was designed by American architect Peter Eisenman after an exhaustive 17-year planning process. The memorial’s abstract design offers no explanation or prescribed walking path, but simply invites visitors to enter and become swallowed in its tomb-like slabs. Cora-Berliner-Straße 1; stiftung-denkmal.de CHECKPOINT CHARLIE A visit to Checkpoint Charlie, the Allied sentry post, is perhaps the best place to grasp the division of East and West Berlin. Don’t come for the checkpoint itself (the current structure is a replica of the actual checkpoint) but for the museum, Mauermuseum Museum Haus am Checkpoint Charlie. Though tiny, it’s an excellent historical refresher covering everything from the pre-wall era up to present day. Friedrichstraße 43-45; berlin.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten KUNSTHAUS DAHLEM This new space in Berlin for post-war German modernism sparks interest mainly for the building’s checkered past—before WWII it was constructed as a studio for one of the Nazi party’s predilect artists, Arno Breker. Under the watchful eye of architects Petra and Paul Kahlfeldt, who are charged with its restoration, the studio has been re-cast as a cultural institution. The opening show and subsequent exhibitions will feature both East and West German art in tandem, as an attempt to reconcile these two streams of German modernism which were segregated for many years after the war. MUSEUM ISLAND Museumsinsel (“Museum Island”) is a UNESCO-inscribed collection of five museums, including The Altes Museum, Neues Museum, Alte Nationalgalerie, Pergamonmuseum, and the Bode Museum. isitberlin.de/en/museum-island-in-berlin NEUES MUSEUM The Neues Museum is located on Museum Island and part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Built from 1843 to 1855 by order of King Frederick William IV of Prussia in Neoclassical and Renaissance Revival styles, it is considered as the major work of Friedrich August Stüler. Famous for its Queen Nefertiti. bust. Bodestraße 1-3; smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/neues-museum SAMMLUNG BOROS A renovated Nazi-era bunker in the Mitte district houses this private collection of contemporary art, owned by Christian and Karen Boros. The selection of sculpture, paintings, photographs, and installations by international artists, including Ai Weiwei, Thomas Ruff, Tomás Saraceno, and Olafur Eliasson, rotates every four years. Reinhardtstraße 20; sammlung-boros.de KARL MARX-ALLEE A must-see for history and architecture aficionados, this wide boulevard was conceived by the architect Hermann Henselmann, and is where the East German government used to conduct their annual parades. It’s also a well-kept example of Stalinist architecture, with building facades completely covered in porcelain tiles manufactured in Meissen. SOVIET WAR MEMORIAL This staggering monument in Treptower Park commemorates the death of Soviet soldiers at the end of World War II. A pair of massive sculptures of Soviet flags made of red granite sit near the star monument. YORCK KINO It’s not often that a cinema itself looks like a piece of cinematic production design, but the Delphi Lux in the City West district feels like you’ve stepped onto the set of a futuristic film. Each of the seven screens is enveloped by a different monochrome shade, from piercing cyan to vibrant red, thanks to the work of German architecture practice Batek Architekten, which took inspiration from art gallery installations to give each screen its own LED-infused identity. Kantstraße 10; yorck.de HAMBURGER BAHNOF Part of the Berlin National Gallery, this contemporary-art outpost is located in a former railway terminus. Invalidenstrasse 50-51; smb.museum LANDWEHR CANAL Arguably the city's best people-watching spot, the canal unites two of its hippest neighborhoods (Kreuzberg and Neukölln). Grab a €1 beer from a spätkauf (Berlin’s version of a bodega) and sit along the canal’s grassy banks under a weeping willow tree. JULIA STOSCHEK COLLECTION The Julia Stoschek Collection is a private collection created by the art patron Julia Stoschek, focusing on conceptual video, film projection, and computer-based works. Leipzigerstrasse 60, jsc.art SPACE 31 A Charlottenburg performance-and-retail space where you’ll find fashion-centric exhibitions and collaborations between artists, designers and its founder, the fashion designer Nhu Duong. Kluckstrasse 31, space-31.com BADESCHIFF A swimming pool set directly in a river, Berlin’s Badeschiff remains one of the coolest places to take a refreshing dip. Looking out at views of the TV Tower, the Molecule Man sculpture and Oberbaumbrücke with wooden decking and sand leading up to the bar, it doesn’t take long to forget you’re in the midst of the German capital. Eichenstraße 4; arena.berlin/veranstaltungsort/badeschiff THE FEUERLE COLLECTION Housed in a former telecommunication bunker in the Kreuzberg district, this art gallery experience begins with John Cage’s minimalistic music followed by Asian artifacts and furniture juxtaposed with modern art. Hallesches Ufer 70; thefeuerlecollection.org ZOO PALAST This Berlin Cinema was built in 1957 and relaunched in 2013, and reminiscent of a Wes Anderson film. Hardenbergstraße 29A; zoopalast.premiumkino.de CHARLOTTENBURG PALACE Built in 1699 as a summer residence for Sophie Charlotte, wife of King Friedrich I, this massive, multi-winged baroque structure is Berlin’s largest palace. Home to collections including royal porcelain and silver, crown jewels, and important 18th-century French paintings by artists such as Antoine Watteau. The highlight is the garden, created in the French and English style, with orderly hedges, fountains, ponds, and tree-lined gravel paths. Spandauer Damm 10-22; spsg.de/schloesser-gaerten/objekt/schlossgarten-charlottenburg/ TREPTOWER PARK Summer in Berlin is synonymous with sunny afternoons in Treptower Park, located along the banks of the Spree River to picnic and drink Spati beers. BERLIN STATE OPERA The Staatsoper Unter den Linden, also referred to as "Berlin State Opera" was erected by order of Frederick the Great from 1741 to 1743 according to plans by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff in Palladian style. Unter den Linden 7; staatsoper-berlin.de/en DEUTSCH OPERA BERLIN Modern theater hosting a program of opera & ballet, plus a chic restaurant. Bismarckstraße 35; deutscheoperberlin.de TEMPELHOFER FIELD Built by Hitler’s henchmen and used as a lifeline by some two million people during the Allied Airlift, Tempelhof Airport is now a sweeping urban playground. On sunny days, thousands of Berliners come to jog down the abandoned runways, bike under the old radar station, and grill next to grounded Cold War-era planes. MÜGGELSEE An inland lake with smooth, golden sand and the perfect place to picnic and spend a summer afternoon. KRAUPA-TUSKANY ZEIDLER The Kreuzberg contemporary art gallery, founded by Amadeo Kraupa-Tuskany and his partner, Nadine Zeidler, represents artists from around the world, including the Beijing-based sculptor Yu Honglei and the New York-based multimedia artist Andrea Crespo. Kohlfurterstrasse 41/43, k-t-z.com. KOENIG GALERIE A gallery within the Brutalist concrete St. Agnes church, originally designed by the German architect Werner Düttmann. Also home to the 032c magazine offices and store. Alexandrinenstrasse 118-121, koeniggalerie.com. MARTIN GROPIUS BAU Martin-Gropius-Bau, commonly known as Gropius Bau, is an important exhibition building in Berlin, Germany. Originally a museum of applied arts, the building has been a listed historical monument since 1966. Niederkirchnerstraße 7; berlinerfestspiele.de GEMÄLDEGALERIE It holds one of the world's leading collections of European paintings from the 13th to the 18th centuries. Matthäikirchplatz; smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/gemaeldegalerie BERLINISCHE The Berlinische Galerie is a museum of modern art, photography and architecture in Kreuzberg. Alte Jakobstraße 124-128; berlinischegalerie.de BAUHAUS ARCHIVE Berlin’s Bauhaus Archive holds the world's largest collection related to the history of the Bauhaus (1919–1933), the 20th century’s most important school of architecture, design and art. The building was designed by the Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius, and presents key works. Klingelhöferstraße 14, bauhaus.de/en/bauhaus-archiv HAMBURGER BANHHOF Hamburger Bahnhof is the former terminus of the Berlin–Hamburg Railway in Berlin, Germany, on Invalidenstrasse in the Moabit district opposite the Charité hospital. Today it serves as a contemporary art museum, the Museum für Gegenwart, part of the Berlin National Gallery. Invalidenstraße 50-51; smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/hamburger-bahnhof FÜHRERBUNKER Hitler’s Bunker was an air raid shelter located near the Reich Chancellery in Berlin, Germany. It was part of a subterranean bunker complex constructed in two phases in 1936 and 1944. It was the last of the Führer Headquarters used by Adolf Hitler during World War II. You may visit is as part of a tour. berliner-unterwelten.de MUSEUM BARBERINI Located 40 minutes outside of Berlin in Potsdam, the Museum Barberini presents exhibitions from Old Masters to contemporary art, with an emphasis on impressionist painting. Humboldtstraße 5-6; museum-barberini.de SPRÜTH MAGERS Sprüth Magers is a commercial art gallery owned by Monika Sprüth and Philomene Magers, with spaces in London, Berlin, Los Angeles and offices in Cologne, Hong Kong, and Seoul. Oranienburger Str. 18; spruethmagers.com KUNSTGEWERBEMUSEUM (MUSEUM OF DECORATIVE ARTS) Visit the lower level floor for an excellent collection of chairs and well-written didactics explaining the different eras in design. Matthäikirchplatz; smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/kunstgewerbemuseum NEUE NATIONALGALERIE The iconic Mies van der Rohe-designed museum housing European & American 20th-century masterpieces. Potsdamer Str. 50; smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/neue-nationalgalerie BERGGRUEN MUSEUM A charming museum collection of modern art dealer Heinz Berggruen, featuring his early-acquired collection of Art Nouveau and Art Deco pieces. Schloßstraße 1; smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/museum-berggruen BRAUN-SAMMLUNG ETTEL MUSEUM The ultimate design-nerd destination for an extensive collection of Braun electronics, curated by art educator Werner Ettel. Elberfelder Str. 37; braundesignsammlung.de ALTE NATIONALGALERIE A stunning collection of romantic and impressionist art in Berlin’s beautiful Museum Island, where five of the city’s renowned museums are located. Bodestraße 1-3; smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/alte-nationalgalerie SHOP P98A An experimental letterpress workshop with more than 500 cases of poster type and 450 cases of foundry type. Visit nearby store Analog for design books, magazines and one-off typographic prints. Potsdamer Straße. 98a; p98a.com ANDREAS MURKUDIS A boutique in Berlin’s Schöneberg neighborhood where Céline, Maison Margiela, and Dries Van Noten are displayed like an expertly curated art exhibition. Potsdamer Str. 81; andreasmurkudis.com VOO STORE A concept store with established and emerging brands, contemporary art installations and a brutalist concrete-based interior with a café. Oranienstraße 24; vooberlin.com MAUERPARK FLEA MARKET Mauerpark (“Wall Park") is the city’s largest outdoor market, held every Sunday, and filled with a fleamarket, jugglers, picnickers and the world's largest karaoke party, known as Bearpit Karaoke. Bernauer Str. 63-64; flohmarktimmauerpark.de THE STORES Setting up shop on the ground floor of Soho House, The Store Berlin (the brainchild of British fashion name Alex Eagle) is a curated shopping spot for fashion, furniture, music, skincare and books from the likes of Balenciaga, Burberry and Vetements. A collection of vinyl is provided by London-based Phonica Records. Torstraße 1, 10119. thestores.com HUMANA SECOND HAND & VINTAGE The outlet at Frankfurter Tor is the largest secondhand shop in Berlin. The top floor focuses on clothes from the 1950s to the 1990s. humana-second-hand.de/mode/first-class JOCHUM RODGERS This Charlottenburg furniture shop specializes in midcentury design. When you’re done shopping, head next door to Espressobar, an excellent bakery and cafe for post-browsing refreshment. Mommsenstrasse 3, jochumrodgers.de. BUCHHANDLUNG WALTHER KÖNIG Stacks of massive art, design, photography and fashion books line the walls of Walther König, which also stocks hard-to-find style magazines and journals. There’s also a collection of rare, out-of-print and first-edition books and catalogs, locked within a glass cabinet. Burgstrasse 27, buchhandlung-walther-koenig.de. APTM Located in a 1905 carriage house in the up-and-coming Wedding neighborhood, this gallery is furnished like a private home, and it serves as a gathering place for creatives. Lindower Strasse 18, aptm.berlin MARSANO On the ground floor of an apartment building in Mitte, this flower shop sells seasonal flowers and vintage furniture, jewelry and vases. Charlottenstrasse 75, marsano-berlin.de MARKTHALLE NEUN A Kreuzberg market with organic vegetables, fruits, herbs and even flowers from German farms. Eisenbahnstrasse 42/43, markthalleneun.de. RITTER SPORT Workshop demonstrations, games, and design-your-own bars at this famed chocolate brand's flagship store in Berlin. Franz. Str. 24; ritter-sport.com/de/berlin NEUZWEI A very curated shop featuring vintage and contemporary designer clothing. You'll find Jil Sander suits, updated Levis, and Chanel. Weserstr. 53; neuzwei.com KRYZA For the very fashionable and inspired vintage shopper, Kryza features vintage Cavalli, and other super stylish early-aughts style dresses and separates. Hermannplatz 8 REPEATER VINTAGE SHOP A true vintage shop with racks of clothing, including retro items, jean jackets, Converse Chuck Taylors, and Levis. Pannierstraße 45 SING BLACKBIRD VINTAGE A little shop of handpicked vintage clothing. A good spot for Prada if you’re lucky. Sanderstraße 11 SOBA 32 Designer consignment as well as vintage. Great source for Escada, Valentino, and special vintage pieces carefully restored by the owner Ivana. Flughafenstraße 32 SOEUR For the romantic-leaning woman, Soeur resells a lot of Isabel Marant and other casual yet romantic items. Marienburger Str. 24 MADONNA A hidden gem I potentially just ruined, Madonna is a designer consignment shop with a great collection of dresses, shoes, blazers, and more. There are plenty of other consignment shops on the same street, walking back towards central Charlottenburg, which as mentioned, is one of Berlin's more upscale neighborhoods so it's a great place to find high-end second-hand at great prices. Mommsenstraße 57; madonna-adon.de SPA STADTBAD NEUKÖLLN Opened in 1914, designed by the architect Reinhold Kiehl, this public pool is a decorative, opulent version of a German sauna. Ganghoferstrasse 3, 49-30-68-24-980 WHEADON Wheadon has the most unique selection of niche beauty treatments, and offers workshops to learn from the best and become an expert yourself. Steinstraße 17; wheadon.de
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2022 – Germany -“Berlin Termini”
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2022-09-20T00:00:00
A short trip around Berlin visiting the sites of its old railway stations.  Berlin is the German city that I am most familiar with. I first visited West Berlin in 1984, East Berlin in 1988, and I have been back to the reunified city many times since. Nevertheless, this is my first visit for more…
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Trains To Beyond
https://trainstobeyond.com/2022/09/20/2022-germany-berlin-termini/
A short trip around Berlin visiting the sites of its old railway stations. Berlin is the German city that I am most familiar with. I first visited West Berlin in 1984, East Berlin in 1988, and I have been back to the reunified city many times since. Nevertheless, this is my first visit for more than 6 years and I am really looking forward to it. Tomorrow will be spent catching up with German friends, but first, I have decided to do a little tour by myself to stretch my legs and refresh my own memory of the place. I have been researching the history of the city’s 13 railway termini, past and present, and so I have decided to make a quick journey around all of them. I will move clockwise around the city and visit the 6 stations that are still operational today as well as the sites of 7 that are no longer with us. My detailed account of the stations listed in the order in which they were built and more on Berlin’s railway history is here – Berlin Termini – History I will be travelling on foot, by tram, bus, U-Bahn, and S-Bahn and I will be making use of the “9 Euro ticket” that is on offer this summer and valid for all modes of transport not just in Berlin but across the whole country. Not afraid to play the role of tourist, I have decided to start at the Brandenburg gate. As I go, I will be recalling my previous visits to Berlin, starting here with a photograph that I took almost at the same location back in 1988. 1) Friedrichstrasse (1882) It is a short walk from the Brandenburg Gate to my first station. I turn left into Neustädtische Kirchstraße and then right to walk along the banks of the River Spree, looking to the left is the view of the Bundestag building with its distinctive glass dome. In the opposite direction is Friedrichstrasse station with its platforms spilling out onto the bridge over the Spree. I wander up for a closer look and then pop inside. Friedrichstrasse is on the Stadtbahn, the 12km cross-city railway that traverses Berlin from east to west, opened in 1882 and still in use today. All the remaining 6 stations that once served as long-distance termini are also located on the Stadtbahn. This station was probably the most centrally located of all Berlin’s termini. It is still in use today, although only for S-Bahn and regional services. Outside the station on each side are two poignant memorials of two different eras. On the south side is the “Trains to life: trains to Death” memorial, recalling the contrasting fates of those Jewish children who travelled to England on the Kindertransport and those who were transported to the death camps. On the north side there is the Tränenpalast, “the palace of tears”, the former immigration exit control building for the DDR. Now a museum, it tells the story of how the exit process used to work. In 1988 I remember crossing from the DDR back to West Berlin through this very station. A short walk from the station brings me to the Unter Den Linden, perhaps the city’s most famous boulevard. I remember visiting here for the first time when this part of the city was still part of the DDR in 1988. The road on either side of the central walking path now seems much busier than it was back then; the path itself seems the same. A walk east along this street reveals one of the true successes of the much-maligned East German regime: the restoration of classic buildings. Given the state of some of the bombed-out museums and theatres in 1945, it might have been easier to tear them down and replace with some 1950s style modernist mess, but thankfully the Communists made a real effort to reconstruct in the old style. The result is a pleasing walk past the Staatsoper and the German Historical Museum on to Museum Island where the Altes Museum, Neues Museum, Pergamon Museum and Bode-Museum have all been beautifully restored. Nevertheless, the DDR didn’t keep everything. The old imperial palace was lost and is only just being recreated. Whilst Berlin Cathedral was restored only after extensive donations from Western churches. 2) Alexanderplatz (1882) As I get closer to Alexanderplatz, I pass the Rotes Rathaus (the Red Town Hall – named for its colour rather than its politics). It is worth a quick pop inside as the interior is quite impressive. The new U-Bahn station on the recently opened U5 extension is also worth a quick peep too. I walk into Alexanderplatz, Germany’s largest city square. Originally a military parade ground and a market place, it became a transport junction when the railway station, another on the Stadtbahn, was opened in 1882. Alexanderplatz was largely destroyed in World War Two and was extensively remodelled in the 1960s as a pedestrian zone home to a large shopping centre and surrounded by wide roads. East Berlin’s famous television tower, the Fernsehturm, was completed here in 1971 and still dominates the skyline of the whole city. The “Weltzeithur” is another reminder of the DDR times, completed in 1969, the clock shows the time at various points around the world and is one of the city’s most popular meeting places. I walk around the square and then jump on a bus to my next station. 3) Ostbahnhof (1842) The Ostbahnhof is undergoing a lot of repair work to its roof. Walking around the station is a bit difficult with all the construction work. It has changed a bit since I first arrived here back in 1988 from Moscow. The station boasts 11 platforms and is the terminus for ICE trains arriving from the west, long-distance services heading east for Frankfurt and into Poland as well as regional and S-Bahn services. I head up a street named after the Paris Commune and come to the only surviving building of the “Wriezener Bahnhof”, originally an extension of the Ostbahnhof but later a station in its own right. It closed just after the end of the war, but its main building remained and has recently been renovated and is looking good as a corporate headquarters. 4) Kustriner Bahnhof (1867-1882) A few metres away, I reach the site of the first of the terminal stations that no longer exists: the Kustriner Bahnhof. In fact, the station only lasted 15 years and had already closed by 1882. Nevertheless, the terminal building saw a lot of other uses and survived until the Second World War. The building that replaced it on the same site was used as the headquarters of a newspaper during the DDR time, but more recently it has become a famous nightclub: Berghain. I wander past and have a peep inside. At the back of the building the former approach tracks to the station have been turned into Wriezener Park. It is quite a pleasant stroll, passing plenty of dogwalkers and joggers, along towards the bridge at Warschauer Straße. As I cross the bridge, I look back towards Ostbahnhof in the distance with the park I have walked through visible on the right. Time for lunch and time for Currywurst. This dish, invented in the city in the late 1940s, is now available in every part of the country and beyond. I am a bit of a fan and the sliced-up pieces of sausage covered in curry tomato sauce sprinkled with curry powder has often formed my lunch at trade shows in Dusseldorf, Hannover and Hamburg. Yet here in the city of its birth, it always seems to taste that little bit better. I get mine from a stall opposite Warschauer Straße U-Bahn terminus and sit eating it whilst watching the traffic and the trains come and go. I have been in what used to be East Berlin since the start of my trek at the Brandenburg Gate, so now as I am about to cross over to what used to be West Berlin, it is appropriate that there is a section of Berlin Wall to mark my passage. The East Side Gallery features some of the longest sections of the Berlin Wall remaining in the city. Perhaps ironically, in a reversal of the original, the colourful painted side faces east whilst the west-facing side is white. Next, I walk over the fascinating Oberbaumbrücke, a double deck road and U-Bahn bridge marked with two distinctive towers. On the other side, I am in former West Berlin. The next station along, Schlesisches Tor, was the terminus of the U-Bahn when the city was divided. I dip along Oppelner Straße to reach Gorlitzer Park. 5) Gorlitzer Bahnhof (1866-1951) This massive green space was built in the early 1980s on the site of the old approach tracks to the Gorlitzer Bahnhof, itself largely demolished in the 1960s. There used to be a long pedestrian tunnel under the railway just as it emerged from the station, and although it has been filled in, it is still just about recognisable today. The park is busy and very pleasant to walk around. As I stroll, it is very difficult to imagine this was once a busy terminal with trains arriving from Breslau and beyond. After the closure and demolition of the grand passenger terminal, the old goods depot lived on and was connected to a track out to East Berlin. Some of the old buildings remain and are covered in graffiti. The name of the old terminus still lives on as a U-Bahn station. I enter, climb up to the platform and board the next westbound train. This was part of the first U-Bahn line to be constructed in Berlin and here it was built all above ground in the style of an elevated railway. I ride for 5 stations to Gleisdreieck. 6) Dresdner Bahnhof (1875-1882) Considering it closed to passengers more than 140 years ago after a life of only 7 years, it is not surprising there is little trace of the terminal. Yet the area it occupied was turned into a postal station and elements can still be found in the Station Berlin complex that now occupies the site. Nevertheless, the whole area around here still shows the signs of its former use by the railway. As well as those of Dresdner, the approach tracks of both the Potsdamer and Anhalter termini once occupied thousands of square metres of space here. This “railway land” was very extensive and contained not only an intense network of sidings, but also the various goods stations, sidings and locomotive depots associated with the termini. Much of it has disappeared now, but there are some things still remaining including the old Anhalter goods station. The engine sheds of the old Anhalter Bahnhof now form the railway section of the German Technical Museum. I have visited the museum many times before, but I pop in for another quick look. The museum features a wide collection of aircraft as well as trains. 7) Anhalter Bahnhof (1840-1952) From the Technical Museum, I cross the bridge over the Landwehr canal and make my way under the U-Bahn bridge which used to span the approach tracks to Berlin’s grandest station. As I have already seen at Kustriner and Gorlitzer, the old approach tracks to Anhalter Bahnhof have been turned into a green walkway. At the end of the walkway is probably one of the saddest railway-related sites in the whole city. They demolished most of Anhalter but left just enough to show what was lost and what could have been saved. I wonder how Londoners would feel if all they had to look at was just a tiny piece of St Pancras in the middle of a field. It is heart-breaking to see the remains of what was once one of the grandest stations in all of Europe. Standing in the ruined entrance of Berlin’s former “gateway to the south”, I think of all the people who walked through here on their way into or out of the city. As with Gorlitzer (and stations I will see later; Lehrter and Stettiner) it was not the extensive damage from the war that condemned the station, rather the fact that the terminal lay in the western part of the city and its major destinations, Leipzig and Dresden, were in the east. Ironically, the Nazi plan for Berlin, “Germania”, also called for the closure of the station, although apparently it would have been turned into a swimming pool. 8) Postdamer Bahnhof (1838-1946) I continue along Stresemannstraße and reach the site of Potsdamer Bahnhof. Once a wasteland with the Berlin Wall passing just a few metres away, in the last 20 years the area has been transformed. Now a new station, Potsdamer Platz, has been opened in the main line tunnel below. Like in so many other locations, the old approach tracks have been turned into a park, but here with so many new tall buildings springing up on either side, the path the railway used to take out of the city is much clearer now than it used to be even a few years ago. The new Potsdamer Platz has been recreated in a slightly different location, but a replica of the original traffic light tower that used to stand here has been restored near its original position. I have a wander around the new Potsdamer Platz and then catch the 100 bus towards Zoogarten. 9) Zoologishcher Garten (1882) The area around the Zoo was my first introduction to Berlin. I arrived here in 1984 on a train from Hannover having crossed the internal German border at Helmstadt, with a transit visa purchased from the East Germans. This station, on the Stadtbahn, played an important role in the Cold War as the only main line terminal in the west of the city. I walk to the ruined Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church and then loop back along the Kurfürstendamm, Berlin’s version of the Champs-Élysées. I recall arriving here at night from Moscow in 1988, and after two weeks of travelling around communist countries thinking how strange and wonderful all the bright lights were. There is a shop here selling products based on the Ampelmännchen, the figures that appeared on the pedestrian crossings in East Berlin. The characters have become a symbol of the unified city and are everywhere now. I turn off the Kurfürstendamm and walk towards Savigny Platz. The tree-lined streets with their pavement cafes are inviting and I cannot resist. What better place to stop than Princess Cheesecake, for an iced coffee and slice of the house German style? 10) Charlottenburg (1882) Early evening and it is a lovely walk through the back streets of Savigny Platz and Charlottenburg. There are tables on the pavement everywhere and people are just settling in them for their dinner. Eventually I reach the station itself. Charlottenburg is the most westerly of the stations on the Stadtbahn and the only one now without an overall roof. On the south side, the entrance is little more than an underpass, with the relatively modern main station buildings on the north side. Like its Stadtbahn sisters, Friedrichstrasse, Alexanderplatz and Zoo, it no longer hosts long distance services, although there are stops by regional trains. I jump on the S-Bahn and head back along the Stadtbahn through Zoo towards the Tiergarten and alight at Hauptbahnhof. 11) Hauptbahnhof (2006 / Lehrter 1869-1951) There is no denying that Berlin’s new central station is beautiful. The design is especially impressive in the way it allows light to flow down to the platforms in the tunnel far below. It is modern in design but also in many ways it is a perfect replacement for the lost termini. The platforms on the Stadtbahn replace the stops that trains used to make at Zoo and Friedrichstasse, whilst the lower-level platforms can be considered replacements for Anhalter, Potsdamer, Stettiner and Lehrter stations. It can certainly be considered as a worthy successor to Lehrter, the former grand terminal on whose site it now stands. And, although the new building is a classic of modern architecture, there is just a slight nod to the old design of Lehrter which stood in exactly the same spot from 1869 until 1951. 12) Hamburger Bahnhof (1847-1884) Just a short walk along Invalidenstrasse from the city’s newest station is Berlin’s oldest surviving terminal building, the former Hamburger Bahnhof. Perhaps it owes its survival to the fact that it ceased being a railway station before the end of the 19th century. It was soon superseded by nearby Lehrter and until the Second World War it was turned into a transport museum. In fact, much of its old railway collection can now be seen at the Technical Museum mentioned earlier. It fell into disuse during the cold war but has more recently been turned into an art gallery. Just a short walk down from the museum is the River Spree, this marks my return into what used to be East Berlin and there are plenty of signs and information boards to mark the site of the former crossing point. Having crossed the river, I cross the road and head over to the tram stop. Unlike West Berlin, the eastern part of the city kept parts of its tram network intact and today it has been modernised and in places extended in little sections across the old border. I jump on a tram and ride it for a few stops until I reach my last station. 13) Nordbahnhof (1842-1952) The former Stettiner Bahnhof was Berlin’s gateway to the Baltic seaside resorts, so it is perhaps appropriate that there is a beach occupying the area where the main terminal building once was. “Beachmitte” claims to be Europe’s largest inner-city beach and features volleyball courts and the “Mountmitte” climbing frame. A short walk away is the last remaining part of the old Stettiner Bahnhof, the suburban station building that used to sit just to the west of the main terminal. Now marketed as the Wartehalle it is an event venue hired out for conferences, weddings and parties. Another brief walk south brings me to the largest of the two surface buildings of the still functioning S-Bahn station. The station, still called Nordbahnhof, is finished in modernist 1930s style and features a photo display of the old Stettiner Station in its foyer. Amazingly, this was a so-called “ghost station” between 1961 and 1989 during which time its entrances were sealed off to residents of this part of East Berlin, and trains of the West Berlin S-Bahn passed through on the darkened platforms below. I even passed through myself back in 1984. Zum Ende…. From Nordbahnhof, I make my way back down Oranienburger Straße. What better way to end the evening than with a few glasses of Berliner Kindl in a real Berlin Kniepe complete with a jar of eggs on the bar? And to eat? Well, what about one of the city’s signature dishes: Eisbein? This is certainly one of my favourites; pickled ham hock, sitting on pease pudding and sauerkraut and served with some boiled potatoes. Fantastic. And finally, a walk back down Friedrichstrasse past the latest incarnation of the brightly lit Friedrichstadt Palast theatre and then back to our first station to complete the circle for the day.
848
dbpedia
1
23
https://www.thetrainline.com/en/train-times/berlin-oranienburger-strasse-to-waren-muritz
en
Berlin Oranienburger Straße → Waren (Müritz) by Train
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Travel by train from Berlin Oranienburger Straße to Waren (Müritz) in 1h 22m. Get train times, compare prices & buy cheap train tickets for Berlin Oranienburger Straße to Waren (Müritz) today.
en
https://www.thetrainline…16x16.png?v=2020
Trainline
https://www.thetrainline.com/en/train-times/berlin-oranienburger-strasse-to-waren-muritz
Want to travel from Berlin Oranienburger Straße to Waren (Müritz) by train? Start your journey with us. The train from Berlin Oranienburger Straße to Waren (Müritz) usually takes 1 hour 39 minutes on average to travel 75 miles (121 km), although the quickest services can take as little as 1 hour 22 minutes. You can expect to find 26 trains per day running on this popular route. As there aren’t any direct services running between Berlin Oranienburger Straße and Waren (Müritz), you’ll need to make 1 change on your way to Waren (Müritz). To help you get the best train deals, we'll highlight the cheapest train ticket prices from Berlin Oranienburger Straße to Waren (Müritz) in our Journey Planner. Just remember, the sooner you book your tickets, the more you'll save! Keep reading for more information about the train journey to Waren (Müritz), including FAQs, timetables with first and last train times and tips on booking cheap train tickets. If you’re ready to book, just start a search for tickets with us today.
848
dbpedia
2
56
https://www.hackesche-hoefe.de/en/story/pride-destruction-reconstruction-the-centrum-judaicum-709
en
Pride, destruction, reconstruction – the Centrum Judaicum
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[ "Hackesche Höfe Berlin" ]
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Many Jewish Berliners lived around the Hackesche Höfe in the 19th century. This is also where Germany's largest synagogue was built. An exhibition shows the exciting history of the premises.
en
/favicon.ico
Hackesche Höfe Berlin
https://www.hackesche-hoefe.de/en/story/pride-destruction-reconstruction-the-centrum-judaicum-709
From the synagogue to the "Centrum Judaicum" The original synagogue no longer exists. Only the administration and entrance buildings were restored in the early 1990s. Today, their rooms house the "Centrum Judaicum." In addition to the permanent exhibition, it offers space for events, changing exhibitions and an archive. But there is also a prayer room in the building. Services are held here every week. Anyone wishing to attend must register in advance. In addition to this prayer room, the Jewish community in Berlin operates seven synagogues. Photo left: Entrance rotunda A new self-confidence In the 19th century, most of Berlin's Jews lived in the center of the city – and here mainly in the "Spandauer Vorstadt," which includes the Hackesche Höfe. Therefore, the Jewish community had a new synagogue built here. The community had grown considerably and the previous synagogue had long since become too small. The "New Synagogue" was built between 1859 and 1866. Renowned architects were commissioned with the project, first Eduard Knoblauch, later Friedrich August Stüler. The new building was to document the size and the growing self-confidence of the community. The Jews, who only gained equal status in Prussia at the beginning of the 19th century, had arrived in the middle of society. Many of them had achieved a steep economic ascent. Photo right: the "New Synagogue" in an oil painting from 1865 Alhambra as model At the time of its opening in 1866, the "New Synagogue" was the largest and most representative in Prussia and in the German Empire, which was founded a few years later. It had room for 3,200 people and the main hall was 27 meters high. Its magnificent oriental architecture caused a sensation. The Moorish Alhambra in Granada and Indian-Islamic architecture served as models. The synagogue became one of the most popular sights in Berlin. Anti-Semites, on the other hand, were hostile to what they saw as a provocation. Picture left: Hall of the main synagogue around 1888 The destruction During the November Pogrom of 1938, Nazi hordes set fire to the building. However, a courageous precinct commander stopped them and called the fire brigade. In this way he was able to prevent greater damage. Services were still held in the synagogue until 1942. At the end of 1943, it was badly damaged in an air raid. At this time, only a few Jews were still living underground in Berlin. 54,000 Berlin Jews were murdered. After the end of the World War, the building becomes the seat of the new Jewish community founded by survivors. The main synagogue is blown up in 1958 – due to dilapidation and because the space is too large for the few Jews who still survive, especially in the eastern part of the city. The front façade facing Oranienburger Straße is preserved as a memorial against war and fascism. In the following decades, however, the buildings increasingly deteriorate until the GDR government decides to restore them in 1988. Photo right: Interior of New Synagogue 1945 The restoration The large dome and the domes of the two side towers were faithfully restored to their former glory. When the exterior façade was restored, the contrast between the soot-blackened original parts and the light-colored new bricks meant that decay and destruction remained visible. The interior was only reconstructed where original components had been preserved. Particularly impressive: the large staircase decorated with orientalizing wall paintings. The rear of the building, the broken edge to the blown-up main hall of the synagogue, is protected and roofed over by a steel scaffolding. Behind it is a large open space. Here, granite slabs on the ground mark the outline of the no longer existing building and give the visitor an idea of its size. Fragments of the interior decoration were recovered from the rubble. The exhibition During restoration work, important cult objects from the former synagogue were recovered from the rubble. One was even embedded in concrete in a floor slab. A special incident was the discovery of a completely preserved "Eternal Lamp," symbolizing God's presence in the synagogue. Other pieces such as an altar stone or a purification basin were patchily reassembled from fragments. A two-part Torah curtain has in other ways survived largely undamaged. All these objects can be seen in the permanent exhibition of the "Centrum Judaicum." In addition to the history of the building, the exhibition tells the story of the Jewish community in Berlin and also highlights the lives of individual people or families in an exemplary way. Particularly touching: some of the last letters that people were able to send to their relatives on their way to the extermination camps. Photo right: The "Eternal Lamp"
848
dbpedia
1
0
https://berlinexperiences.com/remnants-of-nazi-berlin-explore-berlin-in-objects/
en
Remnants Of Nazi Berlin – Explore Berlin In Objects
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[ "Matt Robinson" ]
2021-07-05T16:05:26+00:00
The Nazi Party's control of Berlin shaped this city unlike ever before - uncover the traces of this dark past still hiding in plain sight.
en
https://berlinexperience…50-w-150x150.png
Berlin Experiences
https://berlinexperiences.com/remnants-of-nazi-berlin-explore-berlin-in-objects/
The defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 was to be conclusive; irreversible; final. Not only did that demand the unconditional surrender of the country’s armed forces but the extirpation of the ideology that had held the country – and much of the European continent – in its grip in the span of 12 miserable years. Democratisation, Demilitarisation, Decentralisation – and most importantly DeNazification – would be key. Yet traces of Berlin’s time as the capital of Hitler’s regime can still be found across the city. The task of coming to terms with Germany’s darkest chapter has been an uneasy balancing act: one that demanded the removal of certain aspects of the past, while ensuring that enough remains that it cannot be denied that it happened. For instance, in the quest to render impotent the organisations associated with the criminality of National Socialism, the German government prohibits the display of the symbols adopted by these associations. Current German law means that any presentation of the Swastika – the symbol adopted by the Nazi movement – can be deemed anti-democractic and result in a prison sentence and/or hefty fine. There are, of course, exceptions. Where these symbols are presented for educational purposes – such as in museums or school textbooks. But any hunt for swastikas on public display in the German capital nowadays is bound to lead to a dead end. However, not everything from this period has been purged. Even in the capital of modern tolerant Germany it is still possible to find original artefacts – such as statues, weapons, and a plethora of post-war memorials that remind us of the country’s intolerant past. In this guide we will look at the remnants of Nazi Berlin – what is to be found and where it is hiding… One of the few publicly visible instances of Nazi iconography in Berlin, this Olympic Bell was commissioned and cast for the 1936 Summer Olympics – also known as the ‘Nazi Games’. Damaged by anti-aircraft fire during the Second World War it now rests outside Berlin’s Olympic Stadium – with a variation on the German eagle that graced the helmets of Nazi era soldiers, and the Nazi swastika disfigured although still discernible. The bell tower itself was extensively damaged at the end of the war but has since been reconstructed and offers a magnificent panoramic view across the stadium and of Berlin – but also as far west as neighbouring Potsdam. – Address: Olympischer Platz 3, 14053 Berlin Website: Olympiastadion Berlin There are very few objects directly connected to Nazi leader, Adolf Hitler, that have survived the Second World War to be exhibited in Berlin. Looting and treasure hunting, rife in the aftermath of the Battle of Berlin, deprived the city of many of these artefacts. Undoubtedly, also, the issue of weighing glorification against educational value also needs to be taken into account – in a country where the display of “symbols of unconstitutional organisations” is prohibited. This mammoth desk, however, that previously stood in Hitler’s personal study can be found on display in the German Historical Museum. – Address: Unter den Linden 2, 10117 Berlin Website: Deutsches Historisches Museum These 320 birch trees, nursed in the soil surrounding the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp, were introduced in Berlin back in 2012 – a provocative way of commemorating the victims of the Holocaust right in the heart of the city that previously served as the capital of Nazi Germany. The work of Polish conceptual artist, Lukasz Surowiec, they can be found in the former Jewish section of the Mitte district – in the courtyard of the KW Institute – and also outside the Grünewald train station (one of the three major deportation stations used during the Nazi period to ‘resettle’ Jewish Berliners to be murdered further east in places like Auschwitz). – Address: Various Locations Website: Berlin Bienalle Site Part of the arsenal of weapons at the disposal of Berlin’s desperate defenders in April/May 1945, the 88mm Flak Canon was originally intended as an anti-aircraft weapon (FLugAbwehrKanone – FLAK). In the face of advancing tanks, however, it was often reappropriated as an anti-armour weapon. Considered one of the most effective weapons of the Second World War, the 88mm Flak Canon’s use in this dual role dated as far back as the Spanish Civil War – and it would eventually be adapted as the main battlegun of the Tiger I tank. This preserved example of an 88mm Flak 36 is now exhibited inside the German Historial Museum. – Address: Unter den Linden 2, 10117 Berlin Website: Deutsches Historisches Museum To date there are more than forty known assassination attempts against Nazi leader Adolf Hitler that have been registered. One of the most significant occured in 1939, when a young carpenter named Georg Elser tried to blow up Hitler and key members of the Nazi leadership at a beer hall in Bavaria, only to narrowly miss and be arrested by border guards when attempting to flee to Switzerland. Elser was tortured, imprisoned, and finally executed in 1945. This memorial to the lone assassin can be found on Wilhelmstrasse – a stone’s throw away from the site of the Führerbunker, where Hitler would eventually take his own life in 1945. – Address: Wilhelmstraße 49, 10117 Berlin Website: None When Adolf Hitler’s immense New Reich Chancellery, co-designed by court architect Albert Speer, was deemed complete in 1939 – two statues from sculptor Arno Breker were chosen to feature in the court of honour entrance, the first thing visiting dignitaries would see on arrival. A copy of one of these statues, Die Wehrmacht (the Army), is now exhibited in the foyer of the German Historical Museum – having been recast in the 1980s. The original was lost at the end of the war – which makes this reproduction even more fascinating. The second statue, Die Partei (the Party) can be found on the grounds of the Arno Breker museum in Nörvenich. – Address: Unter den Linden 2, 10117 Berlin Website: Deutsches Historisches Museum When the Second World War came to its overdue end, reuniting the populations of the former belligerent nations in peace and ensure that such a tragedy never happen again became a high priority. One of the most recognisable symbols of this sentiment is the Coventry Cross of Nails, named after the English city devastated by a Luftwaffe air raid in 1940 – and made of charred nails salvaged from the ruin of the city’s Cathedral. Further crosses were subsequently made and given to various organisations as a sign of friendship and hope. This cross of nails can be found in the entrance room of the war damaged Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church. – Address: Breitscheidplatz, 10789 Berlin Website: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtnis-Kirche A strange choice of allegory, perhaps, considering the previous ownership of this impressive statue, depicting the Greek myth of Prometheus in chains – the Titan who stole fire from the gods to give it to humanity, only to be condemned to eternal bondage as a result. Created in 1902 as one of Neo-Baroque artist Reinhold Begas’ last works, this piece survived the Second World War as part of Nazi court architect Albert Speer’s personal collection – walled up in the Academy of Arts until discovered during renovation work. It can now be found hidden away at the back of the building when entering near the Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe. – Address: Pariser Platz 4, 10117 Berlin Website: Academy of Arts In the centre of modern-day Bebelplatz – previously known as Opera Square (Opernplatz) – is a memorial for an event that has come to be known simply as the ‘Nazi Book Burning’ – when on May 10th 1933 some 20,000 pillaged books by banned writers were condemned to flames on this square. In-fact organised by the German Student Association, the event would be attended by Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels, and officially portrayed as a day of “Action Against The Un-German Spirit”. Now commemorated by this empty library, sunk into the ground beneath the square – the work of Israeli artist Micha Ullmann – and a plaque presenting the prescient words of Heinrich Heine. – Address: Unter den Linden, 10117 Berlin Website: None The home has no walls. The chair has fallen. The residents have disappeared. This bronze memorial on Koppenplatz, entitled ‘The Deserted Room’ is dedicated to the victims of the Nazi Reichskristallnacht attacks (known in German as the November Pogrom). Commissioned by the East German government in 1988, it was only later added to this former Jewish neighbourhood in 1996 – evocative of the tragic scenes that occured in the homes in the area during National Socialist rule. Fused around the base of the memorial is a poem from German-Jewish writer, Nelly Sachs, which begins: “…O die Wohnungen des Todes, (Oh the houses of death)… – Address: Koppenplatz, 10115 Berlin Website: None Keeping with the theme of the Martin Gropius Bau as a venue for arts, designed by Martin Gropius (great uncle of Walter Gropius, the ‘founding father’ of the Bauhaus movement), these two statues on the northern side of the building depict two famous German artists – Peter Vischer the Elder (left) and Hans Holbein the Younger (right). Extensively damaged during the Second World War, likely either by the Anglo-American air raids or trophy hunting Soviet soldiers, they are preserved in-situ in their mutilated form. Damaged statues remain a common sight throughout the city, although these two are particularly prominent and often encountered due to their location. – Address: Niederkirchnerstraße 7, 10963 Berlin Website: Martin Gropius Bau While estimates vary as to the exact percentage of Berlin that lay ruined by the end of the Second World War, certainly by modern standards much of the former Nazi capital was in a truly unlivable state – courtesy of the hundreds of Anglo-American air raids and the Soviet ground invasion. This bridge near the government quarter still bears the obvious pockmarked damage of bullets and shrapnel. Especially in the former Cold War East of Berlin, there remains lots of this damage to be found – courtesy of the lack of expenditure on repairs by the government of the GDR, and the contemporary desire to preserve these traces of history in place. – Address: Reinhardtstraße 52, 10117 Berlin Website: None As the Nazi regime convulsed in its dying throes, Berliners experienced the kind of horror that the city had largely been spared for the duration of the Second World War – and as part of a last ditch attempt to defend the city against the Soviet forces descending on Hitler’s capital thousands of civilians – old and young – were press ganged into military service. Suspected deserters were subject to swift courts martial and execution, such as these two young German soldiers hanged by an SS unit and commorated on this rare plaque under the Friedrichstrasse station – fighting in a war that had already been lost, to defend a regime that prefered slaughter to surrender. – Address: Georgenstraße 14/17, 10117 Berlin Website: Friedrichstrasse Station Prisoners force marched into the Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp, between 1936 and 1945, would be confronted daily with this infamous lettering – Arbeit Macht Frei (Work makes one free) at the camp’s main Tower A entrance. While the exact meaning of the phrase is still debated by historians and survivors to this day; it served as an added humiliation to the unforgiving and brutal reality of the camp. The sign now stands preserved to offer visitors the chance to not only enter the camp memorial through this gate, and pass this insulting slogan, but experience what thousands of prisoners were denied – the opportunity to leave the camp and return to life and normality without the burden of brutality and degradation. – Address: Strasse der Nationen 22, 16515 Oranienburg Website: Sachsenhausen Memorial Personalising a genocide whereby millions of people lost their lives is an important, and effective, way of remembering those who were murdered. Thousands of these bronze Stolpersteine (Stumbling Stones) can be found across Europe, listing the names and dates of birth, and often dates of death, of people who fell victim to the National Socialist regime. These three commorate a mother, father, and young daughter – the daughter who was deported to Auschwitz and the two parents who faced with the extent of this tragedy preferred instead to take their own lives. They can be found on the pavement in front of the site of the magic shop the family once owned. – Address: Friedrichstrasse 55, 10117 Berlin Website: The Stolpersteine Site
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https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Berlin/Mitte
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Mitte – Travel guide at Wikivoyage
https://upload.wikimedia…maps_-_Mitte.png
https://upload.wikimedia…maps_-_Mitte.png
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[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]
2003-11-08T00:36:33+00:00
en
/static/favicon/wikivoyage.ico
https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Berlin/Mitte
U55 Kanzler U-Bahn Looking at an old network plan of the U-Bahn you might be wondering who ever had the idea of the three-station, 1.8-km stub that is U55. Well, truth be told, an extension of the U5 from its endpoint at Alexanderplatz all the way to Tegel airport had been a part of the grandiose "200-km plan" for the Berlin U-Bahn developed back in the 1950s by West Berlin, irrespective of the inner Berlin border running just a little west of Alexanderplatz. Naturally, partition made construction impossible until reunification, but when the wall fell, the plans were dusted off, and an extension towards the new main station was deemed a good idea. As construction was underway on the main station, it was decided to build "from the outside in", and by the time main station opened just in time for the 2006 soccer World Cup, two stations had been built. Berlin had by then run out of money and wanted to stop construction, but the federal government made very clear that such stoppage would lead to the funds having to be returned, something which Berlin could afford even less. So construction continued for a third station, and the new line entered into service in 2009 in part to fulfil this funding requirement. Although the intention had never been to build a new line, it was decided to sign it U55 instead of U5 to avoid confusion. The line serves the Bundestag, and was apparently approved on the urging of chancellor Helmut Kohl (in office 1982-1998), thus giving it the nickname "Kanzler U-Bahn". Operation is something of a challenge as the line remains unconnected to the rest of the network. The trains had to be lowered through a hole dug for that purpose, and have to be removed in a similar way for major repairs. The original 1950s plan of an U-Bahn all the way to Tegel were never officially scrapped; the plans for closing Tegel airport and the extension of the Tram from Hauptbahnhof towards Turmstraße (which had been planned as a stop of the U5 extension) have made this increasingly questionable. U55 was quietly withdrawn from service during the Covid-19 pandemic and the long-planned U5 extension finally opened in December 2020, even though the new station "Museumsinsel" was not finished until summer 2021. Museumsinsel Based on plans of the famous architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel in 1822 and starting with construction from 1830 onwards, the island in the river Spree was developed as a Museum island by the Prussian kings. There are five museums today on that island that mainly focus on archaeology and art of the 19th century. After the reunification, all museums were restored (or are being restored still) and brought back to life. The Museumsinsel (Museum Island) has been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The latest U5 expansion also includes an U-Bahn stop called Museumsinsel. – Area ticket Museum Island: €18, red. €9, young people up to the age of 18 free. – 3-day-museums-pass (55 museums): €24, red. €12 The museums have attracted controversy in the 21st century as many museum pieces were looted from their places of origin in the course of various imperialist wars in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Consequently some of the countries where the objects were found demand the antiquities be returned to their countries of origin.
848
dbpedia
1
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https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/the-timeline/
en
The timeline
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[ "https://vimeo.com/301627375?keyboard=false", "https://vimeo.com/303319376?keyboard=false" ]
[]
[ "First World War", "Second World War", "WW2", "Holocaust", "Shoah", "Einsatzgruppen", "concentration camps", "Auschwitz", "Bergen-Belsen", "Westerbork", "Jewish persecution", "Jews", "refugees", "antisemitism", "NSDAP", "Hitler", "Nazis", "Germany", "Allies", "Himmler", "Rauter", "Seyss-Inquart", "occupation", "identity cards", "D-Day", "Eastern Front", "Soviet Union", "liberation" ]
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2018-09-25T18:04:12.769999+00:00
Find out more about the time in which Anne Frank lived. View 34 events that occurred between 1914 and 1960, displayed on a clear timeline.
en
https://www.annefrank.org/static/ico/favicon.ico
Anne Frank Website
https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/the-timeline/
In response, Austria-Hungary set Serbia an ultimatum. If Serbia failed to meet its demands, the Austro-Hungarian army was going to invade Serbia. The Serbs accepted all demands, except one. They wanted to investigate the murder themselves, without interference from the Austro-Hungarian representatives. Austria-Hungary did not agree and on 28 July 1914 declared war on Serbia. The fact that this crisis resulted in a world war was due in part to the alliances between the various European countries. As many states were bound by treaties to help one another in the event of war, there were two camps: the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary and Germany) and the Allied Powers (France, Russia and England). Both sides expected the war to be over soon, but they were wrong. The First World War lasted four years, and millions of soldiers from all over the world were killed. In August 1915, Otto Frank went into the German army. He was trained as a gunner. From the autumn of 1915 onwards, he was stationed at the Western Front. He was part of a so-called Lichtmesstrupp: a unit that detected and calculated the location of enemy guns and passed information about the trajectory on to the artillery. In 1916, he took part in the Battle of the Somme, in which almost half a million German soldiers were killed. A year later, Otto was promoted to sergeant and the year after that to officer candidate. Otto's brothers Herbert and Robert served in the German army as well. Their mother Alice Frank-Stern and sister Leni Frank were nurses in a military hospital. On 18 July 1925, Hitler’s book, Mein Kampf (‘My Struggle’) was published. He wrote it in prison, where he was serving a sentence for a failed coup he attempted in 1923. In Mein Kampf, Hitler wrote about his ideology and presented himself as the leader of the extreme right. He talked about his life and his youth, his 'conversion' to antisemitism (the hatred of Jews) and his time as a soldier in the First World War. He raged against the Treaty of Versailles and the reparations that Germany had to pay because of the Treaty. He did not believe in parliamentary democracy. Mein Kampf is full of racist ideas and hatred of Jews and communists. In Mein Kampf, Hitler also wrote a lot about the future of Germany. He wanted to expand the German territory in Eastern Europe and to throw the Jews out of Germany, since he believed they threatened the survival of the German people. Although Mein Kampf does not refer to the later mass murder of Jews during the Second World War (the Holocaust), it does show that he had already developed a hatred of Jews at this time. Anne Frank was born on 12 June 1929 in Frankfurt, at the Maingau Red Cross Hospital. She weighed over 8 pounds and was 54 cm long. Margot was taken to see her the next day and very happy with the arrival of her baby sister. Ten days later, Anne and her mother Edith were allowed to go home. Until March 1931, Anne and her family lived at Marbachweg 307 in Frankfurt am Main. It was a pleasant time for Anne and Margot. It was a neighbourhood with lots of children and almost every day, friends came over to play with Margot. Anne could often be found in the sandbox in the garden. She was still too young to be allowed out of the garden. Margot was allowed to leave the garden, though, and she often played in the street with her friends. On 30 January 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor, leader of the German government. The Nazis’ desire for power was fulfilled. ‘It is like a dream. The Wilhelmstraße (the street where the Chancellery is located) is ours’, Joseph Goebbels, the future Minister of Propaganda, wrote in his diary. That same evening, the Nazis held a torchlight procession through Berlin. Uniformed members of the SA (Sturmabteilung - Nazi fighters) marched under the Brandenburg Gate and past the new address of their leader. Despite the impressive propaganda images Goebbels would produce later, not all Germans were impressed. Many of them did not expect Hitler to last very long at all. After his appointment, Hitler was still no autocrat. His new cabinet contained only two members of his own party, the NSDAP. The other ministers came from other right-wing parties. Nonetheless, Hitler managed to get his people appointed to important positions. Wilhelm Frick was appointed Minister of the Interior, and Hermann Göring took control of Prussia's police force. As a result, Hitler became relatively powerful in Germany. Anne Frank came to Amsterdam in February 1934. Her father Otto had been living there for over six months. He had left Germany for the Netherlands in July 1933 to set up his company Opekta. Edith joined him in September and started looking for a house. Meanwhile, Anne and her sister Margot stayed with their grandmother in Aachen. Margot came to Amsterdam in December and Anne followed in February. Margot started school in January and Anne in April. She learned Dutch quickly and had no trouble making new friends. Otto about Anne: ‘As soon as she entered the living room, things got turbulent, especially since she often took a whole bunch of friends home. She was very popular because she always had ideas about the games they could play or the things they could get up to.' In the morning of 7 March 1936, German troops occupied the Rhineland, a part of Germany that bordered on France. According to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was not allowed to station an army there. Hitler took a big risk, as he did not know how the Allies would react. He only deployed 3,000 soldiers. He had police officers march along to increase the visual impact. They had all been ordered to withdraw if foreign countries were to intervene. But nothing happened. Other countries took hardly any countermeasures. Germany's old enemies, France and England, were busy dealing with domestic problems of their own and did not want to get involved in another war. Others felt that Germany was entitled to reclaim the Rhineland. The area had always been German until after the First World War, and Hitler's predecessors had wanted it back as well. The gamble paid off for Hitler. It encouraged him to try to break other international agreements with impunity. Moreover, by occupying the Rhineland, he had also taken away France’s strategic advantage, and that would come in handy in a new war. He was now able to reposition his troops along the French border. In Germany, his popularity was growing because he had erased the 'disgrace' of the Treaty of Versailles. Once again, Germany was a force to be reckoned with. The German invasion surprised the Soviet leadership. Stalin, the country's dictator, had not believed that Germany was sufficiently prepared for war. But then, neither was he, and so the German troops were able to advance without much resistance. Hitler hoped that winning the war would not take long, because the strategic position and the grain and oil reserves of the Soviet Union were indispensable if Germany wanted to keep Europe in its grip. During the first nine months of the advance, one million German soldiers were killed. Germany was waging a war of destruction against the Soviet Union. It was the largest communist country in the world and the Nazis considered the communists their greatest enemies, in addition to the Jews. Moreover, the Nazis regarded the Russian people and the peoples in the Asian part of the Soviet Union as inferior. They would have to make way for German settlers. For that reason, the German army treated the population and the captured soldiers inhumanely. Millions of people died of hunger or diseases, or were executed. In the morning of 4 August 1944, Otto Frank was helping Peter van Pels with his language lessons. Edith was in her room. Police officers turned up at Prinsengracht 263 in Amsterdam. They went up to the office on the first floor where the helpers of the people in hiding were working. The police officers questioned Victor Kugler and searched the building in his presence. They ended up on the landing with the revolving bookcase and discovered the hiding place and the people who lived there. Together with two of the helpers, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, the people from the Secret Annex were taken to the SD prison on Euterpestraat. They were interrogated one by one to find out whether they knew of any other addresses where people might be in hiding. Johannes and Victor kept silent. Otto Frank said that after 25 months in the Secret Annex, they had lost all contact with friends and acquaintances and therefore knew nothing. After the interrogations, the people from the Secret Annex and the helpers were separated. Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were taken to the detention centre at Amstelveenseweg, the eight people from the Secret Annex to the detention centre at Weteringschans. Helpers Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl were not arrested. After a little while, they went up to the empty hiding place. There, they discovered Anne's diary papers, which were left behind after the arrest. Miep held on to the diary until after the war. By the autumn of 1918, it became clear that Germany was not going to win the war. Its opponents had too much economic and military strength. Besides, more and more allies of Germany were giving up the fight. Germany itself was in great turmoil as well. There was no other option than to end the war. On 9 November 1918, the Allies and the Germans convened in a railway carriage in the forest of Compiègne, a small town 60 kilometres to the north of Paris. The German delegate Matthias Erzberger tried to negotiate about the terms of the armistice. The Allies did not yield. They wanted Germany to surrender. Two days later, on 11 November, Germany signed the truce, which started at 11.00 am on the same day. Germany lost a lot because of the armistice. The agreement demanded that all German troops would withdraw from French and Belgian territory within two weeks. The Rhineland, an area bordering on Belgium and France, was to be occupied by Allied troops. Germany had to return territory in Eastern Europe it had conquered during the war. Moreover, Germany had to donate large quantities of military equipment to the Allies. On 6 April 1917, American president Woodrow Wilson declared war on Germany. Until that day, the United States had remained neutral. The declaration of war was a response to the submarine war that Germany had been waging on its enemies since January 1917. Germany wanted to sink all ships sailing toward the United Kingdom, including passenger ships and neutral American ships, as they could be carrying aid - from food to soldiers - for Germany's opponents. Germany knew that the United States would respond, but they believed that the United States would take so long to prepare, that the British would have quit their efforts by then. But they were wrong. Another reason for the American declaration of war was the interception of the so-called "Zimmermann telegram”, in which Germany promised Mexico financial support and American territory if it would attack the United States. Mexico refused the request. The telegram had been sent in code, but it was deciphered by the English secret service. The Americans were outraged. In 1917, the United States sent more than a million troops to France. It took another year before they were fighting alongside the Allies in substantial numbers. On 23 March 1933, the German parliament voted in favour of the ‘Enabling Act’ by a large majority. The Act allowed Hitler to enact new laws without interference from the president or the Reichstag (German parliament) for a period of four years. In his speech on that day, Hitler gave those present the choice 'between war or peace'. It was a veiled threat to intimidate any dissenters. With 444 votes in favour and 94 against, the Reichstag adopted the Enabling Act. Only the Social Democrats voted against it. The vote could hardly be called democratic: The Reichstag was surrounded by members of the SA and the SS, the armed branches of the NSDAP. The Communist Party was absent because its members had been arrested or were on the run. Twenty-six Social Democrats did not vote for the same reason. This law allowed Hitler to rule Germany as a dictator from then on. On 1 December 1933, the German government adopted a law stating that the NSDAP and the German State were inextricably linked. This meant that the government was bound to support the Nazi party and that the party also had power outside of the government. For example, the NSDAP now was entitled to arrest people itself. The law was the official confirmation of a situation that had existed for some time. In the preceding months, the Nazis had dealt with the other political parties in Germany. The Communist Party and the Social Democrat Party had been banned. Other parties had dissolved themselves. A law of 14 July 1933 made the NSDAP the only political party in Germany and prohibited the creation of new political parties. On 12 November 1933, new parliamentary elections were held. There was only one party on the ballot: the NSDAP, with Hitler as its leader. On July 6, 1938, American president Roosevelt organised an international conference on Jewish refugees from Germany. Thirty-two countries convened in the French town of Évian-les-Bains. Among the participants were the United States, England, France, the Netherlands, Australia, Switzerland, Mexico, and a number of South American states. Most government leaders said that they sympathised with the Jewish refugees, but they did not want to admit more refugees. They had already taken in so many refugees and were afraid of tensions between the newcomers and their own populations. Haiti and the Dominican Republic were the only countires willing to accept tens of thousands of refugees, but the United States would not allow Haiti's offer. In the end, several hundred Jews found refuge in the two countries. And so, the conference yielded no measures to improve the situation of the Jewish refugees. Shortly after the conquest of Western Europe, Germany attacked the United Kingdom. It had to do so by air because the British Navy was stronger than the German Navy. In July 1940, Germany started making air raids on ports and ships, airports, and places along the coast of England. Hitler had planned to invade England with an army, but this turned out to be impracticable because the German Air Force was unable to gain the upper hand. On 25 August 1940, the British Air Force bombed Berlin. This counter-attack did not cause much damage, but it did change the German plans. Starting on 7 September, London was bombed for 57 consecutive days, and other English cities were hit hard as well. The German air raids continued into the autumn of 1941. They are collectively called "The Blitz", after the German word for lightning. The Battle of Britain cost 27,450 lives and even more people were wounded. More than a million houses were destroyed. But the United Kingdom did not succumb, and Germany lost the Battle of Britain. On 21 September 1942 Anne wrote a short note to Jettje in her diary. A little further on, she wrote another one to Emmy. One day later, on September 22, she wrote to Kitty: ‘Dear Kitty...I like writing to you most, you know that don’t you, and I hope the feeling is mutual’. Yet she still wrote to Pop, Jackie, Marianne, Conny, and other girls. She had invented most of these names, but not all of them. Jackie was Jacqueline, one of her best friends. To her sorrow, Anne had not had a chance to say goodbye to her before going into hiding. Kitty was not made up either. She was a character from the books about Joop ter Heul, written by Cissy van Marxveldt. Anne was very fond of this series. She described Kitty as 'a nice 14-year-old girl' and said that they were becoming ‘the best of friends’. On 28 March 1944, the people in hiding in the Secret Annex heard an appeal on Radio Orange from Dutch minister Bolkestein. He was a member of the Dutch government, which had fled to London (Great Britain) in 1940. Bolkestein asked the Dutch to hold on to any papers that would illustrate what they had gone through during the German occupation once the war was over. Letters, for instance, or diaries, or speeches. His request inspired Anne and she planned to publish a book about her time in hiding after the war. She also came up with a title: ‘Het Achterhuis’ or ‘The Secret Annex’. But she had her doubts, too. 'I really believe, Kits, that I'm slightly bats today, and yet I don't know why. Everything here is so mixed up, nothing's connected any more, and sometimes I very much doubt whether in the future anyone will be interested in all my tosh. "The unbosomings of an ugly duckling" will be the title of all this nonsense. My diary really won't be much use to Messrs. Bolkestein or Gerbrandy (members of Dutch cabinet, ed.). Yours, Anne Friday 14 April 1944. After early July 1941, people in the Netherlands could no longer obtain visa for the United States, so neither could Otto and his family. Otto had applied for entry to the United States in 1938. Because many Jews wanted to flee Germany after 1938, there were so many applications that it took a very long time before his application was processed. On 14 May 1940, the consulate in Rotterdam was destroyed in the heavy bombardment of the city. As a result, all records were lost. All applicants had to collect and resubmit the required documents. To make matters worse, the American government had become stricter because it feared letting in German spies. Otto, too, continued with his application, but he suffered a severe setback. Every immigrant had to be interviewed at the American consulate as part of the application, but in July 1941, the consulate in the Netherlands was closed. Even if he had been invited for an interview, he would have had to go to a consulate in Southern Europe. And that had become impossible by then. Otto started another application for visa for Cuba. This was cancelled on 11 December 1941. After that, he had no real options left for taking his family to a safe country. On 16 November 1942, Fritz Pfeffer went into hiding in the Secret Annex. He was the dentist of Miep Gies and an acquaintance of Otto and Edith Frank. His fiancé Charlotte Kaletta had been a guest at the wedding of Miep and Jan Gies the previous year. Pfeffer had told his landlord that he would be hospitalised. He was surprised to see the Frank family again. He had heard that they had fled to Switzerland. Fritz was to share Anne’s room with her. Before his arrival, Margot had slept there; from then on, she slept in her parents’ room. Charlotte was left behind. She was not Jewish and not in danger of being arrested by the Nazis. He did not tell her where he went, so she could not accidentally betray him. He missed her very much, but they stayed in touch. They wrote letters to each other, and Miep Gies acted as their messenger. On 20 July 1944, during a meeting with Adolf Hitler, German officer Claus von Stauffenberg placed a bomb under the table. After Von Stauffenberg had left, the bomb went off. As if by a miracle, Hitler survived the attack. He had some burns and abrasions, and the bang had ruptured his eardrums. That very evening, his voice could be heard on German radio to let the people know that he was still alive. The conspiracy of which Von Stauffenberg was a member, had failed. A large number of German army officers had wanted to get rid of Hitler. The people involved each had their own reasons for participating in the conspiracy. Some wanted more influence and power, others wanted to prevent Hitler from destroying Germany in a senseless war. Shortly after the attempt, hundreds of arrests were made. The leaders of the attempt were sentenced to death in a show trial. In November 1942, resistance fighter Helena Kuipers-Rietberg started setting up an organisation to help people go into hiding. Through her work for a Christian women's organisation, she knew many people. That same month, she asked the Reverend Frits Slomp for help. He was very much opposed to the Nazis and travelled across the Netherlands to find hiding addresses and host families. In the course of 1943, the National Organisation to Help Those in Hiding - the LO for short - arose from this network. Many existing resistance groups joined the LO. The LO arranged hiding addresses for Jews and for young men who did not want to work for the Nazis. Later on, National Fighting Squads (Landelijke Knokploegen) were erected that would, for instance, raid distribution offices to steal food stamps for people in hiding. In August 1944, Helena Kuipers-Rietberg and her husband were arrested by the Sicherheitsdienst. During the interrogation, she took all the blame to make sure that her husband was released. Helena ended up in German concentration camp Ravensbrück. Weakened by illness, she died there on 27 December 1944. In January 1944, the Jewish Mr and Mrs Wittenburg were arrested by ‘Jew hunters’, Dutch police officers who were looking for Jews in hiding. From the police station, they were taken to Westerbork. Then they were deported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. Heintje, the wife, was gassed in April 1944. Bram, her husband, was liberated by the Soviet army in 1945. By the autumn of 1943, most Dutch Jews had been deported. But many Jews were still in hiding and the Nazis wanted to find them. Because the Dutch police was not cooperative enough for their liking, they set up special divisions with pro-German police officers to hunt down Jews. Among those officers were confirmed antisemites, who hated Jews, as well as opportunists, who were primarily interested in the premium they received for every Jew they caught, and in the belongings of the people in hiding and those accommodating them, which they secretly took during the raids. On 3 September 1944, the people from the Secret Annex were transported by train from the Westerbork transit camp in the Netherlands to Auschwitz-Birkenau in occupied Poland. With 1,011 other Jews, they were packed tightly in closed goods carriages. Two and a half days later, they arrived in the night. They had to get off the train and leave their luggage behind. Men and women were separated. Auguste van Pels was separated from Hermann and Peter. It was the last time Otto Frank saw his wife and daughters. Next, the Germans assessed which of the prisoners were fit for work. The people from the Secret Annex were deemed fit, but 371 of their fellow prisoners were not. They were sent to the gas chambers. The people from the Secret Annex were sent to the so-called Sauna, where a number was tattooed on their arm, and where they showered and dressed again in camp clothes or whatever else was available. Edith, Margot, Anne, and Auguste stayed in the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp and ended up in a barracks for forced labourers. Otto, Hermann, Peter and Fritz had to walk to camp Auschwitz I, three kilometres away. They were made to do heavy labour. After their arrest, helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were held prisoner in Amsterdam from 4 August to 11 September. They stayed in adjacent cells. Then, they were taken to the Amersfoort prison camp. This was a SS prison camp for political prisoners and other criminal cases. Johannes Kleiman had been convicted of Arbeitsverweigerung (refusal to work). He did not stay at the prison camp long. He had been unwell for a long time, after suffering gastric haemorrhaging. Therefore, he could not be sent to Germany to do forced labour and, at the insistence of the Red Cross, was released seven days later. Victor Kugler had been convicted of Judenbegünstigung (helping Jews). He was held captive for a longer period. After spending almost three weeks at the camp, he had to do forced labour in various places across the Netherlands. In March 1945, he was marching to Germany in a group of around 600 prisoners. Near the German border, they were fired at by allied planes, which gave him a chance to escape. A few days later, he was back home in Hilversum, where he hid until the German capitulation on 5 May. In July 1945, Otto Frank met with sisters Janny and Lientje Brilleslijper. They had been imprisoned at Bergen-Belsen with Anne and Margot. They told him about the miserable last months of his daughters and how they had died of typhus. Miep, too, heard the terrible news. She had kept Anne’s diaries for her. Now that Anne was not coming back, she handed them to Otto. For some time, Otto could not summon the courage to read them, but once he started reading, he was gripped by her writing. ‘I had no idea of the depths of her thoughts and feelings.’ Otto copied passages from the diaries and asked relatives and friends to read them. Some of them felt that he should publish the diary. Others were set against it. Otto eventually decided to go ahead and compiled a manuscript for publishers to read. By the summer of 1944, the Germans were losing more and more territory to the Soviet army. The front was shifting to the west so fast that the Nazis were afraid that their concentration and extermination camps would be discovered. And so, Himmler, head of the SS, decided to bring prisoners from Eastern Europe back to Germany. The camps would be emptier, the prisoners would not be able to tell the enemy anything, and they could still be used as forced labourers. First, the prisoners were brought west by train. But from the autumn onwards, with the Soviets advancing, the prisoners had to walk long distances. The prisoners called these marches death marches. Under severe winter weather conditions, they were made to walk hundreds of kilometres without warm clothes and shoes, food or shelter. Those who were unable to keep up, were shot or beaten to death. Chances of survival were very slim indeed. After the liberation of France and Belgium in August and September 1944, the Allies wanted to move into Germany. But the German defence line at the border with Belgium was too strong. British general Montgomery decided to get round it by going via the Netherlands. Montgomery had a bold plan: Operation Market Garden. He wanted to conquer important bridges in the east of the Netherlands, so that the Allied Forces could cross the rivers to move into Germany. This would also allow them to surround the German army in the west of the Netherlands. The bridges had to be taken by paratroopers and airborne troops, while tanks were moving over land to provide reinforcements. For Montgomery's plan, it was crucial to have the Allied troops in Arnhem before the German reinforcements got there. The finale of the operation was near Arnhem, where the last strategic bridges were located. The liberation of the south of the Netherlands in the autumn of 1944 affected the occupied west of the Netherlands in a bad way. The Dutch government in London called for a major strike in railway transport to support Operation Market Garden on 17 September 1944. 30,000 railway workers went on strike. The trains stopped running until the end of the war. But as a punitive measure, the Nazis blocked food transports to the provinces of North and South Holland for six weeks. Using their own trains, the Germans had no trouble taking care of their own supplies. The supply of coal from the province of Limburg had become impossible, because Limburg was behind the front line between Germany and the Allies. Moreover, in December 1944, the rivers and IJsselmeer, the largest lake of the Netherlands, froze over. So, nothing could be transported by water either. In 1963, former Nazi Karl Silberbauer was arrested in Vienna. He was the SD man who had arrested the eight people in hiding in 1944. Since 1946, he had been a policeman in Vienna, just like he had been before the Second World War. Silberbauer was tracked down by Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal. In a written statement, Silberbauer said that he would probably have forgotten about the arrest of the people in hiding if Anne Frank and her diary had not become so well-known. He recalled many details about the arrest, but nothing about a traitor. The Viennese police suspended Silberbauer during the investigation, but he was allowed to come back to work when he could not be prosecuted. In 1944, he had acted 'by order' and during the arrest he had behaved 'correctly'. On 10 May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France. Luxembourg was occupied that same day. The Netherlands surrendered on 15 May, Belgium on the 28th. At first, Great Britain supported the Netherlands, Belgium, and France, but it withdrew later. On 5 June, the Wehrmacht, the German army, launched a major attack on France. On 14 June, the German army occupied Paris. The French government and many Parisians had already fled the city by then. The French government failed to lead its army properly and they lost the trust of their people. The French Prime Minister resigned and was succeeded by Marshal Philippe Pétain. On 22 June, the French army signed the capitulation in a railway carriage near Compiègne, a small town 60 kilometres to the north of Paris. The location bore special significance for the Germans. This was the place where Germany had signed its surrender in 1918, at the end of the First World War. Many Germans had considered it a great humiliation. Germany did not occupy all of France. South of the front line, there was a new French government led by Marshal Pétain. This 'Vichy regime', named after the health resort where the government was based, collaborated with the Germans. Not all French people accepted the new situation. Some joined the resistance and others fled to London. General Charles de Gaulle founded the Free French there, with the aim of fighting the German occupation of France. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the Netherlands declared war on Japan. Together with its allies the US, Great Britain and Australia, the Netherlands formed an army. The name of the army was ABDACOM: American-British-Dutch-Australian Command. ABDACOM was set up to prevent Japan from invading East Asia. They were not successful. Between December 1941 and February 1942, Japan conquered Malaysia, Singapore, and large parts of the Dutch East Indies. On 27 February 1942, a Japanese fleet was on its way to set troops ashore at Java (Dutch East Indies). The allied ABDACOM fleet tried to stop the invasion. The ships were under the command of Dutch Admiral Karel Doorman aboard HNLMS De Ruyter. The Japanese fleet was too strong. It had more ships, better weapons, and reconnaissance planes. The ABDACOM fleet’s communication equipment was poor. In a seven-hour naval battle, the Allies lost five ships and more than 1,000 men. In the following days, the Japanese navy destroyed the remaining ships. On 28 February 1942, the Japanese troops landed on Java. For the remainder of the Second World War, the Netherlands did not play a military role of any significance. After the invasion of the Soviet Union, the Nazis organised Einsatzgruppen (special units) in the newly conquered territories. These ‘death squads’ were set up to kill Jews and communist officials. They received help from the Wehrmacht (regular German army). The units summoned their victims to report at a central point or rounded them up in raids. Then, they executed them on the edge of ravines or alongside the holes they had had to dig. Sometimes, they put Jews in ghettos first and killed them later. One of the most notorious massacres took place at the ravine of Babi Jar near Kiev in September 1941. An attack by the NKVD (the Soviet secret service) had damaged the army headquarters of the Germans. The Nazis decided to exterminate the Kiev Jews in retaliation. Einsatzgruppe C put up pamphlets summoning the Jews to report for migration. More than 30,000 Jews headed the summons. They were then taken to the ravine of Babi Jar. Once they got there, they were forced to undress and hand over all their belongings. Then they were shot. In this way, Einsatzgruppe C and its local collaborators murdered 33,771 Jews within two days. By the end of 1941, the Einsatzgruppen had murdered around 300,000 Jews. Six months later, the number had risen to approximately half a million. The victims were Jews as well as tens of thousands of Soviet officials, partisans, disabled people, and Roma. In the autumn of 1941, the Nazis started preparing for a major project: the murder of more than two million Jews who lived in the occupied part of Poland. The order was issued by Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS. After an attack on SS man Reinhard Heydrich in June 1942, the project was named after him: Aktion Reinhard. The Nazis built three extermination camps to carry out their project. These camps were located in areas that were hard to reach: Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka. The Majdanek work camp already existed but was expanded with gas chambers. The camps were completed in the spring of 1942. The Jews from the ghettos were put on transport to the camps and murdered in the gas chambers upon their arrival. By the end of 1942, almost 1.3 million Polish Jews had been murdered. In November 1943, Aktion Reinhard was terminated. The camps were emptied, and the bodies of the victims were excavated and burned. Then the Nazis planted trees on the grounds to wipe out all traces of their crimes. All Jewish prisoners from camp Majdanek were murdered. In total, this project resulted in the murder of more than two million Jews. The Polish Jews were not the only ones who were murdered in the camps: victims also included Jews from France, Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, and the Balkans. In Sobibor, over 34,000 Dutch Jews were murdered in 1943. On 8 August 1941, the Liro bank opened at Sarphatistraat in Amsterdam. It appeared to be another branch of the Jewish Lippmann Rosenthal & Co. bank, but it was not. The bank was a looting bank, set up by the Nazis to steal money and valuables from Jews. The Nazis took many measures to rob Jews in the Netherlands of their possessions. From 8 August 1941 onwards, Jews had to hand over all cash and assets over 1,000 guilders to the Liro bank. They were no longer allowed to have accounts with other banks. In September, Jews had to report any land they owned. In May 1942, they had to hand in other valuables, such as jewellery, gold, art, and antiques. From January 1942, shares owned by Jews were sold on the stock exchange. Their art works were sold as well or ended up in German museums. The proceeds did not go to the original owners, but to the Liro bank. In 1943, the Liro bank terminated the life insurance policies of Jews and retained the sums that were paid out. The money was used to pay for the deportation of Jews by trams and trains. It also paid for the expansion of the Westerbork transit camp and the construction of the Vught concentration camp. In total, the Liro bank robbed the Dutch Jews of an incredible amount of money; estimates range from 325 to 455 million guilders. On 16 April 1947, Rudolf Höss was hanged in the courtyard next to the former crematorium of Auschwitz. Höss was the Commander of the Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp. In this role, he was responsible for the deaths of nearly one million Jews and other prisoners in the camp. After the war, Höss lived under a false name for a while, but in March 1946 a British team tracked him down. After his arrest, he testified in the Nuremberg Trials. The Allies handed him over to Poland, because Auschwitz was on Polish soil during the German occupation. And so, Höss was tried in Poland. In his cell, he wrote an autobiography. Although he regretted what had happened, Höss did not admit his guilt. He said that he had only followed orders. In March 1947, the court ruled that Höss was guilty and imposed the death penalty. On Sunday morning, 7 December 1941, a Japanese war fleet arrived at the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, on Hawaii. The Japanese bombarded the Americans with bombs and torpedoes. When the attack was over, more than 3,500 American were left dead or wounded. Eighteen warships had been sunk and hundreds of aircraft had been destroyed or damaged. Japan attacked the United States to prevent the Americans from thwarting Japanese plans for expansion in Asia. The surprise attack was carried out to perfection, but Japan did not defeat the US. The damage caused was soon repaired and the main American aircraft carriers were in other ports at the time of the attack. The United States were able to retaliate quickly. On that same day, Japan also attacked Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Thailand, as well as American bases in the Philippines and Guam. As a result, Japan was now at war with Great Britain and Canada. Australia, New Zealand and the Netherlands also declared war on Japan, and the war spread rapidly across the East-Asia. The American population regarded the attack as a cowardly act and stood behind its government's decision to declare war on Japan. In response, Hitler declared war on America on 11 December 1941, for Germany was an ally of Japan. This meant that Hitler had gained another strong opponent. From then on, the United States fought with the Allies against Nazi Germany. On 20 January 1942, fifteen high-ranking Nazis gathered in a villa on the Wannsee, a large lake in a suburb of Berlin. At this conference, they discussed the planned murder of eleven million European Jews. For a while, the Nazis had thought that they could force the Jews to emigrate to other countries, but this was no longer an option because of the war. Instead, the Jews were to be 'evacuated' to the east. A large proportion was expected to fall away due to 'natural reduction'. The remaining Jews would receive 'appropriate treatment'. The participants in the conference hid their real intentions behind official language. These words come from the minutes of the conference, which were preserved. What they say, is that the Nazis were organising a genocide. ‘Evacuation' equalled deportation to concentration and extermination camps, and the 'appropriate treatment' meant 'murder'. Hitler had already decided that all European Jews must be murdered. From July 1941 onwards, German special units (Einsatzgruppen) had been active in the Soviet Union to kill Jews. And since the spring of 1941, there had been executions in occupied Yugoslavia. By early 1942, the Nazis had already murdered more than a million Jews. On 29 April 1942, the Nazis introduced another humiliating measure that concerned the Dutch Jews. From 3 May onwards, they would have to start wearing a badge on their clothes: a six-pointed yellow Star of David with the word 'Jew' in the middle. The badge made it possible to identify people in the street as Jews. The Nazis wanted to further isolate the Jews from the non-Jewish Dutch. Not wearing the badge was severely punished. You could even be sent to a concentration camp if you didn’t. The Jewish Council was ordered to distribute the badges among the Dutch Jews within three days. The Jews were forced to buy four each at four cents a piece. Children from the age of 6 had to wear them, too. In total, 569,355 yellow badges were distributed. Some Jews wore them with pride, many others felt humiliated. Some non-Jewish Dutch responded to the new measure as well. Some protested by wearing homemade stars with the words 'Catholic' or 'Aryan'. Others made a point of greeting Jews in the street or giving up their seats on the trams. But over time, the indignation diminished and the gap between Jews and non-Jews widened. On 5 July 1942, Margot received a call-up to report for labour camp in Germany. She was among the first group of Jews in the Netherlands to be summoned. Her parents did not want her to go, but those who did not go, were arrested. Otto and Edith had anticipated the call-up and had planned to go into hiding in the hiding place Otto had set up in the annex of his business premises on 16 July 1942. Because of Margot's call-up, they advanced their move. They left their home the morning after the call-up. They told their subtenant that they were going to Switzerland. A few days later, Anne wrote about being in hiding in her diary. ‘Of course we are not allowed to look out of the window at all or go outside. Also we have to do everything softly in case they hear us below.’ The Frank family were helped by six of Otto’s employees and friends. The people working in the ground floor warehouse knew nothing about the hiding place, except for the father of helper Bep Voskuijl. As the warehouse manager, he was well-placed to keep an eye on things. On 31 January 1943, German Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus and his Sixth Army surrendered to the Red Army (the army of the Soviet Union). The Sixth army had been virtually annihilated. After five months of fighting, Germany was defeated. In late August 1942, the German army had begun a major attack to gain control of the Russian city of Stalingrad. The conquest would not only serve a strategic goal, it would be of great symbolic value, since the city bore the name of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. The shellings and and bombardments damaged Stalingrad badly, but in order to conquer the city, the German soldiers had to fight the soldiers of Red Army in the streets. They were shot at by snipers, hiding among the ruins. When the harsh Russian winter began, the situation grew even worse. For the Red Army, the winter had its advantages. The ice was now thick enough for tanks to cross the rivers. While the fighting in the streets continued, the Soviets managed to surround the city with their tanks in late November 1942. The German army was trapped but did not surrender straight away. It took another six weeks for the battle to be over. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers had died on both sides. The Battle of Stalingrad was an important turning point in the war. The German army was not unbeatable after all. The Soviet Union regained hope, as did the people in the occupied territories. On 20 May 1943, approximately 750 Jews reported to the military police building near Muiderpoort train station in Amsterdam. They complied with a measure taken by Rauter, head of the German SS and the police, that no Jew could stay in Amsterdam without permission. Only Jews carrying a so-called Sperre, a proof of postponement, were allowed to stay on. They arrived in Westerbork in the evening. At least two of them, a couple, were put on transport five days later to the Sobibor extermination camp, where they were gassed on 28 May 1943. We do not know what happened to the others, because their names are not known. Rauter was dissatisfied with the low turnout on this day and so, the Germans held a big raid in the centre of Amsterdam a few days later. They arrested around 3,000 people, who were subsequently deported to Westerbork. The Nazis also forced the Jewish Council to take away the Sperre of a large number of Jews and to select them for transport to Westerbork. On 6 June 1944, shortly after midnight, D-Day, a huge military operation, began. Over 5,000 ships transported 150,000 allied soldiers and 1,500 tanks to the coast of Normandy in France. For two years, the Allies had been preparing for 'Operation Overlord'. The purpose of the operation was to set up a landing base on the European mainland. From there, the Allies would be able to liberate the countries that had been occupied by Germany and move on towards Berlin. And if Germany also had to fight in the West, it would make things a bit easier on the Soviet Union. The Germans were expecting an attack at Calais, not Normandy, for at Calais, the English Channel (the sea between England and France) is at its narrowest. The Wehrmacht had stationed half a million troops all along the French coast. They had also set up the Atlantikwall, a solid line of defence. The Allies landed in a few places along the coast of Normandy. The attack was backed up by bombardments and paratroopers. In some places, they were easily able to push back the German defence, but in others, resistance was fierce. On ‘Omaha Beach’, the American bombers did not manage to hit the German line of defence well. There, German troops shot down the soldiers trying to land. Some did not even get that far and drowned as soon as they left their ships. By the end of D-Day, the Allies had established a base on the mainland. The Germans tried to hold out as long as possible It took another two months of fighting in Normandy before the Allies succeeded in moving further into France. On 15 August, the Allies also landed in the south of France. Paris was liberated on 25 August and by mid-September 1944, the German army had almost been forced out of France. On 2 May 1945, Soviet troops occupied the Berlin Reichstag and planted the Soviet flag on its roof. It was the culmination of a two-week battle for the German capital. The military operation started on 16 April with a major attack on the Seelow Heights, the German defence line near the river Oder. During this attack, the Soviet army fired one million grenades. All night, the horizon was lit by explosions and the searchlights that dazzled the German army. After two days of heavy fighting, the Red Army broke through the German defence, and on 25 April, the Soviet army had surrounded Berlin. Hitler had ordered his troops to defend the city ‘to the last man’. The streets were barricaded, to stop the tanks and soldiers from coming through. Due to a shortage of soldiers, the boys of the Hitlerjugend and the old men of the Volkssturm were ordered to help defend the city. With their small arms and grenades, they did not stand a chance against the Red Army, and many of them died a pointless death. On 2 May, Helmuth Weidling, the commander of the Berlin defence forces, surrendered. Germany was now almost completely defeated. The first Nuremberg Trial lasted from 20 November 1945 to 1 October 1946. Twenty-four Nazi leaders were tried for their crimes during and before the war. Not all top Nazis could be tried. Hitler, Himmler, and Goebbels had already committed suicide. Other Nazis were missing or on the run. The International Military Tribunal presided over the trial. There were eight judges, two from each of the allied countries: France, the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union. The Nazis had been indicted on four counts: conspiracy, starting a war, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The tribunal imposed twelve death penalties. Seven convicts were given prison sentences ranging from 10 years to life imprisonment. Three defendants were acquitted. Two others were not prosecuted. After the trial against the leaders, twelve other trials followed, against doctors, army officers, judges, industrialists, members of the Einsatzgruppen, and others. On 11 May 1960, Adolf Eichman was kidnapped in Buenos Aires by a unit of the Mossad (the Israeli secret service). The commando team smuggled him out of the country and took him to Israel, where he was put on trial. By that time, Eichmann had been on the run for 15 years. After the Second World War, he had moved to Argentina under a false name, because he was afraid of being prosecuted for his war crimes. As an SS man, he was responsible for the deportation of Jews to concentration and extermination camps. Eichmann had been an important link in planning and carrying out the murder of the European Jews and is therefore also called the 'architect' of the Holocaust. The trial against Eichmann started a year later and took four months. The whole world witnessed it, because it was reported on TV, radio, and in the newspapers. Due to the many testimonies during the trial, the general public got to know the gruesome details of the Holocaust. For the first time, the persecution of the Jews was widely discussed. Eichmann was sentenced to death and hanged on 1 June 1962. Many intellectuals and artists were happy about the war as well. They hoped for change and action. In the warring countries, many people felt closer to their compatriots as they faced a common enemy. They saw the enemy as the instigator of the conflict and so they considered their own reaction to be fair. Moreover, almost everyone expected the war to be short and to end in victory. The farmers were less enthusiastic. Now that they and their sons had been drafted, they would be unable to bring in the harvest. Pacifists and socialists even protested against the war. The socialists considered war a power game of the ruling classes, and they believed that the workers of the world should unite instead of shooting one another. In July 1941, the Nazis set up a POW camp at Trawniki, a village in the General Government for the occupied Polish Region. The camp was intended for Soviet soldiers captured after the invasion of the Soviet Union. The Soviet prisoners of war were offered a way out of captivity by cooperating with the SS as Hilfswilligen (relief troops). The ones who accepted the offer were mainly anti-communist and antisemitic Ukrainians, Latvians, and Lithuanians. They were trained in Trawniki and deployed from September 1941 onwards. As the war with the Soviet Union became less successful and the number of prisoners of war dwindled, regular civilians were recruited as well. Over 5,000 men were trained in the camp. The Hilfswilligen helped the Nazis with the raids and the evacuation of the ghettos in occupied Poland. They were involved in actions against the partisans and supported the Einsatzgruppen. They worked as guards in the extermination camps and operated the killing facilities there. From the summer of 1942 onwards, Jewish forced labourers were imprisoned in the camp. They had to endure the cruel treatment by the camp leadership and their disciples. In July 1944, the camp was abandoned by the Nazis and discovered by the Soviet army. In early 1959, Otto Frank brought legal action against the German teacher Lothar Stielau. This right-wing extremist had written in his school’s newsletter that Anne Frank's diary was a forgery. After an investigation into the authenticity of the diary, the court ruled that the diary was genuine. Stielau retracted his remarks and came to a settlement with Otto Frank. This was the first, but by no means the last time Otto had to go to court to defend Anne's diary against similar accusations. There are several reasons why people claim that the diary is not real. One of the main reasons is that they are trying to prove that the Holocaust never took place. By casting doubt on the testimonies, they hope to show that the Nazis were not as bad as they are portrayed. They often use seemingly scientific arguments that are difficult to check for lay people. However, historians have no doubts about the reality of the murder of six million Jews during the Second World War. As the leader of the SS, Heinrich Himmler was involved in numerous war crimes. The murder of Jews, Roma and Sinti, and political opponents took place under his responsibility. In April 1945, when the war was almost over, Himmler tried to escape punishment by negotiating with the Allies. In exchange for the German surrender, he demanded immunity. The Allies refused and put him on the list of wanted war criminals. Himmler then assumed a false identity. On 22 May 1945, British soldiers arrested him at a border check. His brand-new passport and nervous behaviour gave him away. Himmler was sent to a prison camp for questioning. The next day, he announced his identity. During a medical check-up, he suddenly bit through a cyanide capsule that had been hidden in his mouth. Fifteen minutes later, the poison had killed him. His body was buried in an anonymous grave on the Lüneburger Heath. Since the Hollandsche Schouwburg was too small for the large number of people who had been arrested, the children were put in a nursery which was located opposite the Schouwburg, on Plantage Middenlaan. The head was Henriëtte Pimentel, a member of the resistance. The nursery garden was adjacent to that of the College of Education. Together with the director of this school, Johan van Hulst, Pimentel devised a plan to save the children. With the help of the director of the Hollandsche Schouwburg, German Jew Walter Süskind, they ensured that the children disappeared from the German records. The children were then smuggled out through the College of Education: hidden in bags, suitcases, or between the dirty laundry, or simply walking out, when the guards were not paying attention. About six hundred children were saved in this way. Anne Frank heard the bombardment, as the Secret Annex was only a few miles away. On 19 July 1943, she wrote: 'North Amsterdam was very heavily bombed on Sunday. There was apparently a great deal of destruction. Entire streets are in ruins [...] We've been told of children searching forlornly in the smouldering ruins for their dead parents. It still makes me shiver to think of the dull, distant drone that signified the approaching destruction.’ The people in hiding were aware of the danger of a bombardment. They would not be able to leave their hiding place for a shelter. Moreover, they stood a chance of being discovered if the Secret Annex were damaged. On 25 July 1943, Anne and the other people in hiding saw ‘columns of smoke over the harbour'. Fokker had been bombed for a second time. This time, the factories were partially hit. Three days later, the Allies tried again, but they still did not succeed. Seventeen civilians were killed in this bombing. Anne wrote in her diary: ‘I decided to grit my teeth and practise being courageous.’ In total, the three bombing raids on the Fokker factories took the lives of over 200 people. After Yom Kippur - on September 21, 1942 - the German authorities informed the Jewish Council that no Jews would be brought to Germany for the time being and that there would be few or no arrests. This message soon became known to all Jews and it gave great relief. On October 3 and 4, Sukkot would be festively concluded with Simchat Torah, and many people gather on such days. But the Nazis were gruesomely misusing the Jewish holidays. They had planned raids all over the country. On Friday 2 October in the evening until the next day, they picked up all families whose men were staying in labor camps and transported them to Camp Westerbork. Under the guise of family reunification, the fathers, sons and brothers, who had not been home for more than six months, were taken from the labor camps to Camp Westerbork as well. The Westerbork population increased with about 13,000 residents in two days, while there was only room for about 3,000 people. Barracks became overcrowded and thousands of people had to sleep on the floor. The promise that no Jews would go to camps in Germany turned out to be a lie of the Nazis: in October 1942, nearly 12,000 Jews were deported to Auschwitz by nine trains. Westerbork is a transit camp On 1 July 1942, the Nazis had taken control of the old Westerbork refugee camp. It was fenced off using barbed wire and the camp was now called a ‘Police Transit Camp’ (‘Polizeiliches Durchgangslager’). From 15 July onwards, almost all Jews from the Netherlands were first taken to this camp and then sent on to German concentration and extermination camps. They usually went to Auschwitz-Birkenau in occupied Poland, but the trains sometimes stopped along the way to drop the men off at German labour camps. On 3 October 1942, as many as 24 trains had already made the journey to Auschwitz, together carrying a total of 19,000 prisoners. Most of the prisoners were murdered upon arrival. People in the Netherlands, however, knew nothing about this. In August 1942, the former Hollandsche Schouwburg theatre in Amsterdam became a deportation centre for Jews. The Nazis called it ‘Umschlagplatz Plantage Middenlaan’. Jews went there voluntarily after receiving a call-up or were dropped off after a raid or arrest. They were then transported to Camp Westerbork. In all, tens of thousands of Jews were at some point imprisoned at the Hollandsche Schouwburg. The Hollandsche Schouwburg was not big enough to accommodate the many Jews who had been arrested. Some stayed there for a longer period of time, so it quickly became overcrowded. The commotion and the stench were hard to bear. On 25 March 1943, Jewish Willy Alexander wrote in his diary: 'At the moment there are 1300 people in the small "Hollandse Schouwburg". It's so hot and stuffy (and dirty, of course) that everyone keeps asking for something to drink.' The Hollandsche Schouwburg was closed at the end of 1943. By that time, Amsterdam was 'Judenfrei' - almost all Jews had been deported. Anne Frank wrote of the news in her diary: ‘Rauter, some German bigwig, recently gave a speech. "All Jews must be out of the German-occupied territories before July 1st. The province of Utrecht will be cleansed of Jews (as if they were cockroaches) between April 1st and May 1st, and the provinces of North and South Holland between May 1st and June 1st." These poor people are being shipped off to filthy slaughterhouses like a herd of sick and neglected cattle. But I'll say no more on the subject. My own thoughts give me nightmares!’ Rauter’s enthusiastic antisemitism was expressed clearly in his speech to Dutch SS members: 'In this way we want to expel the Jews, who are the source of all unrest and terror here, as quickly as possible from the general populace. It is no mean feat to have pulled 130,000 Jews, who would probably have grown to a million in one hundred years’ time, from the healthy German populace. We want to continue these measures relentlessly, because in doing so we are doing the Germanic people a service. That is why we will show no weakness in this matter.' Between 13 and 15 February 1945, the Allied air forces bombed the German city of Dresden four times. The entire city was destroyed. As they used firebombs, the German population was not even safe in the air-raid shelters. Over 20,000 people died and many more were injured. Most of Dresden’s historic city centre was destroyed. This bombardment was one of many strategic bombardments carried out by the Allies. They did not attack specific targets but entire cities. They wanted to destroy the German infrastructure and industry and break the spirit of the German people. By causing as much damage and inflicting as many casualties as possible, they hoped to bring the war to a quick end. The Germans saw the bombardment as proof of the cruelty of the Allies, their enemies. They called it 'terror bombing’. In July 1942, at the same time as Margot Frank, about 4,000 Jews were summoned to report for ‘unemployment relief work under police supervision’ or, in other words, forced labour. Just like with the Frank family, sometimes only the minors in a family received a call-up. Many people did not trust the authorities and decided not to register. The German police responded by raiding South Amsterdam and the centre of the city on 14 July. Approximately 700 people were arrested. They were released when 200 people reported for work after a few days. The next day, the first train left Amsterdam Central Station for the Westerbork transit camp, carrying 962 Jews. On that same day, the first train drove from Westerbork to the Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp, with 1137 Jews on board. One week later, two more trains ran to the transit camp. All through July of 1942, trains ran from Westerbork to Auschwitz, with thousands of Jews on board. Because too few people reported for deportation after receiving their call-ups, the Nazis held raids to pick up additional people. They cordoned off streets, arrested people in the streets, or picked them up from home. They also threatened to send people who failed to report to the infamous Mauthausen concentration camp, which was considered a death sentence. Later, the Nazis were assisted by the Amsterdam police to pick up Jews from their homes. On 30 April 1945, Hitler and his wife Eva Braun committed suicide. On the previous day, Hitler had dictated his will to his secretary. In it, he praised the struggle of the German people and blamed the Jews for the war. As he didn’t want to fall into enemy hands, he had chosen to die. The rest of the will specified who was to be his successor. When Hitler committed suicide, he had been hiding in the 'Führerbunker' in the centre of Berlin for more than three months. In this underground shelter, he and the people around him had heard how the Soviet Union army was getting closer and closer. During his last days, no one could go outside because of the incoming shells. It was clear that Germany had finally lost the war. After his death, SS officers carried Hitler and his wife out of the bunker. Their bodies were drenched in gasoline and set on fire. The next day, the news of Hitler's death was announced on the radio. The wording suggested that Hitler had died a heroic death defending the capital of the German Empire. On 1 October 1944, German troops surrounded the village of Putten in Gelderland. No one was allowed in or out. The reason for the raid was an attack by a resistance group on Wehrmacht officers. A German and one of the resistance fighters had died. After being warned by an officer who had managed to escape, the German commander-in-chief (Wehrmachtsbefehlshaber in den Niederlanden) Christiansen ordered this retaliatory action. All inhabitants of Putten had to report at Kerkplein square, in the middle of the village. Only the sick, the elderly, and mothers with babies were allowed to stay at home. In the square, the Germans separated the men from the women. More than one hundred houses were set on fire and seven people were shot. In the evening, all women, as well as men under the age of 18 or over 50 were allowed to go home. The remaining men were locked up in a school and an industrial building for the night. On 2 October, they were called outside. Those who were members of the NSB or collaborated with the Germans were free to go. The 659 remaining men were taken to Camp Amersfoort. A few dozen were released from there. The others were transported to the German camp Neuengamme. During the ride, thirteen men managed to escape by jumping from the train. At Neuengamme and other camps, the men had to do heavy labour. Most of them died after a few months of exhaustion, malnutrition, and disease. Only 48 of them survived the ordeal. From the autumn of 1944 onwards, the Nazis became ever more violent. They frequently responded to resistance acts by executing innocent civilians. On 4 September 1944, Antwerp was liberated by the Allies. The Belgian port of Antwerp was one of the largest ports in Europe and very important to the Allies, but their ships were unable to reach the port at that point, for the Germans still controlled the Western Scheldt. This is the wide river between Zeeland Flanders and the island of Walcheren, connecting the port to the North Sea. On 11 September, the Allies went into battle. It took them almost two months of heavy fighting to conquer Zeeland Flanders. On 1 November, Canadian and British armies used landing craft to cross the Scheldt from Zeeland Flanders and drive the Germans off the island of Walcheren. They had bombed the dikes of the island in advance, flooding the land. The Germans surrendered on 8 November. Only after the naval mines had been cleared, the Scheldt was finally opened up to Allied ships on 28 November. The forced takeover of Gerzon house of fashion was part of the ‘aryanisation’ of the economy by the Nazis. New legislation allowed them to force the Jews to hand over their businesses and assets or to sell them at far too low a price to 'Aryan' Germans and Dutch people. The German state and individuals benefited enormously from this robbery. Two weeks later, all of Gerzon's Jewish employees were dismissed. Around 300 of them would not survive the war. Director Julius Eduard Gerzon managed to emigrate to Portugal in 1942. Sick and destitute, he died in a hospital in Lisbon in December of that same year. His mother and his son were murdered in the Sobibor extermination camp. The Jewish Council had been established on 13 February 1941 at the insistence of the Nazis. The Germans wanted all of the Amsterdam Jews to be represented by the same body. Shortly before, there had been major riots between Jews, Dutch Nazis, and the German police. From then on, the Jewish Council was expected to keep the Jewish community in line. In October 1941, the Jewish Council was given a national role. The anti-Jewish measures were announced in Het Joodsche Weekblad, and the Council had to implement some of them. In May 1942, the Council had to distribute the yellow ‘Stars of David’ and from July 1942 onwards, they made lists of the people who were to be deported. The Jewish Council also handled the registration of the Jewish prisoners in Westerbork. In September 1943, when there were almost no Dutch Jewish people left, the leaders of the Jewish Council were deported as well and the Jewish Council ceased to exist, as did Het Joodsche Weekblad. On 3 February, on the orders of the Nazis, the Dutch authorities announced that all Jews must register with their municipality as Jews or 'bastard Jews'. This information was added to their personal data in the population register. To make their cards easier to retrieve, a tab was added to each card with either a ‘J’ or a ‘B’. Every registered Jew received a certificate of registration to take home. The municipalities forwarded the registrations to the national population register in The Hague. The Jews had no idea of what lay ahead. And so, almost all of them did what they were told to do. In August 1941, the numbers were added up: 140,552 Jews, 14,549 Half-Jews and 5,719 Quarter-Jews. 160,820 registrations in all. This was how the Nazis got a hold on the Jews in the Netherlands. The SS officer responsible for the programme was Friedrich Wimmer, who described it as follows: ‘This will ensure the rapid handling of any possible changes, such as relocations.’ (‘Der enge organisatorische Anschluss des Zentralregisters an die Bevolkingsboekhouding (Bevölkerungsbuchhaltung) in den Niederlanden sichert eine schnelle Erfassung aller eintretenden Änderungen (z.B. Wohnungsänderungen)’) The registration made it possible to remove Jews from the Netherlands. In April 1941, the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung (Central Office for Jewish Emigration) was established for this purpose. In November 1943, the United States launched a major offensive against Japan. They planned to advance to the Philippines and to oust the Japanese army from the islands. But Japan occupied countless islands in the Pacific and was very difficult to beat. In order to conquer the islands, the Americans came up with a strategy they called leapfrogging. They did not attack the most important or best defended islands, but the islands surrounding them. This way, they were able to isolate the Japanese units and cut them off from their supply lines, without losing much time or troops in combat. The attack began on the Gilbert Islands between Hawaii and Papua New Guinea. On 20 November, the American fleet started shelling Tarawa, one of the islands. Initially, it was hard going. The Japanese were prepared for an invasion and had deployed additional troops. Due to the low tide, the American landing ships could not get close enough to the beach and the soldiers had to wade through the water. In the afternoon, the Americans managed to land in several places. After that, the Japanese started losing ground, and on 23 November, the Americans had won the battle. The Americans lost 1700 men. Nearly 4700 Japanese soldiers died. They fought to the death. Only 17 of them were made prisoners of war. After the First World War, Germany had major financial problems. The German government had paid for the war with borrowed money, which had to be repaid. On top of that, they also had to make reparations to France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, and Great Britain. Since the German economy did not yield sufficient income, for instance from trade with foreign countries, there was not enough money to pay the debts. In order to make money, the government decided to increase the production of unbacked bank notes and exchange them against foreign currencies. This led to hyperinflation: a huge reduction in the value of money. Between August 1922 and December 1923, 1 American dollar increased in value to 4.2 billion German marks. People’s savings became worthless and they had to resort to bartering, while many lost their jobs and their savings. Only in the course of 1924 did a new government succeed in reducing inflation by introducing a new currency: the Rentenmark. Hindenburg’s quotation refers to the Stab-in-the-back myth. According to this conspiracy theory, the German army had not been defeated on the battlefield, but because social democratic politicians had signed the truce in order to take control. In reality, the army command had made mistakes and the German army was in no shape to keep on fighting. But generals like Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff spread the story to avoid having to admit the mistakes they had made. Right-wing extremist, nationalist, and antisemitic groups believed that this ‘stab in the back’ was the work of an international Jewish conspiracy. Even during the war, fabrications were circulating about the supposed lack of patriotism among the German Jews. For that reason, the German government introduced a ‘Judenzählung' (count of Jews) in the army in 1916. It proved that the number of Jews fighting at the front was proportionate. The results of the investigation were not made public, though. Slanderous propaganda such as the Stab-in-the-back myth contributed to antisemitism and hatred of the social democratic government. In 1921, members of a Freikorps murdered politician Matthias Erzberger, who had signed the armistice in 1918. Several Jewish and social democratic politicians were to fall victim to right-wing extremist assassinations in the years that followed. In the early 1920s, Germany was in a political and economic crisis. In this chaos, right-wing extremists and nationalists tried to increase their power. Among them were Adolf Hitler and Erich Ludendorff, a general from the First World War. They felt that the time had come for a coup d’état. They planned to seize power in the German free state of Bavaria and then march on to Berlin to depose the government. On the evening of 8 November 1923, Hitler, together with SA members (Sturmabteilung - the fighting team of the NSDAP), forced his way into the Munich Bürgerbräukeller. At that moment, a meeting of Bavarian politicians was in progress. Hitler drew his revolver and shot in the air to draw their attention. He declared that the 'national revolution' had begun. Hitler then retreated to a side room with three of the politicians. He made them promise to support his plans to overthrow the government in Berlin. However, the three of them retracted their promises the next day, and called in the police and the army. Hitler and his supporters responded by organising a protest march through Munich. They hoped that the people and the army would join them. Their plan failed. The police were waiting for them and a gunfight ensued. Sixteen of Hitler's comrades were killed by police bullets, among them the man walking next to Hitler. Two days later, the police arrested Hitler at his hiding place. During the trial, the judges turned out to be sympathetic to Hitler's defence that he had wanted to save Germany. The press reported extensively on the process, giving Hitler a podium to present himself and his ideas. He was sentenced to five years' imprisonment, of which he served only eight months in a prison where he had a lot of freedom. This was where he wrote his book Mein Kampf. This rush was a reaction to the global financial crisis, which had begun in October 1929 with the great crash, the collapse of stock prices at the Wall Street Stock Exchange in New York. Up until then, German companies had been borrowing money from banks in the United States, and these loans had helped the German economy back on its feet. The German state had also borrowed money to make the reparations payments laid down in the Treaty of Versailles. However, because of the crisis, the American banks had stopped lending money. Germany depended on these loans, and so, the German economy was suffering. The Danat-Bank went bankrupt. German investors and savers no longer trusted other banks either. They withdrew their savings and exchanged them for foreign currencies. To stop them, on 13 July 1931, the government closed the banks for a period of three weeks and prohibited the exchange of the Reichmark. After this period, the economic crisis only deteriorated. One month later, Germany signed a treaty with Japan: the Anti-Comintern Pact. In this treaty, the two countries agreed to support each other in the fight against communism. Italy joined the pact a year later. In 1939, Germany and Italy expanded their cooperation in the Pact of Steel: they promised to help each other if one them went to war with another country. During the Second World War, Germany mainly supported Italy, which turned out to have a much weaker army. On 27 September 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan agreed on military cooperation in the Tripartite Pact. From that moment on they were called the Axis Powers, which referred to the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. Several of Germany's allies later joined the Tripartite Pact: Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Croatia. Between 1933 and 1938, about 25,000 German-Jewish refugees came to the Netherlands. Most of them used the Netherlands as a stopover and travelled on to other countries. The government did not want to attract refugees, and so they made it difficult for refugees to start new lives in the Netherlands. In January 1938, strict measures were introduced. The government stipulated that, in principle, no more refugees were to be admitted. From that moment on, every refugee was considered an undesirable alien, unless there was evidence that their life was in danger. When thousands of Jews fled Germany and Austria after the Kristallnacht, the pressure on the Dutch government increased. They decided to let in seven thousand people. These refugees left Germany for fear of persecution. They ended up in camps, without any freedom of movement. Two thousand illegal refugees ended up in separate camps under military supervision. Not only Jews, but social democrats and communists (the left-wing political opponents of the Nazis) also fled to the Netherlands. Some of them were also Jewish and faced double danger. The communists were supported by the Dutch Red Aid, a communist organisation that helped thousands of people. The Dutch government, on the other hand, opposed the arrival of the 'red refugees' and often sent them back. Even people who had fled concentration camps were sometimes extradited to Germany. Tens of thousands of Jews left Germany and Austria for the Netherlands in the hope of escaping the Nazis. Many of them travelled on to other countries, but they did not always succeed. There was a single centre for the Jews who stayed behind in the Netherlands: the Central Refugee Camp Westerbork in the province of Drenthe. The government made the Dutch Jews pay for its construction. Construction of the camp started in the summer of 1939. Workers in a state employment scheme (a government policy to keep the unemployed busy) built the barracks. The first Jewish refugees were admitted to the camp in October. They were passengers of the St. Louis, a ship which had not been allowed to moor in Cuba and had been sent back to Europe. These refugees helped to finish construction of the camp. After two days, Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Bernhard decided that Bernhard would flee the country with his wife Princess Juliana and their two children because their safety could not be guaranteed. In IJmuiden, they boarded a torpedo-boat to Harwich (England). A few hours later, Wilhelmina also left for Harwich. King George VI welcomed them. A few hours later, the Dutch government also escaped to England. General Winkelman was now the highest authority in the country. When the news came the next day that the queen and her cabinet had fled the country, it came as a big blow to the Dutch people. Up until that point, the newspapers had mainly reported on the military successes of the Dutch. The situation turned out to be more serious than people had expected. Some criticised the queen and called her a coward. During the occupation, however, the queen came to be an important symbol of the fight against Nazi Germany. In the summer of 1939, Adolf Hitler ordered two SS officers to organise the murder of the incurably ill. He wrote: ‘Reichsleiter Bouhler and Dr. med. Brandt are instructed to broaden the powers of physicians designated by name, who will decide whether those who have - as far as can be humanly determined - incurable illnesses can, after the most careful evaluation, be granted a mercy death.’ These two Nazis set up a large-scale ‘euthanasia’ or ‘mercy killing’ programme: children and adults suffering from incurable mental or physical conditions could in some cases be murdered. The Nazis considered these people a threat to the health, strength, and survival of the German people. After all, they were unable to work and, according to the Nazis, taking care of these people simply cost too much money. The doctors involved sent questionnaires about patients’ health and capacity for work to institutions and nursing homes. The real reason behind the questionnaires was not revealed. The completed forms were used to determine which patients qualified for ‘euthanasia’. These patients were then picked up and taken to hospital. From here, they were taken to euthanasia centres and killed within the next 24 hours. They were then cremated there. The families of the deceased received death certificates with false causes of death, such as pneumonia or appendicitis. However, the euthanasia programme did not remain a secret for long. The death certificates were not always credible, the smoke of the crematoria in the euthanasia centres was a give-away, and there was no trace of the patients. After protests from a number of church leaders and from the population, Hitler stopped the programme on 24 August 1941. By then, 70,000 people had been murdered. However, the programme was continued in secret, and the murder centres were afterwards also used to kill prisoners. The Nazis tried out different methods and, in consultation with Hitler, decided on carbon monoxide gassing. Special gas chambers were built for the purpose. Many of the perpetrators later used their know-how and experience in the mass murder of Jews in Eastern Europe. Because of the address of the Berlin headquarters, Tiergartenstrasse 4, the mass murder of the incurably ill became known as Aktion T4. The Piotrków ghetto was open, but most ghettos were enclosed by walls, fences, and barbed wire. The purpose was to sever relations between the Jews and non-Jews. Moreover, it gave the Nazis control over their living conditions. The inhabitants of a number of ghettos, such as that of Łódź, worked as cheap forced labourers in German factories. Living conditions in the ghettos were appaling. People were unable to arrange food or medical care on their own. Living quarters were cramped because they had to share their homes with other Jews, who were often strangers. Non-Jewish Poles who helped them were severely punished. Many Jews died of hunger and disease. The number of people living in one ghetto ranged from 500 to tens of thousands. The largest ghetto was established in Warsaw in October 1940. It housed around 450,000 Jews, more than half of whom came from other towns. Some ghettos were dismantled over time and their inhabitants were moved to other ghettos. However, most Jews remained in the ghettos until 1942, when the Nazis deported them to the newly built extermination camps. 90% of the Jewish population of former Poland was murdered by the Nazis: almost 3,000,000 people. According to the National Socialist ideology, the Roma and Sinti, like the Jews, are inferior races. After the Nazis came to power, they made life difficult for the Roma and Sinti. They were no longer allowed to practise their traditional professions, for instance as musicians. In some cities, Roma and Sinti were forced to live in segregated camps where conditions were poor. Children were placed in children’s homes. Moreover, the Nazis sterilised Sinti and Roma so that they would no longer be able to bear children. In September 1939, shortly after the start of the Second World War, the SS decided to transport the 30.000 Roma and Sinti living in Germany to labour camps in the occupied region of Poland. Their deportation in May 1940 was the first step. In 1942, Heinrich Himmler ordered all Sinti and Roma from Germany and the occupied territories to be deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Most of the deportees were murdered there. Sinti and Roma from the occupied countries of Europe were also sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau and murdered there. The total number of victims runs into the hundreds of thousands. The Roma and Sinti call the mass murder of their people porajmos, 'the devouring'. On 22 October 1940, more than 6500 Jews from the federal states of Baden and Saarpfalz were assembled and deported to a camp in Gurs, in the south of France. It was the largest mass deportation since the start of the Second World War. The Jews were taken by surprise as the event took place during the Feast of Tabernacles, a Jewish holiday. The deportation began after the victory over France, when Nazi leaders from Alsace and Lorraine deported Jews to Vichy France. When Hitler heard about their actions, he ordered them to clear their territories of Jews and make it ‘Judenfrei’. This motivated them to pick up Jews from the border regions of Baden and Saarpfalz and put them across the border as well. Jews from all villages and towns in the area were assembled at train stations. From there, they were taken by train to the unoccupied part of France. The French government was unable to refuse the Jews and it sent them on to the Gurs prison camp in the Pyrenees. The journey took four days. Some people were able to escape because the trains stopped frequently. In camp Gurs, living conditions were very bad. People had to arrange for their own food. Men, women, and children lived in separate parts of the camp. One third of the deportees managed to survive by going into hiding in France or by fleeing abroad. In 1942, the remaining Jews were transferred to the Nazis and deported to concentration and extermination camps in occupied Poland. The deportations from Baden and Saarpfalz were a test round for the deportations of Jews from Germany and the occupied territories that were to come. Thousands of Jews were taken from Vienna to the General Government (part of the occupied Polish region) as early as 1939. In October 1941, the Nazis started deporting Jews from other parts of Germany as well. They took them to ghettos, labour camps, and concentration and extermination camps in the General Government in Poland and to newly conquered parts of the Soviet Union. On 19 May 1943, the Nazis pronounced Germany to be ‘Judenrein’, free of all Jews. However, there were still about 20,000 Jews in Germany, including those who were married to Aryans or people living in hiding. In total, the Nazis murdered approximately 165,000 German Jews. In the course of a two-day raid in Paris and the surrounding area, the French police arrested more than 13,000 foreign Jews by order of the Nazis. Among them were 4000 children. More than 8000 people were temporarily locked up in the ‘Velodrome d'Hiver’ cycling stadium. The others were sent on to the Drancy transit camp, just outside Paris, or to other camps in the countryside. Living conditions were poor. In the weeks that followed, the Jews were deported to Auschwitz, where most of them were murdered straight away. The Nazis had started arresting Jews the year before, and after the major raid of July, Jews were also arrested in other parts of France. The French police collaborated. In France, the government was more involved in the persecution of Jews than, for instance, in the Netherlands. As a result of ecclesiastical protests against the deportations, French minister Laval asked the Nazis, as a compromise, to arrest mainly foreign Jews. Most of the 75,000 Jews deported from France to extermination camps had come from abroad. Many of them had fled to France from Nazi Germany and the occupied territories in the 1930s. The majority of the 130,000 French Jews were not arrested, and survived the persecution of the Jews. Of the 1500 transports arriving at Auschwitz, only one has been photographed: the train that entered Auschwitz-Birkenau on 26 May 1944. It carried Jews that came from the north of Hungary. Two SS men took pictures of the people getting off the train. The photos show that they had to line up in front of SS officers. The men and women who have been selected for forced labour are handed camp clothes before entering the camp. Another group of people is waiting near the gas chambers. The train brought in 3500 of the 437,000 Hungarian Jews deported to Auschwitz between 15 May and 8 July 1944. Almost all of them were murdered. In March 1944, Nazi Germany occupied Hungary. Until then, Hungary had been an ally of Germany, but the Hungarian government no longer believed in a German victory and wanted to make peace with the Allies. Germany responded by taking over and installing a government that was willing to cooperate with the Nazis. The Nazis took the opportunity to kill the more than 700,000 Jews living in Hungary. SS officer Adolf Eichmann came to the country to organise the transports. Auschwitz-Birkenau was being equipped to cope with the large number of new prisoners. The new train track that led into the camp is shown in the pictures. In Hungary, as in other countries, ghettos were built where the Jews were made to stay until their deportation. As in the other occupied countries, they had to wear the yellow Star of David on their clothes. The Hungarian police assisted in their arrest and deportation. The Jews from Budapest, the capital, were the last in line. They were made to live in large apartment buildings that were marked with yellow stars. The transport of 15 May 1944 was the first of 151 transports that took thousands of Jews a day to Auschwitz-Birkenau. On the 8th of July, the transports were discontinued by Miklós Horthy, Hungary’s head of state. The Allies and the Pope had pressured him to do so after they had received reports about the fate of the Jews in Auschwitz. In October 1944, an antisemitic party came to power and resumed the persecution of the Jews. 80.000 Jews were shot in Budapest, and thousands more were killed in other actions. 568,000 Hungarian Jews died between 1940 and 1945. In October 1941, the Nazis decided that Jewish people who were unemployed would be sent to labour camps. Many of them had lost their jobs due to anti-Jewish measures. The Jewish Council was charged with selecting the men. A lot of people tried to avoid going, but they usually did not succeed. The labour camps had been built in the 1930s. Most of these camps were located in the Dutch provinces of Groningen, Drenthe, and Overijssel. The government had set them up to have unemployed men make the barren soil suitable for agriculture. The labourers had to work the land and build roads. In 1941, they were replaced by unemployed Jews. The first group of 905 Jews left for the camps on 10 January 1942. Because the ground was frozen stiff, at first, there was little they could do. The work was hard and conditions were poor. Later on, even Jews who still had jobs were made to work in the camps. By September 1942, more than 5,000 Jewish men had been sent to the labour camps. Up until then, only the British Air Force, supported by other Allied pilots, had carried out attacks on Germany. Until the end of 1944, the Allied bombardments were the only experience the German population had with the force of war. Many planes and crew members were lost. The Allies bombed factories, traffic junctions, and military installations on a weekly, sometimes daily basis, as well as residential areas in cities and towns. The bombings were intended to destroy the German air force and oil industry, and the British also hoped to hurt the morale of the German people and undermine their support for Hitler's dictatorship. Flights departed from England, from southern Italy (after the summer of 1943), and from France (after the summer of 1944). Only in 1944 did the Allies gain control of European airspace. At that point, they flew as far as the occupied region of Poland to bomb German factories. The bombings killed approximately 410,000 German civilians. Capitulation Italy grew tired of the war because of the military setbacks. Ever fewer people in the government and the military top wanted to continue fighting the Allies. On 24 July 1943, the Grand Council of Fascism took a vote of no confidence in Benito Mussolini, Italy's political leader. The next day, the Italian king fired him and a new government was formed. Mussolini was arrested and Italy began peace negotiations with the Allies. However, as soon as Italy capitulated, the Germans intervened and occupied Italy to prevent the Allies from advancing. By the end of 1943, the Allies had conquered the south of Italy as far as Naples, at a great loss of troops and resources. They planned to move on to Rome and take the rest of Italy. By the end of 1943, the Allies had conquered the south of Italy as far as Naples, at a great loss of troops and resources. They planned to move on to Rome and take the rest of Italy. However, the German army had built a heavy line of defence between Rome and Naples: the Gustav line. One of the most notable spots along the line was Monte Cassino, a hill with a monastery from the sixth century at the top. Heavy bombardments by the U.S. Army severely damaged the monastery. It made this part of the German defence line all the stronger and almost impossible to take. In order to weaken the German army, the Allies attacked further north, landing on the coast near Anzio from the sea, but they were not successful. It took four attacks to break the German defence line in May 1944. After heavy fighting, a Polish unit reached the top of Monte Cassino and planted the Polish flag among the ruins of the destroyed monastery. The road to Rome lay open. On 4 June 1944, American troops seized the Italian capital. It would still take a long time to conquer the rest of Italy. Only after months of heavy fighting did the Allies reach a new German line, north of Florence. The frontline stayed in place until the spring of 1945. The attention of the Allied Forces had switched to the battle in north-western Europe. 55,000 allied soldiers lost their lives in the Battle of Monte Cassino. On the German side, the losses were much smaller: 20,000 soldiers died. On 8 May 1943, the Nazis in the Netherlands announced the introduction of labour deployment (Arbeitseinsatz) for all Dutch men aged 18 to 35. This meant that they would be forced to work in Germany. The Dutch were required to show up and report for deployment. There were too few Germans left to do the work, because most of them had been drafted. The Nazis had expected to recruit 170,000 workers in the Netherlands, but only 54,000 men registered. Most Dutch men did not want to work for the enemy. Many of them went into hiding, others arranged documents proving that they were incapacitated for work, or could not be missed at home or at work. The Germans turned up the heat by increasing the target group to include all men aged 17 to 40 and by holding raids. Any man walking in the street was liable to be arrested and taken to Germany. The Germans eventually succeeded in deploying a quarter of a million Dutch men. The most notorious raid took place in Rotterdam. On 10 and 11 November 1944, 52,000 men were arrested throughout the city. Work in Germany was often hard. The food was bad and the workers were treated poorly. It was dangerous, too, because the Allies were bombing the factories in order to disrupt the German war production. Still, some of the men did not have a hard time, and they enjoyed the freedom of being away from home. Many retaliatory actions were not coordinated or approved by the authorities. Some people used the events to settle personal scores. Resistance fighters were sometimes accused of collaboration because they had been in contact with the Germans in order to obtain information. A total of approximately 120,000 NSB members and collaborators were arrested. Before long, the prisons and police stations were overcrowded, and the detainees were locked up in schools, factories, and sheds. The former concentration camps Westerbork and Vught were also used as prisons. Some of the arrested people were later tried by the Special Court of Justice, which had been established to deal with crimes committed during the war. The Netherlands was occupied by the German army. On Wednesday, 29 May 1940, the army transferred civilian authority to Arthur Seyss-Inquart, and military authority to General Friedrich Christiansen. Seyss-Inquart was a Nazi from Austria. He had played an important role in Austria’s Anschluss to Germany in 1938. Now he became the highest authority in the Netherlands: Reich Commissioner for the Occupied Dutch Territories. He only answered to Adolf Hitler. In his speech, he emphasised the friendship between Germany and the Netherlands. The German invasion, he said, was necessary to protect Germany. He paid his respects to the fallen Dutch military and population. He claimed not to want to deprive the Netherlands of its freedom or impose political convictions. To obtain their cooperation, he sweet-talked the Dutch, but his tone was to become increasingly harsh over the course of the occupation. In the summer of 1941, the Germans rebuilt the camp at Bergen-Belsen that had previously housed French and Belgian prisoners of war. Room had to be found for captured Soviet soldiers because Germany was to attack the Soviet Union on 22 June. Two other prisoner of war camps were constructed in the vicinity of the camp. By autumn, more than 20,000 prisoners had already been brought in. They were left to their own devices. There were too few barracks and not enough food. Many of the prisoners had to sleep outside, in pits they had dug themselves. Within a year, over 41,000 Soviet soldiers died because of the poor conditions. More than one in two captured Soviet soldiers died in German hands. A total of 3,300,000 Soviet prisoners of war succumbed. In the summer of 1943, the SS took over part of the camp. It was turned into an ‘Austauschlager’, a camp for imprisoned Jews who could be exchanged for Germans POWs held abroad. A small group of Jews was eventually released. Somehow, the Jewish Dutch had to pick up their lives again. This was hard. Many of them were still ill or injured and severely traumatised by their stay in the concentration camps. They had often lost most of their relatives and did not know what had happened to the rest. In the Netherlands, the returning Jews were often in for a chilly welcome. Their houses had been demolished or were occupied by other people. Some non-Jewish Dutch people were none too happy that the returned Jews wanted their old jobs or deposited items back. The non-Jewish population was not that interested in the suffering of the Jews, as they had suffered as well, especially during the Hunger Winter. Dutch government authorities even fined returned Jews for unpaid taxes, which they had been unable to pay due to their deportation. It was not until the 1960s that the awareness of the plight of the Jews increased. In a POW camp in Attichy, northern France, the Allies tried to re-educate members of the Hitlerjugend. Many of the boys had fought the Allies in the 'Volkssturm' militia during the last months of the war. The German youth called it a 'Baby Lager', a 'baby camp'. About 7.000 12- to 17-year-old boys were taught about democracy and made to renounce their allegiance to Hitler. Since the war was over, the Allies wanted to eliminate all traces of National Socialism. The process was known as denazification. Germany had been a dictatorship for 12 years and must now become a democracy. The Allies banned Nazi newspapers, books, and films, as well as Nazi organisations such as the SS and the Hitlerjugend. In addition, the Allies launched a newsreel: 'Welt im Film', with items about the reconstruction of Europe. On 17 July 1945, the Potsdam Conference started. The three participants were the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom, the main Allies. At the conference, they discussed the future of Germany, which had just been defeated. The Allies did not want a repeat of the Versailles Peace Treaty. Its heavy demands had been one of the causes of the Nazis’ rise to power. Still, Germany had to change. The Nazi influences had to disappear and Germany had to become a democracy. Germany also had to pay war damages. Some of its factories were dismantled and transported to the Soviet Union. With the common enemy defeated, the differences between the Soviet Union and the Western powers surfaced. Both sides had different plans for ‘their’ part of Germany. Stalin wanted a communist regime in Germany, while the Western countries wanted a democratic Germany. After the Federal Republic of Germany was founded by the Western Allies on 23 May 1949, the German Democratic Republic was proclaimed in East Germany on 7 October of the same year. The trial of Hanns Albin Rauter started on 1 April 1948. After a month, he was sentenced to death, mainly because he had been in charge of the deportation of 110,000 Dutch Jews. He claimed that he had not known that the Jews would be killed, but this was not true. On 25 March 1949, Rauter was shot by a firing squad on the Waalsdorpervlakte, an execution site in the Scheveningen dunes that had also been used by the Germans during the war. Rauter, an Austrian Nazi, had been the highest-ranking SS officer in the Netherlands. As the Generalkommissar für das Sicherheitswesen, he was responsible for public order in the Netherlands. He commanded the police and was responsible for the deportation of the Dutch Jews. Finally, Rauter was closely involved in the fight against the resistance. Globke was never a member of the NSDAP. He later claimed to have been in a resistance group and to have ‘prevented worse’ by cooperating on the Racial Laws. This is doubtful, but shortly after the war, he was not convicted. Like many other Nazi officials, former Nazis, and followers, he went to work for the new German government. Germany did, after all, need experienced officials. As a result, Nazi crimes were not always prosecuted. Globke quickly rose in the ranks of the new government. By the time of the trial, he was secretary general to the Chancellor and head of a secret service. The GDR’s trial of Globke was a show trial. The East German
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Germany: Our 8 Must-Sees in Berlin
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[ "Audrey Voisine", "www.facebook.com" ]
2022-12-22T16:23:39+00:00
The German capital, Berlin, is a city that stands out for its architecture, art and culture. Here are the must-sees not to be missed!
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Berlin is a city where points of interest can be far apart. The city’s history explains this geographical dispatch; it’s better to visit by this logic: the center, the east and the west. The Mitte district: this is the central district that should be favoured for a short stay. You won’t have time to get bored between history and trendy places. There is the avenue Unter den Linden, the Brandenburg Gate, the Holocaust Mahnmal project, which is a memorial to the murdered Jews, the Reichstag building, the Museum Island with the Old and the New Museum, a forum; one also passes by the Bebelplatz (site of the auto-da-fé) where more than 20,000 “non-German” books were burned, and many other historical monuments to see. The district of Friedrichshain mainly represents the east of Berlin. In addition to its large park of the same name, its museums or sculptures, you can see the large television tower of the city (you can climb it), the Alexander Square, a part of the Berlin Wall in East Side Gallery which artists have taken over or go there for its vibrant music scene. Symbols of former East Germany are still present, and Berliners have shown a remarkable ability to reshape their territory and move forward.
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https://thetravelintern.com/berlin-iconic-street-art/
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Berlin’s Iconic Street Art: 10 Must-Visit Spots Great For Photos
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2018-04-05T08:48:23+00:00
Understanding the street art in Berlin and it's culture can be confusing and intimidating. Here’s an easy breakdown on where to begin your street art journey in Berlin and the history behind it.
en
https://thetravelintern.…tern-Favicon.png
The Travel Intern
https://thetravelintern.com/berlin-iconic-street-art/
Fly non-stop to Berlin from Singapore via Scoot! In a city brimming with so much art, it may come as a big surprise that street art in Berlin is actually illegal. In fact, artists can face up to three years in jail if caught in the act! So, unless the artists have been commissioned by the government or granted permission from the building, most art in Berlin can be said to be illegal. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the city serves as ground zero for street art artist to spark their career in graffiti art. If you’d like to find out more about the history of street art, check out this article on Berlin Street Art. Thinking of Scooting to Berlin? Here’s a list of 9 street art spots to look out for when you’re in town! Read Also: 5 Day Berlin Budget Guide — S$1,500 incl. flights and accommodation *Pro-Tip: Save money by purchasing a Berlin Welcome Card. Other than discounts on entrance fees to museums and attractions, it acts as a transport pass for unlimited travel between these places below. Famous Illegal Street Art Pieces The culture behind Berlin’s street art is intense and rich with history, yet the artwork never stays for long. People paint over one another or establishments colour their walls back in a bid to keep their buildings clean. While fleeting, some artists have made their iconic art pieces known at first glance, without even putting their name to it. Here’s some you’ll spot across the city but the following places are where we first found them! 1) Kripo Trivia: Kripo’s nickname amongst street art fans is Berlin’s Spiderman. Once you’ve seen one of Kripo’s Yellow Fists, you won’t be able to stop spotting it around the city. A symbol of rebellion and defiance, these signs are in positions you’d think is impossible to reach. Location: Berlin Friedrichstr. Station 2) Blu Trivia: Blu’s iconic murals in Berlin were erased and many were upset by it. Interestingly enough, it was reportedly Blu himself that erased the artworks. Not only is Blu‘s “The Pink Man” a reference to Germany’s past, it is also relevant to current society’s need to conform. The big pink monster, which comprises of many scared individuals squirming not to stand out, is about to swallow the individual painted white. Location: You can find his mural at the west side of Oberbaum Bridge. How To Get There: Take the train to Berlin Warschauer Straße Station. 3) Banksy What is Berlin without street art? What is street art without Banksy? It’s mind-blogging that Banksy has not done more street art in Berlin since his visit in 2003. There are tours by VisitBerlin that you can explore art works allegedly done by Banksy. Ad If you’d like to explore on your own, you can reference this google map to see all 34 pieces that are believed to be Banksy’s. This iconic Flower Chucker can be found in the courtyard of The Kunsthaus Tacheles (Art House Tacheles) — an old department store that was once taken over by street art artists. It is closed now but you’d still be able to spot the art done by the artists previously. Location: Kunsthaus Tacheles, Oranienburger Str. 54-56a, 10117 Berlin, GermanyHow To Get There: Take the train to Berlin Oranienburger Straße station. 4) “Little Lucy” by El Bocho Trivia: Stencils or stickers are used by certain artists so they can reduce the risk of getting caught by minimising the time required to stay and spray paint. On the side of non-commissioned street art of the Haus Schwarzenberg Street Art Alley, you can see one of El Bocho‘s stencil of the Czechoslovakian 70’s cartoon, Little Lucy. You’d be able to find this sweet little girl everywhere in Berlin. You’d also notice that El Bocho’s work comes with a twist! She is always depicted killing her cat — be it using the cat as a swing, it being microwaved or being ripped into two. El Bocho’s artworks are so famous that he had to change the base of his stencils for Little Lucy to avoid people ripping it off the streets to keep. Try looking for this little lady with her cat around town! Location: Rosenthaler Straße/Rosenthaler Str. 39, 10178 Berlin, Germany How To Get There: Take the train to S Hackescher Markt station. 5) “IT’S TIME TO DANCE” by Sobr The dancing girls have made their mark from Paris to Berlin. Made to resemble a barricade tape, you can spot the distinctive title, “IT’S TIME TO DANCE”, printed in black on a yellow tape, surrounding the art. The women are usually stencilled in black and white with confetti scattered all over. Sobr enjoys partying and uses ladies who are dancing slightly further out from the crowd in festivals or parties as his inspiration. Similar to El Bocho, Sobr’s works are all over Berlin. You can also find the two dancing girls at Haus Schwarzenberg Street Art Alley, beside El Bocho’s Little Lucy. Location: Rosenthaler Straße/Rosenthaler Str. 39, 10178 Berlin, Germany How To Get There: Take the train to S Hackescher Markt station. 6) “Anne Frank” by Jimmy C. Trivia: Out of all the commissioned works that comes and goes on this specific wall, Jimmy C’s art work of Anne Frank remains. Right opposite the past two projects, Jimmy C‘s art work of Anne Frank lies right outside the Anne Frank Zentrum (€5 for entry). The exhibition tells of Anne Frank’s life, past and how it affects the present. If you are unable to visit Amsterdam and visit Anne Frank’s house, this would be great if you’d like to know more about her. Location: Rosenthaler Straße/Rosenthaler Str. 39, 10178 Berlin, Germany How To Get There: Take the train to S Hackescher Markt station. Street Art Joints in Berlin While most street art in Berlin is illegal, there are designated establishments known amongst the street artists to be a somewhat safe haven to express their artworks. 7) Haus Schwarzenberg Street Art Alley Trivia: Hidden in this alley is a workshop owned by Otto Weidt — a blind brush maker, known for hiding and creating fake IDs for handicapped Jews during World War Two. The workshop has now been converted into a museum which you can enter for free. You can find the Haus Schwarzenberg Street Art Alley hidden behind Cafe Cinema — (one of the oldest cafes to have survived the gentrification in the area). The hidden alleyway is a street haven for street artists. Location: Rosenthaler Straße/Rosenthaler Str. 39, 10178 Berlin, Germany How To Get There: Take the train to S Hackescher Markt station. One side is reserved solely for commissioned artists. The walls are painted over at least four times a year. The other, though considered illegal, is scattered with street art, stickers and stencils. As mentioned earlier, you can find El Bocho’s Little Lucy and Sobr’s Dancing Girls this side of the wall. Along with many more residents, this alley houses an artist group called The Dead Chickens. They take pride in using big metal structures and mechanical tools in their art and paint around their area. 8) Mauerpark Trivia: If you search “Mauerpark graffiti wall”, you’d find that the top related search result is “legal”. That’s because part of the Berlin Wall runs through the area and the side facing the park is free and legal for people to paint! You’ll find people carrying spray cans and buckets of paint with the intention of working over another artists’ to start a fresh canvas for their own work. Mauerpark is the most crowded on weekdays, especially on Sundays — when the weekly flea market is open. The entire area is buzzing with creatives! Climb up the hill to find the wall, watch these street artists do what they do best while listening to buskers. Location: Gleimstraße 55, 10437 Berlin, Germany How To Get There: Take the train and drop off at Berlin Nordbahnhof Station before taking the tram to Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. 9) YAAM (Young African Art Market) Trivia: Since 1994, YAAM has moved across Europe six times! Marketed as a club and venue with live music, YAAM provides a space for graffiti workshops and an area for people to spray paint. YAAM is vibrant during summer. Feel the warm sand between your toes in their beach bar and immerse yourself with the murals that surrounds the whole venue! If you do visit during the off peak season, do check out the bar that sells warm cider before walking around to see the street art within this community! Location: An der Schillingbrücke 3, 10243 Berlin, Germany How to Get There: Take the train to Berlin Ostbahnhof Station. Timing: 11AM-12PM Daily 10) The East Side Gallery Trivia: As the largest open-air gallery in the world, a lot of effort is used to maintain and upkeep the murals in Berlin due to the weather conditions. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, many artists came from West Germany to the East. Spaces to rent were cheap, almost free. The desire to express their new found freedom via art was rampant. Hence, a good number turned to graffiti art and the culture has grown ever since. Since 1989, at least 118 artists from all around the world have been invited to contribute to The East Side Gallery. The pieces you see below are legal and taken care of very well. The most popular would be of Dmitri Vrubel’s “My God, Help Me Survive This Deadly Love”, which was repainted in 2009, along with other art works, with better paints for durability. The kiss is a not so subtle nod to East Germany and Russia’s history and their need for each other. This mural is surprisingly based off a real life moment and the footage can be found online. What you can find at the East Side Gallery too, are scribbles from tourists all over the world, trying to make their mark as well. I would not recommend that and wish all visitors to respect the place. Location: Mühlenstraße 3-100, 10243 Berlin, Germany How To Get There: Berlin Ostbahnhof Non-Stop Flight From Singapore to Berlin Fly non-stop to Berlin from Singapore via Scoot! You can start planning which street art spots to hunt down with Scoot, being the only low cost carrier to fly non-stop from Singapore to Berlin! With flights 4 times a week, there’s really no better time to check out these fleeting art pieces before they’re gone! Get 13 hours of sleep on the 787 Dreamliner — the flights leaves Singapore in the morning at 12.25AM and you can expect to arrive at 7.20AM in Berlin! Speaking of a long flight, don’t forget to add on the Long Haul Meal Bundle! The bundle comes with a Premium Meal Combo and Light Meal Combo. Altogether, you’d get 2 meals, 2 sides, a snack and 2 drinks throughout the flight. You get options of beef, chicken and vegetarian. Say goodbye to Germany for the final time when you fly back to Singapore and receive Chicken Currywurst with Fries as one of your Premium Meal options! It will definitely satisfy your hunger pangs during the flight. This post was brought to you by Scoot.
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dbpedia
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https://cityseeker.com/berlin/best-local-scene_TA10
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Best Local Scene in Berlin
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cityseeker
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The garden Volkspark Friedrichshain lends its name to Friedrichshain and is situated at the northern end of this prominent Berlin neighborhood. Friedrichshain is bordered by other city districts like Lichtenberg, Kreuzberg, Mitte and Prenzlauer Berg, and the River Spree in the south. It was initially known for its low real estate prices and attracted numerous youngsters looking for inexpensive accommodation. Today, it has seen a rapid increase in housing rates and is known as one of the trendiest districts in the city. It is the hub of fashionable boutiques, design studios and media houses and its streets are dotted with bars, restaurants and cafés. This borough is especially known for its happening nightlife. Popular tourist attractions in the area include East Side Gallery, Frankfurter Tor and the Molecule Man sculpture. Constructed between 1884 and 1894, the imposing Reichstag stands witness to Germany's past and present. It was established as a parliamentary house for the German Empire under Otto von Bismarck and has since seen more than a century of European history unfurl. After World War II, the Reichstag was neglected until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, at which time, work began on returning the building to its original purpose. This new attention led to such additions as the iconic glass dome, which was added by British architect Sir Norman Foster. Today, visitors can climb up to the dome and enjoy panoramic views of brilliant Berlin from the terrace. Germany's most recognizable symbol is not as large as many visitors expect, yet its history is rich and fascinating. Built in 1791, the Brandenburg Gate was modeled on the entrance to the Acropolis in Athens. The Quadriga statue on top of the Gate, designed by sculptor Gottfried Schadow, represents Victoria, the Goddess of Peace, riding a four-horse chariot. This was one of Berlin's original 14 city gates, yet the only remaining evidence of the other gates are the names of underground stations such as Kottbusser Tor and Schlesisches Tor. The Brandenburg Gate and Pariser Platz have played center stage to numerous turbulent historical events. The south wing houses a tourist information office. Not many people associate Berlin with dense forests and crystal clear lakes. Yet the city is richly endowed with both, particularly in the south-west, where several idyllic lakes - of which Wannsee is the largest - stud Grunewald Forest like glistening emeralds. A popular summertime destination for day-trippers, people gather at Strandbad Wannsee, Europe's largest inland beach, while water sport enthusiasts and hobby sailors take to the water. Several boats offer cruises on the lake and surrounding waters and there are also ferries to Peacock Island, Potsdam and Spandau. Stretching from the Brandenburg Gate in the east to Zoo Station in the west, Tiergarten park is one of Europe's largest and most beautiful inner-city parks. Originally conceived as a hunting ground for Prussian kings, the Tiergarten was transformed into a romantic landscape garden in the early 19th Century by Peter Joseph Lenne, who designed a series of winding paths, lakes, bridges, sculptures and flower beds. The park was devastated in the World War II and during subsequent winters. Replanted in the mid-20th Century, the Tiergarten is now as beautiful as it ever was and very popular with locals and visitors alike. The Nikolaiviertel not only lies in the very heart of Berlin, it is the place where it all began. The first mention of Berlin in documents from 1251 referred to two settlements which are Berlin and Cölln. These are situated opposite each other on the banks of the River Spree. The settlement known as "Berlin" grew up around the market (now Molkenmarkt in the Nikolaiviertel) and the Nikolaikirche, named after Saint Nicholas, patron saint of merchants and fishermen. Destroyed during the War, many of the historic buildings were reconstructed for Berlin's 750th anniversary celebrations in 1987. The baroque Knoblauchhaus and Ephraim-Palais are two of the most striking edifices in the quarter. Prenzlauer Berg is one of the most prominent neighborhoods of Berlin and is the hub of nightlife since the reunification of Germany. It is mostly frequented by a younger crowd for its manifold fashion boutiques and night clubs. The locality also attracts art connoisseurs due to the sheer amount of galleries lining the streets. It has maintained an optimum balance of playgrounds and green spaces, historic buildings, and clean streets flanked by beautiful trees, thus retaining the original charm. Numerous artists, students and immigrants choose to stay here due to the convenient location, close to the city center, and relatively reasonable rents. This area also has a large number of bars, cafés and restaurants with charming patio seating, and a plethora of toy and wine shops. Popular tourist attractions in the district include the Rykestrasse Synagogue, Gethsemane Church, Wasserturm and Jewish Cemetery. Once a no-man's land, Mauerpark is now a popular haunt among locals and tourists alike. Famous for its Sunday karaoke and flea market, this park though not a pretty park is full of character and atmosphere. This massive park is kind of an institution for Berliners now with its street art, music, sports fields, playgrounds and swings. Enjoy a stroll, take in its vibrancy and become a fan of this place just like many others. After the fall of the Wall in 1989, Potsdamer Platz turned into Europe's biggest building site, as urban planners worked to create an ultra-modern city center in the middle of a reunited Berlin. The only remnants of old Potsdamer Platz are the historic Haus Huth and the majestic Hotel Esplanade ballroom, which has been cleverly incorporated into the Sony Center. Approximately half of the area contains offices; the rest is divided between entertainment complexes like the IMAX movie theater and a fantastic shopping mall. One of the most popular localities in Berlin, Kreuzberg is a part of the borough of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg. Home to many businesses, bars and restaurants, the place is also where several attractions of the German capital are found. Important museums such as the Jewish Museum, Checkpoint Charlie, religious sights like Thomaskirche, Taborkirche and Jerusalemskirche lie within the boundaries of this neighborhood. Kreuzberg has also played an important role in the cultural development of the city; literary and socio-cultural movements have been inherent to this interesting region. The original Alexanderplatz, locally called 'Alex' by Berliners, was completely flattened during World War II. Its present day appearance is a prime example of East German town planning: a huge, windswept pedestrian area surrounded by 1960s high-rises. But those who are familiar with Alexanderplatz from Alfred Döblin's novel of the same name will find that none of the hustle and bustle of the square has disappeared. Alexanderplatz is still very much a commuters' thoroughfare and is regarded by locals as the true center of Berlin. Named after Russian Czar Alexander I who visited the Prussian capital in 1805, Alexanderplatz was at the center of the mass-demonstrations which brought the Berlin Wall tumbling down in November 1989. It begins with a ruin and ends with a ritzy entertainment complex: Oranienburger Straße stretches for just over a mile between the makeshift Tacheles cultural center near Friedrichstraße and the fashionable Hackesche Höfe on Rosenthaler Straße. Between the two, almost every building is home to a bar, cafe, restaurant or club. And if you look skywards, you will see the beautiful golden dome of the New Synagogue and the imposing, ever-present TV Tower glaring down at you. The adjacent streets and courtyards are full of galleries and boutiques.
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dbpedia
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https://sbahn.berlin/en/about-us/company-profile/history-of-s-bahn-berlin/
en
History of S-Bahn Berlin
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A moving story in pictures and text: from its very inception to the post-war years and the division of Berlin up to present age.
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https://sbahn.berlin/en/about-us/company-profile/history-of-s-bahn-berlin/
100 years of emotional history Looking back at our moving history: The Beginning: the Prussian Railway The first Prussian railway line, which connected Berlin over Zehlendorf with Potsdam, was built. Over the following years, more and more districts of the city connected to this network. Berlin's Rail Traffic: a Success Story By the end of the century, the network of railways in Berlin comprised 412 km, 114 stations, with up to 1,142 trains operating on weekdays. The Electric Train Operation Begins In April 1900, the Prussian Railway launched its first electrical trial operations with 750 volts DC on the Wannsee railway during night breaks. On August 1, 1900, the time had come: the electric train operation between the Wannsee station and Zehlendorf station was in operation. © Historische Sammlung DB AG/Wolfgang Stephan The Birth of the S-Bahn Berlin Shortly after the end of World War I, plans to expand the rail network continued in Berlin. The goal was to power new lines. A total of six experimental railcars of AEG rolled along the route from Stettin suburban railway station to Bernau. The date became the "official birth of the S-Bahn Railway". The end station was later named after the production series, „Bernau“. The Unit Train Rolls Down the Tracks Introduction of the unit train vehicle concept (which is still in use to this day): eight equal-length cars form a complete train. © Historische Sammlung der DB AG/ Wolfgang Stephan A Classic is on the Move The S-bahn railway put the “City Train” design into operation. This was the first time they took on the red-yellow color theme. This type of vehicle shaped the image of the S-Bahn railway for nearly seven decades. In 1997, the trains operated their last courses into well-deserved retirement. © Historische Sammlung der DB AG, Max Krajewsky Timeless and Beautiful: the Introduction of the S-Bahn Logo The Reichsbahn Director introduced the S-Bahn logo for the Fast-City-train. It is still debated whether the "S" stands for Schnellbahn (fast train) or Stadtbahn (city train). The mystery remains unsolved. © Historische Sammlung der DB AG The S-Bahn Network Continues to Grow In the early 1930s, the S-Bahn network developed rapidly: in 1933, electrification was completed with the Wannseebahn, and 1934 began with the construction of the north-south suburban railway tunnel. In September 1936, the Humboldthain to Unter den Linden route opened. Rapid Development and propaganda The S-Bahn experienced a rapid development and heyday, it is considered a symbol of modern mobility. At the same time, the influence of the Nazi dictatorship began to make itself felt from 1933 onwards. The construction of the north-south tunnel, for example, was used for propaganda purposes. Expansion of Electrical Operating Service Approximately 262 kilometers of route network are converted into modern and environmentally friendly electrical operations. World War ll On April 15, 1939, a few months before World War ll broke out, the second route of the north-south suburban railway was put into operation. Further routes were installed until September 1943. However, as the war progressed, the operation of the S-Bahn suffered. At the beginning of April 1945, traffic was suspended on more and more sections of the line. At the end of April, service came to a complete standstill. The S-Bahn ring was now the front line. Highest Number of Vehicles With 1140 quarter trains, the S-Bahn Berlin has the highest number of vehicles to date and reaches a passenger record with 737 million passengers. Consequences of War On April 25th, the S-Bahn operations come to a complete standstill due to the fighting in Berlin; there is no power supply due to lack of coal. At the end of the war, about 90 percent of the trains are destroyed or not operational. © Historische Sammlung der DB AG The Demolition of the North-South Tunnel In the final days of the war, the reinforced concrete tunnel ceiling of the North-South S-Bahn tunnel beneath the Landwehr Canal was blown up. It is still not clear who did it and why. The tunnel was destroyed over a length of almost one hundred meters. The waterline burst and spilled from the Anhalter station, over Potsdamer Platz up to the stations Unter den Linden, Oranienburger Straße, and Stettiner station (today's Nordbahnhof). At Friedrichstrasse station, the water flood also reached the subway system. Many people who had sought shelter in the stations from the atrocities of the war had drowned. The S-Bahn in the Turmoil of the Postwar Period The S-Bahn irregularly began service again on the first route section between Wannsee and Schöneberg. Soon, the red and yellow trains carried around 420 million passengers a year, which comprised one third of public transportation in Berlin. Berlin Divided Despite the divide in East and West Berlin, the S-Bahn continues to travel beyond the sector borders. Construction Boom In the late 1940s and in the 1950s numerous Berlin S-Bahn lines were extended and lengthened. The first section was Mahlsdorf-Hoppegarten, the construction boom ended in 1956 with the connection from Strausberg to Strausberg Nord. © Historische Sammlung der Deutschen Bahn AG The Construction of the Wall Separates Berlin The construction of the wall begins. Berlin and its public transportation systems were massively affected by the divide. S-Bahn and U-Bahn traffic were interrupted due to the border closings. The Friedrichstraße railway station was turned into a strictly secured border crossing. Two independent S-Bahn systems were created, both operated by the Deutsche Reichsbahn (state railway of the GDR). The S-Bahn Boycott in West Berlin Politicians and unions called in response to the S-Bahn boycott in West Berlin. Back then, the operator of the S-Bahn was the Deutsche Reichsbahn, which was located in the east of the city but responsible for both jurisdictions. The solidarity gesture was to prevent the "Western money" of the fare revenues from being used to finance the construction of the Wall. The boycott was well received: Within a very short time, the number of S-Bahn passengers in West Berlin's public transportation system no longer played a significant role. © Hans Schubert Rise in the East While the S-Bahn lost importance in the West Berlin, it remained an important means of transportation in the Eastern part of the city. Passenger numbers reached up to 1.2 million passengers for the Tenth World Festival, a new high point. Strike in the West In 1980, the West Berlin employees of the German Reichsbahn went on strike. The reason: A wave of lay-offs were carried out by the Deutsche Reichsbahn against employees based in West Berlin. Afterwards, many strikers were denounced, others did not voluntarily return to work. Due to the shortage of staff, the Deutsche Reichsbahn in West Berlin could only offer limited S-Bahn traffic covering up to 73 kilometers. Routes such as the Ringbahn, the Wannsee train and the connection to Spandau were sent into hibernation. The BVG Takes Control An agreement was settled between the German Reichsbahn and the Berlin Senate for the hand-over of operating rights from the West Berlin S-Bahn to the BVG. This was in effect by January 9, 1984. At this time, only 8,000 to 10,000 people daily used the red and yellow trains in the Western part of the city. © Udo Dittfurth Triumph and Voluntary Overtime During the Fall of the Berlin Wall On the night of November 9th to 10th, the fall of the Berlin Wall sent Germany into a collective celebration. Especially in Berlin, people flocked to the crossing points of the border, where the mass transit system was literally overrun. Many train drivers volunteered for additional services and put in countless overtime hours allowing the trains to run all night. Continuous Operation on the City Train On July 2, 1990 S-Bahn City Trains were back in service. Starting on September 1st, they also stopped at the underground "ghost stations" of the North-South Railway with the exception of Potsdamer Platz, which would later go into service on March 1, 1992. © Historische Sammlung der DB AG/Werner Reiche The Year of Track Closings The Berlin S-Bahn put three routes back into service: Wannsee to Potsdam City, Frohnau to Hohen Neuendorf, and Lichtenrade to Blankenfelde. A few years later the routes Schönholz-Tegel-Hennigsdorf and Priesterweg-Lichterfelde-Süd as well as Westkreuz-Pichelsberg-Spandau were reactivated. © Joachim Donath The Industrial Expansion A further merger took place with the fusion of the German Federal Railways (Deutscher Bundesbahn) and German Reichsbahn to Deutsche Bahn AG. With the founding of the new company, the operating rights for the West Berlin routes of the S-Bahn were handed over from the BVG to the Deutsche Bahn AG. Happy Birthday, S-Bahn Berlin GmbH The S-Bahn Berlin was created as a limited liability company. © David Ulrich Wedding Day at the S-Bahn Berlin The last section of the Ringbahn has been completed and celebrated with a big Wedding Day in the Wedding district. With the commissioning of the route from Westhafen to the Schönhauser Allee, the Ring was now fully in service after almost 41 years. © Joachim Donath Train Fleet Makeover Within ten years, many S-Bahn trains up to 70 years old were replaced by 500 new 481 series trains. If the average life of a train was 43 years in 1995, and only 8 years in 2006. The acquisition of the new trains of the 481 series cost about 1.2 billion euros. Vehicle Crisis Manufacturer-related vehicle defects and management errors in the company led the S-Bahn Berlin into a crisis that resulted in performance restrictions. A new management which worked with additional staff and extended workshop capacities to repair defects was put into effect. Other divisions of Deutsche Bahn supported this change by providing more employees and benefits. In 2009, 2010 and 2011, in an effort to restore passenger satisfaction, the S-Bahn Berlin spent over 140 million euros. In total, Deutsche Bahn invested 400 million euros in the new vehicle fleet. Alliance with DB Regio The S-Bahn Berlin and its trains become part of DB Regio AG. © David Ulrich "90 Years Uniting Berlin" The anniversary is inspired by the motto "90 Years Uniting Berlin". The S-Bahn Berlin launched christening campaigns to express its commitment to the region, the population, and to its passengers. © Stjepan Sedlar Transportation Contract Signing Railway and political representatives signed the transportation contract for the Ring/South-East subnetwork and ordered 382 new S-Bahn production series 483/484 trains from the manufacturer consortium Siemens/Stadler. © büro+staubach Investment in the Future: Presentation of the New 483/484 Series Investments of 900 million euros in the train fleet of the S-Bahn Berlin take shape. In October 2016 with the series 483/484 was presented as a genuine highlight (timeline). © Christiane Flechtner First new trains in regular passenger service Initial field testing of the new S-Bahn trains commenced on 1 January. The first ten pre-production trains were trialled in regular passenger service on the S47 line between Spindlersfeld and Hermannstraße. In August, the field test was completed successfully and regular operation began. © Dominic Dupont/DB AG New S-Bahn series proves itself After the new S-Bahn had already been in service on lines S46 (since 27 June 2022) and S8 (since 14 October 2022), it was put into service on the S41 and S42 Ringbahn lines ahead of schedule on 11 December 2022, as the manufacturers Stadler and Siemens Mobiliy made faster progress with production than planned. Login Login E-Mail-Adresse Password Forgot password?
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dbpedia
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https://www.polis.space/category/ber/
en
Berlin, Germany « polis.space
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Text as Architectural Element 03,04,06.2016 It cannot be claimed that the Berlin of today is a united city. While the wall has come down, it has left in its footprint a chain of remnants surrounding the former western sectors. Differences in building stock are apparent comparing the two zones. More than this, the history of Berlin is everywhere visible in memorials, historical panels and plaques; distinct interest groups have carved up the city into manageably understood chunks. (For example, the text panels on Karl Marx Allee which explicate the specific sites along the boulevard and side-streets are a specific case study of East Berlin’s history which is understandable only as a discrete narrative among the millions of intersecting stories.) Here, words are the chosen means of memorializing the two sequential chapters of Germany’s recent path without ambiguation, and as the impetus for more words of discussion. When the wall was breached in November 1989, a reverse invasion as those outside in East Germany entered the small western city, it was a physical manifestation of the concurrent political changes. This moment was important as a signal of the failure of the Communist system in the West [1] and so the official narrative of the BRD would reflect the brutality of East Germany practically and ideologically. Around this same period architects experimenting with the relationship of form and language were finally moving from paper to built projects. This strategy of using built form to record, preserve, and underscore specific physical and political conditions throughout the city, in conjunction with the proliferation of the use of text as a means to memorialize the visually ambiguous, can be seen as a theme in Berlin – used most specifically at Wall memorials. Peter Eisenman’s projects for Haus am Checkpoint Charlie (1987) and the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe (2005) bookend this period of transformation in the city with two indexical works, both didactic and evocative. Rather than a particular style, we recognize a number of signs presenting to us that a building has been edited. Just as some might argue there is no “Nazi-style architecture” in spite of the common atmosphere that unites many of those projects, these expository works also adopt distinctive characters, and yet they remain recognizable as a family. The juxtaposition of the neoclassical column, the patches of repaired stone, and the glass rainscreen at Schinkel’s Altes Museum, for example, speaks to the destruction, repair, and changes to the frontal portico. Rather than a recognition of style, there something in their palimpsestic texture that links these projects together; the cut, the field, the stella, the word, the reflection, the detail, the lack of detail. At its smallest scale (a single cobblestone) and its largest scale (spanning many cities throughout Europe) the Stolperstein project by artist Gunter Demning creates an icon which draws attention to text that is both extremely personal and also universal. Here an example in the Mitte district of Berlin recognizing the extermination of Jewish individuals, the word “murdered” is used with purpose and precision. The Book Burning Memorial at Bebelplatz in the center of Berlin employs the absence of words / books (just two small plaques nearby explain the memorial) in an underscoring of how important language really is. Peter Eisenman’s Haus am Checkpoint Charlie explores both the context of grids in Berlin, as well as the concept of the grid itself. The overlapping systems express themselves in mass and pattern on the surface of the building. They are of the place, and yet completely abstracted, a representation of the act of architecture as a process and the building as a frozen moment. The Tchoban Foundation Museum for Architectural Drawing is a descendant of the etched concrete projects of Herzog and deMeuron. Still, the literal translation of the act of drawing to the container of the building draws similarities with Eisenman’s work at Checkpoint Charlie. The Marie Elisabeth Lüders Haus and Paul Loeb Haus are built for the German government offices and span the Spree as a symbol of connecting East and West. Through their complex courtyard scheme they are able to present at once the austerity of a governmental colonnade. The split at the river allows singular moments to be sculpted, adding richness to the regimented building. 1. In the same year very different circumstances in China were experiencing a retrenchment in this system Along the Wall 03,04,06.2016 What does preservation mean in any context, but particularly in Berlin where waves of changes have happened rapidly, sometimes within a lifetime? Debate is alive in Berlin regarding what is a living part of the city, what gets preserved, whose needs are more pressing, which and how this all gets decided. Traversing the wall could result in a survey of its many politics – when architects/critics cannot find the best way to save the essence of an object they can see the combinations and cases where one force has won over others. The wall has been parceled into so many different memorials that it serves as a catalogue of methods for preserving a piece of history. Multiple stories are more or less relevant at different parts of the wall. It is also a lesson in warring politics of factions, and the way a protest against the politics of one system has become the victory of the economics of another. The East Side Gallery is a symbol for pacifism, public art, and alternative cultures. The art has become so iconic, it is now a wall within a wall. The Topography of Terror exhibit demonstrates literally the layers of history, including the Stasi jail cells sitting almost directly below the wall. This site is so close to many of the more touristic stretches of the wall and underlines the problematics in presenting two stories within the same place that battle for relevance. At Bernauer Strasse the stories of escape and the daily impact of the wall on families are evident. The memorial presents a clear example of mapping the wall and these routes onto the city through “drawing” on the park, in parallel with maps that translate the city markings. It also demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of repatriating property to owners who can build or sell the rights – new apartment buildings sit in the path of the park, and can cut off the memorial as private property. Potsdamer Platz, a nexus of business in Berlin which was once cut off, is today stitched together by radiating streets alternating with corporate developments. The nearby Kulturforum appears almost isolated in comparison with the packed Sony Center. Domes of Berlin 03,04,06.2016 At one time, the organizing social structure in the lives of Berliners might have been the empire, the church, or the reich – with their representative centers identified by a dome at the Schloss, churches such as those at Gendarmenmarkt, Sankt Hedwig, and the Berliner Dom, or the Reichstag respectively. Post-reunification there appears to be a turn away from the explicit symbolism of the dome as a marker for the center of a world-organizing principle. Norman Foster’s Bundestag chambers at the Reichstag building returned the center of government to Berlin with a new home. Although Foster rebuilt the geometry of the dome, of course the effect and the experience of the space has been completely altered with the dome and the assembly space for the Bundestag visually, if not entirely spatially, unified. The dome, a beacon for the building throughout the city, becomes an inhabitable and transparent space where (theoretically) the public can observe the proceedings. By inviting the citizens to occupy the dome Foster points to an accountability of the government to the populace. The Sony Center (designed by Helmut Jahn) is a more accessible space in that it is open to foot traffic from the street, and yet it can be considered a commercial rather than public space. It inverts the dome for an equally iconic profile. Busier than the nearby Kulturforum built by West Germany, the adjacent Potsdamer Platz is one of the most active intersections in Berlin. The Sony Center and shopping centers surrounding are thus more a vital part of the Berlin experience, re-knitting together the city. Preservation and Ruins 03,04,06.2016 The diversity in attitudes towards “historical” buildings in Berlin is wide. Some of this difference can be attributed to a temporal/critical distance between the structure’s original or last use and a critical juncture of decision. It may seem that the time period preserved is the one deemed most important, representative or usually least problematic. Moreover, as both East and West Germany were quickly able to take moral stands against the Nazi past, it can sometimes be these Third Reich buildings which are preserved. In contrast, attitudes towards Berlin’s Cold War divisions are more nuanced as the East was enveloped by the West. The Humboldt Forum for example is partly an exact facade replica of the Berliner Schloss (the side facing the Lustgarten, rather than the Spree facade which is being replaced by a Chipperfield-esque grid). This reproduction points at the historical texture some were trying to recapture, as well as the revulsion of many to the Soviet Palast der Republik which later stood in that spot and was found full of asbestos. It can also be seen as retribution for the GDR’s removal of the imperial Palace in the first place. [1] This need to quickly flatten a strong representation of the losing side doesn’t happen always, of course. The headquarters for the Reichs Ministry of Aviation is today the German Ministry of Finance, but in the interim housed various GDR bodies including the House of Ministries. Possibly it was saved by the simple fact that it was standing after the war, and then by the passage of time which allowed its new use to be vital, and its former character more distant. Tempelhof Airport is an excellent example of a Nazi building the was quickly taken over and successfully repurposed, in this case by the American military for many years (critically as part of the Berlin Airlift which must have endeared it to the general population) before becoming part of Germany’s aerial infrastructure. Today the airfields have been converted to a public park and the building surprisingly represents the welcoming attitude of many Germans towards refugees pouring into Europe, where other countries have taken more reactionary stances. Interestingly, it is a refugee way-station already relatively centrally located in the city with utilities provided. [2] The significance of what was once one of the world’s largest buildings and built by the Nazis now sheltering Syrian refugees is certainly a symbolic coup. 1. See Ghosts of Berlin by Brian Ladd for an excellent account of the history of this site. 2. The Olympic Stadium in West Berlin, another Nazi landmark sometimes allows schools to use its practice facilities for physical education as many school gymnasiums are also given over to housing refugees.
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dbpedia
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https://spruethmagers.com/
en
Sprüth Magers
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https://spruethmagers.co…iles/spmlogo.jpg
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2018-03-02T21:12:12+00:00
Located in Berlin, London, Los Angeles and New York, Sprueth Magers is one of the world's leading contemporary art galleries, representing emerging and established artists.
en
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Sprüth Magers
https://spruethmagers.com/
Anne Imhof Wish You Were Gay Kunsthaus Bregenz Through September 22, 2024 Anne Imhof is one of the most important contemporary artists of our time. Her signature artistic expression is rooted in performance pieces, where casts of androgynous figures navigate the space with a captivating blend of impassive poise and elaborate choreography within an immersive audio-visual experience. This dynamic interplay, underscored by the inclusion of ubiquitous and iconic elements of fashion, photography, and an amalgamation of subculture and popular culture, creates an atmosphere reminiscent of post-apocalyptic isolation. Within the austere confines of Kunsthaus Bregenz, Anne Imhof ushers in a compelling transformation. In this enigmatic creation, a paradox unfolds, taking the shape of both a barricade and a proscenium. For the KUB exhibition, Imhof will focus on painting and sculpture, which form the crux of her artistic practice, mirroring the fluid evolution of her performative works. The human figure now assumes an allegorical presence, offering a heightened sense of Imhof’s trademark exploration of the human condition. Jenny Holzer Light Line Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and Foundation, New York Through September 29, 2024 This exhibition will present a reimagination of Jenny Holzer’s landmark 1989 installation at the Guggenheim. Climbing all six ramps of the Frank Lloyd Wright-designed rotunda to the building’s apex, the new manifestation of Holzer’s electronic sign extends and builds upon the artist’s vision from thirty-five years earlier. The site-specific work will transform the building with a display of scrolling texts from her earliest series of truisms and aphorisms to more recent experiments with language generated by artificial intelligence. Holzer’s iconic use of the written word throughout her career has long captivated audiences around the world and this solo exhibition will feature little known examples of Holzer’s work spanning her career from the 1980s through today. John Baldessari John Baldessari. The End of the Line Craig Robins Collection Fundación Malba – Museo de Arte Latinoamericano de Buenos Aires Through November 18, 2024 First South American survey devoted to John Baldessari, the great pioneer of conceptual art. The exhibition features a selection of 45 works, spanning paintings, photographs and installations drawn from the collection of Craig Robins – a friend, promoter, close interlocutor and one of the most important collectors of Baldessari’s work. John Baldessari: The End of the Line reviews 50 years of the artist’s work organized in four thematic groupings. The exhibition highlights Baldessari’s foundational works from the 1960s and 70s; the radical incineration of his own work; his serial approach to photography; and his ongoing exploration of the interplay between imagery and language, between the world of text and that of ideas. Cao Fei Meta-Mentary Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, Munich Through September 8, 2024 In her films, photographs, and walk-in multimedia installations, Cao Fei addresses the economic and social changes of our time. Digitalization, globalization, the transformation of urban and suburban structures and thus our living spaces are at the heart of her art. Her questions focus on the way we humans live and react to the developments around us and adapt to them or actively incorporate them into our lives. For her works, Cao Fei herself sometimes spends time in the virtual community using her avatars China Tracy and Oz and documents her perception of digital realities in individual imagery and distinctive artistic spaces. Invention and reality, the fantastic and the documented, the digital and the human combine to create surreal, dystopian images and individual aesthetics that can be experienced by the public. Cao Fei’s exhibition at the Lenbachhaus will also focus on how rapid social change is being accelerated by digital technologies, affecting and changing human experience and the self-image of human existence at their core. Cao Fei Tidal Flux Museum of Art Pudong, Shanghai Through November 17, 2024 Museum of Art Pudong proudly announces its third major exhibition of the year, Cao Fei: Tidal Flux, opening to the public from June 22 to November 17, 2024. This exhibition marks MAP’s first solo show dedicated to a female artist and its first major exhibition of moving images and media art since the museum’s inception. For artist Cao Fei, this marks her inaugural large-scale mid-career retrospective in Shanghai, and one of her largest solo exhibitions ever staged globally. This exhibition provides a comprehensive overview of Cao Fei’s nearly 30-year artistic journey. The exhibition delves into themes of time, the body, and technology, encompassing several of Cao Fei’s significant long-term projects. Highlights include her early works during the “Pearl River Delta” period, the exploration of digital and virtual realms in the “metaverse” originating from the RMB City body of work, and her research project HX. Furthermore, the exhibition features seven pieces making their global debut, and thirteen works/series being shown in China for the first time. Thomas Demand The Stutter of History Museum of Fine Arts, Houston Through September 15, 2024 At first, the images Thomas Demand creates seem to depict the real world. A closer look, however, reveals that they are actually photographs of temporary sculptural re-creations. Demand often selects his source imagery from the news media, and he re-creates those images as life-size models using colored paper and cardboard. Then he photographs the images and prints them at a monumental scale. Afterward, Demand destroys his models, leaving behind only their ghostly photographic doubles. The “stutter of history” evoked by the exhibition’s title lies in that strange gap between the real world and the re-created world of paper and cardboard that the artist conjures in his studio. The internationally touring exhibition Thomas Demand: The Stutter of History is a landmark retrospective of the artist’s work, and the MFAH is the only U.S. venue. Sylvie Fleury Yes to All Kunsthal Rotterdam Through September 8, 2024 In the spring of 2024, Kunsthal Rotterdam is presenting a large-scale exhibition of the work of the Swiss artist Sylvie Fleury. For the very first time her provocative installations, sculptures, ready-mades, and paintings will be shown in the Netherlands. In a playful way, Fleury challenges the cultural constructs of gender stereotypes. She uses modern advertising strategies such as attention-seeking slogans, brightly colored neon lights, and seductive presentations to explore the boundaries between contemporary art and consumerism. Incorporating elements from the worlds of fashion and film, pop culture, and art history, Fleury consistently succeeds in creating unexpected new stories, always infused with a generous dose of humor and individuality. Gilbert & George LONDON PICTURES The Gilbert & George Centre, London Celebrating a year since opening, Gilbert & George are thrilled to announce the second exhibition to take place at the Gilbert & George Centre – the ‘LONDON PICTURES’. The largest group of pictures created by Gilbert & George, they offer both a directory of urban human behaviour and a moral portrait of our times. Over a number of years, Gilbert & George stole newspaper posters found across London, filtering and sorting the stories they conveyed by subject matter. More than a decade since they were first unveiled on a global tour, the Centre will present 28 of the 292 pictures from the ‘LONDON PICTURES’ series, many of which have not been seen in the UK previously. Viewing these ‘LONDON PICTURES’ in 2024 will prompt viewers to consider how society has changed and what has remained central to our shared experience. Jenny Holzer Liljevalchs Konsthall, Stockholm Through August 31, 2024 Each day from 11am–8pm Since the 1970s, Jenny Holzer has used language as her primary means of expression to explore new avenues for art in public space. In the past, the world has been able to experience her art through everything from large-scale installations, projections, signs, posters, stone benches and plaques to condom packaging. Text is always central, whether it's flickering from an electronic sign or engraved in granite. Now three of her iconic works, Truisms (1977–79), Survival (1983–85) and Arno (1996) are becoming part of the Stockholm cityscape on LED screens. The activations are direct in their approach, yet often contradictory, challenging the viewer to take a stand on political as well as moral issues. Truisms is activated at Stureplan, Survival at Katarinahissen at Slussen and Arno at Hötorget, the intersection of Sveavägen/Kungsgatan. Take a Breath Group Exhibition IMMA – Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin Through March 17, 2025 Take a Breath is a major new exhibition that provides an historical, social, political, and personal examination of breathing – why we breathe, how we breathe and what we breathe – exploring themes of decolonisation, environmental racism, indigenous language, the impact of war on the environment and breath as meditation. Taking as its starting point the nature of breath and its vital role in our very existence, the exhibition reflects on the social, political, environmental, and spiritual aspect of breathing, tracking this vital act from the impact of post-industrial air pollution to modern-day wars and the effect on environment, health and how we live; to the suppression of protests of voices from different communities, where breath is a symbol of community and resistance; and the use of breath as personal meditation. Anthony McCall Split Second Museo Guggenheim Bilbao Through November 10, 2024 Coinciding with the 10th anniversary of the Museum’s program devoted to artistic practices of the moving image, the Film & Video Gallery will host the radically abstract, film-based work of Anthony McCall. In clear dialogue with the works of Richard Serra and Lucio Fontana in the Museum Collection, this exhibition will feature the premiere of a single new work, Split Second (Mirror) IV (2024), alongside the historic projection piece Miniature in Black and White (1972) and a series of photographic prints. Jon Rafman Breaking the Void Taipei Fine Arts Museum, Taipei Through September 15, 2024 Breaking the Void presents Jon Rafman’s video work Punctured Sky (2021), and S.S Lacuna: Prologue (2024), an interactive video commissioned by TFAM Net.Open. The two pieces raise questions and probes into the virtual and real dimensions of cyberspace. As the narrative exploration unfolds, the intangible web constructed by the internet gradually reveals fissures and holes piercing through the virtual towards reality. Yet, the world it leads to, is it indeed reality, or another boundless void? Pamela Rosenkranz Old Tree High Line, New York Through September 2024 Sprüth Magers congratulates Pamela Rosenkranz whose monumental sculpture Old Tree was selected for the third High Line Plinth commission in New York, to be unveiled in spring of 2023. The bright red and pink imaginary tree animates a myriad of historical archetypes wherein the tree of life connects heaven and earth while also closely resembling the complex networks of the human circulatory system. Located on the High Line—an urban park built on a relic of industry—and selected from among over 80 international proposals by artists from 40 countries, Old Tree raises questions about the real while simultaneously highlighting a breakdown of the boundary between nature and artifice. Ed Ruscha ED RUSCHA / NOW THEN Los Angeles County Museum of Art – LACMA Through October 6, 2024 Ed Ruscha has consistently held up a mirror to American society by transforming some of its defining attributes – from consumer culture and popular entertainment to the ever-changing urban landscape – into the very subject of his art. In 1956, Ruscha left Oklahoma City to study commercial art in Los Angeles, where he drew inspiration from the city’s architectural landscape – parking lots, urban streets, and apartment buildings – and colloquial language. As his first comprehensive, cross-media retrospective in over 20 years, ED RUSCHA / NOW THEN traces Ruscha’s methods and familiar subjects throughout his career and underscores the many remarkable contributions he has made well beyond the boundaries of the art world. The exhibition includes his early works produced while traveling through Europe, his installations – such as the Chocolate Room and the Course of Empire presented at the Venice Biennale in 1970 and 2005, respectively – and his ceaseless photographic documentation of the streets of Los Angeles beginning in 1965. Ed Ruscha Works on Paper Hall Art Foundation, New York Through December 1, 2024 The Hall Art Foundation is pleased to announce an exhibition by the internationally acclaimed American artist, Ed Ruscha to be held at its galleries in Reading, Vermont. The show begins with a group of Ruscha’s seminal black-and-white photographs from 1962 and presents over a dozen works on paper that span five decades of his career. Since the 1960s, Ruscha has explored the role of language in painting, drawing, photography, printmaking, and bookmaking by using the meaning and formal qualities of words as his principle subject matter. Stephen Shore Vehicular & Vernacular Fondation Henri Cartier-Bresson, Paris Through September 15, 2024 With over a hundred images shot between 1969 and 2021 across the United States, Vehicular & Vernacular is the first retrospective of Stephen Shore’s work in Paris in nineteen years. On view at the Fondation Henri Cartier-Bresson, the exhibition shows the photographer’s renowned series—Uncommon Places and American Surfaces—alongside lesser-known projects never shown in France. A fragment of the Signs of Life exhibition in which Shore participated in 1976 is exceptionally recreated for the occasion. Finally, the photographer’s most recent series, shot using drones, is exhibited for the first time in Europe. Marcel van Eeden Art Today – Drawings and Animations Museum Morsbroich, Leverkusen Through October 6, 2024 Like hardly anyone else in contemporary art, Marcel van Eeden gives the medium of drawing cinematic qualities, opening a window into a very vividly portrayed past. Based on photographs from magazines, newspapers, books and catalogues, all printed before his birth in 1965, he explores a time that took place without him, but into which he puts himself and literally “draws”. In several groups of drawings, Marcel van Eeden takes us into the past of his adopted home of Zurich, which we explore as if on a city walk – from the modern Bellevue tram stop past the Polybähnli, across Lake Zurich to Picabia and Miró in the Kronenhalle. In the style of pulp fiction, he develops a highly exciting story about cultural loot and Eduard von der Heydt's world art collection, which was to form the basis of the Zurich Rietberg Museum. Kara Walker Fortuna and the Immortality Garden (Machine) San Francisco Museum of Modern Art – SFMoMA Through May 2026 Fortuna and the Immortality Garden (Machine) A Respite for the Weary Time-Traveler. Featuring a Rite of Ancient Intelligence Carried out by The Gardeners Toward the Continued Improvement of the Human Specious by Kara E-Walker. Kara Walker has long been recognized for her incisive examinations of the dynamics of power and the exploitation of race and sexuality. Her work leverages expressions of fantasy and humor to confront troubling histories and dominant narratives, repossessing control in the process. Inspired by a wide range of sources, from antique dolls to Octavia Butler’s novel Parable of the Sower, Walker’s new commission, Fortuna and the Immortality Garden (Machine), considers the memorialization of trauma, the objectives of technology, and the possibilities of transforming the negative energies that plague contemporary society. The presentation marks the first time that SFMOMA has commissioned an artist to create a site-specific installation for the Roberts Family Gallery. Thea Djordjadze, Rosemarie Trockel limitation of life Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, Munich November 12, 2024–April 27, 2025 The Lenbachhaus will present a collaborative work by the artists Rosemarie Trockel and Thea Djordjadze. Djordjadze was Trockel’s student at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf from 1998 to 2001 and the two have maintained a close artistic relationship ever since, realizing numerous joint projects and exhibitions. In their exhibition at Lenbachhaus, the artists want to delve into the conception of beauty and challenge established aesthetic conventions, taking inspiration from reflections by the poet Arthur Rimbaud. Rimbaud’s opening lines from “Une saison en enfer” (1873) provide a leitmotif for the artists’ approach: “One evening I sat Beauty on my knees. And I found her bitter and I reviled her.” Nancy Holt Power Systems Wexner Center for the Arts, The Ohio State University, Columbus August 16, 2024–July 27, 2025 Nancy Holt: Power Systems features the most extensive inquiry yet into Nancy Holt’s studies of systems. The exhibition launches in summer 2024 with a presentation of Pipeline, which calls attention to the physical and economic systems powering buildings and to the impact of fossil fuel extraction. Holt visited Alaska in March of 1986 at the invitation of the Visual Arts Center of Alaska, with the hope she might create a work of art in celebration of the region’s beauty. Holt was instead struck by the infiltration of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System through the landscape. In response she made Pipeline, a sculpture made of steel pipes that twist in and out of the gallery, winding down to the floor where one section of pipe leaks—an incessant drip of oil pooling thickly on a white base. Pipeline points to the unchecked audacity and devastating consequences of the energy industry. Mire Lee Hyundai Commission: Mire Lee Turbine Hall, Tate Modern, London October 8, 2024–March 16, 2025 Tate Modern and Hyundai Motor announce that Mire Lee will create the next annual Hyundai Commission. Mire Lee is known for her visceral sculptures which use kinetic, mechanised elements to invoke the tension between soft forms and rigid systems. Her new site-specific work for the Turbine Hall will be open to the public from 8 October 2024 to 16 March 2025. This will be the first major presentation of Lee’s work in the UK.
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dbpedia
2
16
http://www.slowtravelberlin.com/ode-to-berlins-s-bahn/
en
An Ode To Berlin’s S Bahn
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[ "Brian Melican" ]
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Brian Melican pays tribute to Berlin’s Schnell-Bahn. on Slow Travel Berlin
en
/favicon.ico
Slow Travel Berlin
http://www.slowtravelberlin.com/ode-to-berlins-s-bahn/
Brian Melican revels in the beautiful simplicity of Berlin’s S-Bahn… How do you get from Schöneberg to Prenzlauer Berg using the S-Bahn? Don’t worry—it’s not a trick question. The quick way is the S1 heading north with a change at Gesundbrunnen or Bornholmer Straße; the scenic route is even easier, involving nothing more strenuous than getting on the S41 or the S42 and sitting still for half an hour. You might be wondering why I asked something that simple. Well, let’s do a similar exercise in London: try getting from Balham to Stoke Newington and then let me know how that works out for you. Or let’s take Paris and say you want to get from Ivry to the 17th arrondissement: manage that in under an hour and I’ll owe you a vin rouge. So why am I treating you like an overtaxed online transport app? It’s a roundabout way of showing how relatively easy public transport in Berlin is; which in turn is a round-about way of indicating just how instrumental railways have been in Berlin’s history. London and Paris were both massive metropolitan centres by the time trains arrived in Berlin, meaning that big ideas such as high-speed overground railways encircling the city or cross-town link schemes were already de-facto impossible for them. From the inception of railways, it took Paris over 100 years to start linking its main termini with proper trains; London is only just moving on to Crossrail. In Berlin, things were essentially the other way round. The hugely practical Ringbahn that draws a circle around the city centre was built in the 1870s on what was mostly greenfield land; Berlin’s growth spurt only really got going after they’d built it. Tracking Berlin History Hence a ride on the S-Bahn today is simultaneously a journey through Berlin’s history, tracing the city’s impressively rapid transformation from capital of Prussia to capital of Germany. It’s of course hard to imagine what the Schnell-Bahn meant to the first generations of passengers who used it. But in terms of its technological prowess and the effect it had on how people experienced and saw their city, the S-Bahn was presumably like a cross between high-speed rail and a smartphone: like the TGV or the Eurostar, it rearranged mental geography by bringing far away places temporally closer. And like a smartphone, it became something of a symbol of its age. Especially following electrification in the 1920s, the ‘S’ in S-Bahn stood not only for schnell, but for sleek, smooth and nearly silent. In the literature of the time, it was associated with progress and modernity, and became part of the “Berlin feel” of the 20s and 30s that so attracted foreign writers to Germany: ‘Already we were sweeping through Charlottenburg. We passed the station without halting and on the platforms, with the old and poignant feeling of loss and of regret, I saw the people waiting for the Stadtbahn train,’ wrote Thomas Wolfe in I Have A Thing To Tell You (1937). The large ‘S’ on a green background was an instantly recognisable brand that literally shone out into the dark skies of the dirty, coal-fired city, promising a clean, electric future. The S-Bahn was suitably expensive, too, leaving the proletarian masses to take the old, clattering trams, like Franz Biberkopf in Döblin’s Berlin Alexanderplatz (1929). The rapidly changing Ostkreuz is a great place to get a feeling for those heady days: it’s Berlin’s busiest S-Bahn station and, even if the comprehensive rebuild is giving it an increasingly modern look, the crowds of people and the Bauhaus touches are still there. There’s something decidedly rational and positivist about it, too: the Stadtbahn crosses over the circular Ringbahn to the East of the centre, so it’s called ‘East Cross’, plain and simple. Rather than taking some time-honoured name whose etymology is forgotten from the city around it, the S-Bahn imposes a name on this space that anyone can understand. Ditto Westkreuz, whose proximity to the iconic radio mast at the Messe and the Olympiastadium also makes it a great place to understand what people in the 20s and 30s thought modernity looked like, and the breakneck speed with which Berlin was dashing towards it. The rise and fall of Berlin’s public transport system The Anhalter Bahnhof—which is to be transformed into a Museum of Exile—is a lasting memento of how Berlin’s railways went from being a symbol of the city’s pre-eminence in designing tomorrow’s world to being little more than a sad reminder of misguided dreams. Just one month after the start of the Second World War, the first S-Bahn trains ran through an underground station on the newly-opened north-south line, which complemented the east-west Stadtbahn: it was the pre-war apex of the city’s transport system, the last of the big, modernising projects that would be completed in Berlin for quite some time. There were Nazi plans for a new branch to leave the tunnel north of the Anhalter Bahnhof to a huge new rail interchange under the Volkshalle (part of Hitler’s planned Germania), but of course the war took another course. As it happened, one of the last acts in the SS’s ‘defence’ of Berlin was to flood the north-south tunnel. The above-ground station—a large, impressive main-line terminus in the ‘rail cathedral’ tradition of London’s St. Pancras or New York’s Grand Central—was bombed to smithereens in 1945, and traffic to it ceased in 1952 as the communist East started to cut off rail lines into the Western sectors. Today, nothing but a ruined section of the façade reminds the visitor that this was once one of the most famous stations in the German-speaking world. Meanwhile, the underground S-Bahn section of Anhalter Bahnhof soldiered on in a manner symptomatic of the new historical role the Berlin railways had to play: after being a symbol of the city’s growth and then having suffered in the Second World War, the city’s railway network came to represent Berlin’s new division like nothing else—except, of course, for the Wall itself. Although S-Bahn trains were running through Anhalter Bahnhof’s underground station again from 1946, the construction of the Berlin Wall placed the section of the north-south tunnel between Anhalter Bahnhof and Humboldthain in East Berlin, meaning that trains travelling on what are today the S1, S2 and S25 lines did not stop at Potsdamer Platz, Unter den Linden (today Brandenburger Tor), Oranienburger Straße or Nordbahnhof. From 1961 to 1992, these stations lay dark, unused and often under armed guard as trains from the south to the north of West Berlin crawled through: the Berliners called them Geisterbahnhöfe,or “ghost stations”, and they came to represent the darkest and most menacing aspects of Cold War-era Europe. Anhalter Bahnhof was now the end of the line, smack-bang in the middle of the city. Palace of Tears The only station in East Berlin at which ‘West trains’ called was Friedrichstraße, where the north-south and east-west lines intersect. Today, thousands of people swap S-Bahns there without giving it a second thought, but back then the subterranean platforms of the north-south line were sealed off from the rest of the station: if you left the train there, the only way to leave these underground platforms again was to get back on a service to West Berlin, walk down a long and sinister passage to the equally subterranean U6 underground line (which also traversed East Berlin via a series of ghostly stations before arriving back in the West) or to go through DDR passport control. This kind of lunacy, experienced on a daily basis, made reopening a normal service on the Berlin S-Bahn one of the top priorities after the fall of the Wall, and perhaps explains why so little is left to remind passengers today of the recent past. Yet Friedrichstraße’s role as the border station is still enshrined in the building next to it, now a national monument and museum, which garnered the name Tränenpalast, or Palace of Tears. This was the place where lovers, friends and separated families were forced to say good-bye as those from the West took the last S-Bahn train of the day back through the Iron Curtain. Besides national rail traffic planning, local pride, and a notoriously lax municipal exchequer, this emotional baggage perhaps best explains why Berlin was so anxious to build such a splendid new Hauptbahnhof. The central station looks more like an airport than a rail hub, and rather than keeping the name of the old terminus which once stood nearby its north—Lehrter Bahnhof—it has been rechristened with the neutral name of all main stations in all German cities. It suits the surrounding landscape, of course, which for all its centrality is still one of Berlin’s most empty locations (though increasingly filled with hotels and other steel-and-chrome symbols of corporate modernity). In fact, in a way the name Hauptbahnhof is very much in the spirit of 1930s Ostkreuz, imposing a title on a part of the city rather than the other way round. As ever in the history of Germany’s capital, the city will follow the railway, rather than the other way round.
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dbpedia
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14
https://www.britannica.com/place/Berlin/The-city-layout
en
Berlin - City Layout, Divisions, History
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[ "Berlin", "encyclopedia", "encyclopeadia", "britannica", "article" ]
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[ "Hubert Joseph Erb", "Lutz R. Reuter" ]
1998-07-20T00:00:00+00:00
Berlin - City Layout, Divisions, History: The original twin towns of Berlin and Kölln developed from the early 13th century onward, on an island of the Spree River (the site of Kölln) and a small portion of land on the north bank of the river facing the island (the site of Berlin). While still a small town, it became the capital of the electoral princes of Brandenburg from the end of the 15th century onward. From the late 17th and early 18th centuries, when the electors of Brandenburg (also kings of Prussia from 1701) developed into powerful figures on the European political stage, the city expanded
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Encyclopedia Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/place/Berlin/The-city-layout
The original twin towns of Berlin and Kölln developed from the early 13th century onward, on an island of the Spree River (the site of Kölln) and a small portion of land on the north bank of the river facing the island (the site of Berlin). While still a small town, it became the capital of the electoral princes of Brandenburg from the end of the 15th century onward. From the late 17th and early 18th centuries, when the electors of Brandenburg (also kings of Prussia from 1701) developed into powerful figures on the European political stage, the city expanded and gained a Baroque appearance; new castles, such as Charlottenburg Palace, were built. The central quarter expanded and was embellished with broad avenues, handsome squares, and grandiose stone buildings. The central area acquired broad north-south avenues, such as Wilhelmstrasse and Friedrichstrasse, and also its characteristic east-west road axis. Supplementing this main axis are several exit roads that now serve as major traffic arteries. In the late 19th century suburbs developed around these arteries and their subsidiary streets. Where destruction during World War II was massive, there has been large-scale construction of modern apartment and office buildings, one of the most famous being the Hansa Quarter, built by renowned architects from many countries. Although there is only one major park near the city centre—the Tiergarten, just west of the Brandenburg Gate—Berlin has always been a surprisingly green city, with luxuriant trees softening the effect of the stone apartment blocks in many streets. Water is even more prevalent, with the Spree River running through the city’s centre, a broad belt of lakes spreading out east and west, and canals running through much of the city. Until the “peaceful revolution” of 1989, the most notorious feature of the city’s topography was the Berlin Wall, erected by the East German communist government in 1961 to stop free movement between East Berlin (and indeed East Germany) and West Berlin. The boundary between East and West Berlin and the boundary between West Berlin and East Germany, for a combined length of 103 miles (166 km), were closed until 1989 by a solid ring of barriers, consisting mostly of prefabricated concrete slabs. Of the several heavily guarded crossing points, Checkpoint Charlie on Friedrichstrasse was the most famous. Here one can find remnants of the wall as well as a small museum dedicated to its history. In some places buildings had immediately adjoined the wall, and in the early days of division some people died attempting to jump to freedom from their upper floors. Today crosses mark some of the places where these and other would-be refugees, numbering at least 110, lost their lives. The political and physical division of Berlin had a profound and pervasive influence on urban planning. Because the walled boundary created, in effect, an urban frontier immediately west of what had been the city’s central administrative, commercial, and cultural quarter—Berlin Mitte—which became part of East Berlin, West Berlin was forced to develop a new central area of its own, around the Kurfürstendamm and the nearby Zoo railway station in the former suburb of Charlottenburg. The area had been a distinctive commercial and entertainment district since the late 19th century, but rebuilding following extensive damage from World War II gave it a decidedly modern character. Throughout the city an effort to blend the modern with the traditional is evident. A striking example is the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church (Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche), which incorporates the bell tower of the original 19th-century structure (ruined in World War II) into a dramatic glass-and-concrete church built in 1961. A landmark of more conventional historic preservation is the heavily restored Reichstag building. The decision to restore the former parliament house in the 1970s was a controversial one—the building had been torched in the early days of Hitler’s chancellorship (a key event in his assumption of dictatorial powers) and heavily bombarded during the final Soviet offensive in April 1945. In early 1990 the building’s plenary session chamber was made suitable again for parliamentary use. In 1999, after extensive renovation and a major redesign, the German legislature finally moved into the Reichstag building, and the area surrounding the Reichstag became a centre of national government. Other buildings of note include Philharmonic Hall (Philharmonie; built by Hans Scharoun in 1963) and the New National Gallery of modern art (Neue Nationalgalerie); the gallery was the last creation of architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who worked in Berlin and Dessau (Bauhaus) until 1938, when he emigrated to Chicago. The Hall for Chamber Music (Kammermusiksaal), a companion facility to Philharmonic Hall, opened in 1987. The Charlottenburg Palace, dating from the late 17th century, is perhaps the city’s most outstanding example of Baroque design. The centre of the city has its own architectural symbol and war-memorial church—St. Nicholas Church (Nikolaikirche), dating from about 1200. Only the red-brick shell of Berlin’s oldest building remained standing after a bombing attack during World War II, but restoration was completed in 1987, the 750th anniversary of Berlin’s founding. The church, capped by two steeples, serves as the centrepiece of the old city enclave, the St. Nicholas Quarter (Nikolaiviertel), which includes replicas of townhouses from three centuries. A 1,197-foot (365-metre) television tower erected by the communist state dominates central Berlin. The tower, completed in 1969 to mark the 20th anniversary of the founding of East Germany, commands the Berlin skyline and is adjacent to the Alexanderplatz. Nearby once stood the Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik). The building, which opened in 1976 as the new seat of the East German parliament (Volkskammer), occupied the site of the former palace of the Prussian and German kings and kaisers. In 2003 the decision was made to raze the asbestos-contaminated building and reconstruct the former palace. The dismantling of the Palace of the Republic began in 2006 and was completed two years later. Also on the Alexanderplatz, which has once again become a crossroads of Berlin, rises the 39-story hotel Stadt Berlin, one of the city’s tallest buildings. In the same general area are Berlin’s oldest surviving church, the Church of Mary (Marienkirche), and the Museum Island, on which are located the Old (Altes) and New (Neues) museums, the National Gallery (Nationalgalerie), the Bode Museum, and Pergamon Museum with its famous Greek altar of Zeus. Most of these museums are Neoclassical buildings designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel and his disciples. Also in this area are the Town Hall, seat of the state parliament (Rotes Rathaus), built of red brick; the former State Council and Central Committee Building; and the rebuilt St. Hedwig’s Cathedral, which dates from 1747 and which was the first Roman Catholic church to be built in Berlin after the Reformation. North of the Museum Island, in the Oranienburger Strasse, is Berlin’s main synagogue; it was officially reopened in 1991, 125 years after its first opening. The reconstruction of its interior, primarily as a museum, was completed in 1995. The cultural district on Unter den Linden, the broad avenue leading from near the Alexanderplatz to the Brandenburg Gate, also reflects the old and new. At its eastern end stands the Berlin cathedral (Berliner Dom), which was restored between the late 1970s and early 1990s. For its entire length the avenue features modern hotels and shops and landmarks, including the restored Arsenal (Zeughaus), New Guardhouse (Neue Wache), Berlin Palace (formerly the Crown Prince’s Palace), Princesses’ Palace (Prinzessinnenpalais), Opera House, Berlin State Library, Kaiser Wilhelm Palace, and Humboldt University. The Brandenburg Gate’s sculptured chariot with four horses was restored in 1958 and again in 1991, the 200th anniversary of the gate’s construction. South of Unter den Linden is the Gendarme Market, one of the finest architectural centres in Berlin, where restoration of the German and French cathedrals and the Konzerthaus (formerly called Schauspielhaus), the former royal playhouse, was completed during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Wilhelmstrasse, which runs north-south, was once the site of Prussian and Reich government buildings. Removal of the wall west of the street exposed the remains of Hitler’s bunker and the Potsdamer Platz, once the city’s busiest traffic hub. Before its collapse, the East German government had bulldozed the bunker area and begun erecting apartment buildings. Archaeologists reopened the underground complex, which has again become a focus of historical examination. Since the removal of the wall, Potsdamer Platz has become one of the major sites of current city planning and development; international groups of architects, the federal government, and commercial enterprises have proposed various schemes for the area’s revitalization.
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2004-03-14T07:20:25+00:00
en
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_U-Bahn
Rapid transport system of Berlin, Germany U-Bahn BerlinOverviewOwnerBerliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG)LocaleBerlinTransit typeRapid transitNumber of lines9 (numbered U1–U9)[1]Number of stations175[1]Daily ridership1,515,342 (average daily, 2017)[2]Annual ridership553.1 million (2017)[2]WebsiteBVG.de – HomepageOperationBegan operation15 January 1902; 122 years ago ( )Operator(s)Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG)Train length~100 metres (328 ft 1 in)Headway4–5 minutes (daytime)TechnicalSystem length155.64 km (96.7 mi)[1]Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)Electrification750 V DC Third railAverage speed30.7 km/h (19.1 mph)[1]Top speed72 km/h (45 mph) Berlin U-Bahn Rathaus Spandau Alt-Tegel Altstadt Spandau Borsigwerke Zitadelle Holzhauser Straße Haselhorst Otisstraße Paulsternstraße Scharnweberstraße Rohrdamm Kurt-Schumacher-Platz Siemensdamm Afrikanische Straße Halemweg Rehberge Jakob-Kaiser-Platz Seestraße Jungfernheide Mierendorffplatz Wittenau Richard-Wagner-Platz Rathaus Reinickendorf Karl-Bonhoeffer-Nervenklinik Ruhleben Lindauer Allee Olympia-Stadion Paracelsus-Bad Neu-Westend Residenzstraße Theodor-Heuss-Platz Franz-Neumann-Platz Kaiserdamm Osloer Straße Sophie-Charlotte-Platz Pankstraße Gesundbrunnen Krumme Lanke Voltastraße Onkel Toms Hütte Bernauer Straße Oskar-Helene-Heim Rosenthaler Platz Thielplatz Weinmeisterstraße Dahlem-Dorf Podbielskiallee Nauener Platz Breitenbachplatz Leopoldplatz Rüdesheimer Platz Amrumer Straße Heidelberger Platz Westhafen Birkenstraße Bismarckstraße Turmstraße Deutsche Oper Hansaplatz Ernst-Reuter-Platz Zoologischer Garten Uhlandstraße Wedding Kurfürstendamm Reinickendorfer Straße Schwartzkopffstraße Wilmersdorfer Straße Naturkundemuseum Adenauerplatz Oranienburger Tor Konstanzer Straße Friedrichstraße Fehrbelliner Platz Blissestraße Hohenzollernplatz Spichernstraße Güntzelstraße Augsburger Straße Berliner Straße Wittenbergplatz Bundesplatz Friedrich-Wilhelm-Platz Nollendorfplatz Walther-Schreiber-Platz Viktoria-Luise-Platz Schloßstraße Bayerischer Platz Rathaus Steglitz Rathaus Schöneberg Innsbrucker Platz Bülowstraße Gleisdreieck Kurfürstenstraße Mendelssohn-Bartholdy-Park Potsdamer Platz Hauptbahnhof Mohrenstraße Bundestag Brandenburger Tor Eisenacher Straße Kleistpark Unter den Linden Yorckstraße Stadtmitte Möckernbrücke Kochstraße Hallesches Tor Mehringdamm Gneisenaustraße Hausvogteiplatz Südstern Spittelmarkt Märkisches Museum Platz der Luftbrücke Klosterstraße Paradestraße Tempelhof Museumsinsel Alt-Tempelhof Rotes Rathaus Kaiserin-Augusta-Straße Alexanderplatz Ullsteinstraße Westphalweg Jannowitzbrücke Alt-Mariendorf Heinrich-Heine-Straße Moritzplatz Prinzenstraße Kottbusser Tor Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz Görlitzer Bahnhof Senefelderplatz Schlesisches Tor Eberswalder Straße Warschauer Straße Schönhauser Allee Vinetastraße Schönleinstraße Pankow Hermannplatz Boddinstraße Schillingstraße Leinestraße Strausberger Platz Hermannstraße Weberwiese Frankfurter Tor Rathaus Neukölln Samariterstraße Karl-Marx-Straße Frankfurter Allee Neukölln Magdalenenstraße Grenzallee Lichtenberg Blaschkoallee Friedrichsfelde Parchimer Allee Tierpark Britz-Süd Biesdorf-Süd Johannisthaler Chaussee Elsterwerdaer Platz Lipschitzallee Wuhletal Wutzkyallee Kaulsdorf-Nord Zwickauer Damm Kienberg Rudow Cottbusser Platz Hellersdorf Louis-Lewin-Straße Hönow Up and down correspond (very) roughly to west and east, respectively. The Berlin U-Bahn (German: [ˈuː baːn]; short for Untergrundbahn, "underground railway") is a rapid transit system in Berlin, the capital and largest city of Germany, and a major part of the city's public transport system. Together with the S-Bahn, a network of suburban train lines, and a tram network that operates mostly in the eastern parts of the city, it serves as the main means of transport in the capital. Opened in 1902, the U-Bahn serves 175 stations[1] spread across nine lines, with a total track length of 155.64 kilometres (96 miles 57 chains),[3] about 80% of which is underground.[4] Trains run every two to five minutes during peak hours, every five minutes for the rest of the day and every ten minutes in the evening. Over the course of a year, U-Bahn trains travel 132 million kilometres (82 million miles),[1] and carry over 400 million passengers.[1] In 2017, 553.1 million passengers rode the U-Bahn.[2] The entire system is maintained and operated by the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe, commonly known as the BVG. Designed to alleviate traffic flowing into and out of central Berlin, the U-Bahn was rapidly expanded until the city was divided into East and West Berlin at the end of World War II. Although the system remained open to residents of both sides at first, the construction of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent restrictions imposed by East Germany limited travel across the border. The East Berlin U-Bahn lines from West Berlin were severed, except for two West Berlin lines that ran through East Berlin (U6 and U8). These were allowed to pass through East Berlin without stopping at any of the stations, which were closed. Friedrichstraße was the exception because it was used as a transfer point between U6 and the West Berlin S-Bahn system, and a border crossing into East Berlin. The system was reopened completely following the fall of the Berlin Wall and German reunification. The Berlin U-Bahn is the most extensive underground network in Germany.[1] In 2006, travel on the Berlin U-Bahn was equivalent to 122.2 million km (76 million mi) of car journeys.[5] History [edit] The Berlin U-Bahn was built in three major phases: Up to 1913: the construction of the Kleinprofil (small profile) network in Berlin, Charlottenburg, Schöneberg, and Wilmersdorf; Up to 1930: the introduction of the Großprofil (large profile) network that established the first north–south lines; From 1953 on: further development after World War II. In a bid to secure its own improvement, Schöneberg also wanted a connection to Berlin. The elevated railway company did not believe such a line would be profitable, so the city built the first locally financed underground in Germany (intentionally using standard of KleinprofilBerlin U-Bahn rolling stock). It was opened on 1 December 1910. Just a few months earlier, work began on a fourth line to link Wilmersdorf in the southwest to the growing Berlin U-Bahn.[6] The early network ran mostly east to west, connecting the richer areas in and around Berlin, as these routes had been deemed the most profitable. In order to open up the network to more of the workers of Berlin, the city wanted north–south lines to be established. In 1920, the surrounding areas were annexed to form Groß-Berlin ("Greater Berlin Act"), removing the need for many negotiations, and giving the city much greater bargaining power over the private Hochbahngesellschaft ("elevated railway company"). The city also mandated that new lines would use wider carriages—running on the same, standard-gauge track—to provide greater passenger capacity; these became known as the Großprofil ("large profile") network.[citation needed] Construction of the Nord-Süd-Bahn ("North-South railway") connecting Wedding in the north to Tempelhof and Neukölln in the south had started in December 1912, but halted for the First World War. Work resumed in 1919, although the money shortage caused by hyperinflation slowed progress considerably. On 30 January 1923, the first section opened between Hallesches Tor and Stettiner Bahnhof (Naturkundemuseum), with a continuation to Seestraße following two months later. Desperately underfunded, the new line had to use trains from the old Kleinprofil network; the carriages exits had to be widened to fill the gap to the platforms with wooden boards that passengers jokingly referred to as Blumenbretter ("boards for flower pots"). The line branched at Belle-Alliance-Straße, now (Mehringdamm); the continuation south to Tempelhof opened on 22 December 1929, the branch to Grenzallee on 21 December 1930.[citation needed] In 1912, plans were approved for AEG to build its own north–south underground line, named the GN-Bahn after its termini, Gesundbrunnen and Neukölln, via Alexanderplatz. Financial difficulties stopped the construction in 1919; the liquidation of AEG-Schnellbahn-AG, and Berlin's commitment to the Nord-Süd-Bahn, prevented any further development until 1926. The first section opened on 17 July 1927 between Boddinstraße and Schönleinstraße, with the intermediate Hermannplatz becoming the first station at which passengers could transfer between two different Großprofil lines. The completed route was opened on 18 April 1930. Before control of the U-Bahn network was handed over completely to the BVG in 1929, the Hochbahngesellschaft started construction on a final line that, in contrast to its previous lines, was built as part of the Großprofil network. The major development was stopped in 1930.[citation needed] The seizure of power by the National Socialists brought many changes that affected Germany, including the U-Bahn. Most notably, the new national flag was hung in every station, and two of the stations were renamed. Extensive plans—mostly the work of architect Albert Speer—were drawn up that included the construction of a circular line crossing the established U-Bahn lines, and new lines or extensions to many outlying districts. Despite such grand plans, no U-Bahn development occurred. In the Nazi period the only addition to Berlin's underground railways was North–South Tunnel of S-Bahn, opened 1936–1939.[citation needed] During the Second World War, U-Bahn travel soared as car use fell, and many of the underground stations were used as air-raid shelters; however, Allied bombs damaged or destroyed large parts of the U-Bahn system. Although the damage was usually repaired fairly quickly, the reconstructions became more difficult as the war went on. Eventually, on 25 April 1945, the whole system ground to a halt when the power station supplying the network failed. Upon unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany following the Battle for Berlin there were 437 damaged points and 496 damaged vehicles.[citation needed] The war had damaged or destroyed much of the network; however, 69.5 km (43.2 mi) of track and 93 stations were in use by the end of 1945, and the reconstruction was completed in 1950.[7] Nevertheless, the consequent division of Berlin into East and West sectors brought further changes to the U-Bahn. Although the network spanned all sectors, and residents had freedom of movement, West Berliners increasingly avoided the Soviet sector and, from 1953, loudspeakers on the trains gave warnings when approaching the border, where passage of East Germans into the Western sectors also became subject to restrictions imposed by their government. There was a general strike on 17 June 1953 which closed the sections of the Berlin U-Bahn that traveled through East Berlin. Just after the strike, on the following day, train service on the line A was resumed and the service C was resumed to provide connections to Nordbahnhof and Friedrichstraße.[7] Between 1953 and 1955, the 200-Kilometre-Plan was drawn up, detailing the future development of the U-Bahn, which would grow to 200 km (124.3 mi). Extending the C line to run from Tegel to Alt-Mariendorf was considered the highest priority: the northern extension to Tegel was opened on 31 May 1958. In order to circumvent East Berlin, and provide rapid-transport connections to the densely populated areas in Steglitz, Wedding, and Reinickendorf, a third north–south line was needed. The first section of line G was built between Leopoldplatz and Spichernstraße, with the intention of extending it at both ends. It had been planned to open the G line on 2 September 1961, but an earlier opening on 28 August was forced by the announcement of the construction of the Berlin Wall.[7] The next crisis was followed by the Berlin Wall construction on 13 August 1961, which had split the city between east and west. The U2 was split into two sections, and for the north–south lines, trains were not allowed to stop for passengers and become Geisterbahnhöfe ("ghost stations"),[7] patrolled by armed East-German border guards. Only at Friedrichstraße, a designated border crossing point, were passengers allowed to disembark. A further consequence over the years is that most of the Berlin S-Bahn passengers boycotted the Deutsche Reichsbahn, and transferred to the U-Bahn with numerous expansion.[7] From 9 November 1989, following months of unrest, the travel restrictions placed upon East Germans were lifted. Tens of thousands of East Berliners heard the statement live on television and flooded the border checkpoints, demanding entry into West Berlin. Jannowitzbrücke, a former ghost station, was reopened two days later as an additional crossing point. It was the first station to be reopened after the opening of the Berlin Wall. Other stations, Rosenthaler Platz and Bernauer Straße on the U8 soon followed suit; and by 1 July 1990, all border controls were removed. In the decade following reunification, only three short extensions were made to U-Bahn lines.[7] In the 1990s some stations in the eastern portion of the city still sported bullet-riddled tiles at their entrances, a result of World War II battle damage during the Battle of Berlin. These were removed by 21 December 2004.[citation needed] U-Bahn network [edit] Routes [edit] Main article: Berlin U-Bahn infrastructure The U-Bahn has nine lines: Line Route Opened Length Stations Color Uhlandstraße – Warschauer Straße 1902–1926 8.814 km (5.477 mi) 13 RAL 6018 Pankow – Ruhleben 1902–2000 20.716 km (12.872 mi) 29 RAL 2002 Krumme Lanke – Warschauer Straße 1902–1929 18.948 km (11.774 mi) 24 RAL 6016 Nollendorfplatz – Innsbrucker Platz 1910 2.864 km (1.780 mi) 5 RAL 1023 Hauptbahnhof – Hönow 1930–2020 22.081 km (13.720 mi) 26 RAL 8007 Alt-Tegel – Alt-Mariendorf 1923–1966 19.888 km (12.358 mi) 29 RAL 4005 Rathaus Spandau – Rudow 1924–1984 31.760 km (19.735 mi) 40 RAL 5012 Wittenau – Hermannstraße 1927–1996 18.042 km (11.211 mi) 24 RAL 5010 Rathaus Steglitz – Osloer Straße 1961–1976 12.523 km (7.781 mi) 18 RAL 2003 Stations [edit] For a more comprehensive list, see List of Berlin U-Bahn stations. Among Berlin's 170 U-Bahn stations[1] there are many with especially striking architecture or unusual design characteristics: Hermannplatz station resembles something of a U-Bahn cathedral. The platform area is 7 metres (23 ft 0 in) high, 132 metres (433 ft 1 in) long and 22 metres (72 ft 2 in) wide. It was built in connection with the construction of the first North-South Line (Nord-Süd-Bahn), now the U8. The architecturally important department store Karstadt adjacent to the station, was being constructed at the same time. Karstadt contributed a large sum of money towards the decoration of the station and was in return rewarded with direct access from the station to the store. Hermannplatz was also the first U-Bahn station in Berlin to be equipped with escalators. Today, Hermannplatz is a busy interchange between the U7 and U8. Alexanderplatz station is another of the more notable U-Bahn stations in Berlin, and is an important interchange between three lines (U2, U5 and U8). The first part of the station was opened in 1913 along with an extension of today's U2 line. In the 1920s Alexanderplatz was completely redesigned, both above and below ground. The U-Bahn station was expanded to provide access to the new D (today's U8) and E (today's U5) lines, then under construction. The result was a station with a restrained blue-grey tiled colour-scheme and Berlin's first underground shopping facilities, designed by Alfred Grenander. Over the last few years Alexanderplatz station has, in stages, been restored; the work was due to be finished in 2007. Wittenbergplatz station is also unusually designed. It opened in 1902 as a simple station with two side platforms, designed to plans created by Paul Wittig. The station was completely redesigned by Alfred Grenander in 1912, with five platform faces, accommodating two new lines, one to Dahlem on today's (U3), and the other to Kurfürstendamm, today's Uhlandstraße (Berlin U-Bahn) on the (U1). A provision for a sixth platform was included but has never been completed. The redesign also featured a new entrance building, which blended into the grand architectural styles of Wittenbergplatz and the nearby KaDeWe department store. The interior of the entrance building was again rebuilt after considerable war damage during World War II, this time in a contemporary 1950s style. This lasted until the early 1980s when the interior was retro-renovated back into its original style. Wittenbergplatz station was presented with a London style "Roundel type" station sign in 1952, the 50th Anniversary of the Berlin U-Bahn. Today's station is an interchange station between the U1, U2 and U3 lines. The name of the Gleisdreieck (rail triangle) station is reminiscent of a construction which can only be imagined today. The wye was built in the opening year 1902. Plans for a redesign were made soon after, because the wye was already obsolete. An accident on 26 September 1908, which claimed 18 to 21 lives, was the final straw. The redesign and expansion of the transfer station, during which the station was still used, took until 1912. After World War II the station was put back into service on 21 October 1945 (lower platform) and 18 November 1945 (upper platform). However, service was interrupted again by the construction of the Berlin Wall. From 1972 onwards no trains ran on the lower platform, because servicing the U2 was no longer profitable due to the parallel traffic on the U1. The lower platform was reactivated in 1983, when the test line of the M-Bahn was built from the Gleisdreieck to the Kemperplatz station. It was broken down again after the fall of the Berlin Wall, since it obstructed parts of the reopened U2. Since 1993 the U1 and U2 trains both service the station again. Tickets [edit] Berlin public transit passes are available from many places, automated and non-automated, from BVG, Bahn, and authorized third-parties. The Ring-Bahn Line and the other S-Bahn lines are included, as are all U-Bahn lines, buses, trams, ferries, and most trains within the city limits: tickets are valid for all transportation considered part of the Berlin-Regional public transit system. The Berlin U-Bahn mostly runs on an honor system and has been noted for its relative lack of turnstiles in its stations; instead transportation agents will inspect tickets and fine fare evaders.[8] Ride-passes (tickets) are available in fare classes: Adult and Reduced. Children between the ages of six and 14 and large dogs qualify for the reduced fare. Children below the age of six and small dogs travel free. There are senior discounts in the form of an annual ticket. Residents who have applied for and received a German Disability Identification card confirming 80% or more disability (ID's available from the Versorgungsamt, German Disability Office), can ride without a pass, including an additional person (as a helper). The disability identification card must be in the owner's possession when traveling. With unemployment in the east averaging 15%, another common fare class in Berlin is the S(ocial)-Class. These identification cards are cleared through the normal government offices, then fulfilled at a BVG ride-pass non-automated location. Provided either by the Job Center (Arbeitsamt) for out-of-work residents or by the Sozialamt for people who cannot work or are disabled, the S-Class ride-passes normally restrict travel to the AB zones and must be renewed (a new pass purchased at a non-automated location) on the 1st of each month. Additional passes are available for those which want to bring a bicycle on the public transit system. A bicycle-pass is included in the Student-class ride-pass, which is provided through the universities. For small dogs which can be carried there is no additional fare requirement. For each "large dog", a reduced fare ride-pass must be purchased. Tourist ride-passes, all-day, group passes, and season passes include a dog fare. BVG ride-passes are issued for specific periods of time, and most require validation with a stamping machine before they are first used. The validation shows the date and time of the first use, and where the ticket was validated (in code), and therefore when the ticket expires. For example, once validated, an all-day pass allows unlimited use from the time of purchase to 3:00 am the following day. Unlike most other metro systems, tickets in Berlin are not checked before entering tram, U-Bahn or S-Bahn stations. They are however checked by the bus drivers upon entering. On the tram, S-Bahn and U-Bahn, a proof-of-payment system is used: there are random spot checks inside by plain-clothed fare inspectors who have the right to demand to see each passenger's ticket. Passengers found without a ticket or an expired/invalid ticket are fined €60 per incident. The passenger may be required to pay on the spot, and is required on the spot to give a valid address to which the relevant fine notice can be mailed (it does not have to be in Germany). On the third incident, the BVG calls the offender to court, as there is now a history of 'riding without paying'. Fare zones Berlin is a part of the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (Berlin-Brandenburg Transit Authority, VBB), which means ticketing and fare systems are unified with that of the surrounding state of Brandenburg. Berlin is divided into three fare zones, known as A, B, and C. Zone A is the area in the centre of Berlin and is demarcated by the S-Bahn urban rail ring line. Zone B covers the rest of the area within the city borders, and Zone C includes the immediate surroundings of Berlin. Zone C is divided into eight parts, each belonging to an administrative district. The Potsdam-Mittelmark area is included in the city district of Potsdam. Tickets can be bought for specific fare zones, or multiple zones. Most passengers who live in Berlin buy AB fare zone tickets, while commuters coming in from the suburbs need ABC fare zone tickets. If a ticket not valid for travel in a tariff zone is checked by a ticket inspector, the passenger is subject to a fine. Short-term tickets Single-journey tickets (Einzeltickets) are issued for use within specific fare zones, namely AB, BC, and ABC. They are only valid for two hours after validation, and cannot be extended. The BVG also offers single-day tickets (Tageskarte), which are valid for the entire day when first validated until 3 a.m. the next morning. Long-term tickets Long-term paper tickets are issued with validity periods of seven days (7-Tage-Karte), one month (Monatskarten), or one year (Jahreskarte). The BVG is in the process of introducing the plastic MetroCard as a yearly ticket that also has additional features. The Metrocard also permits passengers to make reservations for hire cars at specific times, for example on weekends. It is expected that plastic Metrocards without such features will also be made available as they are more durable and ecofriendly than the paper tickets. Tourist passes The BVG offers tickets directed specifically for non-resident tourists of Berlin called the WelcomeCard and CityTourCard [1]. WelcomeCards are valid for either 48 or 72 hours, and can be used by one adult and up to three children between the ages of six and 14. WelcomeCards are valid in fare zones ABC, and have the additional benefit of a reduction on entry fees to many museums and tourist attractions. See the Current Prices and Descriptions link for more information. Underground facilities [edit] A full GSM (GSM-900 and GSM-1800) mobile phone network for Germany's four carriers is in place throughout the U-Bahn system of stations and tunnels. This system was in place by 1995 for the E-Plus network, and was one of the first metro systems in the world to allow mobile telephone use; by the late-1990s the other networks could be used in some portions as well. Since 2015, UMTS and LTE is also available for E-Plus and O2 (LTE since 2016) customers,[9] and since 2020 mobile reception in some underground sections has also been extended to Deutsche Telekom and Vodafone Germany customers, with complete reception for the latter two telcos expected to be realised by mid-2021.[10] Many of the carriages on the U-Bahn feature small flat screen displays that feature news headlines from BZ, weekly weather forecasts, and ads for local businesses. Most major interchange stations have large shopping concourses with banks, supermarkets, and fast food outlets. Unused stations and tunnels [edit] There are several stations, platforms and tunnels that were built in preparation for future U-Bahn extensions, and others that have been abandoned following planning changes. For example, platforms have already been provided for the planned "U3" at Potsdamer Platz on the planned line to Weißensee. It is unlikely that this line, which had the working title "U3" will ever be built, so the platforms have been partially converted into a location for events and exhibitions. The line number "U3" has been used to re-number the branch to Krumme Lanke, which had been part of "U1". Line D, today's U8, was intended to run directly under Dresdner Straße via Oranienplatz to Kottbusser Tor. This segment of tunnel was abandoned in favour of a slightly less direct route in order to provide the former Wertheim department store at Moritzplatz with a direct connection. This involved the construction of a 90-degree curve of the line between Moritzplatz and Kottbusser Tor stations. The construction of the tunnel under Dresdner Straße had only been partially completed before abandonment, leaving it with only one track. This tunnel is separated into three parts, as it was blocked by a concrete wall where it crossed the border between East and West Berlin. Another concrete wall separates this tunnel, which now houses a transformer for an electricity supplier, from the never-completed Oranienplatz Station which is located partially under the square of the same name. Stralauer Tor was a station on the eastern bank of the Spree between Warschauer Straße and Schlesisches Tor stations. It was completely destroyed in World War II. It had been opened in 1902 and was renamed Osthafen in 1924. Today, only struts on the viaduct remain to indicate its location. In the post-Second World War period it was not thought necessary to rebuild the station, due its close proximity to the Warschauer Straße station. Also its location was directly on the border between the Soviet and American sectors. Although a Berlin map dated 1946 shows the station renamed as Bersarinstraße after the Soviet General responsible for restoring civil administration of the city, this name was used later at another location. Nürnberger Platz station was closed on 1 July 1959. It was replaced by two new stations on either side, Augsburger Straße and an interchange station to the U9 at Spichernstraße. Today, nothing remains of the station as a third track siding was constructed in its place. Another tunnel, which once connected the U4 to its original depot and workshop at Otzenstraße (Schöneberg), is still in existence. The connection from Innsbrucker Platz station to the depot was severed when a deep level motorway underpass was constructed in the early 1970s; however, the continuation of the tunnel at Eisackstraße is still in existence for a distance of 270 metres and now ends at the former junction to the workshop of the Schöneberg line. Platforms at five stations, Rathaus Steglitz, Schloßstraße, Walther-Schreiber-Platz, Innsbrucker Platz, and Kleistpark, were provided for the planned but never constructed U10. The U10 platform at Kleistpark has been converted into office space for the BVG. At Schloßstraße, U9 and U10 were planned to share two directional platforms at different levels; the would-be U10 tracks have been abandoned, leaving both platforms used by U9 trains only. The other U10 platforms remain unused and are not generally open to the public. During the construction of Adenauerplatz (U7) station, which was built in conjunction with an underpass, platforms were also provided for a planned U1 extension from Uhlandstraße to Theodor-Heuss-Platz. A short tunnel section was also constructed in front of the Internationales Congress Centrum (ICC), beneath the Messedamm/Neue Kantstraße junction. This tunnel was built concurrently with a pedestrian subway and was also intended for the planned extension of the U1. The tunnel section, approximately 60 metres (196 ft 10 in) long, ends at the location of the planned Messe station adjacent to Berlins central bus station (ZOB). The tunnel is used as a storage area for theater props. At Jungfernheide station, double U-Bahn platforms similar to those at Schloßstraße were built for the planned extension of the U5. The unused platform sides are fenced off. The finished (U5) tunnel section which leads off towards Tegel airport is now used for firefighting exercises. On 4 December 2020, the U5 extension between Alexanderplatz and Brandenburger Tor was opened. This included the new Unter den Linden station, which acts as a transfer point between the lines U5 and U6. Französische Straße station on the U6 was simultaneously closed due to its short distance to the new station. Future development [edit] Berlin's chronic financial problems make any expansion not mandated by the Hauptstadtvertrag—the document that regulates the necessary changes to the city as the capital of Germany—unlikely. Furthermore, there is still great rivalry for construction money between the U-Bahn and the S-Bahn. After the construction boom that followed the reunification of the city, enthusiasm for further growth has cooled off; many people feel that Berlin's needs are adequately met by the present U- and S-Bahn. As of 2020, the only proposals receiving serious consideration aim to facilitate travel around the existing system, such as moving Warschauer Straße's U-Bahn station closer to its S-Bahn station. There are several long-term plans for the U-Bahn that have no estimated time of completion, most of which involve closing short gaps between stations, enabling them to connect to other lines. This would depend on demand, and new developments in the vicinity. New construction of U-Bahn lines is frequently the subject of political discussion with the Berlin chapters of the CDU, FDP and AfD who usually advocate in favor of U-Bahn expansion while the SPD, Alliance 90/The Greens and The Left typically advocate for tram construction instead. After the last extension of U5 opened on 4 December 2020, there are no immediate plans to expand the metro system due to lack of budgetary conditions, although there are several extensions of railway lines that can be discussed over time: Line Stretch Projects U0 Ringlinie U0 was announced in March 2023 as per "Express Metropolis Berlin" (BVG 2050). The route will likely go along: Pankow - Antonplatz - Lichtenberg - Tierpark - Schöneweide - Alt-Mariendorf - Rathaus Steglitz - Breitenbachplatz - Westkreuz - Kaiserdamm - Jungfernheide - Hakenfelde - Urban Tech Republic - Kurt-Schumacher-Platz - Residenzstraße - Wollankstraße - Pankow. Heerstraße – Karow-Ost The segment between Uhlandstraße and Wittenbergplatz might be extended to Westkreuz, Theodor-Heuss-Platz, Gatower Straße before going to Heerstraße. There's a discussion, whether the U1 should be extended towards the Berlin Ostkreuz station, the most important and frequented S-Bahn station in all of Berlin. The line may also be extended to Frankfurter Tor, before connecting to Antonplatz, Weißensee and goes all the way to Karow-Ost. Rosenthaler Weg – Stadtrandstraße Following the extension of the U2 to Pankow in 2000, there are plans to continue on to Ossietzkyplatz and Rosenthaler Weg. CDU plans has been extended to Rosenthaler Weg. In the west, an extension is planned from Ruhleben to the U7 terminus, Rathaus Spandau with five more stations to Stadtrandstraße and Falkenhagener Field. Only the extension to Rosenthaler Weg is approved in the financial scenario 2030 of the Berlin Senate and has a real chance to be realized. Düppel-Kleinmachnow – Falkenberg For the southern extension it will take place within two phases. The first phase will be completed by 2026 and it will extend the U3 towards the Berlin Mexikoplatz station which is shorter part and is 700m. In December 2022, the State of Berlin has advertised feasibility study. A central platform west of Mexikoplatz, is planned with three-track parking and turning system connected to the platform. There are plans to integrate the transition between the two modes of transport into S-Bahn infrastructure. The second phase, although it will only happen in the far future, will be to extend the U3 to Bahnhof Düppel, Düppel-Kleinmachnow and Machnower Schleuse. There are also discussions on the U3 extension after Wittenbergplatz, to go through Potsdamer Platz and Alexanderplatz, before connecting with the S-Bahn at Greifswalder Straße, terminating for short Weißensee before going to Karow-Ost and Falkenberg. This line will be operated by driverless trains in the far future. Glambecker Ring – Appenzeller Straße In March 2023, there were plans to extend the line - to meet U11 at Hauptbahnhof via Magdeburger Straße, Tiergarten and goes straight to Hauptbahnhof, and proceeding to Glambecker Ring. The U4 will then continue alongside the failed U10 routing (previously was removed from the Berlin transport master plan and land use plans), to Lichterfelde and Appenzeller Straße via Drakestraße. Hönow – Rathaus Reinickendorf A plan to extend the line further westward from Berlin Hauptbahnhof to Tegel Airport, via Turmstraße and Jungfernheide, postponed in the long term due to budgetary constraint and closure of the airport, was later shelved in favor of a tram line alternative. In March 2023, plans to revive the line extension went forward. Alt-Tegel – Nahariyastraße After the closure of Tegel Airport, the U6 will definitely have a branch from Kurt-Schumacher-Platz and continue to the west, to Tegel Airport. A feasibility study that it will work with either U65, or completely new line, "U75" from Rathaus Reinickendorf to Jungfernheide being studied in 2020, taking over the former U5 westward extension. This was succeeded by "U0" in March 2023. Plans in March 2023 were to extend the line from Alt-Mariendorf to Nahariyastraße. Flughafen BER – Staaken It is planned to extend the U7 in the north-west to Staaken and Gatower Straße. Due to budgetary situation of the Berlin Senate, the extension is not expected before the year 2050. There were discussions on U7's extension from Rudow to Berlin-Brandenburg Airport via Rudow-Süd for a very long time. These plans had already been shelved as the expected patronage was not deemed high enough to justify such an expansion. Buckow-Süd – Märkisches Viertel In the north, an extension to the large housing estate named Märkisches Viertel is discussed. As this would only require a 1.2-kilometer extension, this would be a cheap means of expansion for the U8 past its current end point, Wittenau. However, there has been no concrete planning lately for this addition. Buckower Chaussee – Pankow-Heinersdorf Plans in March 2023 were to extend the line from Rathaus Steglitz to Lankwitz and Buckower Chaussee, and also extend the line from Osloer Straße, via Pankow-Kirche to Pankow-Heinersdorf. Falkenberg – Drakestraße U10 was in former 200-km plans since 1955. However, the route goes from Falkenberg, to Weißensee, then to Potsdamer Platz, followed by turning towards Innsbrucker Platz and Rathaus Stegliz, in order to go Drakestraße (Lichterfelde). Planning for the U10 was officially removed from the Berlin transport master plan in 2003 (Measures 2015), and it is no longer considered part of the public transport network master plan through at least 2030. Nevertheless, the line remains part of Berlin's Land-use plan since 1994, which means that new construction works along the planned route have to accommodate the eventuality of such a line. Berlin Transport Minister Manja Schreiner (CDU) and Economy Minister Franziska Giffey (SPD) have underlined the local government's plans to extend the ends of each of the city's nine underground lines so that they reach the city's limits with the neighbouring state of Brandenburg. "We must radically extend all the U-Bahn lines," Giffey told the Tagesspiegel newspaper. "We must offer Berliners a vision as to which routes we will tackle first," Schreiner added. Speaking to the dpa, Schreiner added that "Masterplan 2030" was crucial for many reasons: "More public transport means better climate protection, a better quality of life and more suitable mobility for everyone in the city." Here's how the city plans to expand Berlin's nine existing underground lines - as well as building an additional two lines to serve travellers: Ringlinie U0 - The outer Ringbahn This is perhaps the biggest part of the project and one that will impact the most people. While Berlin's current Ringbahn - a circular line which rides an hour-long stretch around the city, connects U-Bahn lines to each other about mid-way through their routes - the local government plans for the U0 Ringlinie to connect the ends of each U-Bahn line that sprawls to near the outskirts of the city. Since this part of the expansion project is particularly ambitious, it may be many, many years before you can step onto a U0 Ringlinie train. U1 - Spandau to Weißensee Currently, the U1 is simply a horizontal route which connects the east and west of central Berlin. Under the new plans, the U1 will reach Heerstraße in Spandau at one end and run through to Antonplatz in Weißensee at the other. With the plans, Antonplatz is set to become a new connection hotspot, where the U0 Ringlinie, the U1 and U3 will intersect. U2 - Spandau to Pankow This line will be expanded again into Spandau and towards the northeast to Pankow. The final stop in the northeast will be Pankow Kirche in the Pankow Altstadt. U3 - Zehlendorf / Kleinmachnow to Falkenberg This will be the only U-Bahn line that may even cross outside Berlin's borders with Brandenburg, reaching into Düppel-Kleinmachnow. For now, though, the plans are just for the line to be extended to Mexikoplatz (S1), which reaches the border of Schlachtensee. If the funding is secured, the expected five-year-long construction process should begin swiftly and the U3 could reach Mexikoplatz by 2030. U4 - Lichterfelde to Marzahn This line will connect two very different parts of Berlin in what will be the biggest line extension of the project by far. At the moment the U4 is Berlin's baby U-Bahn line; the yellow one that stretches a modest four stops between Innsbrucker Platz and Nollendorfplatz without leaving the central southwest of the city. Under the new plans, the line will be hugely extended at both ends, ultimately connecting Lichterfelde to Marzahn. U5 - Charlottenburg to Hönow Only recently was the U5 extended from Alexanderplatz to Hauptbahnhof and the line is already set for another development, but one not quite as ambitious as the U4 development. Since the U5 already reaches quite far on its eastern side, to Hönow, it will only be extended in the west and even then only to Jungfernheide, the Ringbahn station that lies in northern Charlottenburg. U6 - Tegel to Lichtenrade As with the U5, the U6 will only be extended at one end of the line, in the south of the city. The new line will continue to run from Alt-Tegel, but instead of ending its journey at Alt-Mariendorf, will continue on to Naharlystraße in Lichtenrade. U7 - Spandau to BER Airport Already one of the city's longer U-Bahn routes, the U7 will be extended from Rathaus Spandau in the west, adding a new stop so it comes to meet the new U1 line at its terminal. In the southeast, the train will basically replace the current X7 bus route, which runs from Rudow to BER Airport. U8 - Reinickendorf to Buckow One of Berlin's most infamous lines, shamelessly voted to have the highest number of "disgusting" stations, the northern part of U8 will be expanded from Wittenau to reach the Märkisches Viertel in Reinickendorf. In the south, it will extend from Hermannstraße to Buckow-Süd. U9 - Pankow to Buckow Another of Berlin's most important north-south lines, the U9 will see considerable expansion at both ends. In the north the orange line will extend out from Wedding into Pankow and, in the south, the line will go quite far south of Steglitz to reach Buckower Chausee, south of Tempelhof-Schöneberg. U10 - Alexanderplatz to Weißensee And a new addition! The highly-awaited U10 should run from Alexanderplatz to Weißensee. Portions of the U10 have remained under the city's streets since the plans for the line were scrapped in the 1970s, earning it the name Phantomlinie (Phantom line). And when the U5 line was extended to Hauptbahnhof in 2020 an extra platform was built at U-Bahnhof Rotes Rathaus with the future U10 in mind. New U-Bahn stops to expect on the U10 line are; Am Friedrichshain, Marienburger Straße, Danziger Straße, Greifswalder Straße, Gürtelstraße and Falkenberger Straße - but don't get too excited, the funds are yet to be secured for this one. Rolling stock [edit] The Berlin U-Bahn uses 750-volt DC electric trains that run on standard gauge (1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) ) tracks. The first trains were based on trams; they have a width of 2.30 m (7 ft 6+9⁄16 in), and take their power from an upward facing third rail. To accommodate greater passenger numbers without lengthening the trains—which would require costly extended platforms—trains that ran on lines built after World War I were required to be wider. The original trains and lines, which continued to operate, were designated Kleinprofil (small profile), and the newer, wider trains and lines were designated Großprofil (large profile). Großprofil trains are 2.65 m (8 ft 8+5⁄16 in) wide, and take their power from a downward facing third rail. This is similar to New York City's A Division and B Division systems, where the B Division trains are wider than A Division trains (though B Division trains are also longer, while Großprofil trains are generally about the same length as Kleinprofil ones). Although the two profiles are generally incompatible, Kleinprofil trains have been modified to run on Großprofil lines during three periods of economic difficulty. Between 1923 and 1927 on the Nord-Süd-Bahn, and between 1961 and 1978 on the E line, adapted Kleinprofil trains were used to compensate for the lack of new Großprofil trains: they were widened with wooden boards to reach the platforms; and had their power pickups adapted to accept power from the negatively charged downward-facing third rail, instead of positively charged upward-facing third rail. As of 2017, Class IK Kleinprofil trains are in operation on the Großprofil line U5, after refurbishing the existing F79 rolling stock was deemed unfeasible. They were widened with metal boards by 17.5 cm (6.9 in) on each side and elevated by 7.5 cm (3.0 in) to close the gap to the platforms; their power pickups were designed reversible to work on both profiles. As of October 2019, IK rolling stock is still used on the U5; it is intended to move the trains to Kleinprofil lines once new Großprofil rolling stock has been delivered. As of 2007, Kleinprofil trains run on the U1, U2, U3, U4 and U5 lines; and Großprofil trains operate on the U5, U55, U6, U7, U8, and U9 routes. Kleinprofil (small profile) [edit] Kleinprofil trains are 2.30 m (7 ft 6+9⁄16 in) wide, and 3.10 m (10 ft 2+1⁄16 in) high. When the U-Bahn opened in 1902, forty-two multiple units, and twenty-one railroad cars, with a top speed of 50 km/h (31.1 mph), had been built at the Warschauer Brücke workshop. In contrast to the earlier test vehicles, seating was placed along the walls, facing inward, which was considered more comfortable. Until 1927, U-Bahn trains had smoking compartments and third-class carriages. The trains were first updated in 1928; A-II carriages were distinguished by only having three windows, and two sliding doors. After the division of the city, West Berlin upgraded its U-Bahn trains more rapidly than did East Berlin. The A3 type, introduced in 1960, was modelled on the Großprofil D type, and received regular modifications every few years. Meanwhile, A-I and A-II trains operated exclusively in East Berlin until 1975, when G-I trains, which had a top speed of 70 km/h (43.5 mph), started to travel the Thälmannplatz–Pankow route. These were superseded in 1988 by the G-I/1 type, which used couplings that were incompatible with the older G-I carriages. Following reunification, the A3L type was again upgraded as the A3L92. In 2000, prototypes for a Kleinprofil variant of the H series were built; the HK, the first Kleinprofil type to use AC induction motors like their large counterparts, differs from its Großprofil counterpart by not being fully interconnected—carriages are only interconnected within each of the two half-trains. As of 2005, only trains of the HK, G-I/1 and A3(U/L) types are in active service. From 2017, new IK-type trains will enter service to replace the remaining examples of type A3L71. Like HK-type trains they will be interconnected and as a result of their regenerative braking will recuperate up to 20% of the energy they require.[11] Kleinprofil train types 1901–1945 West Berlin 1945–1990 East Berlin 1945–1990 1990— 1901–1904 A-I 1960–1961 A3-60 1974 G 1993–1995 A3L92 1906–1913 1964 A3-64 1978–1983 G-I 2005–2006 HK 1924–1926 1966 A3-66 1983 G-II 2014 IK15 1928–1929 A-II 1966 A3L66 1986–1989 G-I/1 2018–2019 IK18 1967–1968 A3L67 1972–1973 A3L71 1982–1983 A3L82 Großprofil (large profile) [edit] Großprofil trains are 2.65 m (8 ft 8+5⁄16 in) wide, and 3.40 m (11 ft 1+7⁄8 in) high. The first sixteen multiple units and eight ordinary carriages entered active service on the Nord-Süd-Bahn in 1924, after a year of using modified Kleinprofil trains. Designated B-I, the cars were 13.15 m (43 ft 1+11⁄16 in) long and each had three sliding doors; the large elliptical windows at the front of the train earned them the nickname, Tunneleulen (tunnel owls). Upgraded B-II trains were introduced in 1927, and continued to be used until 1969. The first 18-metre-long (59 ft 11⁄16 in) C-I trains were trialled in 1926, and two upgrades were produced before the end of the decade. The first U-Bahn trains to use aluminium in their construction, the C-IV types, were introduced in 1930. Many C-type trains were seized by Soviet forces in 1945, to be used in the Moscow Metro. The first D-type trains, manufactured in 1957, were built from steel, making them very heavy and less efficient; however, the DL type that followed from 1965 used metals that were less dense, allowing a 26% reduction in weight. In East Berlin, D-type trains bought from the BVG were designated D-I. Difficulties there in trying to develop an E series of trains led, in 1962, to the conversion of S-Bahn type 168 trains for use on the E line. These E-III trains were desperately needed at the time to allow modified Kleinprofil trains to return to the increasingly busy A line but, following reunification, high running costs led to their retirement in 1994. In West Berlin, the successor to the D-type was the F-type, which debuted in 1973. They varied from other models in having seats that were perpendicular to the sides of the train; from 1980, they also became the first U-Bahn trains to use three-phase electricity. In 1995, the original seating arrangement returned as the H series took up service. H-type trains are characterised by the interconnection of carriages throughout the length of the train; and they can only be removed from the tracks at main service depots. As of 2005, only F, H, and a variation of the IK-type trains are in active service. Großprofil train types 1901–1945 West Berlin 1945–1990 East Berlin 1945–1990 1990— 1923–1927 A-IK 1955–1965 D 1956–1957 E-I 1990–1991 F90 1945–1968 1965–1966 DL65 1962–1990 E-III 1992–1993 F92 1924–1928 B-I 1968–1970 DL68 1994–1995 H95 1926–1927 C-I 1970–1973 DL70 1997–1999 H97 1927–1929 B-II 1973–1975 F74 2000–2002 H01 1929 C-II 1976–1978 F76 2017 IK17 1930 C-III 1979–1981 F79 2020 IK20 1930–1931 C-IV 1984–1985 F84 1987–1988 F87 Depots [edit] Depots of the Berlin U-Bahn fall into one of two classes: main workshops (German: Hauptwerkstätten, abbreviated as Hw); and service workshops (German: Betriebswerkstätten, abbreviated Bw). The main workshops are the only places where trains can be lifted from the tracks; they are used for the full inspections required every few years, and for any major work on trains. The service workshops only handle minor repairs and maintenance, such as replacing windows, or removing graffiti. As of 2005, the only dedicated Kleinprofil depot is at Grunewald (Hw Gru/Bw Gru), which opened on 21 January 1913. The first Großprofil depot opened at Seestraße (Hw See/Bw See) in 1923, to service the Nord-Süd-Bahn. It has 17 tracks—2 for the main workshop, and 15 for the service workshop—but its inner-city location prevents any further expansion. Due to BVG budget cuts, the Seestraße depot also services Kleinprofil trains. Two further Großprofil service workshops are located at Friedrichsfelde (Bw Fri), and Britz-Süd (Bw Britz). In the past, there were other workshops. The first opened in 1901 at Warschauer Brücke, and was the construction site for most of the early U-Bahn trains. The division of the U-Bahn network on 13 August 1961 forced its closure, although it was reopened in 1995 as a storage depot. A small depot operated at Krumme Lanke between 22 December 1929 and 1 May 1968; and, while the network was split, East Berlin's U-Bahn used the S-Bahn depot at Schöneweide, along with a small service workshop at Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz, which was closed following reunification. Accidents [edit] The Berlin U-Bahn ranks among the safest modes of transport: its history features few accidents.[citation needed] The most severe accident occurred at the original Gleisdreieck (rail triangle), where the main and branch lines were connected by switches that allowed the tracks to cross. On 26 September 1908, a train driver missed a stop signal. As a result, two trains collided at the junction, and one fell off the viaduct. The accident killed eighteen people, and severely injured another twenty-one. Gleisdreieck's triangular layout had already been deemed unsuitable for future developments; this incident—and a later, less-serious one—triggered its reconstruction as a multi-level station, starting in 1912.[citation needed] On 30 June 1965, a train with brake failure stopped on the G line—today's U9—between Zoologischer Garten and Hansaplatz. Unaware of the faulty train, a mechanic working at the Zoologischer Garten signal tower noticed that the signal for the affected section had been set to "Stop" for a long time. Thinking it was a fault of his, after several attempts he manually overrode the signal, in defiance of regulations that strictly prohibited such actions. The following train, which had been waiting at Zoologischer Garten, then left the station on the same track. With emergency brakes unable to prevent the accident, the two trains collided. One passenger was killed in the crash, and 97 were injured. The mechanic was fined 600,000 DM.[citation needed] Fires can be particularly dangerous and damaging within an underground system. In October 1972, two trains and a 200 m (656 ft 2 in) length of tunnel were completely destroyed when the trains caught fire; the reconstructed tunnel is clearly distinguishable from the old one. Another train burned out in the connecting tunnel between Klosterstraße and Alexanderplatz in 1987. On 8 July 2000, the last car of a GI/I train suffered a short circuit, burning out at the rear of the Deutsche Oper station. The single exit of the station was unreachable, forcing the passengers to run through the tunnel to reach the next emergency exit. The fire also damaged the station, which remained closed until that September.[citation needed] The Portuguese Ambassador, João Diogo Nunes Barata, presented the BVG with azulejos (tiled paintings), specially designed for the station, by the artist José de Guimarães.[12] Installation of Portugal's gift to the city was completed on 30 October 2002. As a consequence of the Deutsche Oper incident, BVG decided to post an employee at every station with only one exit until a second exit could be built. Over the following few years, many of those stations—including Britz-Süd, Schillingstraße, Viktoria-Luise-Platz, Uhlandstraße, and Theodor-Heuss-Platz—were retrofitted with additional exits. By June 2008, the only remaining stations with no second exit, Konstanzer Straße and Rudow, had been fitted with second exits.[13] Despite these changes, several passenger organisations—such as Pro Bahn, and IGEB—demand that stations with exits in the middle of the platform also be fitted with additional emergency exits. Many stations are built this way; meeting those demands would place a heavy financial burden on both the BVG and the city.[citation needed] The U6 saw a particularly costly, though casualty-free, incident on 25 March 2003. Scheduled repair work on the line limited the normal service to between Alt-Mariendorf and Kurt-Schumacher-Platz; one train then shuttled back and forth between Kurt-Schumacher-Platz and Holzhauser Straße, sharing a platform at Kurt-Schumacher-Platz with the normal-service trains departing for their return journey to Alt-Mariendorf. Needing to pass several stop signals on the shuttle service, the driver had been given special instructions how to proceed. Unfortunately, he ignored the signal at the entry to Kurt-Schumacher-Platz, and ploughed into the side of a train heading back to Alt-Mariendorf. The impact wrecked both trains, and caused considerable damage to the tracks. Normal service did not resume for two days, and the removal of the two wrecked trains—which, surprisingly, could still roll along the tracks—also took nearly 48 hours.[citation needed] Films, music and merchandising [edit] The Berlin U-Bahn has appeared in numerous films and music videos. Offering access to stations, tunnels, and trains, the BVG cooperates with film-makers, although a permit is required.[14] Whether set in Berlin or elsewhere, the U-Bahn has had at least a minor role in a large number of movies and television programmes, including Emil and the Detectives (2001), Otto – Der Film (1985), Bang! You're Dead! [de] (1987) featuring Ingolf Lück, Run Lola Run (1998), and several Tatort episodes. The previously unused Reichstag station was used to shoot scenes of the movies Resident Evil and Equilibrium. The U-Bahn station Messe was used as coverage in the films Hanna and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2.[citation needed] Möbius 17, by Frank Esher Lämmer and Jo Preussler from Berlin, tells the story of an U-Bahn train that, caught in a Möbius strip, travels through alternate universes after a new line is built. Alexanderplatz station plays an essential role in Berlin Alexanderplatz—a film of thirteen hour-long chapters and one epilogue—produced in 1980 by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, based on the book by Döblin. The film's scenes feature a recreation of the station as it was in 1928—rather darker and dirtier than in the 21st century. In the surrealistic two-hour epilogue, Fassbinder transforms parts of the station into a slaughterhouse where people are killed and dissected. Since 2001, the Berlin U-Bahn has hosted the annual short-film festival Going Underground. Short films (up to 90 seconds long) are shown on the monitors found in many of the U-Bahn trains.[15] Passengers on board vote for the festival winner. Sandy Mölling, former singer of the pop band No Angels, shot the video for her single "Unnatural Blonde" in the U-Bahn station Deutsche Oper. Kate Ryan, Overground, Böhse Onkelz, Xavier Naidoo, Die Fantastischen Vier, and the DJ duo Blank & Jones have all used the U-Bahn and its stations for their videos as well. "Linie 1", a musical performed by Berlin's Grips-Theater, is set completely in stations and trains of the Berlin U-Bahn; a movie version has also been produced. In 2002, the BVG cooperated with design students in a project to create underwear with an U-Bahn theme, which, in English, they named "Underwear". They used the names of real stations that, in the context of underwear, appeared to be mild sexual double entendres: men's underpants bore labels with Rohrdamm (pipe dam), Onkel Toms Hütte (Uncle Tom's Cabin), and Krumme Lanke (crooked lake); the women's had Gleisdreieck (triangle track), and Jungfernheide (virgin heath). After the first series sold out quickly, several others were commissioned, such as Nothammer (emergency hammer), and Pendelverkehr (shuttle service; though Verkehr also means "intercourse" and Pendel also means "pendulum"). They were withdrawn from sale in 2004. See also [edit] References [edit] Bibliography [edit] Brian Hardy: The Berlin U-Bahn, Capital Transport, 1996, ISBN 1-85414-184-8 Ulf Buschmann: U-Bahnhöfe Berlin. Berlin Underground Stations. Berlin Story Verlag, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-86368-027-5 Jan Gympel: U-Bahn Berlin – Reiseführer. GVE-Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-89218-072-5 AG Berliner U-Bahn: Zur Eröffnung der elektrischen Hoch-und Untergrundbahn in Berlin. GVE-Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-89218-077-6 Jürgen Meyer-Kronthaler und Klaus Kurpjuweit: Berliner U-Bahn – In Fahrt seit Hundert Jahren. be.bra Verlag, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-930863-99-5 Petra Domke und Markus Hoeft: Tunnel Gräben Viadukte – 100 Jahre Baugeschichte der Berliner U-Bahn. kulturbild Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-933300-00-2 Ulrich Lemke und Uwe Poppel: Berliner U-Bahn. alba Verlag, Düsseldorf, ISBN 3-87094-346-7 Robert Schwandl: Berlin U-Bahn Album. Alle 192 Untergrund- und Hochbahnhöfe in Farbe. Robert Schwandl Verlag, Berlin Juli 2002, ISBN 3-936573-01-8 Jürgen Meyer-Kronthaler: Berlins U-Bahnhöfe – Die ersten hundert Jahre. be.bra Verlag, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-930863-16-2 Network map
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https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Berlin
For other places with the same name, see Berlin (disambiguation). Berlin is a huge city with several district articles that contain information about specific sights, restaurants, and accommodation. Berlin is Germany's capital and biggest city. Within the city limits, Berlin in 2022 had a population of 3.7 million. Berlin is coming into its own again as a cosmopolitan capital of one of Europe's wealthiest nations. "Arm aber sexy" (poor but sexy) as a former mayor would have it, Berlin attracts young people, students and a creative bohème like few other cities in the world. With architectural heritage from Prussian monarchism, Nazism, East German communism and Potsdamer Platz, filled with 1990s and 2000s-style glass palaces after having been a "blank canvas" due to the wall, Berlin's architecture is as varied as its neighbourhoods and its people. And due to its long history as a cosmopolitan capital, it has attracted immigrants from all over the world for more than 300 years now, who continue to leave their own marks on the city. Berlin is home to world-renowned universities, orchestras, museums, and entertainment venues, and is host to many sporting events. Its Zoological Garden is the most visited zoo in Europe and one of the most popular worldwide. The city is well known for its festivals, nightlife, contemporary arts and a very high quality of living. Districts [edit] Berlin can be seen as a cluster of centres. Berlin has many boroughs (Bezirke), and each borough is composed of several localities (Kiez or Viertel) — each of these boroughs and localities has a unique style. Some boroughs of Berlin are more worthy of a visitor's attention than others. Berlin used to be divided into 23 boroughs, and these boroughs are used in Wikivoyage as they remain foremost in popular conceptions of the city and are useful for visitors to know. In 2001, the number of boroughs was reduced from 23 to 12 for administrative purposes—mostly by merging old boroughs—sometimes across what was the inner-Berlin border. The boroughs can roughly be grouped into eight districts: Mitte (Mitte, Tiergarten) The "heart" of Berlin has many historically important sights, abundant cafés, restaurants, museums, galleries, and clubs. City West (Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Schöneberg, Friedenau, Moabit, Hansaviertel) This used to be the urban heart of West Berlin with Kurfürstendamm (Ku'damm) and Tauentzienstraße still major shopping areas. While the party has since moved east, there are great restaurants and hotels as well as the Olympic stadium and Schloss Charlottenburg. East Central (Friedrichshain, Kreuzberg, Prenzlauer Berg, Wedding) Made up of historically diverse neighbourhoods, Kreuzberg was in the West but almost encircled by the wall. It drew leftists, cheapskates and malcontents, including a large squatter scene that frequently clashed with police, Friedrichshain likewise had squatters after reunification while "Prenzlberg" was a much more laid-back residential neighbourhood. Today all those areas are gentrifying, or already gentrified, but there are still numerous cafes, clubs, and bars. Reinickendorf and Spandau (Spandau, Reinickendorf) Spandau and Reinickendorf are beautiful old towns, which feel much more spacious than the inner city. At times they can feel a world apart from Berlin. If you ask the average Berliner, and even many Spandauers, they'll tell you Spandau isn't "actually Berlin". East (Lichtenberg, Hohenschönhausen, Marzahn, Hellersdorf, Weißensee, Pankow) The museum at the site of the 1945 surrender to the Soviet army and the former Stasi prison are an essential visit for anyone interested in East German history. Marzahn-Hellersdorf's reputation for being a vast collection of dull high-rise apartment blocks is undeserved because it is the home of the "Gardens of the World", a large park where you can explore various ethnic styles of garden design. Steglitz-Zehlendorf (Steglitz, Zehlendorf) The southwest corner of Berlin, a rather bourgeois and relatively sparsely populated area with easy access to Potsdam. Tempelhof and Neukölln (Tempelhof, Neukölln) The rapidly-gentrifying northern parts of Neukölln now seamlessly pass over into East Central, and Tempelhof is still known as the site of "the mother of all airports" (now a park). Treptow-Köpenick (Treptow, Köpenick) The southeastern corner, famous for the Hauptmann von Köpenick. Understand [edit] The city of Berlin is co-extensive with the Land of Berlin, one of the 16 federal states that make up the Federal Republic of Germany. It has a population of 3.8 million (2019) (and a million more in suburbs like Potsdam across the state line in Brandenburg). Berlin is and has been far less dominant as the capital of Germany than London, Paris or Madrid are in their respective countries, because of the federal nature of Germany and because the havoc war and partition wreaked on the city. Merely a backwater town in the early 18th century, Berlin grew to be one of the most important and biggest cities in the world by the 1920s. The heart of old Prussia and a focal point of the Cold War, it lost much of its importance and historic architecture as a result of World War II and German partition. Berlin is a world city of culture, politics, media and science. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the service sector, a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, and media corporations. Significant sectors also include IT, biotechnology, construction and electronics. With the world's oldest large-scale movie studio complex in nearby Babelsberg, Berlin is an increasingly popular location for international film productions. History [edit] The beginnings [edit] The area was most likely first settled by Slavs before German-speaking immigrants arrived in the 11th and 12th centuries. The earliest evidence of settlements in the area of what is now Berlin are a wooden rod dating from approximately 1192 and remains of wooden houses dated to 1174 which were found in a 2012 excavation in Berlin Mitte. The first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not become part of Berlin until 1920 (see below). The nucleus of Berlin was two towns: Berlin (now known as the Nikolaiviertel close to Alexanderplatz), which began as a Slavic town, and Cölln, which was Germanic in origin, which included what has today become the Museum Island. While the etymology of "Berlin" is not fully clear (the bear in the coat of arms is due to an understandable wrong assumption medieval German speakers made) it is likely linked to a Slavic word for swamp. So yes, Germany's capital was literally built in a swamp. The year 1237 (first mention of Cölln in official records) is what was used as the basis for the 750-year celebrations in 1987, and it'll likely be used as the reference point for future anniversaries. The area became known as Berlin-Cölln and was a residence for the electors of Brandenburg, but it remained a relatively small trading post. Roughly half of Berlin's inhabitants perished as a result of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). The war led to a signature Hohenzollern policy of allowing and even encouraging religious refugees to immigrate to the area. The policy was promulgated by "great elector" Frederic William (Friedrich Wilhelm, reigned 1640-1688), who also consolidated the trend of ruling Prussians to be called Friedrich, Wilhelm or both, which lasted all the way to the last German Kaiser Wilhelm II. Berlin became the capital of Prussia in 1701, but Potsdam remained a symbol for Hohenzollern rule into Weimar times. In 1710 several independent towns were merged into Berlin, helping to give it the polycentric layout it still has. The Prussian leaders of the 18th century were known for their "enlightened despotism" and an amount of religious toleration far beyond that found in other parts of Europe at the time. Those policies benefited all of Brandenburg/Prussia but they had their strongest impact on Berlin. Kaiserreich and Weimar Republic [edit] The German Empire (Deutsches Reich) was formed in 1871 under Prussian dominance and Berlin became the capital of this newly-united Germany. It grew quickly as the political capital and as a centre of industry. Between 1877 and 1900, its population grew from 1 million inhabitants to 1.9 million. In 1884-1885, Berlin was the location of the Berlin Conference, in which the great powers, namely Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States, met to divide Africa among themselves. In 1918, it was in Berlin that many of the most decisive events of the German November Revolution to overthrow the Kaiser took place. Philipp Scheidemann, a Social Democrat, declared a republic from a window of the Reichstag on 9 November 1918. Just hours later, communist Karl Liebknecht declared a "free socialist republic" leading to a schism between the Social Democrats and Communists, who were already at odds in 1914 over the question of whether to support World War I. Berlin became one of the centres of fighting and chaos. The split continued throughout the Weimar Republic period. In 1920, the last of the annexations of towns surrounding Berlin created the administrative borders it has today, then known as "Groß-Berlin", or Greater Berlin. The Weimar era was probably the high point in both the importance of Berlin and its reputation in the world. The city's population grew to 4 million people. It was one of the most populous and influential cities in the world, only exceeded in population by New York City and London. In area, Groß-Berlin was the second biggest city in the world behind only Los Angeles. Almost all politicians, intellectuals, artists, scientists and other public figures known during the Weimar Republic lived and worked in Berlin. It was here that the theatres, cabarets and cinemas brought German culture to a frenetic flourishing that was suddenly and violently ended with the Nazi takeover. Potsdamer Platz (site of one of the first traffic lights in the world) was considered one of the places in Europe with the densest traffic. The rapidly developing S-Bahn (electrified in that era) and U-Bahn mass transit systems were seen as models for the world with few equals. Tempelhof Airport (then without its iconic terminal building which was built by the Nazis) was seen as one of the best airports in Europe, and its connection to the U-Bahn showed the way for all major airports to come. Berlin was also a bustling multicultural place with people from all over the world contributing to its cultural and economic output. Rampant inequality, however, meant that not everybody participated in the boom. The economic crisis of 1929 and the subsequent austerity measures hit the poorest disproportionately hard. Housing was scarce in the city, and apartment blocks intended to remedy this were built. Six groups of these buildings have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites under the name "Berlin Modernism Housing Estates". Nazi era and World War II [edit] The takeover of Germany by the Nazis in 1933 meant a break for the culture of Berlin. Many of the intellectuals and artists who had been drawn to the liberal and progressive metropolis had to flee, were imprisoned by the Nazis or otherwise silenced. The vibrant gay scene which had existed more or less openly despite laws banning male homosexuality was brutally suppressed by the Nazis. Until 1933 Berlin felt a world apart from the rising Nazi threat emerging from more rural areas. It seemed almost as a foreign invasion when the Nazis took power and asserted their brutal regime in Berlin and the rest of Germany. The Nazis wanted to redesign Berlin into "World Capital Germania", but the war put an end to those plans. The Nazi buildings that remain were built before the war and are not always associated with them, such as the Olympic Stadium (built for the 1936 games), and the terminal building for Tempelhof Airport. Berlin was hit hard and repeatedly by a series of aerial bombardments during World War II that levelled a lot of the city. In the last months of the war, Berlin was at the heart of one of the bloodiest battles of the war as several Soviet generals raced one another to get to Berlin first because Stalin believed the Americans and British intended to conquer Berlin as well. A "whispered joke" making the rounds at the time among Germans said the war would be over when the Volkssturm (old men and teenagers - Hitler's last "soldiers" of any kind) would take the S-Bahn to the front. The iconic photo of a Soviet soldier raising the red flag on the Reichstag dates to that era, and graffiti made by Soviet soldiers in 1945 can still be found in the Reichstag Building. Some foreign tourists like to ask where the Führerbunker is, but like other potential "shrines to Nazism" it was levelled by the Allies and is now the site of a parking lot. The Topographie des Terrors ("Topography of Terror") in central Berlin is an open-air exhibit that gives backgrounds on the sites of various Nazi offices in Berlin and which atrocities were directed from where. Cold War and partition [edit] Berlin was divided into four sectors in accordance with the agreements of Yalta and Potsdam. While the powers had planned to jointly administer Berlin and Germany, it broke down with the Soviet blockade of the Western sectors, and then with the Berlin airlift. West Berlin had to be supplied by the western allies through the air. The airlift, including the dropping of small packets of candy on makeshift parachutes, endeared people in West Berlin to the Western allies, and eventually forced the Soviets to end the blockade. Despite the name "raisin bomber", the single most common good by net tonnage was coal. Because the sectors were cut off from Soviet-occupied electricity lines, the planes also flew in an entire power plant and subsequently the fuel for it, but most coal was used to heat private homes. West Berlin later became a part of West Germany in fact if not in name: it sent non-voting delegates to the Bundestag who were nominated by the Berlin parliament rather than elected by the people; similarly all federal laws had to be approved by the Berlin legislature, which usually happened without any real vote or discussion. Berlin remained the last open crossing in the increasingly militarised and airtight "inner-German" border. On 13 August 1961, the East German (GDR) leadership closed the border just weeks after East German leader Walter Ulbricht said in a press conference "Niemand hat die Absicht eine Mauer zu errichten" (nobody has the intention of building a wall). The border was fortified more and more in the ensuing years with several walls. The concrete wall was soon covered in graffiti on its western side. The side was in East Berlin, but neither the East German nor the West German authorities were willing or able to police it. While there was an effort in the west to preserve historic buildings which had survived Allied bombardment, the GDR tore down buildings that might have been salvageable. The Stadtschloss was seen as a remnant of feudalism and was replaced with the Palast der Republik which housed the GDR Parliament. It was torn down after 1990 due to its political associations and asbestos content. A new Stadtschloss at the same site, housing the Humboldt Forum, opened in 2020. The rebuilding of a feudal monument on the site of east Germany's most notable representative building was seen as a dubious political statement, and was controversial because of the questionable way in which many of the exhibits were acquired during the colonial era. The partition also led to a unique development, especially in the Western half. West Berlin never legally belonged to the Federal Republic of Germany, even though it "voluntarily" applied most West German laws. A prohibition on joining the military made it a place for many students and radicals or people who wanted to avoid the draft to go. The student revolts of 1967/68 mostly took place here. It was here that young Benno Ohnesorg was shot during a protest against the Shah of Iran in 1967. This galvanised a movement against continued presence of Nazi elites, the Vietnam War and several - perceived or real - birth defects of the young German Federal Republic. This movement, retroactively called die 68er (the 68ers), was most prominent in Berlin. Its leader, Rudi Dutschke, an East German emigrant from Brandenburg. In this era, Kreuzberg, a part of which was surrounded by the wall on three sides, became a hotbed of leftist activism. There were frequent clashes with police, which have been occasionally repeated since reunification. During partition, artists like David Bowie came to Berlin for inspiration. A stop at landmarks symbolic of the division became a mainstay of foreign state visits to the city. Ronald Reagan famously stood in front of the Brandenburg Gate, made inaccessible by the Wall, when he said "Mister Gorbachev open this gate; Mister Gorbachev tear down this wall." People fed up with the situation in East Germany - and encouraged by Gorbachev's policy of glasnost and perestroika - took to the streets in increasing numbers in 1989. There was a large demonstration at Alexanderplatz in October 1989. On 9 November 1989, GDR press secretary Günter Schabowski read aloud a new decree regarding an opening of the border during the first-ever live GDR press conference. On the subsequent question of when it would enter in force, he replied "sofort, unverzüglich" (i.e. immediately). While the people who had drafted the new decree had not intended for immediate entry into force, Schabowski had been kept out of the loop regarding that crucial detail. This slip-up led to people flocking to the border post in the belief the Wall had fallen. The overwhelmed guards had no choice but to open the border, and this day became known as the "fall of the Berlin Wall". The Wall was torn down in the ensuing days and weeks. Events began moving fast, and after elections resulted in a clear pro-unification majority, East Germany joined West Germany on 3 October 1990, just days ahead of what would have been the 41st anniversary of the GDR. Berlin became the capital of reunified Germany and most government institutions moved there in 1998. History since reunification [edit] Despite its almost total lack of industry (what survived the war either left West Berlin or was nationalised in East Berlin and mostly went bankrupt during 1989/90), Berlin is a major draw for immigrants, particularly the young and well-educated. Unlike virtually all major capitals, Berlin is slightly less well-off than the national average, and thus has had comparatively affordable rents and costs of living during the postwar era, albeit with a steep upward trend catching up to its peers by the 2020s. This has combined to make Berlin one of the centres of the startup phenomenon. The "rent question" has come to dominate Berlin politics in the 2020s with a Berlin-based rent control law struck down by the Constitutional Court on the grounds that a state government didn't have that authority (only the federal government does) and a plebiscite in the works that would expropriate big private real estate companies which had bought up a lot of Berlin housing stock cheaply in the neoliberal 2000s. While the Wall is now fallen longer than it ever stood, and some scars of partition took only weeks or months to mend, there are still visible signs of where the border once was. Some are seemingly innocuous like the lack of trams in the old West or the colour of street lights, but some are kept in place on purpose to remind locals and visitors alike of that phase of history. After reunification, there was an iconoclasm of all things GDR. While many things (particularly the monuments to the Soviet soldiers) were kept, the most notable victim of a drive to tear down all relics of Communist government was the Palast der Republik. It was torn down in part because of asbestos contamination, but also to restore the former Prussian Stadtschloss, which had been torn down to make way for the GDR reorganisation of the city. Climate [edit] Berlin is at a transition point between temperate oceanic and continental climates, meaning warm summers and cold winters. Nighttime temperatures typically fall below freezing in the winter, and snowfall is a regular occurrence, though the snow rarely accumulates for more than a few days. Summers are typically pleasant, with daytime temperatures typically in the low 20s, and nighttime temperatures staying above 10 °C. Berlin is a rather windy city, though by no means as windy as coastal cities like Hamburg or Lübeck. A wind-stopping jacket comes highly recommended, especially during autumn and spring. People [edit] As a city that grew from an assortment of minor towns in a backwater of Europe to the third biggest city in the world in barely more than two centuries, Berlin has always been a place where being "from elsewhere" was the rule rather than the exception. During GDR times, East Berlin attracted many people from the countryside and other cities as new housing was built at a faster rate there to alleviate the housing shortage. Furthermore, Berliners often enjoyed slightly fuller shelves and shorter lines in supermarkets than other East Germans. In the West, some people left Berlin due to its isolation, and others came in due to the exemption from the draft. Since reunification, Berlin's Jewish community has been growing because of immigration from the former Soviet Union, and because some young Israelis find Berlin a better place to live (and party) than Tel Aviv, Haifa or Jerusalem. Today Berlin draws people from Germany and from all over Europe, particularly the south of the continent. You will find a diaspora of very close to every ethnicity, religion and national origin in Berlin. This means that Berlin is able to constantly reinvent itself, but a Berliner born-and-raised is something of a rare sight outside some outlying neighbourhoods. Nowadays the conflicts between Easterners and Westerners are often replaced by jokes about Swabians, who have a reputation for thriftiness, uptightness and an audible dialect. Many Swabians have flocked to neighbourhoods like Prenzlauer Berg, and the welcome hasn't always been warm. Make no mistake, however, often those complaining the loudest about "Swabians" or gentrification are relatively recent arrivals themselves. Berliners are notorious for a certain type of "humour" that can come across as just plain rudeness to those not accustomed to it. The stereotypical Berliner has a reputation for impolite directness even among Germans who in general see little use in pleasantries and small talk. Berliners will also frequently complain about supposed or real government incompetence which they find evidenced in everything from trash on the streets or a delayed bus to the woes during the construction of the new airport or the understaffed civil service. However, it is generally not seen favourably when out of towners start joining the complaints. Berlin is also a remarkably irreligious city with only about a quarter of the population belonging to either the Protestant or Catholic Church as tracked for tax reasons. Media – especially those of a conservative bent or based in mostly Catholic southern Germany – have consequently taken to calling Berlin the "capital of atheists". Nevertheless, Berlin also has a large Muslim population, and you can meet people from every religion in Berlin. Wildlife [edit] Though Berlin is traditionally associated with bears, you are not likely to see any of them roaming the streets. However, Berlin is also known for its foxes, which are visible not only in parks but also at times on quiet streets of relatively built-up, centrally located neighborhoods at night. There is also a great variety of bird life, especially in the huge Tiergarten, where you can hear Eurasian blackbirds, nightingales, European robins, goldfinches, blackcaps and quite a few other songbirds in the spring and summer. Economy [edit] From 1871 to 1940, Berlin was a centre for major German industrial companies and the administrative headquarters of many companies in all fields. However, soon after the Second World War ended, many of these companies moved south or west, went bankrupt, or were nationalised in the GDR. Berlin consequently became a centre of research, rather than of production. West Berlin had a special subsidy for "Berlin-made" industrial products during partition, but those were usually products which had the bare minimum of production occur in Berlin to benefit from the subsidy and almost all of those schemes ceased the moment the subsidy was ended after reunification. While some company headquarters have moved to Berlin since reunification in 1990, the dominance of the capital is much less pronounced in the German economy than in that of most other European countries. Despite the economic boost resulting from the country's capital moving back to the city, Berlin's unemployment rate soared over 10% from 2000 to 2010. Berlin today is known in Germany for being a centre of creative branches such as design and arts of all kinds; you will see a lot of people working with Notebooks in some coffee shops. Since reunification some companies have established head offices in Berlin but in many cases those exist primarily to have a "representative" address on the letterhead and a lot of administration, let alone development or production is still done outside Berlin. In what many Berliners hope to be a sign of a trend change, Berlin founded industrial conglomerate Siemens is once again moving into its 1920s "Siemensstadt" in the 2020s to have a capital location for research, administration and production. Orientation [edit] As Berlin grew from several different towns and villages, there is not one centre per se but rather several centres which can make orientation a bit difficult. The apocryphal adage about Washington DC's street layout being designed to confuse invading armies could apply to Berlin as well, if it were designed by anybody to do anything at all. Berlin's streets are confusing and follow no logic to speak of, owing to the development of the city and to decades of partition. Cardinal directions are of little use: almost nothing is aligned straightforwardly east–west, nor north–south, not even the former border. Street signs therefore usually bear the names of boroughs and sometimes local landmarks. There may be different streets of the same name scattered across the city. For example, there are at least three streets named "Potsdamer Straße": one in Lichtenrade, one in Zehlendorf and another one in Giesendorf. This is not an uncommon thing in Berlin in part due to it having been a bunch of separate cities and villages. Some of the more common names have since been changed, but by far not all of them. It is a good idea to always keep in mind which district you are travelling to. German postal codes are pretty fine-grained and usually the same street-name should not appear twice in the same code, so try and use the full address with postal code and/or district. Taxi drivers somehow have to (and usually do) know most of those strange and repeating street names. As Istanbul-born comedian Serdar Somuncu quipped with regard to the many Turkish-descendant taxi drivers, "A German wouldn't go to Istanbul to become a taxi driver, yet countless Turkish taxi drivers get people to one of the three dozen Goethe Straßen in Berlin without fail every day". House numbers do not necessarily run in the same direction (up or down) everywhere. On a lot of streets, the numbers ascend on one side and descend on the other. So to avoid getting you lost, you should check the numbering scheme first: you can find the name of the street at nearly every street corner. The same sign will usually state the range of house numbers in that segment. Berlin's U-Bahn and S-Bahn bear the scars of decades of partition and of post-reunification lack of funds. They originated as a hodgepodge of lines with different loading gauges constructed by private companies and then-independent cities. Routes are indicated by number and the name of their endpoint, so memorise them lest you want to go many kilometres in the wrong direction. A good public transport map comes in handy, and several institutions hand out city maps with urban rail stops indicated on them. The U-Bahn, S-Bahn and, in the former East, Straßenbahn (tramway) are still a good way to get around. The buses are also clean, reliable and relatively fast. Read and watch [edit] Berlin probably reached its cultural peak in the 1920s, although since then many artists took a lot of inspiration from the divided years. Here are just a few books and films to introduce you to Berlin: Berlin Alexanderplatz (Alfred Döblin, 1929) captures the Berlin of its time. The most famous of its three film versions is the 15½-hour Fassbinder film. A remake loosely based on the novel was released in 2020. Emil and the Detectives (Erich Kästner, 1929) is the most famous book set in Berlin. Emil, a naïve country boy, is robbed by a criminal. The boy is helped by a gang of street-savvy Berlin children who solve the case by themselves. There are several film versions of the story, made from 1931 to 2001. Cabaret perhaps the work that defined the view of the Weimar Republic in the Anglophone world. The movie is based on the 1939 book, Goodbye to Berlin, by Christopher Isherwood, a gay man about the nightlife of pre-war Berlin, a hedonistic world ignoring the coming catastrophe Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo, a 1978 autobiography written by "Christiane F." about a drug-addicted child prostitute in West Berlin. David Bowie recorded the soundtrack for the 1981 film. Run Lola Run (German: Lola rennt), a 1998 movie about a small time criminal and his girlfriend, Lola. Its frenetic narrative tells three different versions of the same story depending on Lola's decisions. It was one of the biggest post-reunification successes of German cinema. Good Bye, Lenin!, a 2003 film set in East Berlin during the 1989/90 transition. The premise is the protagonist trying to ensure his mother, who fell into a coma shortly before the fall of the Wall and awoke shortly afterwards, doesn't realise the GDR is no more. The Kangaroo Chronicles (Marc-Uwe Kling, 2009–14). A "minor artist" narrates his life with a communist kangaroo roommate; the two engage in hijinks, often of a political bent, philosophising about the injustices of capitalism, and how modern society induces laziness. His observational comedy is spot-on. A movie based on the books was released in 2020. Victoria, a 2015 film about one night in Berlin, shot in a single 140-minute take without cuts. A Spanish student in Berlin runs into a gang who are much less sophisticated but exhibit a rough charm. They inadvertently get involved in criminal activity, giving the film elements of a thriller and road movie through different parts of the city. Babylon Berlin (2017–present), a hit TV series about crime, nightlife, demimonde, drugs and political conflict in 1920s Berlin, loosely based on the crime novel series. Music [edit] There are countless musical tributes to Berlin, many of which praise the imperfections that are characteristic of the city. This is just a small selection: Paul Lincke's operetta song Berliner Luft (1904) Hildegard Knef's Berlin, dein Gesicht hat Sommersprossen (1966) the Rauch-Haus-Song (1972) by leftist rock band Ton Steine Scherben, which became the anthem of the squatter scene and was covered by several punk bands David Bowie and Iggy Pop lived in West Berlin during the late-1970s. Bowie's albums Low, Heroes and Lodger are therefore known as the "Berlin Trilogy". Songs that are clearly about Berlin include Iggy's The Passenger (1977) and Bowie's nostalgic Where are we now? (2013) Wir stehn auf Berlin (1980) by Neue Deutsche Welle band Ideal Sido's rap Mein Block (2004) about life in the Märkisches Viertel, a deprived plattenbau estate Dickes B (2001) by reggae/dancehall combo Seeed and Schwarz zu blau (2009) by Seeed member Peter Fox Berlin is a centre of electronic music of all kinds, and its legendary clubbing scene attracts people from around the globe. The movie Berlin Calling, with music by Paul & Fritz Kalkbrenner (the former also playing the main role), is a celebration of this part of Berlin culture. Tourist information [edit] Talk [edit] Signage and automatic announcements are often available in English, and possibly other languages besides German. Most signage related to the partition era is available in all three languages of the former occupiers (French, Russian and English). There are, however, surprisingly many people who speak little or no English, in particular among the elderly and people who grew up in the East, where Russian was taught in schools. This does not necessarily keep them from attempting to speak English with you if they notice an accent or halting German. A lot of place names can be a bit tricky even to fluent German speakers as they are of Slavic origin. The widespread -ow ending is to be pronounced /o:/ like a long German "o". Saying "Pankoff" or "Rudoff" will mark you as an out-of-towner and might cause jokes at your expense. People who work in public transit and the tourism sector are now expected to speak at least some English, but they may not necessarily have much patience explaining the same thing over and over to tourists every single day, even when it's their job to do so, and the aforementioned Berlin rudeness / "humour" might come through when dealing with tourists. Immigration and the Erasmus programme mean there are several other languages widely spoken. In particular, there are some 200,000 people of Turkish origin living in Berlin, mainly in the western districts. But don't assume someone speaks Turkish well (or at all) just because they have a Turkish surname. Foreign students originate from all over Europe, but Spanish, Greek and Italian speakers are especially numerous. As many students in Berlin are either Erasmus students or have been abroad elsewhere, you can reasonably expect students to speak at least passable English and often another European language. The Berlin dialect (Berlinerisch) is still spoken by many people, particularly in outlying districts and neighbouring Brandenburg. Dialect is usually more pronounced in the East and some words are almost entirely unknown even in West Berlin. Some words used in the Berlin dialect: Schrippe: bread roll Stulle: sandwich Broiler: grilled chicken (people from western Germany and former West Berlin probably won't understand this; they say Grillhähnchen instead) Get in [edit] By plane [edit] You may also want to consider flying in to the airports of Hamburg, Frankfurt or Hanover. From there you can take a (high-speed) train or intercity bus to Berlin. The nearby airports of Leipzig and Dresden have fewer scheduled flights. Getting from the airport to central Berlin [edit] The airport is in Fare Zone C of the Berlin public transit fare system, so you will have to use a ticket valid in BC (not valid for entering the central "A" zone) or ABC for €4.00 (August 2023). Tickets valid only in AB or the DB "City Ticket" are not valid for travel to the airport and you are subject to a €60 fine (January 2023) if caught using the wrong ticket or no ticket at all. There are also 24-hr tickets and 7 day tickets available. From Terminal 1: The building that houses Terminal 1 also houses the annex Terminal 2 used by some low-cost carriers and will house Terminals 3 and 4. It is served by . As Terminal 1 is served by more airlines and by higher prestige full service carriers, there is a bigger assortment of transportation options. There is a "Flughafen-Express" (FEX) or Airport Express to Berlin Main Station (Hbf) via Ostkreuz and Gesundbrunnen which is the fastest option to the main station from the airport. There are also several long-distance IC lines going to destinations like Dresden or Rostock - they also stop at the main station but cannot be used with an ABC ticket. After having served the Terminal 5 station, S9 and S45 also stop at the terminal 1 station (though they serve one intermediate station in between). Bus X7 also serves Terminal 1. From the airport by car: Should you wish to drive from the airport, use A113 and follow signposting. Berlin's traffic is becoming a major issue, so think twice before using your car. By train [edit] Wikivoyage has a guide to Rail travel in Germany The central station together with (Southern Cross, formerly Papestraße) and (Eastern Station) — plus minor in the north and in the west — forms the backbone of all connections. All are connected to S- or U-Bahn. All trains stop at Hauptbahnhof and a second major hub (depending on your itinerary). Regional trains stop at several stations within Berlin, almost all of them also at Hauptbahnhof and all stop at least at one major long-distance hub. The Hauptbahnhof is situated between the S-Bahn stations Friedrichstraße and Bellevue. It is an impressive feat of architecture with many shops, most of them open on Sundays. Given its size, the distances between train platforms are surprisingly short. However, try to avoid tight connections, as the multilevel layout can be confusing at first and Berlin Hauptbahnhof is a good place to kill half an hour at any rate. The new 'Hauptbahnhof' may appear as 'Lehrter Bahnhof' on older maps. U5 connects the Hauptbahnhof to Alexanderplatz and destinations further east (older guides might state U55 instead which has been merged into the lengthened U5 in 2020). Four S-Bahn lines ( S3 , S5 , S7 , S9 ) serve the station as do three tram lines (M5, M8, M10). The tram lines serve the Main Station coming from the East and the M10 also runs west to Moabit (U Turmstraße). M10 is particularly known as a "party tram" due to its route serving several nightlife hotspots and has been the subject of many a newspaper article. In addition to these transport options mostly oriented East-West a new S-Bahn line, tentatively called "S21" is under construction serving as another north–south spine through Hauptbahnhof. During partition Berlin had two main train stations: Zoologischer Garten (practically universally referred to in speech as Bahnhof Zoo or just Zoo) in the West, and Ostbahnhof in the East. The latter was named "Hauptbahnhof" from 1987 to 1998. Since the opening of the Hauptbahnhof, most ICE and international lines no longer stop at Zoologischer Garten, although regional DB services and S+U-Bahn services still stop there. Berlin is served by all the train types Deutsche Bahn (DB) has on offer, including high speed ICE, somewhat slower IC, and EuroCity (EC) operated by DB and other European railway companies. Connections to the rest of Germany are excellent and most of Europe is reachable with one or two changes. While train routes to Berlin suffered during partition, they were a high federal priority following reunification and today Berlin has fast train connections to the west and south. Trains due north and east are still a bit slower. For example, the line to Dresden is slower today than it was in the 1930s when streamlined steam trains plied the route. Domestic trains to Berlin include ICE services from Hamburg, Munich via Leipzig/Halle, Erfurt and Nuremberg with the fastest trains arriving in Berlin less than four hours after departure from Munich, IC/EC services from Dresden, and several "regional" trains, which have more intermediate stops and longer travel time than ICE. Among these the IRE from Hamburg might be of interest due to its cheap fixed price (€19.90 one way, €29.90 round trip). Berlin is also a stop for several "ICE Sprinter" services - ICE trains with fewer or no intermediate stops intended to lure business travellers from planes onto trains with faster travel times. Berlin is also served by a private competitor of DB: Flixtrain, a subsidiary of Flixbus. They run trains from Stuttgart via Wolfsburg, Frankfurt and other stops, from Cologne via Bielefeld, Hanover, and Wolfsburg, from Basel, via Frankfurt, as well as shorter distances from Dresden, and Leipzig with a stop in Wittenberg. In addition to Hauptbahnhof, some Flixtrain trains stop in some of Berlin's other major train stations; Gesundbrunen, Ostbahnhof, Südkreuz, and Spandau. Flixtrain doesn't accept any DB tickets, and the same is true vice-versa. The Austrian railway company ÖBB (under the name Nightjet) runs sleeper trains to Berlin from Vienna (11 hr) and Zürich (12 hr). By bus [edit] Flixbus - the biggest player in the market Ecolines RegioJet/Student Agency mostly serving the Hamburg - Berlin - Dresden - Prague corridor By car [edit] Berlin's "capital beltway", the A10 Berliner Ring, extends up to 30 km (19 mi) outside the city limits and actually only touches Berlin itself in the Northeast. It was built in the GDR era as the longest circular motorway in the world to direct traffic around West-Berlin but has since been surpassed in length by Beijing's sixth ring road and also Beijing's seventh ring road when it opens. At 196 km (122 mi) it is 8 km (5.0 mi) longer than the M25 around London, Europe's second longest orbital motorway. These motorways (enumerated in a clockwise direction) connect with the ring: A11 from Stettin at Dreieck Schwanebeck A12 from Frankfurt (Oder)/Warsaw at Dreieck Spreeau A13 from Dresden/Prague at Kreuz Schönefeld A9 from Leipzig/Munich at Dreieck Potsdam A2 from Hanover/Dortmund at Dreieck Werder A24 from Hamburg at Dreieck Havelland. From the ring, these are the motorways heading towards the city: A111 from the northwest at Kreuz Oranienburg A114 from the north at Dreieck Pankow A113 from the southeast at Schönefelder Kreuz A115 from the southwest at Dreieck Nuthetal. There are also dual carriageways: B96 from the north and the south B2 from the northeast B5 from the east and west B101 from the south. Inside Berlin there is a heavily congested inner ring motorway (A100), which encircles the north, west and south with the northeastern section missing. Berlin driving is not for the faint-hearted, but manageable as there are wide streets and reasonably good parking conditions - at least in most parts of the city. The very existence of A100 is controversial in Berlin and its extension even more so. There are occasional demonstrations on A100 (usually with some transportation policy related aim) that shut down A100 for motorized traffic. Berlin has a low emission zone (Umweltzone), which contains all areas within the S-Bahn ring. All vehicles moving inside this zone (including foreign vehicles) are required to bear a green emissions sticker (Feinstaubplakette). There are exceptions, e.g., for historic cars, but not for foreign number plates. The sticker can be ordered on-line. By ship [edit] Being some 200 km (120 mi) inland, Berlin does not have a seaport. The nearest seaport is Rostock-Warnemünde, which is 2½-3 hours away by train, though still sold by many cruise ship operators as "Berlin", so don't be surprised. There are similar distances to the seaports of Hamburg and Szczecin. The latter was "Berlin's port" until 1945, but Cold War neglect and the newly drawn German-Polish border have all but severed that connection. There have been only slow attempts in the 2010s and 2020s to re-establish the link. Some river cruises start or end at Berlin, using the Havel, Spree and some canals for cruises to Prague or the Baltic Sea. While river cruises in this area are nowhere near as popular as those along the Rhine or the Danube, there is some charming nature (including the Spreewald) rather close to Berlin. Most cruises include a tour of Berlin as the river Spree runs close to many sights. By bicycle [edit] The 700-km Berlin-Copenhagen Cycle Route and the 340-km Berlin-Usedom Cycle Route both end in Berlin. Get around [edit] By public transport [edit] As Berlin is a major metropolis with pretty decent public transit, you should take buses, trains and trams whenever possible as those cover most of the city and are often the fastest way to get to places. The Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG) list all their fares on their website. Consult their Berlin route planner (in English) to get excellent maps and schedules for the U-Bahn, buses, S-Bahn local trains (RB and RE) and trams, or to print your personal journey planner. The route planner can also calculate the fastest door-to-door route for your destination for any given day and hour. However, the route planner assumes a rather slow walking speed. It might suggest taking a bus or tram for a single stop where healthy adults would be faster walking. The planner will let you pick between three walking speeds, but even the fastest walking speed is not terribly fast if you have no luggage. While BVG doesn't run S-Bahn or local trains, they are covered by the website and can be used with the same tickets. Tickets [edit] The public transport system in Berlin (U-, S-Bahn, bus, tram, regional rail) uses a common ticket system based on zones (zone A, B and C). You are unlikely to go beyond zone A and B, except on trips to Potsdam or to the airport (BER). The border between zones A and B is the S-Bahn Ring (see below). Zone C includes trips to and within Potsdam. The following tickets can be used for single journeys: Several options are available for unlimited travel: 24 hour Ticket (24 Stunden Karte) - valid for 24 hours from validation for unlimited travel within specific zones (€9.50 for AB, €9.90 for BC and €10.70 for ABC as of August 2023) Small Group Day Ticket AB (Kleingruppen-Tageskarte). A day ticket valid for up to five people. For groups of three or more, this ticket is cheaper than individual day tickets. Price: Berlin AB €29.00, Berlin ABC €31.00 (August 2023). 7-Day-Ticket AB (7-Tagekarte). A ticket valid for seven days. Price: Berlin AB €39, Berlin ABC €46 (August 2023). Berlin CityTourCard. Ticket valid for all public transport services in Berlin, Potsdam and the surrounding area (depending on the covered zones) and a discount card for many tourist attractions; available in several different versions: 48 hours AB €20.00; 72 hours AB €30; 5 days AB €43. Add €5 if you want to go to Potsdam (fare zone ABC). A folded leaflet with a map of the inner city and an overview of the S-Bahn and U-Bahn railway networks of Berlin is included. Can be bought at ticket machines and various sales points (Berlin airports, larger train stations, hotels or online). Berlin WelcomeCard. Unlimited travel with all methods of public transport for the validity of the ticket; save up to 50% on more than 200 tourist and cultural highlights; handy guide in pocket book format with insider tips and tour suggestions; city plan for Berlin and Potsdam and a network plan for public transport. Can be bought at various sales points (Berlin airports, larger train stations, hotels or online). Tickets valid for only B and C are available as well, which you might need for a single trip to the Airport from somewhat out of the way lodgings. There is only one way to get a ticket only valid in A: Deutsche Bahn offers "City Tickets" as an add-on for their long distance train tickets and in Berlin those are only valid for a single trip inside the A zone. Reduced fares apply for children 6 to 14. Children under 6 ride free. Purchasing tickets [edit] Tickets can be purchased in several ways. Upon arrival at the different Berlin airports, some tickets can be purchased at the tourist desk. All tickets are available at vending machines at the airports, U- and S-Bahn platforms, and passengers may also use the vending machines operated by DB at long-distance and regional railway stations to purchase the same. English and other European languages are available. Payment is mostly by local bank cards, coins and banknotes. If you need assistance most larger stations have staffed ticket counters where you can ask questions and buy tickets. Buses will accept cash, and make change for tickets. Hotels may sell tickets as well. It is also possible to purchase tickets with an overseas debit or credit card (i.e. Visa and Mastercard) via the BVG mobile app and DB Navigator app (from the menu, tap Transport associations then VBB - Berlin & Brandenburg and select the appropriate ticket) but ensure that the device your ticket is loaded into has sufficient battery life to last the duration of the journey. In some places people will try to sell used tickets to you. You can go only one direction with a single-journey ticket (check the validation stamp and be careful as this could also be a pickpocket trick). Don't pay more than half the price. Validating tickets [edit] You need to validate your ticket using the machines on the U- and S-bahn platforms or in the bus. The machines are yellow/white in the U-Bahn and the bus, and red on S-Bahn platforms. Validation simply means the machine prints a time stamp onto the ticket to indicate the beginning of the ticket's validity period. Alternatively, if travelling on the regional trains (see next section), a conductor may validate the ticket for you whilst on board by punching a time stamp. Once validated, a ticket which is still valid does not need to be re-validated before each single trip. When purchasing tickets through the DB Navigator app, passengers can opt to validate their ticket immediately after purchase so there is no need to do anything further to validate it. Whilst it might be tempting to try to avoid buying a ticket given the absence of physical barriers, plain-clothed inspectors do patrol the trains. There is a €60 fine if you are caught without a validated ticket or if the device your ticket is loaded into runs out of battery shortly before or during inspection. Ticket inspections are arguably more common than in other cities and the inspectors more strict than in other cities. Don't even try to outrun one. They'll catch you and be all the more pissed at you. In some cases fare inspectors have not shirked from using physical force to restrain would be fare-evaders. Fare dodging cases rarely go to court unless for repeat offenders. If you need to get around the city quickly, take the S-Bahn. The Ringbahn that goes all around Berlin in a circle (or as local politicians would have it "a dog's head") lets you get to other parts of the city really fast. The S-Bahn originates from a circular railway ("Ringbahn") and an east–west trunk ("Stadtbahn") built in the 19th century to provide better connectivity between the terminus stations which were the endpoints of virtually all long distance train services to Berlin those days (similar to the way train stations are laid out in Paris or London today) which were later quadruple tracked with two tracks electrified for S-Bahn service (and later two tracks electrified with the mainline system) and in the 1930s a North-South Tunnel was added exclusively for the S-Bahn. The four stops where those intersect are named (x-)kreuz (x being the cardinal direction) with the exception of the Northern one which is officially Bahnhof Gesundbrunnen but sometimes referred to as "Nordkreuz". So there is Ostkreuz, Westkreuz, Südkreuz and Gesundbrunnen. The S-Bahn was neglected in the West during most of Berlin partition (see infobox for the reasons why) and some routes that were abandoned in this era are still not rebuilt and maybe never will. The S-Bahn is being expanded, however, and the network is now seamless: the former border is hardly ever notable to the casual observer. In the centre, most S-Bahn lines S5 , S7 , S75 run on an east–west route between Ostkreuz and Westkreuz via the stops Warschauer Straße, Ostbahnhof, Jannowitzbrücke, Alexanderplatz, Hackescher Markt, Friedrichstraße, Hauptbahnhof, Bellevue, Tiergarten, Zoologischer Garten, Savignyplatz and Charlottenburg. Other lines run along a circle track around the city, most notably the S8 and the S41 , S42 , S45 , and S46 lines, and there's also a north–south connection S1 , S2 , S25 from Gesundbrunnen through Friedrichstraße and Potsdamer Platz to Südkreuz or Schöneberg. Regional trains (RB, RE) run along the same central east–west connection, but stopping only at Lichtenberg or Karlshorst, Ostbahnhof, Alexanderplatz, Friedrichstraße, Hauptbahnhof, Zoologischer Garten, Charlottenburg and Spandau or Wannsee, as well as other lines connecting north–south from Jungfernheide or Gesundbrunnen through Hauptbahnhof, Potsdamer Platz and Südkreuz to Lichterfelde-Ost. Between the stations in the city centre, RB and RE trains run only two to three times an hour per direction so whilst you may be arriving at your destinations faster than with the S-bahn, you may have to wait longer to catch an RB/RE train. Long distance trains mostly run to Hauptbahnhof, often with one or two extra stops at other stations and local tickets are normally not valid for trips on these stretches. By U-Bahn [edit] The Berlin U-Bahn (commonly understood to be short for Untergrundbahn - "underground railway") is a network of ten lines across the city. They are numbered from 1 to 9 with the prefix "U" ( U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 ). You may find the U-Bahn network slightly less logical and convenient to use than in other European capitals, as Berlin's troubled history made its mark on it and many key locations remain unconnected, which is why using buses, trams and S-Bahn to complement the U-Bahn is probably necessary for efficient travel throughout Berlin. However, as those systems are fully integrated (see above), you can do so with only one ticket or type of ticket. Generally speaking in the east trams are more widespread while the west relies more heavily on U-Bahn, but that has been slowly changing since 1990. Despite the name "underground", some 20% of the network is actually made up of overground stretches running over characteristic viaducts throughout the city, adding a certain flavour to Berlin's cityscape. This arrangement is similar to many older subway systems which include elevated or even at-grade sections like the Hamburg system or the M2 / M6 lines in Paris. Unlike light rail systems or the Berlin tram however, all parts of the network have their own right of way and subways don't have level crossings. Detailed maps can be found in every U-Bahn station and on the trains. U-Bahn stations can be seen from far by their big, friendly blue U signs. Together with the S-Bahn (which is administered by Deutsche Bahn and mostly runs aboveground), the U-Bahn provides a transportation network throughout greater Berlin that is extremely efficient and fast. On weekends (Friday to Sunday), and during the Christmas and New Year holidays, all U-Bahn and S-Bahn lines (except line U4) run all night, so returning from late night outings is easy, especially given the average start time of most 'parties' in Berlin (23:00 to 01:00). During the week there is no U-Bahn or S-Bahn service from c. 01:00-04:30, but metro trams/buses and special Night Buses (parallel to the U-Bahn lines) run every half an hour 12:30-04:30. The night buses which replace U-Bahn lines are conveniently named N-1 thru N-9 after their respective U-Bahn line. There are no turnstiles to limit access to U-Bahn station platforms; it is thus physically possible to ride (but illegal) without a ticket. If one is caught by a ticket checker you will be fined €60 (see "Validating tickets" above) so it is not worth the risk to ride without carrying a valid ticket. However, it is generally not a problem to pass through the U-bahn platforms to merely get to the other side of the street. During the day, U-Bahn trains don't run to a schedule (or rather, their schedule is used internally by the BVG only but can be gleaned by searching departures via the app) as the headways are short enough to make the distinction whether a train is the 8:45 three minutes or the 8:50 two minutes early academic. Nearly all U- and S-Bahn stations now have electronic signs that display the expected arrival of the next train (and its direction), based on sensors along the lines. Design-wise, U-Bahn stations are about as diverse as you'd expect for a system that started operations when the Kaiser reigned and has been expanded in phases of overflowing as well as empty municipal coffers. Quite a handful of stations built before World War II were designed by the Swedish architect Alfred Grenander (died 1931) whose designs are much lauded and who included some useful features like having each station dominated by a certain color which - where it is still visible to the untrained eye - helps in quickly recognizing a station. From the mid 1960s to mid 1990s most stations built in West Berlin were designed by Rainer G. Rümmler (1929-2004) who gave each station a much more individual look compared to Grenander who preferred to vary only small details like the color of the tiles. East Berlin relied more on trams and S-Bahn and the U5 which was mostly built above ground is the only line extended by east Berlin. The only underground U-Bahn station built by east Germany is "Tierpark" along U5. There are of course other stations, designed by other architects; for the most recent U5 extension, "Museumsinsel" station was built to impress with a rather grandiose design inspired by Prussian "star architect" Karl Friedrich Schinkel, who designed many buildings in the vicinity but was unavailable for the design of U-Bahn stations as he died more than half a century before the first U-Bahn station opened in Berlin. By tram (streetcar) [edit] The trams (Straßenbahn) are mostly found in East Berlin, as the West Berlin tram network was shut down in the 1960s in an effort to make the city more car friendly. If you don't already have a ticket, you can buy one inside the tram. Since reunification there has been a gradual "reconquista" of areas once served by trams in West-Berlin and in some parts of Mitte it is hard to tell from trams alone where the wall used to be. In outlying districts of West Berlin, however, trams are still nowhere to be found - in stark contrast to the East, where they provide much needed access to planned bedroom communities from East German times. Tram extension in the West is frequently talked about and generally enjoys the support of the left part of the political spectrum, but unfortunately various issues, including an underfunded and overworked civil service as well as nimbyism have made turning talk into action difficult. There are two types of tram. Metrotrams usually have a 24/7 schedule as well as higher frequencies during daytimes, although stops are more spread out. Metrotrams are marked by an "M" in front of their line number (e.g., M10). "Regular" trams stop more frequently and even incorporate picturesque single-track rides through forested areas far east of the Mitte district. Despite being called "tram" the network has almost all characteristics of light rail and new lines are almost always built with their own right of way, making travel times faster than by bus. Even compared to some other trams in other German cities, the newest generation of Berlin trams have impressive acceleration, so take care when boarding and try to get a seat or hold onto something, especially if you're not sure on your feet. By bus [edit] Berlin's buses are a very important form of public transportation, as they complement the light rail systems wherever they were removed (trams in the West) or remain incomplete. Due to the heavy loads and demands of narrow streets, Berlin is one of the few cities in Europe to use double-decker buses extensively - over 400 of the 1400 buses in operation in Berlin are double-deckers. A ride in a Berlin double-decker should be on the to-do list of every first-time visitor to Berlin. However, there are a couple of important things to be aware of. The double-decker buses have two staircases - by custom you go up the front staircase and down the rear one, not the other way around. Most drivers will not wait for you to descend the stairs while the bus is at the stop - unless there is a queue of people descending the stairs you should make sure you are at the exit door when the bus pulls up. Unlike other world cities, you should not flag down buses at stops in Berlin, even if there are multiple routes serving the stop. Some drivers may consider it an insult to their professionalism. A frequent problem with buses, particularly busy lines during rush hour and especially in the West (where they have to cope with levels of patronage more common for light rail lines) is bunching. As many buses come every five minutes during busy times, the first bus will get most of the passengers, meaning the bus behind catches up, which means the second bus gets even less passengers catching up even more, until finally two or three buses come a minute apart or even at the same time and then no bus comes for 15 minutes despite a nominal 5 minute headway. BVG are rather self-deprecating about the issue but aside from building new tram lines there is very little that can be done about it. Boarding fast and getting away from the door area is the best you can do to mitigate the issue. There are various types of buses in Berlin, each indicated separately on public transit maps: Metro buses are meant to replace the dismantled tram lines mostly within the western part of the city (although many run into East Berlin as well to replace the severed tram connections). They are designated using the letter "M" and two digits, and are considered a separate means of transportation from the other buses, being marked orange on signage and maps just like the trams are (the orange "M" logo means "MetroBus" or MetroTram). The MetroBuses tend to run along the main transportation corridors and are generally operated using the double-decker buses, which makes using them very attractive for tourists. MetroBuses generally run every 10 minutes from every stop they serve. Among the lines especially attractive for tourists are M19 and M29, which run along the Kurfürstendamm and the M41, which connects the districts of Kreuzberg and Neukölln to the main station via Potsdamer Platz. Express bus lines connect important locations, such as airports and train stations, in a very fast fashion by skipping many stops along the way. They run every 5 minutes in the city centre using double-decker buses or articulated buses. The express lines are designated with the letter "X" and one or two digits. An express bus of particular interest to tourists is X7 from the Airport (serving both terminal 5 and terminal 1/2) to the endpoint of U-Bahn U7 at Rudow. Regular bus lines have three-digit numbers and their digits each have a meaning that committed public transit buffs can decipher to find out the exact route the bus does. For the most part, those buses will be of use to travellers only if they want to get to a particular location not served by other means of transportation, including metro or express buses. Two exceptions are special sightseeing lines 100 and 200, which run from along some of the most important tourist attractions in the city centre and are operated using double-decker buses exclusively. The 100 runs from Zoologischer Garten to Alexanderplatz through the Tiergarten park, Regierungsviertel and Unter den Linden street. The 200 diverts from that route to visit the Kulturforum, Potsdamer Platz and extend further east from Alexanderplatz to Prenzlauer Berg. Either ride is a must for any visitor to Berlin. The Berlin Start-Up "City Pirates"[dead link] offers a free audio guide for the bus 100 that automatically plays audio information about the sights along the route via GPS localization (German and English, Android und iOS). In the summer bus 218 takes you along the scenic ride through the Grunewald forest in West Berlin, starting at the subway station Theodor-Heuss-Platz (U2) and ending near the famous Pfaueninsel in South West Berlin, where you can take a small ferry to said island and visit the park and the small castle there. Night buses operate in the night when the other means of transportation do not. The single-digit lines replace the metro lines in the night when the latter do not operate, stopping at the stops right atop/beside the U-Bahn stations. The numbering follows the numbering of U-Bahn lines, but uses "N" instead of "U", so that N7 is a bus line replacing the U7 U-Bahn line. Other double-digit night lines (N10 through N97) cover other routes, but without straightforward reference to daytime route numbers There is no difference in fares between different types of buses - even the MetroBuses, the 100 and 200 demand the same fares as regular buses. Therefore, riding the city buses is a very cost-effective way of exploring the city compared to the many privately operated "hop-on/hop-off sightseeing bus tours". There are two exceptions to this rule, but they don't actually serve any point inside Berlin's city boundaries, namely "BER1" and "BER2", airport express buses to Berlin Brandenburg Airport which charge a surcharge on top of the regular BVG fare. Check the airport article for more information on them. By bicycle [edit] See also: Cycling#Germany Berlin has no steep hills and offers many bicycle paths (Radwege) throughout the city (although not all are very smooth). These include 860 km of completely separate bike paths, 60 km of bike lanes on streets, 50 km of bike lanes on pavements or sidewalks, 100 km of mixed-use pedestrian-bike paths, and 70 km of combined bus-bike lanes on streets. Bicycles are a very popular method of transportation among Berlin residents, and there is almost always a certain level of bicycle traffic. The political debate in the 2010s has swung decisively in favour of cycling, with a city-wide plebiscite causing the reigning centre/left red-red-green coalition to sign into law an extensive programme in favour of more and better cycle infrastructure, which the initiators of the plebiscite have stated to monitor closely to ensure implementation. In the course of the Covid 19 Pandemic a lot of "pop-up bike lanes" have been set up throughout the city, but especially in Bezirke dominated by greens and leftists. Media coverage and public statements by politicians indicate that most "pop-up bike lanes" will stay even after the pandemic ends. Seeing Berlin by bicycle is unquestionably a great way to get acquainted with the big tourist sites, and the little sprees and side streets as well. Probably the most famous bicycle path is the Mauerradweg, a bike path along the former Berlin wall. Although it's good to carry your own map, you can also always check your location at any U-Bahn station and many bus stations. You can create your own bicycling maps on-line, optimised by less busy routes or fewer traffic lights or your favourite paving. Tours and rentals [edit] Traditional rental places are widespread, especially in areas frequented by tourists. Have a look around or ask at your accommodation. Most places have a rental charge of between €8 and €12 per day – they are excellent value and give you the freedom to explore the big city. If you are not familiar with searching your own way through the city or you want more explanation of the sights you visit, you can get guided bike tours (with bike included) on Baja Bikes or Berlin Bike. Berlin also has a bike sharing programme, LIDL-BIKE[dead link] (formerly Call a Bike) making bikes available all over the town to pick up and leave anywhere you like. The bikes are grey/green and can be found across the central districts of Berlin. Follow the instructions on the bike touchscreen or use the mobile app. Rentals cost, basic annual fee of €3, then €1 for each 30 minute up to a maximum of €15 a day. You may however prefer to pay the monthly fee of €9 or a yearly fee of €49 and get the first 30 minutes of each rental for free, even right after returning your previous bike. Bicycles on public transport [edit] You can take your bicycle on any S- and U-Bahn, trains and trams using the designated areas. Ferries usually have space for bike but can get crowded during peak times and good weather. Buses do not take bikes with the exception of night buses N1-N9 on the nights between Sunday and Monday, and Thursday and Friday (that's when there is no night service of the U-Bahn). These buses have space for one bike. Bike space on any mode of public transport is limited and you might be refused entry. Wheelchairs and buggies have priority over bikes. You need to purchase a ticket for your bike as well. The prices are as follows: Single trip. Berlin AB €1.90, Berlin ABC €2.50. Day ticket. Berlin AB €4.80, Berlin ABC €5.40. Short trip (Kurzstrecke). Price: €1.20. By e-hailing [edit] Uber, Bolt and Free Now cover the city. By taxi [edit] Taxi services are easy to use and a bit less expensive than in many other big Central European cities. You can hail a cab (the yellow light on the top shows the cab is available), or find a taxi rank (Taxistand). Taxi drivers are in general able to speak English. Like in other big cities, many taxi drivers are immigrants or children of immigrants so some might speak the legacy language in addition to German and English. If you ask for a short trip (Kurzstrecke), as long as it's under 2 km and before the taxi driver starts the meter running, the trip is normally cheaper, €4. This only applies if you flag the taxi down on the street, not if you get in at a taxi rank. Here there is a taxi price calculator for Berlin. By car [edit] One word to think before driving around Berlin: don't. It is usually a bad idea to rent a car to get around Berlin. Driving around Berlin can be expensive and time consuming compared to a combination of walking and public transport, but compared to other European cities with dense old towns and narrow streets, many drivers don't find the streets of Berlin to be too stressful. If you're committed to driving within the city, remember that only low-emission vehicles displaying the green certification sticker are permitted inside the low emission zone (Umweltzone), which roughly matches the area inside the Ringbahn. Rental cars from agencies in Germany should already have the sticker. On-street parking varies by neighbourhood. Most areas within the Ringbahn charge for street parking during daytime or business hours, Monday though Saturday. Some areas charge all week long; pay attention to signage or check the online map (available in German only). Hourly rates range from €2-4 (2023), and you can pay at an electronic meter (Parkscheinautomat) or on an app. Outside the managed areas, you can park for free (where space is available). Most areas of the city are within a reasonable walk or short transit ride of some free parking. Parking garages (Parkhaus or underground Tiefgarage) are common in busy areas. Hourly rates are comparable to surrounding street rates, but 24-hour rates can be significantly cheaper. Deutsche Bahn provides a map with details of parking facilities near train stations and throughout the city. Note that not all hotels provide parking, but they should be able to direct guests to a Parkplatz nearby. Entrances to parking structures can be tough to find; look for the standard sign (a white "P" on a blue square). Alternatively it's possible to park your car at one of the free Park and Ride (P+R) parking lots next to S-Bahn stations outside the Ringbahn. By ferry [edit] Despite not being a maritime city like Hamburg or Venice, Berlin does have usable waterways and the BVG run a couple of ferries, which can be accessed with regular BVG tickets. Most of the ferries are of local interest only, but the Ferry line F10 covers 4.4 km (2.7 mi) across the Wannsee and connects to the S-Bahn at one end. More of a tourist attraction than actual practical transportation is Ferry F24, which is the only ferry operated by a rowing boat in Berlin and the only rowing boat ferry that is part of any public transit ticketing system in Germany. In an effort to become a "greener" city some of the ferries run on electricity provided by solar panels on their roofs or land based charging stations. In addition to those public transit ferries there are tour boats doing sight seeing trips mostly along the river Spree and mostly as circular tours. They are much more expensive than BVG tickets. By gondola lift [edit] In the course of the 2017 international gardening exhibition in Berlin/East, Berlin received its first gondola lift[dead link] , which stayed in operation after the exhibition closed. It links to Kienberg (Gärten der Welt) U-Bahn station along U5 at one end and has all of three stations along a line length of 1,580 m (5,180 ft) which is comparable to U55. It is not part of BVG ticketing and at €6.50 per return trip, tickets are comparatively expensive. See [edit] Individual listings can be found in Berlin's district articles Berlin has numerous attractions dating from its turbulent history and in part owing to the fact that it was a "double capital" for 40 years. While the upkeep of some is an ongoing headache for the treasurer, they are a delight to visitors and many locals alike. Museums [edit] Berlin has a vast array of museums. By far most of them are covered in the Mitte district guide, which, among others, covers the (an island on the Spree covered with historic museums) and the (a collection of contemporary cultural institutions). You will also find a good deal of museums in the old heart of West Berlin and Steglitz-Zehlendorf area of the city, but there are larger or smaller museums in almost every district. There are museums covering everything, from art through Berlin's and Germany's history to various branches of technology and science. Most museums charge admission for people 18 years of age or older - usually €6 to €14. Discounts (usually 50%) are available for students and disabled people with identification. Children and young people can often come in free, but do check the age restrictions in particular museums. A nice offer for museum addicts is the three-day Museums Pass for €29 (concessions: €14.50) (January 2023), which grants entrance to all the regular exhibitions of the approximately 30 state-run museums and public foundations. Most museums are closed on Mondays - notable exceptions include the Pergamon Museum, the Neues Museum and the Deutsches Historisches Museum, which are open daily. Museumsportal Berlin, a collective web initiative, offers easy access to information on all museums, memorials, castles and collections and on current and upcoming exhibitions. Some museums offer free or steeply discounted entry once a week, once a month or during certain hours of the day. This website has daily updates on free offers in Berlin. Every first Sunday of the month, many museums in Berlin are free of charge. Sometimes a reservation is necessary in advance. For more information, see Museums Sonntag Booking. Remains of the Berlin Wall [edit] While the Berlin Wall has long been dismantled and much of the grounds it occupied completely redeveloped, you can still find parts of the wall preserved around Berlin. This does not refer to very small pieces of the Wall sold by the East German government immediately after its dismantling, which can be found in various cafes, restaurants and hotels not only in Berlin, but to actual preserved fragments of the Wall still standing in their original locations. For large parts of the distance the wall ran in central Berlin, pavement markers show its former location. The iconic is right at the main street, Unter den Linden. One of the most often visited is the at the southern border of Mitte and Kreuzberg, which is a recreated legendary border crossing within the Friedrichstraße. You cannot see the actual wall there, but this iconic (and extremely touristy) point is on almost every visitor's list. West from there, you can find a piece of the wall lining up the Niederkirchnerstraße next to the Topography of Terror museum in Kreuzberg. Another popular site is the East Side Gallery along the Spree in Friedrichshain, a very long stretch of preserved Wall with colorful graffiti. All of the aforementioned fragments were altered and are now tourist attractions rather than actual historic monuments - if you want a truly preserved section of the Wall, head over to the northern border of Mitte and Gesundbrunnen in the street Bernauer Straße and visit the , with a complete section of the wall in all its gloom. A smaller section of the original wall can be seen from the S-Bahn when travelling between Nordbahnhof and Humbolthain stations. A 160 km (99 mi) biking and walking trail along the former Berlin Wall, the Berliner Mauerweg (Berlin Wall Trail), is well sign-posted and provides alternating sections of historic importance and natural beauty. Private art galleries [edit] As Berlin is a city of art, it is quite easy to find an art gallery on your way. They provide a nice opportunity to have a look at modern artists' work in a not-so-crowded environment for free. Some gallery streets with more than about a dozen galleries are Auguststraße, Linienstraße, Torstraße, Brunnenstraße (all Mitte, north of S-Bahn station Oranienburger Straße), Zimmerstraße (Kreuzberg, U-Bahn station Kochstraße) and Fasanenstraße (Charlottenburg). You can find a list of all the exhibitions and gallery openings Berlin.de exhibitions. Tall buildings with observation decks [edit] Berlin has its fair share of tall buildings and, as the city is quite expansive and does not have one single centre where all tall buildings are located, you can enjoy a nice view from most of them, even ones that are not tall by global standards. Most of the viewing points are spread out within the Berlin/Mitte district. Germany's tallest construction, the (TV Tower), located on Alexanderplatz, is 368 m tall and the observation deck with bar and restaurant is at around 205 m. Nearby, you can find the Park Inn Hotel with a small terrace on the 40th floor. From there you have great views of the Fernsehturm. Another viewing point in a modern building at 101 m is the Kollhoff Tower at Potsdamer Platz, which also features the fastest elevator in Europe. One of the three most important historic buildings with viewing points is the Reichstagsgebäude, the building that is home to the German Parliament in Spreebogen / Regierungsviertel), with a spectacular glass dome, that offers a great view of Berlin. The entry to the dome is free, but you need to book your place in advance. When booking a place online, please note that you will receive up to three emails in the process: the first contains a link to creating a list of members for your group (you must click on this link to continue the process); the second contains a notice that your request has been received but not yet confirmed; the third email is the confirmation itself which you should bring (either as a printout or on your phone) on the day of your visit along with government-issued photo ID (i.e. passports for foreigners). The famous 67 m tall monument (Victory Column), once directly in front of the Reichstagsgebäude, but now located in the middle of the Straße des 17. Juni in Tiergarten, has a viewing platform. You can also climb on top of the Berliner Dom (Berlin Cathedral) in Berlin/Mitte on the Museumsinsel for a view of the city. The Berlin Palace / Humboldt Forum has an observation deck, which offers a great view of Berlin. The viewing point that is located in a different district is the Funkturm (Radio Tower) in Westend. It is a 150 m tall lattice tower with open-air observation deck 124 m above ground. The only free viewing point is the one on the Reichstagsgebäude, the others range between €3-13. Zoo [edit] Berlin has two zoos and an aquarium. The in the west (Berlin/Mitte) is the historic zoo. It's an oasis in the city and very popular with families and schools. It has the largest range of species in the world and is famous for its pandas. The Aquarium Berlin is the largest aquarium in Germany and part of the Berlin Zoo (can be visited separately). It is near the Elephant Gate (Budapester Straße), one of the entrances to the zoo, and a traditional photo stop for most visitors because of the architecture. The Tierpark Berlin in Friedrichsfelde (Berlin/East) is more spacious than the historic Berlin Zoo and has been open for some 50 years, dating to the era of partition when authorities in the East wanted to offer their people their own zoo. The compound also includes a small château with its adjacent park. Pipes [edit] The conspicuous pink and blue pipes that you see around Berlin are to carry groundwater from construction sites into the Spree river (or canals), and are used because the water table in Berlin is close to the surface (it is built on sandy, marshy ground). The pink ones are by Pollems, while blue ones are by Brechtel or BL Wasserbau. Do [edit] Individual listings can be found in Berlin's district articles Pick up a copy of Exberliner, the English-language paper targeting expats and guests of Berlin to find out what's on, when and where. It provides good quality journalism and up-to-date listings. If you understand German, the activity planners for the city, zitty and tip, are available at every kiosk. LGBT+/Queer themed magazine and guide Siegessäule is also one of the most prominent of its kind internationally. Be prepared to choose among a huge number of options. Explore [edit] Go on a tour of Berlin. The Mitte and surrounding districts are sufficiently compact to allow a number of excellent walking tours through its history-filled streets. You'll see amazing things you would otherwise miss. Details are usually available from the reception desks of hostels and hotels. Original Berlin Walks. English speaking public tour operator since 1993. They offer daily half-day walking tours of the center as well as tours focusing on WW2, the Berlin Wall, Potsdam and others. €20 per adult. Berlin Bootsverleih. Offers the largest variety of rental boats that you can drive yourself. Houseboats and large party boats can also be rented here. Private Tours of Berlin. Offers private, customized tours through Berlin, led by local historians. Outdoor recreation [edit] Berlin has many great parks which are very popular in the summer. Green Berlin operates some of them. Berlin's largest park is Großer Tiergarten (in Berlin/Mitte). In the summer and on weekends you will see loads of families with their barbecues. There are a few notable parks in Berlin/East Central. Superb panoramic views across south Berlin can be had in Viktoriapark in Kreuzberg. You'll also find a national monument by Schinkel on top of it. Mauerpark is famous for the Bearpit Karaoke taking place every second Sunday in summer, and for the large flea market. It's also a popular barbecuing spot. Görlitzer Park has barbecue area, a football ground and a minigolf company. Adjacent to Charlottenburg Palace in Berlin/City West is Schlossgarten Charlottenburg. The green areas of the park are free, so you can go there to have a walk even if you are not interested in the palace. A bit further afield with subway access in Berlin/East are the Gärten der Welt (World's Garden). Inside you can find a large, well-established Chinese garden, a Korean garden, a small Bali's Garden/Glasshouse, an Oriental Garden with nice fountains and a cloister and a Japanese garden which is a project by the city partnership of Berlin and Tokyo. Best time for a visit is in spring or summer. A bit further afield in the opposite direction, in Berlin/Steglitz-Zehlendorf, is the Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem (Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem). The large Treptower Park in Berlin/Treptow-Köpenick next to the Spree is nice and clean. It's famous for the Insel der Jugend (Isle of Youth) and its numerous boat rentals and boat trips. Berlin also has quite a few lakes and beaches suitable for swimming. They quite often have one paid area with facilities, and frequent unmanaged places with free access. Some have designated areas for nude bathing (FKK). Wannsee in Berlin/Steglitz-Zehlendorf is called Berlin's "bath tub". The Strandbad Wannsee is the most famous bathing area for locals. Take the S-Bahn lines S1 or S7 to the station Nikolassee and follow the crowd! In the southeast of Berlin in Berlin/Treptow-Köpenick, you'll find the Müggelsee which is a popular swimming spot. Festivals and annual events [edit] Parades [edit] Cultural venues [edit] Berlin is arguably the live cultural centre of Germany. As it had the cultural infrastructure of two major capitals during partition, there are theatres, operas and universities galore. These are a drag on the empty municipal coffers and lead to complaints by people from other parts of Germany about subsidies, but they help keep one of the most vibrant cultural scenes in Europe alive. A comprehensive platform that lists cultural events is offered by Berlin Bühnen on behalf of about 80 venues. Berlin's notable cultural institutions for performed arts, both classical and modern, can mostly be found in Mitte and City West. Even if you aren't going to see a play or concert, many of the venues are architecturally impressive and as such attractions in themselves. On the theatre side, the "grand old" title might go to Deutsches Theater, a classical theatre with an impressive line up of actors and directors. Overall, however, famous theatres in Berlin tend to have a more modern character. The reputation of Berlin theaters that they go further in challenging the norms of the art form and are bolder in experimentation than those in smaller cities dates back at least to the 1920s when names like Bert Brecht created an entirely new theater-going experience. While this approach was cut tragically short by the Nazis, it is now vibrant again as it was a century ago. Theaters with a modern approach include the Berliner Ensemble, the Maxim Gorki Theater, the sometimes controversial Volksbühne am Rosa Luxemburg Platz[dead link] , the Schaubühne am Lehniner Platz as well as the Theater am Kurfürstendamm with TV celebrities in modern plays. The city also has an English theatre in East Central Berlin, if you prefer performances in English. Some theatre venues are known for their musicals: the historical Theater des Westens, the Theater am Potsdamer Platz, and the Friedrichstadt-Palast, which focuses on revue type shows and offers Berlin's biggest show with over 100 artists on the biggest theatre stage in the world. Fans of opera have several places to choose from. The main classical opera houses are Deutsche Oper, and Staatsoper Unter den Linden whose impressive building and royal history make the building alone worth a visit. For more modern operas, head to Komische Oper Berlin, Schiller Theater or Neuköllner Oper, voted several times best off-opera house and known for its modern and contemporary pieces. Mostly in German as usually relating to developments in Germany, and very creative and innovative. Berliner Philharmoniker is a large concert hall designed by Hans Scharoun and home of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. Famous building and outstanding musicians. Reservations are recommended, but cheaper tickets are usually available 2–4 hr before the concert if not sold out. Every Tuesday (September to June) 13:00-14:00 free lunch concert; come early. In the winter, late-night concerts (22:30 or 23:00) are a bargain and often have more avant-garde or unconventional formats. The adjacent Kammermusiksaal (Chamber Music Hall) was added later and hosts smaller concerts. Other places to enjoy classical music include Konzerthaus Berlin and Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler (HfM). The HfM (Berlin Academy of Music) offers many concerts by their students and other professional musicians, most of them are free. Cinema [edit] There are about a hundred cinemas in Berlin, although most of them only show movies dubbed in German, without subtitles. Listed below are some of the more important cinemas also showing movies in the original language (look for the OmU - "original with subtitles" - notation). Most movies which are dubbed into German are released a bit later in Germany. Tickets are normally €5-7. Monday to Wednesday are special cinema days with reduced admission. There are three notable cinemas in Kreuzberg in Berlin/East Central within close proximity. Babylon Kreuzberg, a small cinema built in the 1950s, which shows non-mainstream movies. Kino Moviemento which is the oldest cinema in Germany (1907). In Berlin/Mitte near Hackesche Höfe there is Kino Central, a repertory cinema located in an ex-squat, and Filmtheater Hackesche Höfe showing a very broad range of movies. Kant Kino in Berlin/City West is one of the few old cinemas (founded 1912) left in Berlin's western city. It shows mostly non-mainstream European movies. Sport [edit] In Berlin, nearly all sports are on offer; some speculate that the lukewarm support Hertha enjoys even in times of success is due to the huge offer of other sports (similar to how Los Angeles failed to maintain an NFL team due to the diverse cultural offerings): Football: Berlin has two professional soccer teams. Hertha BSC is the best known: they play at Olympia stadium in Charlottenburg west of the centre. The stadium itself is worth seeing - it hosted the 2006 Fifa world cup final and the infamous 1936 Olympics. The gargantuan stadium with the racetrack between the field and the stands is rarely ever filled to capacity which may explain Hertha's reputation for having lukewarm fan support. Union Berlin: their home stadium is in Köpenick southeast of the centre. They were the team of malcontents and opposition figures during the GDR days (while Stasi boss Erich Mielke ensured "his" Dynamo Berlin won most of the time) and remain the team most favored in East Berlin even during times when Hertha plays better soccer. The fierce loyalty of Union fans has led to the nickname "eisern Union" ("iron union") There are several semi-pro or amateur teams at lower levels: the Berlin FA lists them all. Berlin Handball has had a hard time competing with the north German powerhouses but these days the Füchse Berlin from Reinickendorf who play their home games in Max Schmeling Halle are a force to be reckoned with. Sailing, on one of the many lakes is also popular. You can find sailing clubs and most universities have ships as well. Golf. You can find golf clubs all around Berlin, although for non-members Motzen has one of the best. Floorball, is booming faster than ever before in the German capital. A sum of teams defines the cascade of the local floorball scene, whereas the decorated Bundesliga site of BAT Berlin probably embodies the most prominent one. American Football. The Berlin Adler (Eagles) have historically been Berlin's No. 1 team but are now playing in the German Football League 2 after being relegated in 2017. They are one of the oldest and most storied teams in Germany being a founding member of the first American Football season in 1979. Having fallen to the second division means they don't get to play either their crosstown rivals or their fiercest other rival, the Dresden Monarchs. The Berlin Rebels have since taken the mantle of "best GFL team in Berlin" and usually land in the middle of the pack of the GFL1 north but haven't penetrated deep into the playoffs thus far. Finally there is Berlin Thunder, a new addition created in 2021 for the new "European League of Football" who are named after the old NFL Europe team of bygone days. Whether they can sustain fan enthusiasm with their lackluster on-field performance remains to be seen. American Football in Germany is a very relaxed and family friendly affair and you can definitely show up in any NFL, German or no Football gear at all and have a chat with fans of either side. Learn [edit] The German capital naturally has some good options for learning the language: Work [edit] The current economic climate is relatively stable but to find work in Berlin is not easy. A sound level of German improves your chance as only a few multinational companies are present in Berlin. Any kind of skills (especially language) that separates you from the masses will definitely improve your chances for a job. Berlin has a lower GDP per capita than the German average, but slowly but surely new startups founded in Berlin are becoming bigger and bigger players and some companies have decided to open representative headquarters in Berlin following reunification - most notably Siemens, a company founded and intimately linked with Berlin that had most of its production and even de facto headquarters in Erlangen and Munich during partition but is to reoccupy "Siemensstadt" (a part of Berlin/Spandau) with a railway line built in the 1920s to serve Siemens to be reactivated. If you have an academic background then teaching English (Spanish, French and Latin are good, too) or private tutoring (e.g. math) for pupils is always a possibility as Berlin is a young city and education is in strong demand. Otherwise working in a bar might be an option but it'll be tough, because wages are low and big tips are uncommon. Chances are much better when big trade fairs (e.g. "Grüne Woche", bread & butter or ITB) or conventions take place so apply at temp and trade fair agencies. The hospitality industry and call centres are constantly hiring but wages are very low unless you can offer special skills (such as exotic languages) or background. Berlin has a growing media, modelling and TV/movie industry. For daily soaps, telenovelas and movies most companies from time to time look for people with something specific. Apply at the bigger casting and acting agencies. For English-language jobs, if might be worth checking out the classified ads of this monthly magazine for English-speakers, Exberliner. Buy [edit] Individual listings can be found in Berlin's district articles Shopping areas [edit] The main shopping areas are: Ku'Damm and its extension Tauentzienstraße in Berlin/City West remain the main shopping streets even now that the Wall has come down. KaDeWe (Kaufhaus des Westens) at Wittenbergplatz is a must visit just for the vast food department on the 6th floor. It's reputedly the biggest department store in Continental Europe and still has an old world charm, with very helpful and friendly staff. Schloßstraße in Steglitz (Berlin/Steglitz-Zehlendorf) with the shopping centre Schloss-Straßen-Center, Forum Steglitz, Karstadt, Boulevard Berlin, Naturkaufhaus and Das Schloss, between the subway stations U9 Walther-Schreiber-Platz and U9+S1 Rathaus Steglitz. Friedrichstraße in Berlin/Mitte is the upmarket shopping street in former East Berlin with Galeries Lafayette and the other Quartiers (204 to 207) as main areas to be impressed with wealthy shoppers. Alexanderplatz in Berlin/Mitte. The renovated Galeria Kaufhof department store is worth a visit. For alternative souvenirs go to ausberlin. The main shopping area for the alternative, but still wealthy crowd is north of Hackescher Markt in Berlin/Mitte, especially around the Hackesche Höfe. For some more affordable but still very fashionable shopping there is Prenzlauer Berg, Kreuzberg and Friedrichshain in Berlin/East Central with a lot of young designers opening shops, but also lots of record stores and design shops. Constant change makes it hard to recommend a place, but the area around station Eberswalder Straße in Prenzlauer Berg, around Bergmannstraße and Oranienstraße in Kreuzberg and around Boxhagener Platz in Friedrichshain are always great when it comes to shopping. For souvenirs, have a look just in front of the Kaiser Wilhelm Gedächtniskirche (Berlin/City West); these shops sell almost the same items as others, but are cheaper. However, not all members of staff speak English. You can also get cheap postcards there (from €0.30 while the average price for normal postcard is €0.50-0.80). Markets [edit] There are four market halls selling fresh produce and ready-to-eat food. Marheinecke Markthalle and Markthalle Neun are both in Kreuzberg (Berlin/East Central), Arminiusmarkthalle is in Moabit (Berlin/City West), and Markthalle Tegel is in Tegel (Berlin/Reinickendorf and Spandau). You can find dozens of flea markets with different themes in Berlin (mostly on weekends), but worth checking out is the big one at Straße des 17. Juni (between Ernst-Reuter-Haus and S-Bahn: Tiergarten). Two other flea markets are at Mauerpark in Prenzlauer Berg (Berlin/East Central) and at Arkonaplatz (Berlin/Mitte), which is close to Mauerpark. Both are on Sundays, so you can combine visiting them. Opening hours [edit] Shopping hours are theoretically unlimited on weekdays. Nevertheless, many of the smaller shops still close at 20:00. Most of the bigger stores and nearly all of the malls are open until 21:00 or 22:00 from Thursday to Saturday. Sunday opening is still limited to about a dozen weekends per year, although some supermarkets in train stations (Hauptbahnhof, Bahnhof Zoologischer Garten (under the S-Bahn bridge), Friedrichstraße, Innsbrucker Platz (U4 in the underground) and Ostbahnhof) are open on Sundays. Many bakeries and small food stores (called Spätkauf or colloquially "Späti") are open late at night and on Sundays in more gentrified neighbourhoods (especially Prenzlauer Berg, Kreuzberg and Friedrichshain). Stores inside the Hauptbahnhof (central station) have long working hours (usually until about 22:00-23:00), also on Sundays. Credit cards [edit] Although credit card and VISA/Mastercard-branded debit card acceptance is becoming more common, many stores still take only cash. Most places in tourist zones will accept credit cards, but it is still a good idea to ask in advance if you intend to pay with one. Many restaurants require a minimum check amount, sometimes in excess of €30. For Americans, Germany uses the chip-and-pin system so you may have trouble at places like unattended gas stations and automated ticket machines. Often, a cashier will be able to swipe the magnetic strip, but don't be surprised if someone refuses your credit card because it doesn't have a chip. If possible, contact your card issuer before leaving home to see if they can replace your existing card with one that has a chip. Eat [edit] Individual listings can be found in Berlin's district articles Lovers of street food rejoice! Berlin has an incredibly wide variety of different styles and tastes at very affordable prices (for European wallets, that is). You can find superb food in small stalls tucked away under the tracks of elevated U-Bahn stretches for well under five euros. A staple in Berlin is currywurst for around €3 (April 2022). It's a bratwurst covered in ketchup and curry powder. You can find them all over Berlin by street vendors. It's a must try when in Berlin. Two renowned currywurst stands are "Konnopke's Imbiss" below Eberswalder Straße U-Bahn station on line 2 and "Curry 36" opposite the Mehringdamm U-Bahn station in Kreuzberg (only two stops south of Checkpoint Charlie). Both of these offer
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https://www.cvent.com/venues/berlin/hotel/hotel-luc-autograph-collection/venue-bf6d5341-5221-4865-97ae-473b5c415283
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Hotel Luc, Autograph Collection - Berlin, DE Meeting Venues and Event Space
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The boutique hotel offers 75 hotel rooms and 17 suites, elegantly furnished in deep Prussian blue. Most of the rooms overlook the French Cathedral and Berlin's most beautiful square: the Gendarmenmarkt. Special highlights include t
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https://www.cvent.com/venues/berlin/hotel/hotel-luc-autograph-collection/venue-bf6d5341-5221-4865-97ae-473b5c415283
More HOTEL LUC, AUTOGRAPH COLLECTION Hotel Luc, opened in spring 2022 under the Autograph Collection, is in an absolute prime location: right in the heart of Berlin and with a fantastic view of the Gendarmenmarkt and the French Cathedral, the hotel invites its guests to relax and discover the city. Whether a stroll through Friedrichstadt or a visit to the government district with the Brandenburg Gate - many landmarks of the city lie within walking distance. Hotel Luc offers Prussian straightforwardness, clarity, order and presence - the counter model to chaotic Berlin. ROOMS AND SUITES The boutique hotel offers 75 hotel rooms and 17 suites, elegantly furnished in deep Prussian blue. Most of the rooms overlook the French Cathedral and Berlin's most beautiful square: the Gendarmenmarkt. Special highlights include the two-story Luc King Suite and Luc Balcony rooms with private balconies to enjoy breakfast, dinner, or a leisurely cup of tea overlooking the hustle and bustle at Gendarmenmarkt. MEETINGS AND EVENTS The newly designed Atrium, opened in early 2023, is an exclusive venue with space for up to 40 people. Located in a prime location in Berlin, the Atrium is ideal for private parties, meetings or corporate events. Creative catering options with healthy food and beverage offerings for coffee breaks, luncheons or dinners will enhance the success of any event and can be customized according to the individual requirements. With a direct connection to the Delphinium function room, Hotel Luc offers an innovative event setting. Located in the neighboring building, the Deliphium is a special eye-catcher, especially with the illuminated floor. Our team will be happy to assist you with your booking of the Delphinium through the external owner. Cancellation Policy 24 Hours
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https://www.thetrainline.com/en/train-times/berlin-oranienburger-strasse-to-potsdam-hbf
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Berlin Oranienburger Straße → Potsdam Hbf by Train
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https://www.thetrainline…ry/de/mobile.jpg
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Travel by train from Berlin Oranienburger Straße to Potsdam Hbf in 39m. Get train times, compare prices & buy cheap train tickets for Berlin Oranienburger Straße to Potsdam Hbf today.
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Trainline
https://www.thetrainline.com/en/train-times/berlin-oranienburger-strasse-to-potsdam-hbf
Want to find out more about taking the train from Berlin Oranienburger Straße to Potsdam Hbf? Look no further. There are around 119 trains per day running between Berlin Oranienburger Straße and Potsdam Hbf, which usually take 44 minutes to complete the 17 miles (27 km) journey. It can take as little as 39 minutes on the fastest services though, if you want to get there as quickly as possible. Although there aren't any direct services on this line, it's still easy to travel to Potsdam Hbf from Berlin Oranienburger Straße, you'll just need to make 1 change along the way. All or part of your journey will be on board a DB train, as they are the main operator of trains on this route. You can save money on train tickets from Berlin Oranienburger Straße to Potsdam Hbf if you book in advance. Use our Journey Planner at the top of the page to compare ticket prices and get the cheapest fares. Want to book your train tickets now? Just start a search with us today. If you want to find out more about the journey, read on for timetables (including first and last train times), FAQs and tips on how to book cheap train tickets.
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https://tripver.com/guide/europe-de-coded-nye/
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CODED: A HAPPY TRIPPING GUIDE
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2019-06-20T19:12:28+00:00
All set to see Europe ! Explore the continent that brought us Nutella, Yves Saint Laurent, Skype and that fabulous bearded lady from Eurovision. Europe, we salute you.  😃 To get the most out of your Euro trip, without breaking the bank & for better personal DIY planning we are sending you this link with […]
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Tripver
https://tripver.com/guide/europe-de-coded-nye/
All set to see Europe ! Explore the continent that brought us Nutella, Yves Saint Laurent, Skype and that fabulous bearded lady from Eurovision. Europe, we salute you. 😃 To get the most out of your Euro trip, without breaking the bank & for better personal DIY planning we are sending you this link with essential details. These details will be also sent across to you daily as per the trip itinerary by I Trip Scout on whatsapp. You may use this information as a ready reckoner or an advance planner during the coming 11 days of your trip. SUMMARY OF THE TRIP December 29- Day 1- Flight from Mumbai to Budapest December 29- Day 1- Overnight stay at Budapest 1 December 30- Day 2- Budapest Hop on Hop Off December 30- Day 2- Overnight stay Budapest 2 December 31- Day 3- Bus (Budapest- Prague) December 31- Day 3- Overnight stay at Prague 1 January 01– Day 4- Prague DIY Exploration Day January 01- Day 4- Overnight stay at Prague 2 January 02- Day 5- Bus (Prague-Berlin) January 02- Day 5- Overnight Stay in Berlin 1 January 03- Day 6- Berlin DIY Exploration Day January 03- Day 6- Overnight stay at Berlin 2 January 04- Day 7- Flight from Berlin to Mumbai EURO ITINERARY HACKS: DAY 1- DEPARTURE FROM INDIA Say goodbye to your city & head to the airport. Flash you VISA to the immigration in full SWAG ! The Euro trip has finally begun. DAY 1- HELLO HUNGARY! Budapest, the capital of Hungary awaits you. Take on a city with enough baroque, neoclassical and art nouveau architecture to keep you puzzled for hours. Budapest is not just about its architecture that’ll keep you intrigued, but it’s known for its ultimate party & nightlife scenes. As the sun sets we embark on another epic adventure from the heart of Budapest party district out to the wildest pub crawl this city can offer ! -How to reach hostel from Airport: The shuttle bus 100E runs between Budapest Airport to the city centre. It is normally operational from 12:00 AM to 11:40 PM. However, bus timings are subject to change as per local city regulations. You may buy the tickets from BKK Vending machines or get more details from BKK Customer Service Points at the airport. The ticket price is around HUF 900 (Eur 3). The nearest point to your hostel is Astoria M. You may deboard the bus at Astoria M and walk for 450 mtrs to reach Hive Party Hostel. –About Hostel: You’ll be staying at The Hive Party Hostel. (Hostel Address: Budapest, Dob u. 19, 1074 Hungary) Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/dHH4TwXwSnt82sXE6 -Suggestions: -Budapest is known for its Ruin Bars. Szimpla Kert set the nightlife standard when it opened in the Jewish Quarter in 2001, spawning several copy-cat bar experiences that have come to define a Budapest night out. (Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/UMykxq2mujL3MpjP8 ) –Rosenstein Restaurant 😎 serves the best traditional Hungarian and Hungarian-Jewish food in Budapest. Tibor Rosenstein, a by now legendary figure in Budapest’s culinary scene, opened the restaurant in 1996, which is still run by the family with the kitchen. is Google Map Location : https://goo.gl/maps/NCf3J255uTE2 -You may head out to Castro Bisztro (just 1.4 kms from your hostel) During the day, Castro Bisztro looks like a cosy restaurant serving tasty dishes, but as night falls the scene transforms into a parTAY! Have a drink or two, and choose from the wide selection of traditional dishes (the goulash here is INSANE and only costs 950 HUF). Castro Bisztro have created an atmosphere and menu to be reckoned with! Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/YNn3braMaP72 –Gelarto Rosa is an independent chain of artisanal ice cream stores in the heart of Budapest. They are taste of tradition, intimacy, and romance in the glorious Szent István Square. Ice-cream is hand-made on the premises, from the finest organic ingredients, using traditional (artisanal) Italian ice-cream making techniques, and shaped by our skilled staff into our artistic rose shape. DAY 2- BADASS BUDAPEST A Hop On Hop Off tour will historically introduce you to the magnificence of this town including the Danube Promenade, Heroes square & the #InstaPerfect Castle district. Enjoy lunch at the old square and finish with yummy Kürtőskalács (chimney cake). Spend your evening witnessing a sunset over the Danube River #Goals. The night scene at the many town-squares is perfect for a crazy night. Hop On Hop Off: The tickets for your Hop On & Hop Off shall be sent across to every individual traveler 2 hours prior to the scheduled Hop On Hop Off plan. Nearest Boarding Point: The nearest boarding point for Hop On Hop Off is Anker Lane (Point 6 on Red Route). It’s just 500 mts/ 5 minutes walk from your hostel. (Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/RFAqF2FG8QFpgq1GA) -Hop On Hop Off Buses starts at 09:00 AM and runs till 06:00 PM at a duration of every 30 minutes. You may start your Hop On Hop Off at any time between operational hours. Here are a few places which you may cover in Budapest: -Buda Castle -Hungarian Parliament Building -Heroes’ Square (Hosök tere) -Margaret Island -St. Stephen Basilica -Fisherman’s Bastion *Please note that entry ticket to any monument/ museum or any other place is not included in your Hop On Hop Off ticket. -Other Suggestions: -Wake up early and there is this small walk up the tiny hill to the Liberty Statue, this takes you from Buda to Pest… the reason why we suggest you walk it up is that the view gets amazing and this tiny garden-forest in the middle of the city is perfect for some me time. On your way down you can also visit an cave turn into a church before you go for your Hop On Hop Off. (Liberty statue Google Map Location : https://goo.gl/maps/GzcLY7ofFeG2 ) –Head off to the waters at the Gellert Baths – ( hey, don’t leave till you’re pruny ). 😅 There are 80+ thermal springs in Budapest but this is the most famous. (Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/X16EHVb1Q5n ) -Indulge in a spa treatment then visit the Buda Castle or House of Terror Museum *Buda Castle Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/uxSEQ5eJnKJ2 *House of Terror Museum Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/8V3ojmAGzMD2 ) -In the evening hang with the hipsters & drink local fruit brandy. Chill out and absorb the culture, get out on the streets and visit one of the many Ruin Bars for a quick drink, you can also head out to the town square and see the parliament lit up. You can also pick up a beer at one of the supermarkets around and sit on the Liberty bridge (the old green bridge) (Liberty Bridge Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/5D6nE1Re9hG2 ) –2 Spaghi Favorite among locals, this place serves amazing Italian food. They use their homemade sauces and their pesto sauce is incredibly popular with the crowd. Best part, it’s just 1.4 kms away from your hostel. (Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/VqXDRsY2Sj12 ) –Drum Cafe They serve traditional Hungarian meals with a twist and are loved by local crowd for their amazing ‘Goulash’. They also have a good variety of craft beers and wines. (Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/Wu36wUsodrQ2 ) -Make sure you guys meet for dinner because the Hungarian Goulash is something 🙂 -SOUVENIR SHOPS: If you wish to buy some souvenirs for your friends and family back home, you can visit Paprika Market. It’s one of the best markets in Budapest, a bit touristy though. (Google Map Location https://goo.gl/maps/pQ8DP2tQqUn ) -Another option is Budapest Souvenirs. Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/Z5xH4Fq32JD2 -For Vegetarians: –1.96 Zen Etterem: This place has a good variety of vegetarian as well as vegan meal options along with smoothies and Taiwanese tea. (Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/gKRzBLe3UkB2 ) –Curry House: This place serves Indian and Asian food with both options of Veg and NonVeg. Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/BgXBSxioy2z DAY 3: BUDAPEST TO PRAGUE Shoot one last longing look at the Baroque Buda before arriving in Prague, the capital of Czech Republic. Pack your bags and hop on to your local transport and get ready & head to Prague #NextStop 🚎. Reach the city by evening & chill out with new hostel mates. By evening head out for some awesome Czech Food, crafted beers & Trdelník (kinda special czeh pastry). #Newlife Bus from Budapest to Prague: – Your bus will depart at 08:30 AM from Budapest Kelenfold Bus Station (Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/adSVFEzHe19fZAEh7) Do ensure you make it at least 30 minutes prior to the boarding, else you may miss the bus & keep your e tickets/passport handy. You’ll reach Prague (UAN Florenc bus station) at 15:30 hrs. Directions from Hive Hostel to Budapest Kelenfold Bus Station: -From Hive Hostel walk for around (5 minutes/450 mts) to reach Astoria M station -Take M 49 going towards Kelenföld vasútállomás M -Get down at Kelenföld vasútállomás M and walk for another 200 mts to reach the Bus Station. The ride will take around 25 minutes. About Prague: Prague, the city of Hundred Spires, is the capital of Czech Republic. Dotted with vintage monuments and Bohemian culture, this city is known for its Old Town Square. Not surprisingly, visitors from around the world have come in droves, and on a hot summer’s day it can feel like you’re sharing Charles Bridge with half of humanity. About Hostel: You are staying at Little Quarter Prague. Located near Wenceslas Square, the very centre 😆 and one of the most bustling parts of Prague. Wohooo ! A different country a different experience. 😉 (Hostel Address: Nerudova 246/21, 180 00 Malá Strana, Czechia) Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/Jgqfgmu678S5hP2E8 Directions from Prague (UAN Florenc Bus Station) to Little Quarter Hostel: -Walk for about 250 mts to reach Florenc Local Bus Station -Take Bus 194 from Florenc station going in the direction of Nemocnice pod Petřínem and deboard at Nerudova. -Walk for another 240 mts to reach Hostel Little Quarter. Suggestions: Head to Charles Bridge. It’s the most iconic bridges in Prague which connects Old Prague Center to Mala Strana, which means “Little Side”. The bridge is protected by three imposing Gothic towers and is home to thirty Baroque-style statues and statuaries. Evening Dinner & Chilling Options: For dinner, we suggest you ‘Restaurace U Houdku’ ( Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/C2sRmVszYT52 ) Its one of the best places as per many others to taste the real Czech food at affordable prices. Once we ate pork ribs, pork with honey and plum sauce, salad and 3 large beers. We paid less than 650 Kč. 😉 Oh! By the way, they have vegetarian options too. DAY 4: PARTY PRAGUE Start your Prague exploration from the Old Town, hear the chime of astronomical clock and head forward to cover everything in between. By evening channel your inner bohemian and seek out the John Lennon memorial wall, then soak up some more Czech history at the National Museum or get a taste of the quirky local culture at a marionette puppet opera. The night is yours to make 😁 be it at a nightclub or an easy cafe. Prague also has options for Hop On Hop Off and guided walking tours. You may go for one or may pick to explore Prague on your own. Hostels also have options for walking tours and experiences for the travelers. You may check with hostel reception desk too. SUGGESTIONS: Here are some places which you may visit: Prague Castle is the largest ancient castle in the world and one of the most important landmarks in Prague. Old Town Square It has Gothic Buildings dating back to the 14th century, which will make you feel like you have stepped back in time. Do not miss Astronomical Clock when you go to Old Town Square. John Lennon Wall It is the homage to the famous poet, singer, and songwriter and now is a living art project. Not just party and history, Prague also offers a wide range of food options. Here are some handpicked recommendations: TRDELNÍK – CHIMNEY CAKE: Trdelník are made of rolled yeast dough trdelník stands all over the city and some are better than others. These pastries are Transylvanian and Slovakian in origin but commonly found around Central and Eastern Europe in countries such as Hungary, Austria, Romania, and the Czech Republic. (Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/WRHG74opuER2 ) GingerBread: GINGERBREAD AT PERNÍČKŮV SEN: Cutest bakery I’ve seen, but the gingerbread was some of the best I’ve had. At Perníčkův sen, the owners make gingerbread and regional Czech cookies using the traditional recipe of honey, butter, nuts, and warm spices. (Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/XQQeBeSD8zk ) Beer: BEER, EVERYWHERE! If you visit Prague Castle (you should), consider a visit to Strahov Monastic Brewery after your visit. You’ll find a brew pub, restaurant, and a lovely outdoor patio that’s the perfect place to relax after a long day of sightseeing. The brewery dates back to the 17th century and still brews beer using traditional recipes from long ago. Order the unfiltered St. Norbert beer in either dark or amber. (Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/MqxanX6MthB2 ) -There are few other places which you can try for Beer. Bad Flash Bar, Krymská 126/2, 101 00 Praha 10, Czechia (Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/NvmiQVvrtoy ) BeerGeek Bar, Vinohradská 988/62, 130 00 Žižkov, Czechia (Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/JFsgQnDNUMC2 ) -SOUVENIR SHOPS: -Pragtique: If you really want to bring back home something original, you should skip the overpriced souvenir shops along all the major touristy routes! Pragtique is a little concept store, or rather smart gallery, well hidden in house atrium called Platýz. (Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/PkEXrScUpR92 ) –Prague Souvenir Shop: This is another shop where you can head out to for getting something for your loved ones back home. Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/PyTCo7XaMR52 -For Vegetarians: –Estrella restaurant: This vegetarian-friendly place is one of the best places in Prague to grab lunch and dinner. Google Map Loaction: https://goo.gl/maps/WJQ8mUSjv3Q2 –Yori Restaurant: This restraunt serves Thai, Asian food with great options for Vegetarians as well as Non Vegetarians. Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/zAA9W35bjzz DAY 5: PRAGUE TO BERLIN Germany awaits you. Have a quick shower and rush to catch the bus to your new stop Berlin. Bus from Prague to Berlin: –Your bus is scheduled to leave from Prague(UAN Florenc Bus Station) at 10:10 AM. Google map location: https://goo.gl/maps/tfHaDWvPqUG2 ) -We strongly recommend you to be at the bus station at least 30 minutes prior to your bus departure. Keep your passport and e tickets handy.🚎 -You will reach Berlin by 14:35 hrs at Berlin Central Bus Station. About Berlin: Berlin, the capital of the forever serious Germany. However, the undercurrent of coolness will win you over from the moment you step foot on this town. High on history, yet a party paradise, this city never sleeps. About Hostel: You are staying in Hostel Generator Mitte. The name of your hostel is Generator Hostel “Mitte”. Berlin’s central Mitte (literally “middle”) borough, places you right in the heart of the action. (Hostel Address: Oranienburger Str. 65, 10117 Berlin, Germany) Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/moworispYwr Directions from Berlin Central Bus Station to Hostel: -Walk for about 250 mts and reach Messe Nord/ICC (Witzleben) train station. –Take metro S41 going towards Ringbahn S 41 and get down at “Gesundbrunnen“ station. -Once you get down at “Gesundbrunnen“, you’ll require to change the train. -There are multiple trains that go towards “Oranienburger Straße” station which is the nearest station to Generator Mitte. -Trains S1, S2, S25, and S26 are a few of them. Please note that “Oranienburger Straße” station is not the last station for these trains, it is one of the stops on the route. -Do check the train route before boarding so that you do not end up boarding the train going in the opposite direction. -Deboard at “Oranienburger Straße” station and walk for about 1 minute to reach Generator Mitte. Note: Please do note that these routes are suggestive routes and may differ according to local laws of the land, government holidays and regulations. Please check the routes once before departure to avoid any unnecessary hassles. SUGGESTIONS: SHOUT OUT: Here are few things we thought you may want to know about Germany: 😁 Burgers originated from Germany, Black forest cakes came from Germany, Germany beers are known for its taste all across the world & Crazy football mania. As you are in centre you are spoilt with choices. But here are few authentic things you gotta try: -For Burgers, we recommend you Burgermeister Schlesisches Tor. They spreads his freshly prepared burgers, crispy fries and homemade dips among his people until late at night. Some followers consider the burgers the best in town – whether this is true or not inexperienced voters should find out by themselves – but the chili burger is certainly the hottest you can presently get in Berlin. Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/8yvE5hzaH232 –For black forest cakes & epic desserts walks you may head to Konditorei Buchwald. Followers considers this to be original recipe for black forest. Cakes here melts in your mouth. Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/KRYgSBHEqy42 -Beer: Zum Starken August is an unexpected treat in Prenzlauer Berg. 😉This bar was completely renovated in order to pay homage to one of the owner’s circus roots. Personal touches, such as the old family circus photos which line the wall leading to the bathroom, lend a nostalgic quality and contribute to the overall theme. Take a seat on one of the comfy sofas and watch one of the many eclectic performances offered, such as burlesque shows, wild bingo stories, live performances, and porno karaoke.🤣Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/oQP8s6TAjQm –We suggest you to be cautious of your personal safety especially in Berlin. Refrain from going to East Germany at night or late evening. DAY 6: BERLIN EXPLORATION We raise the tempo of the trip today. Let’s tick off all the touristy places including the Brandenburg, Reichstag, Berlin Wall amongst others during the first half of the day and everyone covers museums on their list by evening. But by night get yourself busy with the amazing scene of Berlin as we crawl from one pub to another 😀, savoring fabled German beers and devouring local burgers with a crowd that refuses to be boring ! #LiveItUp Berlin also has options for Hop On Hop Off and guided walking tours. You may go for one or may pick to explore Berlin on your own. Hostels also have options for walking tours and experiences for the travelers. You may check with hostel reception desk too. -SUGGESTIONS: Want to go touristy without a Hop On Hop Off or walking tour? Then you may visit these places: Brandenburg Gate It is one of Germany’s most recognizable sight. It is a neoclassical monument which is a symbol of separation between East and West Berlin. Reichstag Another historical site to visit in Berlin is the Reichstag, a place where the Parliament sits. It has a glass dome, which represents the political transparency of the city. Berlin Cathedral Berliner Dom, otherwise known as the Berlin Cathedral, is a Neo-Renaissance style building built in 1905. It is one of the most preferred places by travelers. Museum Island Located in the middle of the Spree River, Museum Island (also known as Museumsinsel Berlin) is a complex that was awarded UNESCO World Heritage Site status. –Berghain If you run the gauntlet and get in, be prepared for a night, day and night again of dancing in a Matrix-esque, post-apocalyptic settings. It’s one of the good techno nightclubs of Berlin and it’s Friday night, so be prepared for long queues. Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/h4CeoNWhXNz -For Vegetarians: -Delhi 6: Just in case you’re missing home, you can head out to this place to try some Indian Food in Berlin. Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/eSZhY9HrQKP2 ) –Com Viet: This quaint restaurant is centrally located and serves Veg as well as Non Veg meals along with beer/wines at reasonable prices. ( Google Map Location: https://goo.gl/maps/JbnbebQsZVx ) DAY 7: FLIGHTS TO INDIA All good things come to an end, so is this Europe Experience. Pack your bags and set forward to return to your home. Flight Details: Your flight is scheduled to depart at 11:35 AM from Berlin Airport (TXL). We recommend our travelers to reach the airport atleast 03 hours prior to the departure time. Airport Transfers: TXL Express Bus runs between TXL Airport and city centre (Alexanderplatz) at a frequency of every 10 minutes and takes around 30-40 minutes to reach the airport. One way ticket costs around Eur 3. You may buy tickets from ticket machines at Alexanderplatz or directly from the bus driver as soon as you board the shuttle bus. Alternatively, you may also book a cab to the airport. NOTES: I TRIP SCOUT: This being a DIY backpacking trip & many of our travelers are going to Europe for the first time, we want to ensure a hassle-free trip. For this purpose, let us introduce you to iTripScout. iTrip Scout is an online virtual trip captain for both Community & Tripver Prive Trips. ITripScout will be part of the Whatsapp group too. The team of I Trip Scout are experienced professional and senior community member who have curated the itinerary. Itripscout will have 02 functions: *LIVE Functions: ITripScout feature will be available for LIVE CHAT from 0900 AM to 0700 PM as per the current destination standard time, where the traveler is traveling. The messages chat will happen on a personal chat window of WhatsApp between the traveler and Tripver ITripScout. This information can be pertaining to traveler personal inquiry about a specific destination, route, flights, best restaurants, a suggestion for DIY Day etc. *DAILY Functions: ITripScout will send out messages in the following time Assist traveler in self-travel by sharing maps to catch the local transports, walk, cafe crawls & one point contacts. Prior to the beginning of the travelers day, informing him of the agenda as per the itinerary. Suggestions for recommended places to visit & stay. Any other necessary recommendation or update of the day as per the itinerary *Response time: The response time for I Trip Scout shall be within 15 minutes. Timings & Punctuality: Please ensure that you reach the bus boarding points at least 30 minutes prior to the time of departure. Do keep your e-tickets and passport handy. Tripver will not be responsible for traveler missing their bus however in case any traveler does miss the bus due to unavoidable circumstances, I Trip Scout & team will be happy to rebook reschedule and take contingency methods instantly. The expenses for the same will have to be borne by the individual traveler via online payment link which will be sent instantly before rebooking the ticket. NOTE: Please do note that these routes are suggestive routes and may differ according to local laws of land, government holidays and regulations. Please check the routes once before departure to avoid any unnecessary hassles. The details for Cafes/Restaurants are suggestive in nature. Please check the opening and closing time and days before heading out for real-time info. Out-of-this-world adventures? Check. Stunning locations? You bet. Memories to last a lifetime? Hell yeah! Let Tripver take you there. Happy to Help!
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dbpedia
1
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https://www.jmberlin.de/en/annette-leo-jewish-history-gdr
en
Singled Out and Viewed Suspiciously: Jews in the GDR
https://www.jmberlin.de/…erein-berlin.jpg
https://www.jmberlin.de/…erein-berlin.jpg
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The history of Jews in the GDR did not begin with the country’s founding on 7 October 1949. Rather, from May 1945 onward, the course was set for the East-West division, the Cold War, the Stalinist purges, and the conditions of Jewish life in East Germany. At the same time, this period contained the seeds of a different course of history and other, unrealized options.
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Jewish Museum Berlin
https://www.jmberlin.de/en/annette-leo-jewish-history-gdr
After World War II and the Shoah When the war and the anti-Jewish persecution ended, an extremely heterogeneous group of Jewish survivors found themselves in the Soviet and the other three occupation zones in the destroyed and dismembered “land of the perpetrators.” The survivors had been liberated from the death camps, fought in Allied armies, or returned from exile. Others had survived in hiding or been protected by non-Jewish spouses. Some initially saw Germany as a way station on the road to Palestine or the United States. Others deliberately returned to Germany, hoping to help shape a new society there. Berlin, which was governed by the four occupying powers, was an important destination and hub for survivors and returnees. The newly constituted Jewish Community of Berlin had its headquarters in Oranienburger Strasse in the Soviet sector. Its first acting chairman was Erich Nelhans, he belonged to the then dominant group in the Jewish community who did not consider Jewish life possible in Germany after the Shoah and advocated emigration to Palestine and the establishment of a Jewish state there. Nelhans also looked after Holocaust survivors from Eastern Europe, tens of thousands of whom had fled to the West to escape postwar antisemitism in Poland. Many showed up at the Jewish community in the Soviet sector of Berlin, which directed them to the American and French sectors, where Displaced Persons camps had been set up. Nelhans attracted the attention of the Soviet intelligence service after helping Jewish Red Army soldiers escape to the West. He was arrested in his East Berlin apartment in March 1948 and sentenced to twenty-five years in prison by a Soviet military court. He died in the Dubravlag camp in Mordovia in 1950. In the summer and fall of 1945, Jewish communities were established in several cities in the Soviet occupation zone, mostly at the initiative of Jews who had been spared deportation due to their non-Jewish spouses. In the weeks and months that followed, these Jews were joined by survivors from the camps and ghettos, refugees from Eastern Europe, and those who had emerged from hiding. Membership in these first few communities in Leipzig, Zwickau, Dresden, Chemnitz, Erfurt, and Magdeburg initially grew rapidly but then, starting in 1949, declined just as quickly. The smaller communities in Plauen, Mühlhausen, Eisenach, Jena, and other towns were dissolved between 1948 and 1953. New Beginnings The attempt to reestablish Jewish life took place under contradictory conditions. The Soviet Military Administration and most regional governments in East Germany supported the founding or reconstitution of the Jewish communities and ensured that the returnees and immigrants received the basic necessities of life (a roof over their heads, clothing, health care, and additional food rations). At the same time, antisemitism was still rampant at the local authorities and in the population. To meet the challenges of securing the daily lives of their members, representatives of the Jewish communities worked closely with the local committees set up to help the victims of fascism, which later became the “OdF” (victims of fascism) and “VdN” (victims of the Nazi regime) offices. Earlier, in summer 1945, the OdF committees, most of which were founded by liberated political prisoners, had initially opposed recognizing Holocaust survivors as “victims of fascism.” Their reasoning: while they “had suffered hardship, they had not fought.”1 Just a few months later, in October 1945, at the Leipzig meeting of the OdF committees from all parts of the Soviet occupation zone, this view was corrected. The reversal was primarily the doing of Julius Meyer and Heinz Galinski, who went on to establish the Department for the Victims of the Nuremberg Laws at the main OdF committee in Berlin. Urgently needed support for the survivors also came from the Joint Distribution Committee (JOINT for short), a Jewish-American relief organization whose food donations and aid were distributed through the Jewish communities (from 1947 onwards, also through the Jewish communities in the Soviet occupation zone). The Association of Victims of the Nazi Regime (VVN) was established in all four occupation zones in 1947/48. It initially defined itself as a nonpartisan interest group that represented all persecuted people. Jewish victims of Nazi persecution constituted a large group within the association and in Berlin even formed the majority. Although the distinction between “fighters” and “victims” remained contested in the VVN, cooperation between it and the Jewish communities initially went well, not least because many leading representatives of the Jewish communities held positions in the VNN. The Cold War With the separate currency reforms in 1948, it became clear that the four occupying powers in Germany would not act jointly to overcome the legacy of Nazism in Germany. The Cold War between the one-time allies and the founding of the two German states set new political priorities on both sides that led to the breakdown of the already fragile anti-fascist alliances. In 1950, the West German branch of the VVN was classified as a “radical organization” and monitored by the Office for the Protection of the Constitution. By contrast, the East German VNN continued to wield significant political and moral clout until it was dissolved in 1953. The eastern VVN provided representatives for parliaments, ran health spas, published several journals, and owned a publishing house. It influenced the drafting of a reparations law which included a special pension system and the preferential provision of health care, housing, commercial space, household products, and scarce consumer goods. However, it did not include a provision on the restitution of stolen property or on material compensation. But the VVN’s initially postulated non-partisanship soon existed only on paper. Beginning in 1948, the SED gradually took control of the association’s governing bodies and began to subordinate all its activities to the new friend-or-foe mentality of the Cold War. In early January 1953, Julius Meyer, SED member and President of the Association of Jewish Communities in the GDR, was pressured to “confess” his intelligence ties in interrogations with both the Soviet and the SED Control Commissions. They demanded that he surrender the lists of recipients of JOINT packages and persuade his Association to publicly distance itself from JOINT and to condemn Zionism. After the interrogations, Meyer traveled to Leipzig, Dresden, and Erfurt to warn leading Jewish community representatives of the impending persecution. Günter Singer, Helmut Salo Looser, Leon Löwenkopf, Fritz Grunsfeld, and Leo Eisenstädt fled to West Berlin that same day. Additional Jewish community members followed. Their exodus continued into the fall of 1953 amid antisemitic agitation in the media and under the influence of police searches of Jewish community offices and arbitrary measures taken by local authorities against recognized victims of persecution. The suspicions and persecution were also aimed at state and party functionaries of Jewish origin who had no ties to the Jewish community. Disintegration of the Jewish Communities The events of 1948–53 and their consequences shaped the lives of Jews in the GDR until 1989. Most of the Jewish communities no longer had board members and also lacked rabbis and cantors. Membership had declined dramatically, caused not only by Jews fleeing the country. Fearing reprisal, many members of the SED had also left the Jewish religious community. The Berlin community split into an eastern and a western part. After Stalin’s death, targeted antisemitic persecution ended, but the accusations and suspicions were never officially withdrawn; they lived on beneath the surface in the form of fear and resentment. With the forced dissolution of the Association of Victims of the Nazi Regime, which the SED Central Committee replaced with the Committee of Anti-Fascist Resistance Fighters, the Jewish survivors – like many other persecuted groups – no longer had a voice in politics. The Jewish communities could not fill this gap because they were essentially restricted to religious practice. Due not only to the small number of members, but mainly to failed reparation attempts, the Jewish communities were completely dependent on state funds. For many years, commemoration of the 1938 November pogroms was limited mainly to the events in the Jewish communities, mostly accompanied by a brief newspaper note with a greeting from the SED Central Committee. The early 1980s saw changes to this well-rehearsed ritual, culminating in the major official commemorative event in 1988 marking the pogroms’ fiftieth anniversary. Members of the SED Politburo, all wearing kippahs and surrounded by TV cameras and flashing lights, lay wreaths in the Jewish cemetery in the Weissensee district of Berlin. The next day they lay the symbolic cornerstone for the reconstruction of the destroyed New Synagogue in Oranienburger Strasse. These actions were clearly motivated by foreign policy and economic interests linked to the GDR’s relations with the United States; however, state and party leaders were also responding to the shifting situation at home, where committed representatives of a generation that had grown up in the GDR were taking seriously their anti-fascist education and were no longer willing to accept the ignorant, negligent treatment of the traces of former Jewish life in their surroundings. Their initiatives to restore destroyed and neglected burial sites and to study Jewish history in their cities and communities suddenly met with interest and were even promoted by the local authorities. Jewish Life Beyond the Communities An essay such as this that discusses Jewish life in the GDR cannot limit itself to members of the Jewish communities, but must also examine the much larger group of Holocaust survivors who descended from Jewish families but distanced themselves from their ancestors’ religion and traditions. Many had joined the labor movement before 1933 and become members of the KPD. They were loyal to the Soviet occupation force and the Communist Party, in whose sphere of influence they hoped for favorable living and working conditions. They consisted of writers, actors, directors, singers, composers, and visual artists. They assumed management of the newly founded publishing houses, broadcasting companies, and newspapers. They were appointed to university chairs, became factory directors, or performed functions in the party and state apparatus. During the Stalinist purges, many faced accusations, suspicions, or – at the very least – professional discrimination. And perhaps it was precisely the persecution they suffered during the Nazi period and their grief over murdered relatives that unconsciously bound them to the socialist project. With their creativity, professional skills, and cosmopolitanism, these women and men made an important contribution to rebuilding cultural life and new political structures in East Germany. Among the best-known are Anna Seghers, Lea Grundig, Arnold Zweig, Alfred Kantorowicz, Stefan Hermlin, Ernst-Herrmann Meyer, Alexander Abusch, Albert Norden, and Hanns and Gerhart Eisler. One exceptional figure among them was Jürgen Kuczynski, a party loyalist and scholar who never gave up his intellectual independence. In 1936, after three years of working illegally for the KPD in Germany, he emigrated to Great Britain, only to return to Berlin in 1945 in the uniform of a US Army colonel. A few years later, he co-founded the Academy of Sciences. Kuczynski also directed the Institute for Economic History, where research was conducted in relative freedom by GDR standards. An internationally respected scholar, he served as advisor to Erich Honecker and often stood out with his undogmatic ideas and unusual initiatives in the closely managed East German public sphere. Another exceptional figure was the singer and dancer Lin Jaldati, who grew up in a poor Jewish family in Amsterdam and joined the Communist Party of the Netherlands in 1936. After the Wehrmacht invaded the country, she joined the resistance against the occupiers. She was arrested and deported to Auschwitz in 1944 and liberated from Bergen-Belsen in 1945. In 1952, she moved to the GDR with her husband, the pianist and former German émigré Eberhard Rebling. She was the only artist to have success as a singer of Yiddish songs well into the 1980s. Positions on Israel The SED leadership saw members of the Jewish communities as the only true Jews in the country. However, on certain occasions they exploited the Jewish origins of the many “others” for their propaganda. This occurred in 1961, when the journalists Max Kahane, Gerhard Leo, and Kurt Goldstein – all of whom came from Jewish families – were sent to Jerusalem as special correspondents for the Eichmann trial and instructed to highlight the Nazi past of Hans Globke, a state secretary in Bonn. In addition, in June 1967, one day after the start of the Six-Day War between Israel and its Arab neighbors, the SED Politburo decided to publish “statements by Jewish citizens of the GDR expressing outrage at Israeli aggression and the Israel-Washington-Bonn conspiracy.”3 Its key motivation was probably to head off accusations of antisemitism. Albert Norden had been charged with the task, but as he noted confusedly (or indignantly?) to Walter Ulbricht, many of the Jews he approached refused to participate. In the end, none of the signers of the declaration published in Neues Deutschland on 9 June 1967, were members of a Jewish community. However, Jewish community functionaries, particularly in the 1980s, became increasingly confident about criticizing antisemitic lapses in East German coverage of the Middle East conflict and Israel. New Members for the Communities? In the 1980s, the Jewish communities in East Germany had a total of around four hundred members. Roughly two hundred belonged to the community in East Berlin. In 1986, the executive board in Berlin, under the leadership of Dr. Peter Kirchner, took an unusual step to stop the decline and aging of the community. It invited many of the adult children of secular Jewish communist families to a community event. The response was overwhelming. The initiative met with growing interest among a younger generation that wanted to learn more about their roots and rediscover the values, traditions, and practices their parents or grandparents had given up so long ago. They formed the group “Wir für uns” (We for Ourselves) and took part in services, festivals, and Hebrew lessons – though few ultimately joined the Jewish community. Most preferred loose ties, discussions, lectures, and cultural events – in other words, membership in what was essentially a Jewish cultural association. This type of association was not founded until 1990, by which time the GDR’s existence had almost come to an end. Annette Leo, historian and publicist This text is a significantly abridged version of her contribution to the exhibition catalog Another Country Jewish in the GDR.
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dbpedia
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https://be-lavie.com/berlin-city-break-highlights-germanys-cosmopolitan-capital/
en
BERLIN: HIGHLIGHTS OF GERMANY’S CAPITAL CITY
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[ "Bejal", "www.facebook.com" ]
2017-07-30T08:00:06+01:00
A city break to Berlin focussing on the abodes, sights and eateries in Berlin by each area on the capitals neighbourhoods.
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Last Updated on 3rd December 2018 by Bejal Berlin has been one of those destinations that friends, family, bloggers and reasonably priced deals have sold it to me over time and when I found out one of my college friends was living in the city, the necessity to visit became top priority I have to admit, my only trip to Germany was when I took part in a school exchange back in Year 9 (so definitely many moons ago!) so I wasn’t really sure what I hoped from this trip but I did my research extensively as always and packed in an itenary including spending time with my friend, seeing all the recommended points of interest and noshing in some eateries recommend by locals! So with that in mind, I bring to you my highlights of Germany’s uber dynamic, cosmopolitan capital! ARRIVAL & DEPARTURE We arrived via Berlin Schonefeld Airport (the other being Tegel) and jumped straight into a taxi to our hotel, which took about 30 minutes and cost €42.00. You can just as easily get the underground from either station and it would cost a few euros! Additionally, we bought underground tickets daily and just as in London, price depends upon zones and whether you will take an underground or over ground train. We typically spent €5-7 per person per day and lasts until 3am the following day once it’s been validated. ABODE THE ART’OTEL KUDAMM With an array of international chains and small boutique hotels, you will be spoilt for choice. For me location is always key so we opted for the centrally located, Art’otel Kudamm, which had a lovely quirky edge that called out to us. Bearing in mind, we were literally going to use the hotel for sleeping and breakfast, and I loved how each of the 152 rooms showcased Andy Warhol’s pop art. Art’otel KudammL ietzenburger Str. 85 10719 Berlin Tel. +49 30 887777 CHARLOTTENBURG & WEST CITY SCHLOSS CHARLOTTENBURG This beautiful palace was built by Elector Friedrich III in 1699 for his wife Sophie Charlotte and was used as a summer palace. It is inevitable the largest palace in Berlin and is surrounded by stunningly manicured Baroque styled gardens. Today Schloss Charlottenburg houses the largest collection of 18th century French paintings outside of France and is open to the public to peruse the well-appointed and restored rooms, apartments and porcelain and silverware collections. Next door to the Palace is the Kleine Orangerie restaurant where you can grab some food and snacks or enjoy a peaceful dining experience. I would add the Palace to your list- I’m sure every girl will wish they were Sophie Charlotte – the ultimate declaration of love for you romantics! Schloss Charlotteburg Spandauer Damm 20-24 14059 Berlin POTSDAM & SOUTH CITY In an ideal world, you could spend the entire day here, but I feel Potsdam is worth it. It lies South West of Berlin and is the capital of the federal state of Brandenburg. The main attractions here comprise of 18th and 19th century palaces and royal parks and upon a visit you will understand why this place has been given UNESCO World Heritage status. One place you cannot miss is the Sanssouci Palace with its vineyard terraces and striking gardens. This was a place that was not really meant to be repaired and only last the lifetime of the owner but lucky for us this wish did not come true and we were able to visit and feel the great sense of peace that it was intended to provide. My must-see on this UNESCO site would be the prestigious Neues Palace, pretty views from The Belvedere on the Pfinstberg and stunning river views surrounding Babelsberg Palace. Potsdam & City South Maulbeerallee 14469 Potsdam POTSDAMER PLATZ & TIERGARTEN Potsdamer Platz is a thriving bustling neighbourhood filled with shopping centres, nightlife, entertainment and modern architecture! In actual fact since the reunification of Germany it has been transformed from wasteland to its present day what I would call as The Times Square of Berlin! In fact there are still remains of some of the Berlin wall opposite the underground station on the square. My suggestion, once you’re all shopped out and fed and watered is to take Europe’s fastest lift up to the Panoramapunkt in the Kollhof Tower and enjoy a view of the Berlin skyline Additionally the Lego Land discovery centre with over 4 million Lego bricks will provide endless hours of entertainment for little people and adults alike! Potsdamer Platz 10785 Berlin A very short walk away from Potsdamer Platz is the Tiergarten Park. I reckon this is Berlin’s answer to Central Park! It’s most definitely centrally located, at the heart of Berlin and border some of Berlin’s major sites. It spreads over 519 hectares and is a fantastic green space to relax in with green lawns and picnic areas. For Berliners, Tiergarten Park is the city’s green lung – just like New York’s Central Park or London’s Hyde Park. Close to the city centre and bordering such major sights as the Brandenburg Gate or Potsdamer Platz, the forested grounds cover 210 hectares, slightly more than Hyde Park. Tiergarten Straße des 17 Juni 31 10785 Berlin THE VICTORY COLUMN (GROẞERSTERN) This column is located in the middle of the roundabout, standing 67 metres high, at the top of Tiergarten. You can reach it via a subway from the road joining Tiergraten. You can take a lift up to the top which will give you a fantastic view of the tree lined road that leads up to the Brandenburg Gate. The Victory Column Großer Stern 10557 Berlin ALEXANDERPLATZ This square is best known for its shopping and eating establishments and was named after Tsar Alexander. The area is quite the transport hub as this is where the underground systems S-Bahn and U-Bahn, regional trains trams and buses interchange. It is pretty close to a few points of interest however my must visit for views of the city’s skyline would be the TV Tower and the Panorama terrace which is located at the top of the Park Inn Hotel. Alexanderplatz 4 10178 Berlin THE PARK INN HOTEL For a cost of 4 Euros, payable at the lobby check-in desk, you can take a lift up to the 40th floor and get some nice views of the city, however this is not a skybar by any means. You will probably read about it marketed as one but literally there are a few chairs and a hot and cold beverages sold here. However you do get a fantastic view of the city and you are literally beside the TV Tower. It’s a great value way of getting your bearings and seeing the cityscape. The Park Inn Hotel Park Inn Tunnel Alexanderplatz. 7 10178 Berlin Tel. +49 30 23890 THE TV TOWER (BERLINER FERNSEHTURM) This building in my opinion is what makes Berlin skyline. It is that one distinguishing building that soars 368m into the sky and has been named Europe’s highest building (368 meters high) which is open to the public. Views from the viewing platform truly are spectacular, with 360 degree panoramas of the entire city, which will be at your disposal via the 40 second trip up in an express elevator. Pre re-unification, the tower was a symbol of East Germany and was classified as a heritage building in 1979. I thoroughly recommend having a long drink at the Panorama bar or book in for a 3 course meal as we did at the revolving Sphere restaurant, which gives you the ultimate views of the city, especially when you see it at night, perfectly illuminated. A few more details about this a bit further down… Berliner Fernsehturm. Panoramastraße 1a 10178 Berlin Tel. +49 (0) 30 24 7 57 5 8 75 MUSEUMSINEL This is known as Berlin’s Museum Island and in 1999, was given UNESCO Wold Heritage status. Museumsinel is made up of 5 museums: 01 The Pergamon Museum – Art work originating from Roman times and Islamic symmetry. 02 Bode Museum – houses art and medieval artefacts and treasures from the Byzantine art collection 03 Neues Museum – houses collections from Egyptian museum, Papyrus collection and The famous bust of the Ancient Egyptian queen Nefertiti is the showpiece exhibit. 04 Alte Nationalgaerie – showcases paintings and sculptures from the Neoclassical period right up until 1848. 05 Altes Museum – Features pieces from ancient Greece including portrait busts of Caesar and Cleopatra. Museumsinel Museumsinsel Am Lustgarten 10117 Berlin SCHEUNENVIERTEL NEUE SYNAGOGE (THE NEW SYNAGOGUE) This is one of Berlins most significant Jewish landmarks and was built back in 1866. It can seat 3200 people and was a symbol of the large Jewish community in Germany. Berlin really was one of Europe’s largest Judaism hubs with 160, 000 Jewish citizens in the early 1930’s. Set back in a busy street, it really is beautifully constructed and on a bright sunny day the coloured gold domes shine and irradiate pretty kaleidoscopes. Scheunenviertel Oranienburger Straße 28-30 10117 Berlin Tel: +49 (0)30 88028 300 HISTORIC MITTE BRANDENBURG TOR (BRANDENBURG GATE) For me this is probably the most iconic landmark in not just Berlin but Germany. The Brandenburg Gate is a symbol of the Cold War division of East and West Germany, however today it is a national symbol of peace and unity. It’s a selfie must and a grand neoclassical gesture of cease-fire of a once-divided city. Historic Mitte Pariser Platz 1 10117 Berlin HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL This is a pretty special but understandably emotional place. The Jewish memorial was completed in 2005 on a former ‘death strip’ where the Berlin Wall once stood close to the Brandenburg Gate. The memorial is dedicated to the 6 million Jewish victims of the Nazi genocide of World War II. It is worth spending some time going to see the underground the centre and reading the stories and accounts which have been displayed around the memorial. Holocaust Memorial Cora-Berliner-Straße 1 10117 Berlin Tel: +49 (0)30 26 39 43 0 HITLERS BUNKER – THE WORLD’S MOST FAMOUS CAR PARK This is pretty close to the Holocaust Memorial and in fact we stumbled upon it by accident when we were looking to grab a coffee! It literally is a car park and actually quite a famous one as Hitler took refuge in his own bunker here during World War II. IT’s worth a stop if you’re already close-by! Holer’s Bunker In den Ministergärten 10117 Berlin TOPOGRAPHIE DES TORRES This is one of the most visited museums in Berlin and is on the former ground of the Gestapo headquarters. It comprises 15 stations, one for each place where abhorrent Nazi crimes were committed. Again a very emotional and horrifying reminder of Berlin’s dark past however very informative and houses the longest surviving section of the Berlin Wall. Topographie des Torres Niederkirchnerstraße 8 10963 Berlin CHECKPOINT CHARLIE This is the point of the former border crossing during the Cold War and the partition of Berlin. As a child I remember vividly seeing a clip filmed at this point in the 007 movie, Octopussy! Today it is more of a photo opportunity jaunt, where 2 handsomely uniformed soldiers will happily pose with you for snaps (at a small charge of course!) holding US flags. Checkpoint Charlie Friedrichstraße 43-45 10117 Berlin REICHSTAG (PARLIAMENT) This is the home of the German Parliament and a stunning neoclassical example of building it may be but tourists flock here to visit the huge glass domes high up inside it. This is one of those places you just have to visit. Make sure you book online to secure a place as prior booking is required and you will have to go through a number of security checks. ID will also be required. In the outer portion of the globe you can get fantastic views of the Brandenburg Gate area. I would suggest a visit around sunset as the Berlin skyline looks magical from up here! Reichstag Platz der Republik 1 11011 Berlin GENDARMENMARKT This is a fantastic place to hang out especially if you go at Christmas time as this is one of the spots where they hold Christmas markets in Germany. The square itself is the place of the German and French Churches but also a elaborate statue taking centre stage. Gendarmenmarkt 10117 Berlin My actual reason for visiting the square was that it is actually across the road from the famous Berlin based Chocolatier, Fassenbender Rausch Schokoladenhaus. All I’m saying is you will be wowed by what’s on the ground floor! A chocolate lovers paradise. The most fanatically tempered chocolate models of the landmarks of Berlin and lots of tempting choc treats on offer but make sure you book a place at their café on the first floor. I will leave you to look at the pics….mouth wateringly good! Fassenbender RauschSchokoladenhaus Charlottenstraße 60 10117 Berlin Tel. +49 800 0301918 OTHER PLACES OF INTEREST THE KAISER WILHELM MEMORIAL CHURCH BERLIN MAUER GRENZMAUER (BERLIN WALL MEMORIAL) This commemorates the division of Berlin by the Berlin Wall and the deaths that occurred. The monument was created in 1998 by the Federal Republic of Germany and the Federal State of Berlin and tells the story of what happened at this particular site.This was somewhere that I nearly left out but was so glad we went in the end. Berlin Wall Memorial WBernauer Str. 111 13355 Berlin Tel. +49 30 467986666 OK, I appreciate this post is getting very long but I can’t go before just adding in something about drinks and eats, so I’ll just do this by pics but if you like what you see then do go explore the details. MONKEY BAR Best Bits: The Monkey Bar Looks out onto the monkey enclosure of Berlin Zoo and does the best Mojitos! Good for sundowners! Monkey Bar Budapester Straße 40 25hours Hotel Bikini Berlin 10787 Berlin Tel: +49 30 12022121 SPHERE RESTAURANT Best Bits: The view from the Sphere Restaurant at night and the fine dining experience. Book ahead online. Sphere Restaurant Panoramastraße 1A 10178 Berlin KADEWE SHOPPING MALL Best Bits: This is Berlin’s famous shopping centre and is a version of Harrods. Needless to say the food hall is just divine! KADEWE Tauentzienstraße 21-24 10789 Berlin SCHWARZ CAFÉ Best Bits: Fantastic German dishes such as Schnitzel served in an eclectically decorated laid back environment! Not touristy at all! Schwarz Cafe Kantstraße 148 10623 Berlin Berlin for me was always going to be pretty educational as many moons ago I remember learning about the Holocoast and the plight of millions of Jewish citizens. I felt that story was consolidated in Berlin, the memorials, diaries and images really made it all so much more real and difficult to fathom. If you would like any further information about Berlin and planning your trip : visitberlin.de I seriously wouldn’t mind returning to Berlin, I feel like there’s probably a lot more I could do, see and obviously eat! What would be your Highlights for Berlin? À Bientôt…
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The Nazi Eagles of Berlin
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2015-06-05T11:08:16+02:00
Searching for and documenting the remaining Nazi Eagles (Reichsadler) of the Third Reich in Berlin, Germany.
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Digital Cosmonaut
https://digitalcosmonaut.com/nazi-eagles-berlin/
Reichsadler. The word (unfairly) conjures up images of a Nazi Eagle and the Third Reich. Yet the Eagle as a symbol of Power has existed in the Germanic Realm for centuries. The Reichsadler (the Imperial Eagle) made its first Heraldic Appearance on the Banner of the Holy Roman Empire under Karl dem Großen aka Charlemagne. From that point on his various successors – as well as the Imperial Cities attributed their flags with the Reichsadler. The Reichsadler – From Teutonic Order to the German Empire The privilege to use the Reichsadler wasn’t solely bestowed on the Reichsstädte (the Imperial Cities). The Teutonic Order – granted by Emperor Frederick II. – was allowed the privilege of using the Reichsadler in their Coat of Arms. When the Teutonic Order was transformed into the Duchy of Prussia in 1525, it took over its Heraldic symbols. The German Reichsadler survived throughout the turbulent years of the Holy Roman Empire (of Germanic Nations) until it was dissolved in 1806. The empire didn’t survive Napoleons victory, but the Reichsadler did. It wasn’t until 1848 when the German States revolted and were seeking national unity, that the Imperial Eagle became a prominent symbol again. 20 years later, thanks to Bismarcks “Kleindeutsch Lösung” (unifying the Kingdom of Prussia with the Northern German States) the Prussian Reichsadler became the Heraldic Symbol of the German Empire in 1871. After facing defeat in WWI and mounting social and political pressure, the German Emperor abdicated in 1918 and the Empire transformed into the Weimar Republic (yet still officially being called Deutsches Reich). Interestingly enough, the variations of the Prussian flag can be found on the facade of a building (whose original purpose is yet to be revealed to me) dating back to the mid to late 1930s. A minor detail worth pointing out is that it seems like the last eagle might be holding the sword and the scepter in the wrong talons. A new Reichsadler for the Weimar Republic To reflect this Political Shift, the Flag and Coat of arms were changed, adopting the German tricolor which had been created by the Frankfurt Constitution in 1849. Picking up where the Frankfurt Constitution left off, Emil Doepler designed a new German Crest creating a modernised Reichsadler (cutting off one of the two heads) and changing the colors to match German Tricolor. Freidrich Ebert, President of the German Reich declared the design to be the Official Coat of Arms on the 12th of November 1919. In 1926, a new Coat of Arms was created by the graphic designer Karl-Tobias Schwab. This Reichswappen replaced the previous version by Doepler in 1928. If you’re beginning to think – “wow, that looks a lot like todays Bundesadler!” – you’re right, because it is! Doepler’s design became the Reichsschild which was used from then on as the pennant for government vehicles. Two eagles for the Nazis After the Nazis were elected into power in 1933, the Prussian Reichsadler received the Swastika as an addendum. The Nazi Party had their own version of the Reichsadler, the “Parteiadler”, which was more prominently displayed throughout the years. In 1935, one year after Adolf Hitler’s coronation as Führer – the Nazi Party declared the stylised version of the Parteiadler as the new Reichsadler. In the beginning, there wasn’t a unified or regulated style for the Reichsadler. Dozens of different versions, even within the same Departments and Ministries appeared. To ensure the full control of its symbols, the NSDAP enacted the “gleichschaltung der symbole” in 1936. This officially regulated how the Reichsadler appeared, and anyone who wished to use the Eagle with the Swastika now had to apply for permission. This mean that: All Eagles affiliated with the State look towards the Left The Parteiadler – the Party Eagle looks to the Right The notable exception to the rule was the Wehrmacht. All Eagles of the Wehrmacht, “out of solidarity to the NSDAP” were allowed to keep facing Right, though with the stipulation that the eagle had to be perched on a wreath and its wings spread. Or so the myth goes. The most popular myth as to why the “Parteiadler” faces to the Right – is because it apparently represents the “back” of the Reichsadler, cementing the hegemony of Party and State. Despite the “gleichschaltung der symbole” in 1936, various styles of the Eagle kept on appearing until 1944. From Reichsadler to Bundesadler With the collapse of yet another German Reich, all (affiliated) symbols of the Nazi Party and Third Reich were declared illegal. With the creation of (West) Germany, the German state adopted the Flag used during the Weimar Republic. In 1950, President Theodor Heuss officially reinstated the Weimarer Reichsadler, now titled Bundesadler, to create an ideological connection to the values of the Weimar Republic – and to prevent East Germany from laying any claim to it. Along with the Flag, the Eagle designed by Schwab and the eagle designed by Doepel was carried over to the newly founded Bundesrepublik. Wandering through Berlin, you are constantly reminded of its history. Regardless if you stroll through the Royal Charlottenburg, the Industrial Reinickendorf, or the Hipster Mitte, if you pay close enough attention you will always find a trace of Germanys Imperial Past. Reichsadler can be found everywhere, but most of them date back to the 19th Century. By off-chance I wandered past the Finanzamt (Tax Office) in Charlottenburg and had to do a double take. Right above the door was a massive Reichsadler. One from the Third Reich. The Swastika had been removed and subtly replaced with a house number. Practical Germans. This peaked my interest, I was curious to see how many “Nazi Eagles” were left in Berlin. After scouring the city for several weeks I’ve compiled a (what I believe to be far from complete) list of the remaining Reichsadler of the Third Reich in Berlin. It is very interesting to note that all the Eagles I’ve discovered so far have been located in what was once West-Berlin. Seems like the Western Allies had less of a problem with the rather obvious remnants of the Third Reich. Check out the Map at the bottom of the Article to see where they are located. All newly added eagles will always be added to the bottom of the list As our list of Nazi Eagles outside of Berlin, specifically in Brandenburg is steadily growing, we’ve decided to decouple them from this list, and give them their own separate article: The Nazi Eagles of Brandenburg. We have done the same thing for the Nazi Eagles that we’ve found in Hamburg as well as Cologne. To keep things simple, we have added their locations into the same map as the Nazi Eagles in Berlin. Nazi Eagles FAQ Disclaimer If an address is not given for an Eagle, it is done so on purpose (though this only applies to 3 eagles). If you do have a question regarding one of the publicly listed locations ask away. If you know of an Eagle that we’ve missed out on, feel free to leave a comment so we can continue to complete the list. For those counting, as of August 2022, there are a total of 34 locations with Eagles dating back to the third reich (though there are more individual eagles than that). It goes without saying that our interest in these Eagles/Symbols is purely historical, and in no way do we condone or support any fascist or racist ideology. The Nazi Eagles of Berlin [1936] A Reichsadler on a Memorial Plaque in the Langemarckhalle at the Olympic Stadium Address: Am Glockenturm 1, 14053 Berlin [1938/39] Reichsadler on a decorative vase at the Siegessäule, Address: Großer Stern 10557 Berlin [1936] A Pair of Reichsadler on the Tomb of Colonel General Hans von Seeckt Address: Invalidenfriedhof Scharnhorststraße 12307, Mitte [1938/39] Reichsadler above the Dreilinden School Address: Dreilindenstraße 49 14109, Wannsee [1934/35] Reichsadler on the spire of the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Kirche Address: Onkel-Tom-Straße 80 14169, Zehlendorf [1936/39] Reichsadler above the Finanzamt Charlottenburg Address: Bismarckstr. 48, 10627 Charlottenburg [1933] Reichsadler above the Amtsgericht Wedding Brunnenplatz 1, 13357 Wedding [1936] Wehrmachstadler above the former Beseler Kaserne Address: Borchertweg 2, 13585 Spandau [Unconfirmed Date] Reichsalder above a S-Bahn Building Address: Machnower Str. 2, 14165 Zehlendorf [1939/40] Reichsadler above a former NAPOLA (now a police station). Address: Hohenzollernring 125, 13585 Spandau [1935/36] Wehrmachtsadler at a former Military Barracks Address: N/A [1941/42] Reichsadler above the door of Germany’s first TV Studio. Rognitzstraße 8, 14057 Westend [1936/41] The 6 Reichsadler of the Former Tempelhof Airport Complex. Platz der Luftbrücke 5, 12101 Tempelhof [1936/41] Head of the Reichsadler which sat atop the main Tempelhof Airport Complex. Platz der Luftbrücke 5, 12101 Tempelhof [1935/36] Wehrmachtsadler at a former Military Barracks. Address: N/A [1934] Reichsadler atop the Siemens WWI Memorial. Address: Nonnendammallee 101, 13629 Siemensstadt [1935] Denkmal der Nationalen Erhebung (Monument for the National Uprising). Address: Lüdenscheiderweg 2, 13599 Siemensstadt [1936] 2 Reichsadler in front of the “Haus des Deutschen Sports” on the Olympic Grounds Address: Hanns-Braun-Straße / Adlerplatz, 14053 Westend [1936] Reichsadler on the Olympic Grounds. Address: Friedrich-Friesen-Allee, 14053 Westend [1935] Reichsadler on the Olympic Bell. Address: Olympischer Platz 3, 14053 Westend [1938] Reichsadler on an abandoned factory. Address: N/A [1939] Reichsadler above a Post Office. Address: Knesebeckstraße 95, 10623 Charlottenburg [1935/38] Reichsadler / Adler der Luftwaffe at the former Luftgaukommando Luftgau III. Now Luxury Apartments Address: Clayallee 172, 14195 Dahlem [1935/38] Reichsadler / Adler der Luftwaffe at the former Luftgaukommando Luftgau III. Now the US Embassy in Berlin. Address: Clayallee 172, 14195 Dahlem [1940/42] Reichsadler above a Harbour Depot (Westhafen). Address: Nordufer 28, 13353 Moabit [1938/40] Reichsadler above the former Reichsministerium für Bewaffnung und Munition (Armaments Ministry). Today Bundesagentur für Arbeit (Unemployment Office). Address: Friedrichstraße 34, 10969 Mitte [1935] Wehrmachtsadler above the entrance of Fort Hanneberg. Address: Ernst-Bruch-Zeile 39, 13591 Spandau [1933] Wehrmachtsadler in a Church Mural. Martin-Luther-Gedächtniskirche Address: Riegerzeile 1, 12105 Mariendorf [1939] A pair of Wehrmachtsadler and Swastikas on two Stahlhelme on the Zitadellenbrücke in Spandau Address: Am Juliusturm 64, 13599 Spandau Update 1.5.2022 : Sadly someone cut out the helmets from the bridge and stole them. [Unconfirmed Date] A Reichsadler above the entrance of a former National Insurance Building. Now headquarters of a Public Insurance Company Address: Hildegardstraße 29/30, 10715 Wilmersdorf [1937] Remnants of Two Reichsadler on the facade of a former commercial building. Now part of the Berlin Senate. Address: Parochialstraße 2, 10179 Mitte *Normally I would have not included these two as they have been fully removed from the building, but if you stand in front of them – the silhouette of the right Eagle is still very much recognizable. [1942] A Reichsadler with the Iron Cross in its clutches on the grave Luftwaffe Ace Leutnant Hans Fuss Address: Invalidenfriedhof Scharnhorststraße 12307, Mitte Nazi Eagles | Reichsadler Location Map
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https://cdn.britannica.c…-Gate-Berlin.jpg
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[ "Berlin", "encyclopedia", "encyclopeadia", "britannica", "article" ]
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[ "Hubert Joseph Erb", "Lutz R. Reuter" ]
1998-07-20T00:00:00+00:00
Berlin, capital and chief urban center of Germany. The city lies at the heart of the North German Plain, athwart an east-west commercial and geographic axis that helped make it the capital of the kingdom of Prussia and then, from 1871, of a unified Germany.
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Encyclopedia Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/place/Berlin
Berlin national capital, Germany Top Questions Where is Berlin located? Berlin is in Germany. It lies at the heart of the North German Plain in the wide glacial valley of the Spree River, which runs through the center of the city. It is situated about 112 miles (180 km) south of the Baltic Sea, 118 miles (190 km) north of the Czech-German border, 110 miles (177 km) east of the former inner-German border, and 55 miles (89 km) west of Poland. Why was the Berlin Wall built around West Berlin? East Germany built the Berlin Wall to close off East Germans’ access to West Berlin and hence West Germany. The wall surrounded West Berlin from 1961 to 1989. What type of climate does Berlin have? Berlin's mean annual temperature is about 48 °F (9 °C), and mean temperatures range from 30 °F (−1 °C) in winter to 65 °F (18 °C) in summer. The average precipitation is 22 inches (568 mm). About one-fifth to one-fourth of the total falls as snow. Berlin is famous for what cultural institutions? Berlin is famous for its many museums such as the Dahlem Museums, the Egyptian Museum, the Berlin Cultural Forum with the New National Gallery, and the Museum of Arts and Crafts. Other postwar institutions are the Brücke-Museum, the Berlin Museum, the Museum of Transport and Technology, and the Jewish Museum Berlin. Berlin is the capital of what country? Berlin is the capital and chief urban center of Germany. Berlin was the capital of Prussia and then, from 1871, of a unified Germany. Though partitioned into East and West Berlin after World War II, the reunification of East and West Germany led to Berlin’s reinstatement as the all-German capital in 1990. Berlin, capital and chief urban centre of Germany. The city lies at the heart of the North German Plain, athwart an east-west commercial and geographic axis that helped make it the capital of the kingdom of Prussia and then, from 1871, of a unified Germany. Berlin’s former glory ended in 1945, but the city survived the destruction of World War II. It was rebuilt and came to show amazing economic and cultural growth. Germany’s division after the war put Berlin entirely within the territory of the German Democratic Republic (GDR, or East Germany). The city itself echoed the national partition—East Berlin being the capital of East Germany and West Berlin a Land (state) of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, or West Germany). West Berlin’s isolation was later reinforced by the concrete barrier erected in 1961 and known as the Berlin Wall. Its status as an enclave made Berlin a continuous focus of confrontation between the Eastern and Western powers as well as a symbol of Western lifestyle for 45 years. The fall of the East German communist regime—and the accompanying opening of the wall—in late 1989 unexpectedly raised the prospect for Berlin’s reinstatement as the all-German capital. That status was restored in 1990 under the terms of the unification treaty, and subsequently Berlin was designated a state, one of the 16 constituting Germany. These developments heralded the city’s return to its historic position of prominence in European culture and commerce. Area 344 square miles (891 square km). Pop. (2011) 3,292,365; (2021 est.) 3,677,472. Physical and human geography The landscape The city site Berlin is situated about 112 miles (180 km) south of the Baltic Sea, 118 miles (190 km) north of the Czech-German border, 110 miles (177 km) east of the former inner-German border, and 55 miles (89 km) west of Poland. It lies in the wide glacial valley of the Spree River, which runs through the centre of the city. The mean elevation of Berlin is 115 feet (35 metres) above sea level. The highest point near the centre of Berlin is the peak of the Kreuzberg, a hill that rises 218 feet (66 metres) above sea level. Measuring approximately 23 miles (37 km) from north to south and 28 miles (45 km) from east to west, Berlin is by far the largest city in Germany. It is built mainly on sandy glacial soil amid an extensive belt of forest-rimmed lakes, formed from the waters of the Dahme River to the southeast and the Havel to the west; indeed, about one-third of the Greater Berlin area is still covered by sandy pine and mixed birch woods, lakes, and beaches. “Devil’s Mountain” (Teufelsberg), one of several hills constructed from the rubble left by World War II bombing, rises to 380 feet (116 metres) and has been turned into a winter sports area for skiing and sledding. Climate Britannica Quiz European Capitals Quiz Berlin lies where the influence of the Atlantic Ocean fades and the climate of the continental plain begins. The city’s mean annual temperature is about 48 °F (9 °C), and mean temperatures range from 30 °F (−1 °C) in winter to 65 °F (18 °C) in summer. The average precipitation is 22 inches (568 mm). About one-fifth to one-fourth of the total falls as snow.
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https://originalberlintours.com/the-iconic-berlin-wall-a-symbol-of-division-and-unity/
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The Iconic Berlin Wall: A Symbol of Division and Unity
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[ "Original Berlin Tours" ]
2024-03-07T15:20:26+00:00
As you delve into the rich history of Berlin, one significant landmark that holds great historical and cultural importance is the Berlin Wall. Built in 1961 and…
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https://originalberlinto…icon-1-32x32.png
Original Berlin Tours
https://originalberlintours.com/the-iconic-berlin-wall-a-symbol-of-division-and-unity/
As you delve into the rich history of Berlin, one significant landmark that holds great historical and cultural importance is the Berlin Wall. Built in 1961 and demolished in 1989, the Berlin Wall stood as a physical embodiment of the division between East and West Germany during the Cold War period. Let’s dive into the details of where the Berlin Wall was located and its impact on the city and the world. The Location of the Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall ran through the heart of Berlin, effectively dividing the city into two separate parts: East Berlin, belonging to the German Democratic Republic (GDR), and West Berlin, under the control of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). The Wall stretched approximately 155 kilometers (96 miles) in total length, encircling the western part of West Berlin. Notably, it did not just follow a straight line across the city but rather meandered in a jagged pattern, encompassing various neighborhoods, streets, and even buildings. Its construction aimed to prevent people from escaping from East Germany to the free and prosperous West, effectively becoming a stark symbol of the ideological divide between the East and the West. The Inner City Border Within the city center of Berlin, the Wall often followed major streets and landmarks. One well-known section of the wall was the Berlin Wall Memorial, located at Bernauer Strasse. This site served as a poignant and somber reminder of the wall’s existence. Another notable area is Checkpoint Charlie, the most famous border crossing between East and West Berlin. Though the original checkpoint no longer stands, a replica serves as a tourist attraction and a symbol of the former division. Outer Areas and the Berlin Wall “Death Strip” Beyond the city center, the Wall extended into the outer areas of Berlin, running through neighborhoods like Prenzlauer Berg, Friedrichshain, and Kreuzberg. It divided families, neighborhoods, and even cemeteries, leaving a lasting impact on the lives of Berliners. Running parallel to the Wall was an area known as the “Death Strip.” This area included a stretch of land between two walls, often filled with obstacles such as barbed wire, mines, and patrolled by armed guards. This space served as a kill zone and a deterrent for anyone attempting to cross the border. The Construction of the Berlin Wall The construction of the Berlin Wall began on August 13, 1961, with the sudden erection of barbed wire fences along the border between East and West Berlin. Over time, these fences were reinforced with concrete segments, evolving into a formidable barrier. Initially, the Wall consisted of simple wire fences, but as the days and weeks passed, it transformed into a more substantial structure. Concrete segments weighing several tons replaced the wire fences, equipped with watchtowers and fortified with various security measures. Around 20,000 border guards were tasked with ensuring the security of the wall, enforcing strict border control, and preventing any attempts to escape to the West. A Symbol of Division and Unity The Berlin Wall was a representation of the immense division that existed during the Cold War era. Families were torn apart, and the free movement of people and ideas was heavily restricted. However, the fall of the Wall on November 9, 1989, marked a pivotal moment in history. It symbolized the end of the Cold War and the reunification of Germany. The Wall became a symbol of hope, unity, and the resilience of the human spirit. Today, remnants of the Berlin Wall serve as reminders of the city’s troubled past. The East Side Gallery, one of the most famous remnants, features a long stretch of paintings by artists from around the world, celebrating peace, freedom, and the triumph of the human spirit. Visiting the Berlin Wall and its remnants allows us to reflect on the atrocities of the past and appreciate the progress made toward unity and peace. Understanding the history of this remarkable barrier provides a powerful lesson on the importance of freedom, unity, and the value of coming together as a global community.
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https://gerryco23.wordpress.com/2009/11/10/revisiting-berlin/
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Visiting Berlin on the 10th anniversary of the opening of the Wall
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2009-11-10T00:00:00
Clearing up at the Brandenburg Gate after the 10th anniversary celebration Ten years ago today I flew into Berlin on the inaugural flight of Virgin's budget route from Manchester, landing at Schonefeld Airport. I wanted to be in Berlin on the tenth anniversary of the fall of the Wall, and arrived just as they were…
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That's How The Light Gets In
https://gerryco23.wordpress.com/2009/11/10/revisiting-berlin/
Clearing up at the Brandenburg Gate after the 10th anniversary celebration Ten years ago today I flew into Berlin on the inaugural flight of Virgin’s budget route from Manchester, landing at Schonefeld Airport. I wanted to be in Berlin on the tenth anniversary of the fall of the Wall, and arrived just as they were clearing up after the previous night’s festivities. So today I thought I’d post a few photos I took on that visit, supplemented by one or two others. Bundestag – 10th anniversary celebration clear-up At the Brandenburg Gate, they were taking down the staging from the previous night’s celebrations. It was on 9 November 1989 that the East German politburo lifted border controls to the west, including for private journeys to west Berlin. It was meant to take effect from 17 November, but the official who announced this, Günter Schabowski, got it wrong, announcing it was effective “immediately”. So began an extraordinary night. At the Brandenburg Gate, 1999 In 1999 the Berlin skyline was a forest of cranes – the largest building site in Europe – as reconstruction and infrastructure renewal followed reunification. In particular, there was an enormous amount of work going on around the old Reichstag building, which had been gutted and rebuilt to British architect Norman Foster’s design. In April 1999, the German Bundestag had moved from Bonn into the new building. The Berlin skyline in 1999 – massive construction work going on The Bundestag I went on a tour of the building, going up into Foster’s iconic large glass dome with its 360-degree view of the surrounding Berlin cityscape. The main hall of the parliament below could be seen from the cupola, and natural light radiated down to the parliament floor. Checkpoint Charlie in the Cold War years – postcard I visited Checkpoint Charlie on Friedrichstrasse – the best-known Berlin Wall crossing point during the Cold War, shown above in a postcard I picked up. The checkpoint watchtower shown below was torn down in 2000 to make way for redevelopment. Checkpoint Charlie in 1999 Near the guard house was the Haus am Checkpoint Charlie, a private museum opened in 1963. It was crowded and commercialised, with exhibits that focussed on contraptions used in dramatic escapes across, under or over the Wall – rather than the broader human rights implications. Also on Friedrichstrasse was the Two Soldiers memorial (below), with two large photographs, facing in different directions, of one American and one Russian soldier stationed in Berlin during the early 1990s. Friedrichstrasse, leading to Checkpoint Charlie I had to see what remained of the Wall. For my generation the Berlin Wall was an obscenity that divided a city and also symbolised the division of a country and a continent. The opening of the Wall in 1989, and its rapid destruction, seemed a hopeful sign of a changing world. I went to three main sites of remaining wall: the East Side Gallery on the east bank of the Spree, over the bridge from the hostel where I stayed in Kreuzberg; the section near Potsdamer Platz, part of the Topography of Terror exhibition; and the section to the north in Bernauer Strasse. The Kiss mural on the Wall at East side Gallery The East Side Gallery comprised a section of the Wall featuring murals by artists from all over the world, painted in 1990 on the east side of the Berlin Wall. Pictured above is perhaps the most famous, “God! Help me survive amid this mortal love” by Russian artist Dmitry Vrubel, painted 1989. Now, in 2009, most of the paintings are badly damaged by erosion, graffiti, and vandalism. Restoration, particularly of the central sections, began in May this year,though in the process the original images are completely removed with hot water. Afterwards, the artists paint the murals again, though many have refused. Muriel Raoux, Kani Alavi: ‘Many small people who in many small places do many small things, can alter the face of the world’. Berlin Wall – looking towards the Spree At Bernauer Strasse, the construction of the Wall, starting on 13 August 1961, made dramatic changes in the everyday lives of the people living in the neighbourhood. This was the section where the Wall ran down the centre of the street so that neighbours, friends, and relatives were separated. The house across the street was suddenly part of another political system. In desperation, people jumped out of the windows of apartments bordering West Berlin and paid with their lives. Some of the Bernauer Strasse escape attempts succeeded, however. Cameras and film crews brought these scenes to a watching world. The construction of the Wall left traces visible on Bernauer Strasse even in 2009. The former ‘no man’s land’ is still largely undeveloped, and between Ackerstrasse and Gartenstrasse visitors can get a good impression of the width of the border fortifications. Here, too, is the Berlin Wall Memorial, established in 1998 by the Federal Republic of Germany. The design preserves sixty metres of the former border strip in their original depth as a physical reminder of the Wall and, at the same time, adds an artistic interpretation and shape. The Berlin Wall Memorial, the Berlin Wall Documentation Center, the Chapel of Reconciliation, and the original sections of the Wall along the cemetery Sophien-Friedhof and on the grounds of the S-Bahn station Nordbahnhof form an ensemble that is to be developed into a “commemorative landscape” over the next few years. By the Wall, 1999 Here I am standing in front of a third section of the Wall, close to the political and administrative heart of the city. At the request of the Topography of Terror Foundation, the 200 metres of the Wall on Niederkirchnerstrasse, were preserved and placed under protection as a historical monument. When I visited in November 1999, the Topography of Terror was still under development, but the plan was to maintain this section of the Wall, as a document both of the inhumanity of the border and of how it was overcome. The Wall formed the northern edge of the Topography of Terror site and the intention was for it to be integrated into its overall design. In the mean time, it was being protected by a temporary fence, in front of which I am standing. The Berlin Wall in 1999 I went on to explore the Topography of Terror temporary exhibition, presented outdoors in the excavations along Niederkirchnerstrasse. This is how the site looked at the time: Topography of Terror open-air exhibition spring 1998 The Foundation website explains the significance of the site: Between 1933 and 1945, the central institutions responsible for the repressive and criminal policies of National Socialism were located on the terrain of the Topography of Terror, situated between Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse (today Niederkirchnerstrasse), Wilhelmstrasse and Anhalter Strasse. Here, in close proximity to the traditional government district, the Secret State Police, the SS leadership and the Reich Security Main Office set up their offices: the administrative headquarters of the Secret State Police and the notorious Gestapo “house prison” were located at Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse 8; the neighbouring Hotel Prinz Albrecht housed the offices of the SS Reich leadership; and the Security Service (SD) of the SS Reich leadership was established at Wilhelmstrasse 102. As of 1939, Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse 8 was also the address of the newly founded Reich Security Main Office. With the concentration of these institutions at one site, this area in effect became the government district of the National Socialist SS and Police State. This is where Himmler, Heydrich, Kaltenbrunner and their assistants had their desks. At this “site of the perpetrators”, important decisions were made concerning the persecution of political opponents, the “Germanisation” of occupied territories in Poland and the Soviet Union, the murder of Soviet prisoners of war and the genocide of the European Jews. This is where the infamous Special Police Units (Einsatzgruppen) were assembled and where the “Wannsee Conference” was prepared. There is no other site where terror and murder were planned and organised on the same scale. Apparently, the site is still pretty much as I saw it, but in 2010 the Topograpy will get a permanent home in an adjacent building. The Wall at Potsdamer Platz – postcard I traced the Wall across Potsdamer Platz – in its heyday in the 1920s and 1930s, the bustling heart of the city – but totally laid waste during World War II and then left desolate during the Cold War era when the Wall sliced through it (see postcard view, above). In 1999 it was reputed to be the largest building site in Europe, with steel and glass towers rising as the most visible symbol of the new Berlin, as seen in the postcard I bought there (below). Potsdamer Platz 1999 postcard Potsdamer Platz, 1999 Above and below we see the Sony Centre’s Bahn Tower, Deutsche Bahn’s corporate headquarters (right) and Potsdamer Platz No. 1 by Hans Kollhoff (left). Potsdamer Platz, 1999 I viewed the massive building site that was Potsdamer Platz from the Info Box – designed to inform visitors about the building projects. It had been opened in 1995, a bright red structure sponsored by several German and international corporations (including Daimler-Benz, Deutsche Telekom, and Sony) as well as the German government. Entry was free but access to the roof-top viewing platform cost 2 DM (about 1 euro). The traffic tower (with clocks) is a replica of Germany’s first traffic signal, installed near this site in the 1920s. At the time the site was hugely controversial – for the way the huge area of land had been allocated for development, for the quality of the architecture, and, in the view of a number of activist groups (as seen below) , for theerasing of history in favour of rampant commercialism. The line of the Wall on Potsdamer Platz The line the Wall followed here was marked by cobbles embedded in the road surface. Heavy traffic roared over the strip relentlessly. Nearby is the site of the Hitler bunker. Since it was near the Berlin Wall, the site was undeveloped and neglected until after reunification. During the construction of residential housing (seen in the photo below) on the site in 1988–89 several underground sections of the old bunker were uncovered by work crews and were for the most part destroyed. Site of Hitler’s Bunker From the Brandenburg Gate I walked east along Unter den Linden, arriving at Bebelplatz where, on 10 May 1933, over 25,000 books by Jewish authors and liberal leftists were collected and then burnt in the square by the Nazis. Joseph Gobbels, the Imperial Minister for Enlightenment and Propaganda watched as National Socialist students threw the books onto a large bonfire. 10 May 1933 Berlin book burning I wanted to see Micha Ullman’s underground ‘Bibliotek’ memorial which had been inaugurated on the square four years earlier. It consists of a window on the surface of the plaza, under which vacant bookshelves are lit and visible. A bronze plaque bears the quote by Heinrich Heine (whose books were amongst those burnt): ‘Where books are burned in the end people will burn’. Book burning plaque on Bebelplatz with Heine quotation The book burning memorial on Bebelplatz by Micha Ullman My one disappointment on this visit was being unable to enter the then recently-completed Jewish Museum. The building, designed by Daniel Libeskind was first opened to visitors in January 1999. It soon became a great public attraction boasting 350,000 visitors as an empty shell in the two years that followed. For some reason, on the day I turned up outside along with a crowd of other expectant tourists, the building was unexpectedly closed. So I explored the outside of this dramatic building, with its zig-zag structure and exterior marked by multiple slashes. Next to the Museum is the Garden of Exile. The Jewish Museum Daniel Libeskind’s design is based on two linear structures which, combined, form the body of the building. The first line is a winding one with several kinks while the second line cuts through the whole building. At the intersections of these lines are empty spaces – “Voids” – which rise vertically from the ground floor of the building up to the roof. Libeskind imagines the continuation of both lines throughout the city of Berlin and beyond. The Garden of Exile The Garden of Exile (seen above) attempts “to completely disorientate the visitor. It represents a shipwreck of history.” (Daniel Libeskind, 1999). In the garden forty-nine concrete stelae rise out of the square plot. The whole garden is on a 12° gradient and disorientates visitors, giving them a sense of the total instability and lack of orientation experienced by those driven out of Germany. Russian olive grows on top of the pillars symbolizing hope. Neue Synagogue From there, I went to Oranienburger Strasse to visit the New Synagogue (Neue Synagoge), which at the time of its opening in 1866 was the largest synagogue in Berlin. The synagogue was saved from destruction by the Nazis on Kristallnacht in 1938 by the actions of Wilhelm Krützfeld, a local police commander. It was largely destroyed by Allied bombing in 1943, and most of the ruins were demolished in 1958 by the German Democratic Republic authorities. The restored front section of the synagogue was reopened in 1995 as a museum and Jewish community centre. The synagogue’s golden dome was a beautiful site, glittering in the November sunlight. Prenzlauer Berg redevelopment The last two photos here reflect the pace of change evident in the district of Prenzlauer Berg. After reunification in 1990 Prenzlauer Berg became a centre for bohemian Berlin youth, but by 1999 was experiencing rapid gentrification. It was already rapidly turning into the fashionable district of restaurants, cafés, galleries and boutique shops that it has become today. Prenzlauer Berg redevelopment Links Berlin Wall: 20 Years On: Five films taking a historical and geographical journey of the Berlin Wall (Guardian) The Berlin Wall: a short history (Guardian) Muriel Raoux, Kani Alavi:
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ART@Berlin: Search for Contemporary Art | Exhibitions | Galleries | Museums | Vernissages. Gallery Guide - Find your gallery for contemporary art in Berlin.
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Together with partners, the sustainability project ViiP DESIGN invites you to the Slow Fashion Design Mini Festival ‘TOGETHER… towards a sustainable World!’ on 27 July and 28 July 2024 with fashion presentations, dialogue, performances, tango and snacks. ViiP DESIGN supports up-and-coming international designers who work in the field of slow fashion and produce their collections by upcycling, recycling and second-hand clothing. Together they organise exhibitions, talks, dialogues, workshops, fashion shows, pop-ups and everything to do with sustainability and the circular economy in design and fashion. The Slow Fashion Design Weekend will take place on Saturday, 27 July and Sunday, 28 July from 1 to 8 p.m. in the CSR.ART CONTEMPORARY SHOW ROOM in Friedrichstraße. ViiP DESIGN stands for Very Interesting & Inspiring People Design. It consists of a young but consciously growing community that brings together creative people from all over the world who are dedicated to the topic of slow fashion. The common goal of the project centred around the initiator Aigul Neven, who lives in Argentina and Germany, is to promote sustainability and accelerate the circular economy in textile and fashion production. Living and creating with love for nature is what … Continue reading the article on DEEDS.NEWS […] The international and transdisciplinary mentoring programme Forecast is launching its ninth edition in 2024/2025 with the Forecast Forum. As part of workshops, performances and showcases, 18 creative minds from all over the world will present their pioneering projects and ideas at the Radialsystem from 2 to 4 August. rom more than 1,100 applications worldwide, the six mentors of the Forecast Edition 2024/25 have each invited three nominees to present their artistic projects to a broad audience at the Forecast Forum at the beginning of August. Over three days, boundaries between disciplines and genres will be challenged, questioned and transcended through performances and innovative artistic strategies in an exchange between mentors and the 18 nominees. At the end of the forum, the mentors will each select a project that they will … Continue reading the article on DEEDS.NEWS. Image above: Forecast Forum, Radialsystem Berlin The Kolonnaden Bar is opening again: at one of the most beautiful locations in all of Berlin – on the edge of the historic Kolonnadenhof on the northern tip of Museum Island and directly on the Spree – there will once again be cool drinks, DJ sets and a cultural programme with selected guests from Thursdays to Saturdays from 4 pm to 10 pm (Sunday until 8 pm) from 01 August to 01 September 2024. Seating, bar tables and – most importantly – the bar are spread out under the colonnades on the Spree side and create an opportunity to linger. The idea of a place for stimulating conversation, informal get-togethers and good drinks has a long tradition on the Museum Island. As early as the end of the 19th century, a drinking hall opened under the colonnades on the Spree, which survived until the 1930s. This year, the seventh edition of the Kolonnaden Bar is dedicated to … Continue reading the article on DEEDS.NEWS IMage above: copyrights: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin / Markus Glahn The KVOST SchauFenster presents vases from the 1950s and 1960s from Heiner Körting’s ceramic workshop. Beyond their functionality as utensils, they are also artistic objects. Dark in color and coated with a layer of engobe, they also feature a light brown pattern that is graphic but not rigid. This relationship of loose regularity is typical of Körting ceramics. The vessels are rectilinear, but based on organic forms, with an ornamental structure worked into the surface through incising or relief. Heiner Hans Körting (1911 in Munich – 1991) took over the Bauhaus workshop in Dornburg in 1949. Lisa Körting (1926 in Merseburg – 2009) joined in 1955, after the two married, and had a decisive influence on the work in the workshop. Together they were among the leading ceramic artists in the GDR. The shape of the objects exhibited at KVOST was designed by Heiner Körting. The designs for the decoration of the vases, on the other hand, were … Continue reading the article on DEEDS.NEWS. Image above: Ceramics from the Heiner Körting workshop / Photo: Valentin Wedde until 31.08. | #4361ARTatBerlin | Galerie SCHMALFUSS BERLIN shows from 03. August 2024 the exhibition “Poetische Malerei versus expressive Bildhauerkunst” with paintings by Michel Meyer und Hans Scheib. MICHEL MEYER wrote about the content of his painting in 1999: “My painting is not just a game with colors, pencils and material to obtain heads, figures and their fragments and relationships. […] Through the ongoing process of painting, all thoughts disposed of in the picture disappear and transform themselves caterpillar-like into beautiful and humorous things. Into stories with an open ending.” Experiences full of emotional emotion are reflected in HANS SCHEIB’s legendary sculptures. His wooden sculptures in particular, with their rugged surface treatment, represent snapshots of extreme excitement – from moments of shock to self-awareness. For health reasons, HANS SCHEIB has been unable to work with wood since 2023. His work now focuses on bronzes. MICHEL MEYER, Die große Kurve | Acryl auf Leinwand, 100 x 100 cm, 2020 The exhibition MICHEL MEYER | HANS SCHEIB once again offers a range of bronze and wood sculptures by the sculptor HANS SCHEIB, who was influenced by Berlin Realism and German Expressionism and is much sought-after by collectors. Opening: Saturday, 03. August 2024, […] until 02.11. | #4360ARTatBerlin | Galerie Judin shows from 10. September 2024 the group exhibition Ghost Image by the artists Alexander Basil, Pablo Bronstein, Elijah Burgher, Michael Buthe, Daniel Correa Mejía, Anders Dickson, Hervé Guibert, Christoph Hänsli, Almut Heise, Hortensia Mi Kafchin, Pierre Klossowski, Sholem Krishtalka, Karen Lamassonne, Jannis Marwitz, Piotr Nathan, Paul P., Maaike Schoorel, Helen Verhoeven, Amelie von Wulffen. The exhibition Ghost Image takes the example of Guibert’s intimacy with his mother as a starting point to question the representation of the self beyond the grasp of an image, one that is fueled by the depiction of memory and loss and rendered through the lens of painting. With each of the many artists responding to this subject in his or her own way, the show presents a testament to the complexities of self-presentation and, in particular, questions the understanding of memory and depiction. The French author and photographer Hervé Guibert once wrote “My body, due to the effects of lust or pain, has entered a state of theatricality, of climax, that I would like to reproduce in any matter possible: by photo, by video, by audio recording. It’s a laboratory that I offer up as a performance…”. He […] until 28.08. | #4359ARTatBerlin | Luisa Catucci Gallery (Brunnenstraße) shows from 16. August 2024 the exhibition Untitled (back when we met) by the artists Nitsan Margaliot and Antoine Mermet. “ Untitled (back when we met)”, presents the collaborative work of Nitsan Margaliot and Antoine Mermet. Their work relates to various queer meetings in private and public spaces using video, textile, text, sound, and performance. The exhibition revolves around two performances, Unfolded and We Met, as well as two screenings — This Gentle Moment and a diary. The exhibition holds testimonies and traces related to encounters around the bed and the weight it carries, exploring intimacy and queer trajectories. Nitsan Margaliot is a choreographer, dancer, and curator deeply engaged with queer archives, re-enactments, and vulnerable encounters. Antoine Mermet is a versatile musician, composer, improviser, and multidisciplinary artist,active in dance, theater, visual arts, and performance. Opening: Friday, 16. August 2024 6 – 10 pm. Exhibition dates: Friday, 16. August – Wednesday, 28. August 2024 Performance event and screening: Friday, 23rd. August , 6 – 9 pm Title image caption: 2024 Luisa Catucci Gallery Ausstellung Untitled (back when we met) – Luisa Catucci Gallery | Zeitgenössische Kunst Berlin – Contemporary Art – Ausstellungen Berlin Galerien | ART […] until 17.08. | #4357ARTatBerlin | CAMERA WORK shows from 20. July 2024 an art presentation of 15 selected works from Thomas Hoepker’s oeuvre. With the death of Thomas Hoepker, the gallery has lost one of the most important German photographers in history, but above all Hoepker the man, whom it represented for more than 20 years and presented at exhibitions and art fairs. It comprises 15 selected works by the photographer. In addition to his portraits of boxing legend Muhammad Ali, photographs by Andy Warhol and works from Hoepker’s “Berlin Wall Children” series will also be on display. Thomas Hoepker (1936-2024) gained his first experience with the medium of photography at the age of 14. He received two Photokina awards during his studies and from 1959 worked regularly as an advertising photographer for magazines and book publications. He devoted himself to photojournalism and later also became interested in the moving image, shooting films and working as a cameraman. In 1974, he was the first accredited photographer to go to East Berlin for Stern magazine, where he worked temporarily as art director. In 1989, Thomas Hoepker became the first German photographer to become a full member of the Magnum Photos agency […] until 19.09. | #4356ARTatBerlin | Galerie Gilla Lörcher shows from 16. July 2024 the exhibition LETTRES MORTES by the artist John Cornu. Galerie Gilla Loercher presents the 5th solo show by French artist John Cornu. John Cornu spent several months in Okinawa as part of a residency fellowship at the Nanjo Art Museum (Japan) in 2022. The results of his residency and research trip will be presented in the exhibition LETTRES MORTES during the BERLIN ART WEEK at Galerie Gilla Loercher. John Cornu (born in 1976, lives and works in Paris and Renes) works with an inherited from Minimalism and Modernism (monochromy, seriality, modularity, the primacy of the materials), while maintaining a relation to (historical, architectural, societal) context and a form of contemporary Romanticism (Dionysianism, erosion, blindness, references to different sonic universes, and entropy). With an interest for modern ruins, logics of power, and anthropological gaps, the artist imbues his productions with an atmosphere at once poetic, cathartic and without compromise. Whether sculptural, performative, or installation-based, they address forces, setting up a multiplicity of meanings and readings. John Cornu‘s work has been shown in numerous solo and group shows at: Institut Giacometti (Paris, FR), Palais de Tokyo and Maison rouge (Paris, FR), […] bis 26.10. | #4352ARTatBerlin | Meyer Riegger presents from 14th September 2024 the exhibition Le Rhin by the artist Caroline Bachmann. If one begins the exhibition tour on the first floor and then goes down to the ground floor, one follows the course of the river from Reichenau to Rotterdam. Caroline Bachmann travelled along the river twice for her Rhine series. Together, the 24 paintings create a portrait of the river from different perspectives. As if you were looking through the porthole of a ship, through a telescope or a keyhole, Bachmann frames her depictions of the Rhine in round frames. 24 views of the Rhine are not a lot when you compare this number with the number of pictures of Lake Geneva that Bachmann has painted to date. The decision to start painting landscapes in the 2000s, as Bachmann did at the time, certainly took courage. During her trips along the Rhine, she produced around 100 sketches, from which she selected 24 and turned them into paintings in her studio in Cully. While landscape painters such as Ferdinand Hodler or Giovanni Segantini always painted plein air, i.e. in the open air, Bachmann preferred to go into her “cave”, as […] until 09.08. | #4350ARTatBerlin | Galerie Gilla Lörcher shows from 02. August 2024 the summer exhibition by the artists Ab van Hanegem, Claudia Zweifel, Francisco Rozas, Claudia Desgranges und John Cornu. Galerie Gilla Loercher is very pleased to present the Summer exhibition with artists of the gallery. The exhibition will be on view through the gallery windows from 10 July until 1st August and open to the public from 2 – 9 August. Opening: Friday, 02. August 2024, 6 pm Exhibition dates: Friday, 02. August until Friday, 9. August 2024 Title Image Caption: Ab van Hanegem, Untitled, Acrylic on canvas, 100 x 80 cm Summer exhibition – Galerie Gilla Lörcher | Zeitgenössische Kunst in Berlin | Contemporary Art | Ausstellungen Berlin Galerien | ART at Berlin until 28.08. | #4349ARTatBerlin | Galerie Dittmar shows from 13. July 2024 the group exhibition Zeichnung heute. The exhibition brings together thirteen graphic positions from more than fifty years. Arnulf Rainer, 1980, Klimt-Aktüberzeichnung, Ölkreide und Graphit, 25 x 35 cm The medium of paper as an essential carrier of artistic images has a tradition going back well over a thousand years. Drawing in the narrower sense has also gained in importance since the Renaissance, often as an autonomous work of art. Jack Sal, White/Wash, Memorial, Kielce 2003 This applies in full to the further development of art. However, the idea of reducing drawing to its serving function and defining it as a sketch, draft, notation and the like, always referring to its spontaneity, persists to this day. Sharka Hyland, Else Lasker-Schüler, Styx, 2023, Bleistift auf Papier, 30,4 x 40,5 cm und Detail Not only are works on paper generally extremely important in modernism, as the works of almost all important artists show, but drawing itself also receives the greatest attention today, which it has always deserved. Its history cannot be written here, but George Seurat must be mentioned (and it is precisely in this context that the above quote stands). […] until 31.08. | #4348ARTatBerlin | Kristin Hjellegjerde Gallery Berlin shows from 18. July 2024 the duo-exhibition When Dusk Falls by the artists Jamie Luoto and Tonia Nneji. “When Dusk Falls”, the duo exhibition of paintings by Jamie Luoto and Tonia Nneji at Kristin Hjellegjerde Gallery Berlin, explores the complex psychological effects of trauma in relation to the female body and the potential of art as a powerful form of revelation and resistance. Jamie Luoto’s paintings form part of an ongoing investigation into her own experience of complex post-traumatic stress disorder. Drawing on the occult and horror genre, she uses a symbolic visual language to make visible unseen symptoms of sexual abuse such as flashbacks, nightmares, dissociation, and intrusive thoughts. While Luoto typically works with self-portraiture, for this exhibition she has also created a series of smaller, still lifes that explore the ways in which our internal experience can bleed into and alter our perception of the world around us. For instance, in Are You Good Men and True? a white porcelain cat becomes both a surrogate for the female figure, pushed into a corner, and a figure of authority, passing judgment on the ‘men’, who are alluded to through condoms, a recurring […] until 10.08. | #4347ARTatBerlin | Jarmuschek + Partner shows from 09. July 2024 (Opening: 06.07.) the exhibition HALF LIGHT by the artist Majla Zeneli. Diffuse blurs, geometric-abstract forms and complex collages – Majla Zeneli repeatedly uses the almost forgotten technique of mezzotint to create touching visual worlds that immerse the viewer, encouraging them to linger and think further. In the interplay of patterns, layers and variables, the artist focuses on light in her latest works. Contrasts of light and dark, black and white in all their facets and fusions through to text passages and letters lead into a multi-layered meditation on emptiness, the hidden, origins and eternities. Opening: Saturday, 06. July 2024, 4 – 8 pm Exhibition dates: Tuesday, 09. July 2024 until Saturday, 10. August 2024 Title image caption: MAJLA ZENELI, o.T. (Here, where light is.), 2022, Mezzotinto-Druck, 10,4 x 8,4 cm Exhibition Majla Zeneli – Jarmuschek + Partner | Zeitgenössische Kunst in Berlin | Contemporary Art | Ausstellungen Berlin Galerien | ART at Berlin until 25.10. | #4346ARTatBerlin | 68 projects shows from 12. September 2024 the exhibition “Reciting from memory” by the artist Pablo Benzo. Pablo Benzo’s new series, which will be on display in the Reciting from Memory exhibition in September, focuses on surreal, cubist three-dimensional picture-in-picture constructions. This technique enables him to depict objects and landscapes in a multi-layered and profound way. The main motifs of his paintings are clearly defined, clearly delineated in terms of colour and form, and combine unusual objects and themes that leave a contrasting impression in their constellation. These contrasts invite the viewer to reflect on their memories and feelings and to make a personal connection through the subtle references in the paintings. Opening: Thursday, 12. September 2024, 6 – 9 pm Exhibition dates: Thursday, 12. September 2024 until Friday, 25. October 2024 Title image caption: Pablo Benzo © 68 projects Exhibition Pablo Benzo – 68 projects | Zeitgenössische Kunst Berlin Galerien | Contemporary Art | Ausstellungen Berlin Galerien | ART at Berlin until 24.08. | #4345ARTatBerlin | Galerie Kornfeld shows from 12. September 2024 the exhibition London by the artist Christopher Lehmpfuhl. The exhibition Christopher Lehmpfuhl: London presents for the first time the works of Berlin plein air painter Christopher Lehmpfuhl, which the artist painted on the streets of the British capital in the footsteps of the Impressionists. Accompanied by Mamuka Bliadze and Patrick Bence-Trower from the KORNFELD Gallery Berlin, Lehmpfuhl’s journey has resulted in a collection of new paintings and watercolours that capture the essence of London and combine painterly traditions with the artist’s own style. Opening: Thursday, 12. September 2024, 6 – 9 pm Exhibition dates: Thursday, 12. September 2024 bis Friday, 25. October 2024 Bildunterschrift: Christopher Lehmpfuhl © 68 projects Exhibition Christopher Lehmpfuhl – Galerie Kornfeld | Zeitgenössische Kunst in Berlin | Contemporary Art | Ausstellungen Berlin Galerien | ART at Berlin until 04.09. | #4342ARTatBerlin | Galerie feinart Berlin shows from 3rd August 2024 the exhibition Shadow Flowers by the artist Letizia Werth. Letizia Werth is interested in drawing and its materiality as well as in the relationship between drawing and other media such as photography and video. Under the title “Shadow Flowers”, she summarises a series of monochrome works in which she transforms images of found anonymous — “lost” — photographs from private living spaces onto canvas in graphite and ink. In the process of leaving the photographic model, categories such as space, time, fiction and reality come to light in all their fragility. Letizia Werth, Ohne Titel, Graphit,Tusche auf Molino, 60 x 80cm, 2019 ©LWerth “Drawing is an immediate process of assimilation and digestion […]. It is comparable to the flow of air when breathing in and out, pausing and letting go, and that is exactly how I stop time for a few moments and move into new pictorial worlds.” Letizia Werth has studied the influence of various media on perception in depth, from photography and video to X-rays and séances. Letizia Werth, Untitled, graphite, ink on Molino, 90 x 100cm, 2020 ©LWerth In Shadow Flowers, the boundaries between […] bis 31.08. | #4341ARTatBerlin | Galerie Z22 shows from 11th July 2024 the exhibition ARTISTIC STEPS by the artists Immanuel Rohringer and Frank Massholder. Galerie Z22 presents the exhibition “ARTISTIC STEPS” by Immanuel Rohringer and Frank Massholder. Frank Massholder and Immanuel Rohringer dedicate themselves to the accidental beauty of floors in large series that have been running for years and are still unfinished today. While the art photographer and gallery owner Massholder finds his motifs during visits to his artists’ studios, the visual artist Rohringer creates them in experimental and open processes. FRANK MASSHOLDER | LANDAUER #4 | 2023 | UV.DRUCK AUF ALUDIBOND BUTLERFINISH Massholder calls his discoveries “concrete coincidences” and has been consistently “collecting” such “deliberate photographs of accidentally created objects” for years. In his words, the floors of artists’ studios are “snapshots of an artist’s inner landscape over the course of time. They are a collection of movements, colours, splashes, pieces of inspiration from each individual work that unintentionally document the artist’s work as a whole.” IMMANUEL ROHRINGER | ARTISTIC STEPS | 1/30 | 2023 | MISCHTECHNIK AUF LEINWAND | 200 x 185 For him, such studio floors are “canvases that guide us through time and perhaps give […] until 24.08. | #4340ARTatBerlin | ZWINGER Galerie shows from 06. July 2024 (Vernissage: 05.07.) the exhibition Identities by the artist Susi Pop. SUSI POP is me claims the model. “Flaubert is me,” says Madame Bovary, and without further ado, she sets herself up as the author of her own character. Flaubert has understood this and is wary of any moral or other kind of judgment. Omai (Mai), Polynesian prince (around 1751-1780), brought to England by Captain Cook in 1775, was introduced to “the highest circles” there and presented to members of the Royal Society and George III as a “noble savage”. The life-size portrait of Omai in antique garb painted by Joshua Reynolds in 1776 is unironically regarded as an “important British cultural asset”. Long privately owned, the painting appeared on the art market at regular intervals, each time experiencing an extreme price increase. In 2023, it was “secured” for the National Portrait Gallery with the involvement of the Getty Foundation. Blue Boy Arkhom. Inspired by Gainsborough’s “Blue Boy”, Arkhom grabs a hat and poses in front of the famous painting in the SUSI POP version, imitating its courtly gesture. A double travesty. Edith Stein *1891 – Theresia Benedicta a Cruce […] until 26.07. | #4338ARTatBerlin | Schindler LAB in Potsdam, the experimental art space of Galerie Schindler, shows from 28th June 2024 the exhibition ICH UND MEIN SCHLOSS by the artist Max Grote. Me and my castle: Max Grote presents his latest works in his debut solo show “Me and my castle”. In it, the Potsdam-based artist explore his identity, fashion and gender as well as spaces, castles and palaces. Image caption: Ich und meine Burg, 220×170, Öl, raedy-made auf Baumwoll e, 2024 With the exhibition title, Grote wants to make a statement as an unknown in the art world. In a world characterized bz hierarchy and self-presentation without irony, he is trying to assert himself. image caption: _Marie im Burggarten_, 120×150, Öl, ready-made auf Leinen,2024 The phrase “Fake it till you make it” is laid bare. “Me and my castle” puts the “I” in the foreground, takes self-dramatization ad absurdum and at the same time shows a longing that can be taken with humour. Image caption: Wen sollte ich sonst köpfen_, 170×120, Öl, ready-made auf Leinen, 2024 Castles serve as a façade for the painting, stand alone and symbolize property that seems unattainable today. Vernissage: Friday, 28th June 2024, 18 […] until 20.07. | #4337ARTatBerlin | Galerie Stella A. shows from 29th June 2024 its farewell exhibition with accompanying artists or artworks. With Milena Aguilar, Roland Albrecht, Fritz Balthaus, Michael Behn, Eva Bernhard, Joseph Beuys, Hans Bötel, Eddie Bonesire, Henning Brandis George Brecht, Paul Cézanne, Marcel Duchamps, Edel Exel, Robert Filliou, Ludwig Gosewitz, Nataly Hocke, Gabriele Jerke, Thomas Kapielski, Alison Knowels, Katharina Kohl, Jürgen Liefmann, Christoph Mauler, Marc Pätzold, Bud Powell, Dieter Rot, Christian Schiebe, Peter Scior, Andreas Seltzer, Sara Sizer, Alex Spremberg, Akio Suzuki, Nanaé Suzuki, Peter Torp, Wols. “Dear friends of the Galerie Stella A., On October 1, 1999 we opened our gallery with a presentation of salt packages named “Stern Salz“ (Star Salt) and called it “Stella Armut”. Inspired by a pun made by Marcel Duchamp who transformed his name into “Marchand du Sel” as well as the Multiple “Sonnen Salz” (Sun Salt) by George Brecht, we began our exhibition program as “salt sellers” with the Stern Salz-Box as our first edition. Our vision also followed a maxim by Jonas Mekas. “I want to absorb the subtle, almost invisible things, experiences, emotions and contrast them with the hard, loud, violent activities and especially with the political systems nowadays.” After […] until 31.08. | #4336ARTatBerlin | Galerie Tammen presents from 13th July the exhibition WIR BESTEHEN ZU 70% AUS WASSER by the artist Lars Theuerkauff. In his fourth solo exhibition in this gallery, Lars Theuerkauff dares to experiment: he translates motifs from current events into paintings. Images from 7 October, from Palestine, Haiti and the Ukraine, which we reflexively close our eyes to, gain a new visibility in his paintings. The works that Theuerkauff juxtaposes with his political paintings would also have been unthinkable two years ago: The Berlin city views under his private address and the picturesque, flooded landscapes have their origins in the AI. Vernissage: Saturday, 13th July 2024, 7 until 10 pm Exhibition dates: Saturday, 13th July until Saturday. 31st August 2024 Image Caption Title: FLUT 10 | 2024 | Acryl auf Leinwand | 59 x 51 cm Abb. Rückseite: EMPORIO ARMANI | 2024 | Acryl auf Leinwand | 60,5 x 120 cm. Fotos: Holger Biermann Exhibition Lars Theuerkauff – Galerie Tammen | Zeitgenössische Kunst in Berlin | Contemporary Art | Ausstellungen Berlin Galerien | ART at Berlin until 31.08. | #4335ARTatBerlin | Galerie Friese presents from 29th June 2024 (Vernissage: 28th June) the exhibition Mouvements by the artist Robert Schad. „The important thing is the abstract linear movement.’’ (Robert Schad) Galerie Friese presents the work of Robert Schad (*1953) for the first time at Galerie Friese in Berlin after many years of collaboration in Stuttgart. The German artist studied at the State Academy of Fine Arts Karlsruhe and is considered an important figure in the European tradition of sculpture. He has received prestigious awards such as the Prize for Drawing at the III Biennial of Contemporary Art, Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal (1982), the Joan Miró International Prize for Drawing, Barcelona (1986) and the Grand Prize at the II International Biennial of Sculpture in Obidos, Portugal (1989). From 1989-1990 Schad held a guest professorship at the State Academy of Fine Arts in Stuttgart. Today he lives and works in Larians-et-Munans in France and in Chamosinhos in Portugal. He is known for his large installations in public spaces. Schad’s works combine two forms of design: Drawing and sculpture. The drawings are an elementary expression of the artist’s thoughts, ideas and abstraction. At the centre of his work is […] until 24.08. | #4334ARTatBerlin | Galerie Thomas Schulte presents from 29th June 2024 (Vernissage: 28.06.) the exhibition About Us by the artist Richard Deacon in the gallery’s Corner Space . Galerie Thomas Schulte presents Richard Deacon’s upcoming exhibition About Us in the Corner Space. The show brings together the artist’s fundamental mediums of drawing and sculpture, featuring two works: an almost life-size steel sculpture along with an intricate black and white wall drawing. While both works showcase his mastery of materials and mediums, they also offer a unique glimpse into two decades of Deacon’s analytical form language and innovative artistry. Vernissage: Friday, 28th June 2024, 7 – 9 pm Ausstellungsdaten: Saturday, 29th June until Saturday, 24th August 2024 Image Caption Title: Richard Deacon, “About Us (White)”, 2024, (Detail), Painted and lacquered stainless steel on mild steel base, 148 x 76 x 56 cm | 58 1/4 x 29 7/8 x 22 in Exhibition Richard Deacon – Galerie Thomas Schulte | Zeitgenössische Kunst in Berlin | Contemporary Art | Ausstellungen Berlin Galerien | ART at Berlin until 24.08. | #4333ARTatBerlin | Galerie Thomas Schulte presents from 28th June 2024 the exhibition Behold the lowly Vessel by the artist Robert Mappelthorpe. Robert Mapplethorpe’s photographs of flowers are well known, and recognizable for their delicate yet erotic beauty. What is less discussed is the role of the specific set of objects often appearing within their carefully constructed compositions. Frequently drawn from the artist’s collection, the vases and bowls found in these still lifes reveal a deep appreciation for design – reflecting the confident eye and regard for classical form exemplified by his photographic work. It is the connection between the two, that forms the starting point of Behold the Lowly Vessel. Presented at Galerie Thomas Schulte, the exhibition takes a distinctive point of view, bringing thoughtful arrangements of Mapplethorpe’s photographs together with a private collection of vases inspired by them. Vernissage: Friday, 28th June 2024, 7 – 9 pm Exhibition dates: Saturday, 29th June until Saturday, 24th August 2024 Image Caption Title: Robert Mapplethorpe, “Flower”, 1983, Silver gelatin print, © The Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation, used with permission Exhibition Robert Mappelthorpe – Galerie Thomas Schulte | Zeitgenössische Kunst in Berlin | Contemporary Art | Ausstellungen Berlin Galerien | ART at […] until 31.08. | #4333ARTatBerlin | Peres Projects presents from 21st June 2024 the exhibition Bloom by the artist Rafa Silvares. Peres Projects presents Bloom, the fourth solo exhibition by Rafa Silvares (b. 1984 in Santos, BR) at the gallery and his second in Berlin. ‘[…] His latest works are defined by a clear, sharp and reduced vocabulary of colour and everyday objects. Assertive compositions of red, green and blue architectures mingle with realistic images of ordinary reflective objects, painted in such a way that they could be photographs, with flowers or cloudy forms of liquids. In his work, these soft forms appear as water, air, vapour, fire, smell, cream. The tension between the shiny parts and the abstract forms embodies a tension between physical phenomena and emotional power. These are the parts you can identify with the most; you can almost feel, smell and touch the texture of Silvares’ paintings, get close to them in their bubbling, round, full, spherical, sensual waves of sensation. Or there are the tubular curtains, vertical waves of soft, velvety fabric. His works gain movement and warmth through such parts. There is no one in these scenes. […]’ -Nuno de Brito Rocha Vernissage: Friday, 21st […] until 02.08. | #4332ARTatBerlin | Galerie Tanja Wagner presents from 21st June 2024 the exhibition Was am Tiefsten in der Welt liegt by the artist Anna Steinert. Galerie Tanja Wagner presents the second solo exhibition by Anna Steinert: Was am Tiefsten in der Welt liegt. While Steinert undertook an exploratory journey into the transcendence of the imaginative power in her first solo exhibition Wanderings, she now turns her attention to what surrounds us on, above and below the earth. The title of her exhibition, which features video, sculpture and paintings, is based on Emanuele Coccia’s The Roots of the World – an essay that helps us to understand plants as creators of the world, the vital basis of existence, mediators between sun and earth and living beings of equal value with hidden bodies in the ground. In her new 3-channel video installation Erdemojies – Forscher*innen der Mischung, Steinert brings in reinforcements: The performers and fellow artists Monika Michalko, Nschotschi Haslinger, Cora Saller, Katharina Duve, Hanna Matthes, Helena Ratka, Sophie Labrey and Helena Wittmann (camera) appear as naturalists, healers and superheroes who, in an experimental and playful approach, accompanied by darkly wavering electro sounds and drums, summon nature and elemental forces with the common […] until 03.08. | #4331ARTatBerlin | Contemporary Fine Arts presents from 22nd June 2024 (Vernissage: 21st June) the exhibition Flugelhorns by the artist Ellen Berkenblit. Contemporary Fine Arts presents Flugelhorns, the first solo-exhibition from Ellen Berkenblit in the gallery and the first of the artist in Germany. On display are paintings and drawings featuring female figures that dominate much of the canvas, gazing not at the viewer but at something or someone within their own realm, the specifics of which remain obscure to us. The figures are never centered; instead, they are slightly off-balance, drawing attention only to deflect it. Cut out from their surroundings and cropped out of context, their emotional states become the main story. Complex, innate emotions manifest through paint, while the relationships between characters shape the composition. Somewhat of a rarity for Berkenblit, the women are not entirely isolated from their stories but appear alongside others, and in addition to tigers, horses, and birds, one gets a glimpse of motherhood, sisterhood, friendship, or perhaps even its opposite; the dynamics of their relationships are contained within the expressive brushstrokes and muted colors. For Berkenblit, the canvas is a world in which she strives for balance, but the laws […] until 24.08. | #4330ARTatBerlin | WENTRUP presents from 28th June 2024 the exhibition Tempo Primo by the artist Thomas Wachholz. An English riddle, which gained popularity around 1900, presents a predicament: “A man walks into a dark room. He has a match in his hand. In the dim light, he can make out three objects: a candle, a fireplace, and a kerosene lamp. The question is, which should he light first?” Against all expectations, the three objects, which can provide either light or warmth, are not the primary concern. The overlooked fact is that the answer is already in his hand. Without striking the match, he cannot light anything else. Throughout his artistic career, Thomas Wachholz has handled many matches, even entire series of them. For “Tempo Primo”, these matches join brushes and other utensils that Wachholz has used in recent years for his deep exploration into the possibilities of pictorial creation. At times, the matches have served as a model, a motif, a subject matter, or even a tool in this practical relationship. Wachholz’s paintings consistently showcase his fascination with matchboxes and matchbooks. This fascination stems from their iconicity, practicality, the chemical processes of ignition, and ultimately, fire. The […] until 17.08 | #4329ARTatBerlin | Haverkampf Leistenschneider shows from 21st June 2024 the exhibition NEUE WELT by the artist Stefan Hirsig. In a restless exchange of movement, gesture and texture, Stefan Hirsig‘s work has always questioned what painting is capable of and what abstraction can be. Integrating a rich pool of references from classical and modern painting, pop culture and today’s oversaturated media, his dynamic compositions bear witness to the hyper-connected, always-on cacophony of our present moment. Yet Hirsig’s imagery resists quick consumption. If you look long enough, you’ll discover a processual logic: marks made like chess moves, a series of calculated responses, both destructive and creative; sometimes in opposition, sometimes in dance. In Neue Welt, Hirsig reflects on the endless cycle of global conflicts and wars that break out, subside, and escalate again without permanent resolve, keeping our world in a state of constant anxiety. The artist observes that everywhere we look, the leaders of these conflicts are almost always men. Why do so many despotic, egotistical men dominate world affairs? he asks. Is masculinity the driving force behind the world’s cycle of violence? These conflicts are not perpetuated in the name of caution or protection, but rather masculinity at its worst: […] until 17.08. | #4328ARTatBerlin | CAMERA WORK shows from 8th June 2024 a solo exhibition by the artist Dean Wests. Galerie CAMERA WORK shows Dean West’s first solo exhibition in Germany from 8th June, 2024. The exhibition comprises over 20 predominantly large-format works from a decade of the conceptual artist’s work as well as a short film. Alongside other photographs created in 2024, this will be shown in an exhibition for the first time worldwide. CAMERA WORK represents the artist in Europe as the main gallery. The exhibition shows elaborately conceived, serial works from the oeuvre of the artist Dean West – including photographs from the latest series “American West” and “The Palms”, which deal with cowboy culture in the USA and scenically condense facets of everyday life in Florida. This also includes the figure of the lone wolf, which two of West’s works depict using different storytelling techniques. The monochrome photographs in the series are presented across two exhibition rooms. In these atmospheric works, West stages motionless moments removed from time. They are theatrically charged fragments of narratives that are structured by means of color and clear symmetry. The exhibition also provides insights into “Pink Dreams” and “New York”, […] until 18.07. | #4327ARTatBerlin | Raab Galerie presents from 22nd June 2024 (Vernissage: 21.06) the exhibition Me, myself and Ei by the artist Björn Heyn. it is not necessary to explain Björn Heyn’s works, they are beautiful and mysterious, full of temptation. While I look at a variety of forms, colours and hints, paintings come to my mind that are known to me: A quarter of a century ago the works of Picasso and Matisse were celebrated in exhibitions all over the world as represetative of the spirit of the twentieth century. At that time Björn Heyn was still a child. Today, he adds to these images Fernand Léger and uses words as images, to find out what could best be done with it to create a contemporary painting. The reaction of the observers is prompt: These works are loveable, subtle, colourful and stimulating. They are an interesting company at home to think about life. Painting always existed, even in times of political correctness, when dualism between politics and culture did not exist anymore. While paintings don’t explain things to you, they enlighten your thinking. As the great Swiss philosopher Jean Starobinski explains, enlightenment saves us from danger. Very often, […] until 02.08. | #4325ARTatBerlin | AOA;87 contemporary shows from 28. June 2024 (Vernissage: 27.06.) the exhibition 層 | Layering the Void by the artist Noriko Ambe. AOA;87 presents the exhibition “層 | Layers of Emptiness” by Japanese artist Noriko Ambe, renowned for her intricate white-on-white paper cuttings, displayed as wall reliefs, free-standing sculptures, and installations. The exhibition is accompanied by video works from video artist Mami Kosemura. Noriko Ambe, No. 1 Curtain piece, Tracking through the curtain, 2022, Cut on Yupo paper, 160 cm x 10 m Noriko Ambe (*1967, Saitama) creates delicate, sculptural works through her “Linear-Actions” series, which began in 1999, by meticulously cutting and layering hundreds to thousands of sheets of paper. These works evoke topographic and organic forms, with fine lines reminiscent of tree rings. These lines represent not only the physical structure of the paper but also a metaphorical journey through time. Each cut and layer symbolizes a past moment, with the cross-sections representing instances within the countless layers of time that permeate the existence of a work. Noriko Ambe, Pop Art Is, 2013, Cut on book cover, 35 x 60,3 x 11,4 cm, Foto: Castelli Gallery For Ambe, the act of following the form […] until 15.06. | #4326ARTatBerlin | EBENSPERGER BERLIN is currently showing two solo-exhibitions ANCHORS by the artist Heiner Franzen and Selbstporträt in Hausschuhen by the artist Harry Hachmeister. Heiner Franzen has been collecting non-verbal video material from ANCHORS, presenters of international news programmes, for over ten years. In these video loops, Franzen focuses on the moment when someone is silent in the broadcast – be it because of a malfunction or because he or she is allowing guests to discuss. He further developed the extensive source material into For his first solo exhibition with EBENSPERGER Berlin – Hachmeister takes up the fragile physicality of being human, which is expressed in a strange domesticity full of subtle humour and sensuality, thus creating a counterpoint to the raw architecture of the Fichtebunker. For his first solo exhibition with EBENSPERGER Berlin – Harry Hachmeister takes up the fragile physicality of being human, which is expressed in a strange domesticity full of subtle humour and sensuality, thus creating a counterpoint to the raw architecture of the Fichtebunker. Exhibition period: Friday, 26. April until Saturday 15. June 2024 Title image caption: Harry Hachmeister, Selbstporträt in Hausschuhen, Installation view, Foto: Ludger Paffrath, Courtesy Ebensperger Berlin Exhibition Heiner Franzen + […] until 24.08. | #4324ARTatBerlin | Galerie Esther Schipper shows from 29. June 2024 the exhibition Twilight is a Place of Promise with works by 19 artists. Participating artists: Eileen Agar, Bettina von Arnim, Merikokeb Berhanu, Huguette Caland, Caroline Coon, Hélène Delprat, Bracha L. Ettinger, Roey Victoria Heifetz, Andrea Joyce Heimer, Monilola Olayemi Ilupeju, Kamala Ibrahim Ishag, Pia Krajewski, Jinju Lee, Iva Lulashi, Isabel Nolan, Pan Yuliang, Isabel Quintanilla, Anys Reimann, and Cecilia Vicuña. Esther Schipper is delighted to present Twilight is a Place of Promise featuring the work of 19 international artists born between 1895 and 1996. The exhibition offers a perspective on the politics of image-making— personal, social, political, historical—taking painting and the artists’ diverse approaches to the practice as its focus. It is partisan in its polysemy, insistent only on the confluence of nuance and power. Emerging three years after the gallery’s 2021 exhibition L‘Invitation au voyage, which invoked the freedom of imaginary travel in the form of fantasy or dreams, Twilight is a Place of Promise presents works of painters that look beyond conventional categorizations of subject and object, external and internal worlds. The works in the exhibition imagine spaces of inwardness, spirituality, and shared humanity, with […] until 24.08. | #4323ARTatBerlin | Galerie Georg Nothelfer shows from 22. June 2024 the exhibition In diesem Jahr kacken die Störche anders by the artist Thomas Hartmann. Galerie Georg Nothelfer presents a solo exhibition of works by the Berlin painter Thomas Hartmann (*1950). The show includes works from the 1980s to the present day. Thomas Hartmann’s paintings paradoxically embody both a sense of order and a chaotic liveliness. Known since the 1980s for his expressive, impasto landscapes and cityscapes, his work is characterized by a meticulous attention to detail and an almost obsessive inclusion of numerous small figures and elements. The resulting effect is reminiscent of late Gothic hidden object paintings, inviting viewers to explore the narrative richness of each individual work. Hartmann’s scenes have a timeless quality, as if they dissolve the boundaries between past, present and future. This temporal ambiguity invites us to reconsider our own place in the continuum of time and space. (Text excerpt by Nicola E. Petek) Vernissage: Friday, 21. June 2024, 6 – 9 pm Guided tour and artist talk : Saturday, 13. July 2024 at 2 pm Exhibition dates: Saturday, 22. June – Saturday, 24. August 2024 Title image caption: Thomas […] until 17.08. | #4322ARTatBerlin | Galerie Judin shows from 15. June 2024 (Vernissage: 14.06.) the exhibition The Raft by the artist Hugo Wilson. Hugo Wilson has chosen “The Raft” as title for his upcoming Berlin exhibition. Of course, this immediately evokes associations with the most famous raft in art history, Gericault’s Raft of the Medusa – and inevitably with the theme of “salvation.” So how does this tie in with this exhibition, the first in which his abstract and his figurative works are shown side by side? Firstly, we need to understand the two poles between which Wilson’s work oscillates. On the one hand, there are the figurative, highly tangible compositions in which animals play a decisive role. They are metaphors of complex processes and moments – not in the animal kingdom, but in our highly technological human societies. The double monkey, for example, that we see in ReTro is the result of recent cloning experiments. The symbol in the background even refers to the corresponding laboratory. Wilson’s horses (State I and II) can also be read symbolically. They are versions of the famous painting Whistlejacket (1762) by Georges Stubbs, which is now one of the icons in the collection of the National Gallery in London. It shows […] until 30.08. | #4321ARTatBerlin | Luisa Catucci Gallery (Brunnenstraße) shows from 20. June 2024 the exhibition A PSALM FOR THE WILD BUILT by the artists Marion Mandeng, Barbara Boekelman, Eleonora Roaro , Cathy Jardon and Irina Gabiani. Taking its title from the eponymous book by Becky Chambers, this exhibition aspires to be a visual poem in reverence of the wild built. It stands as a declaration of love and solidarity from four wild built women artists, alongside the four wild built women running the Luisa Catucci Gallery, to their untamed peers—women, men and those in between, alike. The inner wildness is a profound, untamed force residing deep within many individuals. Embracing this inner wildness enables women to access their primal power, reconnect with their natural instincts, and navigate life’s complexities with a fierce, unyielding spirit. This wildness defies societal expectations and limitations; it may be contained or restrained temporarily, but it inevitably finds its path to eruption. It is a source of immense strength, resilience, and intuition, manifesting in expressions of profound creativity, fierce protection, and unwavering determination. This torrent of raw creativity places women artists at the forefront of the wild built, despite the historical and societal disadvantages that […] until 12.07. | #4320ARTatBerlin | OFFICE IMPART is currently showing the exhibition Magenta Elephants by the artist Damjanski. Nobody is Here aka Outis Arrives and Nemo Appears “Friends, Nobody is murdering me by craft. Force there is none.” Homer, The Odyssey, Book 9 Line 408 What if the cat isn’t both dead and alive as in Schrodinger’s box, but a taxidermied felis catus staring from a ceiling in a meme on your screen who has disappeared with not even a Cheshire smile remaining? Can you see it? The image? The image that is an idea, a phrase, a picture, and do any one of those images mean more, do more, show more than the other? Damjanski’s “Ceiling Cat” (2024) riffs on Eva and Franco Mattes’ “Ceiling Cat” (2016) responding to the internet meme, which was itself a 2006 photograph taken by nobody, not even anonymous, just no one yet known, or to be known, or willing to stand up for the peculiar photographic set-up captured in the first decade of this strange, nigh uncanny century. Ceiling Cat, 2024, Aluminium, powder-coated, 46,5 x 39 cm, Courtesy the artist and OFFICE IMPART, Photo: Marjorie Brunet Plaza To repudiate being can only occur […] until 19.07. | #4319ARTatBerlin | alexander levy shows from 14. June 2024 the exhibition KONTROLLE by the artist Moritz Stumm and Stefan Neuberger. What does the exploitation of animals by the police in order to wield their monopoly of violence at the beginning of the 21st century tell us about man’s claim to power over nature and the state over its citizens? What parallels can be drawn to human nature, our desires and instincts? The series KONTROLLE addresses the power structure between animals, state power and, implicitly, citizens – in the form of stylised images of training sessions of police service horses and dogs. The focus of the works is on the animals, which calmy, agressively and even at times playfully obey commands. The composition is reminiscent of the iconography of authority of equestrian statues and raises the question of the staging of state power in the present day. Vernissage: Friday, 14. June 2024, 6 – 9 pm Exhibition period: Friday, 14. June – Friday, 19 July 2024 Image caption: courtesy of the artists and alexander levy Exhibition Moritz Stumm + Stefan Neuberger – Galerie alexander levy | Contemporary Art – Zeitgenössische Kunst in Berlin – Exhibition Berlin Galleries – […] until 19.07. | #4316ARTatBerlin | alexander levy shows from 14. June 2024 the exhibition Sunless Circuit by the artist Su Yu Hsin. “Memory is not something we have, it is something that happens: a network of unintended connections. While remembering is a form of caring, storing is a way of safely forgetting. Our devices know us better than we know them. The algorithm is an oracle that tracks our secrets and predicts both questions and answers. The promises of technology are many. Among them, that all information will be always available. But the internet, like the past, is also made of broken links and errors. No cloud lasts forever, not even those born in a silicon valley. How many times have we felt the vertigo of the no longer accessible data? When machines fail, we stop taking them for granted. Glitches are part of their agency. When they work again, they regain their deceptive immateriality.” (excerpt of text by Sonia Fernández Pan) Vernissage: Friday, 14. June 2024, 6 – 9 pm Exhibition period: Friday, 14. June – Friday, 19 July 2024 Title image caption: courtesy of the artists and alexander levy Exhibition Su Yu Hsin – Galerie alexander levy […] until 24.08. | #4318ARTatBerlin | Galerie Schindler in Potsdam presents from 20. June 2024 the exhibition HOMESICK WANDERER by the artist Rosanna Burford. Homesick for a place that never was. In the exhibition Homesick Wanderer, Rosanna Burford’s art invites viewers to travel through invented landscapes of longing and memory. Informed by the gardens of her childhood in England, Burford’s work searches for a personal paradise. The garden – a place where organic landscape meets man-made structure is an archetypal space where humanity has sought paradise since our beginnings. Strange Beginnings, 80 x 80 cm, oil on canvas, 2023 Burford’s latest works evoke a homesickness for a place that never was. The past plays an important role in creating this place and is considered as an intertwined cultural heritage of family legacy, memories of travel, and mythological characters or spaces such as the hanging gardens of Babylon. These influences of the past merge with a strong desire for a new world. Reflecting on the current context of our relationship with nature, this new world is a place where nature acts as a refuge – a contemporary reflection on paradise as a walled garden – an ancient concept of home. Autumn in […] until 26.06. | #4317ARTatBerlin | Michaela Helfrich Galerie shows from 12 June 2024 the exhibition Changelings in Nighttown by the artist Noël O’Callaghan. The exhibition ‘Changelings in Nighttown’ from 12 to 26 June 2024 is a solo exhibition by Irish artist Noël O’Callaghan, showing paintings and drawings from her ‘Changelings’ series. These works were created during the lockdown when, in the absence of her regular drawing group, the artist began to alter existing drawings by allowing them to freely mutate into new beings. Girls can play too!, 2020, watercolor and graphite, 30 x 20cm Die „Nighttown“ des Titels bezieht sich auf das Circe-Kapitel in James Joyce’s Ulysses. Die Bleibtreu Straße in Charlottenburg, wo sich die Galerie befindet, ist die einzige Straße in Deutschland, die in diesem Buch erwähnt wird. Am Bloomsday wird der Künstler einen „walk and talk“ von Hausnummer 3 bis Hausnummer 34 durchführen. Du liegst, 2022, oil on canvas, 95 x 65 cm Die Ausstellungseröffnung findet am 12. Juni um 19.00 Uhr statt, wenn der Künstler mit der Kuratorin, Kulturarbeiterin und Gründerin von Irish Berlin, Beate Lemcke, ins Gespräch kommt. Es wird Live-Musik von The Vangardaí geben. Snakelady, 2020, watercolor and graphite, 30 x 20 cm There will […] until 28.08. | #4359ARTatBerlin | Luisa Catucci Gallery (Brunnenstraße) shows from 16. August 2024 the exhibition Untitled (back when we met) by the artists Nitsan Margaliot and Antoine Mermet. “ Untitled (back when we met)”, presents the collaborative work of Nitsan Margaliot and Antoine Mermet. Their work relates to various queer meetings in private and public spaces using video, textile, text, sound, and performance. The exhibition revolves around two performances, Unfolded and We Met, as well as two screenings — This Gentle Moment and a diary. The exhibition holds testimonies and traces related to encounters around the bed and the weight it carries, exploring intimacy and queer trajectories. Nitsan Margaliot is a choreographer, dancer, and curator deeply engaged with queer archives, re-enactments, and vulnerable encounters. Antoine Mermet is a versatile musician, composer, improviser, and multidisciplinary artist,active in dance, theater, visual arts, and performance. Opening: Friday, 16. August 2024 6 – 10 pm. Exhibition dates: Friday, 16. August – Wednesday, 28. August 2024 Performance event and screening: Friday, 23rd. August , 6 – 9 pm Title image caption: 2024 Luisa Catucci Gallery Ausstellung Untitled (back when we met) – Luisa Catucci Gallery | Zeitgenössische Kunst Berlin – Contemporary Art – Ausstellungen Berlin Galerien | ART […] until 17.08. | #4357ARTatBerlin | CAMERA WORK shows from 20. July 2024 an art presentation of 15 selected works from Thomas Hoepker’s oeuvre. With the death of Thomas Hoepker, the gallery has lost one of the most important German photographers in history, but above all Hoepker the man, whom it represented for more than 20 years and presented at exhibitions and art fairs. It comprises 15 selected works by the photographer. In addition to his portraits of boxing legend Muhammad Ali, photographs by Andy Warhol and works from Hoepker’s “Berlin Wall Children” series will also be on display. Thomas Hoepker (1936-2024) gained his first experience with the medium of photography at the age of 14. He received two Photokina awards during his studies and from 1959 worked regularly as an advertising photographer for magazines and book publications. He devoted himself to photojournalism and later also became interested in the moving image, shooting films and working as a cameraman. In 1974, he was the first accredited photographer to go to East Berlin for Stern magazine, where he worked temporarily as art director. In 1989, Thomas Hoepker became the first German photographer to become a full member of the Magnum Photos agency […] bis 31.08. | #4341ARTatBerlin | Galerie Z22 shows from 11th July 2024 the exhibition ARTISTIC STEPS by the artists Immanuel Rohringer and Frank Massholder. Galerie Z22 presents the exhibition “ARTISTIC STEPS” by Immanuel Rohringer and Frank Massholder. Frank Massholder and Immanuel Rohringer dedicate themselves to the accidental beauty of floors in large series that have been running for years and are still unfinished today. While the art photographer and gallery owner Massholder finds his motifs during visits to his artists’ studios, the visual artist Rohringer creates them in experimental and open processes. FRANK MASSHOLDER | LANDAUER #4 | 2023 | UV.DRUCK AUF ALUDIBOND BUTLERFINISH Massholder calls his discoveries “concrete coincidences” and has been consistently “collecting” such “deliberate photographs of accidentally created objects” for years. In his words, the floors of artists’ studios are “snapshots of an artist’s inner landscape over the course of time. They are a collection of movements, colours, splashes, pieces of inspiration from each individual work that unintentionally document the artist’s work as a whole.” IMMANUEL ROHRINGER | ARTISTIC STEPS | 1/30 | 2023 | MISCHTECHNIK AUF LEINWAND | 200 x 185 For him, such studio floors are “canvases that guide us through time and perhaps give […] until 24.08. | #4333ARTatBerlin | Galerie Thomas Schulte presents from 28th June 2024 the exhibition Behold the lowly Vessel by the artist Robert Mappelthorpe. Robert Mapplethorpe’s photographs of flowers are well known, and recognizable for their delicate yet erotic beauty. What is less discussed is the role of the specific set of objects often appearing within their carefully constructed compositions. Frequently drawn from the artist’s collection, the vases and bowls found in these still lifes reveal a deep appreciation for design – reflecting the confident eye and regard for classical form exemplified by his photographic work. It is the connection between the two, that forms the starting point of Behold the Lowly Vessel. Presented at Galerie Thomas Schulte, the exhibition takes a distinctive point of view, bringing thoughtful arrangements of Mapplethorpe’s photographs together with a private collection of vases inspired by them. Vernissage: Friday, 28th June 2024, 7 – 9 pm Exhibition dates: Saturday, 29th June until Saturday, 24th August 2024 Image Caption Title: Robert Mapplethorpe, “Flower”, 1983, Silver gelatin print, © The Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation, used with permission Exhibition Robert Mappelthorpe – Galerie Thomas Schulte | Zeitgenössische Kunst in Berlin | Contemporary Art | Ausstellungen Berlin Galerien | ART at […]
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The VHS City Guide to Berling, Germany.
en
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VHS / VENTURES
https://www.veronicahelenspeck.com/lavventura-intro/berlin
Berlin, Germany’s capital, dates to the 13th century. Reminders of the city's turbulent 20th-century history include its Holocaust memorial and the Berlin Wall's graffitied remains. Divided during the Cold War, its 18th-century Brandenburg Gate has become a symbol of reunification. The city's also known for its art scene and modern landmarks like the gold-colored, swoop-roofed Berliner Philharmonie, built in 1963. Here is our travel guide to Berlin, Germany. STAY DAS STUE The architect Patricia Urquiola designed this hotel in the former Danish Embassy, near Tiergarten. The interior nods to the Berlin zoo, located outside the hotel. Drakestrasse 1, das-stue.com. SCHLOSSHOTEL BERLIN Built in 1914 in the style of a French palace, this magnificent villa has served as a private residence, embassy, naval officer’s club, and later, a luxury hotel, hosting such notable guests as Romy Schneider and Paul McCartney. In 2014, Berlin fashion designer Patrick Hellmann acquired the property and began renovations, restoring its glorious historical details while bringing much of the design—previously done by Karl Lagerfeld in the 1990s—firmly into the 21st century. The Kaiser Suite has an antique library with original frescoes, and the first-floor Karl Lagerfeld Suite has lovely Art Deco touches and a stone balcony overlooking the gardens. Brahmsstraße 10; schlosshotelberlin.com HOTEL ADLON KEMPINSKI A luxurious hotel with views facing the Brandenburg Gate, featuring classic interiors, a pool, bistro, and spa, which is considered one of the best in Germany. Unter den Linden 77; kempinski.com HOTEL DE ROME A Rocco Forte Hotel located in a neoclassical 19th-century bank house on Bebelplatz, in the historic heart of East Berlin. Many of the building’s original details—graceful marble columns, skylights, an intricate iron staircase—have been retained, most notably down below in the pool area—formerly the bank’s jewel vault. Behrenstraße 37; roccofortehotels.com WALDORF ASTORIA Set in an elegant skyscraper in City West and around the corner from Kurfürstendamm shopping boulevard. Hardenbergstraße 28; hilton.com/en/hotels/berwawa-waldorf-astoria-berlin KPM BERLIN HOTEL KPM is the vision of Berlin banker Jörg Woltmann, who helped save the 18th century Royal Porcelain Manufactory Berlin complex, on which the hotel has stood since 2019. The modern, cube-like building has a rooftop terrace with views over Berlin. Engl. Str. 6; kpmhotel.de PROVOCATEUR HOTEL Red velvet ropes flank the entrance of this glamorous, 1920s era style hotel. Original 1911 gold-clad elevators ferry you upstairs to the rooms. The hotel also features a restaurant and bar. Brandenburgische Str. 21; provocateur-hotel.com ORIANA Orania is located in the ultra-cool Kreuzberg neighborhood along Oranieplatz, and has a storied past. From 1913 to 1924, the ground floor was home to iconic café Oranienpalast, concerts, and cabarets. In 1934, the Jewish owners at the time had to sell the property below market value in order to be able to emigrate. In 1995, it was registered as a national monument. In 2014, Sattler Architects and Dietmar Mueller-Elmau turned the space into a hotel with a restaurant, literary salon, bar, and concert stage. The lobby looks more like a living room with two fireplaces, a Steinway piano and small stage for local Berlin musicians, and an excellent wine bar and restaurant called Ora. Oranienstraße 40; orania.berlin SOHO HOUSE BERLIN Soho House is hard to beat in terms of location and what it has to offer: situated in the hip Mitte district it has chic interiors, a great rooftop pool with a Mexican-themed restaurant as well as Cecconi’s, plus an outstanding Italian restaurant where the crowd gathers in the evenings. Beautiful design that feels modern and sophisticated carries throughout the hotel, and with one of the best rooftop pools, one can relax during hot summer days and enjoy great tunes and delicious Margaritas in the evening courtesy of its vibrant atmosphere. Make sure you pay a visit to the bar and restaurant to enjoy delicious cocktails and food. Torstraße 1; sohohouse.com/en-us/houses/soho-house-berlin HOTEL ZOO The historic Hotel Zoo Berlin once housed Hollywood’s most glamorous film stars and swinging Great Gatsby-style parties in the golden 1920s. Designed by Dayna Lee, the glamour of the past was restored in a recent reopening. Have a drink in the “living room” lounge or on the rooftop terrace. Kurfürstendamm 25; hotelzoo.de GORKI APARTMENTS Private apartments set in a 19th-century building at the end of a tree-lined street leading up to Weinbergspark in the heart of central Berlin-Mitte, with luxury interior design featuring Tom Dixon lighting19th-century. The most impressive spaces are the penthouses with a private roof deck. Weinbergsweg 25; gorkiapartments.com SIR SAVIGNY HOTEL Located in Charlottenburg, this boutique hotel is set in a historic building constructed in 1983. Visit the Library, Lounge, and The Butcher, which serves delicious burger. Kantstraße 144; sirhotels.com RITZ CARLTON Located in the vibrant neighborhood of Mitte on Potsdamer Platz featuring art deco details. Visit the Fragrances Bar, renowned for its avant-garde cocktails that are chosen through fragrances— each fragrance is linked to a specific cocktail made with fresh and complex ingredients to cater to everyone's mood. There is also a restaurant with German cuisine, a lounge, and a spa with a pool and sauna. Potsdamer Platz 3; ritzcarlton.com MICHELBERGER A trendy hotel across from the Warschauer Straße U-Bahn station. The cafe and bar serves German dishes and their own special blend of liquor with a unique illustrated label. Warschauer Str. 39-40; michelbergerhotel.com 25HOURS HOTEL BIKINI A renovated 1950s high-rise is home to the Berlin outpost of this hip German hotel chain, which is sandwiched between the Berlin Zoo and the trendy concept mall Bikini Berlin. The hotel is also home the Monkey Bar, one of Berlin's most popular cocktail bars, and guests can cut the line by taking a private elevator straight to the door. Budapester Str. 40; 25hours-hotels.com LULU GULDSMEDEN A boutique, eco-friendly hotel located along Potsdammer Strasse with high ceilings, enormous windows, exposed brick walls, and only using organic and Fair Trade goods throughout, from the food and drink to the bath amenities. Potsdamer Str. 67; guldsmedenhotels.com/berlin HOTEL AM STEINPLATZ Vladimir Nabokov, Brigitte Bardot, and Alain Delon have all stayed at this luxury hotel at some point in its history. It opened in 1913 on a quiet, leafy square in Charlottenburg, and the boutique property retains its alluring Art Nouveau flourishes. Steinpl. 4; marriott.com/hotels/travel/berak-hotel-am-steinplatz HOTEL AMO Part of the German mini-chain Amano Group, this boutique hotel opened in a converted office building in Friedrichstrasse. Friedrichstraße 113; amanogroup.de/de/hotels/amo/ DINE | DRINK BORCHARDT The best spot for people-watching since 1853. Settle in for a Wiener schnitzel the size of your head and watch the chicest of Berlin’s ladies (and gentlemen) who lunch. Franz. Str. 47; borchardt-restaurant.de GRILL ROYAL Elegant grill restaurant, overlooking the river, with an international menu but known for steaks. Friedrichstraße 105b; grillroyal.com KATZ ORANGE A multi-level restaurant with a charming courtyard and romantic library serving a seasonal menu. Bergstraße 22; katzorange.com PARIS BAR Founded by a French soldier in the 1950s, the living room of the Berlin bohème has become a hub for artists, musicians, and socialites from Madonna and Claudia Schiffer to Robert Rauschenberg and Damien Hirst. The art on the walls includes works by German painters Martin Kippenberger and Daniel Richter. Kantstrasse 152; parisbar.net CAFE EINSTEIN Located on the landmark-strewn avenue of Unter den Linden, Cafe Einstein is an airy oasis known for its excellent schnitzel and dapper waitstaff. Order the duck with red wine cabbage and the knödel with vanilla cream. Unter den Linden 42, einstein-udl.com. TADIM Located in the heart of Kreuzberg’s bustling Turkish epicenter, Tadim has been serving doner kebab for over 20 years. Adalbertstraße 98; tadim-lahmacun.de HOUSE OF SMALL WONDER A petite cafe that seems like it is set inside a greenhouse. There is also a location in Brooklyn, NY. Auguststraße 11-13; houseofsmallwonder.de 893 RYŌTEI BERLIN A modern Japanese meets Peruvian restaurant with sushi and sashimi in Charlottenburg. Look for the neon sign — it’s the only indicator that a restaurant lies behind the mirrored, graffiti-covered walls. Chef/Owner Ngo also runs the popular spots Kuchi, Madame Ngo and Cocolo Ramen. Kantstrasse 135, 893ryotei.de. ANNELIES Famous for their buttermilk pancakes— stacked with berry compote, granola, cultured cream and butter, and drenched in maple syrup. Based in Kreuzberg, over the road from Görlitzer Park. Görlitzer Straße. 68; anneliesberlin.com GRACE BERLIN Located on the famous Kurfürstendamm avenue, designed by Dayna Lee. Order the beef tartar, Chilean sea bass, five-spice lobster and Grace dessert bowl. Kurfürstendamm 25; grace-berlin.com RESTAURANT PASTERNAK Opened in 1994 and located in Prenzlauer Berg, serving Russian and Ukrainian dishes; named after the Nobel Prize-winning Russian poet and author of “Doctor Zhivago,” Boris Pasternak. Try the bowl of soljanka, a creamy, dill-spiked soup that has Russian origins then move on to sautéed calf’s liver and latkes accented with a spicy apple jam. And don’t forget to have a few shots of the house vodka. Knaackstraße 22-24; restaurant-pasternak.de CAFÉ OLIV A minimalist cafe in Mitte with excellent carrot cake and quiches. Münzstrasse 8, oliv-cafe.de. CRACKERS Built on the dance floor of a former nightclub in Mitte, this German-Mediterranean restaurant serves grass-fed grilled lamb with tzatziki and olives, and baked aubergine with hummus, smoked almonds and pickled peppers. Friedrichstrasse 158, crackersberlin.com. CHUNGKING NOODLES A pop-up restaurant by Chef Ash Lee serving spicy noodles. Reichenberger Str. 35 ORA This bar and restaurant in the Oriana Hotel used to be a pharmacy, and the interiors including apothecary cabinets and old tiled floors are still intact. Seasonal dishes include a spring asparagus salad with spinach, radish and scallions. Oranienplatz 14, ora-berlin.de. HALLMANN UND KLEE Deep in Neukölln, a charming breakfast cafe with vintage furniture, mismatched chairs, and wood floors. Böhmischestrasse 13, hallmann-klee.de CAFE KANEL Near Tempelhof Field in Neukölln, a tiny bakery with a wonderful Danish “backmeister” (baking master). Order the laugenecke (a warm, flaky croissant meets a salty pretzel). Schillerpromenade 25 THE BARN A coffee roaster, which also serves teas, juices, cakes and sandwiches. We recommend order a flaky croissant. Auguststrasse 58, thebarn.de LE PETIT ROYAL A Charlottenburg spot with an excellent fennel salad, lobster bisque, and organic steak. Grolmanstrasse 59, lepetitroyal.de ERNST Conceived by the 23-year-old Canadian chef Dylan Watson-Brawn who began his career at 17, apprenticing in Michelin-starred restaurants in Tokyo, as well as Noma in Copenhagen and Eleven Madison Park in New York City. Ernst is an intimate supper club. Gerichtstrasse 54, ernstberlin.de ENGELBECKEN Many restaurants in Berlin claim to serve the best schnitzel,” Magers says of the fried, thin veal cutlet that’s one of Germany’s most famous dishes. “But Engelbecken is actually the best — and it’s organic. The pork roast (also organic) is a must-try, as well. It’s usually crowded, so best to make a reservation.” Witzlebenstrasse 31, engelbecken.de LOKAL A corner, cozy, restaurant with white walls, hanging lamps & a bar, serving modern, seasonal European dishes. Linienstraße 160; lokal-berlin DALUMA Organic cold-pressed juices and Acai bowls are served at this healthy cafe. Weinbergsweg 3; daluma.de ANNA BLUME A cafe and restaurant, connected to florist, with marble-topped tables, homemade cakes & terrace seating. Kollwitzstraße 83; cafe-anna-blume.de SILO COFFEE A trendy cafe with outdoor seating, dishing up breakfast & lunch specials, plus specialty coffee. Gabriel-Max-Straße 4; silo-coffee.com SCHNEEWEISS Located in the heart of Berlin-Friedrichshain, this stylish designer restaurant serves Austrian Alpine cuisine. Simplonstraße 16; schneeweiss-berlin.de SPEISEHOUSE BERLIN Traditional dishes like schnitzels, ham hock and pork knuckle in an elegant, wood-lined dining room. Wühlischstraße 30; speisehaus-berlin.de THE BUTCHER A hamburger restaurant in West Berlin. Kantstraße 144; the-butcher.com/berlin BURGERMEISTER A popular burger joint in Kreuzberg, and open late. burger-meister.de CLÄRCHENS BALLHAUS Dancing and live music with a vintage mirrored hall, Italian & German cuisine plus dance classes. Auguststraße 24/25; claerchensball.haus MRS. ROBINSON’S A cozy produce-focused restaurant by Samina Raza & Ben Zviel. Pappelallee 29; mrsrobinsons.de CODA A stylish specialist venue for artfully designed & presented desserts, plus wine pairings and cocktails. Friedelstraße 47; coda-berlin.com NOVEMBER BRASSERIE A raw fish restaurant on an elegant corner in Prenzlauer Berg. A perfect date spot, with memorable taste and presentation. Highly recommend the sashimi platter and the sea bream. Husemannstraße 15; november.berlin MEZZE BAR BY MONTRAW Wine and seasonal Mediterranean shared plates in a homey atmosphere with friendly service. Straßburger Str. 33; themezzebar.com MARKTLOCAL A fantastic farm to table restaurant in a cozy, wood paneled and plant-filled room. Features a great selection of natural wines, hearty dishes, and creative starters. A great place for a Saturday night meal before going out for drinks in the neighborhood. Pücklerstraße 34; marktlokal.berlin CAFÉ MUGRABI A favorite neighborhood spot, especially for brunch. Mugrabi features a modern Levant menu of shakshuka, humous and more. Görlitzer Str. 58; cafemugrabi.com LODE & STIJN A Michelin (and locals) recommended spot, Lode & Stijn features creative, seasonal dishes with wine pairings in a minimalist space. Lausitzer Str. 25; lode-stijn.de KITTEN DELI Another Levantine restaurant beloved by the locals, Kitten Deli is known for its french toast and brunch. Friedel Straße 30 GAZZO Excellent pizza, always busy so book ahead or wait at the wine bar across the street. Hobrechtstraße 57; gazzopizza.com REMI A tasty and social restaurant where the food is formal and cooked to perfection, but the atmosphere is casual and welcoming. Torstraße 48; remi-berlin.de LIMORI RAMEN When you inevitably crave ramen in the colder months (or even the warm ones), this is the place to go. Great classic ramen, as well as delicious matcha desserts. Mulackstraße 29 FACTORY GIRL Cute and local breakfast spot with gluten-free and vegan options. Busy on the weekends. Auguststraße 29c; factorygirl.net MOGG A well-known Berlin sit-down deli for anyone missing a good pastrami sandwich and New York style cheesecakes. Auguststraße 11-13; moggmogg.com RESTAURANT SAN Excellent quality Japanese sushi and sashimi. Weydingerstraße 22; 3berlin.com BONANZA COFFEE ROASTERS A highly recommended and award-winning coffee shop where you can post up, work, and people watch. Adalbertstraße 70; bonanzacoffee.de GREEN TEA CAFE MAMECHA Authentic Japanese style cafe with matcha, snacks, and desserts. Hours are a bit random but a very relaxed atmosphere to relax and enjoy a drink. Mulackstraße 33; mamecha.com HAPPY MATCHA Reliable spot for matcha and matcha treats. Many options for add-ons, and one of the rare places that offers almond milk as a non-dairy option. Torstraße 68; hppymatcha.com RÖSTÄTTE Buzzy and busy Mitte spot for great coffee, matcha and pastries. Always surprisingly social on weekday mornings. Ackerstraße 173; roeststaette.com DRINK BERGHAIN Berghain is perhaps the most popular nightclub in the world, and one of the hardest to get into. It is located in a former East German power station, and named after its location near the border between Kreuzberg and Friedrichshain. Doors open at midnight on Saturday and the party lasts until Monday. Wear black and speak German (or don’t speak at all) for the best shot at gaining entry. Am Wriezener bhf; berghain.berlin MONKEY BAR One of the best places to watch the sunset in Berlin. Try the signature Moscow Mule Slushy. Located at the op of the 25Hours Hotel Bikini. Budapester Str. 40; monkeybarberlin.de COCKTAIL D’AMORE A massive underground club with a tough door. Each party runs for about 30 hours, from Saturday night to Monday morning, and in the summer, visitors can dance outside next to the Neukölln Canal. Sonnenallee 221 BAR TAUSEND Hidden under the Friedrichstraße train station with a beautiful interior, live music and tapas, lies one of the best clubs in Berlin. DJs perform from Friday to Saturday. Schiffbauerdamm 11; tausendberlin.com NEUE ODESSA BAR Inventive cocktails, and classic standards like a Moscow Mule, served in trendy neighborhood bar where DJs play until the early morning.Torstraße 89; neueodessabar.de BUCK AND BRECK Classic & creative cocktails in a sleek, tucked-away space where mobile phones are banned. Brunnenstraße 177; buckandbreck.com SALON ZUR WILDEN RENATE A techno club that took over an abandoned apartment building in Friedrichshain with 1970s wallpaper. Alt-Stralau 70, 1; renate.cc SOLAR BAR A rooftop cocktail bar and restaurant in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg with DJ’s. Im Innenhof, Stresemannstraße 76; solarberlin.com 40 SECONDS A popular hospitality group with bars and restaurants including Golvet, The Dawg, Forty’s, and Vesper Bar. 40seconds.de BEUSTER BAR Deli platters, steak tartare, mussels, plus creative cocktails, in a hip space with retro stylings. Weserstr. 32; beusterbar.com MEINE BAR A popular local bar in Mitte. Auguststraße 61 LERCHEN&EULEN Coffee, cake, and cocktails at a cozy bar with mismatched furniture and exposed brick walls. Pücklerstraße 33; lerchenundeulen.de DAS HOTEL BAR A cocktail bar and live music venue. Oberland Straße 26 -35; dashotel.radio PRINCE CHARLES A nightclub and bar, known for house & hip hop music, with live music. Prinzenstraße 85F; bechstein-network.com/ KATER BLAU A club with a riverside terrace, hosting DJ-led all-night parties with a techno vibe. Holzmarktstraße 25; katerblau.de AVENUE A hip-hop and house club. Karl-Marx-Allee 34; avenue-club-berlin.com ART | CULTURE | ACTIVITIES EAST SIDE GALLERY The East Side Gallery in Friedrichshain is a long stretch of the Berlin Wall that is clad in colorful iconic images; and includes the Wall Museum. The memorial gallery features over 100 murals painted by artists from all over the world detailing their interpretations of the events surrounding November 9, 1989, when the wall came down. Mühlenstraße 3-100; eastsidegallery-berlin.com BERLIN WALL MEMORIAL Located in Prenzlauer Berg, this portion of the wall is a harrowing section known as the “death strip” and the museum allow visitors to see the most preserved swath of the remaining wall complex. As you walk along this one-mile stretch of Bernauer Strasse, an open-air exhibit features photographs and signs detailing the stories on either side of the barrier. There’s also a preserved piece of the original border wall and a watchtower, as well as an indoor visitor center with exhibits chronicling the political and historical events surrounding the city’s division. Bernauer Str. 111; stiftung-berliner-mauer.de REICHSTAG Reduced to rubble after one of history's most infamous fires in the 1930s, and then rebuilt decades later, the stately Reichstag is arguably Germany's most iconic landmark. The building has been home of Germany’s parliament (the Bundestag) since 1999 and now serves as a symbol of the country’s reunification. Today, a glistening glass dome designed by Norman Foster sits atop the grand old structure, and guests can ascend its 755-foot-long ramp for sweeping views over the city. Platz der Republik 1; bundestag.de/besuche/architektur/reichstag/ HELMUT NEWTON FOUNDATION Helmut Newton was born in Berlin, and his namesake museum features the photographer’s works as well as exhibitions with the most influential photographers of our time, such as David LaChapelle and Guy Bourdin. The permanent display Private Property gives in-depth insight via footage of Newton on set, letters to and from publications about his commissions and a replica of his own apartment, which certainly confirms his interest in the female form. The latest mammoth exhibition, running until November, displays every page of his Sumo book in its running order, juxtaposing iconic nudes with portraits and fashion. Jebensstraße 2; helmut-newton-foundation.org BRANDENBURG GATE This triumphant neoclassical arch is Berlin’s most famous monument and the only remaining gate of the 14 that originally surrounded the city when it was a proud Prussian metropolis. Since then, Napoleon and Hitler have stormed through it and the world watched as thousands of Berliners swarmed the site with sledgehammers to topple the nearby Wall in 1989. Ever since, this Acropolis-inspired 1791 monument has come to symbolize German reunification. Pariser Platz; berlin.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten GALERIE BASTIAN Galerie Bastian is devoted to the work of important modern as well as major Contemporary artists. Recent exhibitions have included Pablo Picasso, Andy Warhol and Anselm Kiefer. This year the gallery’s program includes Robert Rauschenberg and Cy Twombly, amongst others. Taylorstraße 1; bastian-gallery.com MEMORIAL TO THE MURDERED JEWS OF EUROPE A short walk from Brandenburg Gate, this sprawling, maze-like set of 2,711 concrete columns is a haunting reminder of the atrocities and toll of World War II and Germany’s main memorial to the six million Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Officially called the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, the site occupies an entire 205,000-square-foot city block and was designed by American architect Peter Eisenman after an exhaustive 17-year planning process. The memorial’s abstract design offers no explanation or prescribed walking path, but simply invites visitors to enter and become swallowed in its tomb-like slabs. Cora-Berliner-Straße 1; stiftung-denkmal.de CHECKPOINT CHARLIE A visit to Checkpoint Charlie, the Allied sentry post, is perhaps the best place to grasp the division of East and West Berlin. Don’t come for the checkpoint itself (the current structure is a replica of the actual checkpoint) but for the museum, Mauermuseum Museum Haus am Checkpoint Charlie. Though tiny, it’s an excellent historical refresher covering everything from the pre-wall era up to present day. Friedrichstraße 43-45; berlin.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten KUNSTHAUS DAHLEM This new space in Berlin for post-war German modernism sparks interest mainly for the building’s checkered past—before WWII it was constructed as a studio for one of the Nazi party’s predilect artists, Arno Breker. Under the watchful eye of architects Petra and Paul Kahlfeldt, who are charged with its restoration, the studio has been re-cast as a cultural institution. The opening show and subsequent exhibitions will feature both East and West German art in tandem, as an attempt to reconcile these two streams of German modernism which were segregated for many years after the war. MUSEUM ISLAND Museumsinsel (“Museum Island”) is a UNESCO-inscribed collection of five museums, including The Altes Museum, Neues Museum, Alte Nationalgalerie, Pergamonmuseum, and the Bode Museum. isitberlin.de/en/museum-island-in-berlin NEUES MUSEUM The Neues Museum is located on Museum Island and part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Built from 1843 to 1855 by order of King Frederick William IV of Prussia in Neoclassical and Renaissance Revival styles, it is considered as the major work of Friedrich August Stüler. Famous for its Queen Nefertiti. bust. Bodestraße 1-3; smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/neues-museum SAMMLUNG BOROS A renovated Nazi-era bunker in the Mitte district houses this private collection of contemporary art, owned by Christian and Karen Boros. The selection of sculpture, paintings, photographs, and installations by international artists, including Ai Weiwei, Thomas Ruff, Tomás Saraceno, and Olafur Eliasson, rotates every four years. Reinhardtstraße 20; sammlung-boros.de KARL MARX-ALLEE A must-see for history and architecture aficionados, this wide boulevard was conceived by the architect Hermann Henselmann, and is where the East German government used to conduct their annual parades. It’s also a well-kept example of Stalinist architecture, with building facades completely covered in porcelain tiles manufactured in Meissen. SOVIET WAR MEMORIAL This staggering monument in Treptower Park commemorates the death of Soviet soldiers at the end of World War II. A pair of massive sculptures of Soviet flags made of red granite sit near the star monument. YORCK KINO It’s not often that a cinema itself looks like a piece of cinematic production design, but the Delphi Lux in the City West district feels like you’ve stepped onto the set of a futuristic film. Each of the seven screens is enveloped by a different monochrome shade, from piercing cyan to vibrant red, thanks to the work of German architecture practice Batek Architekten, which took inspiration from art gallery installations to give each screen its own LED-infused identity. Kantstraße 10; yorck.de HAMBURGER BAHNOF Part of the Berlin National Gallery, this contemporary-art outpost is located in a former railway terminus. Invalidenstrasse 50-51; smb.museum LANDWEHR CANAL Arguably the city's best people-watching spot, the canal unites two of its hippest neighborhoods (Kreuzberg and Neukölln). Grab a €1 beer from a spätkauf (Berlin’s version of a bodega) and sit along the canal’s grassy banks under a weeping willow tree. JULIA STOSCHEK COLLECTION The Julia Stoschek Collection is a private collection created by the art patron Julia Stoschek, focusing on conceptual video, film projection, and computer-based works. Leipzigerstrasse 60, jsc.art SPACE 31 A Charlottenburg performance-and-retail space where you’ll find fashion-centric exhibitions and collaborations between artists, designers and its founder, the fashion designer Nhu Duong. Kluckstrasse 31, space-31.com BADESCHIFF A swimming pool set directly in a river, Berlin’s Badeschiff remains one of the coolest places to take a refreshing dip. Looking out at views of the TV Tower, the Molecule Man sculpture and Oberbaumbrücke with wooden decking and sand leading up to the bar, it doesn’t take long to forget you’re in the midst of the German capital. Eichenstraße 4; arena.berlin/veranstaltungsort/badeschiff THE FEUERLE COLLECTION Housed in a former telecommunication bunker in the Kreuzberg district, this art gallery experience begins with John Cage’s minimalistic music followed by Asian artifacts and furniture juxtaposed with modern art. Hallesches Ufer 70; thefeuerlecollection.org ZOO PALAST This Berlin Cinema was built in 1957 and relaunched in 2013, and reminiscent of a Wes Anderson film. Hardenbergstraße 29A; zoopalast.premiumkino.de CHARLOTTENBURG PALACE Built in 1699 as a summer residence for Sophie Charlotte, wife of King Friedrich I, this massive, multi-winged baroque structure is Berlin’s largest palace. Home to collections including royal porcelain and silver, crown jewels, and important 18th-century French paintings by artists such as Antoine Watteau. The highlight is the garden, created in the French and English style, with orderly hedges, fountains, ponds, and tree-lined gravel paths. Spandauer Damm 10-22; spsg.de/schloesser-gaerten/objekt/schlossgarten-charlottenburg/ TREPTOWER PARK Summer in Berlin is synonymous with sunny afternoons in Treptower Park, located along the banks of the Spree River to picnic and drink Spati beers. BERLIN STATE OPERA The Staatsoper Unter den Linden, also referred to as "Berlin State Opera" was erected by order of Frederick the Great from 1741 to 1743 according to plans by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff in Palladian style. Unter den Linden 7; staatsoper-berlin.de/en DEUTSCH OPERA BERLIN Modern theater hosting a program of opera & ballet, plus a chic restaurant. Bismarckstraße 35; deutscheoperberlin.de TEMPELHOFER FIELD Built by Hitler’s henchmen and used as a lifeline by some two million people during the Allied Airlift, Tempelhof Airport is now a sweeping urban playground. On sunny days, thousands of Berliners come to jog down the abandoned runways, bike under the old radar station, and grill next to grounded Cold War-era planes. MÜGGELSEE An inland lake with smooth, golden sand and the perfect place to picnic and spend a summer afternoon. KRAUPA-TUSKANY ZEIDLER The Kreuzberg contemporary art gallery, founded by Amadeo Kraupa-Tuskany and his partner, Nadine Zeidler, represents artists from around the world, including the Beijing-based sculptor Yu Honglei and the New York-based multimedia artist Andrea Crespo. Kohlfurterstrasse 41/43, k-t-z.com. KOENIG GALERIE A gallery within the Brutalist concrete St. Agnes church, originally designed by the German architect Werner Düttmann. Also home to the 032c magazine offices and store. Alexandrinenstrasse 118-121, koeniggalerie.com. MARTIN GROPIUS BAU Martin-Gropius-Bau, commonly known as Gropius Bau, is an important exhibition building in Berlin, Germany. Originally a museum of applied arts, the building has been a listed historical monument since 1966. Niederkirchnerstraße 7; berlinerfestspiele.de GEMÄLDEGALERIE It holds one of the world's leading collections of European paintings from the 13th to the 18th centuries. Matthäikirchplatz; smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/gemaeldegalerie BERLINISCHE The Berlinische Galerie is a museum of modern art, photography and architecture in Kreuzberg. Alte Jakobstraße 124-128; berlinischegalerie.de BAUHAUS ARCHIVE Berlin’s Bauhaus Archive holds the world's largest collection related to the history of the Bauhaus (1919–1933), the 20th century’s most important school of architecture, design and art. The building was designed by the Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius, and presents key works. Klingelhöferstraße 14, bauhaus.de/en/bauhaus-archiv HAMBURGER BANHHOF Hamburger Bahnhof is the former terminus of the Berlin–Hamburg Railway in Berlin, Germany, on Invalidenstrasse in the Moabit district opposite the Charité hospital. Today it serves as a contemporary art museum, the Museum für Gegenwart, part of the Berlin National Gallery. Invalidenstraße 50-51; smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/hamburger-bahnhof FÜHRERBUNKER Hitler’s Bunker was an air raid shelter located near the Reich Chancellery in Berlin, Germany. It was part of a subterranean bunker complex constructed in two phases in 1936 and 1944. It was the last of the Führer Headquarters used by Adolf Hitler during World War II. You may visit is as part of a tour. berliner-unterwelten.de MUSEUM BARBERINI Located 40 minutes outside of Berlin in Potsdam, the Museum Barberini presents exhibitions from Old Masters to contemporary art, with an emphasis on impressionist painting. Humboldtstraße 5-6; museum-barberini.de SPRÜTH MAGERS Sprüth Magers is a commercial art gallery owned by Monika Sprüth and Philomene Magers, with spaces in London, Berlin, Los Angeles and offices in Cologne, Hong Kong, and Seoul. Oranienburger Str. 18; spruethmagers.com KUNSTGEWERBEMUSEUM (MUSEUM OF DECORATIVE ARTS) Visit the lower level floor for an excellent collection of chairs and well-written didactics explaining the different eras in design. Matthäikirchplatz; smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/kunstgewerbemuseum NEUE NATIONALGALERIE The iconic Mies van der Rohe-designed museum housing European & American 20th-century masterpieces. Potsdamer Str. 50; smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/neue-nationalgalerie BERGGRUEN MUSEUM A charming museum collection of modern art dealer Heinz Berggruen, featuring his early-acquired collection of Art Nouveau and Art Deco pieces. Schloßstraße 1; smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/museum-berggruen BRAUN-SAMMLUNG ETTEL MUSEUM The ultimate design-nerd destination for an extensive collection of Braun electronics, curated by art educator Werner Ettel. Elberfelder Str. 37; braundesignsammlung.de ALTE NATIONALGALERIE A stunning collection of romantic and impressionist art in Berlin’s beautiful Museum Island, where five of the city’s renowned museums are located. Bodestraße 1-3; smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/alte-nationalgalerie SHOP P98A An experimental letterpress workshop with more than 500 cases of poster type and 450 cases of foundry type. Visit nearby store Analog for design books, magazines and one-off typographic prints. Potsdamer Straße. 98a; p98a.com ANDREAS MURKUDIS A boutique in Berlin’s Schöneberg neighborhood where Céline, Maison Margiela, and Dries Van Noten are displayed like an expertly curated art exhibition. Potsdamer Str. 81; andreasmurkudis.com VOO STORE A concept store with established and emerging brands, contemporary art installations and a brutalist concrete-based interior with a café. Oranienstraße 24; vooberlin.com MAUERPARK FLEA MARKET Mauerpark (“Wall Park") is the city’s largest outdoor market, held every Sunday, and filled with a fleamarket, jugglers, picnickers and the world's largest karaoke party, known as Bearpit Karaoke. Bernauer Str. 63-64; flohmarktimmauerpark.de THE STORES Setting up shop on the ground floor of Soho House, The Store Berlin (the brainchild of British fashion name Alex Eagle) is a curated shopping spot for fashion, furniture, music, skincare and books from the likes of Balenciaga, Burberry and Vetements. A collection of vinyl is provided by London-based Phonica Records. Torstraße 1, 10119. thestores.com HUMANA SECOND HAND & VINTAGE The outlet at Frankfurter Tor is the largest secondhand shop in Berlin. The top floor focuses on clothes from the 1950s to the 1990s. humana-second-hand.de/mode/first-class JOCHUM RODGERS This Charlottenburg furniture shop specializes in midcentury design. When you’re done shopping, head next door to Espressobar, an excellent bakery and cafe for post-browsing refreshment. Mommsenstrasse 3, jochumrodgers.de. BUCHHANDLUNG WALTHER KÖNIG Stacks of massive art, design, photography and fashion books line the walls of Walther König, which also stocks hard-to-find style magazines and journals. There’s also a collection of rare, out-of-print and first-edition books and catalogs, locked within a glass cabinet. Burgstrasse 27, buchhandlung-walther-koenig.de. APTM Located in a 1905 carriage house in the up-and-coming Wedding neighborhood, this gallery is furnished like a private home, and it serves as a gathering place for creatives. Lindower Strasse 18, aptm.berlin MARSANO On the ground floor of an apartment building in Mitte, this flower shop sells seasonal flowers and vintage furniture, jewelry and vases. Charlottenstrasse 75, marsano-berlin.de MARKTHALLE NEUN A Kreuzberg market with organic vegetables, fruits, herbs and even flowers from German farms. Eisenbahnstrasse 42/43, markthalleneun.de. RITTER SPORT Workshop demonstrations, games, and design-your-own bars at this famed chocolate brand's flagship store in Berlin. Franz. Str. 24; ritter-sport.com/de/berlin NEUZWEI A very curated shop featuring vintage and contemporary designer clothing. You'll find Jil Sander suits, updated Levis, and Chanel. Weserstr. 53; neuzwei.com KRYZA For the very fashionable and inspired vintage shopper, Kryza features vintage Cavalli, and other super stylish early-aughts style dresses and separates. Hermannplatz 8 REPEATER VINTAGE SHOP A true vintage shop with racks of clothing, including retro items, jean jackets, Converse Chuck Taylors, and Levis. Pannierstraße 45 SING BLACKBIRD VINTAGE A little shop of handpicked vintage clothing. A good spot for Prada if you’re lucky. Sanderstraße 11 SOBA 32 Designer consignment as well as vintage. Great source for Escada, Valentino, and special vintage pieces carefully restored by the owner Ivana. Flughafenstraße 32 SOEUR For the romantic-leaning woman, Soeur resells a lot of Isabel Marant and other casual yet romantic items. Marienburger Str. 24 MADONNA A hidden gem I potentially just ruined, Madonna is a designer consignment shop with a great collection of dresses, shoes, blazers, and more. There are plenty of other consignment shops on the same street, walking back towards central Charlottenburg, which as mentioned, is one of Berlin's more upscale neighborhoods so it's a great place to find high-end second-hand at great prices. Mommsenstraße 57; madonna-adon.de SPA STADTBAD NEUKÖLLN Opened in 1914, designed by the architect Reinhold Kiehl, this public pool is a decorative, opulent version of a German sauna. Ganghoferstrasse 3, 49-30-68-24-980 WHEADON Wheadon has the most unique selection of niche beauty treatments, and offers workshops to learn from the best and become an expert yourself. Steinstraße 17; wheadon.de
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Remaining Nazi sites then and now
en
https://www.tracesofevil.com/favicon.ico
https://www.tracesofevil.com/search/label/Friedrichstrasse
Looking across Unter den Linden at Friedrichstraße showing the extensive postwar damage and me at the site in 2020. Three blocks east of the parallel Wilhelmstraße, Friedrichstraße was badly damaged during the war and only partly rebuilt during the division of Berlin. During the Cold War and its division, Friedrichstraße underground station, despite being located in East Berlin, was utilised by two intersecting West Berlin S-Bahn lines and the West Berlin subway line U6. The station served as a transfer point for these lines, and trains stopped there, although all other stations on these lines in East Berlin were sealed-off ghost stations (Geisterbahnhof), where trains passed through under guard without stopping. At Friedrichstraße station, West Berlin passengers could transfer from one platform to another but could not leave the station without the appropriate papers. The section of the station open to West Berlin lines was heavily guarded and was sealed off from the smaller part of it serving as a terminus of the East Berlin S-Bahn and as a station for long-distance trains. The section in West Berlin was partly rebuilt as a residential street; in the late 1960s, the remains of the former Belle-Alliance-Platz at the end of the Friedrichstraße, renamed Mehringplatz, were completely demolished and replaced with a concrete housing and office development designed by Hans Scharoun. Despite its central location, this area remains relatively poor. Bahnhof Friedrichstraße from Berlin in Bildern, published in 1938, and during my 2020 Bavarian International School history trip. At the end of January, between 40,ooo and 5o,ooo refugees were arriving in Berlin each day, mainly by train. The capital of the Reich did not welcome its victims. `The Friedrichstrasse Bahnhof has become the transit point of Germany's fate,' an eyewitness wrote. `Each new train that comes in unloads a mass of amorphous suffering on to the platform.' In their misery, they may not have noticed the sign there which proclaimed, `Dogs and Jews are not allowed to use the escalator!' Soon energetic measures were taken by the German Red Cross to push refugees on from the Anhalter Bahnhof as quickly as possible, or to force trains to go round Berlin. The authorities were afraid of `infectious diseases such as typhus' and an epidemic in the capital. Other illnesses that they feared the refugees would spread were dysentery, paratyphus, diphtheria and scarlet fever. Beevor (48-49) The Fall of Berlin 1945 During our 2017 school trip and the same scene immediately after the war; only the two round roofs of the station offer a direct point of comparison. Kershaw writes how Friedrichstraße station had housed, according to Ursula von Kardorff, a young journalist, an ‘underworld’ almost exclusively inhabited by foreigners, including ‘Poles with glances of hatred’, and a ‘mix of peoples such as was probably never to be seen in a German city’. Any outsider was looked at with suspicion, she wrote. The foreign workers were reputedly ‘excellently organised’, with their own agents, weapons and radio equipment. ‘There are 12 million foreign workers in Germany,’ she said in a telling exaggeration perhaps reflecting her own inner concern, ‘an army in itself. Some are calling it the Trojan Horse of the current war.’ The very young soldier wearing the Luftwaffe camouflage jacket in the photo at right can also be seen in the main photo at far left, beside the half track’s front wheel. His body has been turned over by the Russians and it lays on a MG42 with its breech opened, dislodging a length of spent ammo belt. Beside lays a Volkskopie of Hitler’s Mein Kampf, probably placed there by Soviet TASS press agency photographer Mark Redkin. The other corpses were most likely Swedish ϟϟ volunteers. A chess/checkers board can be discerned discarded amidst the rubble and corpses. Another photograph taken with my 2020 cohort on the corner of Friedrichstrasse and Johanisstrasse. The van above right is a bright red Bergmann Deutsche Reichspost vehicle, which had initially been suggested to be a Mercedes-Benz L1500 which had been the vehicle of choice for the German infantry troops, eventually produced in nearly five thousand units between 1941 and 1943. However thanks to Javier de Luelmo it has been identified. This photo shows the scene out of view beside the postal van above revealing the bodies of ten combatants. A further two more can be just made out on the rubble in front of the van in the upper photo. A lack of dust and debris on the bodies by the van in addition to the gravity-defying posture shown in the rigor mortis in several of them suggests they were not killed here but rather had been gathered to be taken away by the postal van for burial despite the van's flat front tyre. In other words, the van is likely a later arrival, whilst the number of killed near this intersection remains difficult to estimate. s My students from the Bavarian International School in front of the eagle in the middle of Weidendammer bridge, shown then and now. The crown has been returned just as the imperial palace is being rebuilt. The bridge has played a role in literature several times, as in rich Kästner's Pünktchen and Anton in which “Pünktchen”, the little girl from a wealthy family, begs in torn clothes on the Weidendammer Bridge (in the middle of the entertainment district of the 1920s) and sells matches; across the street, her friend Anton sells shoelaces. It was over this bridge that Hitler's private secretary and successor as Nazi Party Minister Bormann carried the last copy of Hitler's testament, and he evidently hoped to use it to justify his claim to a position in Donitz's government when he reached Schleswig-Holstein. Another attack over the bridge was made soon afterwards, using a self-propelled 3omm quadruple flak gun and a half-track. This too was largely a failure. A third attempt was made at around 1 a.m., and a fourth an hour later. Bormann, Stumpfegger, Schwaegermann and Axmann kept together for a time. They followed the railway line to the Lehrterstrasse Bahnhof. There they split up. Bormann and Stumpfegger turned north-eastwards towards the Stettiner Bahnhof. Axmann went the other way, but ran into a Soviet patrol. He turned back and followed Bormann's route. Not long afterwards he came across two bodies. He identified them as Bormann and Stumpfegger, but he did not have time to discover how they had died. Martin Bormann, although not of his own volition, was the only major Nazi Party leader to have faced the bullets of the Bolshevik enemy. All the others - Hitler, Goebbels, Himmler and Goring - took their own lives. Beevor (382-383) Berlin Friedrichstadt Palast around the turn of the century when it served as a military barracks dating from the 1760s and today. During the Nazi era the theatre was renamed the Theater des Volkes. The dome hanging pins were cut off as they were seen as degenerate art. and late-bourgeois operettas were performed. The theatre was at this time also under the name Palace of 5000 and under the private management Spadonis Marion and Nicola Lupo.The building suffered most in March 1945 due to repeated air attacks. Damage caused the plays to be removed from March until August 1945. Now, led the artists Spadoni and Lupo the house as a palace of the 3000/Theater of 3000 or Palace at the Friedrichstrasse station and Palace Variety.In 1949 the owners abandoned the theatre and the city of Berlin took over the facility, the original name Friedrichstadtpalast got back. The first director was following the expropriation of Gottfried Hermann, he was succeeded in 1961, Wolfgang E. Struck. When taking school groups I'd previously used Baxpax hostel around the corner at Ziegelstrasse 28. Named after Felix Yurievich Ziegel, Soviet researcher, Doctor of Science and docent of Cosmology at the Moscow Aviation Institute and generally regarded as a founder of Russian ufology, like many streets reflecting the military connections around the area- Artillerienstrasse, Dragonerstrasse, Grenadierstrasse- its original name had been purged and replaced by worthy left-wingers by the East German regime. when he saw the fabulous decoration that he coveted, the diamond-studded Collar of the Annunziata, bestowed at the Italian embassy upon his smirking rival [Ribbentrop]. He took it as a deliberate slight and raised hell at every level up to the king of Italy, being mollified only by the award, twelve months later, of the identical Collar in consolation. The Japanese embassy on the left also maintains its symbols of fascist ideology a reminder of the man-made tsunami it had launched upon humanity beginning in 1931 which required two atomic bombs and countless allied lives and suffering to put an end to. On November 24, 1937 Hitler attended a reception here, given by the Japanese Ambassador Mushakoji in Berlin on the anniversary of the Anti-Comintern Pact. The building itself had been built between 1938–1942 according to plans by Ludwig Moshamer under the supervision of Albert Speer but expected to meet the expectations of the German leadership, resulting in a comparatively sterile classic building style. Above all, the building was to impress with its size; the pillars at the main entrance were a defining style element. Above the cornice , a half-storey attic above the main entrance forms the visual end of the building. In the central visual axis there is a golden chrysanthemum as a symbol of the imperial family. Although the German builder furnished the building with a lot of luxury inside, in fact a large part of the administration took place in bunkers and other air raids during the war. At that time, part of the Japanese embassy was relocated to the north of the city to the existing estate of the Jewish family Zwillenberg, who had been forced to sell their property. As early as 1943, an aerial bomb destroyed the side wing. Badly damaged, the building was empty for several decades. In the mid-1980s, Germans and Japanese agreed to set up a German-Japanese cultural centre in the dilapidated building. The German monument protection authorities pushed for the historic building to be preserved, but the Japanese found it in a state that could no longer be saved. In order to keep the agreements with the Germans as close as possible, Japan had it rebuilt as identically as possible by Kishō Kurokawa and Tajii Yamaguchi. For its new use as an embassy building, it underwent extensive renovations and additions by the architect Ryohei Amemiya between 1998 and 2000. A complete office wing was newly built and a Japanese garden was laid out. The main entrance was also relocated from Tiergartenstrasse to Hiroshimastrasse, which branches off from it. A golden chrysanthemum, the imperial seal, is still emblazoned above the former main entrance, which is now the entrance to the ambassador's residence. Both architecturally and historically, the Japanese embassy is very similar to the Italian embassy directly opposite.
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https://www.tracesofwar.com/articles/5561/Jewish-hospital-in-Berlin-during-the-Nazi-period.htm
en
Jewish hospital in Berlin during the Nazi period
https://www.tracesofwar.…00408210741k.jpg
https://www.tracesofwar.…00408210741k.jpg
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[ "" ]
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[ "Kevin Prenger" ]
2020-04-16T00:00:00
en
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https://www.tracesofwar.com/articles/5561/Jewish-hospital-in-Berlin-during-the-Nazi-period.htm
Preface During the Battle of Berlin in 1945, the hospital on the corner of Exerzierstrasse and Schulstrasse in the Wedding district must have looked like any front hospital. While the ground was shaking with grenade strikes and outside the sound of gunfire, doctors and nurses in blood-stained white uniforms did their best to save the lives of the wounded who had been brought in. The only unusual thing was that the medical staff wore a Jew's star, even though the German capital had already been declared free of Jews in 1943 The main entrance of the hospital in 1935 Source: Jüdisches Museum Berlin / Yad Vashem. Main entrance seen from the inner garden of the hospital. Source: Jüdisches Museum/ YadVashem History Today, the hospital is still in the same place, although the streets are now known as Iranian Strasse and Heinz-Galinski-Strasse. On the tympanum above the former main entrance of the neoclassical style building, the text "Krankenhaus der Jüdische Gemeinde" is carved, as the name of the Jewish hospital originally read. The history of Jewish health care in Berlin dates back to around the 13th century, when the first Jews settled in Berlin and the surrounding area. Poor Jews could go to a so-called Hekdeshfor medical assistance. Originally this was a kind of hostel for Jewish travellers, belonging to a synagogue, but the institution developed into a place for the care of the sick.> After having been the victim of pogroms and expulsion several times in previous centuries, in 1671 Friedrich Wilhelm I, King of Prussia, allowed the Jews to settle in Berlin and the surrounding area. The enlightenment with its ideal of tolerance initiated the gradual integration of Jews into Christian society. Jews began to play an important role in the economic and cultural life of Berlin and their number was to rise to 186,000 in 1933. Construction of the first synagogue in Berlin began in 1712 and in 1756 the first real Jewish hospital was opened on Oranienburger Strasse. The hospital was open to patients and staff of all faiths and provided excellent medical care for the time. With an annual patient count of 400, it was no less than the Charité, the oldest and most prominent hospital in the German capital. That is why the Jewish hospital was also called "the little Charité". Because the hospital no longer met the requirements of modern medicine, the Jewish community opened a new hospital on Auguststrasse in 1861. It was one of the most modern hospitals in Europe, with treatment and operating rooms on each floor, as well as washrooms with water closets (a novelty). Barely half a century later, this building was no longer adequate either. The Jewish community bought a plot of land in the Wedding district, where the hospital is still located today. Although the location was further away from the city centre, the land was cheap. The hospital with 230 beds opened in 1914, just days before the onset of World War I. The ostentatious neoclassical architecture of the building was proof of the prosperity and pride of the Jewish community. The complex comprised eight buildings, of which the entrance building and main building were the largest. Pavilions and a spacious inner garden gave the building the ambience of a spa. The internal synagogue was proof of the hospital's Jewish identity. Inge’s visit to a Jewish physician. Two roguish eyes flash from behind glasses and there’s a sneer on his fat lips. With this kind of anti-Semitic propaganda the Nazis tried to prevent Aryans from seeing Jewish doctors. Source: Randall Bytwerk. Pre-war anti-Semitism While the Jews of Berlin lived an assimilated existence, anti-Semitism was on the rise again from the end of the 19th century. Hatred of Jews erupted when Hitler came to power in 1933. The consequence for the hospital was that between 1933 and 1938 the number of patients decreased drastically. Although it was not yet forbidden for Aryans to be treated by Jewish doctors, more and more non-Jewish Berliners failed to receive treatment in the Jewish hospital as a result of anti-Semitic propaganda and pressure from the Nazis. In addition, the hospital was no longer allowed to admit patients (even Jewish patients) whose treatment was financed by community funds. In July, only 180 of the 380 beds were still occupied. As a result, doctors and nurses were under-utilized. At the same time, there was an increase in doctors who had been dismissed elsewhere, partly because of the prohibition of 7 April 1933 for Jews to work in the public service (doctors in publicly funded hospitals were also civil servants). Several highly qualified doctors came to work in the Jewish hospital. However, a considerable increase in staff was avoided because several doctors left Germany and emigrated. It was not until 1938 that anti-Semitic government policy became a real threat to the hospital's survival. In March of that year, the legal status of the Berlin Jüdische Gemeinde (the representation of the Jewish community) was abolished. The Gemeinde, which financed the hospital, had to find other sources of money in order for the hospital in Berlin to survive. These were found, among other things, in the form of donations from Jews abroad. In addition to keeping the hospital financed, the money also managed to keep schools open to Jewish children (who were no longer welcome in public schools) and to provide welfare work for needy Jews. This sign on the door of a Jewish physician shows that only Jewish patients may be treated. Source: Gedenkstaette Steinhof. The approximately 3,000 Jewish doctors in Germany were themselves severely affected in 1938. In July of that year their medical license was revoked. This was extended in September with the stipulation that only 700 Jewish doctors were still allowed to practice their profession in Germany, but only with Jewish patients and in Jewish institutions. From then on, they had to call themselves Krankenbehandler (patient handler). The Jewish hospital as a whole was also no longer allowed to admit Aryan patients. Nevertheless, the number of patients would increase until 1941. In 1940, for example, 70% more operations were performed than during the period 1925-1927. The number of patients increased partly because other Berlin hospitals refused to treat Jewish patients, even if they had converted to Christianity. Also, more and more Jewish medical institutions outside Berlin were closed, until only the Jewish hospital in the capital remained. And then there was an increase in the number of Jewish residents in Berlin, because many Jews from smaller communities moved here in the hope that they would suffer less from anti-Semitism. For all these Jews, the hospital was the only place where they could still go for hospital care. Remarkably, the hospital was spared violence and destruction during the Kristallnacht of 9 to 10 November 1938. However, after that night and the following weeks there was a (temporary) increase in the number of patients. As many as 150 beds had to be added to the surgery department. Several Jews who were injured during the government-orchestrated pogrom had to be treated in the hospital, as were the Jews who returned later that year from a concentration camp where they had been beaten and abused during that outbreak of violence. Especially for Jews who were seriously injured in captivity by the Gestapo or the police, a so-called Polizeistation was set up in the hospital, a closed ward in the main building where between 20 and 80 prisoners could be treated, until they could return to captivity or (from 1941) were healthy enough to be deported. The demolished interior of the synagogue on Fasanenstrasse in Berlin after Kristallnacht. Remarkably, the Jewish hospital was spared such devastation. Beginning of deportations As a result of anti-Semitism, tens of thousands of German Jews chose to emigrate, until in October 1941 there were 163,000 Jews left of the 523,000 counted by Germany in January 1933. Among the emigrated Jews were several prominent doctors from the Jewish hospital. One of them was Professor Martin Jacoby. From 1907 he had been head of the chemical institute of the Moabit Hospital in Berlin, until he was compulsorily retired at the end of 1933. In 1934 he was able to make the transition to the Jewish hospital, where he was put in charge of a department similar to the one at Moabit. In 1939 his knowledge and experience for the hospital was lost when the professor emigrated to England. Another respected Jewish physician who chose to flee Germany was the urologist Dr Paul Rosenstein, who had worked in the Jewish hospital for many years, since 1923 as head of the surgery department. Brazil was the country to which he emigrated in 1938. Even after 1941, some doctors and nurses of the Jewish hospital managed to leave Germany or go into hiding. Throughout the war the hospital would still have sufficient staff to provide the necessary medical care, but under the supervision of Adolf Eichmann 's Jewish Affairs Department of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA, Main Office of State Security). When emigration was banned in October 1941, more than 70,000 Jews remained in Berlin. Since September of that year they were obliged to wear a Star of David on their clothes. Doctors and nurses in the hospital also wore the star on their white uniforms. The introduction of this stigmatizing symbol heralded the deportations to ghettos and camps in the East, which began in October. At that time, the Jews did not yet know that they would be murdered there. They were told that they would be taken to work camps. The hospital became involved in the deportations in several ways. In the Sammellager (assembly camps that were set up all over Berlin) and at the stations where Jews were put on trains, doctors and nurses had to staff first aid stations. They were also supposed to escort transports, from which they themselves did not return. The emergency workers could not do much more than reassure the victims, but that was exactly why they were deployed. Thanks in part to their presence, panic did not break out and the deportations went smoothly. Jews standing in line in front of a travel agency in Berlin, 1939. Source: Yad Vashem. Devilish work Another way in which the Jewish hospital was involved in the deportations was through the so-called Transportreklamationstelle. This committee, set up by order of the RSHA in December 1941, was charged with processing requests for postponement of deportation that Jews could submit on medical grounds. The office of this institution was located in the Schwesterheim (nurse's residence) of the Jewish hospital. Every day from 8 a.m. to 11 p.m., a committee of six doctors, six secretaries and six nurses worked to deal with the many requests submitted. It was a coming and going of patients. Sometimes as many as thirty ambulances would have been at the hospital to deliver sick Jews. "Blind people, the disabled, epileptics and people suffering from tuberculosis were admitted," a secretary from the hospital recalled. "Because of the large numbers, they had to wait standing for hours for their examination. It was most difficult when we had to go through the waiting rooms and we were noticed by friends and acquaintances begging to do something for them, although they themselves knew how powerless we were with regard to this diabolical work". Jews who met the strict requirements and were found to be ill enough not to have to go on transport were granted a delay of no more than three months. However, many were rejected. Pregnant women, for example, were usually put on transport unless they were about to give birth. Six weeks after giving birth, they were deported with their baby. What also happened was that the sick were treated or operated on, in the hospital to make them suitable for deportation. Much could not be manipulated by the Jewish doctors in favor of patients. The Gestapo exercised strict supervision and called in Aryan doctors for a second opinion to prevent deception. Nevertheless, there are indications that there may have been cheating to delay the deportation of individuals. In 1941, for example, there were remarkably more operations than in previous years. The ophthalmologist in the hospital, for example, performed twice as many operations as his monthly average when the deportations started in December 1941. The committee was dissolved at the end of 1942. In June of that year, the RSHA in Berlin had started the so-called Alterstransporte (transport of the elderly), in which elderly Jews were transported to the Theresienstadt ghetto in the Czech Republic. Although the location was presented as a model ghetto, where the Jews had a good life, the living conditions were miserable. 89% of the elderly died here or were deported to Auschwitz to be murdered. Now that the elderly were also deported and especially younger and healthy Jews were left behind in the German capital, the committee had become superfluous. Moreover, Jews were no longer allowed to travel by public transport (except for those who lived 4.3 miles or more from their work) and ambulances were hardly available to Jews. This meant that it was no longer possible for sick people to come to the hospital, and the two examining physicians who made home visits were also severely restricted in their freedom of movement. Jewish Germans registering for emigration to Palestina before the war. Source: Yad Vashem. Suicides As a result of the deportations, the suicide rate among the Jews increased. The number of suicides rose particularly alarmingly from the turn of the year 1942-1943, when more and more rumours circulated in Berlin about the fate that awaited the Jews after deportation. The fact that nothing had been heard from deported family members, friends and neighbours for months, increased fears among the remaining Jews. In 1942 and 1943, 7,000 Jews were said to have committed suicide in Berlin. There was a well-organized black trade in opiates and other drugs that were lethal in high doses. Especially the tranquilizers Veronal and potassium cyanide (cyanide) were often used by those who wanted to end their own lives. Suicide attempts were not always successful. Those who survived their suicide attempt were treated in the Jewish hospital after which they were put on the transport they feared. The hospital had to cope with many suicide victims during the time of the deportations. A nurse remembered that the hospital was full of beds on both sides of a hall. "You could barely get past it. Everywhere you put your feet there was a bed with someone who had tried to commit suicide." When there was no room left in the halls and corridors, beds were also placed in the bathhouse. Because of the Hippocratic Oath they took, the doctors were in principle forced to cure the survivors of suicide, but they would nevertheless have left several elderly people to die in peace. There were also suicides among the hospital staff. One person involved estimated that in the period 1942-1943 fourteen members of staff committed suicide, including at least two doctors. The best-known case of suicide among hospital staff was that of hospital director Dr. Schönfeld. After he had been selected in October 1942 to be put on transport, he and his wife committed suicide in their home. Earlier, a nurse with whom he had a secret affair, had fabricated her suicide. She left behind a syringe and a suicide note in which she wrote that she could no longer cope with her secret relationship with Schönfeld. In reality she went into hiding and survived the war. Herr Dr. Dr. Just as elsewhere in Nazi dominated Europe, the Jews themselves were deployed in Germany to organise the deportation of their fellow Jews. The body charged with this was the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland, the national Jewish association based in Berlin, which included all the local Gemeinde (communities). When it was founded in 1933, the organization was still called Reichsvertretung der deutschen Juden and since 1935 Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland. After Kristallnacht, however, the illusion that the Jews still had something to say (Vertretung means representation) could no longer be awakened. From then on, the Reichsvereinigung was nothing more than a conduit for Nazi orders to the Jewish community. During the deportations, the organisation was in charge of compiling the transport lists. The Transportreklamationstelle also fell under its responsibility, as did (from 1941) the Jewish hospital (although this responsibility was shared with the Health Department of the Berlin's Gemeinde). A central figure in the history of the Reichsvereinigung and Berlin Gemeinde and the hospital during the Nazi period was Walter Lustig, born in 1891. He was Jewish according to the Nazi laws but looked nothing like the caricatures of anti-Semitic propaganda. A contemporary described him as very German and, because of his big moustache and Prussian appearance, compared him to "a major from World War I". Autocratic, aloof and arrogant, this is how he was described by others who knew him when he worked in the hospital. He wished to be addressed with Herr Dr. Dr., referring to his doctoral degrees in medicine and philosophy. Some accused the assimilated Jew of being an anti-Semite despite his own origins. In any case, he had converted to Christianity and was married to an Aryan woman. Thanks to this marriage he was protected against deportation during the war years. SS-Hauptsturmführer Rolf Günther, Eichmanns deputy. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Prior to the Nazi era, Lustig was fully committed to the German Empire. During the First World War he served as an army doctor, among others in Breslau where he provided medical care to soldiers returning sick or wounded from the Eastern Front. This was followed by many years of successful careers in the civil service. He rose to become chief of the Medical Affairs Department of the Berlin Police Presidency with the titles Oberregierungsrat and Obermedizinalrat. In this position he came into contact with police officers who would later be employed by the RSHA to supervise the Jewish hospital, such as Rolf Günther, the deputy of Adolf Eichmann . Lustig's excellent track record was irrelevant when he was discharged in October 1933 because Jews in public service were no longer tolerated. He then worked in the Health Department of the Jewish Gemeinde in Berlin and from July 1939 he was in charge of the same department within both the Gemeinde and the Reichsvereinigung. As responsible for all Jewish medical matters, Lustig also supervised the Jewish hospital and the Transportreklamationstelle. Every postponement of transport issued by the committee was personally checked by him. Within the hospital, he was feared because he closely supervised that the rules and orders of the Gestapo were followed. Perhaps even more notorious was he as a womanizer. He would have had extramarital affairs with several young nurses. One-man Jewish Council The fact that the hospital remained open during the war years did not mean that staff were automatically exempt from deportation. In addition to doctors and nurses accompanying transports and not returning themselves, hospital employees were also individually and collectively transported. Among them was the renowned doctor Professor Hermann Strauss. Before the Nazi era he had held a chair in internal medicine at the University of Berlin, and since 1910 he had been chief physician at the Jewish hospital. The professor, who was already in his seventies, was deported in July 1942 to the "geriatric ghetto" Theresienstadt, where he died a few months before the end of the war. The first collective transport of hospital personnel took place in October 1942 during what has come to be known as the Gemeindeaktion. Because fewer and fewer Jews remained in Berlin, it was no longer necessary to keep the Gemeinde and Reichsvereinigung at full strength. For this reason, 553 employees, together with 328 family members, were deported to Theresienstadt and Auschwitz . Among them were also employees of the hospital, who had been chosen by Walter Lustig by order of SS-Sturmbannführer Günther. It was Günther himself who appointed hospital director Schönfeld, after which he committed suicide and Lustig took over the management of the hospital. In June 1943, the Gemeinde and the Reichsvereinigung were dissolved, although the latter was soon reversed and continued to exist for the rest of the war. After three top men of the Reichsvereinigung were removed in January 1943, Lustig was the most powerful man in the Jewish community. As leader of the hospital and the remainder of the Reichsvereinigung, which was located in the hospital, he held a position described as a "one-man Jewish Council" from 1943 onwards. Fabrikaktion There are several reasons why the Jewish hospital continued to exist after 1942. An important reason was the continued presence of Jews in Berlin who were protected by their marriage to an Aryan or by their partial Aryan origin. In the latter case, there was talk of Mischlinge. Second-degree Mischlinge (or quarter Jews: persons with one Jewish grandparent) were generally treated the same as Aryans. Although fanatics within the Nazi party wanted to treat first-degree Mischlinge (or half-Jews: persons with two Jewish grandparents) in the same way as full Jews, they nevertheless obtained an exceptional position in Nazi Germany, unless such a person adhered to the Jewish religion or was married to a full Jew (such a person was then called a Geltungsjude and considered a full Jew). The reason for these exceptional positions was the fear within the Nazi administration of protests by Aryan family members if their half-Jewish or Jewish relatives were to be deported. In a time of war, resistance within the German people's community could not be used. Although half-Jews and Jews with an Aryan marriage partner were exempt from deportation, they could not count on equal treatment. It was unthinkable for the Nazis, for example, that Jews would be admitted to the same hospitals as Aryan patients. To offer them medical care, the Jewish hospital remained open. This was partly out of self-interest, because when half-Jews suffered from infectious diseases, they posed a public health risk without medical treatment or hospitalization. For similar reasons, not only the hospital but also the Jewish cemetery in the Berlin district of Weissensee remained open during the war with a handful of Jewish workers. In this way it was avoided that the bodies of Jews had to be buried by Aryans in Aryan cemeteries. Graves at the Jewish cemetery in the Berlin suburb of Weissensee. Source: Coen Prenger. The Jewish hospital continued to have a laboratory and a pharmacy at its disposal. However, the management of medicines was not entrusted to anyone of Jewish descent and was the responsibility of an Aryan pharmacist who remained in service until the end of the war. He was the only remaining non-Jewish staff member after the faithful Aryan midwife was no longer allowed by the Nazis to remain in the service of the hospital. Laboratory in the Jewish hospital, 1935. Source: Jüdisches Museum Berlin / Yad Vashem. On February 27, 1943, it seemed as if the former Jews who had been exempt from transport were no longer safe. Approximately 1,800 privileged Jewish men were then arrested and imprisoned in a building of the Jewish community at Rosenstrasse 2-4. Their Aryan wives or mothers gathered in front of the building and demanded their release. This happened on 1 March and it was probably never the intention to put these men on transport. They probably wanted to temporarily isolate them from non-privileged Jews, of whom about 10,000 were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz . Because most of these Jews were arrested in the factories where they performed forced labour, the operation went down in history books as Fabrikaktion. The deported Jews also included hospital staff and patients. Lustigs list Shortly after the Fabrikaktion, fate struck again for the hospital residents in March 1943. On the street in front of the hospital several arrest vehicles stopped on March 10. A group of Gestapo and Kriminalpolizei officers entered the hospital and ordered Lustig to evacuate the hospital. Lustig, however, refused to cooperate as long as there was no official order from Eichmann's office. Apparently there had been a misunderstanding between different departments of the SS. Shortly afterwards, three other SS officers, including Fritz Wöhrn, who supervised the hospital, ordered Lustig to select half of his personnel plus their relatives for transport the next morning. The building of the Jewish community on Rosenstrasse 2 - 4. Lustig and his secretaries worked all night to compile the list. Unmarried full-Jewish men ran a great risk of being chosen, while indispensable doctors and nurses were kept off the list. The next day the Jews on the list were taken to a Sammellager in Berlin, from where they were deported to the extermination camps in the East. Lustig was hated by most of the Jews in the hospital because of his cooperation in the transport and they accused him of treason. However, he did not appear to have been a willing collaborator of the Nazis. On the contrary, several Jews owed their lives to him. When another Gestapo raid on the hospital followed in May 1943, the Gestapo people had compiled their own list. When his secretary was taken away and ended up in a Sammellager, he took her out personally, together with ten or fifteen others. Another dramatic moment in the history of the hospital also took place in 1943, namely in June. Then the last remaining residents of Jewish nursing and old people's homes were deported to Theresienstadt, including the residents of the nursing home connected to the Jewish hospital. The bedridden patients were warmly dressed by staff and given clean underwear, shoes and a warm blanket. Many were put on diapers, which often had to be changed quickly due to all the stress. When the preparation of the elderly took longer than the allowed two hours, the Gestapo ordered Lustig to hurry. How it turned out with these needy people in the end, can be guessed. Bastion of life From 1942 until the end of the war, a motley company stayed inside the hospital walls, consisting of hospital staff, patients and various other residents. At the end of the 1943 deportations, the hospital had 60 staff members, including doctors, nurses and support staff, who all lived on the hospital grounds. Many of these staff members had lost their own homes during bombardments. In addition, there were 24 other staff members on the payroll who stayed elsewhere, including a number of Mischlinge who were employed here after the Fabrikaktion. One of them was Günther Rischowsky, who had been chosen by Lustig himself, together with his brother, as site manager, while his brother was appointed as an autopsy assistant. "We worked as well as we could, more than we were expected to," Günther explained. "We were aware that the hospital symbolized a bastion of life. We worked wherever we were assigned, be it in the children's ward, in the garden, as roofers, nailing window frames, as room assistants or as elevator boys". The spacious inner garden imparted the atmosphere of a spa to the hospital complex and was partially converted into a kitchen garden during the war. Source: Jüdisches Museum Berlin / Yad Vashem. Patients from 1942 onwards, included psychiatric patients from evacuated Jewish psychiatric institutions elsewhere in Germany. These were mainly foreigners who had been spared for the time being because of their non-German origin, while most Jewish psychiatric patients in Germany had already been transported with their caregivers to the extermination camps. A psychiatric ward with 120 beds had been opened especially for them. The psychological care provided was insufficient: there was no trained staff, no special medication and psychological treatment was limited. In order to give the patients a meaningful day care, they did chores in and around the hospital. It was a heavy blow when, over time, the Gestapo forbade them to leave their rooms and walk in the garden. At the end of 1943 the privileged position of foreign psychiatric patients in the hospital came to an end. Because no foreign government had responded to the Gestapo ’s demand of 31 July 1943 to protect their subjects, the foreign passports were revoked and on 21 November 1943 the entire psychiatric ward was evacuated. All patients were executed in the forest near Sachsenhausen concentration camp, near Berlin. In 1942, dozens of Jewish orphans also arrived at the hospital in Berlin after their orphanages were closed. The hospital already had a children's ward, but also opened a Kinderunterkunft, a children's home. The hospital staff could not prevent the deportation of orphans whose full-Jewish descent was undeniable, but managed to spare the children whose father's Jewish identity had not been proven. The social affairs department of the Reichsvereinigung was especially concerned with tracing evidence of the father's Aryan ancestry, such as birth certificates and baptismal records. Approximately sixty orphans between the ages of six and eighteen survived the war in the hospital. Minister Eugen Schiffer in 1919. Chemist Arthur Eichengrün around 1900. Vips During the last years of the war, the hospital also housed some Jews who were privileged, because of their former position. Some of these "VIPs" stayed at the Polizeistation, including Dr. Arthur Eichengrün, who discovered aspirin as a chemist for the German Bayer concern. Because of his marriage to an Aryan woman he was exempted from deportation. He had even managed to remain employed by Bayer after the Nazi takeover. It was only when he failed to add the name Israel, which was compulsory for Jews, to a patent application, did he come to the attention of the authorities. He was arrested for this offence. After he became ill following his arrest, he was transferred to the hospital police hall. After his recovery he was deported to Theresienstadt, where he survived the war. Most VIPs stayed in the department known as Extrastation (special department). Several privileged Jews lived here in furnished private rooms. Two of the residents were the former Minister of Justice Eugen Schiffer, converted to Christianity, and his unmarried daughter. The old-excellency was a familiar sight in the hospital: he strolled through the garden every day, even when it rained. He and his daughter survived the war. The reason for their survival is unknown, but they may have had an unknown protector with a high position within the government. The identity of other residents of the special department is somewhat shrouded in mystery. Some members of the wealthy Jewish Rothschild family are said to have stayed here, as well as a Frau Oppenheimer, also from a wealthy Jewish family. It is remarkable that one of the residents was confined to a wheelchair during the war, but turned out to be able to walk after the liberation. Another occupant worthy of mentioning was an elderly woman who was regularly visited by SS officer Walter Dobberke, the chief of the Sammellager that had been stationed on the hospital grounds since 1944. The elderly lady was the mother of a childhood friend of the SS officer. Collegial cooperation During the last years of the war, the hospital was overcrowded. This was because part of the buildings had been confiscated and every remaining piece of space was used as living space for the staff and other Jews who had moved here. Already in 1942, the Reichsvereinigung was forced to hand over the hospital complex to the German Akademie für Jugendmedizin, but this educational institution would never settle here. This was partly due to the fact that parts of the hospital were used by the Wehrmacht and later also as a Sammellager. These destinations were considered more important than the academy and the hospital profited from this. It was the gynaecology department, the operating room, the nurses' quarters and the infection ward that were confiscated by the German army to serve as a field hospital (Feldlazarett No. 147). The Jewish hospital was therefore forced to set up an operating theatre and nurses' quarters elsewhere, but benefited from the presence of the army. Both the central heating and the electricity connection were shared with the Feldlazarett. While German citizens in the surrounding district suffered from cold and often had no electricity, in the hospital the heating was on and most of the time there was electricity. Also notable is the collegial cooperation between the Jewish doctors and the German army doctors. Medical supplies were shared and Jewish workers who carried out chores in the Lazarett were usually given something extra to eat. Through the staff of the army hospital and local residents, the Jews in the hospital were also aware of the German defeat in Stalingrad in February 1943. It gave them courage, but the liberation would take another two years. The department of gyneacology of the Jewish hospital in 1935.This was one of the department used by the Wehrmacht as a field hospital during the war. Source: Jüdisches Museum Berlin / Yad Vashem. Small Island "A small island ... cut off from the rest of the world", that's how the Jewish hospital in Berlin was called by a survivor at the time of the war. Patients, staff and other persons present left the hospital grounds as little as possible from the moment deportations took place to avoid arrest. However, they were not entirely safe in the hospital either, because the dreaded Fritz Wöhrn regularly came for an inspection and could then designate any person and send him on a transport. Once he had a Jewish woman deported because she was not wearing her Star of David. Adolf Eichmann would also have been a regular guest at the hospital. The Jews in the hospital constantly lived between hope and fear, but at the same time ordinary life continued. Friendships, relationships and quarrels arose, just as in any other community. Nurses escaped the curfew of 10 p.m. and left the building through the outside door of the kitchen in the basement for a romantic meeting or gathering with friends in the garden. After the Jews were no longer allowed to visit cinemas and theatres, a theatre group was established in the hospital. There was also a choir in the synagogue, consisting of nurses and doctors. After all religious services were banned by the Nazis in 1942, religious Jews only met in secret to profess their faith. The synagogue (see the Star of David in the window frame) was proof of the Jewish identity of the hospital. Source: Jüdisches Museum Berlin / Yad Vashem. The livelihoods of patients, staff and other persons who had a permanent residence in the Jewish hospital were paid for during the war years by the RSHA and the patients or their insurance. Because more and more food, including milk, butter, meat, eggs and fresh fruit, was no longer allowed to be sold to the Jews and rations became ever smaller, food was scarce and one-sided. In the end, the daily diet consisted mainly of potatoes and coarse bread, which was difficult for patients with stomach problems to digest. In order to provide the hungry hospital residents with something more varied, a large part of the hospital garden was plowed and used as a vegetable garden. At one point, cows from a dairy farmer in the neighbourhood would also have found a safe haven in the garden. The freshly milked milk was a healthy and nutritious addition to the daily hospital ration. Sammellager While Joseph Goebbels as Gauleiter of Berlin declared that Berlin was Judenrein on May 19, 1943, thousands of Jews still resided in the German capital. These included Jews from mixed marriages and the Jews in the hospital, but also those in hiding. After all other assembly camps were closed, all transports took place from February 1944 onwards from the Jewish hospital, where the pathology department was set up as a Sammellager. Small transports to Auschwitz took place until the autumn of 1944. SS-Hauptsturmführer Walter Dobberke, a former policeman, was in charge of the assembly camp that was closed off from the rest of the hospital grounds with barbed wire. Although it was strictly forbidden for Aryans - and therefore certainly for SS officers - to maintain intimate relations with Jews, he had a secret relationship with a nurse at the Jewish hospital. Apparently the man had a mild side, as he would have warned the Jews in the hospital on more than one occasion of an impending raid. Buildings in Berlin on fire after an allied bombardment. Source: Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-J30142 / CC-BY-SA 3.0. During the last year of the war, the Sammellager was also the residence of the so-called Greifer, Jewish collaborators of the Gestapo who were involved in tracing and arresting Jewish people in hiding. Most notorious was Stella Goldschlag, a handsome blonde Jewess who may have betrayed hundreds of Jews in Berlin. It was a colleague of hers who arrested a young Jewish woman at an S-Bahn station in August 1944, who had jumped in front of an approaching train to escape arrest. With a crushed foot she was taken from under the train and taken to the hospital. It was none other than Doctor Lustig who took care of much of the treatment. Every day he visited his patient to remove the bone fragments from her foot and then wash and reconnect the foot. Normally her foot would have been amputated, after which she would have been put on the next transport to Auschwitz , but Lustig may have wanted to spare her this fate. A Gestapo officer, who had himself studied medicine for several semesters, gave his approval and found it an interesting experiment. For months the woman suffered terrible pain and could not get out of bed, but she survived the war. City in ruins Besides the Jews in the hospital fearing deportation every day, there was another danger that threatened them from the air. The Allied air forces carried out a total of 363 bombing missions on Berlin during the war years. At least 20,000 civilians lost their lives and many more were injured or left homeless. Industrial targets in the vicinity of the hospital were also frequently targeted by heavy bombardments. Especially during the last year of the war, the bombardments were heavy and frequent. While an increasing part of the city turned into rubble, the hospital was spared the worst. The complex suffered damage mainly from the air pressure from explosions close by and flying debris and shrapnel, but it was strikingly not directly affected. Once, during a bombardment, forty craters were struck in the courtyard garden, but in spite of this everyone remained unharmed. While an increasing part of the city was turned into rubble, the Jewish hospital was spared the worst. Source: Imperial War Museums. The fact that the hospital survived the war almost unscathed was not only a matter of luck, but also thanks to the efforts of the Jews who stayed here. They had a great interest in keeping it habitable. "We had to protect our hospital as best we could," said one of them. "If the hospital hadn't been there, we wouldn't have been here. They wouldn't have put us in a hotel or something." Because they didn't have to count on the authorities - who refused to help Jews - they set up their own air guard and fire brigade under the direction of the chief of technical services. A former firefighter, who stayed in the hospital as the Jewish husband of an Aryan woman, trained hospital staff in fighting fires. Every night a changing team of young men kept watch on a wooden observation platform on the roof of the main building. As bombers raced over with their deadly cargo, they removed fire bombs and burning debris from the roof before more damage could be done. As a reward for the life-threatening work, the night watchmen were given a large sip of alcoholic beverage after their shift, which was manufactured in the pharmacy. The work had not yet been done, because the bomb damage had to be repaired. Holes in the roof were repaired using material collected in the ruins of bombed houses. Wood and even cardboard was used to seal the windows from which the window panes had broken. In this way it was possible to keep a large part of the buildings habitable. Only a few parts had to be evacuated due to damage. A consequence of the bombing of Berlin during the last phase of the war there was a further increase in the number of people staying on the hospital grounds. When Jews who, thanks to their protected marriage, were still in the city lost their homes in a bombardment, the Reichsvereinigung placed them in the hospital. All those hospital residents camped in the basement under the building complex during bombardments. Initially, bedridden patients were only brought down in the event of an air alarm, but during the last months of the war they stayed there constantly, because bringing them back and forth was impractical due to the increased frequency of the bombardments. Once Aryan residents realised that the hospital had withstood every bombardment miraculously, they too sought a safe haven during air raids. In order to isolate them from the Jews living there, the Gestapo appointed a special section for them in the basement. Red Army soldiers during the battle for Berlin. During the last days of the fighting, doctors in the Jewish hospital courageously continued treating their patients. For one group of residents of the hospital, the bombing represented the greatest risk, namely the patients in the Polizeistation. Although their shelter was on the top floor, and they would therefore be the first to be hit by a bombing, they were not initially allowed to leave their closed ward to find a safe haven with the others in the basement. Later, when the bombing increased in intensity during the war, permission was given. Officially, however, permission had to be obtained from the Gestapo each time by telephone. That took so much time that the patients were not down in time. Eventually, employees of the Reichsvereinigung decided to evacuate the police department without permission when the alarm sounded. Because no disciplinary measures were taken, they continued this practice for the rest of the war. Battle of Berlin While the last deportations had taken place from Berlin to Auschwitz last autumn, at the end of February 1945, according to an official census by the Gestapo, 6,284 Jews still lived in the German capital. Of these, 162 were "full Jews" who were not protected by a mixed marriage. Most of this group worked in the hospital and owed their survival to it. However, the struggle for survival of those who remained in the hospital was not yet over. As the Red Army approached the German capital closer and closer, they feared that their privileged position could come to an end at any moment and that they would be executed at the last minute. However, when the Battle of Berlin broke out in April 1945, the Jews in the hospital were still unaffected by the SS. Hospital ward in 1935. In the last weeks of the war, things would have looked a lot more chaotic. Source: Jüdisches Museum Berlin / Yad Vashem. It is not entirely clear why the Jews in the hospital were spared even during the final phase of the war. SS officer Dobberke, the commander of the Sammellager on the hospital grounds, would have been ordered to execute the Jews, but he failed to do so. According to some survivors, his mistress, a nurse from the hospital, managed to persuade him to do so. Before he took off with her on 24 April, he is said to have had his prisoners sign a statement saying he had spared their lives. By doing so, he hoped to escape allied persecution (he would die of diphtheria in a Soviet prisoner of war camp in 1946). The other guards and the Jewish Greifer also left the hospital grounds around the same time. Previously, the Gestapo had burned incriminating documents in the incinerator of the hospital. During the last days of the Battle of Berlin the doctors at the hospital bravely continued to treat patients, while outside the hospital the sounds of artillery fire and gunshots were heard. Although this had been forbidden under Nazi law since 1938, desperate and wounded Aryan citizens also sought help in the hospital, which they were not refused. Among the wounded who were treated at the time was also at least one Jewish soldier from the Red Army. The conditions in the hospital were appalling. All rooms were overcrowded with wounded, sick and healthy residents. The power had gone out, so that extra lighting had to be provided during operations with oil lamps. Replenishing the ever dwindling water supply was life-threatening. The water source was in the open air on the hospital grounds, where water carriers were exposed to snipers and flying shrapnel, bullets and debris. As a result of unhygienic conditions and limited medical care, relatively more patients died during the Battle of Berlin than during previous years. A total of 567 people died in 1945, which was 22% of the total number of patients of that year. In 1943 this was 29% (425 deaths) and in 1944 more than 17% (124), while in the pre-war period this percentage fluctuated between 8.6% and 15.8%. Despite the risk of being shot at or hit by an artillery attack, the dead were buried in the hospital garden during the last days before the end of the war. They would later be reburied at the Jewish cemetery Weissensee. Juden kaputt! "Nichts Juden. Juden kaputt!" Those were the words of a Soviet soldier who entered the Jewish hospital on April 24. The SS had left the hospital grounds earlier that day and the Jews were relieved that the Red Army had finally arrived. When a representative of the hospital explained to the military that most of the people present at the hospital were Jewish, the man could not believe it. After all, he had heard about the mass murder of the Jews and found it inconceivable that there were still Jewish survivors in the centre of the Third Reigh. In fact, there were far more than the 800 to 1,000 in the hospital. In total, Berlin still had about 8,000 Jewish survivors, mainly Jews from mixed marriages and about 1,700 people in hiding. Of the 70,000 Jews who had lived in Berlin in 1941, approximately 55,000 had been deported to concentration and extermination camps during the war. Only 1,900 of them would return alive. The rest committed suicide, fell victim to war violence or died of illness. Soldiers of the Red Army celebrating victory in Berlin. In the Jewish hospital between 800 and 1,000 Jewish survivors were found. Source: Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-E0406-0022-018 / CC-BY-SA 3.0. In poor Russian, the Jews in the hospital were eventually able to convince the Red Army of their Jewish identity. The Soviet soldiers then left them unaffected, while they took all staff and patients of the Lazarett prisoner of war (which, however, remained in the same place for the time being). The arrival of the Soviet army did not lead to a festive mood in the hospital, although probably no Jewish women were raped (which happened to many Berlin women). Undisciplined Mongolian troops stole jewels from patients. Better disciplined troops later did their best to return the loot. The battle for the German capital had not yet ended either. In the hospital garden the Soviets housed a field artillery unit. What was left of the rose bushes in the garden was eaten by the horses of the Red Army. Due to a shortage of ammunition, the hospital was no longer in the German line of fire, but outside the gates of the hospital fights were still taking place and snipers were lurking. The food supply at the hospital was perilous. There was meat, after the Red Army donated a pig to the hospital. The fact that the meat was not kosher made no difference to most of the starving Jews in the hospital. In order to be able to keep feeding all the mouths, a group of Jews performed a daring operation. With false identification cards and Red Cross bracelets, the Jews visited a nearby bakery, where they pretended to be employees of the Lazarett and, thanks to this deception, were given bread. On their way back, however, they were stopped at an SS command post. The SS didn't trust it and were about to shoot the Jews on charges of espionage when the commander of the Lazarett called them. The man had been informed by Lustig and managed to free the Jews. When they returned, both the Jews in the hospital and the German soldiers in the hospital were able to benefit from the bread. Relief and recovery On 2 May 1945, war violence stopped in the vicinity of the Jewish hospital. A period of 12 days and 11 nights of uninterrupted living in the basement by the Jews came to an end. It must have been no less a relief that after all these years they were finally able to take off their star and regain their freedom. On 8 May 1945, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel signed the German capitulation at the headquarters of the Red Army in Berlin and the Third Reich came to a definitive end. For the approximately 10 remaining doctors and about 20 nurses in the Jewish hospital there was a busy time. While 245 admissions were counted in the first four months of 1945 (it is unclear whether the wounded were counted during the Battle of Berlin ), there were 2,319 during the rest of the year. This increase was caused by Jewish survivors from the camps who were hospitalized in a weakened condition. The hospital on Iranische Strasse. Source: Koos Winkelman. The tympanum over the former main entrance shows the text: "Krankenhaus der Jüdische Gemeinde". Source: Koos Winkelman. In the reception of the repatriated camp prisoners, help came from unexpected quarters. An army doctor, who had escaped from captivity and was left behind in the deserted Lazarett, was in charge of the triage. Victims with tuberculosis, typhoid fever and other serious illnesses were, under his leadership, separated from the patients who were in less dire straits. Despite the shortage of beds, medicine, food, and other necessary supplies, the hospital seemed to have barely needed time to recover from the chaotic last months of war. A 22-year-old camp survivor, who returned to Berlin with other survivors in August 1945, was amazed at how organized he found the hospital. "The city had been destroyed, buildings had been bombed to the ground", he remembered. "We walked to the hospital, which was not damaged. I was surprised that it looked as if nothing had happened, time stood still. A Jewish nurse in a clean, starched uniform greeted us and took us to a room with clean beds [ ]. " On 11 May 1945, the first post-war birth took place in the hospital. It was a child of Christian parents. That same day, a Jewish religious service was performed in the hospital synagogue for the first time by a rabbi from the Red Army. About a year later, on June 3, 1946, the synagogue was festively reopened. During a ceremony the original Torah scrolls were carried inside. A notable absent from this event was the former hospital director Walter Lustig. Shortly after the liberation he was appointed by the Soviet authorities as director of Health Affairs for the Wedding district and leader of the post-war Reichsvereinigung. Nobody was surprised when one day in June 1945 he was picked up by two Soviet officers in a limousine, apparently for an meeting with the occupying authorities. This bronze sign records the most important events in the history of the hospital. This memorial is located on a wall near the present main entrance on Heinz-Galinski Strasse. Source: OTFW / Wikimedia Commons. Lustig, however, would never be seen again. According to most sources, he was transported by the Soviets to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, which they used as an internment camp. There he would have been executed without trial, possibly because he was accused of collaborating with the Nazis. It is unclear why the Soviet authorities had appointed him sooner or in a high position. When his wife applied for a widow's pension, the district court in Berlin declared her husband dead on December 31, 1945. Opinions differ as to whether he really was a pawn of the Nazis or whether he did his best to do what he could for his patients and hospital staff. After the war, the Berlin Jews did not have a good word for him, but because of his sudden disappearance, he was never able to account for the controversial role he played during the war. Multicultural Today, more than 70 physicians treat about 20,000 patients a year in the Jewish hospital, which was renovated and expanded in 1970. As the only Jewish institution, apart from the Jewish cemetery in Weissensee, that survived the Nazi era, the so-called Jüdisches Krankenhaus Berlin symbolizes the highs and lows of the Jewish community in Berlin. Visitors are greeted at the entrance by a bust of Heinz Galinski, the first president of the post-war Zentralrat der Juden in West Germany, the successor to the Reichsvereinigung. As the most important representative of the Jewish community in Germany, Galinski played a decisive role in the reconciliation between Germans and Jews. For visitors who want to learn more about the history of the hospital, a permanent exhibition has been set up. The most important historical events are also listed on a bronze plaque on a wall outside, near the main entrance. The inner garden and rear side of the hospital. Source: Koos Winkelman. The hospital still has a Jewish identity. Some Jewish doctors work there and in 2003 the renovated synagogue was reopened. Currently, however, only about 10% of the patients are Jewish. Nowadays the surrounding area has a multicultural character and many patients are Muslims of Turkish or Arab descent. The hospital management is proud of its open character and is inspired by its rich history. "We [...] see ourselves as successors and perpetuators of the long-standing medical tradition," declared hospital director Dr. Jechezkel Singer in 2007. "For many centuries, the Jewish community in Berlin was convinced that a community is there to help the sick and the weak. In Judaism, tzedakah (charity) and bikur holim (visiting the sick) are among the most important duties of communal life".
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Remaining Nazi sites then and now
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Looking across Unter den Linden at Friedrichstraße showing the extensive postwar damage and me at the site in 2020. Three blocks east of the parallel Wilhelmstraße, Friedrichstraße was badly damaged during the war and only partly rebuilt during the division of Berlin. During the Cold War and its division, Friedrichstraße underground station, despite being located in East Berlin, was utilised by two intersecting West Berlin S-Bahn lines and the West Berlin subway line U6. The station served as a transfer point for these lines, and trains stopped there, although all other stations on these lines in East Berlin were sealed-off ghost stations (Geisterbahnhof), where trains passed through under guard without stopping. At Friedrichstraße station, West Berlin passengers could transfer from one platform to another but could not leave the station without the appropriate papers. The section of the station open to West Berlin lines was heavily guarded and was sealed off from the smaller part of it serving as a terminus of the East Berlin S-Bahn and as a station for long-distance trains. The section in West Berlin was partly rebuilt as a residential street; in the late 1960s, the remains of the former Belle-Alliance-Platz at the end of the Friedrichstraße, renamed Mehringplatz, were completely demolished and replaced with a concrete housing and office development designed by Hans Scharoun. Despite its central location, this area remains relatively poor. Bahnhof Friedrichstraße from Berlin in Bildern, published in 1938, and during my 2020 Bavarian International School history trip. At the end of January, between 40,ooo and 5o,ooo refugees were arriving in Berlin each day, mainly by train. The capital of the Reich did not welcome its victims. `The Friedrichstrasse Bahnhof has become the transit point of Germany's fate,' an eyewitness wrote. `Each new train that comes in unloads a mass of amorphous suffering on to the platform.' In their misery, they may not have noticed the sign there which proclaimed, `Dogs and Jews are not allowed to use the escalator!' Soon energetic measures were taken by the German Red Cross to push refugees on from the Anhalter Bahnhof as quickly as possible, or to force trains to go round Berlin. The authorities were afraid of `infectious diseases such as typhus' and an epidemic in the capital. Other illnesses that they feared the refugees would spread were dysentery, paratyphus, diphtheria and scarlet fever. Beevor (48-49) The Fall of Berlin 1945 During our 2017 school trip and the same scene immediately after the war; only the two round roofs of the station offer a direct point of comparison. Kershaw writes how Friedrichstraße station had housed, according to Ursula von Kardorff, a young journalist, an ‘underworld’ almost exclusively inhabited by foreigners, including ‘Poles with glances of hatred’, and a ‘mix of peoples such as was probably never to be seen in a German city’. Any outsider was looked at with suspicion, she wrote. The foreign workers were reputedly ‘excellently organised’, with their own agents, weapons and radio equipment. ‘There are 12 million foreign workers in Germany,’ she said in a telling exaggeration perhaps reflecting her own inner concern, ‘an army in itself. Some are calling it the Trojan Horse of the current war.’ The very young soldier wearing the Luftwaffe camouflage jacket in the photo at right can also be seen in the main photo at far left, beside the half track’s front wheel. His body has been turned over by the Russians and it lays on a MG42 with its breech opened, dislodging a length of spent ammo belt. Beside lays a Volkskopie of Hitler’s Mein Kampf, probably placed there by Soviet TASS press agency photographer Mark Redkin. The other corpses were most likely Swedish ϟϟ volunteers. A chess/checkers board can be discerned discarded amidst the rubble and corpses. Another photograph taken with my 2020 cohort on the corner of Friedrichstrasse and Johanisstrasse. The van above right is a bright red Bergmann Deutsche Reichspost vehicle, which had initially been suggested to be a Mercedes-Benz L1500 which had been the vehicle of choice for the German infantry troops, eventually produced in nearly five thousand units between 1941 and 1943. However thanks to Javier de Luelmo it has been identified. This photo shows the scene out of view beside the postal van above revealing the bodies of ten combatants. A further two more can be just made out on the rubble in front of the van in the upper photo. A lack of dust and debris on the bodies by the van in addition to the gravity-defying posture shown in the rigor mortis in several of them suggests they were not killed here but rather had been gathered to be taken away by the postal van for burial despite the van's flat front tyre. In other words, the van is likely a later arrival, whilst the number of killed near this intersection remains difficult to estimate. s My students from the Bavarian International School in front of the eagle in the middle of Weidendammer bridge, shown then and now. The crown has been returned just as the imperial palace is being rebuilt. The bridge has played a role in literature several times, as in rich Kästner's Pünktchen and Anton in which “Pünktchen”, the little girl from a wealthy family, begs in torn clothes on the Weidendammer Bridge (in the middle of the entertainment district of the 1920s) and sells matches; across the street, her friend Anton sells shoelaces. It was over this bridge that Hitler's private secretary and successor as Nazi Party Minister Bormann carried the last copy of Hitler's testament, and he evidently hoped to use it to justify his claim to a position in Donitz's government when he reached Schleswig-Holstein. Another attack over the bridge was made soon afterwards, using a self-propelled 3omm quadruple flak gun and a half-track. This too was largely a failure. A third attempt was made at around 1 a.m., and a fourth an hour later. Bormann, Stumpfegger, Schwaegermann and Axmann kept together for a time. They followed the railway line to the Lehrterstrasse Bahnhof. There they split up. Bormann and Stumpfegger turned north-eastwards towards the Stettiner Bahnhof. Axmann went the other way, but ran into a Soviet patrol. He turned back and followed Bormann's route. Not long afterwards he came across two bodies. He identified them as Bormann and Stumpfegger, but he did not have time to discover how they had died. Martin Bormann, although not of his own volition, was the only major Nazi Party leader to have faced the bullets of the Bolshevik enemy. All the others - Hitler, Goebbels, Himmler and Goring - took their own lives. Beevor (382-383) Berlin Friedrichstadt Palast around the turn of the century when it served as a military barracks dating from the 1760s and today. During the Nazi era the theatre was renamed the Theater des Volkes. The dome hanging pins were cut off as they were seen as degenerate art. and late-bourgeois operettas were performed. The theatre was at this time also under the name Palace of 5000 and under the private management Spadonis Marion and Nicola Lupo.The building suffered most in March 1945 due to repeated air attacks. Damage caused the plays to be removed from March until August 1945. Now, led the artists Spadoni and Lupo the house as a palace of the 3000/Theater of 3000 or Palace at the Friedrichstrasse station and Palace Variety.In 1949 the owners abandoned the theatre and the city of Berlin took over the facility, the original name Friedrichstadtpalast got back. The first director was following the expropriation of Gottfried Hermann, he was succeeded in 1961, Wolfgang E. Struck. When taking school groups I'd previously used Baxpax hostel around the corner at Ziegelstrasse 28. Named after Felix Yurievich Ziegel, Soviet researcher, Doctor of Science and docent of Cosmology at the Moscow Aviation Institute and generally regarded as a founder of Russian ufology, like many streets reflecting the military connections around the area- Artillerienstrasse, Dragonerstrasse, Grenadierstrasse- its original name had been purged and replaced by worthy left-wingers by the East German regime. when he saw the fabulous decoration that he coveted, the diamond-studded Collar of the Annunziata, bestowed at the Italian embassy upon his smirking rival [Ribbentrop]. He took it as a deliberate slight and raised hell at every level up to the king of Italy, being mollified only by the award, twelve months later, of the identical Collar in consolation. The Japanese embassy on the left also maintains its symbols of fascist ideology a reminder of the man-made tsunami it had launched upon humanity beginning in 1931 which required two atomic bombs and countless allied lives and suffering to put an end to. On November 24, 1937 Hitler attended a reception here, given by the Japanese Ambassador Mushakoji in Berlin on the anniversary of the Anti-Comintern Pact. The building itself had been built between 1938–1942 according to plans by Ludwig Moshamer under the supervision of Albert Speer but expected to meet the expectations of the German leadership, resulting in a comparatively sterile classic building style. Above all, the building was to impress with its size; the pillars at the main entrance were a defining style element. Above the cornice , a half-storey attic above the main entrance forms the visual end of the building. In the central visual axis there is a golden chrysanthemum as a symbol of the imperial family. Although the German builder furnished the building with a lot of luxury inside, in fact a large part of the administration took place in bunkers and other air raids during the war. At that time, part of the Japanese embassy was relocated to the north of the city to the existing estate of the Jewish family Zwillenberg, who had been forced to sell their property. As early as 1943, an aerial bomb destroyed the side wing. Badly damaged, the building was empty for several decades. In the mid-1980s, Germans and Japanese agreed to set up a German-Japanese cultural centre in the dilapidated building. The German monument protection authorities pushed for the historic building to be preserved, but the Japanese found it in a state that could no longer be saved. In order to keep the agreements with the Germans as close as possible, Japan had it rebuilt as identically as possible by Kishō Kurokawa and Tajii Yamaguchi. For its new use as an embassy building, it underwent extensive renovations and additions by the architect Ryohei Amemiya between 1998 and 2000. A complete office wing was newly built and a Japanese garden was laid out. The main entrance was also relocated from Tiergartenstrasse to Hiroshimastrasse, which branches off from it. A golden chrysanthemum, the imperial seal, is still emblazoned above the former main entrance, which is now the entrance to the ambassador's residence. Both architecturally and historically, the Japanese embassy is very similar to the Italian embassy directly opposite.
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https://www.wapp.com/blog/berlin-city-break-budget-guide
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Best things to do in Berlin on a budget
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[ "Jason Davis" ]
2023-09-11T15:35:53+00:00
Explore Berlin on a budget. Read the guide and find out the best things to do in Berlin that won't break the bank.
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Nestled in the northeast of the country, the German capital is a vibrant city that is home to an abundance of history and sights. Berlin makes for a perfect city break destination all year-round, and is ideal for the budget traveller. Although a few days there will be enough, it’s somewhere you could fritter away for weeks and still find new things to see. What to do in Berlin? Brandenburg Gate Located in the centre, Brandenburg Gate is one of the most famous landmarks in Berlin. Constructed in the 1700s, it’s the only surviving historical city gate. During the Cold War, Brandenburg Gate was in a restricted zone and acted as a symbol of division. But in 1989 when it reopened, it became a symbol of unity for Berliners. To reach Brandenburg Gate, take the S-Bahn or U-Bahn to Brandenburger Tor. East Side Gallery The East Side Gallery is one of Berlin’s top attractions. At 1.3 kilometres, it’s the longest continuous part of the wall which remains in existence. Following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, artists from around the world came together to turn a section of it into an open air gallery. Located in the Friedrichshain area of the city, the East Side Gallery offers one of the best free things to do in Berlin. To get there, take the U-Bahn to Warschauer Straße or Schlesisches Tor, or the S-Bahn to Warschauer Straße or Ostbahnhof. Reichstag Building The Reichstag Building, which is home to the German parliament (Bundestag), is one of the most important historic buildings in Berlin. Completed in the 19th century, the Reichstag Building has been damaged throughout the years by fire and war, before being restored in the 1960s. You can visit the dome of the Reichstag Building, where you can enjoy panoramic views of the city, but perhaps equal beauty lies within the facade itself. The Reichstag Building is close to Berlin’s main train station, Hauptbahnhof, or can be reached by taking the U-Bahn to Bundestag. Berlin Cathedral One of the most famous places in Berlin, the Cathedral dates back to the 15th century. It has parish church status and boasts an intricately decorated interior. The crowning glory of the building is Berliner Dom, the dome of the cathedral, which is one of the most notable sights on the city skyline. To get to Berlin Cathedral, take the S-Bahn to Hackescher Markt or U-Bahn to Museumsinsel or Rotes Rathaus. Potsdamer Platz Located near Brandenburg Gate, Potsdamer Platz is a public square which houses a host of eateries, entertainment facilities, and shops. One iconic architectural landmark at Potsdamer Platz is the Sony Center. Next to Potsdamer Platz is Leipziger Platz, where the Mall of Berlin is located. When the season comes, one of Berlin’s star winter attractions descends on Potsdamer Platz; Winterwelt (Winter World), a Christmas market featuring a ringo toboggan run. The S-Bahn and U-Bahn both stop at Potsdamer Platz. Gendarmenmarkt Gendarmenmarkt is one of the most beautiful squares in Berlin and can be traced back to the 17th century. Outlining the square are a trio of stunning buildings: the German Cathedral, the French Cathedral and the Konzerthaus. There are also a number of chic shops and eateries which surround the square. Some key events which take place on Gendarmenmarkt are a classic open air concert and Christmas market. To reach Gendarmenmarkt, take the U-Bahn to Hausvogteiplatz. Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church In the western part of the city stands a memorial for peace. The Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church was bombed during the Second World War but today its ruins have been integrated into the modern Memorial Church building. The Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church sits on Breitscheidplatz, which also hosts a Christmas market. Nearby S-Bahn and U-Bahn stations are Zoologischer Garten. Victory Column Located in the centre of Tiergarten, a lush green park in western Berlin, Victory Column features a golden winged sculpture of the Goddess of Victory. Victory Column was constructed to represent the victories of Germany against Denmark, Austria and France between 1864 and 1871. Situated on a roundabout at a major intersection, the best way to reach Victory Column is by walking, and if you are feeling energetic you can also climb the column. The nearest U-Bahn station is Hansaplatz and S-Bahn station is Bellevue, which are both around a 15 minute walk from Victory Column. Alexanderplatz Wondering what to do for free in Berlin? Why not head to Alexanderplatz to experience the hustle and bustle of the city. Alexanderplatz is Berlin’s largest square and one of its busiest places. It is located in the eastern centre and is a major public transport hub. You will find Berlin’s TV Tower (Berliner Fernsehturm) at Alexanderplatz, which is one of the most impressive buildings on the skyline. Central to Alexanderplatz is the Weltzeituhr, an eyecatching world clock. The square has become one of the most notable shopping spots in the city, with many department stores, fashion outlets and one of Berlin’s largest malls (the Alexa) on offer. The S-Bahn and U-Bahn stops at Alexanderplatz. Checkpoint Charlie A former border crossing turned film set, Checkpoint Charlie is one of the most renowned tourist attractions in Berlin. Surrounded by modern shops and eateries, it’s hard to imagine a time when Checkpoint Charlie acted as the most famous border crossing between East Berlin and West Berlin. The original booth can be found on display at the Allied Museum. To reach Checkpoint Charlie, take the U-Bahn to Stadtmitte or Kochstraße. Museum Island A visit to Museum Island, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is one of the best things to do in Berlin. There, you will find 5 world famous museums: the Pergamon Museum (featuring reconstructions of architectural monuments from the Greek and Roman age), the Bode Museum (a sculpture collection and the Museum of Byzantine Art), the Neues Museum (archaeological collections), the Alte Nationalgalerie (art collection) and the Altes Museum (ancient artefacts). To visit all 5 museums, you can buy a day ticket which costs €19, or there is a combo option with the Berlin Welcome Card. Museum Island is accessible by taking the S-Bahn to Hackescher Markt or Oranienburger Straße, or U-Bahn to Museumsinsel. Nikolaiviertel Tucked a stone’s throw away from Museum Island and the River Spree is the area of Nikolaiviertel. A complex of narrow cobbled streets and medieval buildings, Nikolaiviertel is the oldest residential quarter in Berlin. Wandering around you might think you’ve fallen into one of Germany’s fairytale towns. Restaurants, pubs and cafes scatter the area and it is a breath of fresh air away from the busy city. The nearest U-Bahn station to Nikolai Quarter is Rotes Rathaus or Museumsinsel. Berlin Christmas markets The world famous Christmas markets deserve a mention of their own as one of the most fun things to do in Berlin. There are over 60 around the city which are sure to bring out your inner child. Traditional alpine huts stock an array of sweet treats, Gluhwein, gifts, arts and crafts, food, and festive cheer fills the air. Perhaps the most pretty Christmas market given its magical setting is held on Gendarmenmarkt. Getting to Berlin from Berlin Airport The easiest way to get from Berlin Airport to the city centre is to use the Airport Express (FEX) train, regional train or S-Bahn (lines S9 or S45). S-Bahn line S9, regional trains RE8 and RE23 and the Airport Express (FEX) all stop at Berlin’s main train station, Hauptbahnhof. A standard single trip on these lines currently costs €3.80. Getting around in Berlin To avoid getting stuck in traffic, the best way to get around Berlin is to make the most of the U-Bahn and S-Bahn. The U-Bahn is an underground metro system (although some of it runs overground), and the S-Bahn is a local rail system that covers both urban and suburban areas. Most major Berlin tourist attractions are close to a station, and if not, are within walking distance of one. This interactive public transport map and journey planner are both useful resources when navigating Berlin. There are three fare zones: A, B and C. Zone A includes the city centre, Zone B is the wider city, and Zone C is the outlying area (like where the airport is located). Tickets can be bought from machines inside stations or from BVG and S-Bahn stores. Best areas to stay in Berlin Berlin is well connected by the metro, which means that regardless of where you choose to stay, you should be able to get around without much hassle. The best area to stay in Berlin for sightseeing is Mitte. Mitte is where all the main things to do in Berlin are clustered, meaning that walking might be more of an option. If you fancy something a bit more lively, then Kreuzberg has a great nightlife. Another good option is Schöneberg, which is just south of the centre, and offers a mix of residential streets, greenery and cool cafes. Berlin travel tips Berlin offers different Welcome Cards. The Welcome Card allows the use of public transport and provides discounts and admission to attractions (depending on which type you buy). However, it might work out cheaper to buy things separately depending on what you intend to do in Berlin. Dress for comfort. You will likely walk thousands of steps per day sightseeing, so pack your favourite trainers. You need to validate public transport tickets before your journey starts. Validation machines are often found next to ticket machines at stations. If you don’t validate your ticket and get caught, you could face a hefty fine. You might pay a small deposit (known as Pfand) of a few cents when you buy certain products, like glass bottles. When the bottle is returned, such as to a bottle return machine in the supermarket, your deposit should be refunded. Go beyond the sights and explore neighbourhoods. Berlin is a colourful city, and some of the best memories can be made wandering through different districts. Take cash as it can sometimes be preferred or the only option to pay for things. Some smaller restaurants and shops might not accept card payment. Don’t forget travel insurance for added peace of mind in case any unexpected surprises happen. Daily cost in Berlin You can currently expect to pay £80-£120 per night for good quality central budget accommodation which will likely increase during peak periods. £40 per person each day for food/drink should be comfortable if you are eating in cheap eats. You might be able to reduce this if you are thrifty. Your transport budget might vary depending on your preferences. It currently costs €8.80 for a standard 24 hour ticket to use the public transport in Zones A and B. Alongside flights, food, drinks, accommodation and transport, you’ll want some spending money for those added extras like entry fees. £20-£30 per day should be plenty.
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https://www.german-way.com/travel-and-tourism/germany-for-tourists/city-guides-germany/berlin-and-potsdam/berlin-at-a-glance/
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https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Berlin/Mitte
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Mitte – Travel guide at Wikivoyage
https://upload.wikimedia…maps_-_Mitte.png
https://upload.wikimedia…maps_-_Mitte.png
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[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]
2003-11-08T00:36:33+00:00
en
/static/favicon/wikivoyage.ico
https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Berlin/Mitte
U55 Kanzler U-Bahn Looking at an old network plan of the U-Bahn you might be wondering who ever had the idea of the three-station, 1.8-km stub that is U55. Well, truth be told, an extension of the U5 from its endpoint at Alexanderplatz all the way to Tegel airport had been a part of the grandiose "200-km plan" for the Berlin U-Bahn developed back in the 1950s by West Berlin, irrespective of the inner Berlin border running just a little west of Alexanderplatz. Naturally, partition made construction impossible until reunification, but when the wall fell, the plans were dusted off, and an extension towards the new main station was deemed a good idea. As construction was underway on the main station, it was decided to build "from the outside in", and by the time main station opened just in time for the 2006 soccer World Cup, two stations had been built. Berlin had by then run out of money and wanted to stop construction, but the federal government made very clear that such stoppage would lead to the funds having to be returned, something which Berlin could afford even less. So construction continued for a third station, and the new line entered into service in 2009 in part to fulfil this funding requirement. Although the intention had never been to build a new line, it was decided to sign it U55 instead of U5 to avoid confusion. The line serves the Bundestag, and was apparently approved on the urging of chancellor Helmut Kohl (in office 1982-1998), thus giving it the nickname "Kanzler U-Bahn". Operation is something of a challenge as the line remains unconnected to the rest of the network. The trains had to be lowered through a hole dug for that purpose, and have to be removed in a similar way for major repairs. The original 1950s plan of an U-Bahn all the way to Tegel were never officially scrapped; the plans for closing Tegel airport and the extension of the Tram from Hauptbahnhof towards Turmstraße (which had been planned as a stop of the U5 extension) have made this increasingly questionable. U55 was quietly withdrawn from service during the Covid-19 pandemic and the long-planned U5 extension finally opened in December 2020, even though the new station "Museumsinsel" was not finished until summer 2021. Museumsinsel Based on plans of the famous architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel in 1822 and starting with construction from 1830 onwards, the island in the river Spree was developed as a Museum island by the Prussian kings. There are five museums today on that island that mainly focus on archaeology and art of the 19th century. After the reunification, all museums were restored (or are being restored still) and brought back to life. The Museumsinsel (Museum Island) has been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The latest U5 expansion also includes an U-Bahn stop called Museumsinsel. – Area ticket Museum Island: €18, red. €9, young people up to the age of 18 free. – 3-day-museums-pass (55 museums): €24, red. €12 The museums have attracted controversy in the 21st century as many museum pieces were looted from their places of origin in the course of various imperialist wars in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Consequently some of the countries where the objects were found demand the antiquities be returned to their countries of origin.
848
dbpedia
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https://www.nuberlin.com/info/car-parking-berlin/
en
Berlin Car Parking 101
https://www.nuberlin.com…-car-parking.jpg
https://www.nuberlin.com…-car-parking.jpg
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2016-03-22T11:20:01+02:00
Visiting Berlin by car? Wondering where to park your car? If you travel to Berlin by car, you probably sooner or later ask yourself "Where can I park my car? And how much does it cost?". On this page I'll try to give some answers to these questions. First things…
en
nuBerlin
https://www.nuberlin.com/info/car-parking-berlin/
Visiting Berlin by car? Wondering where to park your car? If you travel to Berlin by car, you probably sooner or later ask yourself “Where can I park my car? And how much does it cost?”. On this page I’ll try to give some answers to these questions. First things first: there are actually still many free parking spots, or actually rather free parking areas available in Berlin. In most of the outer city districts you can just park your can in the street and don’t have to pay. But on the other hand this also means that in almost all of Berlin’s inner city districts you will have to pay to park your car. On this page you’ll find some basic information about how and where you can park your car in Berlin, how much it might cost you. Where to park your car for free – and how and where you better don’t park your car at all. Free Parking in Berlin If you look at a Berlin map, actually only a relatively small area of the city, the inner city area is not free to park. So if you are looking for a long term parking spot, probably the cheapest (actually free) and easiest option would be to park your car in one of those cost free areas. So first you should get done what you need to get done. Drop those suitcases or the extensive grocery shopping at your apartment – and then leave your car in one of the free parking areas – outside the area, where parking is not free. Trust me – it’s worth to take the extra ride and park outside of the ‘Parkraumbewirtschaftungszone‘. And the good news is: you probably don’t have to look far for a free parking spot. There should be almost always be some area nearby where you don’t have to pay any parking fee at all. Then you just take the public transport or a taxi back to your place. Often you don’t even need to take neither public transport nor taxi since chances are that the distance would not be too great – so you can also just walk back to your place and maybe discover some of your neighborhood streets on your way. The Berlin Parking Map Tool The City of Berlin has released a map tool, pointing out where you would have to pay to park your car – and how much is charged by the hour. It also points out, where you don’t have to pay anything. Depending on the borough, area, or even street the fees go from 1 Euro per hour to 3 Euros per hour. Alternatively you can check this Google Map where basically the same information is provided – probably much easier to navigate. How to use the Parking Map Tool? The map tool may first appear to be a bit complicated. The user interface is not really intuitive – but actually the map tool is a very complex application and you could also look for all kind of Berlin related data like unemployment rates and the like. If you just want to see where you’d have to pay, and where the free parking zones are located, all you have to do is enter an address and then navigate the map. Below are some screenshot. First enter the street (‘Straßenname’), the street number (‘Haus-Nr.’) and the postal code (‘Postleitzahl’) into the fields on the right side of the tool. Then hit enter (‘Weiter’). On the following screen you’ll see the address you just entered. In the zones marked yellow you’ll have to purchase a parking ticket. The blank areas are free of charge. Here is the tool: Map of Berlin parking zones at Geoportal Berlin: overview with search function You can also find further information in German about parking in various different Berlin boroughs if you follow the links below: Parking in Mitte / Tiergarten (berlin.de) Parking in Friedrichshain / Kreuzberg (berlin.de) Parking in Prenzlauer Berg / Pankow (berlin.de) Parking in Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf (berlin.de) It might be worth checking these maps before you actually park your car over a couple of days. Why pay, when you can park for free just a couple streets or blocks away? Parking garages They may be a bit hidden, but of course there are also parking garages available in Berlin. Some are underground garages like the one at Alexanderplatz, near Park Inn Hotel – or the one underneath Kulturbrauerei in Prenzlauer Berg. At Alexanderplatz full-day-tickets are available for 24,- Euro (per 24h, as of May 2023). Here is an interactive map of public parking garages in Berlin: viz.berlin.de/verkehr-in-berlin/parken/ Parking your car at a Hotel Some Berlin Hotels offer reserved parking areas for theirs guests. So if you are planning to stay at a hotel, chances are that there may be an additional option available. And even if you are not staying at a hotel yourself, it may still be worth asking at a hotel near where you are stying if they have parking lots available. Some hotels may actually welcome you and your car or motorcycle, even if you are not their guest otherwise, because for them a rented parking lot is of course better than an empty parking lot. Berlin Resident parking permits For Berlin residents there are long term tickets available. If you are actually moving to Berlin you should check this option. A residential parking permit is valid for up to 2 years and will cost you some 20,40 Euros (as of December 2015). If you or a friend / family of yours is not a resident, but visiting Berlin temporarily – and you need a parking permit for a couple of weeks, then a so called “Gästevignette” (guest vignette) could be useful. These temporary parking permits can be ordered by any local Berliner that is officially residing in Berlin, meaning that she/he is officially registered at the same address, as you need the guest vignette for. So if you are only visiting for a couple of days or weeks, you will actually have to ask a local resident (for example your host, your flatmate) to buy a “Gästevignette” for you. The official prerequisites under which a temporary guest vignette is granted are: The Applicant is registered in Berlin – in the parking area he/she applies for The Visitor is not registered in Berlin. I should perhaps emphasize at this point that since March 2021 such guest vignettes are only issued to visitors who really demonstrably need them. So a proof of special urgency is needed. This can be an ID card for severely disabled persons, a medical certificate or a so-called EU parking permit. Please check with your host – details on this are available on the website of the City of Berlin on this page (German only). As of May 2023 prices for such a temporary long term guest vignettes are as follows: up to 3 days 10,20 Euro up to 1 week: 13,- Euro up to 2 weeks: 15,- Euro up to 3 weeks: 20,- Euro up to 4 weeks: 25,- Euro It can take several days or even weeks until the Host / Applicant actually receives the guest vignette. You can find further information about guest vignettes as well as the relevant form from the official Berlin website here: Pankow / Prenzlauer Berg Mitte / Tiergarten Overview (Links to other information pages and PDFs) “Parken verboten!” – where not to park your car There some spots and areas where you should definitely NOT park your car, unless you want to have it towed away. Parking in a driveway for example may sound tempting, but it’s not a good idea – even though driveways often look like free parking spots. Some driveways may however be not in operation and it’s totally ok to park there. But if you happen to see the slightest sign (literally) which indicates that it’s not ok to park here, then it’s probably not ok to park here. So you better do not park your car… in front of a sign saying “Parken Verboten” or “Einfahrt freihalten” or “Durchfahrt freihalten” or anything with “freihalten” – this just means that this driveway or spot should be kept ‘free’ and it is generally forbidden to park here – for whatever reason. in front of a sign saying “Feuerwehrzufahrt” – this means parking here would block a route used by fire fighter in case of an emergency. on a handicapped parking / disabled parking space, often marked with a symbol representing a wheel chair. too close to a street crossing (not less than 3 meters) too close to a driveway (you should not block the driveway) on bicycle lanes. on the sidewalk. on green areas. “Parken verboten!” vs. “Halten verboten!” In Germany we distinguish between two different types of ‘parking a car’: shorter ‘stop’ “halten” may still be ok even in spots where parking “Parken” is forbidden. So who is who – what is what? Rule of thumb: if you happen to pack things in or off your car, could be also fellow travellers, then it’s ok to stop for about two minutes. There are even street signs that indicate zones where you may stop for two minutes – the signs are called “Parkverbot” (parking forbidden) or sometimes “Ladezone” (loading zone). Often these spots are marked by a red circle, blue background, and just one red bar crossing the circle. If instead the red circle is crossed by two red bars, forming an “X”, then it’s forbidden to either park or stop your car – even if it was only for a minute or two. Those signs – or actually those areas are called “Halteverbot” which indicates that it’s forbidden (“verbot”) to stop (“Halte”) the car in these places. On this page I will go a bit deeper into and will also try to explain, what the above parking sign means in details: How to read German Parking Signs Berlin Public Parking Fees / Parking Ticket Vending machines First of all: this is a great opportunity to learn another very german, but quite useless word: “Parkraumbewirtschaftung” – which means something like “economical cultivation of parking lots”. You will notice you are in an area where the parking space is economically cultivated by the armada of signs and ticket vending machines – and those little ‘bills’ stuck behind some cars’ windscreen wipers. In these areas parking fees vary between 25 cents for 15 minutes (or 1 Euro per hour) up to 1 Euro for 15 minutes (or 4 Euros per hour. In some areas night time parking is free of charge, other areas are ‘harvested’ 24/7. The ticket vending machines may look a bit complicated – so I put up a separate page that explains the basics of how to use a Berlin parking ticket vending machine. Moving? Need to reserve a parking zone? In case you are moving and you need to have some space for the truck in front of your door you can actually reserve a spot in the street. Usually you would have to ask for such a parking zone two weeks in advance – and there is some paper work to be done – and you would also have to borrow the signs from somewhere. But in most cases / for most people this would probably be a bit too complicated. Instead you can also either ask the moving company – in case you are hiring one. Or you ask a service that can make that reservation and put up the parking signs for you. For a one day reservation for a loading area 20m wide you would probably have to pay something around 75,- to 100,- Euro. Here’s a German article on the website of the city of Berlin, describing the alternatives: Stressfrei einen Umzug vorbereiten – Halteverbotszonen einrichten And here are two companies that can arrange such a parking area reservation for you: halteverbot123.de > Berlin halteverbot.de > Prices > Berlin …to be continued… see also: Berlin by Car How to use a Berlin parking ticket vending machine. How to read German Parking Signs Berlin emission zone – the environmental badge Map of Berlin parking zones – a map listing all Berlin parking zones together with their respective parking fees and parking hours (google map) Got further questions about Car Parking in Berlin? Please feel free to ask in the comments below – and I’ll try to answer… Do you have and thoughts, suggestions, additional recommendations or comments? Please feel free to leave your comment below. Thank you!
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Berlin Half Marathon Guide: Tips for a Half Marathon Trip to Berlin (2024)
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[ "Ali Garland, Berlin expert & long term resident", "Ali Garland" ]
2023-09-18T12:46:02+00:00
This Berlin Half Marathon guide tells you everything you need to know for a trip to Berlin for the Half Marathon in April. Includes the Expo, transport and more.
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The Generali Berlin Half Marathon is a great half marathon that is famous for being a fast race. The flat route means many runners make good times here, and runner often break personal records at the Half Marathon in Berlin. So if you’re coming here to run, you’ve made a good choice. You probably have some questions as you prepare for your trip, and I’ve put together lots of information to help you travel to Berlin for the Half Marathon, this year on April 7, 2024. To be clear, I am not a runner. Unless you count an occasional 10 second sprint to catch a tram or an equally quick but sillier jaunt with my yorkie. So I can’t help you with prepping for the actual running part of your Berlin Half Marathon trip. But the Berlin part? I’ve been living here since 2015, so yeah, I can help with that. Berlin is a fantastic city, and I’m hoping you enjoy your time here before and after the race. Let’s take a look at some helpful tips to get you ready and make the most of what Berlin has to offer. Berlin Half Marathon Hotels Berlin is well connected by public transportation, so you really could stay anywhere and easily reach the starting line of the Half Marathon. But you might want to stay a little closer to reduce your race day stress. The Half Marathon starts on Str. des 17. Juni a little east of the Victory Column and ends after crossing through Brandenburger Tor, not far from the starting point. Str. des 17. Juni is a major road that runs through Tiergarten Park, so there aren’t any buildings right there. But there are plenty of hotel options within a 15-20 minute walk or a couple of stops on transport. Are you looking for info about the Marathon in September? Check out my guide to Berlin for Marathon visitors. How to get from Berlin Airport to the city center If you’re flying to Berlin for the Half Marathon, you’ll need to know how to get from the Brandenburg Berlin Airport into the center of the city to reach your hotel. Luckily this is a reasonably easy thing to do. I have a full article about how to get from Berlin Airport into the city in case you want more details, but here is the short version. Public transportation There are several trains that run from the airport into Berlin city center. The most well known choice is the FEX train, which means Flughafen Express. This is the airport express train, a regional train that goes from the airport to Ostkreuz to Gesundbrunnen to Berlin Hbf (central train station) and in the reverse order going back to the airport. There are also a few other regional trains and Sbahn lines. The Sbahn will take longer than the FEX train, but it still might be a good choice depending on exactly where you’re going and the timing. The easiest thing to do if you want to use public transport in Berlin is download one of the transport apps (BVG Fahrinfo, VBB Bus & Bahn, or even the DB Navigator app (Deutsche Bahn) will work) and put in Flughafen BER as your starting point. For your destination, you can either put in the closest station/stop to where you’re staying, or you can put in the actual street address of your hotel. The airport is in zone C, so you will need a ticket that covers zones ABC to get from the airport into central Berlin. Who is this option good for? Anyone who is comfortable using public transportation, or at least comfortable trying it even if it’s your first time Budget travelers Travelers looking for the most sustainable/environmentally friendly option Taxi/Uber/FreeNow You can get a taxi at the airport, or you can use Uber, or a local app similar to Uber called FreeNow. Friends have told me that, depending on where they’re going, Uber or FreeNow can cost the same or less than a taxi. Usually it’ll be anywhere from 50 to 80 euros. Who is this option good for? If you’re nervous about public transport If you have a lot of luggage If you know you’ll have data on your phone to use the apps Getting around in Berlin As I mentioned before, Berlin has a good public transportation system with a network of Ubahns (mostly underground), Sbahns (mostly above ground), trams, and buses. And technically there are a few ferries, but you’re unlikely to see those. So whether you’re sightseeing before or after the half marathon, or you’re trying to get from your hotel to the start of the race, public transport is your best option. Download the BVG Fahrinfo app or the VBB Bus & Bahn app (they’re very similar) and you can get routes for anywhere in the city. If you’re traveling from outside the EU, you should get a SIM card or eSIM to be able to easily use the transport app, among other things, while you’re here exploring Berlin. Free transport for Half Marathon runners Half Marathon participants get free transport from 5am to 7pm on race day. According to the website, your race/bib number is your transport ticket, and it’s valid for zones AB. So if you have a flight out that day in the afternoon, this will NOT get you to the airport. Don’t ride without a valid ticket because ticket checkers do come by occasionally, and the fines are 60 euros. They are especially notorious for checking on the way to the airport. Don’t worry, I’ll explain more about tickets for getting around in Berlin next. Info about transport tickets I mentioned earlier that you need a ticket for zones ABC to get from the airport into the city. Most of where you’ll go in Berlin is in zone A, and some things are in zone B. Zone C is technically outside the city limits, and it includes the airport, Potsdam, and Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp, to name a few. A 24 hour ticket is probably your best option since it allows you to use the transport system as many times as you want within a 24 hour period. Currently a 24 hour ticket for one person is 9.90 euros for zones AB. Another perk of the 24 hour ticket is if you’re traveling with kids to Berlin. This ticket covers one adult PLUS up to three kids aged 6-14. Any kids 5 or younger travel free and don’t even count towards that total. Anyone 15 and up counts as an adult and needs their own ticket. If you’re staying in Berlin for more than 4 days, the 7 day ticket is your best choice. It costs 41.50 euros for one person for zones AB. Unfortunately the 7 day ticket doesn’t cover kids the way the 24 hour ticket does. It covers up to three kids aged 6-14 ONLY from 8pm to 3am on weekdays, or all day on Saturdays and Sundays. And always validate your ticket at one of the machines on the Sbahn or Ubahn platforms, or on board a tram or bus. If you’re using a 24 hour ticket or 7 day ticket, you validate it on the first use. Read more about using Berlin’s public transport. Berlin Half Marathon Expo Information The Expo is where you go to pick up your race kit, so this is an important part of your Berlin Half Marathon trip. You will need your race start card and ID to pick up your race kit. The Expo takes place at Tempelhof, a former airport that’s now one of Berlin’s favorite parks. The airport building is still there, and this is where you’ll find the Expo. Address: Platz der Luftbrücke 5, 12101 Berlin You should be able to enter through the airport building from the street side. But some of the event is held outside the airport building, on the park side. If for some reason the airport building isn’t open, walk south from Platz der Luftbrücke along Tempelhofer Damm until you see where you can veer off to the left to get behind the building and into the park. It is highly recommended that you use public transport because there’s no parking. The closest station is U Platz der Luftbrücke where you can get the U6 line. The U6 Ubahn line has stops at Friedrichstrasse, Unter den Linden, Stadtmitte, and Kochstrasse (Checkpoint Charlie), among others. If you’re coming by Sbahn, you can take the Ringbahn (line S41 or S42) to the Tempelhof station and walk north about 10 minutes. Or you can switch to the U6 and go north two stops to Platz der Luftbrücke. The Expo runs at the following times ahead of race day: Friday April 5, 2024, 11:00 am – 8:00 pm Saturday April 6, 2024, 9:00 am – 6:30 pm I definitely recommend spending some time exploring the park either before or after you go to the Expo. It’s a really wonderful park that still has the runway, there are fenced dog run areas, picnic areas, bird protection zones, community gardens, and more. Tempelhof also runs interesting tours of the airport. Their website says tours don’t run when special events are going on, but I recently took the tour, and the guide did tell me they still run the tours on expo days. It was a really good tour, so book well in advance if it interests you. Groceries, running supplies, and any other pre-race needs If you’ve decided to stay in an apartment or a hotel with a kitchenette, you will need to pick up some groceries. Even if you plan on eating out a lot, you might still want to go buy some bananas or other food. Here are the common grocery stores you’ll find in Berlin: Rewe, Edeka, Kaufland: Mid range grocery stores Lidl, Penny, Aldi, Netto: Budget grocery stores Denn’s BioMarkt, Bio Company, Alnatura: Organic grocery stores (bio means organic in German) If you need shampoo, vaseline, contact solution, or anything else you’d get at a drug store at home, look for DM or Rossmann. They have things like toiletries, makeup, hair products, bandaids, and more. But they do not sell over-the-counter medicine. If you need medicine, like Tylenol or Advil, you’ll need to go to a pharmacy, or Apotheke in German. The Tylenol equivalent is Paracetomol, and the Advil equivalent is Ibuprofen. I highly recommend bringing some from home since the German versions will be more expensive and come in smaller quantities. For any athletic gear you might have accidentally forgotten, Decathlon is a good sporting goods store. There’s one near Alexanderplatz. Any other kinds of stores you might need while you’re in Berlin for the Half Marathon? Let me know, and I’ll add some suggestions here. How to get to the Berlin Half Marathon start The start/end of the Half Marathon in Berlin is along Str. des 17. Juni. between Brandenburger Tor and Victory Column. You can see the full restricted area on the official map here, which labels all the important things like bathrooms, first aid, clothing/bag drop off, and more. The closest stations to the entrance are Bundesplatz on the U5 and Brandenburger Tor on the U5 and S1, S2, S25, and S26. It’s also easy to reach from Berlin Hbf, Friedrichstrasse, and Potsdamer Platz. There is no parking, so please use public transportation to get to the start zone. Remember that your bib works as your transport ticket from 5am to 7pm on race day. Berlin Half Marathon route: Sights you’ll see on the course Obviously I hope the Half Marathon route isn’t the only sightseeing you do while you’re here, but it is pretty cool to run past some famous Berlin landmarks. Mitte Before the start of the race, in and around the restricted area, you will easily see the Reichstag Building and Brandenburger Tor. If you are walking from Potsdamer Platz, you will also pass the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. And almost the entire restricted area is in Tiergarten Park. Shortly after you start running, you will reach the Victory Column. If you have time during your trip, and you think your legs can handle it, climb the 285 stairs here for one of the best views of Berlin. As you leave Tiergarten, you’ll see Charlottenburger Tor at about the 2km marker. This was the gate towards Charlottenburg Palace. Often you’ll hear that Brandenburger Tor is the only remaining city gate in Berlin, so this might be a bit confusing. But you have to remember that Brandenburger Tor marked the western edge of the city. Tiergarten, Charlottenburger Tor, and Schloss Charlottenburg were outside the city limits. Charlottenburg Now you’re running in the Charlottenburg district. Just past kilometer marker 4, you’ll pass Charlottenburg Palace, one of the best castles in Berlin. It was built in a Baroque style in 1695 as a summer palace for Sophie Charlotte (Queen Consort of Prussia at the time) and has gorgeous gardens and a large park surrounding it. For several kilometers, you will run through some lovely streets in Charlottenburg and pass by a small lake called Lietzensee. Around kilometer marker 9, you will turn onto Kurfürstendamm, the most famous shopping street in Berlin. A little after kilometer marker 11, you’ll pass Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church. This church was heavily damaged in World War II, and instead of repairing it, the church was left in partial ruins as a reminder of the destruction of war. Shortly after the church, you’ll pass KaDeWe, a famous department store that’s the largest in Europe after Harrod’s in London. Schöneberg and Mitte You’ll run through Schöneberg for about a kilometer or so, through Nollendorfplatz, which is considered Berlin’s gay district. Halfway between kilometers 13 and 14, you’ll turn north (left) and head back into Mitte, reaching Potsdamer Platz by kilometer 15. Around kilometer 19, you’ll pass Gendarmenmarkt. This is usually one of the prettiest squares in Berlin, but unfortunately it is under construction until late 2024/early 2025. From there, you will make your way to Unter den Linden and quickly reach the finish line just past Brandenburg Gate. Sightseeing before and after the Half Marathon in Berlin You’ll get to see a few of Berlin’s attraction while you’re running, plus some non-touristy neighborhoods. But there are a lot of important attractions you won’t see on the race. Here are a few things you should really make time for before or after the half marathon. And if you want to go beyond the major tourist sites, check out these hidden gems in Berlin. Also, runners in past years have mentioned that taking a Berlin hop on hop off tour the day before the half marathon was a good way to see some of the major sights while resting their feet. Cherry blossoms Berlin actually has lots of places to see cherry blossoms, and early April is usually a good time to find some of them. Many of them are located along the former border between East and West, and one of the best places to look is near the north end of Mauerpark along Schwedter Strasse, as pictured above. Check out where to see cherry blossoms in Berlin, including a map. Berlin Wall Memorial at Bernauer Strasse The Bernauer Strasse Wall Memorial is my favorite place for learning about the Berlin Wall and how it affected people and communities. The Wall split one side of this street from the other, and eventually displaced a church and even a cemetery. Most of this memorial is outdoors with markers on the ground that show you where escape tunnels were, info placards to teach you about the Wall, and more. You’ll see a few remaining pieces of the Berlin Wall, and there’s a building about halfway through that you can go into, and a few levels up is a viewing platform that looks into the former death strip. The visitors center shows two short films about the Wall, alternating times for German and English. They get me all teared up every time I watch them. I highly recommend making time for the Bernauer Strasse Wall Memorial. Berliner Unterwelten tours Another great way to learn about Berlin is by taking a tour with the Berliner Unterwelten organization. They have World War II era and Cold War era focused tours that are very interesting and take you underground (Unterwelten means underground). Depending on which tour you take, you could see old bunkers, escape tunnels that went under the Berlin, and more. I’ve taken the “Under the Berlin Wall” tour and it was excellent. East Side Gallery The East Side Gallery is one of the most famous sights in Berlin, and it’s also worth seeing while you’re here. This is considered the largest outdoor art gallery in the world. You’ll see lots of different pieces of art painted on the Berlin Wall along the Spree River, some original, some replicas, some newer pieces. TV Tower One of the most famous sites in the city, the Berlin TV Tower, or Fernsehturm in German, can be seen from almost anywhere in Berlin. It’s 368 meters (1,207 feet) tall, is one of the tallest structures in Germany and the European Union, and was inaugurated on October 3, 1969. Built by the Soviets, it was originally supposed to represent the strength of communist East Germany. Today it is a symbol of the reunification of Germany and a symbol of Berlin itself. The TV Tower is a great spot for views of Berlin since it’s so tall. You can take the elevator to the viewing platform at about 200 meters high for 360 degree views of the city. There’s also a revolving restaurant on a different level where you can enjoy a nice meal while admiring the views. Berliner Dom The Berlin Cathedral, or Berliner Dom in German, is a gorgeous protestant church in Mitte that you shouldn’t miss. It’s located on Museum Island, and you can take a tour (for a fee) and even climb 270 stairs to the top for amazing views of Berlin. Museum Island Museum Island is a UNESCO designated collection of five world class museums. These museums are Pergamonmuseum, Altes Museum, Alte Nationalgalerie, Bode Museum, and Neues Museum. The Pergamon Museum is the most famous one, and unfortunately as of mid October 2023, it is closed for several years for renovations. But the others are still open and offer an excellent experience. Topography of Terror The Topography of Terror Museum sits on the grounds of the former headquarters of the Gestapo and the SS between 1933 and 1945. This is where they organized the persecution and killings of Nazi opponents, and where they coordinated the genocide of Jews, Roma, and Sinti. Today it’s a powerful museum with an indoor and outdoor section where you can learn about the events that led up to the Holocaust and WWII, the War itself, and the aftermath. It’s definitely one of the best World War II sites in Berlin. Where to eat in Berlin Berlin has lots of great food, so you won’t go hungry here. It’s an international city with almost every type of cuisine you could imagine. Are you a celiac? Pick up one of these super detailed gluten free restaurant cards that you can show to restaurants in Berlin and Germany to help you eat safely during your trip. They’re written by a celiac and translated by native German speakers. One of my favorite German restaurants here is a place that specializes in Schnitzel, called Schnitzelei. They are usually booked up well in advance, so make reservations early. They have three locations, but the one in Mitte is most central. Location: Novalisstraße 11, 10115 Berlin Mitte Another good choice is Schwarzwaldstube, a restaurant specializing in German food from the Black Forest. They have Schnitzel, but also Maultaschen, Flammkuchen, Spätzle, and a few other things. Spätzle might not be your traditional meal for the day before a race, but it is German style fresh pasta, usually with cheese on it. Location: Tucholskystraße 48, 10117 Berlin Mitte For currywurst, I recommend Curry 61. This is close to Hackescher Markt. Location: Oranienburger Str. 6, 10178 Berlin Mitte For Döner Kebap, Mustafa’s Gemüse Kebap in Kreuzberg is the most famous. But I’m not sure it’s worth the crazy line. You could easily wait over an hour in line for this place, and most locals agree it’s all hype. Instead I recommend trying the similarly named (and possibly connected, but I’m not sure) Mustafa’s Gemüse Kebap either here or here. For more recommendations, check out my list of German restaurants in Berlin if you’re interested in trying some German food while you’re here. Mitte is the central district in Berlin, where you’ll find many of the major sights in the city. You’ll probably spend a good amount of time here, so I’ve put together a list of the best restaurants in Mitte Berlin, including German food, non-German food, cafes, bars, and more. If you’re spending some time in the Friedrichshain district, that’s where I live, so I eat out there more than anywhere else. I have a guide for where to eat in Friedrichshain that has lots of suggestions. Like this wonderful ramen place, in case you want another option for carb loading the night before the race. Those three blog posts have more restaurants than you could eat at in one trip, so you’ll have lots of choices. I know a lot of runners tend to like pasta for a pre-race meal. There’s an organization called True Italian that puts on a variety of events each year (Ice Cream Week, Pizza Week, etc.) and I trust their recommendations for Italian food. Their Pasta Week isn’t until November, but you can look at their list of pasta restaurants here and get some great suggestions. Other good places to eat are Magic John’s Pizza for quick and delicious NY style and Detroit style pizza, and KYO Grill for tasty Japanese skewers. And if you’re looking for someplace to drink, there are lots of rooftop bars in Berlin with fantastic views, and Berlin craft beer pubs. April is usually too early for Berlin beer gardens, but if it happens to be a warmer than usual spring, they might open a little early. More helpful things to know before coming to Berlin for the Half Marathon Here are some more tips, tricks, and frequently asked questions to help you with your trip to Berlin for the Half Marathon. What to pack for April in Berlin Spring in Berlin usually means mild weather, but early April can sometimes be cold. Chances are it won’t be hot for race day, but it might be chilly depending on how much winter in Berlin is still hanging on. April can also be rainy, so be prepared with some rain gear just in case. Average highs are in the mid 50s F (about 13C) and average lows are around 40F (about 4C). But of course, always check the forecast before you leave for your trip. Check out my spring Berlin packing list to make sure you haven’t forgotten anything, and be sure to include your running specific gear. Are you traveling from outside of Europe? Visitors from non European countries, like the US and many others, will need a plug adapter for Germany. This is because Germany and most of mainland Europe have a different plug style than North America, the UK, and many other parts of the world. And if you plan on buying souvenirs from Berlin, make sure you leave some space in your bag when you’re packing. How does tipping work in restaurants in Berlin? If you’re coming from the US, you’re used to tipping 15-20% as a standard practice when you eat out at a restaurant. In Berlin and the rest of Germany, servers are paid at least minimum wage and they have normal benefits. Tipping is not mandatory, and you certainly don’t need to tip 15-20%, but you probably should still leave a tip. Even though servers aren’t relying on tips to survive the way they do in the US, tips are still appreciated. Especially with all of the different things that have hit the economy in recent years – pandemic and inflation to name a few – it’s becoming more and more expected to give some amount of tip. We generally round up. So if our bill is 27 euros, we’ll round up to 30 euros. A good rule is to leave a few extra euros or about 10%. But don’t leave money on the table. When your server brings you the bill, tell them the amount you want to pay. Again, if it’s 27 euros, tell them “make it 30” and they will charge you 30. If paying by cash, they’ll give you the appropriate change. You can read more about tipping in Berlin for more details. Can you pay with credit cards? Or do you need cash? This is another thing that throws people off when they come to Germany. In general, Germany is much more cash based than other countries, despite how modern it is in many other ways. Things have been changing over the last few years, and it’s more and more common to be able to pay by card or tap and pay with an app on your phone. BUT you never know when you’ll run into a place that only accepts cash, or they might only accept cash or local bank cards. If you’re coming from outside of Germany, you won’t have this type of card, so you’ll need to have cash. Public toilets that charge usually require coins. Some stalls at fresh markets and flea markets only take cash, though even that is getting better. And then there are some places that take cards, but they might have a minimum of 5 or 10 or even 15 euros. So my advice is to go to an ATM when you arrive, take out 50 or 100 euros, and use it for something small to break it down into smaller bills and coins. Then you’ll have a little cash just in case you need it. If your trip is coming to an end and you still have cash, just start paying for a few things with cash instead of your card to work through it. Can you order tap water in restaurants? This is an annoying thing if you’re coming from almost anywhere else, but restaurants here almost never give you free tap water. The tap water is safe in Berlin and Germany, but Germans mostly like to drink fizzy water. If you order water, they will bring you a bottle, which you have to pay for, and the default is fizzy, so ask for still if you don’t like the bubbles. If I’m ordering something else to drink, especially alcohol, I will sometimes ask for tap water. Most places will bring it, but I have been told “we don’t have it” which is obviously ridiculous, but that’s just how it is. I would never ask for tap water as my only beverage. Are you traveling to other parts of Germany or beyond? Berlin is a fantastic city with great food, loads of history, and so many things to do. I really hope you have several days here to really enjoy the city before or after the Half Marathon. But if you’re planning on traveling to other parts of Germany, you won’t regret it. I have suggested itineraries, day trips, and weekend trips you can take to explore more of the country: 1 Week in Germany Itinerary: Berlin and Munich How to Get From Berlin to Munich by Train and Bus How to Get from Munich to Berlin by Train and Bus 1 Week in Germany Itinerary: Berlin and East Germany 17 Fun Weekend Trips From Berlin 29 Fun Day Trips From Berlin And since Prague is also a popular destination to add onto a trip to Berlin, here’s how to get from Berlin to Prague or how to get from Prague to Berlin. What else would you like to know to help you prepare for your Berlin Half Marathon trip? Let me know in the comments so I can continue to improve this article. Berlin Travel Resources
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http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/photos/levet2/levet2.htm
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Berlin Synagogues Memorial
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[ "photograph", "holocaust", "Levetzow Synagogue Memorial" ]
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Holocaust photographs: Memorial to Berlin synagogues at the Levetzow Synagogue Memorial
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This is the former location of one of the largest synagogues in Berlin. In 1941, the Gestapo forced the Jewish community to convert this synagogue into a collection point for deportations. From here, more than 37,500 Jews living in Berlin were deported to the extermination camps listed on the memorial. These transports departed from the Grunewald and Putlitzstrasse train stations. The memorial on this spot tells the fate of 34 synagogues once located in Berlin. Each synagogue is represented by a metal plaque with facts about the building and seating capacity. Synagoge at 4 Heidereutergasse Synagoge at 16 Rosenstrasse Synagoge at 30 Oranienburgerstrasse Synagoge at 26 Schöneberger Ufer Synagoge at 29 Kaiserstrasse Synagoge at 25 Bischofstrasse Synagoge at 86 Prinzenstrasse Synagoge at 7 Schulstrasse Synagoge at 48-50 Lindenstrasse Synagoge at 7-8 Franzensbader Street Lippmann-Tauss Synagoge on Gollnow Street Synagoge at 12 Lindenufer Synagoge at 41 Düppelstrasse Synagoge at 16 Lüzovstrasse Synagoge at 38 Brunnenstrasse Synagoge at 36 Grenadierstrasse Synagoge at 10 Kleine Auguststrasse Synagoge at 31 Artilleriestrasse Synagoge at 53 Rykestrasse Synagoge at 111 Lützowstrasse Synagoge at 2 Passauer Street Synagoge at 127 Dresdener Street Flensburger Synagoge at 19 Lessingstr. Synagoge at 8 Freiheit Synagoge at 37 Münchener Street Synagoge at 79-80 Fasanen Street Synagoge at 87 Prinzenallee Synagoge at 14-15 Pestalozzistrasse Synagoge at 7-8 Levetzowstrasse Synagoge at 48-50 Kottbusser Ufer Synagoge at 11 Markgraf-Albrecht-Str. This is the former location of one of the largest synagogues in Berlin. In 1941, the Gestapo forced the Jewish community to convert this synagogue into a collection point for deportations. From here, more than 37,500 Jews living in Berlin were deported to the extermination camps listed on the memorial. These transports departed from the Grunewald and Putlitzstrasse train stations. An additional 14,797 Jews were deported to Theresienstadt concentration camp from a second collection point located on Grosse Hamburg Street at the former Jewish home for the elderly. This group departed from the Anhalter train station in 117 separate transports between June 6, 1942 and March 27, 1945. During the pogrom of November 9, 1938 (often referred to as "Kristallnacht"), Jewish places of worship in Berlin were damaged, burned, or destroyed. Because these synagogues were the symbols of a rich Jewish cultural history during the Prussian era, they were the foremost targets of Nazi-sponsored terror. In addition to the public synagogues listed here, Berlin was home to 80 private prayer halls that were part of Jewish social organizations. These were also targets of the November ninth pogrom. Jewish places of worship surviving the pogrom were soon closed, sold, or confiscated by the Nazi regime. Synagoge at 11 Siegmundshof
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https://berlintraveltips.com/guide-to-visiting-brandenburg-gate-in-berlin/
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Guide to Visiting Brandenburg Gate in Berlin
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[ "Ali Garland, Berlin expert & long term resident", "Ali Garland" ]
2022-08-12T14:54:19+00:00
This guide to visiting Brandenburg Gate will tell you the tips you need for seeing this iconic Berlin landmark, including how to get there.
en
https://berlintraveltips…icon-32x32-1.png
Berlin Travel Tips
https://berlintraveltips.com/guide-to-visiting-brandenburg-gate-in-berlin/
Brandenburg Gate is one of the most recognizable landmarks in Germany, so it’s a must-see attraction when you come to Berlin. This gorgeous old city gate has loads of history, is used for many events, and it’s quite photogenic. So what do you need to know for visiting Brandenburg Gate in Berlin? In this post I’ll explain how to get to Brandenburger Tor (that’s the German name), tell you about its history, and share tips for seeing this important Berlin landmark. History and facts about Brandenburg Gate Brandenburg Gate was built between 1788-1791 in a Greek revival style, and it marked the western edge of the city. The Quadriga statue, which is a chariot being pulled by horses, was added to the top in 1793. But what you see today wasn’t actually the first Brandenburg Gate built here. A more simple wooden gate was built in this location in 1734 and later replaced with this more ornate version. The gate is is 26 meters tall, 65.5 meters long, and 11 meters deep. For the non-metric folks, that’s 85.3 feet tall, 214.9 feet long, and 36 feet deep. When Napoleon invaded Berlin in 1806, he had the French army take the Quadriga back to Paris as a sign of victory. Napoleon was forced to abdicate in 1814, and afterwards the Quadriga was returned to Berlin and placed back onto Brandenburg Gate. Unfortunately Brandenburg Gate suffered damage during World War II, and the Quadriga had to be removed. It was replaced by a replica during reconstruction in the 1950s. >>Read more fun facts about Berlin. During the Cold War when Berlin was divided, Brandenburg Gate was in the Soviet sector close to the border between East and West. As they built the Berlin Wall, Brandenburger Tor became inaccessible by both sides of the city. While this important landmark became a symbol of the city’s division during this time, it later came to represent Berlin’s reunification after the Wall came down. More than 100,000 people celebrated the fall of the Berlin Wall here when Brandenburg Gate was reopened in December 1989. Unfortunately these celebrations caused so much damage to the Quadriga statue that it once again had to be taken down and restored two years later. >>Read: 25+ Best Restaurants in Mitte Berlin: Cafes, Bars, German Food & More Where is Brandenburg Gate? Brandenburg Gate is located on Pariser Platz, a pretty square east of the gate, in the Mitte district. It sits at the western end of Unter den Linden and just east of Tiergarten Park. Several stately buildings are here, including a few embassies like the USA and France. (Note: If you’re a US citizen and you happen to need embassy services while you’re in Berlin, they have two locations. Unfortunately this is not the one that will help you.) There’s also a Brandenburg Gate in Potsdam, and it’s actually older than the one in Berlin. It was built in 1770-1771. Events at Berlin Brandenburg Gate Aside from being an important symbol and tourist attraction, Brandenburg Gate hosts events throughout the year. These include a massive New Year’s Eve celebration and live showings of major football (soccer) matches like the World Cup, and the Berlin Marathon route and Berlin Half Marathon run through the gate. Since there’s more space on the west side of the gate, often these events are held there. Streets are closed to cars during things like the New Year’s Eve celebration. Around one million people gather near Brandenburg Gate to ring in the New Year each year. It’s also one of many buildings that participate in the Festival of Lights, and it’s a popular place for protests and demonstrations. Protests and demonstrations are usually peaceful, but if you’re visiting Brandenburg Gate during one, use caution. >>Read: 101 Fun and Essential Things to do in Berlin How to visit Brandenburg Gate Berlin I often tell people to start their day at the East Side Gallery to avoid the crowds, which means you’d end up visiting Brandenburg Gate later in the day. But you can easily change the order of your Berlin itinerary and see the gate whenever makes sense for you. Sunrise and sunset times are good for photos, but check the timing for when you’re visiting. Early the day is best for avoiding crowds, but that’s generally true of most attractions, so you have to choose which places are most important for you to see with fewer people. Brandenburg Gate is a popular place for photos and selfies, but you don’t really need a ton of time here. It’s a fantastic sight to see, but there’s not a lot to do after you’ve taken your pictures. There are lots of other things to do near Brandenburger Tor, so it’s easy to continue exploring the city from here. I’ve listed some nearby attractions later in the post. >>Read: Guide to Visiting the Berlin TV Tower What to wear on your visit Since Brandenburger Tor is outdoors, and it’s likely only one stop on a big day of sightseeing, you’ll be on your feet a lot. Wear comfortable shoes, and dress for the weather at the time of year you’re visiting Berlin. >>Read: What to Wear & What to Pack for Berlin, Germany: Your Ultimate Berlin Packing List How to get to Brandenburger Tor Brandenburg Gate is located at Pariser Platz, and it’s easy to reach on foot or by using public transport. If you’re walking down Unter den Linden, you can get to Brandenburg Gate by walking west, away from Museum Island and towards Tiergarten. From Potsdamer Platz, walk north on Ebertstr with Tiergarten on your left and the Holocaust Memorial on your right. Brandenburger Tor has an S&U station by the same name, so you can get there from farther away. Take the Ubahn line U5 or Sbahn lines S1, S2, S25, or S26. Bus 100 also has a stop close to Brandenburg Gate. You could also get to Brandenburg Gate on one of the hop on hop off buses in Berlin. These can be a good way to see a lot of Berlin’s highlights in a short amount of time. Things to know before you go Before you visit Brandenburg Gate, here are a few more pieces of advice to help you enjoy one of the most popular places to see in Berlin. Tips for the best pictures of Brandenburg Gate Pictures of Brandenburg Gate are good whether you’re there in daylight hours or after dark. Evening photos can be quite interesting with the buildings all lit up. If you can time your visit to Brandenburger Tor for around sunset time, you’ll be rewarded. Stand on the east side of the Gate and take your pictures facing west towards the Gate with Tiergarten on the other side of it. Since pictures are nicer when you’re standing in Pariser Platz looking west towards the gate, you should avoid coming here in the afternoon. The afternoon sun will be behind the gate and still too high for good pictures, so come in the morning or late afternoon/early evening. Make sure you know what time sunrise and sunset are when you’re visiting Berlin if this is important for your pictures. Sunrise and sunset times vary greatly from Berlin summer to Berlin winter. How much does it cost to visit Brandenburger Tor? Often people ask what is the entrance price to visit Brandenburg Gate Berlin. Well, luckily the cost to visit is zero – it’s free! And it’s one of the most popular free things to do in Berlin. Brandenburg Gate Berlin opening hours Brandenburg Gate is outdoors with no barrier to entry, so you can visit any time day or night. I recommend getting there early in the day to avoid crowds, but people generally don’t hang around for too long, so you’ll be fine no matter when you arrive. Things to do near Brandenburg Gate Berlin With so many other things to do near Brandenburg Gate, you’re spoiled for options. And besides the things I’ve listed below, you’ll have easy access to public transport, so you can get to another part of the city for sightseeing. Tiergarten Tiergarten is a huge inner-city park—the largest of its kind in Germany. Originally a hunting ground dating back to 1527, this vast green space has become one of the most loved public parks in Berlin over the years. Throughout the park there are statues, memorials, ponds, tree-lined thoroughfares, and lawns. When the weather’s warm in Berlin, it’s here that people flock for strolling, picnicking, and generally hanging out, making it a great spot to people-watch. Tiergarten is located just west of Brandenburg Gate. Check out my full guide to Visiting Tiergarten Park in Berlin. Victory Column Berlin’s Victory Column, or Siegessäule in German, is one of the more recognizable monuments in the city. It sits at a roundabout in the middle of Tiergarten Park, and it was initially built as a monument to Prussia’s victory in the Franco-German war. The column stands at 67 meters (about 220 feet) high and has an observation deck you can reach by paying a small entrance fee. After climbing the 285 stairs, the tower provides excellent views of the surrounding park and the city of Berlin. This is one of the many wonderful inexpensive things you can do in Berlin. Reichstag Building Opened in 1894, the Reichstag Building is a unique piece of architecture. It is also where the German parliament meets. You can take a tour in the glass dome, where you can learn more about the history of Germany. This building also has a rooftop terrace and restaurant, which promises panoramic views of Berlin. Tours into the glass dome are free, but advanced booking is required. The Reichstag Building is located a few minutes north of Brandenburg Gate. Holocaust Memorial The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, often referred to as the Holocaust Memorial, honors the large number of Jewish people who died at the hands of the Nazis. It’s one of the most important World War II sites in Berlin, and it’s a few minutes south of Brandenburg Gate. The memorial consists of 2,711 concrete blocks of varying heights, and the ground they sit on is an uneven slope similar to a wave. The information center showcases letters, diaries, photographs, and biographies of the victims to help personalize the experience. Entrance is free. Photography is allowed (no flash inside) but please be respectful. Do not sit on or climb on the cement slabs or take selfies. This is a place to reflect and remember those who were murdered. Unter den Linden Unter den Linden is the street that runs between Brandenburg Gate and Museum Island. It’s a lovely tree-lined street that’s great for a stroll as you check out some of Berlin’s top attractions. Be sure to stop by Bebelplatz, a gorgeous square next to the Berlin State Opera House. Here you can see the Nazi book burning memorial – look down and you’ll see empty shelves under the glass. Check out our full guide to visiting Unter den Linden in Berlin. Gendarmenmarkt Gendarmenmarkt is one of the most beautiful squares in Berlin, and it’s about a 15 minute walk from Brandenburger Tor. This historic square is home to an impressive trio of buildings: the French Church, the German Church, and the Konzerthaus. Sadly the square was badly damaged during World War II, but today it’s mostly been restored to its former glory. Gendarmenmarkt is a great place to wander; if you’re here over the holidays, you can visit one of the most popular Berlin Christmas markets here. Note: Gendarmenmarkt is currently undergoing extensive construction and is closed until late 2024/early 2025. Tränenpalast The Palace of Tears, or Tränenpalast in German, was constructed in 1962. It is located at Friedrichstraße train station and was used by the GDR (DDR in German) dictatorship as a border crossing between East and West Berlin. At this location, guards forced many people to leave their families and friends in tears as they were denied any access to the border. Today, this free museum is used as a reminder of the great separation of Germany and all the tears that were shed in connection with it. It’s one of the best Cold War attractions in Berlin. You can walk there from Brandenburg Gate in about 10 minutes, or it’s one stop on the Sbahn. Check out my full guide to visiting the Palace of Tears Museum. Brandenburg Gate FAQs Here are some frequently asked questions about visiting Brandenburger Tor in Berlin. What can you do at the Brandenburg Gate? Berlin Brandenburg Gate is an important monument, but there isn’t a lot to do here. Yes, it’s definitely worth seeing and taking some pictures of it, and you can read some of the placards with historical info about the gate and square, but you’re unlikely to be here for more than a few minutes. When was the Brandenburg Gate built? Brandenburger Tor was constructed from 1788-1791, which means today it is more than 230 years old. Why was the Brandenburg Gate built? In the 1700s, Berlin was a much smaller city than it is today. Brandenburg Gate was built at the western edge of Berlin and marked one of the entrances to the city. The original gate was a simple wooden structure built in 1734, but it was replaced with a more ornate one in 1788-91. It was one of 14 city gates built to control the movement of goods and to levy taxes on goods coming into the city. How tall/big is Brandenburg Gate? Brandenburger Tor is 85.3 feet tall, 214.9 feet long, and 36 feet deep. For those of you more familiar with metric measurements, that’s 26 meters tall, 65.5 meters long, and 11 meters deep. What is the statue on top of the Brandenburg Gate? That distinct statue on top of Brandenburger Tor is the Quadriga statue. This is a chariot being pulled by horses, and it was added to the top in 1793, a few years after the gate was completed. Who built Brandenburg Gate? Brandenburger Tor was designed by Carl Gotthard Langhans, and its design was inspired by the entrance to the Acropolis in Athens. The Quadriga statue was designed by Johann Gottfried Schadow and added a few years later. Was the Brandenburg Gate in East or West Berlin? When Berlin was divided, Brandenburger Tor was in the East, but only barely. The border ran just a few meters west of the gate. Is the Brandenburg Gate part of the Berlin Wall? No, Brandenburger Tor is not part of the Berlin Wall. It is located very close to the former border between East and West Berlin, and when the Wall was built, the inner and outer walls went around the gate, isolating it from both sides. What is the name of the famous street that runs through the Brandenburg Gate? The famous street that runs through Brandenburger Tor is Unter den Linden. It stretches from Brandenburg Gate to Museum Island. Why is the Brandenburg Gate important? Brandenburg Gate holds a lot of historical significance since it was one of the entrances to the city. During the Cold War, it sat just east of the divide between East and West. And since it was blocked from both sides by the Berlin Wall, it came to symbolize the division between the two sides during that time period. Berlin Travel Resources
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Berlin Half Marathon Guide: Tips for a Half Marathon Trip to Berlin (2024)
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[ "Ali Garland, Berlin expert & long term resident", "Ali Garland" ]
2023-09-18T12:46:02+00:00
This Berlin Half Marathon guide tells you everything you need to know for a trip to Berlin for the Half Marathon in April. Includes the Expo, transport and more.
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Berlin Travel Tips
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The Generali Berlin Half Marathon is a great half marathon that is famous for being a fast race. The flat route means many runners make good times here, and runner often break personal records at the Half Marathon in Berlin. So if you’re coming here to run, you’ve made a good choice. You probably have some questions as you prepare for your trip, and I’ve put together lots of information to help you travel to Berlin for the Half Marathon, this year on April 7, 2024. To be clear, I am not a runner. Unless you count an occasional 10 second sprint to catch a tram or an equally quick but sillier jaunt with my yorkie. So I can’t help you with prepping for the actual running part of your Berlin Half Marathon trip. But the Berlin part? I’ve been living here since 2015, so yeah, I can help with that. Berlin is a fantastic city, and I’m hoping you enjoy your time here before and after the race. Let’s take a look at some helpful tips to get you ready and make the most of what Berlin has to offer. Berlin Half Marathon Hotels Berlin is well connected by public transportation, so you really could stay anywhere and easily reach the starting line of the Half Marathon. But you might want to stay a little closer to reduce your race day stress. The Half Marathon starts on Str. des 17. Juni a little east of the Victory Column and ends after crossing through Brandenburger Tor, not far from the starting point. Str. des 17. Juni is a major road that runs through Tiergarten Park, so there aren’t any buildings right there. But there are plenty of hotel options within a 15-20 minute walk or a couple of stops on transport. Are you looking for info about the Marathon in September? Check out my guide to Berlin for Marathon visitors. How to get from Berlin Airport to the city center If you’re flying to Berlin for the Half Marathon, you’ll need to know how to get from the Brandenburg Berlin Airport into the center of the city to reach your hotel. Luckily this is a reasonably easy thing to do. I have a full article about how to get from Berlin Airport into the city in case you want more details, but here is the short version. Public transportation There are several trains that run from the airport into Berlin city center. The most well known choice is the FEX train, which means Flughafen Express. This is the airport express train, a regional train that goes from the airport to Ostkreuz to Gesundbrunnen to Berlin Hbf (central train station) and in the reverse order going back to the airport. There are also a few other regional trains and Sbahn lines. The Sbahn will take longer than the FEX train, but it still might be a good choice depending on exactly where you’re going and the timing. The easiest thing to do if you want to use public transport in Berlin is download one of the transport apps (BVG Fahrinfo, VBB Bus & Bahn, or even the DB Navigator app (Deutsche Bahn) will work) and put in Flughafen BER as your starting point. For your destination, you can either put in the closest station/stop to where you’re staying, or you can put in the actual street address of your hotel. The airport is in zone C, so you will need a ticket that covers zones ABC to get from the airport into central Berlin. Who is this option good for? Anyone who is comfortable using public transportation, or at least comfortable trying it even if it’s your first time Budget travelers Travelers looking for the most sustainable/environmentally friendly option Taxi/Uber/FreeNow You can get a taxi at the airport, or you can use Uber, or a local app similar to Uber called FreeNow. Friends have told me that, depending on where they’re going, Uber or FreeNow can cost the same or less than a taxi. Usually it’ll be anywhere from 50 to 80 euros. Who is this option good for? If you’re nervous about public transport If you have a lot of luggage If you know you’ll have data on your phone to use the apps Getting around in Berlin As I mentioned before, Berlin has a good public transportation system with a network of Ubahns (mostly underground), Sbahns (mostly above ground), trams, and buses. And technically there are a few ferries, but you’re unlikely to see those. So whether you’re sightseeing before or after the half marathon, or you’re trying to get from your hotel to the start of the race, public transport is your best option. Download the BVG Fahrinfo app or the VBB Bus & Bahn app (they’re very similar) and you can get routes for anywhere in the city. If you’re traveling from outside the EU, you should get a SIM card or eSIM to be able to easily use the transport app, among other things, while you’re here exploring Berlin. Free transport for Half Marathon runners Half Marathon participants get free transport from 5am to 7pm on race day. According to the website, your race/bib number is your transport ticket, and it’s valid for zones AB. So if you have a flight out that day in the afternoon, this will NOT get you to the airport. Don’t ride without a valid ticket because ticket checkers do come by occasionally, and the fines are 60 euros. They are especially notorious for checking on the way to the airport. Don’t worry, I’ll explain more about tickets for getting around in Berlin next. Info about transport tickets I mentioned earlier that you need a ticket for zones ABC to get from the airport into the city. Most of where you’ll go in Berlin is in zone A, and some things are in zone B. Zone C is technically outside the city limits, and it includes the airport, Potsdam, and Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp, to name a few. A 24 hour ticket is probably your best option since it allows you to use the transport system as many times as you want within a 24 hour period. Currently a 24 hour ticket for one person is 9.90 euros for zones AB. Another perk of the 24 hour ticket is if you’re traveling with kids to Berlin. This ticket covers one adult PLUS up to three kids aged 6-14. Any kids 5 or younger travel free and don’t even count towards that total. Anyone 15 and up counts as an adult and needs their own ticket. If you’re staying in Berlin for more than 4 days, the 7 day ticket is your best choice. It costs 41.50 euros for one person for zones AB. Unfortunately the 7 day ticket doesn’t cover kids the way the 24 hour ticket does. It covers up to three kids aged 6-14 ONLY from 8pm to 3am on weekdays, or all day on Saturdays and Sundays. And always validate your ticket at one of the machines on the Sbahn or Ubahn platforms, or on board a tram or bus. If you’re using a 24 hour ticket or 7 day ticket, you validate it on the first use. Read more about using Berlin’s public transport. Berlin Half Marathon Expo Information The Expo is where you go to pick up your race kit, so this is an important part of your Berlin Half Marathon trip. You will need your race start card and ID to pick up your race kit. The Expo takes place at Tempelhof, a former airport that’s now one of Berlin’s favorite parks. The airport building is still there, and this is where you’ll find the Expo. Address: Platz der Luftbrücke 5, 12101 Berlin You should be able to enter through the airport building from the street side. But some of the event is held outside the airport building, on the park side. If for some reason the airport building isn’t open, walk south from Platz der Luftbrücke along Tempelhofer Damm until you see where you can veer off to the left to get behind the building and into the park. It is highly recommended that you use public transport because there’s no parking. The closest station is U Platz der Luftbrücke where you can get the U6 line. The U6 Ubahn line has stops at Friedrichstrasse, Unter den Linden, Stadtmitte, and Kochstrasse (Checkpoint Charlie), among others. If you’re coming by Sbahn, you can take the Ringbahn (line S41 or S42) to the Tempelhof station and walk north about 10 minutes. Or you can switch to the U6 and go north two stops to Platz der Luftbrücke. The Expo runs at the following times ahead of race day: Friday April 5, 2024, 11:00 am – 8:00 pm Saturday April 6, 2024, 9:00 am – 6:30 pm I definitely recommend spending some time exploring the park either before or after you go to the Expo. It’s a really wonderful park that still has the runway, there are fenced dog run areas, picnic areas, bird protection zones, community gardens, and more. Tempelhof also runs interesting tours of the airport. Their website says tours don’t run when special events are going on, but I recently took the tour, and the guide did tell me they still run the tours on expo days. It was a really good tour, so book well in advance if it interests you. Groceries, running supplies, and any other pre-race needs If you’ve decided to stay in an apartment or a hotel with a kitchenette, you will need to pick up some groceries. Even if you plan on eating out a lot, you might still want to go buy some bananas or other food. Here are the common grocery stores you’ll find in Berlin: Rewe, Edeka, Kaufland: Mid range grocery stores Lidl, Penny, Aldi, Netto: Budget grocery stores Denn’s BioMarkt, Bio Company, Alnatura: Organic grocery stores (bio means organic in German) If you need shampoo, vaseline, contact solution, or anything else you’d get at a drug store at home, look for DM or Rossmann. They have things like toiletries, makeup, hair products, bandaids, and more. But they do not sell over-the-counter medicine. If you need medicine, like Tylenol or Advil, you’ll need to go to a pharmacy, or Apotheke in German. The Tylenol equivalent is Paracetomol, and the Advil equivalent is Ibuprofen. I highly recommend bringing some from home since the German versions will be more expensive and come in smaller quantities. For any athletic gear you might have accidentally forgotten, Decathlon is a good sporting goods store. There’s one near Alexanderplatz. Any other kinds of stores you might need while you’re in Berlin for the Half Marathon? Let me know, and I’ll add some suggestions here. How to get to the Berlin Half Marathon start The start/end of the Half Marathon in Berlin is along Str. des 17. Juni. between Brandenburger Tor and Victory Column. You can see the full restricted area on the official map here, which labels all the important things like bathrooms, first aid, clothing/bag drop off, and more. The closest stations to the entrance are Bundesplatz on the U5 and Brandenburger Tor on the U5 and S1, S2, S25, and S26. It’s also easy to reach from Berlin Hbf, Friedrichstrasse, and Potsdamer Platz. There is no parking, so please use public transportation to get to the start zone. Remember that your bib works as your transport ticket from 5am to 7pm on race day. Berlin Half Marathon route: Sights you’ll see on the course Obviously I hope the Half Marathon route isn’t the only sightseeing you do while you’re here, but it is pretty cool to run past some famous Berlin landmarks. Mitte Before the start of the race, in and around the restricted area, you will easily see the Reichstag Building and Brandenburger Tor. If you are walking from Potsdamer Platz, you will also pass the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. And almost the entire restricted area is in Tiergarten Park. Shortly after you start running, you will reach the Victory Column. If you have time during your trip, and you think your legs can handle it, climb the 285 stairs here for one of the best views of Berlin. As you leave Tiergarten, you’ll see Charlottenburger Tor at about the 2km marker. This was the gate towards Charlottenburg Palace. Often you’ll hear that Brandenburger Tor is the only remaining city gate in Berlin, so this might be a bit confusing. But you have to remember that Brandenburger Tor marked the western edge of the city. Tiergarten, Charlottenburger Tor, and Schloss Charlottenburg were outside the city limits. Charlottenburg Now you’re running in the Charlottenburg district. Just past kilometer marker 4, you’ll pass Charlottenburg Palace, one of the best castles in Berlin. It was built in a Baroque style in 1695 as a summer palace for Sophie Charlotte (Queen Consort of Prussia at the time) and has gorgeous gardens and a large park surrounding it. For several kilometers, you will run through some lovely streets in Charlottenburg and pass by a small lake called Lietzensee. Around kilometer marker 9, you will turn onto Kurfürstendamm, the most famous shopping street in Berlin. A little after kilometer marker 11, you’ll pass Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church. This church was heavily damaged in World War II, and instead of repairing it, the church was left in partial ruins as a reminder of the destruction of war. Shortly after the church, you’ll pass KaDeWe, a famous department store that’s the largest in Europe after Harrod’s in London. Schöneberg and Mitte You’ll run through Schöneberg for about a kilometer or so, through Nollendorfplatz, which is considered Berlin’s gay district. Halfway between kilometers 13 and 14, you’ll turn north (left) and head back into Mitte, reaching Potsdamer Platz by kilometer 15. Around kilometer 19, you’ll pass Gendarmenmarkt. This is usually one of the prettiest squares in Berlin, but unfortunately it is under construction until late 2024/early 2025. From there, you will make your way to Unter den Linden and quickly reach the finish line just past Brandenburg Gate. Sightseeing before and after the Half Marathon in Berlin You’ll get to see a few of Berlin’s attraction while you’re running, plus some non-touristy neighborhoods. But there are a lot of important attractions you won’t see on the race. Here are a few things you should really make time for before or after the half marathon. And if you want to go beyond the major tourist sites, check out these hidden gems in Berlin. Also, runners in past years have mentioned that taking a Berlin hop on hop off tour the day before the half marathon was a good way to see some of the major sights while resting their feet. Cherry blossoms Berlin actually has lots of places to see cherry blossoms, and early April is usually a good time to find some of them. Many of them are located along the former border between East and West, and one of the best places to look is near the north end of Mauerpark along Schwedter Strasse, as pictured above. Check out where to see cherry blossoms in Berlin, including a map. Berlin Wall Memorial at Bernauer Strasse The Bernauer Strasse Wall Memorial is my favorite place for learning about the Berlin Wall and how it affected people and communities. The Wall split one side of this street from the other, and eventually displaced a church and even a cemetery. Most of this memorial is outdoors with markers on the ground that show you where escape tunnels were, info placards to teach you about the Wall, and more. You’ll see a few remaining pieces of the Berlin Wall, and there’s a building about halfway through that you can go into, and a few levels up is a viewing platform that looks into the former death strip. The visitors center shows two short films about the Wall, alternating times for German and English. They get me all teared up every time I watch them. I highly recommend making time for the Bernauer Strasse Wall Memorial. Berliner Unterwelten tours Another great way to learn about Berlin is by taking a tour with the Berliner Unterwelten organization. They have World War II era and Cold War era focused tours that are very interesting and take you underground (Unterwelten means underground). Depending on which tour you take, you could see old bunkers, escape tunnels that went under the Berlin, and more. I’ve taken the “Under the Berlin Wall” tour and it was excellent. East Side Gallery The East Side Gallery is one of the most famous sights in Berlin, and it’s also worth seeing while you’re here. This is considered the largest outdoor art gallery in the world. You’ll see lots of different pieces of art painted on the Berlin Wall along the Spree River, some original, some replicas, some newer pieces. TV Tower One of the most famous sites in the city, the Berlin TV Tower, or Fernsehturm in German, can be seen from almost anywhere in Berlin. It’s 368 meters (1,207 feet) tall, is one of the tallest structures in Germany and the European Union, and was inaugurated on October 3, 1969. Built by the Soviets, it was originally supposed to represent the strength of communist East Germany. Today it is a symbol of the reunification of Germany and a symbol of Berlin itself. The TV Tower is a great spot for views of Berlin since it’s so tall. You can take the elevator to the viewing platform at about 200 meters high for 360 degree views of the city. There’s also a revolving restaurant on a different level where you can enjoy a nice meal while admiring the views. Berliner Dom The Berlin Cathedral, or Berliner Dom in German, is a gorgeous protestant church in Mitte that you shouldn’t miss. It’s located on Museum Island, and you can take a tour (for a fee) and even climb 270 stairs to the top for amazing views of Berlin. Museum Island Museum Island is a UNESCO designated collection of five world class museums. These museums are Pergamonmuseum, Altes Museum, Alte Nationalgalerie, Bode Museum, and Neues Museum. The Pergamon Museum is the most famous one, and unfortunately as of mid October 2023, it is closed for several years for renovations. But the others are still open and offer an excellent experience. Topography of Terror The Topography of Terror Museum sits on the grounds of the former headquarters of the Gestapo and the SS between 1933 and 1945. This is where they organized the persecution and killings of Nazi opponents, and where they coordinated the genocide of Jews, Roma, and Sinti. Today it’s a powerful museum with an indoor and outdoor section where you can learn about the events that led up to the Holocaust and WWII, the War itself, and the aftermath. It’s definitely one of the best World War II sites in Berlin. Where to eat in Berlin Berlin has lots of great food, so you won’t go hungry here. It’s an international city with almost every type of cuisine you could imagine. Are you a celiac? Pick up one of these super detailed gluten free restaurant cards that you can show to restaurants in Berlin and Germany to help you eat safely during your trip. They’re written by a celiac and translated by native German speakers. One of my favorite German restaurants here is a place that specializes in Schnitzel, called Schnitzelei. They are usually booked up well in advance, so make reservations early. They have three locations, but the one in Mitte is most central. Location: Novalisstraße 11, 10115 Berlin Mitte Another good choice is Schwarzwaldstube, a restaurant specializing in German food from the Black Forest. They have Schnitzel, but also Maultaschen, Flammkuchen, Spätzle, and a few other things. Spätzle might not be your traditional meal for the day before a race, but it is German style fresh pasta, usually with cheese on it. Location: Tucholskystraße 48, 10117 Berlin Mitte For currywurst, I recommend Curry 61. This is close to Hackescher Markt. Location: Oranienburger Str. 6, 10178 Berlin Mitte For Döner Kebap, Mustafa’s Gemüse Kebap in Kreuzberg is the most famous. But I’m not sure it’s worth the crazy line. You could easily wait over an hour in line for this place, and most locals agree it’s all hype. Instead I recommend trying the similarly named (and possibly connected, but I’m not sure) Mustafa’s Gemüse Kebap either here or here. For more recommendations, check out my list of German restaurants in Berlin if you’re interested in trying some German food while you’re here. Mitte is the central district in Berlin, where you’ll find many of the major sights in the city. You’ll probably spend a good amount of time here, so I’ve put together a list of the best restaurants in Mitte Berlin, including German food, non-German food, cafes, bars, and more. If you’re spending some time in the Friedrichshain district, that’s where I live, so I eat out there more than anywhere else. I have a guide for where to eat in Friedrichshain that has lots of suggestions. Like this wonderful ramen place, in case you want another option for carb loading the night before the race. Those three blog posts have more restaurants than you could eat at in one trip, so you’ll have lots of choices. I know a lot of runners tend to like pasta for a pre-race meal. There’s an organization called True Italian that puts on a variety of events each year (Ice Cream Week, Pizza Week, etc.) and I trust their recommendations for Italian food. Their Pasta Week isn’t until November, but you can look at their list of pasta restaurants here and get some great suggestions. Other good places to eat are Magic John’s Pizza for quick and delicious NY style and Detroit style pizza, and KYO Grill for tasty Japanese skewers. And if you’re looking for someplace to drink, there are lots of rooftop bars in Berlin with fantastic views, and Berlin craft beer pubs. April is usually too early for Berlin beer gardens, but if it happens to be a warmer than usual spring, they might open a little early. More helpful things to know before coming to Berlin for the Half Marathon Here are some more tips, tricks, and frequently asked questions to help you with your trip to Berlin for the Half Marathon. What to pack for April in Berlin Spring in Berlin usually means mild weather, but early April can sometimes be cold. Chances are it won’t be hot for race day, but it might be chilly depending on how much winter in Berlin is still hanging on. April can also be rainy, so be prepared with some rain gear just in case. Average highs are in the mid 50s F (about 13C) and average lows are around 40F (about 4C). But of course, always check the forecast before you leave for your trip. Check out my spring Berlin packing list to make sure you haven’t forgotten anything, and be sure to include your running specific gear. Are you traveling from outside of Europe? Visitors from non European countries, like the US and many others, will need a plug adapter for Germany. This is because Germany and most of mainland Europe have a different plug style than North America, the UK, and many other parts of the world. And if you plan on buying souvenirs from Berlin, make sure you leave some space in your bag when you’re packing. How does tipping work in restaurants in Berlin? If you’re coming from the US, you’re used to tipping 15-20% as a standard practice when you eat out at a restaurant. In Berlin and the rest of Germany, servers are paid at least minimum wage and they have normal benefits. Tipping is not mandatory, and you certainly don’t need to tip 15-20%, but you probably should still leave a tip. Even though servers aren’t relying on tips to survive the way they do in the US, tips are still appreciated. Especially with all of the different things that have hit the economy in recent years – pandemic and inflation to name a few – it’s becoming more and more expected to give some amount of tip. We generally round up. So if our bill is 27 euros, we’ll round up to 30 euros. A good rule is to leave a few extra euros or about 10%. But don’t leave money on the table. When your server brings you the bill, tell them the amount you want to pay. Again, if it’s 27 euros, tell them “make it 30” and they will charge you 30. If paying by cash, they’ll give you the appropriate change. You can read more about tipping in Berlin for more details. Can you pay with credit cards? Or do you need cash? This is another thing that throws people off when they come to Germany. In general, Germany is much more cash based than other countries, despite how modern it is in many other ways. Things have been changing over the last few years, and it’s more and more common to be able to pay by card or tap and pay with an app on your phone. BUT you never know when you’ll run into a place that only accepts cash, or they might only accept cash or local bank cards. If you’re coming from outside of Germany, you won’t have this type of card, so you’ll need to have cash. Public toilets that charge usually require coins. Some stalls at fresh markets and flea markets only take cash, though even that is getting better. And then there are some places that take cards, but they might have a minimum of 5 or 10 or even 15 euros. So my advice is to go to an ATM when you arrive, take out 50 or 100 euros, and use it for something small to break it down into smaller bills and coins. Then you’ll have a little cash just in case you need it. If your trip is coming to an end and you still have cash, just start paying for a few things with cash instead of your card to work through it. Can you order tap water in restaurants? This is an annoying thing if you’re coming from almost anywhere else, but restaurants here almost never give you free tap water. The tap water is safe in Berlin and Germany, but Germans mostly like to drink fizzy water. If you order water, they will bring you a bottle, which you have to pay for, and the default is fizzy, so ask for still if you don’t like the bubbles. If I’m ordering something else to drink, especially alcohol, I will sometimes ask for tap water. Most places will bring it, but I have been told “we don’t have it” which is obviously ridiculous, but that’s just how it is. I would never ask for tap water as my only beverage. Are you traveling to other parts of Germany or beyond? Berlin is a fantastic city with great food, loads of history, and so many things to do. I really hope you have several days here to really enjoy the city before or after the Half Marathon. But if you’re planning on traveling to other parts of Germany, you won’t regret it. I have suggested itineraries, day trips, and weekend trips you can take to explore more of the country: 1 Week in Germany Itinerary: Berlin and Munich How to Get From Berlin to Munich by Train and Bus How to Get from Munich to Berlin by Train and Bus 1 Week in Germany Itinerary: Berlin and East Germany 17 Fun Weekend Trips From Berlin 29 Fun Day Trips From Berlin And since Prague is also a popular destination to add onto a trip to Berlin, here’s how to get from Berlin to Prague or how to get from Prague to Berlin. What else would you like to know to help you prepare for your Berlin Half Marathon trip? Let me know in the comments so I can continue to improve this article. Berlin Travel Resources
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Berlin: December ‘18
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2019-06-08T14:06:11+00:00
A main drawing point for us travelling to Berlin was the Christmas markets. We intentionally chose to visit Germany at this time of year to overindulge on bratwurst, German beer and... (read more)
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Whichicao
https://whichicao.com/berlin-december-18/
A main drawing point for us travelling to Berlin was the Christmas markets. We intentionally chose to visit Germany at this time of year to overindulge on bratwurst, German beer and other delicacies. We travelled by train from the airport until we reached a connecting station, we stopped for food in a restaurant near the train station, and then travelled via underground to the street our hotel was on; Oranienburger Straße – a trendy district with quite a few tourists. We reached MEININGER hotel and dropped our stuff off before going exploring. We walked and walked looking for a bar, and the first we came across was an Irish bar – this was unintentional for once. Murphy’s Irish Bar was a quirky stereotypical Irish bar right on the River. After a few drinks here, we returned to Oranienburger Straße and went to Generator, right next to our hotel which was a bar/hostel with a more lively vibe, with mellow techno playing – I now knew for sure I was in Berlin. (TIP: Generator have hostels throughout Europe, and if you download their app you get discounted food/drinks) The following morning was jam packed with tourist sites, by half 11 we had visited the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, Brandenburg Gate, the Reichstag and went up the TV Tower, and came back down. If you walk through the Brandenburg Gate, the Memorial to the Murdered Jews is about a 3 minute walk to the left – and if you walk to the right after passing through the Reichstag is about 5 minutes to the right. We tried to squeeze in a visit to Madame Tussaud’s as it appeared to be nearby on the map – however we could not locate it, and with the temperature close to freezing point we thought that we were best heading indoors for a bit. The TV Tower was calling us. We reached the top of the TV Tower (or Fernsehturm) and had a quick drink before bracing the cold and exploring the Christmas market below. Or more accurately, 2 Christmas markets. There were Christmas markets either side of the Fernsehturm, with a mixture of stands serving bratwursts, cheese, pretzels, mulled wine, souvenirs etc. The bulk of this day was spent zipping back and forward either side of Alexanderplatz at both Christmas markets. We ventured to Museum Island for a walk to check out the cathedral, and stumbled across a cool park with a statue to Karl Mark and Friedrich Engles – and as a Sociology graduate, I was star struck. That evening we decided to check out Gendarmenmarkt, another Christmas market that wasn’t too far from our Hotel. Located at Berlin concert House, it was a far more affluent market. You had to pay inside and the whole market was walled off from outsiders, plus armed police patrolling the crowd. Though apart from a beer tent offering different beers, the markets tended to have the same/similar items for sale at each market. I guess our entrance fee just paid for the security. After this we decided to embark on a pub crawl. KASCHK and Mikkeller were both recommended to us by a friend who’s big into his craft beers, and both were located relatively close to one another, so we decided to pub crawl around there. Both craft bars were nice, but KASCHK probably edged it for me, however, it was nice seeing Berlin play to my Sociological roots with some pro-Marx graffiti in the toilets of Mikkeller. The following day we headed a bit further from the city centre and visited the market at Gedächtniskirche, which was the scene of a terrorist attack in 2016. This market had little to no security presence although it was surrounded by bollards to prevent a similar attack to what happened in 2016. It was also the spot where we first tried potato pancakes (simply delicious), but it was hard to take our minds off anything but the attack which previously occurred on site. There has been a memorial added on site to honour the victims of said atrocity. We slowly ventured back into the city centre from here stopping in a café and spent more time at another Christmas market in Potsdamer Platz – this one was a bit more upbeat featuring a winter slide; and being the children we are – we simply had to try it out! After experiencing 5 different Christmas markets, in our 3 days, and (most of) the main sites – our stay in Germany’s capital was over – and the next day we were to venture to its’ second largest city: Hamburg. Berlin was a great vibrant city to visit. Very metropolitan, but also charming and welcoming. I was in my element reviewing swall, and the sights are all easily accessible. The Berlin Wall was an unintended omission from our sightseeing and I wish I could have sampled one of Berlin’s famous techno nightclubs – but I can always return (and intend to catch a football match as well when I do). If you were particularly interested in the parts about the risk of terrorism at Christmas markets – I discuss this more in this piece.
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Berlin City Centre - E-Bike and Bike tour
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2018-11-23T15:47:00+01:00
Berlin Mitte. Our Berlin City Bike Tour & E-Bike Tour takes you to the Berlin highlights. This bike tour is perfect for new Berliners & absolute Berlin fans to experience the city. Passing the Reichstag, the Brandenburg Gate, Gendarmenmarkt, Berlin Cathedral and much more. BBT Sightseeing
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https://www.berlinbiketour.eu/en/touren/berlin-top-10-rad-e-bike-tour.html
Apart from our Berlin Wall bike tour this excursion is popular, especially among guests who visit Berlin for the first time. It starts from a history-charged spot (Bornholmer Straße), where the first Berliners from East and West jubilantly fell into each others arms on the day the Wall came down. We move on bike lanes and side roads to Brandenburg Gate and back, past the greatest sights in the core of Berlin as well as lesser-known but intriguing places. One stop is on Oranienburger Straße, nowadays one of the hottest party miles. Magnificent historic buildings dominate this street, i.e. the former Imperial Post Office and the New Synagogue which has an exciting history. A stone’s throw from there you find Friedrichstadt Palace, the variety theatre with the world’s largest stage. Its unique mix of traditional revue and modern show elements delights the young and old alike. Opposite the Berlin Main Train Station, number-one railway hub of the capital, lies a large branch of the Charité. Originally planned as a hospital in anticipation of the plague more than 300 years ago, it was then used as a military hospital. More and more medical disciplins were established here. Students from Humboldt University collaborated with physicians and scientists who worked at the Charité and who were ahead of their time. The combination of research and therapy made this institute successful. Europe’s largest university hospital in the 19th century, the “Charité“ still is one of the most popular clinics in Germany. The governmental quarter nearby represents modern local architecture. Past the “Ribbon of Governance“ with the German Chancellery, we cycle to the Reichstag building (Lower House of the German parliament). Simply THE emblem of Berlin, Brandenburg Gate, is the actual destination of our little trip. Numerous contemporary and historic examples of architecture line the path of our return, among them the Holocaust Memorial, inaugurated in 2005. Potsdam Square, a state-of-the-art entertainment ensemble, competes with the elegant “classicist“ square called Gendarmenmarkt. The Forum Fridericianum (called August Bebel Square today) arranged by Frederick II of Prussia as a symbol of tolerance, became a symbol of barbarism, when Hitler‘s Nazis had their infamous “Burning of the books“ there in 1933. We pass the “Cradle of the city“ (Nicolai Quarter), Red City Hall, Neptune Fountain, the TV tower and St. Mary’s Church, before we reach Alexanderplatz (Alexander Square). From there we return directly to our base. Eventually, after all that, you can be certain to have seen a lot of Berlin’s gems, heard relevant stories and done something good for your health.
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https://santorinidave.com/best-places-berlin
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WHERE TO STAY in BERLIN
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The 8 Best Areas To Stay in Berlin - The best neighborhoods, districts, hotels, and places to stay for travelers visiting Berlin, Germany.
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Santorini Dave
https://santorinidave.com/best-places-berlin
SD › Best Places to Stay in Berlin Updated: August 18, 2023 By Santorini Dave Our Favorite Hotels in Berlin • 5-Star: Adlon Kempinski • 4-Star: Wil7 • 3-Star: Grimm’s • For Families: Hollywood Media • For Couples: Mandala • Hotel Pool: Oderberger • Near Airport: Steigenberger • Train Station: Motel One The Best Areas to Stay in Berlin Best Hotels in Berlin Best Hotels for Families in Berlin Berlin Hotel & Neighborhood Map There is perhaps no other city in Europe whose recent history is so brutal and so famous as Berlin’s, and widespread knowledge of World War II and Cold War history makes a trip to Berlin, for most, a fascinating and moving experience. But while there are plenty of memorials to be found here, the city is far from stuck in its past. Modern Berlin is a vibrant, exciting, and international city that explodes with art, activism, and bonhomie. Even so, the best place to start is with those must-see historical sights, both because they truly are breathtaking and because most of them are found in Berlin-Mitte, the metaphorical and geographical heart of the city. Literally meaning ‘middle’, this area is packed with so many famous attractions that it’s helpful to split it up into west (Unter den Linden), central, east (Museumsinsel to Alexanderplatz), south (Potsdamer Platz and around), and north (Spandauer Vorstadt) section. Berlin Neighborhoods In West Mitte, the grand Unter den Linden boulevard runs through the center of Berlin and boasts the Reichstag (German Parliament) and the iconic Brandenburger Tor (Brandenburg Gate) at its westernmost end. Unter den Linden turns into Bundesstrasse as it heads east past Museumsinsel in Central Mitte (Museum Island, home to five world-class museums and the Berliner Dom cathedral) and into East Mitte, passing the DDR Museum, Nikolaiviertel (the medieval center of Berlin), the Fernsehturm (TV Tower) and, finally, the sweeping Alexanderplatz. To grasp the vibe of Southern Mitte, head to Potsdamer Platz, whose glittering glass skyscrapers and modern architecture are a heartening symbol of the city’s resilience (the area was totally destroyed in the war and left like a wasteland for decades). Culture lovers will want to visit the Kulturforum, home to the Philharmonie concert hall and the Gemäldegalerie, one of the best collections of European art in the world. In North Mitte, just past Alexanderplatz and Museumsinsel, is the neighborhood known as Spandauer Vorstadt – or sometimes Hackescher Markt, after its best shopping area. Spandauer Vorstadt includes the former Jewish quarter; the Neue Synagoge (New Synagogue) and its magnificent gilded dome stand testament to the period when a burgeoning Jewish population made an enormous contribution to the fabric of Berlin life. The area is also known for its many Höfe (courtyards), which are filled with independent boutiques and dining options. Prenzlauer Berg lies just to the north of Mitte, and, while it has its own attractions like the Kulturbrauerei and the Mauerpark (where the city’s favorite flea market is held every Sunday), it is similar to Hackescher Markt in that there are endless independent stores, restaurants, cafes, and bars to explore, and walking down almost any street in either neighborhood will feel like you are uncovering local gems. On the cusp of Prenzlauer Berg and Mitte is one of the city’s unmissable highlights, the Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer (Berlin Wall Memorial), which is less of a memorial than an outdoor museum telling the story of the Wall and its horrific repercussions. For those whose first thoughts of Berlin are not about war and division but of its epic 24-hour nightlife, street art, and general grittiness, head to Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg. These two distinct neighborhoods share a punky, alternative feel, despite the fact they were once separated by the Berlin Wall. Local highlights include the Jewish Museum and the East Side Gallery – original sections of the Berlin Wall painted with murals. Brandenburger Tor is one of the gateways into the Tiergarten, the enormous park crammed with attractions ranging from the Soviet War Memorial and iconic Siegessäule (Victory Column), to beer gardens and the Berlin Zoo; either spend a day wandering around or take the #100 bus through it, which goes past most of the highlights. West of the park is genteel Charlottenburg, once the heart of free West Berlin. Do not miss the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche (Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church), which was left in its bombed-out state to testify to the devastation of war. The church also marks the top of Kurfürstendamm, the most famous shopping street in Berlin. One of the area’s main draws is Schloss Charlottenburg (Charlottenburg Palace), whose many opulent rooms and annexes set in glorious gardens make a wonderful day trip to learn about Prussian history. Opposite the palace are three world-class art galleries, including the Surrealism heaven Sammlung Scharf-Gerstenberg. Getting Around Berlin While it’s relatively easy to explore Berlin’s historic center on foot, it’s a very big city and you’ll want to use its excellent public transport system to go further afield. BVG operates an integrated system of U-and S-Bahn train lines, buses, and trams. Single tickets start at €3 for the center, with the 24-hour ticket (€8.80) a much better value if you intend to make three trips or more. Bike, e-bike, and e-scooter rental is available through several bikeshare schemes including Tier and Next Bike, Bolt, LimeBike, and Donkey Republic. Berlin is not a bad place to ride bikes, with hundreds of miles of bike lanes and paths, and mostly flat terrain. Berlin Travel Tips Berlin Brandenburg Airport opened in 2020 in Schönefeld, 11 miles (18km) south of the city center – it’s now the sole airport serving the German capital. As the third largest airport in Germany, it’s well connected to cities all over Europe, plus offers non-stop flights to New York (Delta) and Newark (United). It’s relatively easy to get to the city by train, with frequent Airport Express (FEX) and regional S-Bahn services zipping to Potsdamer Platz, Alexanderplatz, and Berlin Hauptbahnhof (Berlin main train station) in around 30 minutes – you’ll have to change at those stations or take a taxi to get to your hotel. Taxis from the airport will cost at least €50 to the city center (on the meter). There are several tourist passes on offer for Berlin – as always, these are a good value only if you intend to do a lot of sightseeing in a short amount of time. The Berlin WelcomeCard is the official pass offered by the tourist bureau, offering free public transport and reduced-price admission to over 200 museums and sights for 2–6 days (from €24 for 2 days). If you intend to do a lot of sightseeing (8 hours a day), opt for the “All-inclusive” version (from €69 for 2 days), which gives free entry to many sights and free use of the hop-on hop-off tourist buses in addition to public transport. Free wi-fi is available at Berlin Brandenburg Airport, and at cafés, train stations, and museums through the city itself. Free wi-fi (without registration) is also supplied at more than 5,000 wireless hotspots throughout the city, primarily via “PUBLIC WIFI” and the Freifunk Berlin network (look for “berlin.freifunk.net”). You’ll find many more English speakers in cosmopolitan Berlin than in small-town Germany, but not everyone working in shops and restaurants will understand you. Try to learn a few words and numbers in German before you go. The Best Places to Stay in Berlin Best Luxury Hotels in Berlin Adlon Kempinski • Ritz-Carlton • Hotel Luc • Hotel am Steinplatz • Westin Grand Best Boutique Hotels in Berlin Adelante Boutique Hotel • Casa Camper • Garden Boutique Hotel • The Mandala • Mittendrin • Wil7 Boutique Hotel Best Cheap & Midrange Hotels in Berlin Adina Apartment Hotel • Boutique-Hotel Kerlin • Clipper Boardinghouse-Gendarmenmarkt • Grimm’s Potsdamer Platz • Hotel Q! • Hüttenpalast • Pestana Berlin Tiergarten Best Hostels in Berlin Circus Hostel • Eastern Comfort Boat Hostel • EastSeven • Hostel 199 • Minimal Hostel • Pfefferbett Hostel Best Areas in Berlin for… Best Area in Berlin for Sightseeing: Mitte Almost all the blockbuster sights are in Mitte, which covers everything from Potsdamer Platz and Checkpoint Charlie in the south to the Berlin Wall Memorial in the north, the Brandenburg Gate and the Reichstag in the west, and TV Tower and Alexanderplatz in the east. If those are not enough, there are also the Unter den Linden boulevard, and Museum Island (home to the Dom as well as the Alte National galerie, Altes Museum, Bode-Museum, Neues Museum, and the Pergamonmuseum). Just over the Karl-Liebknecht-Brücke bridge are the DDR Museum and Nikolaiviertel. And, to the north of Alexanderplatz and Museumsinsel, there’s the wonderful Hackescher Markt with its endless shopping in characterful courtyards. There are so many sights in Mitte that you could easily spend a week in this area alone, so do your research and preserve your energy by hitting only those you’re most interested in. Best Area in Berlin for Nightlife: Kreuzberg & Friedrichshain For a great night out, head to Kreuzberg or Friedrichshain, which have kept the good vibes flowing, despite the developers who are moving in threatening to put an end to the party. Berlin has many 24-hour joints, especially over the weekend, so don’t be surprised if you find yourself in what you think is a bar that suddenly turns into a nightclub, or a club that suddenly starts drawing in the brunch crowd. In Kreuzberg, one of the liveliest hubs is around Kottbusser Tor (known affectionately by locals as ‘Kotti’), especially along Dresdener Strasse, Oranienstrasse, and around Markthalle Neun, which is especially buzzing on “Streetfood Thursday” each week, when the market stays open late. Over the bridge in Friedrichshain, a good place to start is Warschauer Strasse, which is always alive with people coming and going. Down below the station, in the old train maintenance plant, is RAW-Gelände, a sprawling complex of micro-businesses (an outdoor cinema, a climbing wall, several food stalls). All around this area, especially the streets north leading to Boxhagener Platz, there are several great bars and restaurants. One of the most famous nightclubs in the world, Berghain, is in Friedrichshain, although it is notoriously tricky to get into thanks to its strict door policy. Best Areas in Berlin for Food and Restaurants: Kreuzberg, Prenzlauer Berg As a melting pot of cultures, pretty much every taste is catered for in Berlin, though it’s not known for its showy gourmet restaurants; the best spots tend to be no-frills neighborhood joints. Some of the most popular are kebab stalls like RüyamGemüse Kebab in Schöneberg and Mustafa Demir’s Gemüse Kebap in Friedrichshain, and Burgermeister Schlesisches Tor burger stand in Kreuzberg, not to mention numerous purveyors of local favorite “currywurst” (fried sausage smothered with curry powder or curry sauce). Kreuzberg is our overall favorite neighborhood for eating, especially for an incredible selection of street food: the myriad stalls inside the Markthalle Neun is the best place to start. For a splurge go to Restaurant Tim Raue, Lode & Stijn, or Nobelhart & Schmutzig; Alt Berliner Wirtshaus Henne (aka Die Henne) for traditional German dishes; and Adana Grillhaus and Izmir Köfte for delicious Turkish snacks and kebabs. Prenzlauer Berg is another good place to go, where you’ll find tons of great options on Oderberger Strasse, Kollwitzplatz, and Kastanienallee, as well as great German food at the seasonal Prater Beer Garden, Metzer Eck, and Leibhaftig (not forgetting currywurst at Konnopke’s Imbiss). Best Areas in Berlin for Families: Mitte and Charlottenburg Berlin has loads of great stuff for kids but they’ll have the best time in Mitte. They can ascend the Fernsehturm or take Europe’s fastest elevator up to the Panoramapunkt; find Legoland in the dazzling Sony Center; see the recreated section of the Berlin Wall at the Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer; learn about life in East Berlin at the interactive DDR Museum; learn about natural history at the Museum für Naturkunde; and pose for a picture at the sandbags by Checkpoint Charlie. Another child-friendly area is Charlottenburg. Not only does it border the Tiergarten, but the Berlin Zoologischer Garten (zoo) is in one corner of the park, while the nearby Bikini Berlin mall is perfect for teens. Children of all ages will be blown away by Schloss Charlottenburg’s bling and its enormous gardens. Finally, be sure to take them on the double-decker #100 bus, which goes from the zoo, right through the Tiergarten, and all around Mitte to Alexanderplatz, to see how many of the sights they can remember. Best Area in Berlin to Stay for First Timers: Mitte First-timers really should get the basics out of the way and “do” Mitte’s biggest sights: the Brandenburger Tor, the Reichstag, Museumsinsel (especially the Pergamon), and Fernsehturm/Alexanderplatz. Complete your top 5 by taking a stroll through the Tiergarten, pausing to check out the Soviet memorial and the Victory Column. If you have any time after that, the number-one sight worth traveling to is the Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer. The outdoor museum dedicated to the Berlin Wall not only has large stretches of the original wall, but it also has a full-scale recreation of its final incarnation, with its double-wall and extended buffer zone, complete with a guard tower. A great bonus to walking along the whole of the memorial is that it goes through interesting neighborhoods – the eastern end is at Mauerpark in Prenzlauer Berg, where a huge flea market is held every Sunday. Most Romantic Areas in Berlin: By the water Berlin is laced with waterways, and Berliners love to swim in summer. Whether you go for a picnic by the river, wander along a canal at sunset, or do a day trip to one of the massive lakes that are dotted all around the city – romantic waterside opportunities abound. The River Spree can feel quite overshadowed by the wonders on land, but there are some very lovely spots: try crossing over the Monbijoubrücke from the northernmost tip of Museumsinsel and strolling along the Berliner Uferpromenade in Monbijou Park; explore tiny Insel der Jugend, an island in the Spree southeast of Kreuzberg; have a drink by the Tiergarten’s biggest lake at the Café am Neuen See; or take a dip in the Badeschiff, a floating public pool in Kreuzberg. Another option would be the Böcklerpark along the Landwehr Canal, also in Kreuzberg; it’s a really popular spot with locals hoping to catch the sunset. For those with more time in Berlin and can get out of the city, a trip to one of the lakes or rivers on the city’s outskirts is a must. Try Klein-Venedig (Little Venice) on the Havel, and the adjacent Wannsee, around 45 minutes from Mitte via public transport, where you can lounge on the “beach” by the Art Deco lido, explore secluded spots in forested areas, take boat trips, and discover places to eat and drink. Best Areas in Berlin for a Local Vibe: Kreuzberg, Friedrichshain, Prenzlauer Berg The best way to understand the Berlin lifestyle is to make time to live it. Take a dip in the Badeschiff or drink a can of craft beer by the Landwehr Canal in Kreuzberg at sunset. In Friedrichshain, walk the whole of Karl Marx Allee to see how the former Communist grand boulevard has adapted to capitalist life, or take a gamble on getting into Berghain (even a rejection by the strict door staff will be a classic Berlin experience). Enjoy the babble of different languages spoken by the children playing in the Kollwitzplatz, or spend Sunday at the Mauerpark flea/karaoke in Prenzlauer Berg. Or, simply get a drink and sit outside a “späti” (small stores that stay open late into the night with tables outside) in any neighborhood. There are as many local vibes in Berlin as there are Berliners, so do as they do and make your own fun. Best Area in Berlin for Walking: Tiergarten The Tiergarten is big. Even if you stick to the main road through the middle and don’t stop anywhere along the way, it will take you a good 40 minutes to walk from east to west. Safest Area in Berlin Berlin is generally very safe for tourists. The biggest risk, as in most European cities, comes from pickpockets (especially in Alexanderplatz, Kurfürstendammor on the subway) or muggers, but the likelihood of either of these things happening is low ifyou aren’t flashy with your possessions and keep an eye on what’s going on around you. The 8 Best Neighborhoods in Berlin for Tourists 1. Mitte West: Unter den Linden (Dorotheenstadt & Friedrichstadt) The western part of Mitte Berlin comprises the historic Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt neighborhoods, south of the River Spree and anchored by the wide Unter den Linden boulevard – though much of the area was destroyed in World War II. Both neighborhoods were developed in the 18th century as an extension of the old town and incorporated into East Berlin during the Cold War. Today, as well as being a major shopping destination, it’s the home of many government ministries and offices. Standing proudly at the top of Unter den Linden and at the start of the Tiergarten is the Brandenburg Gate, the iconic neoclassical monument built under the king of Prussia in the 1790s as part of the plan to make Berlin the “Athens on the Spree”. Topped with its charioteer sculpture, the gate was originally conceived as a peace monument, but its meaning was usurped twice in the 20th century: first by the Nazis as a symbol of their power, and later as a symbol of freedom when the Berlin Wall was torn down in 1989. One block north is the 19th-century Reichstag Building (the seat of the German Parliament). Since the 1999 addition of Norman Foster’s inspiring rotunda, which allows the public to oversee the politicians at work in the main chamber below, the Reichstag has become one of the most-visited government buildings in the world. It’s free to visit, but be sure to book well ahead or risk hours in line. Two blocks south is the poignant but controversial Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe by Peter Eisenman, comprising a giant field of 2711 stone slabs and a sobering underground museum. Just to the south, in an otherwise unassuming residential estate on Gertrud-Kolmar-Strasse, an information board marks the location of the “Führerbunker”, where Hitler committed suicide in 1945 (the bunker was demolished by the Soviets). Head east and you’ll reach the Gendarmenmarkt, the old heart of Friedrichstadt and one of Germany’s most beautiful public squares with its symmetrical trio of neoclassical buildings: the Berlin Concert Hall (Konzerthaus), and the 18th-century French and German Cathedrals (the Deutscher Dom and Französischer Dom). Nearby, back on Unter den Linden, Bebelplatz is anchored by the Memorial to the 1933 Nazi Book Burning, and is surrounded by rebuilt St. Hedwig’s Cathedral, Berlin State Opera, and the buildings of historic Humboldt University. The simple but moving Neue Wache (anchored by Käthe Kollwitz’s sculpture Pietá) is a memorial to all victims of war, while the old arsenal next door contains the enlightening German Historical Museum (with extensions by Chinese American architect I.M. Pei). This area contains a smattering of generally high-quality hotels, some very exclusive, but there are several midrange boutiques, listed below. Best Hotels in Mitte West Adlon Kempinski • Hotel phone: +49 30 22610 Hapimag Gendarmenmarkt • Hotel phone: +49 30 206229440 Hotel Luc • Hotel phone: +49 30 587097710 Regent • Hotel phone: +49 30 20338 Westin Grand • Hotel phone: +49 30 20270 Best Cheap/Midrange Hotel ARCOTEL John F Berlin • Hotel phone: +49 30 4050460 Clipper Boardinghouse-Gendarmenmarkt • Hotel phone: +49 30 206370 Meliá Berlin • Hotel phone: +49 30 20607900 NH Collection Friedrichstrasse • Hotel phone: +49 30 2062660 2. Mitte Central: Museum Island (Museumsinsel) There are few cities as great for museum-goers as Berlin, mostly because so many of them are packed into a compact and easy-to-navigate area: Central Mitte’s Museumsinsel (Museum Island). This was the site of the original village of Cölln in the 12th century, which merged with Altberlin on the west bank of the Spree to form Berlin in 1710. Since the 19th century, the northern part of the island has been transformed by the creation of some of the world’s finest museums: the Alte Nationalgalerie (19th-century art), the Altes Museum (Greeks, Etruscans, Romans), the domed Bode-Museum (sculptures, coins, medals, and Byzantine art), the Neues Museum (Ancient Egyptians and prehistory, including the iconic bust of Egyptian Queen Nefertiti), and the Pergamonmuseum (Islamic and Roman architectural set pieces, including the Pergamon Altar, Market Gate of Miletus, and mind-blowing Ishtar Gate of Babylon). There are far too many other treasures to note, but needless to say, you should plan your time (or go with a guided tour) and buy tickets in advance, especially for the Pergamon. Also on the island are the Berliner Dom cathedral and the Humboldt Forum (opened in 2021), which is a reconstruction of the old Berlin Palace, demolished after World War II (it incorporates the collections of the old Ethnological Museum of Berlin and the Museum of Asian Art). Just off the island is the wacky and interactive DDR Museum about life in the former German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Only two hotels lie on the island itself, tucked away on the modern southern end (called Fischerinsel/Fisher Island), but both are pretty good; stay here for quiet nights and easy access to the museums. Note that nearby hotels west of the Spree (ARCOTEL John F Berlin) and to the east (Radisson) are just as close. Best Hotels in Museuminsel Capri By Fraser • Hotel phone: +49 30 2007701800 Novotel Berlin Mitte • Hotel phone: +49 30 206740 3. Mitte East: Alexanderplatz (Alt-Berlin) and the Nikolaiviertel Alt-Berlin (along with Cölln) was the original medieval heart of Berlin, though little now remains from that period. Today it comprises two distinct parts: the reconstructed medieval streets of Nikolaiviertel along the Spree, and the old center of East Berlin, Alexanderplatz. Named after victorious Prussian ally Russian Tsar Alexander I in 1805, this square was the hub of Berlin cultural life in the 1920s and 1930s (writer Alfred Döblin named his novel, Berlin Alexanderplatz, after it), but was completely destroyed in World War II. Rebuilt in stark Communist style by East Germany, the “Alex” is now the busiest place in Berlin and a great landmark to help orientate yourself in the city. Don’t miss the retrofuturistic World Clock (Weltzeituhr), which was lauded as mechanically brilliant when it was installed in 1969. Another unmissable example of the Cold War ideology looming over the city is the Fernsehturm (TV Tower), designed with a height of 1,207ft (368m) to show off the might of Communism to the West. These days, you can ascend for views and the restaurant any time until midnight (10pm in winter). Other sights nearby include the Rotes Rathaus, the striking red-brick City Hall of Berlin, the Neptune Fountain, and the Marienkirche (St. Mary’s Church), which is one of the oldest buildings in Berlin and home to the medieval Dance of Death fresco. Nearer Museumsinsel is the family-friendly aquarium SEA LIFE Berlin and the Marx-Engels-Forum, with its statue of socialist heroes Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Just south of the Forum lies the Nikolaiviertel settlement along the river, painstakingly rebuilt in a mix of traditional and modern styles by East Germany. Though it lacks the authenticity of other German “old towns”, it does contain some good traditional restaurants and sprinkling of absorbing sights: deconsecrated Nikolaikirche itself (now a museum), Ephraim-Palais (special art exhibitions), Knoblauchhaus, and the Zille Museum (dedicated to local artists Heinrich Zille). This small area does harbor a cluster of good-value hotels, but you’ll find more choice in adjacent Friedrichschain, Prenzlauer Berg, and the Hackescher Markt. Best Hotel in Mitte East Radisson Collection • Hotel phone: +49 30 238280 Best Cheap/Midrange Hotels B&B Hotel Alexanderplatz • Hotel phone: +49 30 234567590 Hotel Nikolai Residence • Hotel phone: +49 30 400445900 Motel One Alexanderplatz • Hotel phone: +49 30 20969780 4. Mitte North: Spandauer Vorstadt (Hackescher Markt) Spandauer Vorstadt was another 18th-century suburb that is at the heart of modern Berlin-Mitte, full of stores, bars, and restaurants – primarily around Hackescher Markt (a square and transport hub) and Oranienburger Strasse. Around here you’ll find Berlin’s famous courtyards, or “höfe”, notably the Hackesche Höfe, a labyrinth of Art Nouveau and plant-covered yards full of indie stores and cafés. Nearby, Haus Schwarzenberg is grungier, adorned with murals and graffiti and home to a couple of illuminating museums. The Museum Blindenwerkstatt Otto Weidt preserves the memory of Weidt and his factory workers who tried to defy the Nazis, and the Anne Frank Center, which chronicles the life of the iconic Amsterdam diarist. The adjacent Scheunenviertel neighborhood was once a major Jewish quarter, best evidenced today by the grand Neue Synagoge and its glittering dome, a partly rebuilt 19th-century synagogue and museum, and the old Jewish cemetery on Grosse Hamburger Strasse. Nearby are a couple of excellent art galleries: the KW Institute for Contemporary Art, and Sammlung Hoffmann, while further west is the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin’s huge natural history museum (which contains the largest mounted dinosaur in the world), and the Hamburger Bahnhof, Berlin’s cavernous contemporary art museum housed in an old train station. Hotels are scattered all over this neighborhood, offering relatively high standards in all price ranges, including some of the best hostels in Berlin. Best Hotels in Mitte North Adelante Boutique Hotel • Hotel phone: +49 30 20095060 Casa Camper • Hotel phone: +49 30 20003410 The Circus • Hotel phone: Garden Boutique Hotel • Hotel phone: +49 30 28445577 Hotel Mani • Hotel phone: +49 30 53028080 Hotel Neuer Fritz • Hotel phone: Best Cheap/Midrange Hotels Adina Apartment Hotel • Hotel phone: +49 30 2000320 ibis Berlin Hauptbahnhof • Hotel phone: +49 30 284900 Best Hostels Circus Hostel • Hotel phone: +49 30 20003939 Heart of Gold Hostel • Hotel phone: +49 30 29003300 Eastener Hostel • Hotel phone: +49 16 25730935 5. Mitte South: Potsdamer Platz & the Kulturforum The heavily regenerated Potsdamer Platz, which was left as a wasteland for decades after World War II, now has much to recommend it, including a Walk of Stars leading to the Sony Center (home to Legoland and a multiplex), the fastest elevator in Europe that goes up to the Panoramapunkt observation deck, and the Deutsche Kinemathek, a museum dedicated to German film and television. The nearby Kulturforum museum was designed in the 1960s as West Berlin’s counterpoint to Museum Island (which had been marooned in East Berlin), its large plaza containing the shimmering Philharmonie concert hall, the Gemäldegalerie (13th to 18th-century European paintings), the Neue Nationalgalerie (20th-century art), and Museum of Decorative Arts. The nearby Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand (German Resistance Memorial Center) is a poignant museum dedicated to the few Germans that tried to defy the Nazis (the courtyard was where Claus von Stauffenberg and other conspirators of the 1944 plot to kill Hitler were executed). A few blocks southwest of Potsdamer Platz is another cluster of famous sights: the Topography of Terror, an archive and exhibition dedicated to exploring the rise of Nazism on site of the former Gestapo headquarters; and Checkpoint Charlie on Friedrichstrasse, the evocative post-war gateway between the Soviet and American sectors of the city (despite becoming something of a tourist circus). There are a few excellent luxury hotels on Potsdamer Platz – rates are generally expensive in this area. Best Hotels in Mitte South The Mandala • Hotel phone: +49 30 590050000 Ritz-Carlton • Hotel phone: +49 30 337777 Wil7 Boutique Hotel • Hotel phone: +49 30 200037647 Best Cheap/Midrange Hotels Fjord Hotel • Hotel phone: +49 30 254720 Grimm’s Potsdamer Platz • Hotel phone: +49 30 2580080 B&B Potsdamer Platz • Hotel phone: +49 30 5165100 Motel One Potsdamer Platz • Hotel phone: +49 30 20670780 6. Prenzlauer Berg Another 19th-century residential suburb, Prenzlauer Berg was incorporated into East Berlin after World War II, and rapidly became its counterculture hub. Today it retains an arty side but has largely been gentrified, containing some of the city’s best bars and restaurants. Many of its elegant old buildings and cobblestoned streets actually survived the war, which adds to its charm. It’s a wonderful place to wander and soak up the scene; especially at weekends, when families come out to enjoy the stalls and cafés around Helmholtzplatz and Kollwitzplatz, and the Mauerpark flea market. Sights include the Kulturbrauerei (with a museum showcasing everyday life in East Germany), Zeiss Planetarium, the Jewish cemetery on Schönhauser Allee (where painter Max Liebermann is buried), the historic Wasserturm (water tower), and the Berlin Wall Memorial (Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer). Spanning a few blocks of Bernauer Strasse between the Nordbahnhof and Mauerpark, the latter is best described as an outdoor museum telling the story of the installation and evolution of the wall, including what day-to-day life was like for the guards, as well as the dreadful consequences citizens faced if they tried to cross over. There are many things to spot along the route – do not miss the Documentation Center at the corner of Ackerstrasse, where there’s a viewing platform that looks down on a full-scale reproduction of the wall at its most severe stage. Further north in Pankow, you can visit the culturally significant Jewish Weissensee Cemetery, packed with memorials, the baroque Prussian Schönhausen Palace, and the gargantuan Soviet War Memorial, a sobering reminder of how many Soviet soldiers died taking Nazi Berlin. Prenzlauer is home to Berlin’s best budget hostels, but there’s otherwise not a vast range of options up here – accommodation primarily comprises apartment rentals. Best Hotels in Prenzlauer Berg Linnen • Hotel phone: +49 30 47372440 Myer’s Hotel • Hotel phone: +49 30 440140 Best Cheap/Midrange Hotels Gold Palais • Hotel phone: +49 30 5156670 Hotel Oderberger • Hotel phone: +49 30 780089760 Pension Absolut • Hotel phone: +49 30 96065020 Best Hostels Hostel 199 • Hotel phone: +49 1573 0342014 Pfefferbett Hostel • Hotel phone: +49 30 93935858 EastSeven • Hotel phone: +49 173 9457235 7. Tiergarten If you’ve been to the Brandenburg Gate, you will have noticed the leafy green Tiergarten sprawling out west through its arches. From there, it might seem like a short walk to the dramatic Siegessäule Victory Column, but it will take you around 30 minutes: the Tiergarten is big. Even if you stick to the main central road and don’t stop anywhere along the way, it will take you at least 40 minutes to walk all the way from east to west, so it’s best to earmark at least 2-3 hours to explore this fabulous park. One of the best things about the park is its monuments, including the Siegessäule with its golden statue that rises above the treetops. Climb its 285 steps to get 360-degree city views. There’s also the imposing Soviet War Memorial for the soldiers of the USSR who died in the Battle of Berlin (a smaller version of the one in Pankow), as well as various memorials to minority groups persecuted by the Nazis, including one for the Sinti and Roma and another for LGBT victims. There are also grand buildings in the park, most notably Schloss Bellevue, the residence of the German president, and the striking 1957 Haus der Kulturen der Welt (House of the World’s Cultures), which hosts conferences, festivals, and other events. There’s also the Zoologischer Garten and Aquarium Berlin in the southwest corner, which kids will love. Most importantly, don’t forget to finish the day with a drink at the Café am Neuen See on the gorgeous park lake, a romantic spot beloved by Berliners. If that all sounds too exhausting for you, it might be useful to know that the #100 bus runs right through the park (from Zoologischer Garten station to Alexanderplatz), going past most of these highlights. There are no hotels in the park itself – below are the best options just to the south and to the north, but you can also stay in Charlottenburg or near the Brandenburg Gate (see Unter den Linden above), or near Potsdamer Platz for easy access. Best Hotels near Tiergarten InterContinental • Hotel phone: KPM Hotel & Residences • Hotel phone: +49 30 26020 Pullman Schweizerhof • Hotel phone: +49 30 26960 SO/Berlin Das Stue • Hotel phone: +49 30 3117220 Hotel am Steinplatz (Charlottenburg) • Hotel Phone: +49 30 5544440 Hollywood Media (Charlottenburg) • Hotel phone: +49 30 889100 Mittendrin (Charlottenburg) • Hotel phone: +49 30 23628861 Best Cheap/Midrange Hotel B&B Hotel Tiergarten • Hotel phone: +49 30 3300660 Pestana Berlin Tiergarten • Hotel phone: +49 30 311759000 Boutique-Hotel Kerlin (Charlottenburg) • Hotel phone: +49 30 8871650 Hotel Q! (Charlottenburg) • Hotel phone: +49 30 8100660 8. Friedrichshain Friedrichshain lies on the north side of the Spree, east of the old center, an independent district until it was united with Kreuzberg in 2001. This once working-class quarter has become one of Berlin’s most fashionable neighborhoods, especially known for its nightlife around Boxhagener Platz, and techno clubs like Berghain. Its biggest day-time attraction is the East Side Gallery – original sections of the Berlin Wall painted with colorful and thought-provoking murals. Street art aficionados should also swing by RAW-Gelände, a sprawling complex of micro-businesses (an outdoor cinema, a climbing wall, multiple food stalls) built in an old railway maintenance yard behind Warschauer Strasse Station. While here, be sure to grab a famous doner kebab at Mustafa Demir’s Gemüse Kebap. For more insight into the Cold-War-era mentality, stroll down Karl Marx Allee, which runs all the way back to Alexanderplatz, and marvel at the scale of the Soviet ambition for East Berlin through the Stalinist architecture. Stop at Café Sibylle for a drink amidst East German memorabilia. Hotels here tend to be clustered along the river or in the center of the district on or near Budesstrasse. Rates can be surprisingly pricey, despite the alternative vibe, though there are excellent hostels, including one on a boat. Best Hotels in Friedrichshain Hampton East Side Gallery • Hotel phone: +49 30 29381380 Indigo-East Side Gallery • Hotel phone: +49 30 29772060 STAYERY Friedrichshain • Hotel phone: +49 30 991916510 Best Cheap/Midrange Hotels Hotel 26 • Hotel phone: +49 30 2977780 Nu Wave Hotel • Hotel phone: +49 30 68811220 Best Hostel Eastern Comfort Boat Hostel • Hotel phone: +49 30 66763806 More Berlin Neighborhoods We’ve covered our favorite neighborhoods to visit and stay in more detail above, but with more time these districts are also worth checking out: Schöneberg: South of the city center, Schöneberg was once a bohemian magnet, home to Christopher Isherwood in the 1930s and David Bowie in the 1970s. Today it’s best known for the popular Winterfeldtplatz farmers’ market (Saturday 8am–4pm), a thriving LGBT scene, and vast green spaces like the Tempelhofer Feld (the old airport) and Natur Park Südgelände. On the district’s northern edge is Café Einstein Stammhaus, Berlin’s most historic café, while Rathaus Schöneberg is the town hall where President John F Kennedy gave his famous “Ich bin ein Berliner” (“I am a Berliner”) speech in 1963. The Grimm Brothers (authors of the famous fairytales) are buried (with matching monuments) in St. Matthäus Kirchhof cemetery. The best hotels in the northern end of the district (convenient for tackling the rest of the city) include Hotel Sachsenhof, Lindemann’s, and LGBT-friendly ArtHotel Connection. Neukölln: Visit this southern district to sample Berlin’s most hip bars, galleries, shops and cafés. It’s an edgy neighborhood with an artsy reputation, known for its dynamic Turkish community, eclectic restaurants, and bar scene (checkout Ratzeputz or TiER for cocktails). Highlights include the elegant Orangerie Neukölln café and the “Turkish Market” on the Maybachufer. Of the few hotels out here, Estrel Berlin is the best. Lichtenberg: History buffs will want to check out this eastern district to visit the Stasi Museum (former headquarters of East Germany’s secret police), the Hohenschönhausen Memorial, site of the notorious East German political prison, and the Friedrichsfelde Cemetery, resting place of leading German socialists Wilhelm Liebknecht and his son Karl, Rosa Luxemburg, and controversial founder of East Germany, Walter Ulbricht. The Museum Berlin-Karlshorst preserves the site of the German surrender in 1945. For families, Tierpark Berlin is the city’s primary zoo and Europe’s largest wildlife park. There’s not much benefit in staying out here, but H24 Berlin-Lichtenberg is modern and good value. Potsdam: The home of the Prussian kings and German emperors lies just over 20 minutes by train from Berlin Central Station. This leafy suburban city makes for an easy and enjoyable daytrip, with plenty to see, from the vast Schloss Sanssouci complex to the historic Babelsberg film studios and nearby Max Liebermann Villa. Top hotels here include Hotel Brandenburger Tor Potsdam, Hotel am Grossen Waisenhaus, NH Potsdam, and Zum Hofmaler. For budget stays it’s hard to beat Quartier SansSouci Hostel. There’s not much point in staying near Berlin Brandenburg Airport in the southwestern part of the city unless you have an early flight. If you do need to stay here, the best choice is the uberconvenient Steigenberger (just outside Terminals 1 & 2). Moxy Berlin Airport, a little further away, is usually a bit cheaper but very good. Intercity Hotel is more convenient for Terminal 5.
848
dbpedia
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88
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/oranienburgerstr-subway-sign-berlin-germany-gm513469387-47884850
en
iStock
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iStock. Die offizielle iStock-Website bietet Millionen exklusive, lizenzfreie Dateien. Um die perfekte Foto, Video oder Vektor finden, nach unserer Sammlung jetzt.
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848
dbpedia
1
32
https://www.amstelhouse.de/en/central-location/
en
Best Located Hostel in Berlin
https://www.amstelhouse.…erlin-hostel.jpg
https://www.amstelhouse.…erlin-hostel.jpg
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2015-02-07T08:37:08+00:00
Stay in central location at affordable prices. The Amstel House offers comfortable rooms, design and budget prices near the main sightseeing attractions.
en
https://www.amstelhouse.…/img/favicon.png
Amstel House (en)
https://www.amstelhouse.de/en/central-location/
Hauptbahnhof (Central Station) From Hauptbahnhof (Central Station): Use the Europaplatz exit. Take tram M10 in the direction of U-Turmstr. and get off after 5 stops at U-Bhf. Turmstraße and follow the footpath in the direction of travel to Bremer Straße. Turn right into Bremerstr. and than first left into Waldenserstr. The hostel will be on your left in approximately 70m. You have reached the Amstel House Hostel Berlin (walking distance from bus stop: 4-6 min). Ostbahnhof From Ostbahnhof: take the city train line S7 or S5 direction Potsdam or Westkreuz and get off at the station Zoologischer Garten (Zoo station). Take the Underground line U9 direction Osloer Str. After 2 stops get off at Underground stop Turmstr. Use the exit near top/ head of the train. Turn right. Keep following the sidewalk of Turmstr. for 3 blocks going in church’s direction. Turn right into Bremerstr. then first left into Waldenserstr. The hostel will be on your left in approximately 70m. You have reached the Amstel House Hostel Berlin (walking distance from underground stop: 4-6 min). from western Germany/ Hannover via A 2 Join the A2 direction Berlin. Exit the A 2 at junction AD WERDER and merge onto A 10. Exit A 10 at junction AD NUTHETAL and merge onto A 115 direction BERLIN-ZENTRUM. Exit A 115 at junction AD FUNKTURM and merge onto A 100 direction WEDDING/HAMBURG. Exit the A100 at BEUSSELSTR./ WESTHAFEN. Turn right into Beusselstr. Follow Beusselstr. and turn left into Wiclefstr. After 3 blocks turn right into Oldenburger Str. and a last turn left into Waldenserstr. Amstel House Hostel Berlin is now on your right hand site. from northern Germany/ Hamburg via A 24 Take A 24 towards Berlin. At AD HAVELLAND merge onto A 10 BERLINER RING towards ORANIENBURG. When you get to KREUZ ORANIENBURG merge onto A 111 towards BERLIN ZENTRUM/ FLUGHAFEN TEGEL. Take the Heckerdamm exit (exit 12) and continue driving until you get to the roundabout at Jakob-Kaiser-Platz. Take the third exit of the roundabout towards A 100 WEDDING / WESTHAFEN. Shortly thereafter take exit 2 and turn right onto BEUSSELSTRAßE. Follow Beusselstraße until you see an ‘Aral’-petrol station, then turn left onto WICLEFSTRASSE (Please notice that you enter a traffic-calmed area here!) After 3 blocks turn right onto OLDENBURGER STRAßE and then left onto WALDENSER STRAßE. You will reach our hostel after approximately 50 metres. from the northeast/ Szczecin (Poland) via A 11 Take A 11 towards Berlin until DREIECK SCHWANEBECK and merge onto A 10 BERLINER RING towards Oranienburg/Hamburg. When you get to AD Pankow follow A 114 towards Berlin Zentrum/Alexanderplatz. Continue on A 114, which becomes B 109 and later PRENZLAUER ALLEE. Turn right onto Torstaße and continue taking Torstraße until you reach Rosenthaler Platz. Here turn right onto BRUNNENSTRAßE. At the next big intersection turn left onto INVALIDENSTRAßE. Stay on this road for about 3 km (you will pass the new Central Station). When you reach the intersection Invalidenstraße / Alt Moabit turn right onto Alt Moabit. After 1 km turn right onto Stromstraße and, at the next intersection, left onto Turmstraße. Follow Turmstraße until the end of the park, then turn right onto Bremer Straße. After 2 blocks turn left onto Waldenser Straße. You will reach Amstel House Hostel Berlin after 70 metres. from eastern Germany/ Frankfurt-Oder, Slubice (Poland) via A 12 Take A 13 towards Berlin. At KREUZ SCHÖNEFELD follow A 113 towards Berlin Zentrum until you reach AD NEUKÖLLN. Here merge onto A 100 towards Flughafen Tegel/ Hamburg. At AD CHARLOTTENBURG take the left or middle lane to follow A 100 (now towards Westhafen/Wedding). Take the Beusselstraße-exit (exit 2) and turn right onto BEUSSELSTRAßE. Follow Beusselstraße until you see an ‘Aral’-petrol station, then turn left onto WICLEFSTRASSE (Please notice that you enter a traffic-calmed area here!) After 3 blocks turn right onto OLDENBURGER STRAßE and then left onto WALDENSER STRAßE. You will reach our hostel after approximately 50 metres. from southern Germany/ Dresden via A 13 Take A 13 towards Berlin. At KREUZ SCHÖNEFELD follow A 113 towards Berlin Zentrum until you reach AD NEUKÖLLN. Here merge onto A 100 towards Flughafen Tegel/ Hamburg. At AD CHARLOTTENBURG take the left or middle lane to follow A 100 (now towards Westhafen/Wedding). Take the Beusselstraße-exit (exit 2) and turn right onto BEUSSELSTRAßE. Follow Beusselstraße until you see an ‘Aral’-petrol station, then turn left onto WICLEFSTRASSE (Please notice that you enter a traffic-calmed area here!) After 3 blocks turn right onto OLDENBURGER STRAßE and then left onto WALDENSER STRAßE. You will reach our hostel after approximately 50 metres.
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dbpedia
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https://www.jpost.com/jewish-world/jewish-features/seven-days-in-jewish-germany
en
Seven days in 'Jewish Germany'
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https://images.jpost.com/image/upload/f_auto,fl_lossy/c_fill,g_faces:center,h_407,w_690/15913
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[ "NATHAN BURSTEIN" ]
2007-09-17T07:37:00+00:00
Holocaust tourism will always be a somewhat uncomfortable affair.
en
https://images.jpost.com…p-favicon-16.png
The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
https://www.jpost.com/jewish-world/jewish-features/seven-days-in-jewish-germany
Holocaust tourism will always be a somewhat uncomfortable affair. By NATHAN BURSTEIN For at least another dozen generations or so, flying into Germany will remain an unsettling experience for Jews, even if the Jews in question haven't experienced a single moment's turbulence. It's also a feeling, for better or worse, that will stay with most Jewish travelers as they continue on their trip, which in my case was a seven-day tour of "Jewish Germany" organized by the country's Tourism Ministry. Wilkommen, in other words, to the Germany of 2007, a place actively seeking Jewish visitors and hoping to show off, if that's the right expression, the remnants of a culture it almost wiped out. As magazines and newspapers were busy pointing out this summer, contemporary Germany enjoys a flourishing economy and perhaps unprecedented international prestige. "Jewish Germany," by contrast, remains a haunted place, quiet and solemn and only partly filled with the synagogues and graveyards the Nazis didn't manage to destroy. It's certainly an unconventional choice for a vacation. But although it's understandably not for everyone, the Germany of the current moment offers much to Jewish travelers - more than to many others, even, owing precisely to its charged, complicated history. Holocaust tourism will always be a somewhat uncomfortable affair, and some people will inevitably be repulsed by the thought of it - a reaction that is, of course, completely their right. For this traveler, however, the trip proved ultimately rewarding, a chance to see where Germany stands now in relation to its past, and to pay my respects to the communities and individuals who were obliterated. BERLIN For history-minded Jewish visitors, one of the key pleasures of a trip to Germany is knowing that your mere presence would make Hitler and his accomplices even crazier - if, that is, they weren't already busy burning in hell. Still, it's a place where even routine behavior can take on a certain emotional resonance: Eating in one of Berlin's stylish restaurants, for example, can become a guilty reminder of the starvation imposed on earlier generations. Ravaged by war and then divided by the victors, Berlin maintains more public reminders of the Third Reich than perhaps any other German city. In the reunified capital, it's possible quite literally to trip over the past, thanks to the installation of thousands of small "stumbling blocks" that protrude from sidewalks to remind pedestrians of the city's history. Marked with Holocaust victims' names and birthdays, as well as the year and place in which they died, the blocks number roughly 11,000 across Germany, though the large majority are found in Berlin. Walking around the city, it becomes possible, somewhat perversely, to understand Berlin as the doppelganger to Judaism's own capital: Just as many people have trouble believing in Jerusalem as a real, physical location - and not just a place of legend like Atlantis or Camelot - Berlin can also be difficult to imagine. But it is in fact a place where people work, sleep and play, and seeing it in living color - and not just in black-and-white film footage - has unquestionable value. For the first-time Jewish visitor, Berlin contains endless surprises, though some are surprising mostly because they at first seem so mundane. The house still standing at 56/58 Am Grossen Wannsee Strasse, for example, so like the others around it, is in fact the site of the infamous Wannsee conference, the place where Hitler's elite worked out the details of European Jewry's destruction. (Then as now, the picturesque, lakefront Wannsee district remains a highly desirable area - enough, in fact, that local gossips claim Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt have bought property there.) Quiet and contemplative, the building's atmosphere belies the mass killing planned in its conference room, which stands not far from the fireplace where Adolf Eichmann and Reinhard Heydrich toasted each other with cognac after designing their history-altering Final Solution. Laden with photos and educational materials in English, German and Hebrew, the so-called Wannsee Villa features a guest book near its exit where many visitors have written, as they have at other such sites, "Am Yisrael Hai" (The People of Israel Live). A short drive away - and worthwhile precisely because, unlike Wannsee, it isn't famous - is the Gleis 17 Memorial at the Grunewald railway station. Situated at the meeting point between two quiet, upper-middle-class streets, the station served as a deportation site for the Jews of Berlin, who were quite openly trucked and sometimes marched past the well-to-do residents of the neighborhood before being sent on their way to Theresienstadt, Lodz and, eventually, directly to Auschwitz. Trains still pass through the Grunewald station, though Gleis (track) 17 is no longer used. A stark gray wall running parallel to the track showcases indented human silhouettes, an artist's effective rendering of lives rubbed out. Plaques bearing information about human "transports" from the station show that they continued until March 1945, even as Stalin's troops closed in on the eastern side of the city. Berlin's most famous Holocaust memorials convey their own sort of power, though not one always absorbed by locals. The refurbished New Synagogue - actually a partly rebuilt version of the city's main pre-war synagogue - sits on Oranienburger Strasse, at night a popular strolling ground for prostitutes and their clients. Those in the mood will be deeply affected by the bleakly suggestive Holocaust Memorial - a dark field of 2,700 mausoleum-like structures located within walking distance of the future US embassy and the Brandenburg Gate. (Those not in the mood during my visit included a small group of pre-teens who, regrettably if predictably, saw the memorial as an ideal spot for a running, shouting game of hide-and-seek.) Lingering opposition to a Jewish presence in Berlin still isn't hard to find - it didn't take much digging on one evening to learn the strongly xenophobic views of one young resident, who evidently felt perfectly comfortable describing her problems with locals of Middle Eastern extraction, be they Turks, Arabs or Israelis. ("Though you all seem very nice," she added.) At the "Wives of Jewish Husbands Memorial" on Rosenstrasse - named for hundreds of non-Jewish women who successfully protested for their husbands' release - someone else had spray-painted the words "Sieg Heil," also writing the name of the gas used at Auschwitz to get his or her message across. But being in Berlin is in part about choosing what to focus on: whether to concentrate on students of Turkish ancestry who refuse to participate on school outings to the comprehensive Jewish Museum, or on the fact that the museum greeted its four-millionth visitor in June. (Nearly half the visitors are German, museum officials note, and the vast majority are believed to be non-Jewish.) Like the country more generally, Berlin remains an ambiguous place. Anonymous thugs still write disgusting things in public places. But nowadays, at least, there are also Germans like the one guiding my group through the city - well-informed, thoughtful people who express genuine anger, as well as embarrassment, when incidents like this occur. They then call the police, who are charged with coming to repair the site and investigate its defacement. DRESDEN Has any city's public image been transformed and retransformed more completely than Dresden's? Widely considered one of Europe's most beautiful cities before the war - it was known to some as "Florence on the Elbe" - Dresden became the symbol of Germany's self-inflicted devastation in February 1945, when the city underwent perhaps the most famous firebombing of the war. Immortalized in Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five, the city quickly became a symbol of East German communism after the war, a bleak center of destruction made all the more miserable by its rulers, who rebuilt only 26 of the 700 buildings demolished in the bombings. Much of the rubble was left in place as a testament to the suffering of Dresden's people or, depending on your interpretation, as a reflection of their wickedness. Flooded at war's end by ethnic Germans fleeing the Soviet advance, Dresden today is home to four-fifths the population it had in 1945. (Berlin, not coincidentally, also has a smaller population today than it did before the war.) But after decades as an emblem of Soviet-bloc stagnation, Dresden is blossoming once again, and can serve as a convenient, historically rich spot on tours of either Germany or Central Europe. Equidistant from Berlin and Prague - it's about two hours by train in each direction - the Saxon capital is four hours from Budapest and quickly returning to its former glory. Sixty years after its destruction, the city's most famous building, the Frauenkirche church, reopened in October 2005, drawing more than 2 million visitors in the 23 months since. After withstanding the city's firebombing, the badly damaged church collapsed the next day, with the resulting ruins kept as a monument until reconstruction began in 1993. Nearly identical to the original church, the new building is beautiful both literally and as a symbol of the city's restoration. Ten minutes' walk from the Frauenkirche stands the former site of another religious building - Dresden's synagogue, burned to the ground on Kristallnacht. A new synagogue - the first built in what was the former East Germany - opened in 2001 on the anniversary of the pogrom and is located within easy walking distance of the old site. In contrast to the Frauenkirche, which was built as a replica of the original building, the new synagogue is designed in a distinctly different style, one highlighting the still tentative existence of Dresden's Jewry. Numbering 5,000 on the eve of the war, Dresden's Jewish population had built its previous synagogue almost like a church, hoping the appearance of the building would strengthen the community's credentials as fully German. (The city is home today to slightly over 700 Jews, the large majority from the former Soviet Union.) Built across a courtyard from a small Jewish community center, the new synagogue in many ways resembles a giant mausoleum - imposing, quiet and somehow empty of life, even when a small group of visitors enters the facility. (Unlike at the Frauenkirche, tours of the Dresden synagogue must be arranged in advance by e-mail. Services are not offered regularly, and a member of the Jewish community expressed doubt that more than two bar mitzva ceremonies had been held in the previous year. "It's a lot of old people," he said.) The contrast between the unassuming Jewish center and the proud Frauenkirche is striking. The buildings are connected in one surprising way, however, both adorned with religious symbols saved from their predecessors' destruction. Worshipers at the Frauenkirche can direct their prayers toward a cross pulled from the post-firebombing rubble; at the entrance to Dresden's new synagogue is a Star of David - salvaged after Kristallnacht by a city firefighter, who then secretly preserved it in his house until after the war. FRANKFURT and WORMS German street signs can be unexpectedly eye-catching, be they in Berlin (David Ben-Gurion Strasse, Yitzhak Rabin Strasse) or in a small place like Worms (Judengasse, or "Jews' Lane," a euphemistic name for what was once the town's tightly packed ghetto). In Frankfurt, the Nazis went on a name-changing spree not long after taking power, altering the names of 150 streets even as they prepared to enact far more significant changes in the lives of the city's 32,000 Jews. (Roughly 8,000 live in the city today.) Not far from Frankfurt's municipal Holocaust memorial stands the Bonneplatz, a site marked with no fewer than five street signs documenting the location's various name changes since its designation as the Judenmarkt (Jews' Market) in 1885. By then, Frankfurt's Jewish history already stretched back more than 800 years, going at least as far as a rabbi's written instructions in 1074 about how to observe Shabbat when attending a trade fair. Located in Germany's southwest, the Frankfurt region attracted Jews from opposing sides of the Diaspora, drawing migrants from Spain, Italy and southern France by Charlemagne's time and later bringing those fleeing persecution under the czars. As in Berlin and Dresden, local tour guides demonstrate extensive knowledge of formerly Jewish sites, which in Frankfurt can be seen on a walking tour between the Old Jewish Cemetery and the Museum Judengasse. Located above the remnants of the historical Jewish ghetto, the museum offers well-presented artifacts "rediscovered" after the war, with displays including a mikve and foundations left from the area's cramped housing. (On seeing the ghetto, which was locked on Christian holidays and at night, Goethe was moved to remark on the alley's smell, but not on the living conditions of its people.) Jews' long history in the region is implicitly measured by the destruction of their property, and nearby Worms - an hour's drive away on the Rhine - can claim the first burning of its synagogue in 1096, an attack carried out by Crusaders bound for the Holy Land but unable to contain their zeal. The city's Jewish cemetery reached capacity, ominously, in 1938, the same year arsonists destroyed its synagogue on Kristallnacht. Rebuilt in 1961, the modest but immaculately maintained new synagogue stands next to the mikve and not far from the city's Jewish Museum. Another short walk away is a building once known as the Rashi Yeshiva, named for the talmudic scholar who finished his studies in the city sometime around 1065. Unaware of the cataclysm lying ahead, the Jews of Rashi's time clung to values recognizable today - values immortalized in Hebrew on the city's oldest surviving Jewish gravestone. Fill your life with work and prayer, the gravestone suggests, but don't, heaven forbid, die at 26 and still single. Perhaps the most effective Jewish matchmaking advertisement in all of medieval Europe, the gravestone's inscription broadcasts for all eternity the identity of the deceased, a young man named only - apprehensive Jewish singles take note - as one "Jacob the Bachelor." It's details like these that inject Jewish Germany with whispers of life, suggesting in small pieces what a rich culture eventually was lost. Remnants of that culture now sit preserved across Germany, waiting in silence for those who come to remember.
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Berlin III
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2008-05-16T08:17:45+00:00
Our third day started pretty relaxed at 9.30am. We walked over to the  nearby Imperial Palace Charlottenburg where we participated in an audio tour which lasted around 90 minutes. Afterwards we str…
en
kaar.zone
https://kaar.zone/2008/05/berlin-iii/comment-page-1/#comments
Our third day started pretty relaxed at 9.30am. We walked over to the nearby Imperial Palace Charlottenburg where we participated in an audio tour which lasted around 90 minutes. Afterwards we strolled through the thoroughly maintained gardens which we exited at the northern end and continued our journey from the train station “Jungfernheide”. On our way to the KaDeWe (Kaufhaus des Westens, Department Store of The West), we took a picture of an Ampelmännchen (little traffic light man), which is an iconic ambassador of Berlin! It became the symbol for the Ostalgie. Unfortunately, the KaDeWe was closed because of the public holiday Pfingstmontag. To the very disappointment of my female co-travelers we just took a few more photos. Anyway… after a decent lunch and some ice cream at the Sony Center, which was just a few stops down the road with the subway, nobody cared anymore :). Luckily, there was a hotspot! I was so glad to have access to the world wide web! After this quite extensive break (because of the hotspot), we visited the DDR Museum which is next to the cathedral. Although it presents serious matter its concept is very entertaining and engaging; it’s fun to visit. After spending about one and a half hour there, we walked along the Spree, Monbijoustraße and Oranienburger Straße to the Hackeschen Höfe (Wikipedia, German available only; official site). After visiting the courtyards full of local shops and boutiques we had coffee at the Ampelmann Café and– luckily again–internet access!
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https://wartraveller.com/ww2-location/berlin-grunewald-station/
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Berlin – Grunewald station
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Starting on 18 October 1941 until February 1945 was one of the major sites of deportation of the Berlin Jews. From 1942 the trains drove directly for the Auschwitz and Theresienstadt concentration camps. The Deutsche Bahn had a memorial established on 27 January 1998 at the historic track 17 (“Gleis 17”), where most of the …
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Museum Reina Sofia Madrid Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Calle de Santa Isabel, Madrid, Spain Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía is the National Museum of Spanish Art of the 20th Century in Madrid. The museum was officially opened on September 10, 1992 and is named after Queen Sofia. The museum is primarily dedicated to Spanish art. The highlights of the museum are excellent collections of two of the greatest masters of the 20th century, Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dalí. Surely the most famous masterpiece in the museum is Picasso's painting Guernica. Monument Calvo Sotelo Monument Sotelo Madrid It is one of the major monuments of Francoist symbology in Madrid. It was built in memory of Jose Calvo Sotel, Minister in the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, Member of Parliament in the Second Republic. Naval Museum Madrid Naval museum madrid The Madrid Naval Museum is a national museum displaying the history of the Spanish Navy from the Catholic monarchs of the 15th century until today. The screens place maritime history in a broad context with information about the Spanish rulers and former colonies of the country. The collections include navigation instruments, weapons, maps and pictures. Valley of the fallen Valley of the Fallen, Carretera de Guadarrama/El Escorial, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain Valle de los Caídos is a monument of the Francoist regime, a Catholic basilica and a monument in the municipality of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, erected in the Cuelgamuros valley in the Sierra de Guadarrama, near Madrid. Franco claimed the monument was a "national act of salvation" and reconciliation. The monument, considered a landmark of 20th century Spanish architecture, was designed by Pedro Muguruza and Diego Méndez on a scale that, in Franco's words, would be "the majesty of ancient monuments that defy time and memory." Copenhagen War Museum Krigsmuseet, Tøjhusgade, Copenhagen, Denmark The Danish Military Museum is a specialized museum of cultural history. When visiting permanent and special exhibitions on topics such as war, defense and weapon technology, you can experience the full range of Danish military history from 1500 to the present. Part of the museum is dedicated to Denmark in the Second World War. War museum Trieste Via Costantino Cumano, 22, 34139 Trieste, TS, Italija The military museum has about 15,000 items in its inventory, including 2,800 pieces of weapons. It also has a substantial archive of 24,000 photos, 287 logs (38,000 pages), 12,000 books, 2,600 posters and flyers, 470 geographic and topographic maps. The Henriquez collection is now owned by the city of Trieste, which continues to rebuild materials. Risiera di San Sabba – Concentration camp Risiera di San Sabba, Via Giovanni Palatucci, Trieste, Province of Trieste, Italy Risiera di San Sabba is a large building near Sv. Sobota (San Sabba), in which rice was first peeled, in 1943, the Nazis have turned it into a concentration camp. In 1944, a crematorium was built inside, in which about 4,000 to 5,000 people were burned. The furnace capacity was 50 to 70 bodies a day. The victims were mostly Slovenians, then Croats, Italian anti-fascists and Jews. Volgograd – Mamayev Kurgan Mamayev Kurgan, Prospekt Imeni V.i. Lenina, Volgograd, Russia Mamayev Kurgan is a dominant height overlooking the city of Volgograd (formerly Stalingrad). The formation is dominated by a memorial complex commemorating the Battle of Stalingrad. The battle, a hard-fought Soviet victory over Axis forces on the Eastern Front of World War II, turned into one of the bloodiest battles in human history. At the time of its installation in 1967 the statue named "The Motherland Calls on Mamayev Kurgan" formed the largest free-standing sculpture in the world, as of 2016 it is the tallest sculpture of a woman in the world. Volgograd – Museum of the Battle of Stalingrad The museum-panorama "The Battle of Stalingrad", Ulitsa Imeni Marshala V.i. Chuykova, Volgograd, Russia The Museum displays the bloodiest battle in the history of warfare. The Battle of Stalingrad was the largest confrontation of World War II, in which Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad, now called Volgograd. In the battle, the Red Army, with the victory over Nazi Germany, achieved a turning point in World War II. The capitulation of German troops, led by General Friedrich Paulus, is considered to be the greatest defeat of Nazi Germany. Even nowadays Russians believe that the Battle of Stalingrad is the most important event of the World War II. The battle lasted from August 23, 1942, until February 2, 1943. It is considered the bloodiest battle in the history of warfare. It claimed from 1.7 to 2 million dead, wounded or trapped. The strategically and ideologically important industrial city of Stalingrad, which was named after the leader of the former Soviet Union, Josip Stalin, from 1925 to 1961, was completely destroyed in the battle and later almost completely rebuilt. With the help of Romanian military units, the German army launched an offensive on Stalingrad in late August 1942. By mid-November, it managed to conquer 90 % of the city. At that time, the Red Army launched a large counteroffensive, causing the German army to remain trapped in the city. Stalingrad became, in the winter of 1942/43, when the temperature dropped below - 30°C, a scene of many-month street battles between the two sides. In addition to the fighting, the soldiers of both sides, as well as civil people, how we're still in the city, were caught by famine. At the beginning of 1943, the Red Army offered capitulation to the German army, but it initially rejected it, also because of Hitler's strong opposition, and then accepted it on January 31st. On February 2, 1943, tens of thousands of German and Romanian soldiers surrendered to the opposite side. The long-running battles for a significant transit centre on the way to the Caucasus, rich with oil and gas stocks, were over after five months, a week, and three days. The museum contains military exhibits, militaries, documents, weapons and military equipment, vehicles, dioramas and the largest panoramic display of the battle. Volgograd – Pavlov’s House Dom Pavlova, Ulitsa Sovetskaya, Volgograd, Russia Pavlov's House was a fortified apartment building which Red Army defenders held for 60 days against a heavy Wehrmacht offensive during the Battle of Stalingrad. The siege lasted from 27. 09 to 25. 11. 1942 and eventually the Soviet forces managed to relieve it from the siege. It gained its name from Sergeant Yakov Pavlov, who commanded the platoon that seized the building and defended it during the long battle. Volgograd – Museum Headquarters Generalfeldmarschall Paulus Pamyat', Ploshchad' Pavshikh Bortsov, Volgograd, Russia This museum is devoted to the battle of Stalingrad and is established in the former field headquarters of General Feldmarschall Friedrich Paulus, commander of the German 6th Army. It owns many documents, photographs and maps related to this battle. Volgograd – Alley of the Heroes Alleya Geroyev, 1, Volgograd, Russia On both sides of the Alley of the Heroes are the names of all the heroes of the Soviet Union and the recipients of all three types of "Order of the Glory of Volgograd". We can also find the names of heroes of the Soviet Union, who were rewarded for heroism in the Battle of Stalingrad. Château Pignerolle Kriegsmarine Bunkers Château de Pignerolle, Saint-Barthélemy-d'Anjou, Francija Following the amphibious operation “Chariot” the German Navy commander decided the risk to risk to certain units of seaborne attack was high and decided to relocate the command center for U-boats to Pignerolle. The Chateau was chosen as it was far enough from the sea to be safe, whilst the radio communications in the area were good. In the Chateau park Nazis built bunkers, that were finished in 1942, when Pignerolle became an official command center. All communications with U-Boats in the Atlantic were routed from Berlin through the Pignerolle command and communications center. Nowadays the chateau is also a museum of communication. Le Grand Blockhouse Museum Batz-sur-Mer, Francija Le Grand Blockhaus Museum was an Observation Post built as part of the Atlantic Wall defenses in the area around Saint-Nazaire following the raid. Later the bunker was the eyes of a major coastal battery. The museum display tells a story of the sinking of the Lancastria, the Saint-Nazaire raid and the Atlantic Wall. You can also climb into the upper tier of the observation bunker using an original metal ladder. Escoublac-La-Baule – Britain Cemetary Escoublac, La Baule, Francija On March 28, 1942, the British troops attacked the heavily defended dry dock at Saint Nazaire. The “Saint Nazaire Raid” or “Operation Chariot” was a successful amphibious attack. Saint-Nazaire was targeted because the loss of its dry dock would force any large German warship to return to home waters via a different route, rather than having a port available on the Atlantic coast. With this amphibious attack, the allies’ forces disabled German navy at the Atlantic. With the attack, they also protected Allied naval convoys that were vital for the United Kingdom. The fallen soldiers are buried at the Escoublac-La-Baule cemetery. The cemetery that begun with the burial of 17 British soldiers during 1940, is now the place of rest for 325 Commonwealth soldiers, that were killed in the line of duty during the II. World War. Saint Nazaire – Atlantic Wall (Defence Bunkers) Saint-Nazaire, Francija The Atlantic Wall was an extensive system of coastal defense and fortifications built by Nazi Germany along the coast of continental Europe as a defense against an anticipated Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied during II. World War. The manning and operation of the Atlantic Wall was administratively overseen by the German Army, with some support from Luftwaffe ground forces. The German Navy maintained a separate coastal defense network, organized into a number of sea defense zones. Saint Nazaire – U-boat Base Boulevard Georges Charpak, Saint-Nazaire, Francija During the II. World War the port of Saint Nazaire was strategically important. Because the Germans build here one of the largest fortified U-boat pen. The U-boat base was built between 1941 and 1942. The construction of the base required more than 313,000 cubic meters of concrete. The part of the U-boat base were also army workshops, which were later destroyed. Saumur Tank Museum 1-99 Rue Fricotelle, 49400 Saumur, Francija During the Battle of France, in World War II, Saumur was the site of the Battle of Saumur (1940) where the town and south bank of the Loire were defended by the teenage cadets of the cavalry school for the Honor of France. In 1944 the town was a target bombing raids by Allied planes. In Tank Museum, the aim was to gather everything tank related, whether French or foreign and being of historical, technological and educational interest. The collection includes mementos from the "Father of the French Tank" and from Major Bossut, one of the first officers to be killed in action whilst commanding a Tank Unit. Battle of Ortona Museum Museo Battaglia di Ortona, Corso Garibaldi, Ortona, Chieti, Italija Battle of Ortona Museum shows photos of the battle, arms, uniforms and different arm artifacts. The Battle of Ortona was a battle fought between a battalion of German Fallschirmjäger, paratroops from the German 1st Parachute Division, and assaulting Canadian troops from the Canadian 1st Infantry Division. It was the culmination of the fighting on the Adriatic front in Italy. The battle, known to those who fought it as the "Italian Stalingrad" for the deadliness of its close-quarters combat. The Swiss Military Museum in Full Schweizerisches Militärmuseum Full, Full-Reuenthal, Švica The Swiss Military Museum in Full is a Swiss military museum, which is located in a village Full-Reuenthal, the canton Aargau. Museum has a collection of army gear and uniforms of a Swiss and foreign army forces, from the time of the II. World War and the Cold War. In addition of many tanks and cannons in the museum, there is also the entire collection of the former arms manufacturer Oerlikon. Also the German rockets VI and crashed British and American bombers, which are owned by the museum. Fort Full-Reuenthal Festungsmuseum Full-Reuenthal, Panoramaweg, Full-Reuenthal, Švica Fort Reuenthal is a 20th century Swiss fortification located near the Swiss border with Germany. Built between 1937 and 1939, the fort overlooks the Rhine where it bends around the town of Full-Reuenthal. It is armed with two artillery blocks for 75mm guns and two machine gun blocks. It was a component of the Swiss Border Line of defenses intended to prevent a crossing of the Rhine at the hydroelectric plant at Dogern. Fort Ebersberg festung ebersberg Fort Ebersberg, also known as Fort Rüdlingen, was built 1938–1940 in the Swiss Canton of Zurich to guard the Rhine against a German invasion at the opening of II. World War. The fort was part of the Swiss Border Line defenses. Crestawald Fortress Museum Festungsmuseum Crestawald, Sufers, Švica The contemporary witness of Swiss military history. Construction of the fortifications in Crestawald was started in September 1939, and by 1940 the huge artillery guns were ready for action. For a long time, the bunkers were kept under the strictest of secrecy. With the restructuring of the army, the artillery fortresses near the state borders were decommissioned. In 2000 the secrecy was lifted and the fortress was turned into a public museum by the Verein Festungsmuseum Crestawald. Toblerone Line Route Suisse 8, Gland, Švica The Toblerone line is a 10 km (6 miles) long defensive line made of dragon's teeth that were built during the II. World War between Bassins and Prangins, in the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. These lines of defensive blocks can be found all over Switzerland, but more predominantly in border areas. Their purpose was to stop tank invasions. The 2.700 9-ton concrete blocks that make up the defenses are similar to the shape of the chocolate bar "Toblerone", which gave its name to the line. Since the line has been left to nature since its construction, it was decided to keep these concrete blocks and to make a hiking trail along their route. The line was built along twelve fortresses, the most well known being the "Villa Rose" in Gland, which was transformed into a museum and opened to the public in 2006. Military History Institute Prague Vojenský historický ústav Praha: Armádní muzeum Žižkov, U Památníku, Žižkov, Praga-Praha 3, Češka republika The Army Museum is located in Prague-Žižkov, in the historic facilities of the National Liberation Monument. The first section is dedicated to the period of the I World War, the involvement of Czech and Slovak people in the war, and the political and military events that resulted in the constitution of the independent Czechoslovak Republic. The second section is dedicated to the Czechoslovak republic and its armed forces between the world wars, and the third section maps the period of the II. World War, and the involvement of the Czech and Slovak people in the military operations, home resistance and other events aimed at restoring the independence of Czechoslovakia. In addition to weapons, the exhibitions show many unique uniforms, banners, marks of distinction, and also personal memorabilia of the Czechoslovak presidents and leading army representatives. Operation Anthropoid Memorial Památník Operace Anthropoid, 182 00 Praha 8, Češka republika The Operation Anthropoid Memorial is a memorial in Prague that commemorates Operation Anthropoid, the code name refers to the assassination of senior Nazi official Reinhard Heydrich by Czechoslovakian partisans on 27 May 1942. Syrmian Front Adaševci, Vojvodina The Syrmian Front saw some of the most difficult fighting in Yugoslavia in II. World War. It lasted for almost six months. As the bulk of the Red Army involved in the Belgrade operation continued their offensive in Hungary, the Yugoslav Army, accustomed to guerrilla warfare in the mountainous terrain of the Dinaric Alps, remained to fight the entrenched front line heavily contested by the Axis on the flat ground of the Pannonian plain. Young men from Vojvodina and Central Serbia, many from freshly liberated regions, were drafted en masse and sent to the front, and the amount of training they received and their casualty levels remain in dispute. Although mostly stationary, the front moved several times, generally westward, as the Axis forces were pushed back. The fighting started east of Ruma and stabilized in January 1945 west of Šid after the town changed hands due to Axis counterattacks. In late March and early April 1945, Yugoslav Army units mounted a general offensive on all fronts. The Yugoslav First Army, commanded by Peko Dapčević, broke through German XXXIV Corps defenses in Syrmia on 12 April, quickly capturing the cities of Vukovar, Vinkovci, and Županja, and enabling further advances through Slavonia toward Slavonski Brod and Zagreb in the last month of the war. Belgrade – Military Museum Vojni Muzej, Beograd The Belgrade Military Museum is intended on the military history of Serbia, since Antiquity until the civil war in 90. years of 20th century. A large number of tanks, armored vehicles, and artillery, they are all a part of outside exhibition. Belgrade – Museum of Aviation Airport Nikola Tesla Belgrade, Beograd The Museum of Aviation was founded in 1957 in Belgrade. It is located adjacent to Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport, with 6.000 m2 (1,2 acre) of exhibition space. It owns over 200 aircraft previously operated by the Yugoslav Air Force, Serbian Air Force, and others, as well as aircraft previously flown by several civil airliners and private flying clubs. The museum also displays wreckage of a downed USAF F-117 Nighthawk and F-16 Fighting Falcon, both shot down during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999. Military Museum of Slovenian Armed Forces 15 Engelsova ulica, Maribor, Slovenija The Military Museum collects, documents, preserves, studies, examines and presents museum material related to the life and work of the Slovenian army. The Museum portrays different historical periods that shaped the present image of Slovenia, its inhabitants, and army. It also monitors and documents the Slovenian army development. Collections include museum objects, archive and library material, visual artworks, videothequeunit, and photographs. Memorial Room in Topolšica 54 Ljubljanska cesta, Velenje, Slovenija A memorial room in Topolšica is consecrated to the signing of one of four partial capitulations of the German army. With this document the II. World War ended for the Slovenians. A memorial room that represents partial German capitulation of the army troop E and German forces in southeast Europe. It was signed by General Aleksander Löhr. You can see a short film about the events occurring in these parts in May 1945. Behind the glass wall is a reconstruction of the signing of capitulation that was one of the most important events on our territory during the II. World War. One of the main curiosities of the collection is also a gun of general Löhr that was confiscated only a few days after the signing. Teharje Camp Teharje, Celje, Slovenija Teharje camp was a prison camp near Teharje, Slovenia, during the II. World War, organized by Nazi Germany and used after the war by the Partisans. In 1943, Nazi forces built a military camp for approximately 500 people in Teharje, including six residential barracks and ten other buildings. Towards the end of the war, Nazis used the camp to hold prisoners that had participated in the defense of the city Celje, and the camp was abandoned for a short time after the war. The camp was reactivated by the Yugoslav communists at the end of May 1945 to accommodate former members of the Slovene Home Guard and others that had collaborated with the Germans, as well as civilians that had fled before the advancing Yugoslav People's Army to Allied camps in Austrian Carinthia. On 31 May 1945, the entire 2nd Assault Battalion headed by Vuk Rupnik was brought to Teharje, the battalion was known by the name Rupnik's battalion. In the first days of June 1945, approximately 3.000 members of the Slovene Home Guard joined them. It is estimated that the postwar authorities executed approximately 5.000 internees of Teharje without trial during the first month or two after the II. World War ended in Europe. Mauthausen Ljubelj Concentration Camp Podljubelj 310, 4290 Tržič, Slovenija National Liberation Struggle Memorial Cvibelj, Žužemberk, Novo mesto, Slovenija Memorial with a tomb in which are buried the mortal remains of those who fell. The memorial was built in memory 1140 Partisans, who fell in a battle for Suha Krajina. Around the monument are the public announcements of the executions of some 667 people who were condemned to death by the German forces. The memorial as well pays tribute for foreigners, who fought in Slovene National Liberation Struggle. The memorial was built 1961 and is a work of Marjana Tepine. Large spherical bronze memorial where are photos of a group of people. Rupnik Line 2 Tabor, Žiri, Slovenija Rupnik Line named after the Slovene general in the Yugoslav army, Leon Rupnik, was a line of fortifications and weapons installations that Yugoslavia constructed along its terrestrial western and northern border. The construction of the line was a safety measure taken in order to counter the construction of Alpine Wall, a line built by the bordering country Italy, as well as against imposing danger of a German invasion. Yugoslavia's Rupnik line was inspired by various other fortification systems built along borders. It was established to provide good positions to enforce the existing border, as well as to repel a potential invasion. Although there were troops manning the fortifications at its peak, the line was never used to full potential, as it was largely unprepared and abandoned by the time Yugoslavia was invaded in April 1941 by Italy, Germany, and Hungary. Trail of Remembrance and Comradeship Ljubljana Pot spominov in tovarištva, Ljubljana, Slovenija The Trail of Remembrance and Comradeship also referred to as the Trail Along the Wire, is a gravel-paved recreational and memorial walkway almost 33 km (21 mi) long and 4 m (13 ft) wide around the city of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. The walkway leads past Koseze Pond and across the Golovec Hill. During II. World War, the Province of Ljubljana, annexed by Fascist Italy, was subjected to brutal repression after the emergence of resistance and the Italian forces erected a barbed wire fence around Ljubljana in order to prevent communication between the city's underground Liberation Front activists in Ljubljana and the Slovene Partisans in the surrounding countryside. The trail was built since 1974 and it was completed in 1985. It is marked by signposts, information boards with the map of the trail, plaques, and metal markers, as well as signposts at the turn-offs. One hundred and two octagonal memorial stones have been installed at the former positions of the bunkers. Along the green area adjacent to it, 7.400 trees of 49 tree species have been planted. Since 1988, it has been protected as a designed nature monument. Pohorje Battalion Lukanja 19, 2317 Oplotnica, Slovenija The battlefield of Pohorje Battalion is located at "Three Nails", 30 minutes on a footpath from Osankarica home. At "Three Nails" there is a main local and municipal monument from the National Liberation Struggle when on this spot fell whole Pohorje Battalion. The Osankarica home has a museum collection in its extension, an exhibition named "Partisan Pohorje". It presents developments in the wider area of the Pohorje mountain range, the cradle of partisan resistance in Štajerska during the Second World War. Special attention is paid to the last standby fighters of the Pohorje Battalion at Osankarica on 8 January 1943. After fighting overwhelmingly superior German forces for two and a half hours, 69 fighters, including women, lost their lives. Only one partisan was captured alive by the Germans and he was later shot as a hostage. The Pohorje Battalion became a legend in the resistance of the Slovenes against the occupation. Park of Military History Pivka Park vojaške zgodovine, Kolodvorska cesta, Pivka, Slovenija The Park of Military History in Pivka, Slovenia, is a museum and adventure center, which is located in a former Italian barracks. An exhibition is composed of tanks and artillery collection. It also includes the Italian fortress on Rapallo border. Museum of Hostages Katzenstein - Begunjski grad, Begunje na Gorenjskem, Slovenija Museum of Hostages in an idyllic village named Begunje, in Gorenjska Region, Slovenia, is a reminder of the horrors of II. World War. The mighty Katzenstein Castle in the middle of the settlement served as a Gestapo prison during the time of Nazi occupation. A part of the former prison cells in the extension of the castle has been converted into a memorial museum, nearby in a park, near village Draga, there is a mass grave of hostages. National Liberation Museum Maribor Muzej narodne osvoboditve Maribor, Maribor, Slovenija The Museum of National Liberation of Maribor has been functioning as an autonomous museum since 1958. It is a historical museum dealing primarily with museological and historiographical analyses of the recent history of the North-Eastern parts of Slovenia. The new collection will present the major turning points of the 20th century – I. and II. World War, Independence War, lives of local inhabitants, the misery of simple people whose lives, though residing in the same city, were totally different from those of the wealthier classes. Lokev Military Museum Vojaški muzej Tabor, Lokev, Slovenija The Lokev Military Museum represents the biggest private collection this sort in Europe. All the artifacts are unique. The most interesting artifacts are military uniforms, among which stands out an artfully red uniform from the period of Maria Theresa and the uniform of Svetozar Barojevič the general of the Soča front. One of the few instances has a special place a sword with a gold handle, such as Adolf Hitler giving its officers for special merits. It is preserved only 11 such swords. Also one of the rarest artifacts is a child's gas mask and a soap from the Dachau concentration camp. National Museum of Contemporary History Ljubljana Muzej novejše zgodovine Slovenije, Celovška cesta, Ljubljana, Slovenija The Museum of Contemporary History in Slovenia is a national museum, dedicated to heritage of contemporary history from the start of the 20th century until today. The museum's collections from the I. and the II. World War, collections from an era between the wars, an era of communism and about the liberated country of Slovenia. Šeškov Home šeškov dom kočevje Šeškov home is an important monumental building even from the pre-war era. During the II. World War here was the first Assembly of the emissaries of the Slovene nation in the building, from 1 till 4 October 1943. They were the first directly elected representation of an occupied nation in Europe during II. World War. The assembly was the largest political gathering during the national liberation war and with its declarative rather that constitutional meaning it is an important cornerstone in the development of the national liberation fight on Slovene territory. The assembly was captured in the paintings by Božidar Jakec. The collection is exhibited in a hall and it means a unique show of historical events. Commander Stane 41 Spodnje Pirniče, Slovenija Franc Rozman, with the Partisan name Stane or Stane Mlinar, was a Slovene Partisan commander in II. World War. He was one of the most important actors of National Liberation Struggle. After his death he became a national hero, there is a song to honor him, a lot of elementary schools are named after him, also the barracks was named in his honor: The Barracks of Franc Rozman - Stane. Battle of Dražgoše Dražgoše, Škofja Loka, Slovenija The Battle of Dražgoše was the II. World War battle between the Slovene Partisans and Nazi Germany armed forces, which took place between 9 January and 11 January 1942, in the village of Dražgoše, Slovenia. This battle was the first direct confrontation between the two. Fighting (both numerically and equipment-wise) vastly superior Germans the Partisan Cankar Battalion (numbering 240 combatants) suffered eight casualties throughout the entire battle. German forces suffered 26 casualties according to German documents. After three days of fighting, the Partisans were forced to leave the village. After the battle, the Partisans were pursued and killed by the Germans. More recent publications have cast the events in a different light, stating that the Partisans selected Dražgoše as a scene to challenge the German forces. On the one hand, the Battle of Dražgoše was lauded as a heroic act of defiance during the Communist era. It was also highly praised after Slovenia declared independence and introduced democracy. Gestapo Prison in Dravograd 7 Trg 4. julija, Slovenija A museum collection is on display in the cellar of the Dravograd municipal building, depicting the horrors of the Gestapo based in Dravograd during II. World War. The imprisoned partisans, their associates, and supporters, as well as mere suspects, were brutally tortured there, and some even died as a result. The survivors were shot as hostages in nearby forests or transported to concentration camps. Several houses and farm buildings were burnt down in the Dravograd area, with the locals killed or burnt alive. The Gorge Dovžanova Soteska Dovžanova soteska, Čadovlje pri Tržiču, Tržič, Slovenija Partisan techniques were secret printeries, that reproduced partisan journal. In the year 1942, they start working in Gorenjska region. They print, radio reports, leaflets with slogans, flyers and other propaganda material. The Partisan techniques Carinthian partisan detachment has issued a journal of Gorenjska Partisan Detachment named Goremkslo Partisan. The Partisan press played an important role in the fight against occupation. It encouraged the population to join forces of the National Liberation Struggle. Dolenjska Museum Dolenjski muzej Novo mesto, Novo mesto, Slovenija The Museum of Dolenjska’s permanent contemporary history exhibition was set up in 1981. The exhibition covers the time from the first organized proletarian activity before II. World War to the liberation of Novo mesto on 8 May 1945, with the main focus on the activities during the war, the National Liberation Struggle in this part of Slovenia. An extra feature of the exhibition is photo albums and the memorial hall with the names of almost 3.000 fallen partisans, activists, and victims of the occupation from the inner Dolenjska area. The venue of the exhibition is one of the few museum buildings that were built specifically for that purpose in Slovenia after II. World War. Exile Museum Bučka 2 Bučka, Slovenija On the premises of the Culture House in Bučka village, there is a memorial room in the local collection of materials on the expulsion of its inhabitants during the war in Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945. The exhibition shows moments of despair when people are leaving their homes, their stay in the German concentration camps and happy returns to the home village. A number of documents, letters, postcards, maps and some items that are used by people in exile, are on display. Also, the museum has a memorial book of testimonies of those who survived the horrors of the German concentration camps. Also, it displays collected works that describe the happenings during II. World War. The Pauček Partisan Hospital Legen, Slovenija The covert partisan hospital complex comprised six units and was being built on the western Pohorje Hills from April 1944 until the end of the war by Dr. Ivan Kopač – Pauček (1916–1988), a partisan doctor, with the help of local activists, partisans, and the Liberation Front associates. Around 300 wounded people were treated in the hospital units. Despite German strongholds in the valley and numerous field searches, the occupation forces never found the hospital units. The preserved hospital unit with the secret name of Trška Gora in Legen, 10 kilometers (6 miles) from Slovenj Gradec, is a cultural monument of national importance. The Jesen Partisan Hospital 29 Veliko Tinje, Slovenija The Jesen Partisan Hospital is the only renovated partisan hospital on the eastern Pohorje. In the second half of October 1944, they started to build the hospital, that is how the hospital got the name Jesen, which means Autumn. The first wounded were taken care on the 6. January 1945. Those were the fighters of Šercerjeve brigade. The transfer of the wounded to the hospital was very tough because they have to take the victims over long distances and cover the tracks so that the enemy would not find them. The hospital has preserved documents showing that 25 wounded were treated there. According to the statements of the medical team, there were many more patients. At the end of May 1945, they left the hospital and the wounded were transferred to a military hospital in the Maribor Gosposvetska road. The Franja Partisan Hospital Partizanska bolnica Franja, Dolenji Novaki, Slovenija The Franja Partisan Hospital was a secret II. World War hospital at the Dolenji Novaki near Cerkno. It was run by the Slovene Partisans from December 1943 until the end of the war as part of a broadly organized resistance movement against the Fascist and Nazi occupying forces. Built in difficult and rugged terrain in the remote Pasica Gorge. The hospital was located deep inside German-occupied Europe, only a few hours from Austria and the central parts of the Third Reich. German military activity was frequent in the general region throughout the operation of the hospital. The hospital's entrance was hidden in the forest, and the hospital could only be reached by bridges. The bridges could be retracted if the enemy was in the vicinity. In order to preserve the secrecy necessary for a clandestine hospital to operate, the patients were blindfolded during transportation to the facility. The hospital was named after its manager and physician, Franja Bojc Bidovec, who began working there in February 1944. Extremely well equipped for a clandestine partisan operation, the hospital remained intact until the end of the war. It was designed to provide treatment to as many as 120 patients at a time. Most of its patients were wounded anti-Nazi resistance fighters, who could not go to regular hospitals because they would be arrested. Among its patients were many nationalities, including one wounded German enemy soldier who, after being treated, remained in the hospital as a member of the hospital staff. The hospital operated until 5 May 1945. It became a part of the Cerkno Museum in 1963. In 1997, an American Association of Air Force Veterans issued an award to Franja Hospital for saving and treating downed American pilot Harold Adams. The Bela Krajina Museum Belokranjski muzej Metlika, Metlika, Slovenija The Bela Krajina Museum is located in Metlika Castle. The collection recalls important events in the first half of the 20th century. At the turn of the century, though economic conditions forced thousands of Bela Krajina people to emigrate in different countries, most of them in the United States of America. In former Yugoslavia, Bela Krajina was only slowly picking from backwardness. There was no industry, there was just a few craft workshops and coal mine Kanižarica. On the outbreak of II. World War Bela Krajina fell into the Italian occupation zone. After the capitulation of Italy in 1943, the area between the Kolpa river and Gorjanci mountains became a free partisan territory, this was a unique phenomenon, not only in the II. World War, but also in the entire history of warfare. Base 20 Memorial Site baza 20 kočevski rog Near a village Dolenjske Toplice between karst doline and densely planted pine trees, the National Liberation Movement hid the partisan hospitals, printer shops, and workshops. They chose the location for the Command Headquarters of National Liberation Movement. The Base 20 was the main base of Central Commission Communistic Party of Slovenia and Executive Committee Liberation Front during II. World War in Kočevski Rog, from 1942 until 1944. German Army Cemetery in Hunkovce Hunkovce, Slovaška The town Hunkovce is located near the main road across the Dukla Pass. It has a German II. World War cemetery, the place of the last rest for more than 3,000 German soldiers who died between 1944-45. Memorial and Cemetery of Soviet Soldiers Čsl. armády 364/7, 089 01 Svidník, Slovaška Memorial and Cemetery of Soviet Soldiers in Svidnik, stands on a hill near the Battle of Dukla Museum. It is dedicated in honor the deaths of Russian soldiers during the Battle of Dukla in autumn 1944. Memorial and Cemetery of Czech and Slovak Soldiers Čsl. armády 364/7, 089 01 Svidník, Slovaška Memorial and Cemetery of Czech and Slovak Soldiers is located on the main road across Dukla pass on the Polish-Slovakian border. Nearby is also a cemetery 563 soldiers of 1st Czechoslovak army. Dukla Observation Tower Dukla Observation Tower The Observation Tower was built on the altitude 655 in the original place as the commander's observation post of General Ludvik Svoboda celebrating the 30th anniversary of Carpathian-Dukla Operation. It is 49 m high and was built on the site of an original wooden observation tower. Open-Air Army Museum Svidnik Open-Air Army Museum, Bardejovská, Svidník, Slovaška The Dukla Pass is a strategically significant mountain pass in the Laborec Highlands of the Outer Eastern Carpathians, on the border between Poland and Slovakia. Today a peaceful rural area on the Slovak-Polish border, the Dukla Mountain Pass witnessed one of the biggest and most bloody battles of II. World War on the Eastern Front - The Battle of Dukla Pass, officially known as the “Carpathian Operation”. Three months after the Allies landed in Normandy, on the other side of Europe burst a frantic battle between the Soviet Red Army supported by the Czechoslovak Corps and the defending German and Hungarian forces fortified in the Carpathian Mountains on the Slovak-Polish border. In a small town of Svidnik, there is an open-air museum. Here you will touch and see war machines, cannons, and vehicles, with most interesting exhibits being the Soviet Katyusha rocket launcher, the tank T 34, the German armored carrier D-7, the soviet infantry mortar M-13 and the soviet transport airplane. Valley of Death, Battle of Dukla Pass Dukla Pass, Dukla, Poljska The Valley of Death is located in the Dukla Pass just outside the village of Svidnik in the northeastern corner of Slovakia. In this valley several tanks and other remains from one of the great tank battles of II. World War, the Battle of the Dukla Pass, can still be seen. Some of the tanks are left almost where they stopped during the battle, while other have been turned into monuments. Most of the tanks are Russian model T-34. Museum of the Defense and Siege of Leningrad Museum of the Defense and Siege of Leningrad This small but extremely moving museum commemorates perhaps the most harrowing period of the city's history, the 900-day Blockade of Leningrad which lasted from 8 September 1941 to 17 January 1944. For two-and-a-half years, the citizens of Leningrad suffered chronic privations and constant bombardment. Although the precarious Road of Life brought supplies across the ice of Lake Ladoga in the winter months, the food was woefully short, fuel was scarce in winter, and in summer the dire state of sanitation spread disease at epidemic levels. In all, over 700.000 civilians died during the Blockade. Their sacrifice and the extraordinary endurance of the survivors is etched on the conscience of the city, a source of immense pride and profound sorrow. Central Museum of Armored Vehicles Central Museum of armored vehicles, Moskovska, Rusija The Kubinka Tank Museum is a military museum in Kubinka, near Moscow. The museum consists of open-air and indoor permanent exhibitions of many famous tanks and armored vehicles. It is also known to house and display many unique and one-of-a-kind military vehicles, such as the Nazi German Panzer VIII Maus super-heavy tank, the Troyanov heavy tank and a Karl-Gerät heavy self-propelled artillery, amongst other single or limited-production prototypes from the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. Monument to Heroic Defenders of Leningrad Monument to Heroic Defenders of Leningrad, ploshchad' Pobedy, Sankt Peterburg, Rusija The Memorial to Heroic Defenders of Leningrad on Victory Square was unveiled solemnly on Victory Day: 9th May 1975. To commemorate the heroic efforts of the residents of Leningrad and the soldiers on the Leningrad Front to the repel the Nazis in the 900-day Siege of Leningrad during II. World War. Leningrad was never occupied by Germans. Road of Life Museum Kokkorevo, oblast Leningrad, Russia The Road of Life was the ice road winter transport route across the frozen Lake Ladoga, which provided the only access to the besieged city of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) while the perimeter in the siege was maintained by the German Army Group North and the Finnish Defence Forces. The siege lasted from 8 September 1941 to 27 January 1944. Over one million citizens of Leningrad died from starvation, stress, exposure and bombardments. In addition to transporting thousands of tons of munitions and food supplies each year, the Road of Life also served as the primary evacuation route for the millions of Soviets trapped within the starving city. The road today forms part of the World Heritage Site. Moscow Red Square Red Square, Moscow, Rusija Red Square is a city square in Moscow, Russia. The square itself is around 330 meters (1,080 feet) long and 70 meters (230 feet) wide, It separates the Kremlin, the former royal citadel and currently the official residence of the President of Russia, from a historic merchant quarter known as Kitai-gorod. The Kremlin and Red square were together recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1990. During the Soviet era, Red Square maintained its significance, becoming a focal point for the new state. Besides being the official address of the Soviet government, it was renowned as a showcase for military parades from 1919 onward. Lenin's Mausoleum would from 1924 onward be a part of the square complex, and also as the grandstand for important dignitaries in all national celebrations. In the 1930s, Kazan Cathedral and Iverskaya Chapel with the Resurrection Gates were demolished to make room for heavy military vehicles driving through the square. The buildings surrounding the Square are all significant in some respect. Nearby is a memorial for all fallen soldiers during the II. World War with an eternal flame, along the wall of the Kremlin, are ceramic cubes filled with the soil of Soviet cities Heroes. Central Naval Museum Central Naval Museum, Sankt Peterburg, Rusija Central Naval Museum is a naval museum in St. Petersburg. It is one of the first museums in Russia and one of the world’s largest naval museums, with a large collection of artifacts, models, and paintings reflecting the development of Russian naval traditions and the history of the Russian Navy. During the three centuries of its existence, the museum has collected more than 700.000 objects that reflect the most important events in the history of the fleet. There are over 13.000 items of naval equipment, 11.000 weapons and firearms, 62.000 works of art, 56.000 uniforms, awards and decorations, flags and banners, and 44.000 documents and manuscripts, together with around 300,000 photographs and negatives, and sheets of drawings. The museum has one of the world's richest collections of model ships, about 2,000 models, covering the history of Russian and foreign military shipbuilding. Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery The memorial complex was opened on 9 May 1960. About 420.000 civilians and 50.000 soldiers of the Leningrad Front (now St. Petersburg) were buried in 186 mass graves. Near the entrance, an eternal flame is located. A marble plate affirms that from 4 September 1941 to 22 January 1944 107.158 air bombs were dropped on the city, 148.478 shells were fired, 16.744 men died, 33.782 were wounded and 641.803 inhabitants died of starvation. Museum of the Great Patriotic War пл. Победы, 3, Moskva, Rusija, 121096 The Museum of the Great Patriotic War is a history museum located in Moscow at Poklonnaya Gora. The museum features exhibits and memorials concerning II. World War, known in Russia as "The Great Patriotic War". In the center of the museum is the Hall of Glory, a white marble room which features the names of over 11.800 of the recipients of the Hero of the Soviet Union distinction. A large bronze sculpture, the "Soldier of Victory," stands in the center of this hall. The upper floors feature numerous exhibits about the war, including dioramas depicting major battles, photographs of wartime activities, weapons and munitions, uniforms, awards, newsreels, letters from the battlefront, and model aircraft. In addition, the museum maintains an electronic "memory book" which attempts to record the name and fate of every Russian soldier who died in II. World War. The museum is set in Victory Park, a 2,424-hectare park on Poklonnaya Hill. The park features a large, paved plaza, fountains, and open space where military vehicles, cannons, and other apparatus from II. World War are displayed. The Central Armed Forces Museum The Central Armed Forces Museum The Central Armed Forces Museum also is known as the Museum of the Soviet Army, is located in northern Moscow. Over its history the museum has managed to accumulate the most prominent and important military relics of the Soviet period, creating a record of its military past. In total, more than seven hundred thousand individual exhibits are now stored at the museum. The most valuable are displayed in the 25 halls of the main building. The period of the Russian Civil War includes a photocopy of the original decree outlining the creation of the RKKA which includes Lenin's corrections; a banner of the 195th infantry regiment into which Lenin was officially conscripted; weapons, documents, awards and personal belongings of famous Red Army men. The most prized display is that dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, which includes the Victory Banner as well as all of the front banners and the captured Nazi ones that were used during the Victory Parade in 1945. The Great Patriotic War differs from II. World War in that it began on 22 July 1941 with the German invasion of the Soviet Union. II. World War started on 1 September 1939 with the co-ordinated attacks on Germany and the Soviet Union on Poland. Part of the Great Patriotic War section is devoted to the Soviet Union's allies on the Western Front. There are examples of Soviet propaganda posters depicting Germany being crushed between the two fronts and maps of the Allied advance from Normandy into Germany. British and American small arms and uniforms are displayed. The last halls display the post-war and modern developments of the Soviet Army and Navy, the Cold War section contains wreckage from the U-2 spy-plane that was piloted by Gary Powers and the involvement of Soviet forces in Cold War conflicts. A special display is dedicated to the Soviet involvement in Afghanistan and recent combat operations in Chechnya. The State Museum of the Defence of Moscow Muzey oborony Moskvy, Moskva, Rusija The State Museum of the Defence of Moscow was founded on 25 December 1979. It is located in the immediate vicinity of the site of the former villages Troparevo-Nikulino, where was in October-November 1941 a defensive line of the Moscow volunteer division. The main goal is to reenact the battle of Moscow as an intense historical event through the perception the ones involves and victims. It shows their sacrifice and heroic actions. Museum of Artillery St. Petersburg Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signals, Sankt Peterburg, Rusija Artillery Museum is a state-owned military museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Its collections, consisting of Russian military equipment, uniforms, and decorations, are hosted in the Kronverk of the Peter and Paul Fortress situated on the right bank of the Neva near Alexander Park. Mayakovskaya Moscow Metro Station Mayakovskaya, Triumfalnaya Square, Moscow, Rusija Mayakovskaya is a Moscow Metro station. Considered to be one of the most beautiful in the system, it is a fine example of pre-II. World War Stalinist Architecture and one of the most famous Metro stations in the world. Located 33 meters beneath the surface, the station became famous during II. World War when an air raid shelter was located in the station. On the anniversary of the October Revolution, on 7 November 1941, Joseph Stalin addressed a mass assembly of party leaders and ordinary Muscovites in the central hall of the station. During II. World War, Stalin took residence in this place. Cruiser Aurora Cruiser Aurora, Petrogradskaya embankment, Sankt Peterburg, Rusija Aurora is a 1900 Russian protected cruiser, currently preserved as a museum ship in St. Petersburg. During the II. World War, the guns were taken from the ship and used in the land defense of Leningrad. The ship herself was docked in Oranienbaum port and was repeatedly shelled and bombed. On 30 September 1941, she was damaged and sunk in the harbor. In 1957 she became a museum ship. The Moscow Kremlin The Moscow Kremlin, Moskva, Rusija The Moscow Kremlin usually referred to as the Kremlin, is a fortified complex at the heart of Moscow, overlooking the Moskva River to the south, Saint Basil's Cathedral and Red Square to the east, and the Alexander Garden to the west. It is the best known of the kremlins, Russian citadels and includes five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers. Also within this complex is the Grand Kremlin Palace. The complex serves as the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. The Soviet government moved from Petrograd to Moscow on 12 March 1918. Vladimir Lenin selected the Kremlin Senate as his residence. Joseph Stalin also had his personal rooms in the Kremlin. He was eager to remove all the "relics of the tsarist regime" from his headquarters. Golden eagles on the towers were replaced by shining Kremlin stars, while the wall near Lenin's Mausoleum was turned into the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. From three entrance doors, only one serves as an entrance for visitors. National Military Museum Bucharest National Military Museum, Strada Mircea Vulcănescu, Bucharest, Romunija The National Military Museum in Bucharest, Romania, is one of the main historical museums in Romania. With its chronological rundown of how the country defended itself through the history from country's beginning until today. The museum shows us the most important battles for independents and freedom in Romanian history. It includes army documents, trophies and a great collection of firearms, including artillery, tanks, and air crafts. Galicia Jewish Museum Galicia Jewish Museum, Dajwór, Krakov, Poljska Jewish Historical Institute Jewish Historical Institute, Tłomackie, Varšava, Poljska The Jewish Historical Institute was created in 1947 as a continuation of the Central Jewish Historical Commission. Primarily dealing with the history of Jews in Poland. The institute is a repository of documentary materials relating to the Jewish historical presence in Poland. It is also a center for academic research, study and the dissemination of knowledge about the history and culture of Polish Jewry. The most valuable part of the collection is the Warsaw Ghetto Archive, known as the Ringelblum Archive. It contains about 6.000 documents, about 30.000 individual pieces of paper. Other important collections concerning II. World War include testimonies (mainly of Jewish survivors of the Holocaust), memoirs and diaries, documentation of the Joint and Jewish Self-Help, and documents from the Jewish Councils. The section on the documentation of Jewish historical sites holds about 40 thousand photographs concerning Jewish life and culture in Poland. Museum of Independence Museum of Independence, aleja Solidarności, Varšava, Poljska Pawiak was a prison built in 1835 in Warsaw, Poland. The Pawiak prison got the name after aa street named Pawia, which in polish means "Peacock Street". Following the German invasion of Poland in 1939 it was turned into a German Gestapo prison, and then part of the Nazi extermination camp system. Approximately 100.000 men and 200.000 women passed through the prison, mostly members of the Armia Krajowa, political prisoners and civilians taken as hostages in street round-ups. An estimated 37.000 were executed and 60.000 sent to German death and concentration camps. On August 21 an unknown number of remaining prisoners were shot and the buildings burned and blown up by the Nazis. Underground Szczecin Kolumba 1/16, Szczecin, Poljska The shelter was built by the Germans in 1941 as an anti-aircraft shelter for civilians. Shelter is 5 floor deep. Its ferroconcrete walls are 3 meters thick, a ceiling is 2,80 meters thick. The longest corridor is about 100 meters long. The total surface of shelter is 2.500 m2 and 1.900 m2 useful surface. There was enough space for 5.000 inhabitants. After the war, the shelter could be used as a nuclear shelter. Wolf’s Lair Wolf's Lair, Kętrzyn, Poljska Wolf's Lair was Adolf Hitler's first Eastern Front military headquarters in II. World War. The complex, which would become one of Führer Headquarters. It was built for the start of Operation Barbarossa (Invasion of Soviet Union) in 1941. Despite the security, the most notable assassination attempt against Hitler was made at Wolf's Lair on 20 July 1944. In the summer of 1944, work began to enlarge and reinforce many of the Wolf's Lair original buildings. However, the work was never completed because of the rapid advance of the Red Army during the Baltic Offensive in autumn 1944. On 25 January 1945, the complex was blown up and abandoned 48 hours before the arrival of Soviet forces. Westerplatte Westerplatte, Gdansk, Poljska The Battle of Westerplatte was the first battle in the Invasion of Poland and marked the start of the II. World War in Europe. Beginning on 1 September 1939, German naval forces and soldiers and Danzig police assaulted the Polish Military Transit Depot on the peninsula of Westerplatte, in the harbor of the Free City of Danzig. The site is one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments. Lubuskie War Museum Lubuskie Muzeum Wojskowe, Świdnica, Poljska Lubuskie War Museum has an enormous collection polish war gear from II. World War. The collection includes more than 30 airplanes/helicopters and more than 100 pieces heavy army gear as tanks, rocket systems, guns, etc. Museum also has a collection of old handguns and uniforms. Warsaw Memorial Route of Jewish Martyrdom and Struggle Zamenhofa 10, Warszawa, Poljska The Memorial Route of Jewish Martyrdom and Struggle in Warsaw is located the Muranów district to commemorate people, events and places of the Warsaw Ghetto during the German occupation of Poland. Warsaw Museum of The Polish Army Museum of the Polish Army, Aleje Jerozolimskie, Varšava, Poljska Museum of the Polish Army is a museum in Warsaw documenting the military aspects of the history of Poland. It occupies a wing of the building of the Polish National Museum. It's Warsaw's second largest museum and the largest collection of military objects in Poland. The collection illustrates a thousand years of Polish military history - from the 10th century to the II. World War. Warsaw Uprising Museum Warsaw Uprising Museum, Grzybowska, Varšava, Poljska The Warsaw Uprising was a major II. World War operation by the Polish resistance Home Army to liberate Warsaw from German occupation. The uprising was timed to coincide with the Soviet Union's Red Army approaching the eastern suburbs of the city and the retreat of German forces. However, the Soviet advance stopped short, enabling the Germans to regroup and demolish the city while defeating the Polish resistance, which fought for 63 days with little outside support. The Uprising was the largest single military effort taken by any European resistance movement during II. World War. The Uprising began on 1 August 1944, as part of a nationwide plan, Operation Tempest, when the Soviet Army approached Warsaw. The main Polish objectives were to drive the German occupiers from the city and help with the larger fight against Germany and the Axis powers. Secondary political objectives were to liberate Warsaw before the Soviets, to underscore Polish sovereignty by empowering the Polish Underground State before the Soviet-backed Polish Committee of National Liberation could assume control. Warsaw Ghetto Warsaw Ghetto Street, Ramla, Izrael The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe during II. World War. It was established in the Muranów neighborhood of the Polish capital between October and 16 November 1940, within the new General Government territory of German-occupied Poland. There were over 400.000 Jews imprisoned there, at an area of 3,4 km2 (1,3 sq mi). Mass deportations started in the summer of 1942. Earlier that year, during the Wannsee Conference, the Final Solution was set in motion. About 254.000 Warsaw Ghetto inmates were sent to Treblinka to be murdered. Treblinka Extermination Camp Muzeum Walki i Męczeństwa w Treblince, Kosów Lacki, Poljska Treblinka was an extermination camp, built by Nazis in occupied Poland during II. World War. The camp operated between 23 July 1942 and 19 October 1943 as part of Operation Reinhard, the deadliest phase of the Final Solution. During this time, it is estimated that around 800.000 Jews were killed. Stutthof Concentration Camp Muzeum Stutthof, Muzealna, Sztutowo, Poljska Stutthof was a German concentration camp built in a secluded, wet, and wooded area near the small town of Stutthof, 34 km (21 mi) east of the city of Gdańsk. Stutthof was the first concentration camp outside German borders, in operation from 2 September 1939, and the last camp liberated by the Allies on 9 May 1945. More than 85.000 victims died in the camp out of as many as 110.000 inmates deported there. Sobibór Extermination Camp Muzeum Byłego Obozu Zagłady w Sobiborze, Włodawa, Poljska Sobibór was a Nazi extermination camp located on the outskirts of the village of Sobibór. Its official German name was SS-Sonderkommando Sobibór. Jews from Poland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union, as well as few not-Jewish Soviet prisoners-of-war, were transported to Sobibór by rail. Most were suffocated in gas chambers fed by the exhaust of a large petrol engine. Up to 200.000 people were murdered at Sobibór. Majdanek Concentration Camp The State Museum of Majdanek, Lublin, Poljska Majdanek or KL Lublin was a Nazi German Extermination camp established on the outskirts of the city of Lublin during the German occupation of Poland in II. World War. Although initially proposed for forced labor rather than extermination, the camp was used to kill people on an industrial scale during Operation Reinhard, the German plan to murder all Jews within their own General Government territory of Poland. Gross-Rosen Concentration Camp Muzeum Gross-Rosen w Rogoźnicy, Rogoźnica, Poljska Gross-Rosen concentration camp was a Nazi German network of Nazi concentration camps built and operated during II. World War. The main camp was located in the village of Gross-Rosen not far from the border with occupied Poland, in the modern-day Rogoźnica in Poland directly on the rail line between the towns of Jawor and Strzegom. At its peak activity in 1944, the Gross-Rosen complex had up to 100 subcamps located in eastern Germany, Czechoslovakia, and on the territory of occupied Poland. The population of all Gross-Rosen camps at that time accounted for 11% of the total number of inmates trapped in the Nazi concentration camp system. Chełmno Extermination Camp Chełmno 59A, 62-660 Chełmno, Poljska Chełmno extermination camp built during II World War, was a Nazi German extermination camp situated 50 kilometers (31 mi) north of the metropolitan city of Łódź, near the Polish village of Chełmno nad Nerem. Following the invasion of Poland in 1939, Germany annexed the area into the new territory of Reichsgau Wartheland, aiming at its complete "Germanization", the camp was set up specifically to carry out ethnic cleansing through mass killings. It operated from 8 December 1941 parallel to Operation Reinhard during the most deadly phase of the Holocaust, and again from 23 June 1944 to 18 January 1945 during the Soviet counter-offensive. Polish Jews of the Łódź Ghetto and the local inhabitants of Reichsgau Wartheland (Warthegau) were exterminated there. In 1943 modifications were made to the camp's killing methods because the reception building was already dismantled. At a very minimum 152.000 people were killed in the camp, though the West German prosecution, citing Nazi figures during the Chełmno trials of 1962–65, laid charges for at least 180.000 victims. The Polish official estimates, in the early postwar period, have suggested much higher numbers, up to a total of 340.000 men, women, and children. The victims were killed with the use of gas vans. Chełmno was a place of early experimentation in the development of Nazi extermination program, continued in subsequent phases of the Holocaust throughout occupied Poland. Chełmno was set up by SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Lange, following his gas van experiments in the murder of 1.558 Polish prisoners of the Soldau concentration camp. Russian troops captured the town of Chełmno on 17 January 1945. By then, the Nazis had already destroyed evidence of the camp's existence leaving no prisoners behind. One of the camp survivors who was fifteen years old at the time testified that only three Jewish males had escaped successfully from Chełmno. In June 1945 two survivors testified at the trial of camp personnel in Łódź. The three best-known survivors testified about Chełmno at the 1961 trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem. Two survivors testified also at the camp personnel trials conducted in 1962–65 by West Germany. Bełżec Extermination Camp Muzeum – Miejsce Pamięci w Bełżcu, Bełżec, Poljska Bełżec was the first of the Nazi extermination camps created for the purpose of implementing the secretive Operation Reinhard, the plan to eliminate Polish Jewry, a key part of the "Final Solution" which entailed the murder of some 6 million Jews in the Holocaust. The camp operated from 17 March 1942 to the end of December 1942. It was situated about 0.5 km (0.31 mi) south of the local railroad station of Bełżec in German-occupied Poland. The burning of exhumed corpses on five open-air grids and bone crushing continued until March 1943. Between 430.000 and 500.000 Jews are believed to have been murdered by the SS at Bełżec. Only seven Jews performing slave labor with the camp's Sonderkommando survived II. World War and only one of them, became known from his own postwar testimony submitted officially. The lack of viable witnesses who could testify about the camp's operation is the primary reason why Bełżec is so little known despite the enormous number of victims. Auschwitz Extermintaion Camp Więźniów Oświęcimia 20, Oświęcim, Poljska Auschwitz concentration camp was a network of German Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II. It consisted of: Auschwitz I (the original camp), Auschwitz II–Birkenau (a combination concentration/extermination camp), Auschwitz III–Monowitz (a labor camp to staff an IG Farben factory), 45 satellite camps Auschwitz I was first constructed to hold Polish political prisoners, who began to arrive in May 1940. The first extermination of prisoners took place in September 1941, and Auschwitz II–Birkenau went on to become a major site of the Nazi Final Solution to the Jewish Question. From early 1942 until late 1944, transport trains delivered Jews to the camp's gas chambers from all over German-occupied Europe, where they were killed with the pesticide Zyklon B. An estimated 1.3 million people were sent to the camp, of whom at least 1.1 million died. Around 90 percent of those killed were Jewish; approximately 1 in 6 Jews killed in the Holocaust died at the camp. Others deported to Auschwitz included 150.000 Poles, 23.000 Romani and Sinti, 15.000 Soviet prisoners of war, 400 Jehovah's Witnesses, and tens of thousands of others of diverse nationalities, including an unknown number of homosexuals. Many of those not killed in the gas chambers died of starvation, forced labor, infectious diseases, individual executions, and medical experiments. One hundred forty-four prisoners are known to have escaped from Auschwitz successfully, and on 7 October 1944, two Sonderkommando units, prisoners assigned to staff the gas chambers, launched a brief, unsuccessful uprising. As Soviet troops approached Auschwitz in January 1945, most of its population was evacuated and sent on a death march. The prisoners remaining at the camp were liberated on 27 January 1945, a day now commemorated as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. The camp became a dominant symbol of the Holocaust. In 1947, Poland founded the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum on the site of Auschwitz I and II, and in 1979. Schindler’s Factory in Krakow Lipowa 4E, 30-702 Kraków, Poljska Oskar Schindler's Enamel Factory a former metal item factory in Kraków is now host to two museums: the Museum of Contemporary Art in Kraków, on the former workshops, and a branch of the Historical Museum of the City of Kraków, situated at ul. Lipowa 4 in the administrative building of the former enamel factory known as Oskar Schindler's Deutsche Emailwarenfabrik (DEF). Operating here before DEF was the first Malopolska factory of enamelware and metal products limited liability company, instituted in March 1937. On 1 September 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland and the II. World War broke out. On 6 September, German troops entered Kraków. It was also probably around that time in which Oskar Schindler, a Sudeten German who is a member of the NSDAP and an agent of the Abwehr, arrived in Kraków. Using the power of the German occupation forces in the capacity of a trustee, he took over the German kitchenware shop on ul. Krakowska, and in November 1939, on the power of the decision of the Trusteeship Authority he took over the receivership of the "Rekord" company in Zablocie. He also produced ammunition shells, so that his factory would be classed as an essential part of the war effort. He managed to build a subcamp of the Płaszów forced labor camp in the premises where "his" Jews had scarce contact with camp guards. In the face of the Soviet Red Army's advances, Schindler relocated, with the blessing of the German authorities, his munitions business, and its workforce in late 1944 to the branch of Gross-Rosen Concentration Camp in Bohemia’s Brunnlitz. About 1,200 Jewish prisoners from Krakow survived there to be liberated by the Soviets on 8 May 1945. Project Riese Owl Mountains, Bielawa, Poljska Riese is the code name for a construction project of Nazi Germany in 1943–1945, consisting of seven underground structures located in the Owl Mountains and Książ Castle in Lower Silesia. None of them were finished, all are in different states of completion with only a small percentage of tunnels reinforced by concrete. In the presence of the increasing Allied air raids, Nazi Germany relocated a large part of its strategic armaments production into safer regions including the District of Sudetenland. Plans to protect critical infrastructure also involved a transfer of the arms factories to underground bunkers and construction of the air-raid shelters for government officials. Miedzyrzecz Underground Fortifications Miedzyrzecki Fortified Region, Międzyrzecz, Poljska Międzyrzecki Rejon Umocniony or Międzyrzecz Fortification Region was a fortified military defense line of Nazi Germany between the Oder and Warta rivers. Built in 1934–44, it was the most technologically advanced fortification system of Nazi Germany and remains one of the largest and the most interesting systems of this type in the world today. It consists of around 100 concrete defense structures partially interconnected by a network of underground tunnels. Some of the forts and tunnels are available for visiting. The most interesting part is the central section, which begins in the south with the so-called Boryszyn Loop near the village of Boryszyn and extends about 12 km (8 mi) to the north. In the central section, the bunkers are interconnected with an underground system of tunnels, 32 kilometers (19 mi) long and up to 40 meters (34 yd) deep. In the underground system, there are also railway stations, workshops, engine rooms, and barracks. Museum of Allied Prisoners-of-War Martyrdom Muzeum Obozów Jenieckich, Lotników Alianckich, Żagań, Poljska From the autumn of 1939 until autumn 1942 there was a complex of prisoner-of-war Nazi camps in Zagan and its neighborhood. The camp known as Stalag VIIIC was the biggest camp in the 8th Military Divison of Nazi Germany's Wehrmacht. From the autumn of 1939 until autumn 1942 there was a complex of prisoner-of-war Nazi camps in Zagan and its neighborhood. The camp known as Stalag VIIIC including its branches was the biggest camp in the 8th Military Divison of Nazi Germany's Wehrmacht. Among its prisoners were: French, Russian, Belgian, Italian, Yugoslavian and Polish war prisoners. In May 1942 Stalag Luft III, a prisoner-of-war camp for the British and American airmen, was opened in the neighborhood of Stalag VI-IIC. The prisoners of this camp attempted to escape. The greatest flight happened at night on March 24/25, 1944. However, only three prisoners managed to escape and the remaining 73 were captured. As soon as Hitler got to know about it, he had a briefing with Keitel, Himmler, and Goering. A decision was madê to shoot the fifty fugitives captured. The epilog of the "great runaway" took place before the British Military Court of Justice in Hamburg in 1947, Fourteen of the accused were sentenced to death, whereas the remaining four were sentenced to imprisonment of many years. In front of the museum, there is a sculpture from 1961 by Mieczysław Walter which commemorates the victims of crimes by German Nazi Wehrmacht soldiers. Sochaczew Museum Museum of Sochaczew's area and Battle on Bzura, Plac Tadeusza Kościuszki, Sochaczew, Poljska The museum is located in Sochaczew town 60 kilometers west of Warsaw. It own the greatest collection of weapons, equipment, uniforms and other relics from September Campaign of 1939, especially connected with the Bzura River Battle, the biggest Ally offensive engagement against Wehrmacht in early years of II. World War. Museum of the History of Polish Jews Museum of the History of Polish Jews, Anielewicza, Varšava, Poljska The Museum stands in what was once the heart of Jewish Warsaw an area which the Nazis turned into the Warsaw Ghetto during II. World War. Occupying around 4.000 m2 (ca. 43.000 ft2), the Museum’s Core Exhibition will immerse visitors in the world of Polish Jews, from their arrival in Po-lin as traveling merchants in medieval times until today. The history of the Jews is shown in 8 galleries. One of the gallery shows the tragedy of the Holocaust during the German occupation of Poland, which resulted in the deaths of approximately 90% of the 3.3 million Polish Jews. The gallery also covers the horrors experienced by the non-Jewish majority population of Poland during II. World War as well as their reactions and responses to the extermination of Jews. Polish Resistance Home Army Museum Wita Stwosza 12, Krakov, Poljska The Polish resistance movement in II. World War, with the Polish Home Army at its forefront, was the largest underground resistances in all of Nazi-occupied Europe, covering both German and Soviet zones of occupation. The Polish defense against the Nazi occupation was an important part of the European anti-fascist resistance movement. It is most notable for disrupting German supply lines to the Eastern Front, providing military intelligence to the British, and for saving more Jewish lives during the Holocaust than any other Allied organization or government. It was a part of the Polish Underground State. The permanent exhibition presents the history of Polish Underground State and Home Army in their complexity. The main section of the exhibition begins with the so-called September Campaign (Invasion of Poland). The division of Poland into two occupied zones, German and Soviet, consists of several sections and are well documented with photographic displays. Day-by-day life, both civilian and military, and the policy of both occupants is shown in the rich narrative scenography of the exhibition, based on documents and artifacts such as uniforms, munitions, many documents, and decorations. The Museum of Coastal Defence Helska, 84-150 Hel, Poljska The Museum of Coastal Defence in Hel was established in buildings formerly occupied by the German "Schleswig-Holstein" 406 mm battery: the B2 gun emplacement and the range-finder tower. The aim of the museum is to show the military history of Hel and the Polish Navy. A number of thematic exhibitions show the heroism of the defense of Hel in 1939, and the development of the Polish Navy through history. The development of naval armaments and communications over the last fifty years is shown in detail. Dukla Museum Muzeum Historyczne - Pałac w Dukli, Trakt Węgierski, Dukla, Poljska The historical museum in a palace of Dukla is a combination of small local heritage and II. World War with a highlight of the year 1944 and the Battle of Dukla Pass. This was one of the last major tank battles of II. World War, which concluded the full liberation of Ukraine. The museum includes a huge collection of artillery weaponry and a collection of weapons small caliber, uniforms and army gear. Memorial Katyn Świętokrzyskie Mountains, Bodzentyn, Poljska The Katyn massacre was a series of mass executions of Polish nationals carried out by the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs, a Soviet secret police organization (NKVD) in April and May 1940. Though the killings took place at several different locations, the massacre is named after the Katyn Forest, where some of the mass graves were first discovered. The massacre was prompted by NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria's proposal to execute all captive members of the Polish officer corps, dated 5 March 1940, approved by the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, including its leader, Joseph Stalin. The number of victims is estimated at about 22,000. The victims were executed in the Katyn Forest in Russia, the Kalinin and Kharkiv prisons, and elsewhere. Of the total killed, about 8,000 were officers imprisoned during the 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland, another 6,000 were police officers, and the rest were arrested Polish intelligentsia that the Soviets deemed to be intelligence agents, gendarmes, landowners, saboteurs, factory owners, lawyers, officials, and priests. Mauerwald Mamerki Bunkers Mamerki Bunkry, Węgorzewo, Poljska Command and Communication Center Mauerwald (OKH) was a headquarters of a German Army Supreme Command, not far from Mamry Lake. OKH Mauerwald is a system of bunkers and military posts belonging to German Supreme Command during the years 1941 and 1944. It was built around 20 km northeast from Wolfschanze by organization Todt. Similar as Wolfschanze, but bigger, the area covered more than 200 structures with more than 30 reinforced buildings and bunkers. When Adolf Hitler was in Wolfschanze, the Wehrmacht and other Chiefs of General Staff were in Mauerwald. You can read more about most famous locations of II. World War in northern Poland in our trip book. Lviv Lvov, Lviv Oblast, Ukrajina Lviv is an administrative center in western Ukraine with more than a millennium of history as a settlement and over seven centuries as a city. Prior to the creation of the modern state of Ukraine, Lviv had been part of numerous states and empires, including, under the name Lwów, Poland and later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, under the name Lemberg, the Austrian and later Austro-Hungarian Empires, the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic after I. World War, Poland again and the Soviet Union. After signing a neutrality pact (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact), Nazi Germany invaded Poland on 1. September 1939. The German 1st Mountain Division reached the suburbs of Lviv on 12 September and began a siege. The city's garrison was ordered to hold out at all cost since the strategic position prevented the enemy from crossing into the Romanian Bridgehead. Also, a number of Polish troops from Central Poland were trying to reach the city and organize a defense there to buy time to regroup. Thus a 10-day-long defense of the city started and later became known as yet another Battle of Lwów. On 19 September an unsuccessful Polish diversionary attack under was launched. Soviet troops, part of the force which had invaded on 17 September under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, replaced the Germans around the city. On 21 September Polish troops formally surrendered to Soviet troops under Marshal Semyon Timoshenko. On 22 September 1939 Poland officially capitulated. Germans and Soviets divided Poland into two parts, the Eastern part fell in Soviet part and the Western part became a part of the Third Reich. German and Soviet soldiers gazed into their eyes and celebrated the victory with a cigarette. Central Prisoner-of-War Museum Lambinowice Centralne Muzeum Jeńców Wojennych, Muzealna, Łambinowice, Poljska Stalag VIII-B Lamsdorf was a notorious German Army prisoner of war camp, later renamed Stalag-344, located near the small town of Lamsdorf, now called Łambinowice, in Silesia. The camp initially occupied barracks built to house British and French prisoners in I. World War. At this same location, there had been a prisoner camp during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. After the war, the camp was used for German prisoners-of-war and it renamed in Łambinowice Camp. The museum collection includes archives and artifacts, also a great collection of books. The collection is really rich and connected to polish prisoners-of-war. Field Cathedral of the Polish Army Katedra Polowa Wojska Polskiego, Długa, Varšava, Poljska The Field Cathedral of the Polish Army, also known as the Church of Our Lady Queen of the Polish Crown, is the main garrison church of Warsaw and the representative cathedral of the entire Polish Army. During the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, the cathedral was one of the churches frequently targeted by the Luftwaffe. Heavy fighting was also fighting for the ruins, as the preserved western tower was used as an observation post. At the same time, the cellars of the monastery and the crypts beneath the church were used as a provisional field hospital. The remnants of the church, along with the hospital, were destroyed by German aerial bombardment on 20 August 1944. Gliwice Dolnych Wałów, Glivice, Poljska The Gleiwitz incident was a false flag operation by Nazi forces posing as Poles on 31 August 1939, against the German radio station Sender Gleiwitz in Gleiwitz, Upper Silesia, Germany (since 1945: Gliwice, Poland) on the eve of II. World War in Europe. The goal was to use the staged attack as a pretext for invading Poland. This provocation was the best-known of several actions in Operation Himmler, a series of unconventional operations undertaken by the SS in order to serve specific propaganda goals of Nazi Germany at the outbreak of the war. It was intended to create the appearance of Polish aggression against Germany in order to justify the subsequent invasion of Poland. Gdansk Gdansk, Poljska Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 after having signed a non-aggression pact (Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact) with the Soviet Union in late August. The German attack began in Gdansk, with a bombardment of Polish positions at Westerplatte by the German battleship Schleswig-Holstein, and the landing of German infantry on the peninsula. Hoek Fort 1881 Fort 1881, Stationsweg, Hoek van Holland, Nizozemska The museum is located in ex-fort Hoek van Holland. This fort was primarily built as a defensive system for the new waterway against enemies. More than 100 years old building with many hallways, staircases, and rooms, which gives a visitor a good look into a life of soldiers in the fort. Westerbork Transit Camp Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, Oosthalen, Hooghalen, Nizozemska The Westerbork transit camp was a II. World WarNazi refugee, detention, and transit camp in Hooghalen, ten kilometers (6.2 miles) north of Westerbork. It functions during the II. World War was to assemble Romani and Dutch Jews for transport to other Nazi concentration camps. Herzogenbusch Vught Concentration Camp Nationaal Monument Kamp Vught, Lunettenlaan, Vught, Nizozemska Herzogenbusch concentration camp was a Nazi concentration camp located in Vught near the city of 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands. Herzogenbusch was, with Natzweiler-Struthof in occupied France, the only concentration camp run directly by the SS in western Europe outside of Germany. The camp was first used in 1943 and held 31.000 prisoners. 749 prisoners died in the camp, and the others were transferred to other camps shortly before the camp was liberated by the Allied Forces in 1944. After the war, the camp was used as a prison for Germans and Dutch collaborators. Today there is a museum with exhibitions and a national monument remembering the camp and its victims. Amersfoort Concentration Camp Nationaal Monument Kamp Amersfoort, Loes van Overeemlaan, Bosgebied, Leusden, Nizozemska Amersfoort concentration camp was a Nazi concentration camp in Amersfoort, Netherlands. The official name was Police Transit Camp Amersfoort. During the years of 1941 to 1945, over 35.000 prisoners were kept here. Amersfoort was a transit camp, where prisoners were sent to places like Buchenwald, Mauthausen, and Neuengamme. It was on July 15, 1942, that the Germans began deporting Dutch Jews from Amersfoort, Vught, and Westerbork to concentration camps and death camps such as Auschwitz, Sobibor, and Theresienstadt. Rotterdam War and Resistance Museum Rotterdam '40-'45 NU, Coolhaven, Rotterdam, Nizozemska The city of Rotterdam played important role in the II. World War. It became unrecognized on 14 May 1940, when it was bombed by Nazi forces. Called Rotterdam Blitz was the aerial bombardment by the Luftwaffe. Later Germans occupied the Netherlands and Allied forces carried out a number of operations over Rotterdam. These included bombing strategic installations, leaflet dropping and during the last week of the war, the dropping off emergency food supplies. The city was burst in shreds. 850 people lost their lives, 25.000 homes and 11.000 buildings were razed to the ground, and more than 80.000 inhabitants without the roof over their head. The museum is not just a monument but also serves as a reminder of injustice that is happening in the world today. Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery, Van Limburg Stirumweg, Oosterbeek, Nizozemska The Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery, more commonly known as the Airborne Cemetery, is a cemetery in Oosterbeek, near Arnhem. The cemetery is home to 1.759 graves from the II. World War. In Operation Market-Garden Allies lost between 15.130 and 17.200 soldiers. Allied victims are buried in Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery. Overloon Museumpark 1A, 5825 AM Overloon, Nizozemska The Battle of Overloon was a battle fought in the II. World War battle between Allied forces and the German Army which took place in and around the village of Overloon in the southeast of the Netherlands between 30 September and 18 October 1944. Operation Aintree resulted in an Allied victory. The Allies went on to liberate the town of Venray. The museum contains many vehicles, tanks, warcraft, documentation, all connected with the Battle of Overloon. Netherlands American Cemetery Netherlands American Cemetery, Margraten, Nizozemska The II. World War Netherlands American Cemetery and Memorial is a war cemetery which lies in the village of Margraten six miles (10 km) east of Maastricht, in the most southern part of the Netherlands. The tall memorial tower can be seen before reaching the cemetery which covers 65.5 acres (26.5 ha). From the cemetery entrance through the Court of Honor with its pool reflecting the chapel tower. There is visitors' building and the museum with its three engraved operations maps describing the achievements of the American Armed Forces in the area during II. World War. National Liberation Museum Nationaal Bevrijdingsmuseum 1944-1945, Wylerbaan, Groesbeek, Nizozemska The Liberation Museum is set in the beautiful landscape near Nijmegen, Arnhem and the German border. Operation Market-Garden, the largest airborne operation in history took place here in September 1944 and Operation Veritable, the Rhineland Offensive, the final road to freedom in Europe, started from here in February 1945. The museum brings the historical events of the liberation by the American, British, Canadian and Polish troops back to life. In the museum, you live through the period preceding the war, experience the occupation, celebrate the liberation and witness the rebuilding of the Netherlands and Europe after the war. The museum with its presentations, models, movies and audio recordings, brings the war back to life and offers a unique exhibition. Wings of Liberation Museum Bevrijdende Vleugels Museum, Sonseweg, Best, Nizozemska On 17. September 1944 this area was a place of Operation Market-Garden, also here, 101st American paratroopers landed. The museum exhibits a liberation of south Limburg, Operation Market-Garden, Operation Barbarossa in Russia. An exhibition contains war gear and vehicles, including an airplane Dakota and Lockheed TF-104g Starfighter. Dutch Resistance Museum Verzetsmuseum, Plantage Kerklaan, Amsterdam, Nizozemska The Dutch Resistance Museum, chosen as the best historical museum of the Netherlands, tells the story of the Dutch people in II. World War. From 14 May 1940 to 5 May 1945, the Netherlands were occupied by Nazi Germany. Permanent exhibit of the museum recreates the atmosphere of the streets of Amsterdam during the German occupation. Big photographs, old posters, objects, films and sounds from that horrible time, help to recreate the scene. The background of the Holocaust is visualized to the visitor. This is an exhibition about the everyday life during that time, but also about exceptional historical events, the ·resistance of the population against the Nazis and heroism. Nijmegen Bridge Valkhofpark, Nijmegen, Nizozemska Following D-day invasion and slow progress of Allied forces. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander, began to contemplate the Allies' next move. General Omar Bradley, commander of the 12th Army Group in the Allied center, advocated in favor of a drive into the Saar to pierce the German Westwall or Siegfried Line defenses and open Germany to invasion. Field Marshal Montgomery's strategic goal was to encircle the heart of German industry, the Ruhr, in a pincer movement. The northern end of the pincer would circumvent the northern end of the Siegfried Line giving easier access into Germany. The aim of Operation Market Garden was to establish the northern end of a pincer ready to project deeper into Germany. Allied forces would project north from Belgium, 60 miles (97 km) through the Netherlands, across the Rhine and consolidate north of Arnhem on the Dutch/German border ready to close the pincer. The operation made massed use of airborne forces, whose tactical objectives were to secure the bridges and allow a rapid advance by armored ground units to consolidate north of Arnhem. The operation required the seizure of the bridges across the Maas (Meuse River), two arms of the Rhine (the Waal and the Lower Rhine) together with crossings over several smaller canals and tributaries. At the furthest point of the airborne operation at Arnhem, the British 1st Airborne Division encountered initial strong resistance. The delays in capturing the bridges at Son and Nijmegen gave time for German forces, including the 9th and 10th SS panzer divisions who were present at that time, to organize and retaliate. In the ensuing battle, only a small force managed to capture the north end of the Arnhem road bridge and after the ground forces failed to relieve them, the paratroopers were overrun on 21 September. The remainder of the 1st Airborne Division were trapped in a small pocket west of the bridge, having to be evacuated on 25 September. The Allies had failed to cross the Rhine and the river remained a barrier to their advance into Germany until offensives at Remagen, Oppenheim, Rees and Wesel in March 1945. The failure of Market Garden to form a foothold over the Rhine ended Allied expectations of finishing the war by Christmas 1944. The 82nd Airborne Division's assault on the Nijmegen bridge in September 1944 received the nickname "Little Omaha" due to the heavy casualties and became a significant turning point in the battle. War reporter Bill Downs described it as: "A single, isolated battle that ranks in magnificence and courage with Guam, Tarawa, Omaha Beach. A story that should be told to the blowing of bugles and the beating of drums for the men whose bravery made the capture of this crossing over the Waal possible." John Frost Bridge John Frost Bridge, Arnhem, Nizozemska Following D-day invasion and slow progress of Allied forces. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander, began to contemplate the Allies' next move. General Omar Bradley, commander of the 12th Army Group in the Allied center, advocated in favor of a drive into the Saar to pierce the German Westwall or Siegfried Line defenses and open Germany to invasion. Field Marshal Montgomery's strategic goal was to encircle the heart of German industry, the Ruhr, in a pincer movement. The northern end of the pincer would circumvent the northern end of the Siegfried Line giving easier access into Germany. The aim of Operation Market Garden was to establish the northern end of a pincer ready to project deeper into Germany. Allied forces would project north from Belgium, 60 miles (97 km) through the Netherlands, across the Rhine and consolidate north of Arnhem on the Dutch/German border ready to close the pincer. The operation made massed use of airborne forces, whose tactical objectives were to secure the bridges and allow a rapid advance by armored ground units to consolidate north of Arnhem. The operation required the seizure of the bridges across the Maas (Meuse River), two arms of the Rhine (the Waal and the Lower Rhine) together with crossings over several smaller canals and tributaries. At the furthest point of the airborne operation at Arnhem, the British 1st Airborne Division encountered initial strong resistance. The delays in capturing the bridges at Son and Nijmegen gave time for German forces, including the 9th and 10th SS panzer divisions who were present at that time, to organize and retaliate. In the ensuing battle, only a small force managed to capture the north end of the Arnhem road bridge and after the ground forces failed to relieve them, the paratroopers were overrun on 21 September. The remainder of the 1st Airborne Division were trapped in a small pocket west of the bridge, having to be evacuated on 25 September. The Allies had failed to cross the Rhine and the river remained a barrier to their advance into Germany until offensives at Remagen, Oppenheim, Rees and Wesel in March 1945. The failure of Market Garden to form a foothold over the Rhine ended Allied expectations of finishing the war by Christmas 1944. Bunker Museum Badweg 38, IJmuiden, Nizozemska All around the city of Ijmuiden are bunkers from the II. World War, built by German forces as a part of huge defensive system Atlantic Wall. Arnhem War Museum Kemperbergerweg, Arnhem, Nizozemska The Arnhem War Museum is a private museum dedicated to battle of Arnhem. This collection consists of Allied and German documents, uniforms, weapons, and many non-military objects, for example, newspapers, which give an impression of the daily life of that time. Airbone Museum Hartenstein Airborne Museum 'Hartenstein', Utrechtseweg, Oosterbeek, Nizozemska The Airborne Museum ‘Hartenstein’ is dedicated to the Battle of Arnhem in which the Allied Forces attempted to form a bridgehead on the northern banks of the Rhine river in September 1944. Hartenstein served as the headquarters of the British 1st Airborne Division. Operation Market Garden, 17–25 September 1944, was an unsuccessful Allied military operation, fought in the Netherlands and Germany in the II. World War. Operation Market Garden, which includes the Battle of Arnhem, in September 1944, was the largest airborne battle in history. It was also the only real attempt by the Allies to use airborne forces in a strategic role in Europe. It was a massive engagement, with its principal combatants being 21 Army Group under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery for the Allies and Army Group B under Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model for the Germans. It involved thousands of aircraft and armored vehicles, and hundreds of thousands of troops and was the only major Allied defeat of the Northwest European campaign. Hartenstein Airborne Monument Airborne Museum 'Hartenstein', Utrechtseweg, Oosterbeek, Nizozemska Operation Market Garden, 17–25 September 1944, was an unsuccessful Allied military operation, fought in the Netherlands and Germany in the II. World War. Operation Market Garden, which includes the Battle of Arnhem, in September 1944, was the largest airborne battle in history. It was also the only real attempt by the Allies to use airborne forces in a strategic role in Europe. It was a massive engagement, with its principal combatants being 21 Army Group under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery for the Allies and Army Group B under Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model for the Germans. It involved thousands of aircraft and armored vehicles, and hundreds of thousands of troops and was the only major Allied defeat of the Northwest European campaign. Anne Frank House Anne Frank Huis, Prinsengracht, Amsterdam, Nizozemska Annelies Marie Frank was a German-born diarist and writer. One of the most discussed Jewish victims of the Holocaust, she gained fame posthumously following the publication of her diary, with documents of her life in hiding from 1942 to 1944, during the German occupation of the Netherlands in II. World War. The museum preserves the hiding place, has a permanent exhibition on the life and times of Anne Frank, and has an exhibition space about all forms of persecution and discrimination. Westwall Museum Westwallmuseum, Irrel, Nemčija The museum on the french-german border between the cities Metz, Saarbrücken, Karlsruhe and Strasbourg. This was the place of bloody clashes in the 19th and 20th century. Before and during the II. World War the line was focused on the defensive line "Ligne Maginot" and on the German site "Siegfried line" or "Westwall". Torgau Torgau, Nemčija Torgau is a town on the banks of the Elbe in northwestern Saxony, Germany. The town is the place where during the II. World War, United States Army forces coming from the west met the forces of the Soviet Union coming from the east during the invasion of Germany on 25 April 1945, which is now remembered as "Elbe Day". marking an important step toward the end of II. World War in Europe. This contact between the Soviets, advancing from the East, and the Americans, advancing from the West, meant that the two powers had effectively cut Germany in two. Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp Memorial and Museum Sachsenhausen, Straße der Nationen, Oranienburg, Nemčija Sachsenhausen was a Nazi concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany, used primarily for political prisoners from 1936 until the end of the Third Reich. After II. World War, when Oranienburg was in the Soviet Occupation Zone, the structure was used as an NKVD special camp until 1950. The remaining buildings and grounds are now open to the public as a museum. Sachsenhausen was the site of Operation Bernhard, one of the largest currency counterfeiting operations ever recorded. The Germans forced inmate artisans to produce forged American and British currency, as part of a plan to undermine the United Kingdom's and United States' economies. There were over one billion pounds in counterfeit banknotes. The Germans introduced fake British £5, £10, £20 and £50 notes into circulation in 1943. Furthermore, the Bank of England never found them. A major user of Sachsenhausen labor was Heinkel, the aircraft manufacturer, using between 6,000 and 8,000 prisoners on their He 177 bomber. Prisoners also worked in a brick factory, which some say was supposed to supply the building blocks for Hitler's dream city, Germania, which was to be the capital of the world once the Nazis took over. Ravensbrück Concentration Camp Mahn- u. Gedenkstätte Ravensbrück |Stiftung Brandenburgische Gedenkstätten, Straße der Nationen, Fürstenberg/Havel, Nemčija Ravensbrück was a women's concentration camp during II. World War, near the village of Ravensbrück, north Germany. Construction of the camp began in November 1938 and was unusual in that the camp was intended to hold exclusively female inmates. The facility opened in May 1939 and underwent major expansion following the invasion of Poland. Between 1939 and 1945, some 130.000 to 132.000 female prisoners passed through the Ravensbrück camp system. Many of the slave labor prisoners were employed by the German electrical engineering company. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Neuengamme concentration camp Memorial, Neuengammer Hausdeich Brücke, Hamburg, Nemčija The Neuengamme concentration camp was a German concentration camp, established in 1938 by the SS near the village of Neuengamme in the district of Hamburg, Germany. It was operated by the Nazis from 1938 to 1945. Over that period an estimated 106,000 prisoners were held at Neuengamme and at its subcamps. 14.000 perished in the main camp, 12.800 in the subcamps and 16.100 during the last weeks of the war on evacuation marches or due to the bombing. The verified death toll is 42.900. After Germany's defeat in 1945, the British Army used the site until 1948 as an internment camp. In 1948, the facility was transferred to the Hamburg prison authority which tore down the camp huts a
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Mitte - Lichtenberg - Recreational cycle route
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View, print and download the recreational cycle route 'Mitte - Lichtenberg' from Kasper Bogaert (10.4 km).
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https://www.routeyou.com/en-de/route/view/7754598
Please wait, the navigation is being prepared. You can now navigate. Have fun on the road! Start Processing your request has failed. Please try again. Please wait, your download is being prepared. Your download is ready. Have fun on the road! Download Processing your request has failed. Please try again. Please wait, your print is being prepared. Your print is ready to download. Have fun on the road! Download Processing your request has failed. Please try again.
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https://www.westend61.de/en/photo/ALEF00099/germany-berlin-sign-of-s-bahn-station-oranienburger-strasse
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Bahn station Oranienburger Strasse stock photo
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Germany, Berlin, sign of S-Bahn station Oranienburger Strasse stock photo
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Berlin Friedrichshain
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To top To top To top To top To top To top To top To top To top To top
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https://www.butterfield.com/get-inspired/things-to-do-in-berlin
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Insider's Guide: 16 Things to Do in Berlin
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2015-03-10T20:57:04+00:00
If you love art, architecture, and history—you’re in for an amazing experience. Ever-changing and evolving, there are plenty of things to do in Berlin.
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The Slow Road Luxury Travel Blog
https://www.butterfield.com/get-inspired/things-to-do-in-berlin
If you love art, architecture and history, you’re in for an amazing experience. The history of the Second World War remains very much a part of Berlin. Today, as two generations of pent-up creative energy continue to be unleashed, it is one of the most dynamic cities in the world. Ever-changing and evolving, there are plenty of things to do in Berlin for everyone. Below, a few of our favourites. The Berlin Wall The iconic Berlin Wall—put up in a single night in 1961—introduced a new and cruel reality that rapidly acquired a sense of permanence. The city’s centre of gravity shifted as the Wall cut off the historic centre from the west, suspending the Brandenburg Gate and Potsdamer Platz in a no man’s land, while the outer edge followed the 1920 city limits. Little of the Berlin Wall remains today, most of it having been demolished between June and November of 1990. What had become the symbol of the inhumanity of the East German regime was prosaically crushed and re-used for road-fill. Checkpoint Charlie Museum Perhaps a little tacky, this private museum is nonetheless essential for anyone interested in the Wall and the Cold War. It opened not long after the German Democratic Republic erected the Berlin Wall in 1961, with the purpose of documenting the events that were taking place. The exhibition charts the history of the Wall and gives details of the ingenious and often hair-raising ways people escaped from the East to the West. The Berlin Museumsinsel (Museum Island) A must-see, this self-contained museum complex in the centre of Berlin lies at the northern point of the Spreeinsel (Spree Island). Exhibits include late Antique and Byzantine art, a painting gallery, a coin collection, a collection of antiquities, a Near Eastern museum, a museum for Islamic art, European art of the 19th century, an Egyptian museum and a museum for pre-and early history: The Bode Museum Located on the island’s northern tip (and pictured above), the Bode Museum opened in 1904 (under the name of the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum). Today it features sculpture collections and late Antique and Byzantine art. Altes Museum (Old Museum) This was the first part of the complex and was built by Karl Friedrich Schinkel in 1830. The Neues Museum (New Museum) Finished in 1859 under the direction of Friedrich August Stüler, a student of Schinkel, the museum was destroyed in WWII. It was later rebuilt and re-opened in 2009. Alte Nationalgalerie (Old National Gallery) The Old National Gallery reopened in December 2001, after three years of careful restoration. With its ceiling and wall paintings, it provides a sparkling home to one of the largest collections of 19th c. art and sculpture in Germany. Pergamonmuseum One of the world’s major archaeological museums, the Pergamon should not be missed. (Note that the museum is currently undergoing a significant renovation and will be closed until 2023. More info here.) Fernsehturm on Alexanderplatz Built in the late 1960s at a time when relations between East and West were at their lowest point, the 365 metre (1,198 foot) television tower was intended as a show of Communist dynamism and modernity. Take an ear-popping lift to the observation platform at the top—it’s a great way to get your bearings on a visit to Berlin; the view is unbeatable day or night. Jewish Berlin German and Jewish histories are deeply connected in Berlin. Sites that testify to the blossoming of Jewish life are often woven alongside those bearing witness to its destruction. Holocaust Memorial The Holocaust Memorial, or Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, designed by New York architect Peter Eisenman rests in the immediate vicinity of the Brandenburg Gate. The placement of the enormous 19,000-square-metre memorial in the city’s historic centre serves to emphasize its orientation toward the civilian population. Visitors are permitted to walk unrestricted through the field of stelae at any time, day or night. Jewish Museum Berlin The Jewish Museum has been among the most prominent institutions in the European cultural landscape since it opened in 2001. The spectacular building by American architect Daniel Libeskind has become a landmark of the city. The historical permanent exhibition, covering 3,000-square-metres of floor space, presents two thousand years of German-Jewish history with interactive and multimedia components. Alter Jüdischer Friedhof (Old Jewish Cemetery) This cemetery is found on Grosse Hamburger Strasse where it meets Oranienburger Strasse. Defaced in 1938, the Nazis ran an irrigation ditch through the cemetery, using most of the 3,000 tombstones to shore up its walls. Only 20 original gravestones remain, one of which marks the burial site of the famous Berlin philosopher Moses Mendelssohn. Jüdischer Friedhof Weissensee (Jewish Cemetery Weissensee) The largest Jewish cemetery in Germany lies in the suburb of Weissensee in northeast Berlin. Many of the 120,000 tombstones carry more than one name, representing those who lost their lives in concentration camps. Synagogues The interior of functioning synagogues may be viewed only by attending a service. Guests are requested to announce themselves to the Jewish Community in advance. You can obtain more information by contacting the department of religious affairs in the Jewish Community of Berlin. Topography of Terror The site of the Topography of Terror, next to the Martin-Gropius-Bau and not far from Potsdamer Platz, was the headquarters of the National Socialist regime of terror from 1933 to 1945: among them, the secret police (Gestapo) with their own prison, the leadership of the Nazi party Schutzstaffel (or SS), and the Central Office of Homeland Security for the German Reich. The exhibition “Topography of Terror” is located on a walkway that leads you through a ditch past the excavated ruins of several buildings along the Niederkirchnerstrasse (formerly Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse). It documents the history of these institutions of terror, situated in close proximity to the Nazi government sector. Sachsenhausen (just outside of Berlin) Many Nazi concentration camps have been preserved and opened to the public as memorials and museums. Sachsenhausen is the nearest to Berlin, and provides a sombre, yet moving, experience. Oranienburg is at the end of the S1 S-Bahn line (40 minutes from Mitte). From the station, follow signs to Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen, for about a 20-minute walk. It’s a good idea to hire an audio guide (available in English) at the gate.
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https://needleberlin.com/2014/07/29/36-hours-in-berlin-and-not-a-minute-more/
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36 Hours in Berlin (and not a minute more) – The Needle: Berlin
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2014-07-29T00:00:00
Did you ever wonder at the intentions of tourists who come to Berlin as voyeurs to the horrors of the
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The Needle: Berlin
https://www.needleberlin.com.dream.website/2014/07/29/36-hours-in-berlin-and-not-a-minute-more/
Did you ever wonder at the intentions of tourists who come to Berlin as voyeurs to the horrors of the 20th century? After a weekend chock-full of terror, mass murder, surveillance, and the legacy of defeat, it’s a wonder they would ever want to pay a return visit to the German capital. Indeed––now that we’re thinking about it––how would you devise an itinerary to Berlin that ensures there’s no possibility of a return visit? The Needle tips its hat, with this post, to the New York Times’ travel section, with a parody of its column, 36 hours in XXXX (fill in a city name), and an itinerary that will have your weekenders breathing with relief the moment their plane takes off home. Might we note, to the less-easily humoured out there, that the public memorializing of past crimes is one of Germany’s greatest achievements: what we object to here is the collectionist attitude of atrocity tourism, where the attempt to empathize with victimhood and collect it digitally trumps lucid and humbled historical inquiry. 36 Hours in Berlin (and not a minute more): 9 am Try to visit Berlin in the off-season, in November or January, when it’s not packed with tourists and the darkness and brisk weather bestow upon the capital a hauntingly serious gravitas. A well-connected offbeat location for your hotel is the area along Kaiserdamm, with adjacent autobahn connections on the Ring road and S-Bahn service into the centre. There are plenty of local services: one of Berlin’s largest BMW dealerships, Cancún (a German-Mexican fusion franchise) and the breezy exhibition grounds of Messe-Nord (should you be in town for the international fruit and vegetable trade show or the erotic lifestyle products fair). 11 am From Kaiserdamm, it’s a lazy journey by U-Bahn into the pulsing centre of West Berlin, around Zoo Station and Kurfürstendamm, where you will discover elegant high-street shopping, and more comfortingly familiar quantities such as H&M and Zara. Explore German retailing at Peek & Cloppenburg and Karstadt. The 80s sex shops around Zoo Station are a naughty introduction to German fetish. 1pm The circuitous U2 line brings you to Potsdamer Platz: Berlin’s more Easterly node of commercial bustle, the centre and symbol of the regenerated Berlin, build on high expectations by high-profile architects such as Renzo Piano. Here you will find headquarters of Mercedes and Deutsche Bahn, a sprawling underground network of pedestrian shopping––a good place to escape the winter sleet. Absorb the mid-winter gruffness of the mall staff, and appreciate their brutal honesty as a cherished part of local character. Make sure you admire the rigidly hexagonal geometry of Leipziger Platz, site of a new shopping centre on the location of Wertheim, the elegant Jewish-owned department store whose owners were dispossessed of their property under the Nazis. Lunch at the German-Italian fusion franchise Vapiano, located near the Wall’s former death strip, and a coffee at the historically-themed Café Josty––the erstwhile intellectual parcour of vibrant Weimar Berlin, now housed within the corporate headquarters of Sony Europe––round out the visit to the city’s historic crossroads. 2pm Potsdamer Platz is conveniently located near the centres of Nazi Terror. Begin your exploration of Germany’s darkest moments at the Topography of Terror, on the site of the former Gestapo headquarters. Located on a former Arts School, the basement studios where political opponents were tortured are visible under the remnants of the Berlin Wall. Contemplate the long interconnected history of totalitarianism of diverse ideological origin. Not far is the location of Hitler’s Bunker, now located in the car park of a brown modular East-German housing estate. Next to this is the federal Memorial of the Murdered Jews, a sprawling city block that recalls a graveyard. The passages between the stones prompt tourists spontaneously to play hide and seek and to take pictures of one another standing and smiling on the grave-like structures, jumping intrepidly from one to the other. These activities, however, are officially discouraged. The famous Brandenburg Gate is the centre point to this area of memorial tourism, and vendors dressed as East German border guards will happily stand with you to take your picture and vandalize your travel documents. Down Unter den Linden you will find the city’s best souvenir shops, beautifully lit (the sun has already gone down at 3pm). 7pm 1 Euro Shots on Oranienburger Straße is an obligatory stop to unwind after the day’s atrocity tourism. The site of the former squat, Tacheles––a hidden, insider tip, and the centre of the Berlin erstwhile underground scene––is now being renovated by investors. The street is also known for German-Indian-Asian fusion mega restaurants, and as Berlin’s prostitution mile, where you can admire the resilience of women dressed only in plastic mini-skirts and matching lace-up boots in the sub-zero January evenings. 10pm Rosenthaler Platz is Berlin’s youth capital, a short walk through Berlin’s former Jewish ghetto (you may pass by the Jewish cemetery on Große Hamburger Straße, razed by the Gestapo). Here, every corner is occupied by youth hostels. Not far is the Easyjet hotel, a cheap and cheerful Ibis, and other international ventures, along with fast-food joints that cater to urban tourists with Taliban-hipster beards, feeding on that elusive category of ‘cool’. Rosenthaler Platz is also the new centre of Berlin’s emerging Currywurst scene. A Berlin specialty, Currywurst is a concoction developed out immediate post-war rationing: sausage with the skin on, buried in ketchup and curry powder, with frozen fries still provocatively al dente. When you are feeling full, then cut the grease with more shots, or a pub crawl organized by one of the local hostels. Not far from Rosenthlaer Platz is one of Berlin’s most famous English-speaking backpacker pick-up scenes, the bar at Wombat’s hostel. Plenty of Berlin backpackers don’t get beyond the establishment’s front door––packing sleep, drink, and other forms of entertainment under a single roof. 2am If there is one legendary club that will entice you farther East, it has go to be Berghain—the world’s megaclub, known for its long lines, excruciating waits, and mysterious and brutalizing door policy. No visit to Berlin is complete without a three-hour skulk before the temple to electronica, a former Communist-era power plant, in the early morning cold, in a line that doesn’t move except when there’s the collective expulsion of a line-jumper, or a spasm of sharp-shouldered frustration. But simply being in line (Schlangedasein) is arguably the archetypal Berlin experience. That seeming unreachable then exhilarating moment when you finally reach the front of the line––with your four heterosexual buddies, in your best designer polo shirts, open to the sub-freezing cold, lips frozen with Becks cooler, but nonetheless chirpy, smiling, and vocally Anglophone––will be the climax of your night out. It is the moment when you are graced with the attention of the pierced and tattooed bouncer, whose tilted head ejects you from the line and back to Ostbahnhof, crowded with homeless alcoholics . You have just had the quintessential Berlin experience, to tell all your friends about once you get home. Connect early morning, via Alexanderplatz, for the meandering U2 service through the centre back to your hotel. 9am But who needs sleep in the city of pleasure? A great way to get the morning juices flowing is the bracing experience (especially in winter) of a beer bike. You power your own multi-seated conveyance, and work off beer calories as you simultaneously drink, pedal and careen wildly between the city’s system of trams. It’s an adrenaline-spiked, ice-slicked, experience. Pass Checkpoint Charlie, an entrepreneurial museum space (comparable to the GDR museum) next to the reconstructed border installation manned by costumed guards (who again will issue false stamps and pictures for payment). 11am Have the beer bike drop you off at Friedrichstraße, for your S-Bahn north to the former Nazi work-camp of Sachsenhausen. An alternative day-trip is to the frozen waters of Wannsee, and the villa of the Conference that signed the Final Solution into action. You might think a trip to a Nazi camp is best experienced in mid-winter and hungover, and then correct yourself when you realize it’s quite impossible to ever truly empathize with the victims of Europe’s most significant tragedy. You wonder, for a brief moment, whether you should even be taking pictures, what the appropriate response might be to something so terrible. 4pm If you return early enough in the afternoon, you may want to visit the Berlin Dungeon, brought to you by the creators of Madame Tussauds (or alternatively another site worth visiting such as the Stasi Prison). Here, crimes of the past are gruesomely reproduced in a darkened subterranean haunted house. This may seem a terrible idea in a city like Berlin, but the museum carefully edits the crimes it gruesomely recreates for its visitors, and leaves out most of the ones visitors have already checked off by visiting Berlin’s Nazi and Cold War sites. Notice how even the sound of German around with you is closely associated to the Third Reich, due to your childhood diet of Hollywood films. 6pm There’s just a little time left for more Currywurst in Rosenthaler Platz, or back in the direction of your hotel, in the forlorn bus parking in front of Zoo Station. You can line your stomach, so it’s ready for those shots of recovery whiskey to be provided in tiny disposable bags on Ryanair and Easyjet.
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https://fotoeins.com/2017/11/09/my-berlin-bornholmer-strasse-first-through-wall/
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My Berlin: Bornholmer Strasse, first through the Wall
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2017-11-09T00:00:00
East Berliners entered through the Berlin Wall first at Bornholmer Strasse on 9 Nov 1989
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https://fotoeins.com/2017/11/09/my-berlin-bornholmer-strasse-first-through-wall/
By today’s appearance, it’s easy to overlook the bridge at Bornholmer Strasse (also known as Bösebrücke) as an historic landmark. On the night of 9 November 1989, the Berlin Wall opened here first, at the Bornholmer Strasse bridge border-crossing between East Berlin and West Berlin. 28 years undone in a matter of hours The city of Berlin was divided in two between 1961 and 1989 with a physical wall as the physical manifestation of East German (GDR/DDR) policy. Bornholmer Strasse was the northernmost of the seven road border-crossings between West and East Berlin. Only citizens of West Berlin and West Germany (FRG/BRD) could enter East Berlin at this crossing, whereas citizens of East Berlin and East Germany were forbidden from using the crossing into West Berlin. On 9 November 1989, the East German government announced new travel regulations which were incorrectly stated at a news conference. But once word had gotten out East Berliners could travel “freely” across the “open border” into West Berlin without the onerous process of a travel visa, people gathered at various border crossings, including Bornholmer Strasse at around 8pm. Border guards began letting pedestrians and cars trickle across the border by 930pm. Guards at other road crossings also began letting people through. But hundreds gathered became thousands, and when it became clear no additional support was forthcoming to manage “control” of the border, border guards decided on their own initiative to open the gates wide open at around 1130pm to relieve mounting pressure and appease those who openly demanded free passage. Just after midnight, 20-thousand people had already crossed the Bornholmer Strasse bridge and the inner-German/intra-Berlin border. In a matter of hours, the 28-year Wall was rendered useless without a shot fired that night. All border controls ceased on 1 July 1990 (day of monetary union), and checkpoints were no longer manned on 3 October 1990 (German Reunification Day). Inaugurated on 9 November 2010, a memorial and permanent exhibition occupy the new square, Platz des 9. November 1989, by the northeast corner of the bridge to commemorate that historic evening. Metal strips on the ground highlight events; for example: 2242h (1042pm): “Die Tore in der Mauer stehen weit offen,” Tagesthemen ARD (“The gates at the Wall are wide open,” reported on West German ARD-TV news-program Tagesthemen.) 2320h (1120pm): “Tor auf! Tor auf! Wir kommen wieder, wir kommen wieder!” Ostberliner. (East Berliners shouting, “Open the gate! We’re coming!”) 2330h (1130pm): “Wir fluten jetzt! Wir machen alles auf!” Stasi-Offizier (“We’re flooded with people! We’re going to open everything!” Stasi officers) 0015h (1215am): “Wahnsinn”, “Irre”, “nicht zu fassen”. 20.000 Menschen haben die Bösebrücke passiert. (Crazy, nuts, unbelievable; 20-thousand people cross the Bösebrücke bridge.) Bornholmer Strasse station With its inauguration on 1 October 1935, the Bornholmer Strasse station saw S-Bahn train service from central Berlin north to the outlying towns of Bernau, Oranienburg, and Velten (e.g., 1936). S-Bahn service resumed with reconstruction after the Second World War (e.g., 1951). Because of its proximity to the East-West Berlin border and subsequent construction of the Berlin Wall, Bornholmer Strasse station closed on 13 August 1961, becoming a Geisterbahnhof or “ghost station”. West Berlin’s S-Bahn trains sped through the station without stopping, whereas East German trains traveled on new tracks from late-1961 along the so-called “Ulbricht curve” between barriers near the “ghost station”; see images below. The station reopened 22 December 1990 for West Berlin trains, and a second platform opened the following August to allow train interchange. Today, Bornholmer Strasse station is served by trains on S-Bahn Berlin routes S1, S2, S25, S26, S8, and S85; additional side branches of the S-Bahn Ringbahn from both Gesundbrunnen and Schönhauser Allee stations go to Pankow via Bornholmer Strasse. Present-day appearance Archival & Historical Images Facing north, divided tracks towards Bornholmer Strasse station (left-centre) and bridge. Photo made in 1990 after the fall of the Wall (Wikipedia CC3). Bösebrücke border-crossing on the West Berlin side, 1984 (By popo.uw23 / Flickr CC1) Bundesarchiv (German Federal Archive), photo on 18 November 1989 by Robert Roeske. My translation of the original picture caption: “About one million East-German citizens visited West Berlin on Saturday (18 Nov 1989). People cleared quickly through border crossing points, as seen here at Bornholmer Strasse. Since 9 November, the East German Ministry of the Interior has granted in excess of 10 million visas for private travel and more than 17500 permits for permanent departure from East Germany.” (Wikimedia CC3) More • Former border crossing at Bornholmer Strasse (berlin.de): English – German. • Damals-Heute (then and now) picture comparison, Chronik der Mauer, in German. • Die Nacht, in der die Mauer fiel (The night the Wall fell), 30-minute YouTube video in German. • “Bornholmer Strasse”, 88-minute movie in German about the border guards on the night the Wall fell. • Kreuzberged provides a concise history of the Bornholmer Strasse bridge (in English).
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https://www.classicvacations.com/tours-and-activities/viator/tour/17194P33
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Classic Vacations
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Io e mio padre abbiamo fatto due tour: Berlino indispensabile e Berlino durante il nazismo.... esperienza fantastica che consiglio veramente a tutti. Grazie infinite alla nostra guida Fabio che ci ha fatto sentire a casa con la sua sincerità e disponibilità e ci ha raccontato tutta la storia minuziosamente. Grazie di tutto. Reviewed by: M02ari, 10/03/2020 12:00:00 AM Riuscire a concentrare in tre ore o poco più , 12 anni di storia con visita dei luoghi significativi, senza essere pedanti, e il più divulgativi ed interessanti possibile... non è facile! Ma Antonella la nostra sorridente guida a Berlino , c’e riuscita! Visita davvero esaustiva, a tratti emozionante, con una panoramica su fatti salienti e “ curiosità “ che tengono vivo l’interesse, il tutto per ogni grado di conoscenza ( noi un fissato di 2guerra mondiale, un critico d’arte , ed un adolescente...) . Bravi! Reviewed by: ziamimmi73, 02/04/2020 12:00:00 AM Un sentito ringraziamento a Fabio Nigro col quale abbiamo avuto la fortuna di fare questo tour, che dire, consigliatissimo, al di là dell'interesse storico che già il tour in sè suscita, tanto ha contribuito la preparazione e la passione con le quali Fabio ci accompagnato in questo tour. Invito a farlo a occhi chiusi! Grazie di cuore a Fabio!!!!! Reviewed by: W7967EZlauram, 01/28/2020 12:00:00 AM Tour ben organizzato. La guida di nome Fabio professionale. Molto bravo e preparato. Molto soddisfatta Reviewed by: stefanofU9247BB, 01/27/2020 12:00:00 AM
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https://www.gpsmycity.com/articles/22-berlin-mementos-18-souvenir-shopping-ideas-for-travelers.html
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Berlin Mementos: 18 Souvenir Shopping Ideas for Travelers
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[ "what to buy in Berlin", "Berlin souvenirs", "Berlin shopping guide" ]
null
[ "GPSMYCITY Inc" ]
2015-11-04T00:00:00
What to buy in Berlin? Any travelers who visit Berlin should check out these 18 souvenir ideas if they want to bring home the perfect trip memento.
en
/d/favicon.ico
GPSmyCity
https://www.gpsmycity.com/articles/22-berlin-mementos-18-souvenir-shopping-ideas-for-travelers.html
1. A Piece of Berlin Wall - Original fragment of the Berlin Wall at Checkpoint Charlie, a genuine piece of the Cold War and that of the German and American history combined! A live manifestation of the 'Iron Curtain' that once fell across Europe, this unique souvenir is a perfect fit, as a decorative accessory, for a home or office interior, and is a definite must-have collector's item. 2. Cuckoo Clock - Made in Germany, in a traditional style, with love, care and German precision, this original German cuckoo clock features a mechanical or quartz clockwork placed inside a case hand-carved out of a solid piece of wood with traditional walnut finish. When the clock strikes the hour or half-hour, the door opens and a cuckoo pops out, calling along with the clock's gong. The old-world charm at its best. Ideal for bedrooms. 3. Hummel figurines - Hummel porcelain figurines (or simply Hummels) are based on the drawings of Sister Maria Innocentia Hummel. They became much popular after the World War II, thanks to the American soldiers stationed in West Germany who favored them a lot as souvenirs to send back home. Goose Girl, Apple Tree Girl, and many other fine earthenware figurines of girls and boys, created by German sculptor Arthur Moeller in the 1930s-40s, are still much popular these days with collectors and non-collectors alike.
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https://www.agoda.com/bearlin-city-apartments-city-center-east/hotel/berlin-de.html
en
https://www.agoda.com/favicon.ico
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[ "" ]
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en
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http://www.slowtravelberlin.com/ode-to-berlins-s-bahn/
en
An Ode To Berlin’s S Bahn
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[ "" ]
null
[ "Brian Melican" ]
null
Brian Melican pays tribute to Berlin’s Schnell-Bahn. on Slow Travel Berlin
en
/favicon.ico
Slow Travel Berlin
http://www.slowtravelberlin.com/ode-to-berlins-s-bahn/
Brian Melican revels in the beautiful simplicity of Berlin’s S-Bahn… How do you get from Schöneberg to Prenzlauer Berg using the S-Bahn? Don’t worry—it’s not a trick question. The quick way is the S1 heading north with a change at Gesundbrunnen or Bornholmer Straße; the scenic route is even easier, involving nothing more strenuous than getting on the S41 or the S42 and sitting still for half an hour. You might be wondering why I asked something that simple. Well, let’s do a similar exercise in London: try getting from Balham to Stoke Newington and then let me know how that works out for you. Or let’s take Paris and say you want to get from Ivry to the 17th arrondissement: manage that in under an hour and I’ll owe you a vin rouge. So why am I treating you like an overtaxed online transport app? It’s a roundabout way of showing how relatively easy public transport in Berlin is; which in turn is a round-about way of indicating just how instrumental railways have been in Berlin’s history. London and Paris were both massive metropolitan centres by the time trains arrived in Berlin, meaning that big ideas such as high-speed overground railways encircling the city or cross-town link schemes were already de-facto impossible for them. From the inception of railways, it took Paris over 100 years to start linking its main termini with proper trains; London is only just moving on to Crossrail. In Berlin, things were essentially the other way round. The hugely practical Ringbahn that draws a circle around the city centre was built in the 1870s on what was mostly greenfield land; Berlin’s growth spurt only really got going after they’d built it. Tracking Berlin History Hence a ride on the S-Bahn today is simultaneously a journey through Berlin’s history, tracing the city’s impressively rapid transformation from capital of Prussia to capital of Germany. It’s of course hard to imagine what the Schnell-Bahn meant to the first generations of passengers who used it. But in terms of its technological prowess and the effect it had on how people experienced and saw their city, the S-Bahn was presumably like a cross between high-speed rail and a smartphone: like the TGV or the Eurostar, it rearranged mental geography by bringing far away places temporally closer. And like a smartphone, it became something of a symbol of its age. Especially following electrification in the 1920s, the ‘S’ in S-Bahn stood not only for schnell, but for sleek, smooth and nearly silent. In the literature of the time, it was associated with progress and modernity, and became part of the “Berlin feel” of the 20s and 30s that so attracted foreign writers to Germany: ‘Already we were sweeping through Charlottenburg. We passed the station without halting and on the platforms, with the old and poignant feeling of loss and of regret, I saw the people waiting for the Stadtbahn train,’ wrote Thomas Wolfe in I Have A Thing To Tell You (1937). The large ‘S’ on a green background was an instantly recognisable brand that literally shone out into the dark skies of the dirty, coal-fired city, promising a clean, electric future. The S-Bahn was suitably expensive, too, leaving the proletarian masses to take the old, clattering trams, like Franz Biberkopf in Döblin’s Berlin Alexanderplatz (1929). The rapidly changing Ostkreuz is a great place to get a feeling for those heady days: it’s Berlin’s busiest S-Bahn station and, even if the comprehensive rebuild is giving it an increasingly modern look, the crowds of people and the Bauhaus touches are still there. There’s something decidedly rational and positivist about it, too: the Stadtbahn crosses over the circular Ringbahn to the East of the centre, so it’s called ‘East Cross’, plain and simple. Rather than taking some time-honoured name whose etymology is forgotten from the city around it, the S-Bahn imposes a name on this space that anyone can understand. Ditto Westkreuz, whose proximity to the iconic radio mast at the Messe and the Olympiastadium also makes it a great place to understand what people in the 20s and 30s thought modernity looked like, and the breakneck speed with which Berlin was dashing towards it. The rise and fall of Berlin’s public transport system The Anhalter Bahnhof—which is to be transformed into a Museum of Exile—is a lasting memento of how Berlin’s railways went from being a symbol of the city’s pre-eminence in designing tomorrow’s world to being little more than a sad reminder of misguided dreams. Just one month after the start of the Second World War, the first S-Bahn trains ran through an underground station on the newly-opened north-south line, which complemented the east-west Stadtbahn: it was the pre-war apex of the city’s transport system, the last of the big, modernising projects that would be completed in Berlin for quite some time. There were Nazi plans for a new branch to leave the tunnel north of the Anhalter Bahnhof to a huge new rail interchange under the Volkshalle (part of Hitler’s planned Germania), but of course the war took another course. As it happened, one of the last acts in the SS’s ‘defence’ of Berlin was to flood the north-south tunnel. The above-ground station—a large, impressive main-line terminus in the ‘rail cathedral’ tradition of London’s St. Pancras or New York’s Grand Central—was bombed to smithereens in 1945, and traffic to it ceased in 1952 as the communist East started to cut off rail lines into the Western sectors. Today, nothing but a ruined section of the façade reminds the visitor that this was once one of the most famous stations in the German-speaking world. Meanwhile, the underground S-Bahn section of Anhalter Bahnhof soldiered on in a manner symptomatic of the new historical role the Berlin railways had to play: after being a symbol of the city’s growth and then having suffered in the Second World War, the city’s railway network came to represent Berlin’s new division like nothing else—except, of course, for the Wall itself. Although S-Bahn trains were running through Anhalter Bahnhof’s underground station again from 1946, the construction of the Berlin Wall placed the section of the north-south tunnel between Anhalter Bahnhof and Humboldthain in East Berlin, meaning that trains travelling on what are today the S1, S2 and S25 lines did not stop at Potsdamer Platz, Unter den Linden (today Brandenburger Tor), Oranienburger Straße or Nordbahnhof. From 1961 to 1992, these stations lay dark, unused and often under armed guard as trains from the south to the north of West Berlin crawled through: the Berliners called them Geisterbahnhöfe,or “ghost stations”, and they came to represent the darkest and most menacing aspects of Cold War-era Europe. Anhalter Bahnhof was now the end of the line, smack-bang in the middle of the city. Palace of Tears The only station in East Berlin at which ‘West trains’ called was Friedrichstraße, where the north-south and east-west lines intersect. Today, thousands of people swap S-Bahns there without giving it a second thought, but back then the subterranean platforms of the north-south line were sealed off from the rest of the station: if you left the train there, the only way to leave these underground platforms again was to get back on a service to West Berlin, walk down a long and sinister passage to the equally subterranean U6 underground line (which also traversed East Berlin via a series of ghostly stations before arriving back in the West) or to go through DDR passport control. This kind of lunacy, experienced on a daily basis, made reopening a normal service on the Berlin S-Bahn one of the top priorities after the fall of the Wall, and perhaps explains why so little is left to remind passengers today of the recent past. Yet Friedrichstraße’s role as the border station is still enshrined in the building next to it, now a national monument and museum, which garnered the name Tränenpalast, or Palace of Tears. This was the place where lovers, friends and separated families were forced to say good-bye as those from the West took the last S-Bahn train of the day back through the Iron Curtain. Besides national rail traffic planning, local pride, and a notoriously lax municipal exchequer, this emotional baggage perhaps best explains why Berlin was so anxious to build such a splendid new Hauptbahnhof. The central station looks more like an airport than a rail hub, and rather than keeping the name of the old terminus which once stood nearby its north—Lehrter Bahnhof—it has been rechristened with the neutral name of all main stations in all German cities. It suits the surrounding landscape, of course, which for all its centrality is still one of Berlin’s most empty locations (though increasingly filled with hotels and other steel-and-chrome symbols of corporate modernity). In fact, in a way the name Hauptbahnhof is very much in the spirit of 1930s Ostkreuz, imposing a title on a part of the city rather than the other way round. As ever in the history of Germany’s capital, the city will follow the railway, rather than the other way round.
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https://gerryco23.wordpress.com/2009/11/10/revisiting-berlin/
en
Visiting Berlin on the 10th anniversary of the opening of the Wall
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null
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2009-11-10T00:00:00
Clearing up at the Brandenburg Gate after the 10th anniversary celebration Ten years ago today I flew into Berlin on the inaugural flight of Virgin's budget route from Manchester, landing at Schonefeld Airport. I wanted to be in Berlin on the tenth anniversary of the fall of the Wall, and arrived just as they were…
en
https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/17b3ebef8878c5945891508b2afc6b788684261f1d00ece2c445f5292e4ebe3f?s=32
That's How The Light Gets In
https://gerryco23.wordpress.com/2009/11/10/revisiting-berlin/
Clearing up at the Brandenburg Gate after the 10th anniversary celebration Ten years ago today I flew into Berlin on the inaugural flight of Virgin’s budget route from Manchester, landing at Schonefeld Airport. I wanted to be in Berlin on the tenth anniversary of the fall of the Wall, and arrived just as they were clearing up after the previous night’s festivities. So today I thought I’d post a few photos I took on that visit, supplemented by one or two others. Bundestag – 10th anniversary celebration clear-up At the Brandenburg Gate, they were taking down the staging from the previous night’s celebrations. It was on 9 November 1989 that the East German politburo lifted border controls to the west, including for private journeys to west Berlin. It was meant to take effect from 17 November, but the official who announced this, Günter Schabowski, got it wrong, announcing it was effective “immediately”. So began an extraordinary night. At the Brandenburg Gate, 1999 In 1999 the Berlin skyline was a forest of cranes – the largest building site in Europe – as reconstruction and infrastructure renewal followed reunification. In particular, there was an enormous amount of work going on around the old Reichstag building, which had been gutted and rebuilt to British architect Norman Foster’s design. In April 1999, the German Bundestag had moved from Bonn into the new building. The Berlin skyline in 1999 – massive construction work going on The Bundestag I went on a tour of the building, going up into Foster’s iconic large glass dome with its 360-degree view of the surrounding Berlin cityscape. The main hall of the parliament below could be seen from the cupola, and natural light radiated down to the parliament floor. Checkpoint Charlie in the Cold War years – postcard I visited Checkpoint Charlie on Friedrichstrasse – the best-known Berlin Wall crossing point during the Cold War, shown above in a postcard I picked up. The checkpoint watchtower shown below was torn down in 2000 to make way for redevelopment. Checkpoint Charlie in 1999 Near the guard house was the Haus am Checkpoint Charlie, a private museum opened in 1963. It was crowded and commercialised, with exhibits that focussed on contraptions used in dramatic escapes across, under or over the Wall – rather than the broader human rights implications. Also on Friedrichstrasse was the Two Soldiers memorial (below), with two large photographs, facing in different directions, of one American and one Russian soldier stationed in Berlin during the early 1990s. Friedrichstrasse, leading to Checkpoint Charlie I had to see what remained of the Wall. For my generation the Berlin Wall was an obscenity that divided a city and also symbolised the division of a country and a continent. The opening of the Wall in 1989, and its rapid destruction, seemed a hopeful sign of a changing world. I went to three main sites of remaining wall: the East Side Gallery on the east bank of the Spree, over the bridge from the hostel where I stayed in Kreuzberg; the section near Potsdamer Platz, part of the Topography of Terror exhibition; and the section to the north in Bernauer Strasse. The Kiss mural on the Wall at East side Gallery The East Side Gallery comprised a section of the Wall featuring murals by artists from all over the world, painted in 1990 on the east side of the Berlin Wall. Pictured above is perhaps the most famous, “God! Help me survive amid this mortal love” by Russian artist Dmitry Vrubel, painted 1989. Now, in 2009, most of the paintings are badly damaged by erosion, graffiti, and vandalism. Restoration, particularly of the central sections, began in May this year,though in the process the original images are completely removed with hot water. Afterwards, the artists paint the murals again, though many have refused. Muriel Raoux, Kani Alavi: ‘Many small people who in many small places do many small things, can alter the face of the world’. Berlin Wall – looking towards the Spree At Bernauer Strasse, the construction of the Wall, starting on 13 August 1961, made dramatic changes in the everyday lives of the people living in the neighbourhood. This was the section where the Wall ran down the centre of the street so that neighbours, friends, and relatives were separated. The house across the street was suddenly part of another political system. In desperation, people jumped out of the windows of apartments bordering West Berlin and paid with their lives. Some of the Bernauer Strasse escape attempts succeeded, however. Cameras and film crews brought these scenes to a watching world. The construction of the Wall left traces visible on Bernauer Strasse even in 2009. The former ‘no man’s land’ is still largely undeveloped, and between Ackerstrasse and Gartenstrasse visitors can get a good impression of the width of the border fortifications. Here, too, is the Berlin Wall Memorial, established in 1998 by the Federal Republic of Germany. The design preserves sixty metres of the former border strip in their original depth as a physical reminder of the Wall and, at the same time, adds an artistic interpretation and shape. The Berlin Wall Memorial, the Berlin Wall Documentation Center, the Chapel of Reconciliation, and the original sections of the Wall along the cemetery Sophien-Friedhof and on the grounds of the S-Bahn station Nordbahnhof form an ensemble that is to be developed into a “commemorative landscape” over the next few years. By the Wall, 1999 Here I am standing in front of a third section of the Wall, close to the political and administrative heart of the city. At the request of the Topography of Terror Foundation, the 200 metres of the Wall on Niederkirchnerstrasse, were preserved and placed under protection as a historical monument. When I visited in November 1999, the Topography of Terror was still under development, but the plan was to maintain this section of the Wall, as a document both of the inhumanity of the border and of how it was overcome. The Wall formed the northern edge of the Topography of Terror site and the intention was for it to be integrated into its overall design. In the mean time, it was being protected by a temporary fence, in front of which I am standing. The Berlin Wall in 1999 I went on to explore the Topography of Terror temporary exhibition, presented outdoors in the excavations along Niederkirchnerstrasse. This is how the site looked at the time: Topography of Terror open-air exhibition spring 1998 The Foundation website explains the significance of the site: Between 1933 and 1945, the central institutions responsible for the repressive and criminal policies of National Socialism were located on the terrain of the Topography of Terror, situated between Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse (today Niederkirchnerstrasse), Wilhelmstrasse and Anhalter Strasse. Here, in close proximity to the traditional government district, the Secret State Police, the SS leadership and the Reich Security Main Office set up their offices: the administrative headquarters of the Secret State Police and the notorious Gestapo “house prison” were located at Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse 8; the neighbouring Hotel Prinz Albrecht housed the offices of the SS Reich leadership; and the Security Service (SD) of the SS Reich leadership was established at Wilhelmstrasse 102. As of 1939, Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse 8 was also the address of the newly founded Reich Security Main Office. With the concentration of these institutions at one site, this area in effect became the government district of the National Socialist SS and Police State. This is where Himmler, Heydrich, Kaltenbrunner and their assistants had their desks. At this “site of the perpetrators”, important decisions were made concerning the persecution of political opponents, the “Germanisation” of occupied territories in Poland and the Soviet Union, the murder of Soviet prisoners of war and the genocide of the European Jews. This is where the infamous Special Police Units (Einsatzgruppen) were assembled and where the “Wannsee Conference” was prepared. There is no other site where terror and murder were planned and organised on the same scale. Apparently, the site is still pretty much as I saw it, but in 2010 the Topograpy will get a permanent home in an adjacent building. The Wall at Potsdamer Platz – postcard I traced the Wall across Potsdamer Platz – in its heyday in the 1920s and 1930s, the bustling heart of the city – but totally laid waste during World War II and then left desolate during the Cold War era when the Wall sliced through it (see postcard view, above). In 1999 it was reputed to be the largest building site in Europe, with steel and glass towers rising as the most visible symbol of the new Berlin, as seen in the postcard I bought there (below). Potsdamer Platz 1999 postcard Potsdamer Platz, 1999 Above and below we see the Sony Centre’s Bahn Tower, Deutsche Bahn’s corporate headquarters (right) and Potsdamer Platz No. 1 by Hans Kollhoff (left). Potsdamer Platz, 1999 I viewed the massive building site that was Potsdamer Platz from the Info Box – designed to inform visitors about the building projects. It had been opened in 1995, a bright red structure sponsored by several German and international corporations (including Daimler-Benz, Deutsche Telekom, and Sony) as well as the German government. Entry was free but access to the roof-top viewing platform cost 2 DM (about 1 euro). The traffic tower (with clocks) is a replica of Germany’s first traffic signal, installed near this site in the 1920s. At the time the site was hugely controversial – for the way the huge area of land had been allocated for development, for the quality of the architecture, and, in the view of a number of activist groups (as seen below) , for theerasing of history in favour of rampant commercialism. The line of the Wall on Potsdamer Platz The line the Wall followed here was marked by cobbles embedded in the road surface. Heavy traffic roared over the strip relentlessly. Nearby is the site of the Hitler bunker. Since it was near the Berlin Wall, the site was undeveloped and neglected until after reunification. During the construction of residential housing (seen in the photo below) on the site in 1988–89 several underground sections of the old bunker were uncovered by work crews and were for the most part destroyed. Site of Hitler’s Bunker From the Brandenburg Gate I walked east along Unter den Linden, arriving at Bebelplatz where, on 10 May 1933, over 25,000 books by Jewish authors and liberal leftists were collected and then burnt in the square by the Nazis. Joseph Gobbels, the Imperial Minister for Enlightenment and Propaganda watched as National Socialist students threw the books onto a large bonfire. 10 May 1933 Berlin book burning I wanted to see Micha Ullman’s underground ‘Bibliotek’ memorial which had been inaugurated on the square four years earlier. It consists of a window on the surface of the plaza, under which vacant bookshelves are lit and visible. A bronze plaque bears the quote by Heinrich Heine (whose books were amongst those burnt): ‘Where books are burned in the end people will burn’. Book burning plaque on Bebelplatz with Heine quotation The book burning memorial on Bebelplatz by Micha Ullman My one disappointment on this visit was being unable to enter the then recently-completed Jewish Museum. The building, designed by Daniel Libeskind was first opened to visitors in January 1999. It soon became a great public attraction boasting 350,000 visitors as an empty shell in the two years that followed. For some reason, on the day I turned up outside along with a crowd of other expectant tourists, the building was unexpectedly closed. So I explored the outside of this dramatic building, with its zig-zag structure and exterior marked by multiple slashes. Next to the Museum is the Garden of Exile. The Jewish Museum Daniel Libeskind’s design is based on two linear structures which, combined, form the body of the building. The first line is a winding one with several kinks while the second line cuts through the whole building. At the intersections of these lines are empty spaces – “Voids” – which rise vertically from the ground floor of the building up to the roof. Libeskind imagines the continuation of both lines throughout the city of Berlin and beyond. The Garden of Exile The Garden of Exile (seen above) attempts “to completely disorientate the visitor. It represents a shipwreck of history.” (Daniel Libeskind, 1999). In the garden forty-nine concrete stelae rise out of the square plot. The whole garden is on a 12° gradient and disorientates visitors, giving them a sense of the total instability and lack of orientation experienced by those driven out of Germany. Russian olive grows on top of the pillars symbolizing hope. Neue Synagogue From there, I went to Oranienburger Strasse to visit the New Synagogue (Neue Synagoge), which at the time of its opening in 1866 was the largest synagogue in Berlin. The synagogue was saved from destruction by the Nazis on Kristallnacht in 1938 by the actions of Wilhelm Krützfeld, a local police commander. It was largely destroyed by Allied bombing in 1943, and most of the ruins were demolished in 1958 by the German Democratic Republic authorities. The restored front section of the synagogue was reopened in 1995 as a museum and Jewish community centre. The synagogue’s golden dome was a beautiful site, glittering in the November sunlight. Prenzlauer Berg redevelopment The last two photos here reflect the pace of change evident in the district of Prenzlauer Berg. After reunification in 1990 Prenzlauer Berg became a centre for bohemian Berlin youth, but by 1999 was experiencing rapid gentrification. It was already rapidly turning into the fashionable district of restaurants, cafés, galleries and boutique shops that it has become today. Prenzlauer Berg redevelopment Links Berlin Wall: 20 Years On: Five films taking a historical and geographical journey of the Berlin Wall (Guardian) The Berlin Wall: a short history (Guardian) Muriel Raoux, Kani Alavi:
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dbpedia
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https://www.jpost.com/jewish-world/jewish-features/seven-days-in-jewish-germany
en
Seven days in 'Jewish Germany'
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[ "NATHAN BURSTEIN" ]
2007-09-17T07:37:00+00:00
Holocaust tourism will always be a somewhat uncomfortable affair.
en
https://images.jpost.com…p-favicon-16.png
The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
https://www.jpost.com/jewish-world/jewish-features/seven-days-in-jewish-germany
Holocaust tourism will always be a somewhat uncomfortable affair. By NATHAN BURSTEIN For at least another dozen generations or so, flying into Germany will remain an unsettling experience for Jews, even if the Jews in question haven't experienced a single moment's turbulence. It's also a feeling, for better or worse, that will stay with most Jewish travelers as they continue on their trip, which in my case was a seven-day tour of "Jewish Germany" organized by the country's Tourism Ministry. Wilkommen, in other words, to the Germany of 2007, a place actively seeking Jewish visitors and hoping to show off, if that's the right expression, the remnants of a culture it almost wiped out. As magazines and newspapers were busy pointing out this summer, contemporary Germany enjoys a flourishing economy and perhaps unprecedented international prestige. "Jewish Germany," by contrast, remains a haunted place, quiet and solemn and only partly filled with the synagogues and graveyards the Nazis didn't manage to destroy. It's certainly an unconventional choice for a vacation. But although it's understandably not for everyone, the Germany of the current moment offers much to Jewish travelers - more than to many others, even, owing precisely to its charged, complicated history. Holocaust tourism will always be a somewhat uncomfortable affair, and some people will inevitably be repulsed by the thought of it - a reaction that is, of course, completely their right. For this traveler, however, the trip proved ultimately rewarding, a chance to see where Germany stands now in relation to its past, and to pay my respects to the communities and individuals who were obliterated. BERLIN For history-minded Jewish visitors, one of the key pleasures of a trip to Germany is knowing that your mere presence would make Hitler and his accomplices even crazier - if, that is, they weren't already busy burning in hell. Still, it's a place where even routine behavior can take on a certain emotional resonance: Eating in one of Berlin's stylish restaurants, for example, can become a guilty reminder of the starvation imposed on earlier generations. Ravaged by war and then divided by the victors, Berlin maintains more public reminders of the Third Reich than perhaps any other German city. In the reunified capital, it's possible quite literally to trip over the past, thanks to the installation of thousands of small "stumbling blocks" that protrude from sidewalks to remind pedestrians of the city's history. Marked with Holocaust victims' names and birthdays, as well as the year and place in which they died, the blocks number roughly 11,000 across Germany, though the large majority are found in Berlin. Walking around the city, it becomes possible, somewhat perversely, to understand Berlin as the doppelganger to Judaism's own capital: Just as many people have trouble believing in Jerusalem as a real, physical location - and not just a place of legend like Atlantis or Camelot - Berlin can also be difficult to imagine. But it is in fact a place where people work, sleep and play, and seeing it in living color - and not just in black-and-white film footage - has unquestionable value. For the first-time Jewish visitor, Berlin contains endless surprises, though some are surprising mostly because they at first seem so mundane. The house still standing at 56/58 Am Grossen Wannsee Strasse, for example, so like the others around it, is in fact the site of the infamous Wannsee conference, the place where Hitler's elite worked out the details of European Jewry's destruction. (Then as now, the picturesque, lakefront Wannsee district remains a highly desirable area - enough, in fact, that local gossips claim Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt have bought property there.) Quiet and contemplative, the building's atmosphere belies the mass killing planned in its conference room, which stands not far from the fireplace where Adolf Eichmann and Reinhard Heydrich toasted each other with cognac after designing their history-altering Final Solution. Laden with photos and educational materials in English, German and Hebrew, the so-called Wannsee Villa features a guest book near its exit where many visitors have written, as they have at other such sites, "Am Yisrael Hai" (The People of Israel Live). A short drive away - and worthwhile precisely because, unlike Wannsee, it isn't famous - is the Gleis 17 Memorial at the Grunewald railway station. Situated at the meeting point between two quiet, upper-middle-class streets, the station served as a deportation site for the Jews of Berlin, who were quite openly trucked and sometimes marched past the well-to-do residents of the neighborhood before being sent on their way to Theresienstadt, Lodz and, eventually, directly to Auschwitz. Trains still pass through the Grunewald station, though Gleis (track) 17 is no longer used. A stark gray wall running parallel to the track showcases indented human silhouettes, an artist's effective rendering of lives rubbed out. Plaques bearing information about human "transports" from the station show that they continued until March 1945, even as Stalin's troops closed in on the eastern side of the city. Berlin's most famous Holocaust memorials convey their own sort of power, though not one always absorbed by locals. The refurbished New Synagogue - actually a partly rebuilt version of the city's main pre-war synagogue - sits on Oranienburger Strasse, at night a popular strolling ground for prostitutes and their clients. Those in the mood will be deeply affected by the bleakly suggestive Holocaust Memorial - a dark field of 2,700 mausoleum-like structures located within walking distance of the future US embassy and the Brandenburg Gate. (Those not in the mood during my visit included a small group of pre-teens who, regrettably if predictably, saw the memorial as an ideal spot for a running, shouting game of hide-and-seek.) Lingering opposition to a Jewish presence in Berlin still isn't hard to find - it didn't take much digging on one evening to learn the strongly xenophobic views of one young resident, who evidently felt perfectly comfortable describing her problems with locals of Middle Eastern extraction, be they Turks, Arabs or Israelis. ("Though you all seem very nice," she added.) At the "Wives of Jewish Husbands Memorial" on Rosenstrasse - named for hundreds of non-Jewish women who successfully protested for their husbands' release - someone else had spray-painted the words "Sieg Heil," also writing the name of the gas used at Auschwitz to get his or her message across. But being in Berlin is in part about choosing what to focus on: whether to concentrate on students of Turkish ancestry who refuse to participate on school outings to the comprehensive Jewish Museum, or on the fact that the museum greeted its four-millionth visitor in June. (Nearly half the visitors are German, museum officials note, and the vast majority are believed to be non-Jewish.) Like the country more generally, Berlin remains an ambiguous place. Anonymous thugs still write disgusting things in public places. But nowadays, at least, there are also Germans like the one guiding my group through the city - well-informed, thoughtful people who express genuine anger, as well as embarrassment, when incidents like this occur. They then call the police, who are charged with coming to repair the site and investigate its defacement. DRESDEN Has any city's public image been transformed and retransformed more completely than Dresden's? Widely considered one of Europe's most beautiful cities before the war - it was known to some as "Florence on the Elbe" - Dresden became the symbol of Germany's self-inflicted devastation in February 1945, when the city underwent perhaps the most famous firebombing of the war. Immortalized in Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five, the city quickly became a symbol of East German communism after the war, a bleak center of destruction made all the more miserable by its rulers, who rebuilt only 26 of the 700 buildings demolished in the bombings. Much of the rubble was left in place as a testament to the suffering of Dresden's people or, depending on your interpretation, as a reflection of their wickedness. Flooded at war's end by ethnic Germans fleeing the Soviet advance, Dresden today is home to four-fifths the population it had in 1945. (Berlin, not coincidentally, also has a smaller population today than it did before the war.) But after decades as an emblem of Soviet-bloc stagnation, Dresden is blossoming once again, and can serve as a convenient, historically rich spot on tours of either Germany or Central Europe. Equidistant from Berlin and Prague - it's about two hours by train in each direction - the Saxon capital is four hours from Budapest and quickly returning to its former glory. Sixty years after its destruction, the city's most famous building, the Frauenkirche church, reopened in October 2005, drawing more than 2 million visitors in the 23 months since. After withstanding the city's firebombing, the badly damaged church collapsed the next day, with the resulting ruins kept as a monument until reconstruction began in 1993. Nearly identical to the original church, the new building is beautiful both literally and as a symbol of the city's restoration. Ten minutes' walk from the Frauenkirche stands the former site of another religious building - Dresden's synagogue, burned to the ground on Kristallnacht. A new synagogue - the first built in what was the former East Germany - opened in 2001 on the anniversary of the pogrom and is located within easy walking distance of the old site. In contrast to the Frauenkirche, which was built as a replica of the original building, the new synagogue is designed in a distinctly different style, one highlighting the still tentative existence of Dresden's Jewry. Numbering 5,000 on the eve of the war, Dresden's Jewish population had built its previous synagogue almost like a church, hoping the appearance of the building would strengthen the community's credentials as fully German. (The city is home today to slightly over 700 Jews, the large majority from the former Soviet Union.) Built across a courtyard from a small Jewish community center, the new synagogue in many ways resembles a giant mausoleum - imposing, quiet and somehow empty of life, even when a small group of visitors enters the facility. (Unlike at the Frauenkirche, tours of the Dresden synagogue must be arranged in advance by e-mail. Services are not offered regularly, and a member of the Jewish community expressed doubt that more than two bar mitzva ceremonies had been held in the previous year. "It's a lot of old people," he said.) The contrast between the unassuming Jewish center and the proud Frauenkirche is striking. The buildings are connected in one surprising way, however, both adorned with religious symbols saved from their predecessors' destruction. Worshipers at the Frauenkirche can direct their prayers toward a cross pulled from the post-firebombing rubble; at the entrance to Dresden's new synagogue is a Star of David - salvaged after Kristallnacht by a city firefighter, who then secretly preserved it in his house until after the war. FRANKFURT and WORMS German street signs can be unexpectedly eye-catching, be they in Berlin (David Ben-Gurion Strasse, Yitzhak Rabin Strasse) or in a small place like Worms (Judengasse, or "Jews' Lane," a euphemistic name for what was once the town's tightly packed ghetto). In Frankfurt, the Nazis went on a name-changing spree not long after taking power, altering the names of 150 streets even as they prepared to enact far more significant changes in the lives of the city's 32,000 Jews. (Roughly 8,000 live in the city today.) Not far from Frankfurt's municipal Holocaust memorial stands the Bonneplatz, a site marked with no fewer than five street signs documenting the location's various name changes since its designation as the Judenmarkt (Jews' Market) in 1885. By then, Frankfurt's Jewish history already stretched back more than 800 years, going at least as far as a rabbi's written instructions in 1074 about how to observe Shabbat when attending a trade fair. Located in Germany's southwest, the Frankfurt region attracted Jews from opposing sides of the Diaspora, drawing migrants from Spain, Italy and southern France by Charlemagne's time and later bringing those fleeing persecution under the czars. As in Berlin and Dresden, local tour guides demonstrate extensive knowledge of formerly Jewish sites, which in Frankfurt can be seen on a walking tour between the Old Jewish Cemetery and the Museum Judengasse. Located above the remnants of the historical Jewish ghetto, the museum offers well-presented artifacts "rediscovered" after the war, with displays including a mikve and foundations left from the area's cramped housing. (On seeing the ghetto, which was locked on Christian holidays and at night, Goethe was moved to remark on the alley's smell, but not on the living conditions of its people.) Jews' long history in the region is implicitly measured by the destruction of their property, and nearby Worms - an hour's drive away on the Rhine - can claim the first burning of its synagogue in 1096, an attack carried out by Crusaders bound for the Holy Land but unable to contain their zeal. The city's Jewish cemetery reached capacity, ominously, in 1938, the same year arsonists destroyed its synagogue on Kristallnacht. Rebuilt in 1961, the modest but immaculately maintained new synagogue stands next to the mikve and not far from the city's Jewish Museum. Another short walk away is a building once known as the Rashi Yeshiva, named for the talmudic scholar who finished his studies in the city sometime around 1065. Unaware of the cataclysm lying ahead, the Jews of Rashi's time clung to values recognizable today - values immortalized in Hebrew on the city's oldest surviving Jewish gravestone. Fill your life with work and prayer, the gravestone suggests, but don't, heaven forbid, die at 26 and still single. Perhaps the most effective Jewish matchmaking advertisement in all of medieval Europe, the gravestone's inscription broadcasts for all eternity the identity of the deceased, a young man named only - apprehensive Jewish singles take note - as one "Jacob the Bachelor." It's details like these that inject Jewish Germany with whispers of life, suggesting in small pieces what a rich culture eventually was lost. Remnants of that culture now sit preserved across Germany, waiting in silence for those who come to remember.
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https://www.tripsite.com/bike-boat/tours/berlin-to-stralsund/
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Berlin to Stralsund
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This exciting bike tour will take you from the Baltic Sea Islands along the Oder River to Berlin to Stralsund in Germany.
en
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https://www.tripsite.com/bike-boat/tours/berlin-to-stralsund/
Day 1: Arrival in Berlin Day 2: Berlin – Oranienburg | Oranienburg - Eberswalde, 26 mi. (42 km) Day 3: Eberswalde - Schwedt | Hoensaaten – Schwedt, 20 or 40 mi. (32 or 64 km) Day 4: Schwedt – Mescherin | Mescherin - Szczecin, 19 mi. (30 km) Day 5: Szczecin – Wolgast Day 6: Wolgast – Peenemünde | Peenemünde - Lauterbach, 9-16 mi. (15-25 km) Day 7: Lauterbach – Stralsund, 30 mi. (48 km) Day 8: Departure from Stralsund *All distances are approximate. The itinerary is subject to change, even on very short notice, due to changing wind and weather conditions and other unforeseen circumstances having to do with mooring requirements, docking location changes, lock repairs, etc. Parts in italics are undertaken by ship. Day 1: Arrival in Berlin Individual arrival in Berlin. Embarkation begins at 4:00 PM. It is possible to bring your luggage on board as early as 2 pm but your cabin will not be ready for check-in. You might find that one day is simply not enough in this city that defies definition. Once Berlin's symbol of wealth and prosperity, Kurfürstendamm is still a bustling boulevard, a great place to take a walk and get the feel of the city. The Nikolai quarter is the oldest residential area of Berlin and must be added to your sightseeing list. With its medieval alleys and numerous restaurants and bars, it is a favorite destination among tourists. The Brandenburg Gate is the trademark of Berlin. It is the main entrance to the city and was surrounded by the famous Berlin Wall for thirty years. The wall was known throughout the world as a symbol of the division of the city. Day 2: Berlin – Oranienburg | Oranienburg - Eberswalde, 26 mi. (42 km) The well-marked bike route meanders northward through the Ruppin Sea area to Oranienburg. A visit to the Baroque castle with its park, museum, and orangery is recommended. Once you arrive in Oranienburg, the ship will be waiting to then navigate to Eberswalde. In the Finow Canal, located in the heart of the city, you'll see the oldest working lock in Germany. Day 3: Eberswalde - Schwedt | Hoensaaten – Schwedt, 20 or 40 mi. (32 or 64 km) Today's route leads on the Treidel bike route along the Finow Canal, passing through forests, through glades, and over small hills in the direction of Niederfinow (boat lift – a tour is always an option) to Hohensaaten. Here you will board and sail to Schwedt or if you would like to continue to cycle, you can do so all the way to Schwedt which will add 32 km to your route. Day 4: Schwedt – Mescherin | Mescherin - Szczecin, 19 mi. (30 km) Today you will bike through a part of a unique, cross-border nature reserve, the “Lower Oder Valley National Park”, then on to Gartz and Mescherin, where you will get back on the boat. Then you will sail to Szczecin, the green city on the mouth of the Oder and one of the largest ports on the Baltic Sea. The reconstructed castle of the Dukes of Pomerania situated in the city’s historic center is worth seeing. Day 5: Szczecin – Wolgast; Rest day Today you will spend all day on board. After one last narrow passage, the boat will arrive in the expansive waters of the Bay of Szczecin (Oder Lagoon). After the crossing, you will reach Wolgast, the "Gateway to Usedom Island". The Medieval historic center with its town hall and the Church of St. Petri are interesting sights and definitely worth a visit. Day 6: Wolgast – Peenemünde | Peenemünde - Lauterbach, 9-16 mi. (15-25 km) There are three cycling routes to choose from on the Island Usedom. In the morning you will bike through Zecherin and Karlshagen Harbor to Peenemünde. Recommended is a stop at the historical/technical museum in the former power plant. If the weather is conducive, you may feel like cycling the “beach-route” via Trassenheide and Zinnowitz alternatively. In Peenemünde you will get back on board and at about 6 pm you sail to Lauterbach in the southeast of Rügen Island (arrival around 9 pm). Day 7: Lauterbach – Stralsund, 30 mi. (48 km) Today you should not miss a visit to the nearby city of Putbus (about 2 km) with its well-known circus. Classical buildings line this circular “square”, where all the streets converge. Your bike tour today will take you through Putbus, Garz, Poseritz, and Gustow with its well-known village church over the Rügen Dam to Stralsund, where the boat will meet you. As a city with an important past, a stroll through the historic center, which is situated on an island, will take you past numerous exceptional sights. Overnight in Stralsund. Day 8: Departure from Stralsund After breakfast, disembarkation at 9:00 am and individual trip home. Day 1: Arrival in Stralsund Day 2: Stralsund – Lauterbach | Lauterbach - Peenemünde, 30 mi. (48 km) Day 3: Peenemünde – Wolgast, bike tour, 9 or 16 mi. (15 or 25 km) Day 4: Wolgast – Szczecin; rest day on board Day 5: Szczecin – Mescherin | Mescherin - Gartz – Schwedt, 17 mi. (28 km) Day 6: Schwedt – Hohensaaten | Hohensaaten - Niederfinow - Eberswalde, 20 mi. (32 km) Day 7: Eberswalde – Oranienburg | Oranienburg – Berlin, 26 mi. (42 km) Day 8: Departure from Berlin Day 1: Arrival in Stralsund Individual arrival in Stralsund. Embarkation begins at 4:00 PM. It is possible to bring your luggage on board as early as 2 pm but your cabin will not be ready for check-in If time permits, take a stroll through Stralsund’s historic center, which is situated on a small island. As a city with an important past, you will see numerous exceptional sights. Overnight in Stralsund. Day 2: Stralsund – Lauterbach | Lauterbach - Peenemünde, 30 mi. (48 km) Your bike tour on this day will take you through Stralsund over the Rügen Dam to Gustow with its well-known village church, then past Gustow, Poseritz, Garz to Putbus (tip: Don’t miss the famous circus. Classical buildings line this circular “square”, where all the streets converge). Then it’s off to Lauterbach in the southeast of Rügen Island. You will board the boat here. Around 6.30 pm departure to Usedom Day 3: Peenemünde – Wolgast, bike tour, 9 or 16 mi. (15 or 25 km) There are three cycle routes to choose from. Today you have plenty of time to explore the Usedom Island. Visit the historical/technical museum in the former power plant or alternatively, you can choose the “beach-route” via Trassenheide and Zinnowitz. Afterward, bike past Karlshagen Harbour and Zecherin to Wolgast, also known as the “Gateway to Usedom Island. The Medieval historic center with its town hall and the Church of St. Petri are interesting sights. Day 4: Wolgast – Szczecin; rest day on board Today you will spend all day on board. You will cross the expansive waters of the Bay of Szczecin (Oder Lagoon) and reach Szczecin, the green city on the mouth of the Oder and one of the largest ports on the Baltic Sea. The reconstructed castle of the dukes of Pomerania situated in the city’s historic center is worth seeing. Recommended is an optional guided tour of Szczecin. Overnight in Szczecin. Day 5: Szczecin – Mescherin | Mescherin - Gartz – Schwedt, 17 mi. (28 km) In the morning you will sail from Szczecin to Mescherin. Biking past Gartz you will arrive at “Lower Oder Valley National Park” and bike through a part of a unique, cross-border nature reserve. Your final destination today is Schwedt. Day 6: Schwedt – Hohensaaten | Hohensaaten - Niederfinow - Eberswalde, 20 mi. (32 km) In the morning you will sail from Schwedt to Hohensaaten. Then by bicycle, ride in the direction of Niederfinow through the splendid landscape, passing by small hills, glades, and forests. The last section will be on the Treidel bike route along the Finow Canal to Eberswalde. In the heart of the city, the Finow Canal is the oldest working lock in Germany, which has been a technical monument since 1978. Overnight in Eberswalde. Day 7: Eberswalde – Oranienburg | Oranienburg – Berlin, 26 mi. (42 km) Your last bike tour will first take you to Oranienburg. Plan to visit the Baroque castle with its park, museum, and orangery. Then, the well-marked bike route will take you southwards through the Ruppin Sea area to Berlin, where you spend the night. Day 8: Departure from Berlin After breakfast, disembarkation by 9:00 am and individual trip home. You are asked to vacate the cabins by 9 am. Skill Level — Easy This self-guided bike and boat tour is rated easy. You will bike on paths and dirt roads, with a few short sections on federal highways. The routes are mostly flat with some hilly parts, although there will be a few steep inclines and downgrades. Airport Info Fly to Berlin-Brandenburg (BER). Local Travel Tour starts Berlin: Mooring location of the ship: Berlin-Tegel, Am Tegeler Hafen, Greenwichpromenade. Berlin-Brandenburg BER is approx. 30 km from the docking location. Airport Express and regional trains run together four times an hour from station T1-2 to Berlin Central Station. Continuation by tram to Berlin-Tegel station is possible. At the end of your tour in Stralsund, to return to Berlin, you can take a train to the central station in Berlin and then onward to the airport by bus or extend your stay in Berlin. Tour starts Stralsund: From TXL, your first must take a taxi or bus to the main train station in Berlin (Hauptbahnhof) and then travel onward by train to Stralsund to the Triebseer Dam Station. The distance between the train station and the pier (Hafeninsel, Hafenstraße) is 2 km. A taxi from here will cost approx. €10. At the end of your tour, to return to Berlin by train is about 3 hours travel time and will cost between €20 and €45 depending on the type of train and departure time. Climate Please check local conditions before your arrival. There are many good websites to visit to explore regional weather information such as average high/low temperatures, average rainfall, and more weather-related facts. Day of Rest Any day can be used as a day of rest by remaining on board. Recommended It is advised that you bring your own well-fitted helmet with you. You can purchase a helmet onboard the Princess for €40 per helmet (only a limited number available). This can only be purchased on site. Remarks The minimum number of participants to confirm a departure is 70 people which must be reached 21 days prior to tour date. Important to know Excursions: Optional guided city tours The optional guided city tours in Szczecin and Wolgast can be booked on board only. You will find a short description in the boarding information. Depending on the number of participants the excursion could be carried out in 2 languages (German/ English). Travel Documents: It is each traveler's responsibility to research your country's travel requirements and to ensure that you are in compliance. This includes and is not limited to passport validity, blank visa pages required for your destination (s), and any other requirement. Non-EU Citizens: Please research the requirements of your prospective country of residency for international travel. US citizens: A good website to research the requirements of the Schengen Agreement and other countries, and to read about passport validity requirements, visa requirements, as well as blank pages necessary for entry into each country is travel.state.gov. EU-citizens: (without special situations like dual citizenship, main residence abroad or a limited-validity passport) are required to have a valid passport or ID-card, not expiring within six (6) months from the end of your tour. *Important note: Please check on the European Travel Information and Authorization System (ETIAS) status as once implemented, this will be required to visit any of the 26 Schengen-member countries for tourism, business, medical, or transit. This is an additional check on security rather than a visa. Tour Operator
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin
en
West Berlin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin
Political enclave that existed between 1948 and 1990 For other uses, see West Berlin (disambiguation). West Berlin (German: Berlin (West) or West-Berlin, German pronunciation: [ˈvɛstbɛʁˌliːn] ⓘ) was a political enclave which comprised the western part of Berlin from 1948 until 1990, during the Cold War. Although West Berlin lacked any sovereignty and was under military occupation until German reunification in 1990, the territory was claimed by the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), despite being entirely surrounded by East Germany (GDR). The legality of this claim was contested by the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries. However, West Berlin de facto aligned itself politically with the FRG from May 1949 and was thereafter treated as a de facto city-state of that country. After 1949, it was directly or indirectly represented in the institutions of the FRG, and most of its residents were citizens of the FRG. West Berlin was formally controlled by the Western Allies and entirely surrounded by East Berlin and East Germany. West Berlin had great symbolic significance during the Cold War, as it was widely considered by westerners an "island of freedom".[1] It was heavily subsidised by West Germany as a "showcase of the West".[2] A wealthy city, West Berlin was noted for its distinctly cosmopolitan character, and as a centre of education, research and culture. With about two million inhabitants, West Berlin had the largest population of any city in Germany during the Cold War era.[3] West Berlin was 160 km (100 mi) east and north of the Inner German border and only accessible by land from West Germany by narrow rail and highway corridors. It consisted of the American, British, and French occupation sectors established in 1945. The Berlin Wall, built in 1961, physically separated West Berlin from its East Berlin and East German surroundings until it fell in 1989.[4] On 3 October 1990, the day Germany was officially reunified, East and West Berlin united, joined the Federal Republic as a Stadtstaat (city-state) and, eventually, again became the capital of Germany. Origins [edit] The London Protocol of 1944 and the Potsdam Agreement established the legal framework for the occupation of Germany in the wake of World War II. According to these agreements, Germany would be formally under the administration of four Allies (the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and France) until a German government "acceptable to all parties" could be established. The territory of Germany, as it existed in 1937, would be reduced by most of Eastern Germany thus creating the former eastern territories of Germany. The remaining territory would be divided into four zones, each administered by one of the four allied countries. Berlin, which was surrounded by the Soviet zone of occupation—newly established in most of Middle Germany—would be similarly divided, with the Western Allies occupying an enclave consisting of the western parts of the city. According to the agreement, the occupation of Berlin could end only as a result of a quadripartite agreement. The Western Allies were guaranteed three air corridors to their sectors of Berlin, and the Soviets also informally allowed road and rail access between West Berlin and the western parts of Germany (see section on traffic).[citation needed] At first, this arrangement was intended to be of a temporary administrative nature, with all parties declaring that Germany and Berlin would soon be reunited. However, as the relations between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union soured and the Cold War began, the joint administration of Germany and Berlin broke down. Soon, Soviet-occupied Berlin and western-occupied Berlin had separate city administrations.[5] In 1948, the Soviets tried to force the Western Allies out of Berlin by imposing a land blockade on the western sectors—the Berlin Blockade. The West responded by using its air corridors for supplying their part of the city with food and other goods through the Berlin Airlift. In May 1949, the Soviets lifted the blockade, and West Berlin as a separate city with its own jurisdiction was maintained.[5] Following the Berlin Blockade, normal contacts between East and West Berlin resumed. This was temporary until talks were resumed.[5] In 1952, the East German government began sealing its borders, further isolating West Berlin.[6] As a direct result, electrical grids were separated and phone lines were cut.[5] The Volkspolizei and Soviet military personnel also continued the process of blocking all the roads leading away from the city, resulting in several armed standoffs and at least one skirmish with the French Gendarmerie and the Bundesgrenzschutz that June.[6] However, the culmination of the schism did not occur until 1961 with the construction of the Berlin Wall.[5] Legal status [edit] From the legal theory followed by the Western Allies, the occupation of most of Germany ended in 1949 with the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) on 23 May and of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) on 7 October. Under Article 127 of the Basic Law (or constitution) of the Federal Republic, provision was made for federal laws to be extended to Greater Berlin (as Berlin was called during the 1920 expansion of its municipal boundaries) as well as Baden, Rhineland-Palatinate and Württemberg-Hohenzollern within one year of its promulgation.[7] However, because the occupation of Berlin could be ended only by a quadripartite agreement, Berlin remained an occupied territory under the formal sovereignty of the allies. Hence, the Basic Law was not fully applicable to West Berlin.[8] On 4 August 1950, the House of Representatives, the city's legislature, passed a new constitution, declaring Berlin to be a state of the Federal Republic and the provisions of the Basic Law as binding law superior to Berlin state law (Article 1, clauses 2 and 3). However, that became statutory law only on 1 September and only with the inclusion of the western Allied provision[9] according to which Art. 1, clauses 2 and 3, were deferred for the time being; the clauses became valid law only on 3 October 1990 (the day of Germany's unification). It stated: Article 87 is interpreted as meaning that during the transitional period Berlin shall possess none of the attributes of a twelfth Land. The provision of this Article concerning the Basic Law will only apply to the extent necessary to prevent a conflict between this Law and the Berlin Constitution....[10][11] Thus, civic liberties and personal rights (except for the privacy of telecommunications) guaranteed by the Basic Law were also valid in West Berlin. In addition, West German federal statutes could only take effect in West Berlin with the approval of the city's legislature.[8] The ambiguous legal status of the city, then still legally styled as Greater Berlin (although technically only comprising the western sectors), meant that West Berliners were not eligible to vote in federal elections. In their notification of permission of 12 May 1949 the three western military governors for Germany explained their proviso in No. 4, as follows: A third reservation concerns the participation of Greater Berlin in the Federation. We interpret the effect of Articles 23 and 144 (2) of the Basic Law as constituting acceptance of our previous request that while Berlin may not be accorded voting membership in the Bundestag or Bundesrat nor be governed by the Federation she may, nevertheless, designate a small number of representatives to the meetings of those legislative bodies.[12] Consequently, West Berliners were indirectly represented in the Bundestag in Bonn by 22 non-voting delegates[13] chosen by the House of Representatives.[14] Similarly, the Senate (the city's executive) sent four non-voting delegates to the Bundesrat.[15] In addition, when the first direct elections to the European Parliament were held in 1979, West Berlin's three members were instead indirectly elected by the House of Representatives.[16] However, as West German citizens, West Berliners were able to stand for election in West Germany. For example, Social Democrat Willy Brandt, who eventually became Chancellor, was elected via his party's list of candidates. The West German government considered all West Berliners as well as all citizens of the GDR to be citizens of West Germany. Male residents of West Berlin were exempt from the Federal Republic's compulsory military service. This exemption made the city a popular destination for West German young people, which resulted in a flourishing counterculture, which in turn became one of the defining features of the city.[17][18] The Western Allies remained the ultimate political authorities in West Berlin. All legislation of the House of Representatives, whether of the West Berlin legislature or adopted federal law, only applied under the proviso of confirmation by the three Western Allied commanders-in-chief.[citation needed] If they approved a bill, it was enacted as part of West Berlin's statutory law. If the commanders-in-chief rejected a bill, it did not become law in West Berlin; this, for example, was the case with West German laws on military duty. West Berlin was run by the elected Governing Mayor and Senate seated at Rathaus Schöneberg. The Governing Mayor and Senators (ministers) had to be approved by the Western Allies and thus derived their authority from the occupying forces, not from their electoral mandate.[citation needed] The Soviets unilaterally declared the occupation of East Berlin at an end along with the rest of East Germany. This move was, however, not recognised by the Western Allies, who continued to view all of Berlin as a jointly occupied territory belonging to neither of the two German states.[citation needed] This view was supported by the continued practice of patrols of all four sectors by soldiers of all four occupying powers. Thus, occasionally Western Allied soldiers were on patrol in East Berlin as were Soviet soldiers in West Berlin. After the Wall was built, East Germany wanted to control Western Allied patrols upon entering or leaving East Berlin, a practice that the Western Allies regarded as unacceptable.[citation needed] After protests to the Soviets, the patrols continued uncontrolled on both sides, with the tacit agreement that the western Allies would not use their patrolling privileges for helping Easterners to flee to the West.[citation needed] In many ways, West Berlin functioned as the de facto 11th state of West Germany and was depicted on maps published in the West as being a part of West Germany. There was freedom of movement (to the extent allowed by geography) between West Berlin and West Germany. There were no separate immigration regulations for West Berlin, all immigration rules for West Germany being followed in West Berlin. West German entry visas issued to visitors were stamped with "for the Federal Republic of Germany, including the State of Berlin", in German "für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland einschl. [einschließlich] des Landes Berlin", prompting complaints from the Soviet Union. However, this wording remained on the visas throughout the rest of the entire period of West Berlin's existence.[19][20] West Berlin remained under military occupation until 3 October 1990, the day of unification of East Germany, East and West Berlin with the Federal Republic of Germany. The West German Federal Government, as well as the governments of most western nations, considered East Berlin to be a "separate entity" from East Germany, and while the Western Allies later opened embassies in East Berlin, they recognised the city only as the seat of government of the GDR, not as its capital.[21] Communist countries, however, did not recognise West Berlin as part of West Germany and usually described it as a "third" German jurisdiction, called an "independent political unit" (German: selbständige politische Einheit).[22] On maps of East Berlin, West Berlin often did not appear as an adjacent urban area but as a monochrome terra incognita, sometimes showing the letters WB, meaning "Westberlin" (German: Westberlin) or overlaid with a legend or pictures. It was often labelled "Westberlin special political area" (German: Besonderes politisches Gebiet Westberlin).[23] Immigration [edit] The Federal Republic of Germany issued West German passports to West Berliners on request that showed West Berlin as their place of residence. However, West Berliners could not use their passports for crossing East German borders and were denied entrance by any country of the Eastern Bloc, since governments of these countries held the view that West Germany was not authorized to issue legal papers for West Berliners.[24] Since West Berlin was not a sovereign state, it did not issue passports. Instead, West Berliners were issued with "auxiliary identity cards" by the West Berlin authorities. These differed visually from the regular West German identity cards, with green bindings instead of the grey standard, they did not show the "Federal Eagle" or coat of arms, and contained no indications as to the issuing State. However, they did have a statement that the holder of the document was a German citizen.[25] From 11 June 1968, East Germany made it mandatory that West Berlin and West German "transit passengers" obtain a transit visa, issued upon entering East Germany,[26] because under its second constitution East Germany considered West Germans and West Berliners foreigners. Since identity cards had no pages to stamp visas, issuers of East German visas stamped their visas onto separate leaflets which were loosely stuck into the identity cards, which, until the mid-1980s, were little booklets. Although the West German government subsidized visa fees, they were still payable by individual travellers.[21] In order to enter visa-requiring Western countries, such as the US, West Berliners commonly used West German passports. However, for countries which did not require stamped visas for entry, including Switzerland, Austria, and many members of the then European Economic Community, including the United Kingdom,[27] West Berlin identity cards were also acceptable for entry.[28] Active immigration and asylum politics in West Berlin triggered waves of immigration in the 1960s and 1970s. As of 2017, Berlin was home to at least 178,000 Turkish and Turkish German residents,[29] making it the largest Turkish community outside of Turkey. West Berlin was also a destination for many people fleeing East Germany both before and after the construction of the Berlin Wall. As many immigrants from East Germany did not intend to stay in Berlin[citation needed], flights – the only option for those people to reach West Germany without coming into contact with East German authorities – were subsidized by the West German government despite being operated only by companies registered in and owned by nationals of the western occupying powers.[citation needed] Naming conventions [edit] Most Westerners called the Western sectors "Berlin" unless further distinction was necessary. The West German Federal government officially called West Berlin "Berlin (West)", although it also used the hyphenated "West-Berlin", whereas the East German government commonly referred to it as "Westberlin".[30] Starting from 31 May 1961, East Berlin was officially called Berlin, Hauptstadt der DDR (Berlin, Capital of the GDR), replacing the formerly used term Demokratisches Berlin,[31] or simply "Berlin", by East Germany, and "Berlin (Ost)" by the West German Federal government. Other names used by West German media included "Ost-Berlin", "Ostberlin", or "Ostsektor". These different naming conventions for the divided parts of Berlin, when followed by individuals, governments, or media, commonly indicated their political leanings, with the centre-right Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung using "Ost-Berlin" and the centre-left Süddeutsche Zeitung using "Ostberlin".[32] Period following the building of the Berlin Wall [edit] After the Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961, West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer suggested to U.S. President John F. Kennedy that the United States propose a swap of West Berlin with Thuringia and parts of Saxony and Mecklenburg; the city's population would have been relocated to West Germany.[33] Adenauer did not believe that the Soviets would accept the offer because East Germany would lose important industry, but hoped that making the proposal would reduce tensions between the western and eastern blocs, and perhaps hurt relations between the USSR and East Germany if they disagreed on accepting the offer.[34] While the Kennedy administration seriously considered the idea, it did not make the proposal to the Soviet Union.[33] NATO also took an increased interest in the specific issue related to West Berlin, and drafted plans to ensure to defend the city against an eventual attack from the East.[35][36] A tripartite planning group known as LIVE OAK, working together with NATO, was entrusted with potential military responses to any crisis.[37] On 26 June 1963, President Kennedy visited West Berlin. On his triumphant tour, cheered by hundred of thousands of West Berliners in the streets, he stopped at the Congress Hall, near the Brandenburg Gate, and at Checkpoint Charlie, before delivering at West Berlin's city hall a speech, which became famous for its phrase "Ich bin ein Berliner" and a hallmark of America's solidarity with the city.[38] The Four Power Agreement on Berlin (September 1971) and the Transit Agreement (May 1972) helped to significantly ease tensions over the status of West Berlin. While many restrictions remained in place, it also made it easier for West Berliners to travel to East Germany and it simplified the regulations for Germans travelling along the autobahn transit routes. At the Brandenburg Gate in 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan provided a challenge to the then Soviet leader: General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall![39] On 9 November 1989, the Wall was opened, and the two parts of the city were once again physically—though at this point not legally—united. The Two Plus Four Treaty, signed by the two German states and the four wartime allies, paved the way for German reunification and an end to the Western Allies' occupation of West Berlin. On 3 October 1990—the day Germany was officially reunified—East and West Berlin formally reunited as the city of Berlin, which then joined the enlarged Federal Republic as a city-state along the lines of the existing West German city-states of Bremen and Hamburg. Walter Momper, the mayor of West Berlin, became the first mayor of the reunified city in the interim. City-wide elections in December 1990 resulted in the first "all Berlin" mayor being elected to take office in January 1991, with the separate offices of mayors in East and West Berlin expiring by that time, and Eberhard Diepgen (a former mayor of West Berlin) became the first elected mayor of a reunited Berlin.[40] Boroughs [edit] West Berlin comprised the following boroughs (Bezirke): In the American sector: Neukölln Kreuzberg Schöneberg Steglitz Tempelhof Zehlendorf In the British sector: Charlottenburg Tiergarten Wilmersdorf Spandau In the French sector: Reinickendorf Wedding Exclaves [edit] West Berlin's border was identical to the municipal boundary of Berlin as defined in the Greater Berlin Act of 1920 and amended in 1938, and the border between the Soviet sector and the French, British, and American sectors respectively, which followed the boundaries of Berlin administrative boroughs as defined in the same years. Another amendment was added in 1945 at the border between the British sector of Berlin (ceding West-Staaken) and the Soviet zone (ceding the Seeburg Salient) so that the Wehrmacht airfield at Berlin-Gatow became part of the British sector and the airfield at Berlin-Staaken became part of the Soviet sector. Furthermore, the Gatow/Staaken exchange in August 1945 resulted in the geographically western half of Berlin-Staaken, which was located in the western outskirts of the city, becoming de jure Soviet occupied. However, the de facto administration remained with the Borough of Spandau in the British sector.[citation needed] Therefore, all inhabitants of Staaken could vote in West Berlin's city state elections in 1948 and 1950. On 1 February 1951, East German Volkspolizei surprised the people of western Staaken by occupying the area and ended its administration by the Spandau Borough; instead, western Staaken became an exclave of the Soviet occupied borough Berlin-Mitte in the city centre.[citation needed] However, on 1 June 1952, western Staaken's de facto administration was placed with neighbouring East German Falkensee in the East German district Nauen.[citation needed] Post and telecommunications [edit] West Berlin had its own postal administration first called Deutsche Post Berlin (1947–1955) and then Deutsche Bundespost Berlin, separate from West Germany's Deutsche Bundespost, and issuing its own postage stamps until 1990. However, the separation was merely symbolic; in reality, West Berlin's postal service was completely integrated with West Germany's, using the same postal code system.[42] West Berlin was also integrated into the West German telephone network, using the same international dialling code as West Germany, +49, with the area code 0311,[43] later changed to 030.[44] Unlike West Germany, from where calls to East Berlin were made using the prefix 00372 (international access code 00, East German country code 37, area code 2),[45] calls from West Berlin required only the short code 0372.[46] Conversely, those made to West Berlin from East Berlin only required the short code 849.[47] In order to reduce eastern wiretapping of telecommunications between West Berlin and West Germany, microwave radio relay connections were built, which transmitted telephone calls between antenna towers in West Germany and West Berlin by radio. Two such towers were built, one antenna in Berlin-Wannsee and later a second in Berlin-Frohnau, finished on 16 May 1980 with a height of 358 m (1,175 ft). This tower was demolished on 8 February 2009.[48] Transport and transit travel [edit] West Berliners could travel to West Germany and all Western and non-aligned states at all times, except during the Berlin Blockade by the Soviet Union (24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949) when there were restrictions on passenger flight capacity imposed by the airlift. Travelling to and from West Berlin by road or train always required passing through East German border checks, since West Berlin was an enclave surrounded by East Germany and East Berlin. On 2 October 1967, six years after the Wall was constructed, tram tracks in West Berlin were removed because the authorities wanted to promote car usage, meaning that the tram system remaining today runs almost entirely within the former East Berlin.[49] Road traffic [edit] As there were no dedicated walled-off-road corridors between West Germany and West Berlin under West German jurisdiction, travellers needed to pass through East Germany. A valid passport was required for citizens of West Germany and other western nationals to be produced at East German border checks. West Berliners could get admission only through their identity cards (see above). For travel from West Berlin to Denmark, Sweden and West Germany via dedicated East German transit routes (German: Transitstrecke), East German border guards issued a transit visa for a fee of 5 Western Deutsche Mark. For journeys between West Berlin and Poland or Czechoslovakia through East Germany, each traveller was also required to present a valid visa for the destination country.[50] The transit routes for road travel connecting West Berlin to other destinations usually consisted of autobahns and other highways, marked by Transit signs. Transit travellers (German: Transitreisende) were prohibited to leave the transit routes, and occasional traffic checkpoints would check for violators. There were four transit routes between West Berlin and West Germany: One between West Berlin's Heerstraße with the East German checkpoint in Dallgow until 1951, then replaced by Staaken for destinations in Northern Germany (originally via highway F 5) at the Eastern checkpoint in Horst (a part of today's Nostorf) and the Western Lauenburg upon Elbe. These were replaced on 20 November 1982 by a new autobahn crossing at Zarrentin (E)/Gudow (W).[51] On 1 January 1988, the new Stolpe checkpoint opened on this route to West Berlin. This is part of today's Hohen Neuendorf (E)/Berlin-Heiligensee (W).[citation needed] A second transit route led to Northwestern and Western Germany – following today's A 2 – crossing the inner German border at Marienborn (E)/Helmstedt (W), also called Checkpoint Alpha. A third route to Southwestern Germany consisted of today's A 9 and A 4 with border crossing at Wartha (E)/Herleshausen (W).[52] A fourth (via today's A 9) to Southern Germany had border crossings originally at Mount Juchhöh (E)/Töpen (W) and later at Hirschberg upon Saale (E)/ Rudolphstein (a part of today's Berg in Upper Franconia) (W).[citation needed] The latter three routes used autobahns built during the Nazi era. They left West Berlin at Checkpoint Dreilinden, also called Checkpoint Bravo (W)/Potsdam-Drewitz (E). Transit routes to Poland were via today's A 11 to Nadrensee-Pomellen (East Germany, GDR)/Kołbaskowo (Kolbitzow) (PL), eastwards via today's A 12 to Frankfurt upon Oder (GDR)/Słubice (PL), or southeastwards via today's A 13 and A 15 to Forst in Lusatia/Baršć (GDR)/Zasieki (Berge) (PL). Additional routes led to Denmark and Sweden by ferry between Warnemünde (GDR) and Gedser (DK) and by ferry between Sassnitz (GDR) and Rønne (DK) or Trelleborg (S). Routes to Czechoslovakia were via Schmilka (GDR)/Hřensko (Herrnskretschen) (ČSSR) and via Fürstenau (a part of today's Geising) (GDR)/Cínovec (Cinvald/Böhmisch Zinnwald) (ČSSR). The transit routes were also used for East German domestic traffic. This meant that transit passengers could potentially meet with East Germans and East Berliners at restaurants at motorway rest stops. Since such meetings were deemed illegal by the East German government, border guards would calculate the travel duration from the time of entry and exit of the transit route. Excessive time spent for transit travel could arouse their suspicion and prompt questioning or additional checking by the border guards. Western coaches could stop only at dedicated service areas since the East German government was concerned that East Germans might potentially use coaches to escape into the West.[53] On 1 September 1951, East Germany, because of a shortage in foreign currencies, started to levy road tolls on cars using the transit routes. At first, the toll amounted to 10 Ostmark per passenger car and 10 to 50 for trucks, depending on size.[citation needed] Ostmarks had to be exchanged into Deutsche Mark at a rate of 1:1. On 30 March 1955, East Germany raised the toll for passenger cars to 30 Deutsche Marks, but after West German protests, in June of the same year, it changed it back to the previous rate.[citation needed] Railway [edit] Four transit train connections—earlier also called interzonal train (German: Interzonenzug)—connected West Berlin with Hamburg via Schwanheide (E)/Büchen (W) in the North, with Hanover via Marienborn (E)/Helmstedt (W) in the West, with Frankfurt am Main via Gerstungen (E)/Hönebach (W) in the Southwest, and with Nuremberg via Probstzella (E)/Ludwigsstadt (W) in the South of West Germany. These transit trains did not service domestic passengers of East Germany and made stops in East Germany almost exclusively for East German border guards upon entering and leaving the country. Until the construction of the Berlin Wall, interzonal trains would also stop once on their way within East Germany for travellers having a visa for entering or leaving East Germany. Train travel from West Berlin to Czechoslovakia, Denmark (by ferry), Poland and Sweden (by ferry) required a visa to enter East Berlin or East Germany to allow transfer to an international train—which also carried domestic passengers—bound for an international destination. One railway connection between West Berlin and Oebisfelde (E)/Wolfsburg (W) was reserved for freight trains only.[citation needed] In July and August 1945, the three Western Allies and the Soviet Union decided that the railways, previously serviced by the Deutsche Reichsbahn (German Reich Railways), should continue to be operated by one railway administration to service all four sectors. West Berlin had – with the exception of a few small private railway lines – no separate railway administration. Furthermore, the operation of the Reichsbahn's Berlin S-Bahn electric metropolitan transport network, consisting of commuter trains, was also maintained. After the founding of East Germany on 7 October 1949 it gained responsibility for the Reichsbahn in its territory. East Germany continued to run its railways under the official name Deutsche Reichsbahn, which thus maintained responsibility for almost all railway transport in all four sectors of Berlin.[54] The GDR-controlled 'Bahnpolizei', the Reichsbahn's railway police, were authorised to patrol station premises and other railway property in the whole city including West Berlin.[citation needed] The legal necessity of keeping the term 'Deutsche Reichsbahn' explains the surprising use of the word 'Reich' (with its Imperial and Nazi connotations) in the name of an official organisation of the communist GDR. After the Berlin Blockade transit trains (German: Transitzüge) would leave and enter West Berlin only via one line through Berlin-Wannsee railway station (W) and Potsdam Griebnitzsee railway station (E). All transit trains would start or end in East Berlin, passing through West Berlin with only one stop in the Western Berlin Zoologischer Garten railway station, which became West Berlin's main railway station. Until 1952, the Reichsbahn also permitted stops at other stations on the way through the Western sectors.[citation needed] Many Reichsbahn employees working in West Berlin were West Berliners. Their East German employer, whose proceeds from ticket sales for Western Deutsche Marks contributed to East Germany's foreign revenues, tried to hold down wage social security contributions in Western Deutsche Mark. Therefore, West Berlin employees of the Reichsbahn were paid partly in Eastern German currency. They could spend this money in East Germany and take their purchases to West Berlin, which other Westerners could not do to the same extent. West Berlin employees were trained in East Germany and employed under East German labour laws.[55] West Berliners employed by the Reichsbahn were not included in the Western health insurance system either. The Reichsbahn ran its own hospital for them in West Berlin, the building of which is now used as the headquarters of Bombardier Transportation. For certain patients, the Reichsbahn would facilitate treatment in a hospital in East Berlin. In medical emergencies, the employees could use West Berlin doctors and hospitals, which would then be paid for by the Reichsbahn.[citation needed] The GDR used the western stations to distribute propaganda and display posters with slogans like "Americans Go Home." On 1 May, May Day, a state holiday in East and West, S-Bahn trains were sometimes decorated with the East German banner and a red flag. Waterways [edit] Two waterways via the rivers and canals Havel and Mittellandkanal were open for inland navigation, but only freight vessels were allowed to cross from West Berlin into East German waters. The Havel crossed at the East German border in Nedlitz (a part of Potsdam-Bornstedt), continuing through the Elbe-Havel Canal and then either taking the Elbe northwestwards crossing the border again at Cumlosen (E)/Schnackenburg (W) or westwards following the Mittellandkanal to Buchhorst (Oebisfelde) (E)/Rühen (W). Western freight vessels could stop only at dedicated service areas, because the East German government wanted to prevent any East Germans from boarding them. In July and August 1945, the Western Allies and the Soviet Union decided that the operation and maintenance of the waterways and locks, which were previously run by the national German directorate for inland navigation (German: Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt Berlin), should be continued and reconstructed in all four sectors.[56] Except for the originally city-owned Neukölln Ship Canal and some canals built later (e.g. Westhafen Canal) and locks, West Berlin had no separate inland navigation authority, but the East Berlin-based authority operated most waterways and locks, their lockmasters employed by the East.[56] Because of their negligent maintenance, the western Allies later transferred their control to the Senate of Berlin (West).[57] The western entrance to the Teltowkanal, connecting several industrial areas of West Berlin for heavy freight transport, was blocked by East Germany in Potsdam-Klein Glienicke. Therefore, vessels going to the Teltowkanal had to take a detour via the river Spree through West and East Berlin's city centre to enter the canal from the East. On 20 November 1981, East Germany reopened the western entrance, which required two more vessel border checkpoints – Dreilinden and Kleinmachnow – because the waterway crossed the border between East Germany and West Berlin four times.[citation needed] Air traffic [edit] Air traffic was the only connection between West Berlin and the Western world that was not directly under East German control. On 4 July 1948, British European Airways opened the first regular service for civilians between West Berlin and Hamburg.[58] Tickets were originally sold for pounds sterling only.[citation needed] West Berliners and West Germans who had earlier fled East Germany or East Berlin, and thus could face imprisonment on entering East Germany or East Berlin, could only take flights for travel to and from West Berlin.[59] To enable individuals threatened by East German imprisonment to fly to and from West Berlin the West German government subsidised the flights.[citation needed] Flights between West Germany and West Berlin were under Allied control by the quadripartite Berlin Air Safety Center. According to permanent agreements, three air corridors to West Germany were provided, which were open only for British, French, or U.S. military planes or civilian planes registered with companies in those countries.[citation needed] The airspace controlled by the Berlin Air Safety Center comprised a radius of 32 km (20 mi) around the seat of the center in the Kammergericht building in Berlin-Schöneberg – thus covering most of East and West Berlin and the three corridors, of the same width – one northwestwards to Hamburg (Fuhlsbüttel Airport), one westwards to Hanover, and one southwestwards to Frankfurt upon Main (Rhein-Main Air Base). The West German airline Lufthansa and most other international airlines were not permitted to fly to West Berlin. Flights by Lufthansa or the East German airline Interflug servicing connections between East and West Germany (such as between Düsseldorf and Hamburg in West Germany and the East German city of Leipzig) began in August 1989, but these routes had to go through Czechoslovak or Danish airspace.[citation needed] Traffic between West Berlin and East Germany [edit] Until 1953, travelling from West Berlin into East Germany (German Democratic Republic (GDR)) fell under Interzonal traffic regulations overseen by the three Allied military governments (the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SVAG), the Control Commission for Germany – British Element, and the Office of Military Government/United States (OMGUS)). On 27 May 1952, East Germany closed its border with West Germany and its 115 km (71 mi)-long border with West Berlin. From then on West Berliners required a permit to enter East Germany. East German border checkpoints were established in East German suburbs of West Berlin, and most streets were gradually closed for interzonal travel into East Germany. The last checkpoint to remain open was located at the Glienicker Brücke near Potsdam, until it was also closed by East Germany on 3 July 1953. The checkpoint at Staaken's Heerstraße remained open only for transit traffic to West Germany.[citation needed] This caused hardship for many West Berlin residents, especially those who had friends and family in East Germany. However, East Germans could still enter West Berlin. A number of cemeteries located in East Germany were also affected by the closure. Many church congregations in Berlin owned cemeteries outside the city, so many West Berlin congregations had cemeteries that were located in East Germany. For example, the Friedhof vor Charlottenburg (in Cemetery in front/outside of Charlottenburg) was located in the East German suburb of Dallgow, yet belonged to Catholic congregations in Berlin-Charlottenburg. Many West Berliners wishing to visit the grave of a relative or friend on cemeteries located in East Germany were now unable to do so. Until 1961, East Germany occasionally issued permits to West Berliners to visit the cemeteries on the Catholic feast of All Saints on 1 November and on the Protestant Day of Repentance and Prayer.[citation needed] In 1948–1952, the Reichsbahn connected the western suburbs of West Berlin to its S-Bahn network. Train routes servicing these suburbs formerly went through West Berlin stations, but ceased to make stops in the western stations or terminated service before entering West Berlin. Private West Berlin railway lines like the Neukölln–Mittenwalde railway (Neukölln-Mittenwalder Eisenbahn, NME), connecting the East German Mittenwalde with West Berlin-Neukölln and the Bötzowbahn between West Berlin-Spandau and East German Hennigsdorf, were disrupted at the border between West Berlin and East Germany on 26 October 1948 and August 1950, respectively. Tramways and bus routes that connected West Berlin with its East German suburbs and were operated by West Berlin's public transport operator Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe Gesellschaft (BVG West) ceased operation on 14 October 1950, after West Berlin tram and bus drivers had been repeatedly stopped and arrested by East German police for having western currency on them, considered a crime in the East.[60] The BVG (West) terminated route sections that extended into East Germany, like the southern end of tram line 47 to Schönefeld, the southwestern end of tram line 96 to Kleinmachnow, as well as two bus lines to Glienicke at the Nordbahn, north, and to Falkensee, northwest of West Berlin.[60] The East German section of tram line 96 continued operating with eastern personnel and cars, obliging the eastern passengers – rarely westerners who needed special permits to enter East Germany – to change from eastern into western trains crossing the border by foot, until it was closed by the Wall.[61] The Reichsbahn shut down all of its West Berlin terminal stations and redirected its trains to stations in East Berlin, starting with Berlin Görlitzer Bahnhof – closed on 29 April 1951 – before serving rail traffic with Görlitz and the southeast of East Germany. On 28 August 1951, trains usually serving Berlin Lehrter Bahnhof were redirected to stations in East Berlin, while trains from West Germany were redirected to the Western Berlin Zoologischer Garten. The Reichsbahn also closed down both Berlin Anhalter Bahnhof and Berlin Nordbahnhof, on 18 May 1952.[62] On 28 August 1951, the Reichsbahn opened a new connection – from Spandau via Berlin Jungfernheide station – for the S-Bahn lines connecting East German suburbs to the west of West Berlin (namely Falkensee, Staaken) with East Berlin, thus circumventing the centre of West Berlin. In June 1953, the Reichsbahn further cut off West Berlin from its East German suburbs by the introduction of additional express S-Bahn trains (German: Durchläufer). These routes originated from several East German suburbs bordering West Berlin (such as Falkensee, Potsdam, Oranienburg, Staaken, and Velten), crossing West Berlin non-stop until reaching its destinations in East Berlin. However, the regular S-Bahn connections with West Berlin's East German suburbs, stopping at every Western station, continued. From 17 June to 9 July 1953, East Germany blocked off all traffic between East and West due to the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany. From 4 October 1953, all S-Bahn trains crossing the border between East Germany and Berlin had to pass a border checkpoint in East Germany. Travellers from East Germany were checked before entering any part of Berlin, to identify individuals intending to escape into West Berlin or smuggling rationed or rare goods into West Berlin. S-Bahn trains were checked at Hoppegarten, Mahlow, and Zepernick in East Germany bordering East Berlin and in Hohen Neuendorf, Potsdam-Griebnitzsee, and Staaken-Albrechtshof in East Germany bordering West Berlin. On 4 June 1954, the Bahnhof Hennigsdorf Süd station located next to West Berlin was opened solely for border controls, also to monitor West Berliners entering or leaving East Berlin, which they could still do freely, while they were not allowed to cross into East Germany proper without a special permit. In 1951, the Reichsbahn began construction work on the Berlin outer-circle railway line. This circular line connected all train routes heading for West Berlin and accommodated all domestic GDR traffic, thus directing railway traffic into East Berlin while by-passing West Berlin. Commuters in the East German suburbs around West Berlin now boarded Sputnik express trains, which took them into East Berlin without crossing any western sectors. With the completion of the outer-circle railway, there was no further need for express S-Bahn trains crossing the West Berlin border and thus their service ended on 4 May 1958, while stopping S-Bahn trains continued service. However, while East Germans could get off in West Berlin, West Berliners needed the hard-to get permits to enter East Germany by S-Bahn. With the construction of the Berlin Wall on 13 August 1961, all remaining railway traffic between West Berlin and its East German suburbs ended. Rail traffic between East and West Berlin was sharply reduced and restricted to a small number of checkpoints under GDR control. East Berliners and East Germans were then unable to freely enter and leave West Berlin. However, international visitors could obtain visas for East Berlin upon crossing one of the checkpoints at the Wall.[citation needed] Following the policy of détente of the Federal Government under Chancellor Willy Brandt, West Berliners could again apply for visas to visit East Germany, which were granted more freely than in the period until 1961. On 4 June 1972, West Berlin's public transport operator BVG could open its first bus line into the East German suburbs since 1950 (line E to Potsdam via Checkpoint Bravo as it was known to the US military). This route was open only to persons bearing all the necessary East German permits and visas. For visits to East Germany, West Berliners could use four checkpoints along the East German border around West Berlin: The two road transit checkpoints Dreilinden (W)/Drewitz (E) and Berlin-Heiligensee (W)/Stolpe (E) as well as the old transit checkpoint at Heerstraße (W)/Staaken (E) and the checkpoint at Waltersdorfer Chaussee (W)/Schönefeld (E), which was also open for travellers boarding international flights at Schönefeld Airport.[citation needed] Traffic between East and West Berlin [edit] While East and West Berlin became formally separate jurisdictions in September 1948, and while there were travel restrictions in all other directions for more than a decade, freedom of movement existed between the western sectors and the eastern sector of the city. However, time and again Soviet and later East German authorities imposed temporary restrictions for certain persons, certain routes, and certain means of transport. Gradually the eastern authorities disconnected and separated the two parts of the city.[citation needed] While the Soviets blocked all transport to West Berlin (Berlin Blockade between 24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949), they increased food supplies in East Berlin in order to gain the compliance of West Berliners who at that time still had free access to East Berlin. West Berliners buying food in East Berlin were regarded as approving of the Soviet attempt to get rid of the Western Allies in West Berlin. This was seen as support by the communists and as treason by most Westerners. Until that time all over Germany food and other necessary supplies had been available only with ration stamps issued by one's municipality. This was the case in East Berlin until the Communist putsch in Berlin's city government in September 1948 – the unitary City Council of Greater Berlin (German: Magistrat von Groß Berlin) for East and West.[citation needed] By July 1948 a mere 19,000 West Berliners out of a total of almost 2 million covered their food requirements in East Berlin. Thus, 99% of West Berliners preferred to live on shorter supplies than before the Blockade, to show support for the Western Allies' position. In West Germany rationing of most products ended with the introduction of the Western Deutsche Mark on 21 June 1948. The new currency was also introduced in West Berlin on 24 June and this, at least officially, was the justification for the Soviet Blockade due to which rationing in West Berlin had to continue. However, in the course of the Berlin Air Lift some supplies were increased beyond the pre-Blockade level and therefore rationing of certain goods in West Berlin was stopped.[63] While West Berliners were officially welcome to buy food in East Berlin, the Soviets tried to prevent them from buying other essential supplies, particularly coal and other fuel. For this reason, on 9 November 1948, they opened checkpoints on 70 streets entering West Berlin and closed the others for horse carriages, lorries and cars, later (16 March 1949) the Soviets erected roadblocks on the closed streets. From 15 November 1948, West Berlin ration stamps were no longer accepted in East Berlin.[citation needed] All the same, the Soviets started a campaign with the slogan The smart West Berliner buys at the HO (German: Der kluge West-Berliner kauft in der HO), the HO being the Soviet zone chain of shops. They also opened so-called "Free Shops" in the Eastern Sector, offering supplies without ration stamps, but denominated at extremely high prices in Eastern Deutsche Marks. Ordinary East and West Berliners could only afford to buy there if they had income in Western Deutsche Mark and bartered the needed Eastern Deutsche Mark on the spontaneous currency markets, which developed in the British sector at the Zoo station.[citation needed] Their demand and supply determined a barter ratio in favour of the Western Deutsche Mark with more than 2 Eastern Deutsche Marks offered for one Western Deutsche Mark. After the Blockade, when holders of Western Deutsche Marks could buy as much they could afford, up to five and six east marks were offered for one west mark. In the East, however, the Soviets had arbitrarily decreed a rate of 1 for 1 and exchanging at other rates was criminalised. On 12 May 1949, the Blockade ended and all roadblocks and checkpoints between East and West Berlin were removed. The Berlin Airlift, however, continued until 30 September 1949 in order to build up supplies in West Berlin (the so-called Senate Reserve), in readiness for another possible blockade, thus ensuring that an airlift could then be restarted with ease. On 2 May 1949, power stations in East Berlin started again to supply West Berlin with sufficient electricity. Before then, electrical supply had been reduced to just a few hours a day after the normal supplies had been interrupted at the start of the Blockade.[citation needed] However, the Western Allies and the West Berlin City Council decided to be self-sufficient in terms of electricity generation capacity, to be independent of Eastern supplies and not to be held to ransom by the eastern authorities. On 1 December 1949 the new power station West (German: Kraftwerk West, in 1953 renamed after the former Governing Mayor of West Berlin into Kraftwerk Reuter West) went online and West Berlin's electricity board declared independence from Eastern supplies. However, for a time Eastern electricity continued to be supplied albeit intermittently. Supply was interrupted from 1 July until the end of 1950 and then started again until 4 March 1952, when the East finally switched it off. From then on West Berlin turned into an 'electricity island' within a pan-European electricity grid that had developed from the 1920s, because electricity transfers between East and West Germany never fully ceased.[citation needed] In 1952, West Berliners were restricted entry to East Germany proper by means of a hard-to-obtain East German permit. Free entry to East Berlin remained possible until 1961 and the building of the Wall. Berlin's underground (Untergrundbahn, U-Bahn) and Berlin's S-Bahn (a metropolitan public transit network), rebuilt after the war, continued to span all occupation sectors. Many people lived in one half of the city and had family, friends, and jobs in the other. However, the East continuously reduced the means of public transport between East and West, with private cars being a very rare privilege in the East and still a luxury in the West.[citation needed] Starting on 15 January 1953 the tram network was interrupted. East Berlin's public transport operator Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG-East, BVB as of 1 January 1969) staffed all trams, whose lines crossed the sectorial border, with women drivers, who were not permitted as drivers by the BVG (West), West Berlin's public transport operator. Instead of changing the Western rules, so that the Easterly intended interruption of the cross-border tram traffic would not happen, the BVG (West) insisted on male drivers. Cross-border tram traffic ended on 16 January.[64] In East German propaganda this was a point for the East, arguing that the West did not allow drivers coming with their trams from the East to continue along their line into the West, but remaining silent on the fact that the end of cross-border tram traffic was most welcome to the East. The underground and the S-Bahn networks, except the above-mentioned traverse S-Bahn trains, continued to provide services between East and West Berlin. However, occasionally the East Berlin police – in the streets and on cross-border trains in East Berlin – identified suspicious behaviour (such as carrying heavy loads westwards) and watched out for unwelcome Westerners.[citation needed] Occasionally, West Germans were banned from entering East Berlin. This was the case between 29 August and 1 September 1960, when ex-prisoners of war and deportees, homecomers (German: Heimkehrer), from all around West Germany and West Berlin met for a convention in that city. The homecomers released mostly from a long detention in the Soviet Union were unwelcome in East Berlin.[65] As they could not be recognised through their identification papers, all West Germans were banned from East Berlin during those days. West Berliners were allowed, since the quadripartite Allied status quo provided for their free movement around all four sectors. From 8 September 1960 on, the East subjected all West Germans to apply for a permit before entering East Berlin.[66][67] As the communist government in the East gained tighter control, and the economic recovery in the West significantly outperformed the East, more than a hundred thousand East Germans and East Berliners left East Germany and East Berlin for the West every year. East Germany closed the borders between East and West Germany and sealed off the border with West Berlin in 1952; but because of the quadripartite Allied status of the city, the 46 km (29 mi)-long sectorial border between East and West Berlin remained open. To stop this drain of people defecting, the East German government built the Berlin Wall, thus physically closing off West Berlin from East Berlin and East Germany, on 13 August 1961. All Eastern streets, bridges, paths, windows, doors, gates, and sewers opening to West Berlin were systematically sealed off by walls, concrete barriers, barbed wire, and/or bars. The Wall was directed against the Easterners, who by its construction were no longer allowed to leave the East, except with an Eastern permit, not usually granted. Westerners were still granted visas on entering East Berlin. Initially eight street checkpoints were opened, and one checkpoint in the Berlin Friedrichstraße railway station, which was reached by one line of the Western underground (today's U 6), two Western S-Bahn lines, one under and one above ground (approximately today's S 2 and S 3, however, lines changed significantly from 1990 onwards), and transit trains between West Germany and West Berlin started and ended there. The eight street checkpoints were – from North to South along the Wall – on Bornholmer Straße, Chausseestraße, Invalidenstraße, Berlin Friedrichstraße station, Friedrichstraße (Checkpoint Charlie in US military denomination, since this crossing was to their sector), Heinrich-Heine-Straße, Oberbaumbrücke, and Sonnenallee.[68] When the construction of the Wall started after midnight early on 13 August, West Berlin's Governing Mayor Willy Brandt was on a West German federal election campaigning tour in West Germany. Arriving by train in Hanover at 4 am he was informed about the Wall and flew to West Berlin's Tempelhof Central Airport. Over the course of the day he protested along with many other West Berliners on Potsdamer Platz and at the Brandenburg Gate. On 14 August, under the pretext that Western demonstrations necessitated it, the East closed the checkpoint at the Brandenburg Gate 'until further notice', a situation that was to last until 22 December 1989, when it was finally reopened. On 26 August 1961, East Germany generally banned West Berliners from entering the Eastern sector. West Germans and other nationals, however, could still get visas on entering East Berlin. Since intra-city phone lines had been cut by the East already in May 1952 (see below) the only remaining way of communication with family or friends on the other side was by mail or at meeting in a motorway restaurant on a transit route, because the transit traffic remained unaffected throughout.[citation needed] On 18 May 1962 East Germany opened the so-called Tränenpalast checkpoint hall (Palace of Tears) at Berlin Friedrichstraße station, where Easterners had to say a sometimes tearful farewell to returning Westerners as well as the few Easterners who had managed to get a permit to visit the West. Until June 1963 the East deepened its border zone around West Berlin in East Germany and East Berlin by clearing existing buildings and vegetation to create an open field of view, sealed off by the Berlin Wall towards the West and a second wall or fence of similar characteristics to the East, observed by armed men in towers, with orders to shoot at escapees.[citation needed] Finally, in 1963, West Berliners were again allowed to visit East Berlin. On this occasion a further checkpoint for pedestrians only was opened on the Oberbaumbrücke. West Berliners were granted visas for a one-day visit between 17 December 1963 and 5 January the following year. 1.2 million out of a total 1.9 million West Berliners visited East Berlin during this period. In 1964, 1965, and 1966 East Berlin was opened again to West Berliners, but each time only for a limited period. East Germany assigned different legal statuses to East Germans, East Berliners, West Germans, and West Berliners, as well as citizens from other countries in the world. Until 1990 East Germany designated each Border crossings in East Berlin for certain categories of persons, with only one street checkpoint being open simultaneously for West Berliners and West Germans (Bornholmer Straße) and Berlin Friedrichstraße railway station being open for all travellers.[citation needed] On 9 September 1964, the East German Council of Ministers (government) decided to allow Eastern pensioners to visit family in West Germany or West Berlin. According to the specified regulations valid from 2 November on Eastern pensioners could apply and were usually allowed, to travel into the West to visit relatives once a year for a maximum of four weeks. If pensioners decided not to return, the government did not miss them as manpower, unlike younger Easterners, who were subject to a system of labour and employment, which demanded that almost everybody work in the Eastern command production system. On 2 December 1964 East Germany, always short of hard currency, decreed that every Western visitor had to buy a minimum of 5 Eastern Mark der Deutschen Notenbank per day (MDN,[69] 1964–1968 the official name of the East German mark, to distinguish it from the West Deutsche Mark) at the still held arbitrary compulsory rate of 1:1. The 5 marks had to be spent, as exporting Eastern currency was illegal, which is why importing it after having bargained for it at the currency market at Zoo station was also illegal. Western pensioners and children were spared from the compulsory exchange (officially in German: Mindestumtausch, i.e. minimum exchange). Not long after East Germany held the first cash harvest from the new compulsory exchange rules by allowing West Berliners to visit East Berlin once more for a day during the Christmas season. The following year, 1965, East Germany opened the travelling season for West Berliners on 18 December. In 1966 it opened for a second harvest of Western money between the Easter (10 April) and Pentecost (29 May) holidays and later again at Christmas.[citation needed] The situation only changed fundamentally after 11 December 1971 when, representing the two German states, Egon Bahr from the West and Michael Kohl from the East signed the Transit Agreement. This was followed by a similar agreement for West Berliners, once more allowing regular visits to East Germany and East Berlin.[citation needed] After ratification of the Agreement and specifying the relevant regulations, West Berliners could apply for the first time again for visas for any chosen date to East Berlin or East Germany from 3 October 1972 onwards. If granted, a one-day-visa entitled West Berliners to travel to the East until 2 am the following day. The visitors were now spared the visa fee of 5 Western Deutsche Marks, not to be confused with the compulsory exchange amounting to the same sum, but yielding in return 5 Eastern marks. This financial relief did not last long, because on 15 November 1973 East Germany doubled the compulsory exchange to 10 Eastern marks, payable in West German Deutsche Marks at par.[citation needed] One-day visas for East Berlin were now issued in a quickened procedure; visas for longer stays and visas for East Germany proper needed a prior application, which could be a lengthy procedure. To facilitate applications for West Berliners seeking such Eastern visas, the GDR Foreign Ministry was later allowed to open Offices for the Affairs of Visits and Travelling (German: Büros für Besuchs- und Reiseangelegenheiten) in West Berlin, which were not allowed to show any official symbols of East Germany. The Eastern officials working commuted every morning and evening between East and West Berlin. Their uniforms showed no official symbols except the name Büro für Besuchs- und Reiseangelegenheiten. They accepted visa applications and handed out confirmed visas issued in the East to the West Berlin applicants. A shed formerly housing one such Büro für Besuchs- und Reiseangelegenheiten can be found on Waterlooufer 5–7 in Berlin-Kreuzberg, close to Hallesches Tor underground station.[70] Another form of traffic between East and West Berlin was the transfer of West Berlin's sewage into East Berlin and East Germany through the sewer pipes built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The sewage flowed into the East because most of the pre-war sewage treatment facilities, mostly sewage farms, happened to be in the East after the division of the city. Sewer pipes, however, once discovered as a way to flee the East, were blocked by bars. West Berlin paid for the treatment of its sewage in Western Deutsche Marks which were desperately needed by the East German government. Since the methods used in the East did not meet Western standards, West Berlin increased the capacity of modern sewage treatment within its own territory, such that the amount of its sewage treated in the East had been considerably reduced by the time the Wall came down. The situation with refuse was similar. The removal, burning or disposal of the ever-growing amount of West Berlin's rubbish became a costly problem, but here too an agreement was found since West Berlin would pay in Western Deutsche Marks. On 11 December 1974 East Germany and West Berlin's garbage utility company BSR signed a contract to dispose of refuse on a dump right beside the Wall in East German Groß-Ziethen (today a part of Schönefeld). An extra checkpoint, solely open for Western bin lorries (garbage trucks), was opened there. Later on, a second dump, further away, was opened in Vorketzin, a part of Ketzin.[citation needed] As for the S-Bahn, operated throughout Berlin by the East German Reichsbahn, the construction of the Wall meant a serious disruption of its integrated network, especially of the Berlin's circular S-Bahn line around all of the Western and Eastern inner city. The lines were separated and those mostly located in West Berlin were continued, but only accessible from West Berlin with all access in East Berlin closed. However, even before the Wall had been built, West Berliners increasingly refrained from using the S-Bahn, since boycotts against it were issued, the argument being that every S-Bahn ticket bought provided the GDR government with valuable Western Deutsche Marks.[citation needed] Usage dropped further as the Western public transport operator BVG (West) offered parallel bus lines and expanded its network of underground lines. After the construction of the Wall, ridership fell so much that running the S-Bahn lines in West Berlin turned into a loss-making exercise: wages and maintenance – however badly it was carried out – cost more than income from ticket sales. Finally, the Reichsbahn agreed to surrender operation of the S-Bahn in West Berlin, as had been determined by all Allies in 1945, and on 29 December 1983 the Allies, the Senate of Berlin (West; i.e. the city state government) and the Reichsbahn signed an agreement to change the operator from Reichsbahn to BVG (West) which took effect on 9 January 1984.[71] On 9 November 1989 East Germany opened the borders for East Germans and East Berliners, who could then freely enter West Berlin. West Berlin itself had never restricted their entry. For West Berliners and West Germans the opening of the border for free entry lasted longer. The regulation concerning one-day-visas on entering the East and the compulsory minimum exchange of 25 Western Deutsche Marks by 1989, continued. However, more checkpoints were opened. Finally, on 22 December 1989, East Germany granted West Berliners and West Germans free entry without charge at the existing checkpoints, demanding only valid papers. Eastern controls were slowly eased into spot checks and finally abolished on 30 June 1990, the day East and West introduced the union concerning currency, economy and social security (German: Währungs-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialunion).[citation needed] Traffic between different parts of West Berlin crossing the East [edit] When the Wall was built in 1961, three metro lines starting in northern parts of West Berlin passed through tunnels under the Eastern city centre and ended again in southern parts of West Berlin. The lines concerned were today's underground lines U 6 and U 8 and the S-Bahn line S 2 (today partly also used by other lines). On the sealing off of West Berlin from East Berlin by the Berlin Wall the entrances of the stations on these lines located in East Berlin were shut. However, western trains were allowed to continue to pass through without stopping. Passengers of these trains experienced the empty and barely lit ghost stations where time had stood still since 13 August 1961. West Berlin's public transport operator BVG (West) paid the east an annual charge in Western Deutsche Marks for its underground lines to use the tunnels under East Berlin. U 6 and S 2 also had one subterranean stop at the Eastern Berlin Friedrichstraße railway station, the only station beneath East Berlin where western U Bahn trains were still allowed to stop. Passengers could change there between U 6, S 2 and the elevated S 3 (then starting and ending in Friedrichstraße) or for the transit trains to West Germany, buy duty-free tobacco and liquor for Western marks in GDR-run Intershop kiosks, or enter East Berlin through a checkpoint right in the station.[citation needed] See also [edit] Berlin Crisis of 1961 1986 West Berlin discotheque bombing Berlin Brigade History of Germany (1945–1990) Judgment in Berlin List of Commandants of Berlin Sectors List of divided cities RAF Gatow Spandau Prison Stunde Null United States Army Berlin Berlin Airlift Further reading [edit] Durie, William (2012). The British Garrison Berlin 1945–1994: nowhere to go ... a pictorial historiography of the British Military occupation / presence in Berlin. Berlin: Vergangenheitsverlag (de). ISBN 978-3-86408-068-5. OCLC 978161722. Vysotsky, Viktor. West Berlin. Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1974. References [edit] Berlin 1969 in the forgotten midpoint of the Cold War...twenty years after the Berlin Blockade...twenty years before the fall of the Berlin Wall Berlin Exclaves History of the Western Allies in Berlin