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21104	yago	2	97	http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/a39.htm	en	Ancestors of Caden Michael Norquist			[ "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/blocks.gif", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/prev.jpg", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/next.jpg", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/king_malcolm_i_of_scotland.jpg", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/rollon_of_more.jpg", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/rollon_of_more.jpg", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/king_louis_ii_france.jpg", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/king_charles_iii_france.jpg", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/king_edward_the_elder_of_wessex.jpg", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/emperor_louis_i_holy_roman_empire_b.jpg", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/king_edmundt_he_elder_england.jpg", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/king_louis_v_france.jpg", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/elvira_of_castile.jpg", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/elvira_of_castile.jpg", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/misceyslaw_ii_2.jpg", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/rycheza.jpg", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/emperor_conrad_ii_holy_roman_empire.jpg", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/gisela_konradiner.jpg", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/blocks.gif", "http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~mgholler/genealogy/Caden/LegW400x50.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Ancestors of Caden Michael Norquist Thirty-ninth Generation 514839164904. Svatislav I Grand Duke Of KIEV,415,3019 son of Igor I Duke Of KIEV and St. Olga, was born about 920 in Kiev, Ukraine and died in 973 in Berestova, Kiev, Ukraine 3019 about age 53. Another name for Svatislav was Svyatoslav I Igor'yevich.2842 General Notes: He was the son of Igor I Rurikovich, prince of Kyiv and Olga, princess from Pskov. He married Predslava. Their sons were Yaropolk, prince of Kyiv; Oleg, prince of the Drevlyani. He had a mistress, Malysha, with whom he had son, Vladimir I, prince of Kyiv. With his mother controling Kyiv, Svyatoslav began his campaigns to expand Rus control over a wider tribute area, to defeat the rival Khazars and even to attack the Byzantines. His first efforts were directed along the Oka River in the Vyatichian lands. Learning that this tribe paid tribute to the Khazars, he then mounted a remarkable campaign clear to the Crimea, Volga and Kuban regions, defeating the Khazars in battle in 965 and sacking their cities. But then he sought bigger prizes in the Balkans. In 967 he campaigned to the Danube to attack the Bulgarians. The Chronicle notes that he captured 80 towns along the Danube and established residence at Peryeaslavets. The following year, while he was campaigning in the Balkans the Pecheneg attacked and besieged Kyiv. Olga defended the city and called for reenforcments from the north. The Pecheneg were bought off before Svyatoslav returned. Then he launched a campaign to drive them back into the Steppe. At that point he told his mother that he intended to move to Peryeaslavets. Apparently he considered it would be a better base of operations against Byzantium. She remonstrated and he delayed. Svyatoslav waited until the death of his mother, Olga, in 969, to move to Pereyaslavets. He entrusted Kiev to his son Yaropolk and to his other son Oleg gave the conquered lands of the Drevliane which had been knuckled under by Olga in punishment for her slain husband. The teenage brothers were easily manipulated by the Warlord, Svenel'd, once the trusted druzhina captain of Prince Igor' who sought revenge on Oleg for murdering his son Lyuta when the lad had ventured onto the princes' land while hunting. He pitted one against the other and convinced Yaropolk to mount a campaign against Oleg and unite the Drevliane lands with that of Kiev. Fleeing his brother, Oleg was killed when he fell from the draw bridge at the gates of Ovruch. The intrigues continued resulting in Yaropolk's demise due to the third brother Vladimir's ascent to power. Vladimir had been sent with his uncle to be the prince at Novgorod. This enabled him to escape Yaropolk and obtain his own Varangian troops. But Svyatoslav's life at Peryeaslavets turned out badly. On his next campaign in the Balkans he found the Byzantines much reenforced and the Bulgarians also. The Bulgarians had retaken Pereyaslavets, so Svyatoslav had to besiege it. After initial setbacks Svyatoslav stormed the city. From there he marched against the Byzantines. The Emperor, John Tsimiskes, marched against him. They then signed a treaty in 971 in which Svyatoslav promised also not to attack Crimea or Bulgaria. On his return journey to Kyiv by boat up the Dnieper, Svyatoslav found that the Pecheneg controled the passage of the rapids. He waited over the winter and then, against good advice, tried to continue in 972. The Pecheneg ambushed him, killing him and most of his druzhina. Kurya, the Pecheneg ruler made a drinking cup out of Svyatoslav's skull. 2842 Svatislav married Maloucha Of LUBECH,3019 daughter of Malk Of LUBECH and Unknown. Maloucha was born about 935 in Kiev, Ukraine. The child from this marriage was: 257419582452 i. St Vladimir I "The Great" Duke Of KIEV (born about 955 in Kiev, Ukraine - died on 15 July 1015 in Berestovo, Kiev, Ukraine) 514839164905. Maloucha Of LUBECH,415,3019 daughter of Malk Of LUBECH and Unknown, was born about 935 in Kiev, Ukraine. Maloucha married Svatislav I Grand Duke Of KIEV,3019 son of Igor I Duke Of KIEV and St. Olga. Svatislav was born about 920 in Kiev, Ukraine and died in 973 in Berestova, Kiev, Ukraine 3019 about age 53. Another name for Svatislav was Svyatoslav I Igor'yevich.2842 514839164906. Ragnvald OLAFSSON Of West Gotland & Polotsk,415,2859 son of Olaf HARALDSSON and Unknown, was born about 925 in Oslo, Norway and died in 970 in Polotsk, Byelorussia (Killed) 2859 about age 45. Another name for Ragnvald was Rogvolod I Prince Of POLOTSK. Ragnvald married Ingelborge. Ingelborge was born about 930 in Oslo, Norway. The child from this marriage was: 257419582453 i. Regneide (Rogneda) Of POLOTSK (born about 958 in Polotsk, Byelorussia - died in 1000 in (As A Nun Named Anastasia)) 514839164907. Ingelborge 415 was born about 930 in Oslo, Norway. Ingelborge married Ragnvald OLAFSSON Of West Gotland & Polotsk,2859 son of Olaf HARALDSSON and Unknown. Ragnvald was born about 925 in Oslo, Norway and died in 970 in Polotsk, Byelorussia (Killed) 2859 about age 45. Another name for Ragnvald was Rogvolod I Prince Of POLOTSK. 514839164908. Erik IV "Victorious" Bjornsson King Of SWEDEN,415,2921,3020,3021,3022,3023 son of Bjorn "The Old" Eriksson King Of SWEDEN and Ingeborg, was born about 930 in Sweden 3021,3024,3025 and died from 994 to 995 in Uppsala, Sweden 2649,3021 about age 64. Other names for Erik were Erik VI Bjornsson Sejrsael, and Erik BJORNSSON King Of Sweden. General Notes: Met his nephew Styrbioern on the battlefield at the Fyrisvols and fought a battle which was said to have lasted for 3 days. Syrbiorern fell and with him the larger part of his army. Eric was thereafter called "the Victorious". After the battle the king ascended a high mound, promising a great compensation to the one who could compose a song in praise of the victory. The Icelander Thorvald Hialte, who never previously or afterward appeared as a scald, came forth and recited two strophes which are preserved, receiving a costly armlet of gold as reward. This battle -- next to the one at Brovols, the most famous in the heathen North -- was fought in 988. [WBH - Sweden] King Eric invaded Denmark and took possession of the country, making the son of Harald Bluetooth an exile. In Denmark Eric was baptized, the first Swedish king about whom this is said. But upon his return to Sweden he also returned to the old gods. Eric Segersaell was king of Sweden and Denmark until his death in 994. Sigrid Storrada was his first consort. They were separated. [WBH - Sweden] Several runic stones from Skane, the Danish part of Sweden, commemorate men who did not flee at Uppsala, but fought so long as they held weapon in hand, and refer to the battle with his nephew Styrbjorn Starki, where Eric earned his nickname, the Victorious'. [A History of the Vikings, p. 128] Eric VIII Segersall (Victorious), King of Sweden c. 950, King of Denmark 987; b.c. 987, son of Bjorn a Haugi, King of Sweden; m. Sigrid Storrada; father of Olaf III Skotkonung, King of Sweden. [Charlemagne & Others, Chart 3333] King of Sweden; son of Bjorn the Old (a Haugi), king of Uppsala; m. Sigrid Storrada; father of Olaf III Skottkonung, king of Sweden. [WFT Vol 5 Ped 650] Erik Bjornsson - son of Bjorn; m. Gunhild(?) and was father of Olaf Ericsson III who m. Edla and Estrid. [Leo Akershoek <[email protected]] Erik VI Segersall (victorious), b. latest 945, d. 994/5, the first commonly acknowledged King of Sweden. Father not known, however, most likely not Emund, the previous king. He is supposed to have founded Sigtuna in the 970s; best know for his victory over a horde of Vikings outside Uppsala c. 985. He is then said to have thrown Sven I of Denmark from his throne, and thus ruled in the south parts of Sweden, and then ruled in Denmark until his death. He possibly converted to Christianity c. 990 for awhile. He is also believed to have been married for awhile to Sigrid Storrada, was for certain m. to Gunhild of Poland, dau. of Mieszko of Poland and sister of Boleslav I, the first king of Poland. [Yvonne Korn <[email protected]] Sven Forkbeard is said to have suffered divine punishment for his rebellion by being taken captive by his father's friends in Jumne in Pomerania and ransomed at a high price by the Danes, and then being driven from his ill-gotten kingdom by the Swedish king Erik the Victorious, and forced to spend 14 years in exile in Scotland, among other places, having been denied refuge in England. [The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings, p. 165, 167] First King of all Sweden who reigned from 970-994. He was on many warring expeditions and increased the dominion of the Swedes and defended it valiantly. He was easy to approach for advice. Erik married Oda HAKONSDOTTIR 2864 after 985 in 2ND Wife.2864 Oda was born about 960 in Norway. The child from this marriage was: i. Holmfrid ERIKSDOTTIR was born about 987 in Sweden. Erik next married Gunnhild Of POLAND 2303,3026 after 990 in 3rd Wife.3020 Gunnhild was born about 967 in Poznan, Poland and died in 1014 in Denmark about age 47. Another name for Gunnhild was Gunnhild Von POLEN. Erik next married Sigrid "The Haughty" STORRADA,2649,2864 daughter of Skoglar TOSTI and Unknown, in 1st Wife - Divorced After 985.2864 Sigrid was born about 952 in Vastergotland, Sweden 3027 and died from after 2 February 1013 to 1014. Another name for Sigrid was Sigrid TOSTE. The child from this marriage was: 257419582454 i. Olaf III Eriksson King Of SWEDEN (born about 969 in Sweden - died about 1022) 514839164909. Sigrid "The Haughty" STORRADA,415,2649,2864 daughter of Skoglar TOSTI and Unknown, was born about 952 in Vastergotland, Sweden 3027 and died from after 2 February 1013 to 1014. Another name for Sigrid was Sigrid TOSTE. General Notes: c995-Killed Harald "The Greenlander" King of Norway. [Ancestral Roots] According to Ancestral Roots, Sigrid is not the daughter of the King of Poland. That was Gunnhild von Polen, who survived Erik and married Sven Forkbeard, following in Sigrid's footsteps, but Sigrid "divorced" (Viking style) Erik. ------------------- Erik the Victorious was married several times. One of his wives is said to have been Sigrid Storrada ("great ruler'), the daughter of Skoglar Toste, a famous Viking from Vastergotland. According to Snorri, she was mother of Erik's son Olof. About 985, according to the ancient tales, Erik fought a great battle against his still-rebellious nephew Stybjorn on the great plains of Fyrisvall, near Uppsala. . . . Erik found it hard to get along with his wife Sigrid, due to her imperious temperament. After a while they went their separate ways. She retired to her estates in Vastergotland, where we are told that she ruled in great splendor and refused many suitors who were hungry for both her beauty and her lands. Among others, she is said to have refused Harald Granske of Norway and King Vifavald of Russia (a petty king of whom we know nothing further). Sigrid has been called "the Haughty" and she seems to have truly earned this surname. [Royal Families of Medieval Scandinavia, Flanders, & Kiev] Note: From the above I assume that Sigrid "divorced" Erik a short while after the battle in 985. Sigrid married Sven (Sweyn) "Forkbeard" King Denmark & ENGLAND 3028,3029 after 985 in 2ND Husband 2ND Wife. Sven was born about 948 in Denmark and died from 3 February 1013 to 1014 in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England 3030 about age 65. Another name for Sven was Sweyn "Forkbeard" King Of DENMARK. Children from this marriage were: i. Thyra SVENDSDOTTIR was born about 988 in Denmark. ii. Astrid (Margaret) Princess Of DENMARK was born about 990 in Denmark and died about 1024 about age 34. Sigrid next married Erik IV "Victorious" Bjornsson King Of SWEDEN,2921,3020,3021,3022,3023 son of Bjorn "The Old" Eriksson King Of SWEDEN and Ingeborg, in 1st Wife - Divorced After 985.2864 Erik was born about 930 in Sweden 3021,3024,3025 and died from 994 to 995 in Uppsala, Sweden 2649,3021 about age 64. Other names for Erik were Erik VI Bjornsson Sejrsael, and Erik BJORNSSON King Of Sweden. 514839164910. Mieceslas Prince Of OBOTRITES,415 son of Mistui II OBOTRITES and Unknown, was born about 929 in Sweden and died in 999 about age 70. Mieceslas married Sophia. Sophia was born about 941 in Sweden. The child from this marriage was: 257419582455 i. Astrid Of OBOTRITES (born in 979 in Sweden) 514839164911. Sophia 415 was born about 941 in Sweden. Sophia married Mieceslas Prince Of OBOTRITES, son of Mistui II OBOTRITES and Unknown. Mieceslas was born about 929 in Sweden and died in 999 about age 70. 514839164912. Albert I "The Pious" Count Of VERMANDOIS,415,1444,1601,1746,2906,3031 son of Herbert II Count Of Troyes & VERMANDOIS and Liegarde (Hildebrand) Princess Of FRANCE, was born about 920 in Vermandois, Aisne, Picardy, France,2906 died on 8 September 987 in St Quentin, Pas-DE-Calais, France 2547,2906,3032 about age 67, and was buried in St Quentin, Pas-DE-Calais, France. Another name for Albert was Albert I The Pious, Count Of Vermandois And Abbe Of ST. QUINTIN. Albert married Gerberga Of LORRAINE,1601,2906 daughter of Giselbert I Duke Of LORRAINE Lay Abbot Of Echternach and Gerberga Of SAXONY Abbess Of Notre Dame, about 941 in , , , France. Gerberga was born about 921 in Lorraine, , France.2908 Children from this marriage were: 257419582456 i. Herbert III Count Of VERMANDOIS (born about 955 in Vermandois, Aisne, Picardy, France - died about 1000 in France) ii. Gui De Vermandois Count Of SOISSONS was born about 957 in Vermandois, Aisne, Picardy, France and died after 13 June 989 in Soissons, Aisne, Picardy, France. Albert next married Gerberga, Princess Of FRANCE, daughter of Giselbert I Duke Of LORRAINE Lay Abbot Of Echternach and Gerberga Of SAXONY Abbess Of Notre Dame. Gerberga, was born about 937. Another name for Gerberga, was Gerberga Of LORRAINE. 514839164913. Gerberga Of LORRAINE,415,1601,1746,2906 daughter of Giselbert I Duke Of LORRAINE Lay Abbot Of Echternach and Gerberga Of SAXONY Abbess Of Notre Dame, was born about 921 in Lorraine, , France.2908 Gerberga married Albert I "The Pious" Count Of VERMANDOIS,1601,2906 son of Herbert II Count Of Troyes & VERMANDOIS and Liegarde (Hildebrand) Princess Of FRANCE, about 941 in , , , France. Albert was born about 920 in Vermandois, Aisne, Picardy, France,2906 died on 8 September 987 in St Quentin, Pas-DE-Calais, France 2547,2906,3032 about age 67, and was buried in St Quentin, Pas-DE-Calais, France. Another name for Albert was Albert I The Pious, Count Of Vermandois And Abbe Of ST. QUINTIN. 514839164914. Alberic II Count Of MACON & Salins,415,1444,2069,2491,2492 son of Letalde (Lietaud) I Count Of MACON and Richilde Of BURGUNDY, was born about 949 in Macon, Saone-Et-Loire, Bourgogne, France and died about 981 in Salins, Seine-Et-Marne, Ile-DE-France, France 2069 about age 32. Other names for Alberic were Auberic Ii, Count De MÂCON AND BURGUNDY, and Aubry II Count Of Macon & SALINS. Noted events in his life were: Alt. Death: Alt. Death, Abt 980. 2492 Alberic married Ermentrude Of Roucy, Countess Of REIMS 2069,2485,2489 in 970 in 1st Husband 2ND Wife 2069,2491.,2492 Ermentrude was born in 958 in Reims, Marne, Champagne, France and died on 5 October 1003 1447,2489 at age 45. Other names for Ermentrude were Adalaide, Hermentrude, Ermentrude Of RHEIMS, Irmtrude Of RHEIMS, and Ermengarde De ROUCY. 514839164915. Ermentrude Of Roucy, Countess Of REIMS,415,1444,2069,2485,2489 daughter of Renaud I Comte De ROUCY & Rheims and Albérade De LORRAINE, was born in 958 in Reims, Marne, Champagne, France and died on 5 October 1003 1447,2489 at age 45. Other names for Ermentrude were Adalaide, Hermentrude, Ermentrude Of RHEIMS, Irmtrude Of RHEIMS, and Ermengarde De ROUCY. Noted events in her life were: Alt. Birth: Alt. Birth, Between 958 and 959. 2489 Ermentrude married Alberic II Count Of MACON & Salins 2069,2491,2492 in 970 in 1st Husband 2ND Wife 2069,2491.,2492 Alberic was born about 949 in Macon, Saone-Et-Loire, Bourgogne, France and died about 981 in Salins, Seine-Et-Marne, Ile-DE-France, France 2069 about age 32. Other names for Alberic were Auberic Ii, Count De MÂCON AND BURGUNDY, and Aubry II Count Of Macon & SALINS. Ermentrude next married Otto Guillaume Count Of BURGUNDY 2485,2486,2487 about 983 in 2ND Husband.2489 Otto was born about 955 in Dijon, Cote D'or, Bourgogne, France,2487 died on 21 September 1026 in Macon, Saone-Et-Loire, Bourgogne, France 1447,2487,2488 about age 71, and was buried in Dijon, Burgundy, France. Other names for Otto were William I, Eudes I Guillaume, Comte De BOURGOGNE, Otte-Guillaume De BOURGOGNE, Otto Guillaume, Comte De BOURGOGNE, Odo-William, Duke Of BURGUNDY, Otton I William, King Of LOMBARDY, and Eudes Guillaume Comte De MACON. 514839164920. Walter II Count Of Vexin & Amiens & VALOIS,415,2445,2879,2880,2881,2882 son of Walter I Count Of Vexin & Amiens & VALOIS and Adele D' ANJOU, was born about 952 in Amiens, Somme, Picardy, France and died between 1017 and 1024 in Castle At Crespy, Valois Now Oise, Picardy, France 2879 about age 65. Another name for Walter was Gautier II Count Of VEXIN. General Notes: Walter II, "The White", Count of Vexin, Valois, and Amiens; built the Castle of Crespy in Valois, founder of Monastery of St Arunulf, Valois, 1008; married Adela and died 1017-24. [Burke's Peerage] -------------------- Gautier II Count of Valois. Count of Amiens, Valois, and the Vexin. [Alan B. Wilson] Noted events in his life were: Alt. Death: Alt. Death, 1027. 1011 Walter married Adele De SENLIS,1011,2445,2879,2883 daughter of Bernard (Bormard) Comte De SENLIS and Unknown. Adele was born about 954 in Senlis, Oise, Picardy, France. 514839164921. Adele De SENLIS,415,1011,2445,2879,2883 daughter of Bernard (Bormard) Comte De SENLIS and Unknown, was born about 954 in Senlis, Oise, Picardy, France. Adele married Walter II Count Of Vexin & Amiens & VALOIS,2445,2879,2880,2881,2882 son of Walter I Count Of Vexin & Amiens & VALOIS and Adele D' ANJOU. Walter was born about 952 in Amiens, Somme, Picardy, France and died between 1017 and 1024 in Castle At Crespy, Valois Now Oise, Picardy, France 2879 about age 65. Another name for Walter was Gautier II Count Of VEXIN. 514839164922. Hildouin (Gilduin) Comte De BRETEUIL,415,2889,3033 son of Hildouin Comte De PONTHIEU and Hersende De MONTREUIL, was born in 970 in Breteuil, Eure, Normandy, France, died on 18 May 1060 2889 at age 90, and was buried in St Vannes Monastery, Verdun, Meuse, Lorraine, France. Hildouin married Emmeline De CHARTRES,3033,3034 daughter of Fouche I Vicomte De CHARTRES and Unknown. Emmeline was born in 974 in Chartres, Eure-Et-Loir, Beauce/Centre, France. Another name for Emmeline was Emmeline De CHATEAUDUN. Children from this marriage were: 257419582461 i. Adele De BRETEUIL (born in 992 in Breteuil, Eure, Normandy, France - died on 11 September 1051) ii. Eberhard (Evrard) I Comte De BRETEUIL was born about 1005 in Breteuil, Eure, Normandy, France and died from 12 February 1061 to 1062 in Chartres, Eure-Et-Loir, Beauce/Centre, France 3035 about age 56. Another name for Eberhard was Everard De PUISET. 514839164923. Emmeline De CHARTRES,3033,3034 daughter of Fouche I Vicomte De CHARTRES and Unknown, was born in 974 in Chartres, Eure-Et-Loir, Beauce/Centre, France. Another name for Emmeline was Emmeline De CHATEAUDUN. Emmeline married Hildouin (Gilduin) Comte De BRETEUIL,2889,3033 son of Hildouin Comte De PONTHIEU and Hersende De MONTREUIL. Hildouin was born in 970 in Breteuil, Eure, Normandy, France, died on 18 May 1060 2889 at age 90, and was buried in St Vannes Monastery, Verdun, Meuse, Lorraine, France. 514839164924. Nocher II Comte De BAR-SUR-AUBE,3036 son of Nocher I Comte De BAR-SUR-AUBE and Unknown, was born about 965 in Bar-Sur-Aube, Aube, Champagne, France and died after 1019. General Notes: Leo van de Pas, citing ES, only has the one wife (Adelis Comtesse de Soissons) for Nocher. Leo alos has only the one son Nocher III. The way I have the wives explains why the second son Renaud was Comte de Soissons (inherited from his mother), while Nocher III was Comte de Bar-sur-Aube. Nocher married Adelaide D' ANJOU, daughter of Geoffrey I Grisegnelle Comte D' ANJOU and Countess Anjou Adelaide De VERMANDOIS, in 1st Wife. Adelaide was born about 968 in Anjou/Pays-DE-La-Loire, France and died before 999. The child from this marriage was: 257419582462 i. Nocher III Comte De BAR-SUR-AUBE (born about 992 in Bar-Sur-Aube, Aube, Champagne, France - died about 1040) Nocher next married Adelise (Aelis) Comtesse De SOISSONS,3037 daughter of Gui De Vermandois Count Of SOISSONS and Unknown, before 999 in 2ND Wife. Adelise was born about 981 in Soissons, Aisne, Picardy, France and died in 1047 about age 66. The child from this marriage was: i. Renaud Count Of SOISSONS was born about 1000 in Troyes, Aube, Champagne, France and died in 1057 in Soissons, Aisne, Picardy, France about age 57. 514839164925. Adelaide D' ANJOU,415 daughter of Geoffrey I Grisegnelle Comte D' ANJOU and Countess Anjou Adelaide De VERMANDOIS, was born about 968 in Anjou/Pays-DE-La-Loire, France and died before 999. Noted events in her life were: Alt. Death: Alt. Death, 1047. Adelaide married Nocher II Comte De BAR-SUR-AUBE,3036 son of Nocher I Comte De BAR-SUR-AUBE and Unknown, in 1st Wife. Nocher was born about 965 in Bar-Sur-Aube, Aube, Champagne, France and died after 1019. 514839287368. Gonzelon (Gozelo) Comte De ARDENNES,415,1444,1784,2593,2754 son of Wigeric De La Troesgau, Count Palatine Of AACHEN and Cunégonde Of The WEST FRANKS, was born about 910 in Aachen, Rheinland, Prussia 2754 and died on 18 October 943 in Ardennes, Champagne-Ardenne, France 1784,2520,2754 about age 33. Other names for Gonzelon were Gozelin I, ARDENNERGAU, Gozelo Von ARDENNES, Gozelin, Graf Von BIDGAU, Gozelon, and Count Of VERDUN. Gonzelon married Uda Von METZ 1784.,3038 Uda was born about 911 in Metz, Moselle, Lorraine, France and died after 7 April 963 1784,2520,3038. Another name for Uda was Oda Of METZ. Children from this marriage were: 257419643684 i. Godefroy Le Vieux D'ardennes, Count Of VERDUN Marquis Antwerp (born about 932 in Ardennes, Champagne-Ardenne, France - died on 4 September 1005 in Verdun, Meuse, Lorraine, France) ii. Henry, Count Of VERDUN. iii. Reginar was born living 943/65. iv. Gerberga Von BIDGAU died about 995. Another name for Gerberga was Gerberga De LORRAINE. v. Adalberto, Archbishop Of REIMS died in 989 2520. 514839287369. Uda Von METZ,415,1444,1784,3038 daughter of Gerhard I Count Von METZ and Uda (Oda) Von SAXONY, was born about 911 in Metz, Moselle, Lorraine, France and died after 7 April 963 1784,2520,3038. Another name for Uda was Oda Of METZ. Uda married Gonzelon (Gozelo) Comte De ARDENNES 1784,2593.,2754 Gonzelon was born about 910 in Aachen, Rheinland, Prussia 2754 and died on 18 October 943 in Ardennes, Champagne-Ardenne, France 1784,2520,2754 about age 33. Other names for Gonzelon were Gozelin I, ARDENNERGAU, Gozelo Von ARDENNES, Gozelin, Graf Von BIDGAU, Gozelon, and Count Of VERDUN. 514839287372. Adalbert I Margrave Of IVREA,415,1444,2232,2400,3039 son of Anscar II Count Of Orcheret Marquis Of IVREA and Giselle, was born about 880 in Turin, Italy and died in 923 in Ivrea, Piedmont, Italy 3039 about age 43. Adalbert married Gisele Of Fruili Princess Of ITALY 3039 about 900 in 1st Wife. Gisele was born about 885 in Fruili, Italy and died on 13 June 910 3039 about age 25. Other names for Gisele were Gisela Of FRIAUL, Gisela Di FRIULI, and Gisele Of FRUILI Princess Of Italy. Children from this marriage were: 257419643686 i. Berengarius II King Of ITALY Marquis Of Ivrea (born about 919 in Italy - died on 6 August 966 in Bamberg) ii. Anskar, Duke Of SPOLETO AND CAMERINO. Adalbert next married Ermengarde Di TUSCANY, daughter of Adalbert II "The Rich" Duke Di Lucca & TUSCANY and Bertha Princess Of LORRAINE Abbess Of Avenay, after 910 in 2ND Wife. Ermengarde was born about 898 in Lucca, Tuscany, Italy and died from 29 feb 0931 to 932 about age 33. The child from this marriage was: i. Anscar III Of Camerino & SPOLETO was born about 915 in Camerino, Umbria, Italy and died in 940 in Spoleto, Umbria, Italy about age 25. 514839287373. Gisele Of Fruili Princess Of ITALY,415,1444,3039 daughter of Emperor Berengar I King Of Italy HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE and Bertila Of SPOLETTO, was born about 885 in Fruili, Italy and died on 13 June 910 3039 about age 25. Other names for Gisele were Gisela Of FRIAUL, Gisela Di FRIULI, and Gisele Of FRUILI Princess Of Italy. Gisele married Adalbert I Margrave Of IVREA 2232,2400,3039 about 900 in 1st Wife. Adalbert was born about 880 in Turin, Italy and died in 923 in Ivrea, Piedmont, Italy 3039 about age 43. 514839287374. Boso Of Arles, Margrave Of TUSCANY,415,1444,1601,1746,3040 son of Theobald I Count Of ARLES and Bertha Princess Of LORRAINE Abbess Of Avenay, was born in 885 in Tuscany, Italy 1447,3040,3041 and died in 936 in Beheaded 1447,3040,3041 at age 51. Other names for Boso were Boso, Count Of ARLES, Boso, Marchese Di TOSCANA, Boson D'arles, Marquis De TOSCANE, Bozon, and Marchio Di TUSCANY. Noted events in his life were: Title: 926-931. 1447,3041 Title: 913-936. 1447,3041 Title: 911-931. 1447 Boso married Willa Princess Of BURGUNDY 1601,3040 in 912 in <Of, , Tuscany, Italy>.1447 Willa was born in 906 in Bourgogne, France and died in 936 at age 30. Other names for Willa were Willa D' ARLES, Willa II De BOURGOGNE, and Willa Of TUSCANY. Children from this marriage were: 257419643687 i. Willa D'arles Of TUSCANY (born about 915 in Of, , Tuscany, Italy - died after 974) ii. Bertha Of TUSCANY was born about 925 in Tuscany, Italy and died in 965 1447 about age 40. Boso next married N. N. about 905. The child from this marriage was: i. Rotbald I D' ARLES was born about 907 and died about 950 about age 43. Other names for Rotbald were Rotbolde I, and Rotbaude De Venaissin Of AVIGNON. 514839287375. Willa Princess Of BURGUNDY,415,505,1444,1601,1746,3040 daughter of Rudolph I King Of BURGUNDY and Willa Of VIENNE, was born in 906 in Bourgogne, France and died in 936 at age 30. Other names for Willa were Willa D' ARLES, Willa II De BOURGOGNE, and Willa Of TUSCANY. Willa married Boso Of Arles, Margrave Of TUSCANY 1601,3040 in 912 in <Of, , Tuscany, Italy>.1447 Boso was born in 885 in Tuscany, Italy 1447,3040,3041 and died in 936 in Beheaded 1447,3040,3041 at age 51. Other names for Boso were Boso, Count Of ARLES, Boso, Marchese Di TOSCANA, Boson D'arles, Marquis De TOSCANE, Bozon, and Marchio Di TUSCANY. 514839287392. Otto I Comte De Warcq & CHINY,3042 son of Arnold I Comte De CHINY and Mathilde Comtesse De CHINY, was born about 975 in Chiny, Luxemburg and died in 1013 3042 about age 38. Otto married Ermengarde De NAMUR,3042 daughter of Robert I Comte De LOMME and Ermengarde De LORRAINE. Ermengarde was born about 978 in Namur, Belgium. The child from this marriage was: 257419643696 i. Louis I Comte De CHINY (born about 995 in Chiny, Luxemburg - died on 28 September 1025 in (Murdered)) 514839287393. Ermengarde De NAMUR,415,3042 daughter of Robert I Comte De LOMME and Ermengarde De LORRAINE, was born about 978 in Namur, Belgium. Ermengarde married Otto I Comte De Warcq & CHINY,3042 son of Arnold I Comte De CHINY and Mathilde Comtesse De CHINY. Otto was born about 975 in Chiny, Luxemburg and died in 1013 3042 about age 38. 514839287396. Godefroy Le Vieux D'ardennes, Count Of VERDUN Marquis Antwerp,415,1444,1447,1601,1746,1784,2124,2593,2714,2715 son of Gonzelon (Gozelo) Comte De ARDENNES and Uda Von METZ, was born about 932 in Ardennes, Champagne-Ardenne, France and died on 4 September 1005 in Verdun, Meuse, Lorraine, France 1784,2715 about age 73. Other names for Godefroy were Godefrey D' ARDENNES Comte De Verdun, Godfroi, Comte D' ARDENNES, Godfrey, and Count Of VERDUN AND ARDENNES. Godefroy married Countess Of Flanders Mathilde Princess Of SAXONY,1601,1784,2124,2711,2712 daughter of Hermann BILLUNG Duke Of Saxony and Hildegard Von WESTERBOURG, in 963 in <Of, , , Saxony>.2712 Mathilde was born in 958 in Saxony, Germany and died on 25 May 1008 1784,2711,2712 at age 50. Another name for Mathilde was Mathilde (Maud) Billung Of SAXONY. 514839287397. Countess Of Flanders Mathilde Princess Of SAXONY,415,1601,1746,1784,2124,2711,2712 daughter of Hermann BILLUNG Duke Of Saxony and Hildegard Von WESTERBOURG, was born in 958 in Saxony, Germany and died on 25 May 1008 1784,2711,2712 at age 50. Another name for Mathilde was Mathilde (Maud) Billung Of SAXONY. General Notes: Turton has Maud as 2nd wife of Arnulph I of Flanders and mother of Arnulph II. AR & others have her as mother of Arnulph II, but as wife of Baldwin III (not Arunlph I) as her 1st husband. Baldwin III died before his father and was not Count, he must have been overlooked by Turton & other early researchers. Mathilde married Count Baudouin III Of FLANDERS,1601,2711 son of Arnold I Count Of FLANDERS Count Of Flanders and Countess Of Flanders Alce De VERMANDOIS, before 960 in <, Flanders, Nord, France>.2712 Baudouin was born in 933 in , Flanders, Nord, France and died on 1 November 962 in (Dvp) 2711 at age 29. Another name for Baudouin was Baldwin III Count Of FLANDERS. Mathilde next married Godefroy Le Vieux D'ardennes, Count Of VERDUN Marquis Antwerp,1601,1784,2124,2593,2714,2715 son of Gonzelon (Gozelo) Comte De ARDENNES and Uda Von METZ, in 963 in <Of, , , Saxony>.2712 Godefroy was born about 932 in Ardennes, Champagne-Ardenne, France and died on 4 September 1005 in Verdun, Meuse, Lorraine, France 1784,2715 about age 73. Other names for Godefroy were Godefrey D' ARDENNES Comte De Verdun, Godfroi, Comte D' ARDENNES, Godfrey, and Count Of VERDUN AND ARDENNES. 514839302648. Alberic II Comte De DAMMARTIN,415,670,1120,2877 son of Alberic I Comte De DAMMARTIN Lord Of Norton and Unknown First WIFE, was born about 1138 in Dammartin, Seine-Et-Marne, Ile-DE-France, France and died on 19 September 1200 in London, Middlesex, England 1120,2877 about age 62. Alberic married Maud (Mathilde) Of CLERMONT,1120,3043 daughter of Reinald II Count Of CLERMONT and Clemence De BAR-LE-DUC. Maud was born about 1145 in Clermont-En-Beauvais, Oise, Picardy, France and died in October 1200 in London, Middlesex, England 3044 about age 55. Another name for Maud was Mathilda De PONTHIEU. Children from this marriage were: i. Llywarch Ap TRAHAEARN was born about 1070 in Arwystli, Powys, Wales 1034 and died about 1129 in Wales 1034,1727 about age 59. ii. Juliane De DAMMARTIN was born about 1165 in Ashby, Leicestershire, England 3045 and died in 1238 about age 73. iii. Owain Ap TRAHAEARN was born in 1071 in Arwystli, Montgomeryshire, Wales. 257419651324 iv. Simon II De DAMMARTIN Count Of Aumale (born about 1172 in Dammartin, Seine-Et-Marne, Ile-DE-France, France - died on 21 September 1239 in Abbeville, Somme, Picardy, France) v. Aelis De DAMMARTIN was born about 1175 in Dammartin, Seine-Et-Marne, Ile-DE-France, France. vi. Agnes De DAMMARTIN was born about 1177 in Dammartin, Seine-Et-Marne, Ile-DE-France, France. 514839302649. Maud (Mathilde) Of CLERMONT,415,670,1120,3043 daughter of Reinald II Count Of CLERMONT and Clemence De BAR-LE-DUC, was born about 1145 in Clermont-En-Beauvais, Oise, Picardy, France and died in October 1200 in London, Middlesex, England 3044 about age 55. Another name for Maud was Mathilda De PONTHIEU. Maud married Alberic II Comte De DAMMARTIN,1120,2877 son of Alberic I Comte De DAMMARTIN Lord Of Norton and Unknown First WIFE. Alberic was born about 1138 in Dammartin, Seine-Et-Marne, Ile-DE-France, France and died on 19 September 1200 in London, Middlesex, England 1120,2877 about age 62. 514839302650. William (Guillaume) III Count Of PONTHIEU,415,670,1119,1120 son of John (Jean) I Count Of PONTHIEU and Beatrice De ST. POL, was born about 1171 in Ponthieu, Somme, Picardy, France 3046 and died on 4 October 1221 in Abbeville, Somme, Picardy, France 1119,1120 about age 50. Noted events in his life were: Alt. Birth: Alt. Birth, 1179. 1119,1120 William married Alais CAPET Princess Of France,1119,1120,1121 daughter of Louis VII "The Younger" King Of FRANCE King Of France and Constance Of CASTILE, on 20 August 1195 in Meudon, France 1119.,1120 Alais was born on 4 October 1160 in Paris, Seine, Ile-DE-France, France 1121 and died on 18 July 1218 in Castile, Spain 1122 at age 57. The child from this marriage was: 257419651325 i. Marie Countess Of PONTHIEU (born on 17 April 1199 in Aumale, Seine-Inferieure, Normandy, France - died in September 1250 in Normandy, France) 514839302651. Alais CAPET Princess Of France,399,415,505,670,1119,1120,1121 daughter of Louis VII "The Younger" King Of FRANCE King Of France and Constance Of CASTILE, was born on 4 October 1160 in Paris, Seine, Ile-DE-France, France 1121 and died on 18 July 1218 in Castile, Spain 1122 at age 57. General Notes: The child born when Queen Constance died. Betrothed to Richard Plantagenet when she was 9. [Eleanor of Aquitaine, p. 243] Betrothed to King Richard the Lionheart of England, but he dumped her and married Princess Berengaria of Navarre. Sister of King Philip II. [Chronicle of the Royal Family, p. 50] After Rosamond Clifford died, Henry II openly and shamelessly consorted with Alais, then 16, betrothed of his son Richard. Had at least one stillborn child by Henry. [Eleanor, p. 282, 307] Dau. of Louis VII and Adele of Champagne; m. Guillaume III, Count Ponthieu; mother of Marie Jeanne Ponthieu who m. Simon II Dammartin. [Judy Martin] Royal Ancestors of Some American Families by Michel Call SLC 1989 #308; b.c. 1170, dau. of Louis VII, king of France, and Adelaide of Champagne; m. William II, Count of Ponthieu & Montreuil. [Charlemagne & Others, Chart 2915] Richard I was only too happy to get rid of Alais. Her mother was Constance of Castile. Alais had one daughter by William II of Ponthieu: Marie, later countess of Ponthieu in her own right, who to judge from two of William's charters was prob. b. late in 1197 or (more likely) in 1198. [John Carmi Parsons <[email protected]] Dau. of Louis VII of France and his second wife, Constance of Castile. In 1161, when she was still a child, she was betrothed to Richard, duke of Aquitaine (later Richard I of England), son of Henry II of England, and was held in wardship by the English king pending the marriage. Some sources hint that she was involved in a relationship with the king, but that is unlikely to be true. She was handed back to her brother, Philip II of France, in 1189, and Richard rejected her in 1190 in favour of Berengaria of Navarre. Philip then freed Richard from his 20-year oath to marry Alice, but only in return for 10,000 marks. In 1195 Alice was eventually married to William, count of Ponthieu. [Hallam. The Plantagenet Encyclopedia, p. 17] Noted events in her life were: Alt. Birth: Alt. Birth, Abt 1170. 1119 Alais married Henry II "Curt Mantel" PLANTAGENET King Of England,779,827,831,835,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087 son of Geoffrey V "Le Bon"The Fair PLANTAGENET Count Of Anjou And Maine and Maud "The Empress" Princess Of ENGLAND Queen Of England, about 1180.1118 Henry was born from 5 March 1132 to 1133 in Le Mans, Sarthe, France,389,390,835,1064,1088 was christened on 25 March 1133 in Le Mans, France, died on 6 July 1189 in Chinon Near Tours, Indre-Et-Loire, France 389,390,835,1064,1088 at age 57, and was buried on 8 July 1189 in Fontevrault Abbey, Fontevrault, Maine-Et-Loire, France.389,390 The cause of his death was complications of anal fissure. Alais next married William (Guillaume) III Count Of PONTHIEU,1119,1120 son of John (Jean) I Count Of PONTHIEU and Beatrice De ST. POL, on 20 August 1195 in Meudon, France 1119.,1120 William was born about 1171 in Ponthieu, Somme, Picardy, France 3046 and died on 4 October 1221 in Abbeville, Somme, Picardy, France 1119,1120 about age 50. Noted events in his life were: Alt. Birth: Alt. Birth, 1179. 1119,1120 514839302912. Bernard "The Dane" De HARCOURT 1454 was born before 912 in Harcourt, Brionne, Eure, Normandy, France 1454 and died in 955. Bernard married Sprota Of BURGUNDY 1375.,1454 Sprota was born about 912 in Normandy, France 1375 and died about 908 1375 about age -4. The child from this marriage was: 257419651456 i. Torf "The Rich" De HARCOURT (born about 930 in Harcourt, Brionne, Eure, Normandy, France) 514839302913. Sprota Of BURGUNDY 1375,1454 was born about 912 in Normandy, France 1375 and died about 908 1375 about age -4. Sprota married Bernard "The Dane" De HARCOURT.1454 Bernard was born before 912 in Harcourt, Brionne, Eure, Normandy, France 1454 and died in 955. Sprota next married Bernard "The Dane" De HARCOURT Of Saxony 1973 about 899.1375 Bernard was born about 860,1973 died about 955 of Normandy, France 1973 about age 95, and was buried in The Most Powerful Feudal Noble In Normandy During Reign Of William I Longsword..1973 Marriage Notes: Reference Number:67636 The child from this marriage was: i. Torf "The Rich" De Harcourt SN DE TORVILLE was born between 900 and 920 of Normandy, France 1973 and was buried in A Great Norman Feudal Baron..1973 514839302914. Amflec De BRIQUEBEC,1454 son of Hugh BARBATUS and Unknown, was born about 909 in Bricquibec, Manche, Normandy, France and died about 955 about age 46. Another name for Amflec was Lancelot De BRICQUEBEC. Amflec married. The child from this marriage was: 257419651457 i. Ermenberge De BRIQUEBEC (born about 930 in Bricquibec, Manche, Normandy, France - died about 955) 514839302916. Herfast Of ARQUE,415 son of Harald "Parcus" King Of Sjaelland DENMARK and Elfgifu Princess Of WESSEX, was born about 885 in Sjaelland Island, Denmark and died in Arque, Seine-Inferieure, Normandy, France. Another name for Herfast was Herfast "Not" De CREPON. General Notes: Note: Many people have Herfast as son of Gorm, but the dates would indicate younger brother. In addition Gorm, according to the Royal Families of Scandinavia, is known to have only two sons: Knut, who died abt 936, & Harald Bluetooth, who possibly killed his older brother. The general opinion of professional genealogists is that Herfast's ancestry is unknown, but probably the ancestors of Gunnora, wife of Richard I of Normandy were minor nobles, of Danish origin. Gorm was a powerful monarch of a united Denmark, while his father Harald was a minor king of the island of Sjaelland. Thus a younger son of Harald would fit the mold better than a son of Gorm. Herfast married. The child from this marriage was: 257419651458 i. Herbastus Forester Of ARQUE (born about 911 in Arque, Seine-Inferieure, Normandy, France - died after 984, buried in "Of The Noblest House Of The Danes.") 514839302918. Olaf "Mitkg" Bjornsson King Of SWEDEN,415,2918,3024,3047 son of Bjorn "The Old" Eriksson King Of SWEDEN and Ingeborg, was born in 885 in Sweden and died about 964 about age 79. Another name for Olaf was Olaf BJORNSSON. General Notes: On the throne in 850 during Ansgar's second visit to Sweden. Died suddenly during a banquet. [WBH - Sweden] King of Sweden when Anskar made his second visit. Reconquered Kurland and made the Chori pay him tribute. He may not have been the only king in Sweden at this time. [A History of the Vikings, p. 78] Co-king of Sweden; son of King Emund Erikson; father of: 1. Styrbjorn the Strong who m. Tyre of Denmark [http://www.genealogy.com/~brigitte/thereoff/sweden.txt] Received the missionary Ansgar in Birka 854. [Yvonne Korn <[email protected]] Son of Bjorn'the Old' of Sweden Eriksson and Ingeborg; m. Ingeborg of Sula Thrandsdottir; father of: 1. Gyrid (Gunhilda Olafsson who m. Harald III 'Bluetooth' Gormsson and Herbastus de Crepon 2. Styrbiorn of Sweden Olafsson who m. Thyra Haraldsdottir. [Gary Lewis <[email protected], 21 dec 2001] Olaf married Ingeborg Of Sula THRANDSDOTTIR. Ingeborg was born in 886 in Uppsala, Sweden and died in 932 at age 46. Children from this marriage were: i. Styrbjorn "The Strong" Olafsson Prince Of SWEDEN was born about 908 in Sweden and died in 985 in Fyrisval, Sweden 2918 about age 77. Another name for Styrbjorn was Styrbjron OLAFSSON. 257419651459 ii. Gunnhild OLAFSDOTTIR Princess Of Sweden (born in 923 in Sweden - died on 13 November 1002) iii. Chnob Gnupa Chauba OLAFSSON King was born about 920 in Sweden. iv. Gurd Of Sweden OLAFSSON King was born about 922 in Sweden. v. Gyrid OLAFSDOTTIR Princess Of Sweden was born in 905 in Sverige, Sweden. Another name for Gyrid was Gyrithe. 257420429608 vi. Styr-Bjorn The Strong OLAFSSON Prince Of Sweden (born in 903 in Sweden - died in 988 in Fyrisvols, Uppsala, Sweden) 514839302919. Ingeborg Of Sula THRANDSDOTTIR,415 daughter of Thrand Of NORWAY and Unknown, was born in 886 in Uppsala, Sweden and died in 932 at age 46. Ingeborg married Olaf "Mitkg" Bjornsson King Of SWEDEN,2918,3024,3047 son of Bjorn "The Old" Eriksson King Of SWEDEN and Ingeborg. Olaf was born in 885 in Sweden and died about 964 about age 79. Another name for Olaf was Olaf BJORNSSON. 514839302928. Waleran I Count Of MEULAN 415,2445 was born about 902 in Meulan, Yvelines, Ile-DE-France, France and died about 11 November 986 2445 about age 84. Waleran married Ligardis (Liegarde) Countess Of MEULAN 2975 after 944 in 2ND Husband.2445 Ligardis was born about 902 in Meulan, Yvelines, Ile-DE-France, France and died on 12 November 991 2975 about age 89. The child from this marriage was: 257419651464 i. Waleran II (Robert) Count Of MEULAN (born about 945 in Meulan, Yvelines, Ile-DE-France, France - died in 990) 514839302929. Ligardis (Liegarde) Countess Of MEULAN 415,2975 was born about 902 in Meulan, Yvelines, Ile-DE-France, France and died on 12 November 991 2975 about age 89. Ligardis married Raoul De Cambrai Count Of Valois & VEXIN 2975 in 1st Husband.2445 Raoul was born about 898 in Cambrai, Nord, Nord-Pas-DE-Calais, France and died in 944 in Vexin, Seine Inferieure, Normandy, France (Slain) 2975 about age 46. The child from this marriage was: i. Walter I Count Of Vexin & Amiens & VALOIS was born about 925 in Valois Now Oise, Picardy, France and died between 992 and 998 in Amiens, Somme, Picardy, France 3048,3049 about age 67. Another name for Walter was Gautier I Count Of VEXIN. Ligardis next married Waleran I Count Of MEULAN 2445 after 944 in 2ND Husband.2445 Waleran was born about 902 in Meulan, Yvelines, Ile-DE-France, France and died about 11 November 986 2445 about age 84. 514839302932. Walter I Count Of Vexin & Amiens & VALOIS,415,2880,2975,3048,3049 son of Raoul De Cambrai Count Of Valois & VEXIN and Ligardis (Liegarde) Countess Of MEULAN, was born about 925 in Valois Now Oise, Picardy, France and died between 992 and 998 in Amiens, Somme, Picardy, France 3048,3049 about age 67. Another name for Walter was Gautier I Count Of VEXIN. General Notes: Walter I, Count of Amiens and probably Vexin and Valois; married Adela, probably daughter of Fulk I, Count of Anjou, and died 992-98. [Burke's Peerage] Gautier I Count of Valois & Vexin, d. 992/998. [Alan B. Wilson] Walter married Adele D' ANJOU 2975,3048.,3050 Adele was born about 925 in Anjou/Pays-DE-La-Loire, France. Children from this marriage were: 257419651466 i. Walter II Count Of Vexin & Amiens & VALOIS (born about 952 in Amiens, Somme, Picardy, France - died between 1017 and 1024 in Castle At Crespy, Valois Now Oise, Picardy, France) ii. Robert De CROYES was born about 954 in Amiens, Oise, Picardy, France. 514839302933. Adele D' ANJOU,415,2975,3048,3050 daughter of Foulques I "Le Roux" Comte D' ANJOU and Countess Of Anjou Rosalie (Roscille) De LOCHES, was born about 925 in Anjou/Pays-DE-La-Loire, France. Adele married Walter I Count Of Vexin & Amiens & VALOIS 2880,2975,3048.,3049 Walter was born about 925 in Valois Now Oise, Picardy, France and died between 992 and 998 in Amiens, Somme, Picardy, France 3048,3049 about age 67. Another name for Walter was Gautier I Count Of VEXIN. 514839302934. Bernard (Bormard) Comte De SENLIS,415,3051 son of Pepin II De Vermandois Comte De SENLIS and Unknown, was born in 919 in Somme, Picardy, France and died after 965 in Senlis, Oise, Picardy, France. Bernard married. Children from this marriage were: 257419651467 i. Adele De SENLIS (born about 954 in Senlis, Oise, Picardy, France) 257420431100 ii. Robert I De PERONNE (born about 965 in Senlis, Oise, Picardy, France - died after 1034 in Peronne, Somme, Picardy, France) 514839303472. Hildouin I Comte De MONTDIDIER 415 was born in 930 in Arcisur, Aube, France and died after 960. Hildouin married Helsinde. Helsinde was born in 934 of Rameru, Aube, France. The child from this marriage was: 257419651736 i. Hildouin II Comte De MONTDIDIER (born in 960 in Montdidier, Somme, Picardy, France - died in 992) 514839303473. Helsinde 415 was born in 934 of Rameru, Aube, France. Helsinde married Hildouin I Comte De MONTDIDIER. Hildouin was born in 930 in Arcisur, Aube, France and died after 960. 514839303480. Renaud I Comte De ROUCY & Rheims,415,1444,1447,1784,2701,2702,2703,2704 son of Renaud De Roucy Comte De SOISSONS and Unknown, was born about 925 in Roucy, Marne, Champagne, France,2705 died on 10 May 967 in Reims, Marne, Champagne, France 1784,2703,2704,2705,2706 about age 42, and was buried in Abbey Of St. Remi, Reims, France. Other names for Renaud were Ragenolde, Renaud, Renaud I (Ragnvald) Comte De Roucy & RHEIMS, Ragnvald Of ROUCY, Renaud, and Count De ROUCY. General Notes: The ancestry of Renaud is questionable. I give below (1) AR, which suggests Herbert II de Vermandois. (2) Peter Stewart, who rejects AR, and finds a claim of "Ragenold the Dane" as father. (3) Christian Settipani (who I am following) who rejects the Dane in favor of an Anjou connection. Alberade of Lorraine, m. Renaud, d. 15 Mar 973, Count of Rheims and Roucy. (He is called the 8th son of Herbert II, Count of Vermandois, but is not so given by Pere Anselme; though Anselme does give Hugh, Archbishop of Rheims, as a son of Herbert II). [Ancestral Roots line 151-19] Note: Alan Wilson names Renaud's father as Rognvald (a Dane) of Burgundy. Leo van de Pas agrees with Alan, giving Ragenold "the Viking" a birth year of c900, which would not agree with Settipani's identification of him nor his ancestry, so I am omitting it. ---------------------- The following post to SGM, 30 Nov 2000, by Peter Stewart, refutes Herbert de Vermandois as father of Renaud, and, later, suggests a Danish marauder as father: From: Stewart, Peter ([email protected]) Subject: RE: Renaud de Roucy Newsgroups: soc.genealogy.medieval Date: 2000-11-30 19:44:31 PST -----Original Message----- From: [email protected] [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Friday, 1 December 2000 9:04 To: [email protected] Subject: Renaud de Roucy In researching Renaud de Roucy b. abt 0931, Roucy(or Reims), France; d. 15 March 0973 I have encountered two different parentages as follows: Ragnvald "the Viking" of Denmark b. abt 0885; d. abt 0925 (I know it appears that the son was born 6 years after the death of the father; but this is from the same source.) Herbert II de Vermandois b. abt 0884, Vermandois; d. 23 February 0943. There is also a Hubert of Burgundy which is I would bet is Herbert II, although his father is Hubert/Herbert also. Does anyone have the correct data on this person. Of course I hope the correct parentage is Herbert II since his lineage carries me back to Charlemagne. This one is not going to fall your preferred way: for the children of Heribert II (Renaud not among them) see Christian Settipani, La préhistoire des Capétiens 481 - 987 (Villeneuve d'Ascq, 1993), pp 223-230 and Michel Bur, La formation du comté de Champagne v. 950 - v. 1150, Mémoires des Annales de l'Est 54 (Nancy, 1977), appendix I, pp 507-513. For the origins of Renaud, count of Roucy see the latter, pp 134-139 & table 13, and the sources cited. According to ES III, 675A (which does not identify his father, & cites Bur along with sources he also used) your Renaud occurs as early as 923, built the château at Roucy in 948, and died on 10 May 967 - where did you find the date 15 March 973? Bur suggests he was son of another Renaud, and either a half-brother of count Waldricus (Gaudry), whose son Guy was count of Soissons from 974 to 995, or related to the counts of Anjou. Perhaps Todd Farmerie will comment on whether there is any evidence that the elder Renaud came from Denmark. Peter Stewart - - - later post on the next day (1 Dec 2000) - - - The claim that the elder Renaud was a Dane depends on identifying him with the Viking raider Ragenold, who according to the annalist Flodoard was invading France at about the same time as Rollo of Normandy. I'm not sure what the most recent opinions are regarding this possible identification. Stewart Baldwin -------------------- The following post to SGM, 2 Dec 2000, by Christian Settipani (a noted French genealogist) suggests an earlier Renaud, with an Anjou connection, as father of Renaud: From: Settipani ([email protected]) Subject: Re : Renaud de Roucy Newsgroups: soc.genealogy.medieval Date: 2000-12-02 06:58:28 PST I have examined lenghtly the family of this person in my paper : 'Les comtes d'Anjou et leurs alliances', in Family Trees and the Roots of Politics, ed. K.S.B. Keats-Rohan, Woodbridge, 1997, p. 211-267, at p. 222-225. I think that the equivalence Renaud of Roucy / Ragenold the Vikink is a false one and that there is no link between the two. Renaud de Roucy is probably the son of another Renaud, named from 924 to 941 in Anjou, and perhaps count of Soissons. This first Renaud could be a nephew of Fulk I of Anjou (+ 942). CS Noted events in his life were: Alt. Death: Alt. Death, 15 March 972-73. 2702 Renaud married Albérade De LORRAINE 2702,2707 in 945.2704 Albérade was born about 930 in Lorraine, France 2705,2707 and died from 15 March 972 to 973 2705 about age 42. Other names for Albérade were Alberade, Albrada, and Alérade. 514839303481. Albérade De LORRAINE,415,1444,1447,2702,2707 daughter of Giselbert I Duke Of LORRAINE Lay Abbot Of Echternach and Gerberga Of SAXONY Abbess Of Notre Dame, was born about 930 in Lorraine, France 2705,2707 and died from 15 March 972 to 973 2705 about age 42. Other names for Albérade were Alberade, Albrada, and Alérade. General Notes: Alberade of Lorraine [dau. of Giselbert Duke of Lorraine & Gerberga of Saxony], m. Renaud, d. 15 Mar 973, Count of Rheims and Roucy. (He is called the 8th son of Herbert II, Count of Vermandois, but is not so given by Pere Anselme; though Anselme does give Hugh, Archbishop of Rheims, as a son of Herbert II). [Ancestral Roots line 151-19] Noted events in her life were: Alt. Death: Alt. Death, 10 May 967. 1784 Albérade married Renaud I Comte De ROUCY & Rheims 1784,2702,2703,2704 in 945.2704 Renaud was born about 925 in Roucy, Marne, Champagne, France,2705 died on 10 May 967 in Reims, Marne, Champagne, France 1784,2703,2704,2705,2706 about age 42, and was buried in Abbey Of St. Remi, Reims, France. Other names for Renaud were Ragenolde, Renaud, Renaud I (Ragnvald) Comte De Roucy & RHEIMS, Ragnvald Of ROUCY, Renaud, and Count De ROUCY. 514839303482. Alberic II Count Of MACON & Salins,415,1444,2069,2491,2492 son of Letalde (Lietaud) I Count Of MACON and Richilde Of BURGUNDY, was born about 949 in Macon, Saone-Et-Loire, Bourgogne, France and died about 981 in Salins, Seine-Et-Marne, Ile-DE-France, France 2069 about age 32. Other names for Alberic were Auberic Ii, Count De MÂCON AND BURGUNDY, and Aubry II Count Of Macon & SALINS. Noted events in his life were: Alt. Death: Alt. Death, Abt 980. 2492 Alberic married Ermentrude Of Roucy, Countess Of REIMS 2069,2485,2489 in 970 in 1st Husband 2ND Wife 2069,2491.,2492 Ermentrude was born in 958 in Reims, Marne, Champagne, France and died on 5 October 1003 1447,2489 at age 45. Other names for Ermentrude were Adalaide, Hermentrude, Ermentrude Of RHEIMS, Irmtrude Of RHEIMS, and Ermengarde De ROUCY. 514839303483. Ermentrude Of Roucy, Countess Of REIMS,415,1444,2069,2485,2489 daughter of Renaud I Comte De ROUCY & Rheims and Albérade De LORRAINE, was born in 958 in Reims, Marne, Champagne, France and died on 5 October 1003 1447,2489 at age 45. Other names for Ermentrude were Adalaide, Hermentrude, Ermentrude Of RHEIMS, Irmtrude Of RHEIMS, and Ermengarde De ROUCY. Noted events in her life were: Alt. Birth: Alt. Birth, Between 958 and 959. 2489 Ermentrude married Alberic II Count Of MACON & Salins 2069,2491,2492 in 970 in 1st Husband 2ND Wife 2069,2491.,2492 Alberic was born about 949 in Macon, Saone-Et-Loire, Bourgogne, France and died about 981 in Salins, Seine-Et-Marne, Ile-DE-France, France 2069 about age 32. Other names for Alberic were Auberic Ii, Count De MÂCON AND BURGUNDY, and Aubry II Count Of Macon & SALINS. Ermentrude next married Otto Guillaume Count Of BURGUNDY 2485,2486,2487 about 983 in 2ND Husband.2489 Otto was born about 955 in Dijon, Cote D'or, Bourgogne, France,2487 died on 21 September 1026 in Macon, Saone-Et-Loire, Bourgogne, France 1447,2487,2488 about age 71, and was buried in Dijon, Burgundy, France. Other names for Otto were William I, Eudes I Guillaume, Comte De BOURGOGNE, Otte-Guillaume De BOURGOGNE, Otto Guillaume, Comte De BOURGOGNE, Odo-William, Duke Of BURGUNDY, Otton I William, King Of LOMBARDY, and Eudes Guillaume Comte De MACON. 514839303484. Regnier III "Long Neck" Count Of HAINAULT,415,1882,2112,2784 son of Regnier II Count Of HAINAULT and Adelaide (Alice) Of BURGUNDY, was born about 928 in Hainault, Belgium 2784 and died in 973 in Bohemia, Czech Republic (In Exile) 1882,2112,2784 about age 45. General Notes: Reginar III, Duke of Upper Lorraine 954, called "Long Neck"; died in exile in Bohemia 973. [Burke's Peerage] Regnier married Adele Of LOUVAIN,2112,2785 daughter of Lambert Count Of LOUVAIN and Unknown. Adele was born about 929 in Louvaine, Brabant, Lorraine, France and died in 961 2785 about age 32. Another name for Adele was Adele Of DAGSBOURG. 514839303485. Adele Of LOUVAIN,415,2112,2785 daughter of Lambert Count Of LOUVAIN and Unknown, was born about 929 in Louvaine, Brabant, Lorraine, France and died in 961 2785 about age 32. Another name for Adele was Adele Of DAGSBOURG. Adele married Regnier III "Long Neck" Count Of HAINAULT,1882,2112,2784 son of Regnier II Count Of HAINAULT and Adelaide (Alice) Of BURGUNDY. Regnier was born about 928 in Hainault, Belgium 2784 and died in 973 in Bohemia, Czech Republic (In Exile) 1882,2112,2784 about age 45. 514839303486. Hugues "Capet" King Of FRANCE,415,1601,1746,2048,2674,2675 son of Count Of Paris Hugh Magnus Capet Of Neustria, Duke Of The FRANKS Count Of Paris and Princess Of The Germans Hedwige Of SAXONY, was born from about January 940 to 41 in Paris, Seine, Ile-DE-France, France,2047 died on 14 October 996 in Les Juifs, Chartres, France 1524,2048 about age 56, and was buried in St Denis Abbey, Ile-DE-France, France. Another name for Hugues was Hugh CAPET King Of France. Noted events in his life were: Alt. Birth: Alt. Birth, Abt 938. 2048 Alt. Birth: Alt. Birth, After 939. 2676 Ruled: 987-996. Hugues married Adélaïde Princess Of AQUITAINE 1601,2675,2677 in July 968.2047 Adélaïde was born in 945 in Poitiers, Vienne, Poitou, France 1447,2047,2678 and died about 1004 1524,2047 about age 59. Other names for Adélaïde were Adela, Adèle, Adélaïde, Princess D' AQUITAINE, and Alisa Af POITOU. Hugues next married Miss De NORMANDY,2680 daughter of William I "Longsword" Duke Of NORMANDY and Sprota (Sporta) De SENLIS. Miss was born about 935 in Rouen, Seine-Inferieure, Normandy, France. Hugues next married Mrs-Hugh CAPET Concubine Of France.1601 Mrs-Hugh was born in <Paris, Seine, France> and died in Y. 514839303487. Adélaïde Princess Of AQUITAINE,415,1444,1601,1746,2675,2677 daughter of Count Of Poitiers Guillaume III (I) Duke Of AQUITAINE and Countess Of Poitiers Adèle (Gerloc) Of NORMANDY, was born in 945 in Poitiers, Vienne, Poitou, France 1447,2047,2678 and died about 1004 1524,2047 about age 59. Other names for Adélaïde were Adela, Adèle, Adélaïde, Princess D' AQUITAINE, and Alisa Af POITOU. General Notes: Also known as Adèle, she was married to Hugues Capet, and reigned jointly with him, and after his death 996 she also seems to have played a political role during the beginning of the reign of her son, Robert II. She was daughter of Guillaume II and Adèle de Normandie, and lived (ca. 945-1004/06). 1741 Adélaïde married Hugues "Capet" King Of FRANCE 1601,2048,2674,2675 in July 968.2047 Hugues was born from about January 940 to 41 in Paris, Seine, Ile-DE-France, France,2047 died on 14 October 996 in Les Juifs, Chartres, France 1524,2048 about age 56, and was buried in St Denis Abbey, Ile-DE-France, France. Another name for Hugues was Hugh CAPET King Of France. 514839303697. Daughter Of Richard I De NORMANDY,415,2453 daughter of Richard I "The Fearless" 3Rd Duke Of NORMANDY Count Of Rouen and CONCUBINE(S), was born about 949 in Rouen, Seine-Inferieure, Normandy, France. Daughter married. The child from this marriage was: 257419651848 i. Niel (Nigel) II Vicomte De ST. SAUVEUR (born about 964 in St Sauveur, Cotentin/Manche, Normandy, France - died in 1045) 514839303700. Richard I "The Fearless" 3Rd Duke Of NORMANDY Count Of Rouen,415,1049,1114,1601,1746,2507 son of William I "Longsword" Duke Of NORMANDY and Sprota (Sporta) De SENLIS, was born on 28 August 933 in Rouen, Seine-Inferieure, Normandy, France,1114,2045 died on 20 November 996 in Fecamp, Seine-Inferieure, France 1114,2045 at age 63, and was buried in Fecamp, Seine-Inferieure, France. Another name for Richard was Richard SANS PEUR. General Notes: Richard I, byname RICHARD "The FEARLESS", French RICHARD SANS PEUR (b. c. 932--d. 996), duke of Normandy (942-996), son of William I Longsword. Louis IV of France took the boy-duke into his protective custody, apparently intent upon reuniting Normandy to the crown's domains; but in 945 Louis was captured by the Normans, and Richard was returned to his people. Richard withstood further Carolingian attempts to subdue his duchy and, in 987, was instrumental in securing the French crown for his brother-in-law, the Robertian Hugh Capet. [Encyclopedia Britannica CD '97] 942-996: Duke of Normandy [Ref: Monarchs, Rulers, Dynasties and Kingdoms of the World by R.F. Tapsell 1983 p202] Title of Duke, again, was not likely generally used by Richard I or his son Richard II, whose official documents style themselves "count of Rouen." Later eleventh century documents use the term Duke - and adopted for historical record. [Ref: William The Conqueror, The Norman Impact Upon England by David C. Douglas 1964] 'Richard I and his new settler in-laws of the 960's were the winners who lasted. In becoming so they learned (and taught) two principles of success that marked them off from the Franks. They learned the value of a strong centralizing chieftain who could at least freeze the status quo once his own local chieftains had taken what they wanted. The more successful he was, the more chiefs attached themselves to him for just this: with his warranty, backed by his chieftains, their defeated enemies could not recover by violence what had been taken from them by violence. Thus were the Norman dukes 'settlers of quarrels.' Fearlessness was the necessary quality in such a coordinating chieftain, and Richard I, who has no encomiast of his deeds, has at least this sobriquet, 'the Fearless' Those who were great fighters and the ruthlessly, selectively violent, were the great centralizers among the threatened and rapacious Norse.' [Ref: Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840-1066 by Eleanor Searle, University of California Press, 1988 -Charlotte's Web Geneology http://www.charweb.org/gen/rjones/d0042/g0000019.htm#I238] "RICHARD I, "the Fearless", Duke of Normandy, b. Fecamp ca. 933, named father's h. 29 May 942, d. 20 Nov. 996; m. (1) (Danish wife) Gunnor, d. 1027 or 1031, dau. of the forester of Arques, but betrothed ca. 945 & event. m. (2) 960 to Emma, d. ca. 968, dau. Hugh Capet ..., Count of Paurs. After Emma's death, m. (Christian marriage) Gunnor to legit. their children. ... By Gunnor, Richard had [RICHARD II]." [Ref: Weis AR7:110-111] "When in 942 William was murdered at the instigation of Count Arnulf of Flanders, his son Richard, still a minor, succeeded him. Louis IV and Hugh the Great each tried to seize Normandy, and Louis took charge of Richard. He then ensconced himself at Rouen and Hugh took Bayeux, which still had a Scandinavian leader called Sictric. Richard escaped from his custody at Laon, retook Rouen, and called on another Viking leader, Harald of the Bassin, for help. The Normans under Richard were able to re-establish their autonomy and from 947 Richard governed in relative peace. In 965 he swore allegiance to the Carolingian king Lothar at Gisors. Richard's official marriage was to Emma, daughter of Hugh the Great; they had no children, but by his common-law wife Gunnor, a Dane, he had many. Richard II, son of Gunnor and Richard I, succeeded his father in 996, another son Robert was archbishop of Rouen from 989 to 1037 and Emma their daughter became queen of England on her marriage to Aethelred, a position she maintained after his death in 1016 by marrying Cnot (sic: Cnut/Knut...Curt). Gunnor's nephews and other relatives furthermore formed the core of the new aristocracy which developed in the course of the eleventh century. Unfortunately we know little about the internal organization and history of Normandy until the reign of Richard II, and this falls outside our period." [Ref: The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians 751-987, by Rosamond McKitterick, London & NY (Longman) 1983 p238-239] During the minority of his (William Long-Sword) successor, Duke Richard, King Louis IV -- who was making an expedition into Normandy -- was captured by the inhabitants of Rouen and handed over to Hugh the Great. From this time onwards the dukes of Normandy began to enter into relations with the dukes of France; and in 958 Duke Richard married Hugh the Great's daughter. He died in 996. (Succeeded by Richard II.) [Ref: Gordon Fisher <[email protected]> message to soc.genealogy.medieval 6 Nov 1996] Richard married Duchess Of Crepon & Norma Gunnora (Gunhilda) CREPON 1372,1375,1601,1666,1704,2045,2234,2508,2509 before 959 in Danish Wife - Christian Marriage After 968.2045 Gunnora was born in 936 in Arque, Seine-Inferieure, Normandy, France 1375 and died in 1031 in France 1375,1704,2045 at age 95. Richard next married Emma CAPET,2045 daughter of Count Of Paris Hugh Magnus Capet Of Neustria, Duke Of The FRANKS Count Of Paris and Princess Of The Germans Hedwige Of SAXONY, in 960.2045 Emma was born about 944 in Paris, Seine, Ile-DE-France, France and died about 968 2045 about age 24. Richard next married CONCUBINE(S) in No Marriage. CONCUBINE(S) was born in 935. Richard next married Emma Princess Of FRANCE,1601,2045 daughter of Count Of Paris Hugh Magnus Capet Of Neustria, Duke Of The FRANKS Count Of Paris and Princess Of The Germans Hedwige Of SAXONY, in 956 in , , , France.2045 Emma was born in 943 in Paris, Seine, Ile-DE-France, France and died from 19 March 967 to 968 2045 at age 24. Richard next married Papia. 514839303701. Duchess Of Crepon & Norma Gunnora (Gunhilda) CREPON,415,1372,1375,1601,1666,1704,1746,2045,2234,2508,2509 daughter of Herbastus Forester Of ARQUE and Gunnhild OLAFSDOTTIR Princess Of Sweden, was born in 936 in Arque, Seine-Inferieure, Normandy, France 1375 and died in 1031 in France 1375,1704,2045 at age 95. General Notes: Curt Hofemann, [email protected], in a post-em, wrote: Apparently she was not "de Crepon" & her parentage is unknown: The name of the father of Gunnor is unknown. Herbastus is derived from the name of her brother Herfast/Arfastus, but is unsupported. [Ref: Todd A Farmerie <[email protected]> message to Gen-Medieval 6 Nov 1996] The greater part of our information about Gunnor and her relations is derived from those additions to the History of William of Jumieges for which Robert de Rotigny is responsible. It is Robert who preserved the story of how Richard I of Normandy became enamoured of the beautiful Senfrie, wife of one of his foresters, and how Senfrie contrived to substitute her sister Gunnor for herself, to the Duke's ultimate satisfaction. [Ref The Sisters and Nieces of Gunnor, Duchess of Normandy by G.H. White in the Genealogist, New Series 1921 v37 p57] Parentage of Gunnor and her siblings is unknown. While some sources call her father Herfastus, this was in fact the name of her brother. She has also been claimed as a daughter of the Danish royal family, but there is no evidence for this, and the context of her coming to attention of Richard I and the family's subsequent rise to power militates against her being a royal daughter. Douglas argued, based on the donations of brother Arfast to the monastery of St. Pere, that the root of the family was in the Cotetin region of Normandy, but van Houts has suggested that the Cotetin land was granted to Arfast, rather than inherited by him. Thus we are left with the more ambiguous statement of Torigny and others that she was a member of a Norman family of Danish origins. [Ref: Todd A Farmerie <[email protected]> message to Gen-Medieval 5 Jan 1997] Gunnora ... was not "de Crepon", nor was she daughter of Herbastus de Crepon of Denmark - her brother Herfastus/Arfast appears to have received Crepon only after Gunnora took up with Richard I, and thus the family was not originally from there. Likewise, while she is said to be of a noble family of Danish ancestry, it is not stated that her father was from Denmark (the family probably arrived with Rollo, in the generation of her (unknown) grandfather. [Ref: Todd A Farmerie <[email protected]> message to Gen-Medieval 28 Jul 2000] Research note 1: Was her father Herfast de CREPON or King Haraldblaafand of DENMARK? There is a lack of consensus on this. -Charlotte's Web Geneology http://www.charweb.org/gen/rjones/d0042/g0000020.htm#I239 Research note 2: father: Harald I Blaatand, Bluetooth, King of Denmark [Ref: McBride2 (possibly citing Wurts)] My notes on Gunnora: This is the same Gunnora known as Gunnora of Crepon, but both are of little value. Gunnora was NOT of Denmark. Some inventive genealogist somewhere along the line decided to make her daughter of Harald Bluetooth, but there is no basis for this, and what we know of her indicates it is not really a possibility worthy of consideration. Her nephew later was called "of Crepon" but he likely gained his posessions through Gunnora's marriage to the Duke, rather than this representing the original home of the clan. What can be said of Gunnora's parents? Nothing She was not daughter of Harfast, as (too) often stated. Her family was likely of the minor Norman nobility, since her oldest sister was married to a forester at the time Richard first bumped into the girls. That's it. Richard I of Normandy first bedded, and later married Gunnora, whose ancestry is entirely unknown. She is sometimes said to be daughter of a King of Denmark, but this is incorrect. [taf] There are several things going on here. First of all, the father of Gunnora and siblings is not known. Attempts to name him Herbastus probably originated in confusion with her brother. Second, Gunnora had three sisters, Senfria/Senfreda, Wevia, and (Avelina). The first married an otherwise unknown forester. The latter two are confused by our two sources, one claiming that it was Wevia who married Osbern, and the other that Wevia married Turold of Pont Audemer, and by deduction, (Avelina) married Osbern. We know that Osbern married one of them, and a recent analysis suggests that it was Wevia for nomenclatural reasons. (Specifically, Turold and wife had a granddaughter named Duvelina, and it is hyposthesized that she was named for her grandmother, and that Duvelina is the authentic name of the sister, rather than Avelina. Finally, in which generation was Osbern's. This is unambiguous. She was sister of Gunnora and the others. There is no source before recent times that claims otherwise. There are two probable origins for the error that she was niece of Gunnora. First, due to the error in naming her father Herfastus, someone aware that this was the name of Gunnora's brother assumed then that Avelina's father was Gunnora's brother (the name of Gunnora's father being unknown, and probably unknowable). The second possibility is a confusion of uncle and nephew. Harfastus/Arfast had a son Osbern of Crepon, and perhaps someone confused this man with Osbern of Bolbec. Still, we know for certain that Osbern of Bolbec married a sister of Gunnora. [Ref: Dave Utzinger <[email protected]> message to Gen-Medieval 29 Jul 2000] Gunnora married Richard I "The Fearless" 3Rd Duke Of NORMANDY Count Of Rouen 1049,1114,1601,2507 before 959 in Danish Wife - Christian Marriage After 968.2045 Richard was born on 28 August 933 in Rouen, Seine-Inferieure, Normandy, France,1114,2045 died on 20 November 996 in Fecamp, Seine-Inferieure, France 1114,2045 at age 63, and was buried in Fecamp, Seine-Inferieure, France. Another name for Richard was Richard SANS PEUR. Gunnora next married Hugh Of COUSTANCE Bishop Of Counstance. 514839303712. Hugh De CALVACAMP,976,1449,3052 son of Malahule Ha EYSTEINSSON Jarl Of More and Unknown, was born about 890 near Dieppe, Seine-Inferieure, Normandy, France.976,1449 Another name for Hugh was Hugo De CAVALCAMP. General Notes: Hugh de Calvacamp; b most likely c890; of French rather than Norman extraction; had, with another elder son (Hugh, b probably by 915, monk at Abbey of St Denis, France, Archbishop Rouen, Normandy, 942, had issue (probably illegitimate), made over that part of the archiepiscopal lands consisting of the feudal territory of Toeni (modern Tosny, on the Seine southeast of Rouen) to his brother Ralph and died 10 Nov 989 or 990). [Burke's Peerage] ---------------- Hugh de Calvacamp, a Frenchman, was b. probably about 890. Nothing is know of him except that he was the father of two sons, whose names follow. [Complete Peerage XII/1:753] Hugh married. Children from this marriage were: i. Hugh De TOENI A Monk was born before 915 in Tosni, Louviers, Eure, Normandy, France 3053 and died on 10 November 989 in Rouen, Seine-Inferieue, Normandy, France 3053. Another name for Hugh was Hugo De CAVALCAMP Archbishop Of Rouen. 257419651856 ii. Ralph I Seigneur De TOENI (born about 930 in Tosni, Louviers, Eure, Normandy, France) 514840858916. Roger (Rotgaire) Comte De PONTHIEU,415,1120 son of Herlouin II Comte De PONTHIEU and Unknown, was born about 894 in Ponthieu, Somme, Picardy, France and died about 957 1120 about age 63. Roger married. The child from this marriage was: 257420429458 i. Guillaume I Comte De PONTHIEU (born about 914 in Ponthieu, Somme, Picardy, France - died in 965) 514840858918. Adaloff (Adalulf) Comte De BOULOGNE,415,2561 son of Baudouin II "The Bald" Count Of FLANDERS and Aelfthryth (Elfrida) Princess Of ENGLAND, was born about 893 in Boulogne-Sur-Mer, Artois/Pas-DE-Calais, France and died on 13 November 933 in Therouanne, Artois/Pas-DE-Calais, France 2561 about age 40. Another name for Adaloff was Adaloff Sur Mer De THEROUANNE. Adaloff married Mahaut De CREQUY. Mahaut was born about 895 in Crequy, Montreuil, Artois/Pas-DE-Calais, France. Children from this marriage were: 257420429459 i. Maude De St. Pol Sur Mer De THEROUANNE (born about 918 in Therouanne, Artois/Pas-DE-Calais, France) 257420441824 ii. Arnulf I Comte De BOULOGNE (born about 922 in Boulogne-Sur-Mer, Artois/Pas-DE-Calais, France - died in 971) 514840858919. Mahaut De CREQUY 415 was born about 895 in Crequy, Montreuil, Artois/Pas-DE-Calais, France. Mahaut married Adaloff (Adalulf) Comte De BOULOGNE.2561 Adaloff was born about 893 in Boulogne-Sur-Mer, Artois/Pas-DE-Calais, France and died on 13 November 933 in Therouanne, Artois/Pas-DE-Calais, France 2561 about age 40. Another name for Adaloff was Adaloff Sur Mer De THEROUANNE. 514840858944. Guillaume I Comte De PONTHIEU,415,1120 son of Roger (Rotgaire) Comte De PONTHIEU and Unknown, was born about 914 in Ponthieu, Somme, Picardy, France and died in 965 1120 about age 51. Guillaume married Maude De St. Pol Sur Mer De THEROUANNE. Maude was born about 918 in Therouanne, Artois/Pas-DE-Calais, France. 514840858945. Maude De St. Pol Sur Mer De THEROUANNE,415 daughter of Adaloff (Adalulf) Comte De BOULOGNE and Mahaut De CREQUY, was born about 918 in Therouanne, Artois/Pas-DE-Calais, France. Maude married Guillaume I Comte De PONTHIEU.1120 Guillaume was born about 914 in Ponthieu, Somme, Picardy, France and died in 965 1120 about age 51. 514840859012. Duke Of Aquitaine Ebles Mancer Count Of POITOU,415,1444,1601,1746,3054,3055 son of Ranulph II Count Of POITOU and Nun Adélaïde Princess Of FRANCE, was born in 890 in Poitiers, Vienne, Poitou, France and died in 932 3055,3056 at age 42. Other names for Ebles were Manzer=The Bastard, Ebles, Duke D' AQUITAINE, Ebles, Count D' AUVERGNE, Ebalus The BASTARD, Ebles MANCER, Ebalus Mancer Af POITOU, Ebalus, and Count De POITOU. Noted events in his life were: Alt. Death: 934. Ebles married Emliane Aelgiva Princess Of ENGLAND 1601,3055 about 911 in 2ND Wife 3055.,3056 Emliane was born in 902 in Wessex, England and died on 28 October. Other names for Emliane were Edgifa,2323 Edgifu, and Emiliane. Children from this marriage were: 257420429506 i. Count Of Poitiers Guillaume III (I) Duke Of AQUITAINE (born about 929 in Poitiers, Vienne, Poitou, France - died on 3 April 963) ii. Ebles Abbot Of SAINT MARTIN was born about 931 in Of, Poitiers, Aquitaine and died in 975 about age 44. iii. Ebalus, Bishop Of LIMOGES. Ebles next married Countess Aremburge 1601 on 10 October 891 in <Of Poitiers, Aquitaine>. Aremburge was born in 890 in <Of Poitiers, Aquitaine> and died before 931 in Y. Other names for Aremburge were Eremburg, and Ermburge. Ebles next married Emiliane 1601 in <Of Poitiers, Aquitaine>. Emiliane was born in <Of Poitiers, Aquitaine> and died in Y. 514840859013. Emliane Aelgiva Princess Of ENGLAND,415,505,1444,1601,1746,3055 daughter of Edward "The Elder" West Saxon King Of ENGLAND and Aelflaed (Aelfflaed) Of WILTSHIRE, was born in 902 in Wessex, England and died on 28 October. Other names for Emliane were Edgifa,2323 Edgifu, and Emiliane. Emliane married Duke Of Aquitaine Ebles Mancer Count Of POITOU 1601,3055 about 911 in 2ND Wife 3055.,3056 Ebles was born in 890 in Poitiers, Vienne, Poitou, France and died in 932 3055,3056 at age 42. Other names for Ebles were Manzer=The Bastard, Ebles, Duke D' AQUITAINE, Ebles, Count D' AUVERGNE, Ebalus The BASTARD, Ebles MANCER, Ebalus Mancer Af POITOU, Ebalus, and Count De POITOU. Emliane next married Louis Of Aquitaine, King Of ARLES, son of Rudolph I King Of BURGUNDY and Willa Of VIENNE. Another name for Louis was Ludwig, Count Im THURGAU.2323 514840859014. Rollo Rognvaldsson 1St Duke Of NORMANDY,415,1444,1601,1746,2778,2892,2933,2934 son of Rognvald "The Wise" Eysteinsson , Jarl Of MORE Jarl Of More and Countess Of More Hilda (Ragnhild) Hrolfsdatter NORWAY, was born about 860 in Maer, Nord-Trondelag, Norway,2738,2934,2935 died about 932 in Notre Dame, Rouen, Seine-Inferieure, Normandy, France 2738,2934,2935 about age 72, and was buried about 932 in Of, Notre Dame, Rouen, Nornandie, Neustria. Other names for Rollo were Rolf GANGER,2936 Robert I, Duc De NORMANDIE, Rolf "The Ganger" 1St Duke Of NORMANDY,2937 Rolf The Ganger Ragnvaldsson, First Duke Of NORMANDY, and Rollo ROGNVALDSSON 1st Duke Of Normandy. General Notes: Rollo, also called ROLF, or ROU, French ROLLON (b. c. 860--d. c. 932), Scandinavian rover who founded the duchy of Normandy. 911-Under treaty of St Claire received Normandy from Charles III King of France Making himself independent of King Harald I of Norway, Rollo sailed off to raid Scotland, England, Flanders, and France on pirating expeditions and, about 911, established himself in an area along the Seine River. Charles III the Simple of France held off his siege of Paris, battled him near Chartres, and negotiated the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, giving him the part of Neustria that came to be called Normandy; Rollo in return agreed to end his brigandage. He gave his son, William I Longsword, governance of the dukedom (927) before his death. Rollo was baptized in 912 but is said to have died a pagan. [Encyclopaedia Britannica CD, 1997, ROLLO] Banished from Norway to the Hebrides ca. 876. ------------------------------ The following information, arguing against Rollo's ancestry as I have it (certainly putting it to question), is contained in a post-em by Curt Hofemann, [email protected]. (Note: I am still sticking with my ancestry, which is based on information in CP, considered a very reliable source, though no source is perfect. I tend to want to stick up for the Norse "legends" contained in the sagas, believing that because they are easy targets, living in a time when there was no writing, many people deny their existence, holding them to the same standard as say "Charlemagne" or other historic figures who were written about by contemporaries.): I apologize in advance for the length of this. Rollo "the Ganger" 1st Duke of NORMANDY 911: Duke of Normandy [Ref: Paget p135] properly Hrolf; known from his stature as Gongu-Hrolf, 'Rolf the walker' because no horse could carry him [Ref: Watney p740] name: Rolf the Ganger [Ref: Tapsell p202] 911-932: Duke of Normandy [Ref: Tapsell p202] born: 846 [Ref: Moriarty p10] abt 846 [Ref: ES II:79, Moriarty p11, Watney #740], parents: [Ref: Moriarty p10, Moriarty p11, Paget p135, Watney #740] married Poppa 886: danish wife [Ref: Moriarty p10] first and third wives of Rollo, repudiated but afterward remarried after 919 [Ref: Paget p135], names: [Ref: Henry Project citing (Eric Christiansen, ed. & trans., Dudo of St. Quentin, History of the Normans (The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1998), Book ii Chapter 16 p38-9; Keats-Rohan, K. S. B., "Poppa of Bayeux and her Family", The American Genealogist 72 (1997), 187-204), Moriarty p11, p226, 39 Tompsett, Wurts p422] married Gisele of France 912: [Ref: ES II:79, Paget p135] died: 933 [Ref: ES II:75new] 927 [Ref: Watney 740] 931 [Ref: ES II:79, Moriarty p10, Moriarty p11] 932 [Ref: Paget p135, Tapsell p202] 931 [Ref: Wurts p422] Rolf, known to his Frankish posterity as Rollo, was probably born of Norwegian stock, being the son of Rognvald, Earl of More, and before his formal establishment in Gaul he had a long career as a Viking, raiding not only in France but also, as it seems, in Scotland and Ireland. In 911, having entered Gaul afresh, perhaps by way of the Loire valley, he was defeated in a pitched battle outside the walls of of Chartres, and it was after this that he and his followers were given lands by the emperor in the valley of the lower Seine. Whether this famous grant of lands and recognition was made (as tradition later asserted) after a formal interview between Charles [King Charles III the Simple of France] and Rolf at Saint-Claire-sur Epte is questionable, and the application of the term 'treaty' to these arrangements is undoubtedly too precise. What, however, is certain is that before 918 Rolf and his followers already held considerable lands in this region, and that they had been formally confirmed in possession of them by the emperor. Equally certain is that in token of the new position he was henceforth to occupy in Gaul, Rolf accepted baptism at the hands of the archbishop of Rouen. [Ref: Wm Conqueror p17] Rollo (later Robert) "of Normandy" Viking leader in France, d. 928×933. Although he is often referred to as the first duke of Normandy, that title is an anachronism. Probably about 911 [see Douglas 426-31], king Charles the Simple of France ceded a district around the city of Rouen to Rollo, which eventually evolved into the duchy of Normandy. He is said to have been baptized in 912, assuming the Christian name Robert [Dudo ii, 30 (p. 50)]. He was still living in 928, when he was holding Eudes, son of Heribert of Vermandois, as a captive [Flodoard's Annals, s.a. 928, see PL 135: 439, van Houts 45], and was probably dead by 933, when his son William was mentioned as leading the Normans [Flodoard's Annals, s.a. 933, see PL 135: 445, van Houts 45]. [Ref: Henry Project] note: the citations Douglas, Dudo, Flodoard, PL & van Houts are further identified in the Bibliography at the bottom of this page...Curt Since the article by Duglas (sic) [Duglas (sic), David, English Historical review 1942, p417-36] seems to be one of the main secondary sources used by many who support the alleged Norwegian origin of Rollo, a brief discussion of Douglas's article is in order. I agree with Duglas (sic) that the reference to Rollo as "filio Catilli" by Richer of Rheims can be dismissed. Richer used the generally reliable chronicle of Floodoard as a framework, which he then expanded with much legendary material of dubious value. This Catillus is a significant figure in Richer, but is apparently unknown from other sources, and his legendary nature is evident. The statement that Rollo was the son of Catillus is apparently an attempt by Richer to amplify the fame of Catillus (whose existence is doubful) by giving him a famous son. Duglas (sic) then outlines the well known saga statements regarding Rollo's supposed identification with Ganger-Rolf, son of Rognvald. To support his claim that "Rollo" is an acceptable Latin form for "Hrolfr", Duglas (sic) brings forward a single charter [a charter of Richard II for St. Quen, which predated Dudo and the other later sources, mentions the _atavus Ralphus_ of the Duke] which reads "atavus Rolphus" (not Ralphus) which appears to be referring to Rollo (p.421). However, as Duglas (sic) admits, the charter itself is not above suspicion. Another example mentioned in a footnote is a certain Turstinus fillius Rolv who was apparently the same person as a Turstinus filius Rollonis. This is a very small sample to make the claim that Rollo was a Latin form for Rolf. Just as likely is the possibility that the names Rollo and Ralph were confused in a couple of manuscripts. Since Ralph was such a common name in Normandy and England, we should see a large number of examples of "Rollo" and "Ralph" being used as the same name, if they were in fact the same. Since the number of examples which Douglas was able to produce is so small, it is more likely that some sort of copying mistake was made on the above examples, in which the uncommon name Rollo was accidently replaced by the extremely common (and similar) Ralph. Important negative evidence is not given, for Douglas never mentions that there is a Norse name "Hrollaug" for which "Rollo" is an obvious Latinized form. Since the sagas give Rognvald of More two clearly different sons named Hrollaug and Hrolf, it would be difficult to argue that Hrollaug and Hrolf are supposed to be the same name. The main other piece of evidence Douglas gives for accepting the saga account is the supposed confirmation of a saga statement about Granger-Rolf in the contemporary records. The following statement by Ari is quoted: "Another son of Othere (he says) was Helge. He harried in Scotland and won there as his booty Nithbeorg, daughter of King Beolan and of Kathleen, daughter of Ganger-Rolf." Duglas (sic) then reads between the lines, and states that since Kathleen is a Celtin name, her mother would almost certainly be a Christian. He then turns to the nearly contemporary "Lament for the Death of William Longsword", which states that William was born outside France of a Christian mother at a time when his father was still pagan. He then states: "The suggestion of the Landnamabok is thus confirmed by an epic poem composed in Gaul in the tenth century. The fact would seem to be a powerful, if not a conclusive, argument in favor of the identity of Rollo with Ganger-Rolf." The first sentence in the above quote is completely false. There is not a single detail in the quote from Ari which is confirmed by the statement in "Lament for the death ..." This argument used by Duglas (sic), in which he deduces an additional statement not in the original, so that there is something which can be "confirmed" is unacceptable. The fact that Douglas would refer to such an argument as "powerful" only serves to emphasize how weak his argument really is. [Ref: Stewart Baldwin 7 Dec 1996] (Note: "Duglas" referred to above is actually spelled Douglas. David C. Douglas, Fellow of the British Academy, Emeritus Professor of History, University of Bristol, Ford's Lecturer to the University of Oxford & editor of a series of studies of the English monarchs...Curt) According to the Orkneying Saga (late twelfth century), Rognvald, jarl of More in Norway, was the father (among others) of a certain Hrolf, who became the first duke of Normandy, and is therefore intended to be identified with the historical Viking Rollo, who appears in the contemporary Frankish annals of the tenth century. Those who accept this view base their argument on these late Icelandic sources. In my opinion, the Icelandic sources are worthless for early Norman history, and should be rejected as a source for Rollo's parentage. Some of the basic reasons for this opinion are as follows: 1. The Icelandic sources are both late and foreign when it comes to Norman history. Other than the very well known fact that William the Conqueror was descended from the dukes of Normandy, the Icelandic sources do not offer a single fact about early Norman history which can be corroborated in the contemporary continental sources. In fact, the Icelandic sources say remarkably little about early Norman history, which is suspicious for a source which supposedly knows the origin of Rollo. 2. The Norman sources, which are both native and considerably earlier than the Icelandic sources, tell a completely different story about the origin of Rollo, who is said to be of Danish origin. Even though some of the early Norman sources (such as Dudo) have been criticized for their innacuracy (and for deliberate embellishment), it is still reasonable to suppose that early native sources would be more reliable on the matter of Rollo's origin than late foreign sources. 3. Unfortunately, the early tenth century is not well covered by the Frankish sources. However, even though the Norman sources have clearly embellished and romanticized the material on Rollo, the story of a Danish origin for Rollo fits quite well with what the Frankish sources for the late ninth century (a better covered period) say about the Danish invasions during that earlier period. 4. Contrary to what has been frequently claimed, the names Hrolf and Rollo do not appear to be the same. The Norse name Hrollaug, which is a different name (see #5), is the name which would have "Rollo" as a reasonable Latinization. The claim that "Hrolf" was Latinized as "Rollo" by mistake is unlikely, because the Franks were quite familiar with the name, and a different Viking raider named Hrolf from the ninth century has his name correctly Latinized as "Rodulf" in the contemporary ninth century sources. 5. Fifth, and most important, the Icelandic sources give Rognvald of More several sons two of whom are Hrolf, allegedly the same as the founder of Normandy, and Hrollaug, an early Icelandic settler. First, this shows that Hrolf and Hrollaug were regarded as different names. However, it also causes a big problem in the Icelandic story. If we are to believe the Icelandic account, Hrolf went to Normandy, where he was then known as Rollo/Hrollaug, i.e., the name of Hrolf's brother. If the Icelandic story were true, why would both the Frankish and Norman sources both refer to "Hrolf" by the name of his brother Hrollaug? (Claiming that the Icelandic sources were almost right, and that Rollo of Normandy was the same as Hrollaug son of Rognvald, is not feasible, because Hrollaug's role as an early settler of Iceland clearly marks him as a different person from Rollo of Normandy.) I would like to see this problem explained away by someone supporting position that Rollo was Rognvald's son. By the way, this last point (#5) has, to my knowledge, not been mentioned before (except by me in previous postings on the same subject), and I therefore have an obvious personal interest in knowing if this particular point has been mentioned by others. If point #5 has already been made somewhere else in the literature, I would be interested in having the reference. Thus, in my opinion, for the reasons given above, Rollo of Normandy was was probably not the son of Rognvald of More, and his parentage should be regarded as unknown. [Ref: Stewart Baldwin 16 Mar 1998] also known as Hrolf or Rollon, 1st Duke of Normandy from 911 to 927, called also Rolf the Walker, because, being so tall, he preferred to go afoot rather than ride the little Norwegian horses. Also shown as Rollon, Row, or Robert Originally a Norse Viking, he was noted for strength and martial prowess. It is more likely that the title "Duke" is a tenth or eleventh century construct, as even the title count was not introduced until later documents, usually refered as count of Rouen. Neither Rollo or his son William Longsword issued many written instruments - certainly none that survive in the original. Rollo the Dane, also known as Hrolf or Rollon, 1st Duke of Normandy from 911 to 927, called also Rolf the Walker, because, being so tall, he preferred to go afoot rather than ride the little Norwegian horses. Also shown as Rollon, Row, or Robert. Originally a Norse Viking, he was noted for strength and martial prowess. In the reign of Charles II, the Bald, he sailed up the Seine River and took Rouen, which he kept as a base of operations. He gained a number of victories over the Franks, and extorted the cession of the province since called Normandy. By the famous treaty which Charles the Bald and Rollo signed the latter agreed to adopt Christianity. He was born in 846 and died in 932, and was buried in the Cathedral at Rouen. He married (1) Gisla, daughter of Charles the Simple, King of France, no issue; (2) Lady Poppa de Valois, (means puppet or little doll), daughter of Pepin de Senlis de Valois, Count Berenger (Berenarius) of Bretagne, Count of Bayeux, and sister of Bernard of St. Liz (Senlis), also recorded as Berenger, Count of Bayeux. Rollo lived with her for some time before the marriage. [Ref: McBride2] Dudo (contemporary with Rollo's grandson Richard I and informed by Richard's half-brother) states that Rollo was a Dane and had a brother whose name (I forget the form Dudo used) can be interpreted as Gorm or Guthorm. He portrays him as an extremely active individual rampaging, sacking, looting, and then being bought off by the French king to stop other vikings from doing the same, being baptized as Robert. The Orkneyinga saga, which dates from a good bit after the time of William the Conqueror (great-grandson of Richard I and great-great-great-grandson of Rollo) says that the Jarl of Orkney had a brother Hrolf the Walker, who conquered Normandy and was ancestor of the Norman kings of England. It explains the nickname as indicating that he was so fat he could not ride a horse. He is a Norwegian, and had numerous brothers (including, oddly enough, one named Rollo), but none named Gorm or Guthorm. Now there are no absolute answers here, but one thing is clear. The accounts of Dudo and of the Orkneyinga saga are completely incompatable. Every single detail, other than that the man conquered Normandy, - name, ethnicity, physical characteristics, siblings, are all different. Obviously one of these sources is in error. Both contain material which is demonstrably false, and which has been used in the past to discredit them. However, Dudo probably actually knew people who knew Rollo, and it is difficult to come up with a motive for falsification of these details (why bother substituting danish for norwegian, for example) while the Orkneyinga saga author had no such direct connection, and furthermore had motive to invent such an ancient connection, to further glorify the family are the center of his tale. Still, nothing of this sort is certain, but given what each of the sources have to say, you have to give the nod to Dudo, which would mean that Rollo would not be identical to the Hrolf of the saga, and the claim that he was the founder of Normandy must rest on some sort of mistaken identity or intentional forgery. [Ref: TAF 27 Feb 2002] Hrólfr (son of Rognvaldr) is, often (but dubiously) identified with Rollo of Normandy [Ref: Henry Project] Below is from the Henry Project, compiled by Stewart Baldwin at http://sbaldw.home.mindspring.com/hproject/prov/rollo000.htm Commentary Supposed father: Rognvaldr, jarl of Møre. Supposed mother: Ragnhildr or Hildr. The origin of Rollo is contraversial. There are several medieval sources which claim to give information about the origin of Rollo, the most widely repeated of which would make him a son of Rognvaldr, jarl of Møre by Ragnhildr or Hildr. As can be seen from the following brief notices, the various primary sources offer very contradictory information about Rollo's origin. The earliest author to attribute an explicit origin to Rollo was Richer of Rheims, writing between 996 and 998, who called Rollo the son of another Viking invader of France named Catillus (presumably representing the Norse name Ketil) [Richer i, 28 (see PL 138: 35)]. Since Catillus appears to be a legendary individual, this account has generally been discredited, probably correctly [see Douglas 420-1]. According to Dudo of St. Quentin (writing early 11th century), author of the earliest history of the Normans, Rollo had a younger brother named Gurim, presumed to be the familiar name Gorm. Dudo states that Rollo and Gurim were sons of a man who held many lands in "Dacia" (Dudo's word for Denmark, following other authors), and that after the death of the (unnamed) father of Rollo and Gurim, the king of Dacia fought against the sons, killing Gurim and driving Rollo out [Dudo ii, 2-4 (pp. 26-7)]. Dudo later refers to duke Richard I as being related to a "king of Dacia" named Haigrold [Dudo iv, 84-88 (pp. 114-20 passim)], who must have been the Viking raider of France of that name [Flodoard's Annals, s.a. 945, see PL 135: 463-4, van Houts 51], and not king Harald "Bluetooth" of Denmark. Note that Gurim cannot be the famous Gorm "the Old" of Denmark, who survived Rollo by many years. William of Malmesbury (early 12th century) appears to be the earliest author to attribute a Norwegian origin to Rollo [WM ii, 5 (p. 125)]. As is well known, the Orkneyinga Saga (late twelfth century) [OrkS 4 (pp. 29-30)], followed by other Icelandic sources (such as the well known Heimskringla and Landnámabók), gives Rollo the name Hrólfr, and make him a son of Rognvaldr, jarl of Møre, and brother of (among others) jarl Torf-Einarr of the Orkneys [OI 1: 187]. Earlier sources, such as Ari's Íslendingabók (early to middle 12th century), mention Rognvald of Møre and his son Hrollaugr who settled in Iceland, but not the supposed connection to the dukes of Normandy [Ari 49, 61]. A poem allegedly written by Einar mentions his brothers, including a Hrólfr, but does not connect Hrólfr to Normandy, and does not name a Gorm among the brothers. (See ...Rognvaldr for more on this poem.) Historia Gruffud vab Kenan (ca. 1250), apparently a Welsh translation and/or revision of an earlier Latin life of Gruffudd ap Cynan, gives Haraldr Hárfagri of Norway ("Harald Harfagyr") a brother named Rodulf (i.e., the Latin form of Hrólfr) who is called the founder of Normandy [HGK, 3-4]. However, this is evidently a corrupt version of the Scandinavian version, and the suggestion that Rollo was a brother of Haraldr Hárfagri need not be given any credence. The most prominent argument of the case for accepting the Scandinavian account that Rollo was the same person as Hrólfr, son of Rognvaldr of Møre, was given by D. C. Douglas [Douglas 419-23], and those who accept this identification have generally followed the same arguments. On the other side, arguments against the identification were given by Viggo Starcke in his book Denmark in World History [Starcke 222-7]. Most of the argument of Douglas consists of accepting the tale of the sagas and rejecting evidence from the Norman sources which contradict the saga version, while explaining away the problems (on which more below). The evidence which Douglas puts forward as "a powerful, if not a conclusive, argument in favor of the identity of Rollo with Ganger-Rolf" concerns a passage in Landnáamabók that refers to a daughter of Gongu-Hrólfr: "... Annarr son Óttars vas Helge; hann herjaðe á Skottland, ok feck þar at herfange Niðbiorgo, dóttor Beolans konungs ok Caðlínar, dóttor Gongo-Hrólfs" (Another son of Óttarr was Helge. He harried in Scotland, and won there as his booty Niðbjorg, daughter of king Beolan and Caðlín, daughter of Gongu-Hrólfr.) [OI 1: 66-7] This passage, which Douglas attributed to "Ari the Learned" (who may or may not have been the author), is then compared with a passage from the nearly contemporary Plaintsong of Rollo's son William "Longsword" which was written soon after William's death: "Hic in orbe transmarino natus patre in errore paganorum permanente matre quoque consignata alma fide sacra fuit lotus unda" (Born overseas from a father who stuck to the pagan error and from a mother who was devoted to the sweet religion, he was blessed with the holy chrism.) [Douglas 422 (Latin); van Houts 41 (English translation)] After explaining that the two stories are consistent with one another, Douglas then state that "[t]he suggestion of the Landnámabók is thus confirmed by an epic poem composed in Gaul in the tenth century." While it is true that the two accounts as they stand are consistent with each other and with the claim that Rollo and Gongu-Hrólfr were the same man (ignoring all other evidence), it is surely a gross overstatement to claim that the Plaintsong "confirms" the other account, for there is not a single statement in the passage from Landnámabók that is confirmed by the Plaintsong. This is a clear case of circular reasoning, for without first assuming that Rollo and Gongu-Hrólfr were the same man, there is no evidence that the two passages have any relation whatsoever. Douglas's case is further undermined by the fact that another source [Laxdla Saga chapter 32, see OI 1: 246] makes Niðbjorg's mother Caðlín a daughter of Gongu-Hrólfr, son of Oxna-Þórir, directly contradicting the thesis that Caðlín was supposedly a granddaughter of Rognvaldr of Møre. Yet, Douglas apparently regarded this as the strongest part of his argument. There are three main strands of evidence (somewhat related to each other) against the identification of Rollo with Hrólfr son of Rognvaldr: 1. The discrepancies between the Norman and Icelandic sources. Among other contradictions, the Norman sources give Rollo a brother named Gurim, while the Icelandic sources give Hrólfr several brothers, none of them named Gormr (the presumed Old-Norse form for Gurim). Although both of the sources have their problems, earlier native sources would seem to have a higher priority than later foreign sources. While
21104	yago	3	63	https://www.academia.edu/30495373/Silver_Pfennigs_and_Small_Silver_Coins_of_Austria	en	Silver Pfennigs and Small Silver Coins of Austria	http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif	http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif	[ "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe.icon.svg", "https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/50934510/mini_magick20180819-22786-i00cyy.png?1534733748", "https://0.academia-photos.com/345381/2790918/15919867/s65_david.ruckser.jpg", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "David Ruckser", "Lincon Rodrigues", "independent.academia.edu", "tupan.academia.edu" ]	2016-12-17T00:00:00	A beginner's guide to Medieval Austrian coins				https://www.academia.edu/30495373/Silver_Pfennigs_and_Small_Silver_Coins_of_Austria	Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser.
21104	yago	0	36	https://www.pinterest.com/pin/14003448829424905/	en		https://s.pinimg.com/web…x48-7470a30d.png	https://s.pinimg.com/web…x48-7470a30d.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2020-03-18T15:39:18+00:00	Tombstone of Judith of Habsburg (died 1297), Convent of St Agnes of Bohemia, Prague. Judith of Habsburg (1271-97) was the youngest daughter of Rudolph I of Germany and his wife Gertrude of Hohenburg and member of the Habsburg family. She was the first Queen consort of Wenceslaus II of Bohemia.	en	https://s.pinimg.com/web…144-3da7a67b.png	Pinterest	https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/tombstone-of-judith-of-habsburg-died-1297-convent-of-st-agnes-of-bohemia-prague-judith-of-habsburg-127197--14003448829424905/
21104	yago	3	0	https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/rudolf-i-marriages-and-offspring	en	Rudolf I: marriages and offspring	https://www.habsburger.n…pg?itok=4JOWBnNy	https://www.habsburger.n…pg?itok=4JOWBnNy	[ "https://www.habsburger.net/files/styles/large/public/originale/am_pa_239_1.jpg?itok=4JOWBnNy&timestamp=1383490529", "https://www.habsburger.net/files/styles/large/public/originale/am_pa_239_1.jpg?itok=4JOWBnNy&timestamp=1383490529", "https://www.habsburger.net/files/styles/large/public/originale/am_pa_239_1.jpg?itok=4JOWBnNy&timestamp=1383490529", "https://www.habsburger.net/files/styles/teaser_p_m/public/images/special/koenig_albrecht_i._oel_auf_leinwand_1._haelfte_19._jahrhundert_special.jpg?itok=HTpQ-TGz&timestamp=1332117596", "https://www.habsburger.net/files/styles/teaser_ls_s2x/public/images/teaser/leopold_iii._der_heilige_vor_klosterneuburg_babenberger_stammbaum_um_1490_teaser.jpg?itok=prLiiStt&timestamp=1332183344", "https://www.habsburger.net/theme/images/Schoenbrunn-Group_Logo_mit-Claim_EN_farbig_RGB.svg", "https://www.habsburger.net/files/styles/teaser_ls_s/public/interfaces/portraits_1.jpg?itok=QicTmzqP", "https://www.habsburger.net/files/styles/teaser_ls_s/public/interfaces/timeline_0.jpg?itok=4lXmRTm8", "https://www.habsburger.net/files/styles/teaser_ls_s/public/interfaces/map_1.jpg?itok=sfOve2jE", "https://www.habsburger.net/files/styles/teaser_ls_s/public/interfaces/stammbaum-v2_0.jpg?itok=GBrIk62W", "https://www.habsburger.net/theme/images/media.jpg", "https://www.habsburger.net/files/styles/teaser_ls_s2x/public/images/teaser/storybild_teaser_1.jpg?itok=0Q8LLHK2&timestamp=1350308645", "https://www.habsburger.net/files/styles/teaser_ls_s2x/public/images/teaser/schubertabend_in_einem_wiener_buergerhaus_heliogravure_nach_einem_gemaelde_von_julius_schmid_2._haelfte_19._jahrhundert_teaser.jpg?itok=1JqjcgF9&timestamp=1332421162", "https://www.habsburger.net/files/styles/teaser_ls_s2x/public/images/teaser/bernardo_bellotto_gen._canaletto_schoenbrunn_-_gartenseite_oelgemaelde_175960_teaser_0.jpg?itok=NBogwyw0&timestamp=1332421038", "https://www.habsburger.net/files/styles/teaser_ls_s2x/public/images/teaser/umkreis_von_martin_van_meytens_maria_theresia_als_koenigin_von_ungarn_oelgemaelde_um_1745_teaser.jpg?itok=21qDWT3I&timestamp=1332117555", "https://www.habsburger.net/files/styles/teaser_ls_s2x/public/images/teaser/albrecht_duerer_kaiser_maximilian_i._1519_teaser.jpg?itok=AVNJWt-m&timestamp=1332117639", "https://www.habsburger.net/files/styles/teaser_ls_s2x/public/images/teaser/kaiser_karl_i._teaser.jpg?itok=CnZvzsHS&timestamp=1332117573" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Rudolf’s marriage to Gertrude of Hohenberg resulted in three sons and six daughters who survived into adulthood. Their eldest son Albrecht (1255-1308) was married to Elizabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol, whose family was among the allies of the Habsburgs in the Alpine region. Albrecht further consolidated the position of the emerging dynasty. Hartmann (1263–1281), whom his father had	en		Die Welt der Habsburger	https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/rudolf-i-marriages-and-offspring	Rudolf’s marriage to Gertrude of Hohenberg resulted in three sons and six daughters who survived into adulthood. Their eldest son Albrecht (1255-1308) was married to Elizabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol, whose family was among the allies of the Habsburgs in the Alpine region. Albrecht further consolidated the position of the emerging dynasty. Hartmann (1263–1281), whom his father had also chosen for a dynastic alliance, died in a shipping accident on the Rhine before he could be married. The marriages of Rudolf II (1270–1290) and Guta (1271–1297), who were betrothed while still children to Agnes and Wenceslas II, the children of King Ottokar II Přemysl who had been killed in the Battle on the Marchfeld, served to reconcile the two ruling dynasties. Mathilda (c. 1251–1304) and Catherine (d. 1282) married into the Bavarian Wittelsbach dynasty. The elder of the two, Mathilda, was the mother of the later emperor Louis IV the Bavarian, the rival Rudolf’s grandson Frederick for the Roman-German crown. Hedwig (d. 1286) married Margrave Otto of Brandenburg, who was a nephew of Ottokar II Přemysl on his mother’s side. Agnes (c. 1257–1322) was married to another of her father’s supporters, Duke Albrecht II of Saxony. Clementia (d. 1293) was married to Charles Martell, who was from the Angevin dynasty ruling over the kingdom of Naples and descended on his mother’s side from the Hungarian royal dynasty. After the turmoil ensuing from the extinction of the Arpads he sought to claim succession to the Hungarian throne. However, it was to be his son Charles Robert who would finally win the Hungarian crown. After the death of Gertrude Rudolf remarried in 1284 at the age of sixty-six. His bride was the fourteen-year-old Agnes of Burgundy (1270–1323). The couple’s marriage remained childless.
21104	yago	3	75	https://historica.fandom.com/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany	en	Albert I of Germany	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/totalwar-ar/images/9/92/Albert_I_of_Germany.png/revision/latest?cb=20171127144844	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/totalwar-ar/images/9/92/Albert_I_of_Germany.png/revision/latest?cb=20171127144844	[ "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/totalwar-ar/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210601140724", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/totalwar-ar/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210601140724", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/totalwar-ar/images/9/92/Albert_I_of_Germany.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20171127144844", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/totalwar-ar/images/d/db/Duke_Albrecht_II_of_Austria.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20170615003947", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ff185fe4-8356-4b6b-ad48-621b95a82a1d", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f3fc9271-3d5e-4c73-9afc-e6a9f6154ff1", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Historica Wiki" ]	2024-07-12T14:06:28+00:00	Albert I of Germany (July 1255-1 May 1308) was Duke of Austria and Styria from 27 December 1282 to 1 May 1308, succeeding Rudolf I of Germany and preceding Frederick the Fair, and King of the Romans from 27 July 1298 to 1 May 1308, succeeding Adolf of Germany and preceding Henry VII of Germany...	en	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/totalwar-ar/images/4/4a/Site-favicon.ico/revision/latest?cb=20210601140725	Historica Wiki	https://historica.fandom.com/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany	Albert I of Germany (July 1255-1 May 1308) was Duke of Austria and Styria from 27 December 1282 to 1 May 1308, succeeding Rudolf I of Germany and preceding Frederick the Fair, and King of the Romans from 27 July 1298 to 1 May 1308, succeeding Adolf of Germany and preceding Henry VII of Germany. Biography[] Albert was born in July 1255 to the House of Habsburg, the son of Rudolph I of Germany and Gertrude of Hohenburg. His father gave him the Duchy of Austria and the Duchy of Styria as fiefs, but Wenceslaus II of Bohemia scotched his father's attempts at securing Albert's nomination as Holy Roman Emperor; he also failed to succeed Ladislaus IV of Hungary in 1290. Adolf of Nassau was elected Adolf of Germany in 1291 by prince-electors fearing a hereditary Habsburg monarchy, so in 1298 he was instead elected King of the Romans by nobles opposing King Adolf.
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Timelines	https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/german-history--10	Battle of the Teutoburg Forest VideoBattle was Fought around September, 9 CE Battle in the Teutoburg Forest (German Teutoburger Wald): the defeat of the Roman commander Publius Quintilius Varus against the Germanic tribesmen of the Cheruscian leader Arminius in 9 CE. Three legions were annihilated and Germania remained independent from Roman rule. Tacitus wrote Germania TacitusTacitus biblicism.wordpress.com Publius Cornelius Tacitus was a senator and a historian of the Roman Empire. The surviving portions of his two major works—the Annals and the Histories—examine the reigns of the Roman Emperors German Timespan Merovingian dynasty Merovingian dynastyThe Merovingian Dynasty was a Frankish dynasty considered the first French royal house. It was the first major political authority which rose out of the ashes of the dying Roman Empire in Europe. It was named for Merovech (fl. c. 450), whose son Childeric I (d. 482?) ruled a tribe of Salian Franks from his capital at Tournai. His son, Clovis I, united nearly all of Gaul in the late 5th century except Burgundy an Fall of Roman Empire Empire finally fell after first being overrun by various non-Roman peoples and then having its heart in Italy seized by Germanic troops in a revolt. The historicity and exact dates are uncertain, and some historians do not consider that the Empire fell at this point. Disagreement persists since the decline of the Empire had been a long and gradual process rather than a single event Battle of Vouillé The Battle of Vouillé or Vouglé was fought in the northern marches of Visigothic territory, at Vouillé, Vienne near Poitiers (Gaul), in the spring of 507 between the Franks commanded by Clovis and the Visigoths of Alaric II, the conqueror of Spain. Clovis I Clovis 466 – 511) was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the leadership from a group of royal chieftains, to rule by kings, ensuring that the kingship was held by his heirs. He is considered the founder of the Merovingian dynasty which ruled the Franks for the next two centuries. Sigebert Sigebert I (c. 535 – c. 575) was the king of Austrasia from the death of his father in 561 to his own death. He was the third surviving son out of four of Clotaire I and Ingund. His reign found him mostly occupied with a successful civil war against his half brother, Chilperic. Pepin of Landen Pepin 0f Landen (c. 580 – 27 February 640), also called the Elder or the Old, was the Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia under the Merovingian king Dagobert I from 623 to 629 The Battle of Tours The Battle of Tours (October 732)] also called the Battle of Poitiers and in Arabic:was fought in an area between the cities of Poitiers and Tours, in north-central France, near the village of Moussais-la-Bataille, Charles Marte Charles Martel (23 August 686 – 22 October 741 also known as Charles the Hammer, was a Frankish military and political leader, who served as Mayor of the Palace under the Merovingian kings and ruled de facto during an interregnum (737–43) at the end of his life, using the title Duke and Prince of the Franks. In 739 he was offered the title of Consul by the Pope, but he refused.[6] He is remembered for winning the Battle of Tours in 732, in which he def Carolingian Dynasty Carolingian DynastyThe Carolingian Dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians or Karlings) was a dynasty of rulers who began as mayors of the palaces and eventually became kings of the Franks (751 C.E.). It is perhaps most noteworthy as the dynasty which resurrected the idea of a Western Roman Empire. The Carolingians succeeded the Merovingian Dynasty and continued to rule in some kingdoms until 987 C.E. The name Carolingian itself comes from Charles Martel (from the Latin Carolus Martellus), who defeated the M Childeric III Childeric III (c. 717 – c. 754) was the last King of the Franks in the Merovingian dynasty from 743 to his deposition by Pope Zachary in March 752. Once Childeric was deposed, the Pope crowned Pepin the Short, father of Charlemagne, the King of the Franks in Soissons. The Salian Dynasty Salian Dynasty After the death of the last Saxon king in 1024, the crown passed to the Salians, a Frankish tribe. The four Salian kings--Conrad II, Henry III, Henry IV, and Henry V--who ruled Germany as kings from 1024 to 1125, established their monarchy as a major European power. Conrad II Conrad II (c. 990 – 4 June 1039) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1027 until his death.thirty-four years and crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire on 26 March 1027, becoming the first of four kings .The inherited the titles of count of Speyer and of Worms as an infant when Henry died at age twenty. As he matured he came to be well known beyond his power base in Worms and Speyer, so when the Saxon line died off and the elected monarchy for the German realm stood vacant, he was elected King in 1024. Henry IV Henry IV (11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106) was King of the Romans (also referred to as King of the Germans[1]) from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until his forced abdication in 1105. He was the third emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most powerful and important figures of the 11th century. Henry III Henry III (28 October 1017 – 5 October 1056), called the Black or the Pious, was a member of the Salian Dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors. He was the eldest son of Conrad II of Germany and Gisela of Swabia. The first Crusade CrusadesOn November 27, 1095, in Clermont, France, Pope Urban II called for a crusade to help the Byzantines and to free the city of Jerusalem. The official start date was set as August 15, 1096. Those armies that left before that time are considered part of the People's Crusade The Eighth Crusade The Eighth Crusade was a crusade launched by Louis IX, King of France, in 1270. Louis was disturbed by events in Syria, where the Mamluk sultan Baibars had been attacking the remnant of the Crusader states. Baibars had seized the opportunity after a war pitting the cities of Venice and Genoa against each other (1256–1260) had exhausted the Syrian ports that the two cities controlled Richard of Cornwall Richard of Cornwall (5 January 1209 – 2 April 1272) was Count of Poitou (from 1225 to 1243), 1st Earl of Cornwall (from 1225) and German King (formally "King of the Romans", from 1257). One of the wealthiest men in Europe, he also joined the Sixth Crusade, where he achieved success as a negotiator for the release of prisoners, and assisted with the building of the citadel in Ascalon. The Ninth Crusade The Ninth Crusade, which is sometimes grouped with the Eighth Crusade, is commonly considered to be the last major medieval Crusade to the Holy Land. The Ninth Crusade saw several impressive victories for Edward over Baibars. Ultimately the Crusade did not so much fail as withdraw, since Edward had pressing concerns at home and felt unable to resolve the internal conflicts within the remnant Outremer territories. It is arguable that the Crusading spirit was nearly "extinct," by this period. Rudolph I of Germany (1 May 1218 – 15 July 1291) was King of the Romans from 1273 until his death. He played a vital role in raising the Habsburg dynasty to a leading position among the Imperial feudal dynasties. Originally a Swabian count, he was the first Habsburg to acquire the duchies of Austria and Styria, territories that would remain under Habsburg rule for more than 600 years and would form the core of the Habsburg Monarchy and the present-day country of Austria. The House of Luxembourg The House of Luxembourg was a late medieval German dynasty, which between 1308 and 1437 ruled the Holy Roman Empire, twice interrupted by the rivaling House of Wittelsbach. Albert I Albert I of Habsburg (German: Albrecht I.) (July 1255 – 1 May 1308) was King of the Romans and Duke of Austria, the eldest son of German King Rudolph I of Habsburg and his first wife Gertrude of Hohenburg. Henry VII Henry VII ca. 1275 – 24 August 1313) was the King of Germany (or Rex Romanorum) from 1308 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1312. He was the first emperor of the House of Luxembourg. During his brief career he reinvigorated the imperial cause in Italy, wracked with the partisan struggles between the divided Guelf and Ghibelline factions, and inspired the praise of Dino Compagni and Dante Alighieri; however, his premature death undid his life's work. Frederick the Fair Frederick the Handsome or the Fair (c. 1289, Vienna – 13 January 1330), from the House of Habsburg, was Duke of Austria and Styria from 1308 as Frederick I as well as King of Germany (King of the Romans) from 1314 (antiking until 1325) as Frederick III until his death. Louis IV Louis IV (German: Ludwig) (1 April 1282, Munich – 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was the King of Germany (King of the Romans) from 1314, the King of Italy from 1327 and the Holy Roman Emperor from 1328. Günther von Schwarzburg (1304–1349), German king, was a descendant of the counts of Schwarzburg and the younger son of Henry VII, Count of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg.He distinguished himself as a soldier, and rendered good service to the Emperor Louis IV on whose death in 1347 he was offered the German throne, after it had been refused by Edward III of England. He was elected German king at Frankfurt on January 30, 1349 Charles IV Charles IV (14 May 1316, Prague – 29 November 1378]), born Wenceslaus (Václav), was the second king of Bohemia from the House of Luxembourg, and the first king of Bohemia also to become Holy Roman Emperor. Rupert Rupert (5 May 1352 – 18 May 1410) was Elector Palatine from 1398 and German King (rex Romanorum) from 1400 until his death. He was the son of Elector Palatine Rupert II and Beatrice, daughter of King Peter II of Sicily. Rupert's granduncle was Emperor Louis IV Wenceslaus Wenceslaus (26 February 1361 – 16 August 1419) was, by election, German King (formally King of the Romans) from 1376 and, by inheritance, King of Bohemia (as Wenceslaus IV) from 1378. He was the third Bohemian and second German monarch of the Luxembourg dynasty. Wenceslaus was deposed in 1400 as German King, but continued to rule as King of Bohemia. Sigismund of Luxemburg (14 February 1368 – 9 December 1437) was King of Hungary, of Croatia from 1387, of Bohemia from 1419, and Holy Roman Emperor for four years from 1433 until 1437, the last Emperor of the House of Luxemburg. He was also King of Italy from 1431, and of Germany from 1411.[1] Sigismund was one of the driving forces behind the Council of Constance that ended the Papal Schism, but which in the end also led to the Hussite Wars that dominated the later period of Sigismund's life. Maximilian II Maximilian II (31 July 1527 – 12 October 1576) was king of Bohemia and king of the Romans (king of Germany) from 1562, king of Hungary and Croatia from 1563, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation from 1564 until his death.[1] He was a member of the House of Habsburg. Rudolf II (July 18, 1552 – January 20, 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608). He was a member of the House of Habsburg. Rudolf's legacy has traditionally been viewed in three ways: an ineffectual ruler whose mistakes led directly to the Thirty Years' War; a great and influential patron of Northern Mannerist art; and a devotee of occult arts and learning which helped seed the scientific revolution The Thirty Years' War The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was a series of wars principally fought in Central Europe, involving most of the countries of Europe. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, and one of the longest continuous wars in modern history. Matthias of Austria (24 February 1557 – 20 March 1619) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1612, King of Hungary and Croatia from 1608 (as Matthias II) and King of Bohemia from 1611. He was a member of the House of Habsburg.Matthias's conciliatory policies were opposed by the more intransigent Catholic Habsburgs, particularly Matthias's brother Archduke Maximilian, who hoped to secure the succession for the inflexible Catholic Archduke Ferdinand , Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his eponymous laws of planetary motion, codified by later astronomers, based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy. These works also provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation. Ferdinand II Ferdinand II (9 July 1578 – 15 February 1637), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor (1619–1637), King of Bohemia (1617–1619, 1620–1637), and King of Hungary (1618–1625).[2][3] His rule coincided with the Thirty Years' War. The Peace of Westphalia The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic. Ferdinand IV (8 September 1633 – 9 July 1654) was King of the Romans, King of Hungary, and King of Bohemia[1]. He was born in Vienna, the eldest son of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, and his first wife, Maria Ana of Spain. He was made King of Bohemia in 1646, King of Hungary in 1647 (coronation took place on June 16 in Pressburg) and was elected King of the Romans (future ruler of the Holy Roman Empire) on 31 May 1653, and crowned at Ratisbon (Regensburg) on 18 June of the same year. He died of smallpox Ferdinand III Ferdinand III (13 July 1608 – 2 April 1657) was Holy Roman Emperor from 15 February 1637 until his death, as well as King of Hungary and Croatia, King of Bohemia and Archduke of Austria. The War of the Spanish Succession The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was fought among several European powers, including a divided Spain, over the feared possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under one Bourbon monarch. Francis I (8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions. With his wife, Maria Theresa, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. From 1728 until 1737 he was Duke of Lorraine, but lost this title when Lorraine was seized by France in the War of the Polish Succession; he was compensated with Tuscany in the peace treaty that ended that war. He was the father of Marie Antoinette. Frederick II Frederick II (German: Friedrich II.; 24 January 1712 – 17 August 1786) was a King in Prussia (1740–1772) and a King of Prussia (1772–1786) from the Hohenzollern dynasty.[1] He is best known as a brilliant military campaigner and organizer of Prussian armies. He became known as Frederick the Great Joseph II Joseph II (Joseph Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I, and was the brother of Marie Antoinette. He was thus the first ruler in the Austrian dominions of the House of Lorraine, styled Habsburg-Lorraine Leopold I Leopold II (5 May 1747 – 1 March 1792), born Peter Leopold Joseph Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard, was Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary and Bohemia from 1790 to 1792, Archduke of Austria and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790. He was a son of Emperor Francis I and his wife, Empress Maria Theresa. Leopold was a moderate proponent of enlightened absolutism Frederick William II Frederick William II (German: Friedrich Wilhelm II; 25 September 1744 – 16 November 1797) was the King of Prussia, reigning from 1786 until his death. He was in personal union the Prince-Elector of Brandenburg and the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel. The Battle of Austerlitz, The Battle of Austerlitz, also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of Napoleon's greatest victories, where the French Empire effectively crushed the Third Coalition. On 2 December 1805 (20 November Old Style, 11 Frimaire An XIV, in the French Republican Calendar), a French army, commanded by Emperor Napoleon I, decisively defeated a Russo-Austrian army, commanded by Tsar Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt (older name: Auerstädt) were fought on 14 October 1806 on the plateau west of the river Saale in today's Germany, between the forces of Napoleon I of France and Frederick William III of Prussia. The decisive defeat suffered by the Prussian Army subjugated the Kingdom of Prussia to the French Empire until the Sixth Coalition was formed in 1812. Francis II Francis II (German: Franz II, Erwählter Römischer Kaiser) (12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire after the disastrous defeat of the Third Coalition by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz. Frederick William III Frederick William III (German: Friedrich Wilhelm III.) (3 August 1770 – 7 June 1840) was king of Prussia from 1797 to 1840. He was in personal union the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel (1797–1806 and again 1813–1840). Frederick William IV Frederick William IV of Prussia (German: Friedrich Wilhelm IV. von Preußen) (15 October 1795 – 2 January 1861), the eldest son and successor of Frederick William III of Prussia, reigned as King of Prussia from 1840 to 1861. He was in personal union the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel (1840–1857). The Franco-Prussian War The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War[7] (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. Battle of Wissembourg The Battle of Wissembourg or Battle of Weissenburg,[1] the first of the Franco-Prussian War, was joined when three German army corps surprised the small French garrison at Wissembourg on August 4, 1870. The defenders, greatly outnumbered, fought stubbornly[2] before being overwhelmed; nevertheless, the fall of Wissembourg allowed the Prussian army to move into France and compelled Marshal Mac-Mahon to give battle, and suffer defeat, William I William I,[ 22 March 1797 – 9 March 1888), of the House of Hohenzollern was the King of Prussia (2 January 1861 – 9 March 1888) and the first German Emperor (18 January 1871 – 9 March 1888). Frederick III Frederick III (German: Friedrich III., Deutscher Kaiser und König von Preußen; 18 October 1831 – 15 June 1888) was German Emperor and King of Prussia for 99 days in 1888, the Year of the Three Emperors. Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl, known informally as Fritz Franz Ferdinand Franz Ferdinand (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.[1] His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia World War or the Great War World War I (WWI) was a global war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It was predominantly called the World War or the Great War The Battle of the Marn The Battle of the Marne (French: Première bataille de la Marne) (also known as the Miracle of the Marne) was a First World War battle fought between 5 and 12 September 1914. It resulted in an Allied victory against the German Army under Chief of Staff Helmuth von Moltke the Younger. The battle effectively ended the month long German offensive that opened the war and had reached the outskirts of Paris Battle of the Somm The Battle of the Somme (French: Bataille de la Somme, German: Schlacht an der Somme), also known as the Somme Offensive, took place during the First World War between 1 July and 18 November 1916 on either side of the river Somme in France The Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution is the collective term for a series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. The Tsar was deposed and replaced by a provisional government in the first revolution of February 1917 The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus) between Russia (the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic) and the Central Powers marking Russia's exit from World War I. Wilhelm II Wilhelm II or William II (German: Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; English: Frederick William Victor Albert) (27 January 1859 – 4 June 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918 The German Revolution The German Revolution (German: Novemberrevolution) was the politically driven civil conflict in Germany at the end of World War I, which resulted in the replacement of Germany's imperial government with a republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the formal establishment of the Weimar Republic in August 1919 The Beer Hall Putsch The Beer Hall Putsch (also known as the Munich Putsch [1] German: Hitlerputsch or German: Hitler-Ludendorff-Putsch) was a failed attempt at revolution that occurred between the evening of 8 November and the early afternoon of 9 November 1923, when Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler Friedrich Ebert Friedrich Ebert (February 4 1871 – February 28 1925) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Deutschland (S.P.D.).After he was announced as the new President, the government intervened together with the army and right wing Freikorps against the leftist uprisings, which resulted in the death of several left politicians and ended the partnership of the S.P.D. in government with the Independent Social Democratic Party of Deutschland (U.S.P.D.). German referendum, 1929 A referendum was held in Germany on 22 December 1929.[1] It was a failed attempt to introduce a 'Law against the Enslavement of the German People'. The law, proposed by German nationalists, would formally renounce the Treaty of Versailles and make it a criminal offence for German officials to co-operate in the collecting of reparations. Although it was approved by 94.5% of voters, turnout was just 14.9%, whilst a turnout of 50% was necessary for it to pass 1933 Elections Federal elections were held in Germany on 5 March 1933. The Nazis registered a large increase in votes, again emerging as the largest party by far. Nevertheless they failed to obtain an absolute majority in their own right, needing the votes of their coalition partner, the German National People's Party, for a working majority. Thanks to the success in the poll, party leader Adolf Hitler - Hindenburg Von Hindenburg ( October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a Prussian-German field marshal, statesman, and politician, and served as the second President of Germany from 1925 to 1934. 1936 Summer Olympic The 1936 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event that was held in 1936 in Berlin, Germany. Berlin won the bid to host the Games over Barcelona, Spain Austria was annexed into the German Austria was annexed into the German Third Reich on 12 March 1938. There had been several years of pressure by supporters from both Austria and Germany (by both Nazis and non-Nazis) for the "Heim ins Reich" movement. Earlier, Nazi Germany had provided support for the Austrian National Socialist Party (Austrian Nazi Party) in its bid to seize power from Austria's Austrofascist leadership. Munich Agreement On 21 September, Czechoslovakia capitulated to accept the demand that were agreed upon by Britain, France, and Germany. The next day, however, Hitler added new demands, insisting that the claims of ethnic Germans in Poland and Hungary also be satisfied. The Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict fought in Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939. The war began after a pronunciamiento (declaration of opposition) by a group of generals under the leadership of José Sanjurjo against the elected government of the Second Spanish Republic, at the time under the leadership of President Manuel Azaña. The rebel coup was supported by a number of conservative groups including the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union The aggreement gave Hitler the go ahead to invade Poland with impunity a week after the Soviets had gained the upper hand in the far east, and guaranteed Nazi Germany that they would not have to fight the USSR. In addition, the Pact assured a temporary non-involvement of the Soviet Union's participation in a European War World War II World War II, or the Second World War (often abbreviated as WWII or WW2), was a global war that was under way by 1939 and ended in 1945. It involved a vast majority of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million people serving in military units. The Phoney War The Phoney War was a phase early in World War II that was marked by a lack of major military operations by the Western Allies against the German Reich. The phase was in the months following Britain and France's declaration of war on Germany (shortly after the German invasion of Poland) in September 1939 and preceding the Battle of France in May 1940. Operation Barbarossa, Operation Barbarossa, or Case Barbarossa, was the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during the Second World War.[17][18] Beginning on 22 June 1941, over 3.9 million troops of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a 2,900 km (1,800 mi) front,[19] the largest invasion in the history of warfare The Normandy landing The Normandy landings, codenamed Operation Neptune, were the landing operations of the Allied invasion of Normandy, in Operation Overlord, during World War II. The landings commenced on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 (D-Day), beginning at 6:30 am The Battle of the Bulge The Battle of the Bulge (also known as the Ardennes Offensive and the Von Rundstedt Offensive to the Germans) (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945) was a major German offensive (die Ardennenoffensive), launched toward the end of World War II through the densely forested Ardennes mountain region of Wallonia in Belgium, and France and Luxembourg on the Western Front. The Wehrmacht's code name for the offensive was Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein ("Operation Watch on the Rhine"), Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (German: [ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ( listen); 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi German Cold War The Cold War (often dated 1947–1991) was a sustained state of political and military tension between the powers of the Western world, led by the United States and its NATO allies, and the communist world, led by the Soviet Union, its satellite states and allies The Berlin Blockade The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control. Their aim was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet zone to start supplying Berlin with food and fuel, thereby giving the Soviets practical control over the entire city. The Schuman Declaration 9 May 1950 was a governmental proposal by then-French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman to create a new form of organization of States in Europe called a supranational Community. Following the experiences of two world wars, France recognized that certain values such as justice could not be defined by the State apparatus alone. It involved far more than a technical Community to place the coal and steel industries of France, West Germany and other countries under a common High Authority. The Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer) was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls Konrad Adenauer Konrad Adenauer( 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967) was a German statesman. As Chancellor of Germany (West Germany) from 1949 to 1963, he led his country from the ruins of World War II to a powerful and prosperous nation that forged close relations with old enemies France and the United States. In his years in power Germany achieved prosperity, democracy, stability and respect He was the first chancellor (head of government) of the Federal Republic of Germany Ludwig Wilhelm Erhar Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard 4 February 1897 – 5 May 1977) was a German politician affiliated with the CDU and Chancellor of West Germany from 1963 until 1966. He is notable for his leading role in German postwar economic reform and economic recovery ("Wirtschaftswunder", German for "economic miracle"), particularly in his role as Minister of Economics under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer in 1949 to his own ascension to the Chancellorship in 1963. Kurt Georg Kiesinge Kurt Georg Kiesinger 6 April 1904–9 March 1988) was a German politician affiliated with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He was Chancellor of West Germany from 1 December 1966 until 21 October 1969. Willy Brandt Willy Brandt (born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German statesman and politician, leader of the German Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, or SPD) from 1964 to 1987, and chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1969 to 1974. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1971 for his efforts to achieve reconciliation between West Germany and the countries of the Soviet bloc. Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmid Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt born 23 December 1918) is a German Social Democratic politician who served as Chancellor of West Germany from 1974 to 1982. Prior to becoming chancellor, he had served as Minister of Defence and Minister of Finance The Peaceful Revolution The Peaceful Revolution (German: Friedliche Revolution) was a series of peaceful political protests against the regime of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) of East Germany. The protests, which included an emigration movement as well as street demonstrations, were a case of nonviolent resistance, also often called civil resistance.The events were part of the Revolutions of 1989. Berlin Wall Falls Wall fell is considered to have been 9 November 1989 but the Wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately. Starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed, people came to the wall with sledgehammers or otherwise hammers and chisels to chip off souvenirs, demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings. These people were nicknamed "Mauerspechte" (wall woodpeckers). East Germany a socialist state established by the USSR in 1949 out of the Soviet zone of occupied Germany, including East Berlin of the Allied-occupied capital city. The GDR had an area of 107,771 km2 (41,610 mi2), bordering Czechoslovakia to the south, West Germany to the south and west, Poland to the east, and the Baltic Sea to the north. East Germany ceased to exist when its federal states were re-established and acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany on on 3 October 1990 Helmut Josef Michael Kohl Helmut Josef Michael Kohl ( born 3 April 1930) is a German conservative politician and statesman. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 (of West Germany between 1982 and 1990 and of the reunited Germany between 1990 and 1998) Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schröder Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schröder (born 7 April 1944) is a German politician, and was Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005. A member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), he led a coalition government of the SPD and the Greens Angela Merkel Angela Dorothea Merkel (born 17 July 1954) is the Chancellor of Germany and Chairwoman of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).[2] Merkel is the first female Chancellor of Germany. Treaty of Verdun The mighty Carolingian empire, with its great history of skillful rulers, was divided by the Treaty of Verdun Its rise was begun by Pepin of Herstal and his son, Charles Martel. Their family gained power during the demise of the Merovingian Dynasty. During this time, Pepin of Herstal, Charles Martel, and his grandson, Pepin the Short, became the most powerful men in the Frankish state. In 751 AD, Pepin the Short disposed of the reigning Merovingian king and became the king of the Franks. He Charlemagne CharlemagnevideoCharlemagne (742 or 747 – January 28, 814) video (also Charles the Great [1]; from Latin, Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus), son of King Pippin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, was the king of the Franks from 768 C.E. to 814 C.E. . He was crowned Imperator Augustus in Rome on Christmas Day, 800 by Pope Leo III and is therefore regarded as the founder of the Holy Roman Empire (as Charles I). Formation of the duchies of Franconia, Saxony, Bavaria and Lorraine duchies, these entities were not defined by strict administrative boundaries but by the area of settlement of major Germanic tribes. Their dukes were neither royal administrators nor territorial lords. The Saxon, Bavarian, Thuringians, Frankish and Alamannian territories became Saxony, Bavaria, Thuringia, Franconia and Swabia respectively. Conrad I Though Conrad never used the title rex Teutonicorum ("king of the Germans") nor rex Romanorum ("King of the Romans"), he was the first king of East Francia who was elected by the rulers of the German stem duchies as successor of the last Carolingian ruler Louis the Child. His Kingdom of Germany evolved into the Holy Roman Empire upon the coronation of Emperor Otto I in 962. Otto the Great Otto the Great, was the founder of the Holy Roman Empire, reigning from 936 until his death in 973. The oldest son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, Otto was "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy Otto defeated the Magyars The Battle of Lechfeld (10 August 955), often seen as the defining event for holding off the incursions of the Hungarians into Western Europe, was a decisive victory by Otto I the Great, King of the Germans, over the Hungarian leaders Charles the Fat Charles the Fat[1] (13 June 839 – 13 January 888), also known as Charles III, was the Carolingian Emperor from 881 to 888. The youngest son of Louis the German and Hemma, Charles was a great-grandson of Charlemagne and was the last Emperor to rule over a united Empire. Over his lifetime, Charles became ruler of the various kingdoms of Charlemagne's former Empire. Arnulf of Carinthia Arnulf of Carinthia (850 – 8 December 899) was the Carolingian King of East Francia[1] from 887, the disputed King of Italy from 894 and the disputed Holy Roman Emperor from 22 February 896 until his death. Childebert II Childebert II (570–95) was the Merovingian king of Austrasia, which included Provence at the time, from 575 until his death in 595, the eldest and succeeding son of Sigebert I, and the king of Burgundy from 592 to his death, as the adopted and succeeding son of his uncle Guntram. Dagobert II Dagobert II (c. 650 – December 23, 679) was the king of Austrasia (676–79), the son of Sigebert III and Chimnechild of Burgundy. He is also accounted a saint by the Roman Catholic Church; his feast day is 23 December Pepin Pepin died 24 September 768), called the Younger, was the first King of the Franks (752–768) of the Carolingian dynasty. In 741 he and his brother Carloman succeeded their father, Charles Martel, as mayors of the palace and de facto rulers of the kingdom during an interregnum Charles the Bald Charles the Bald[ (13 June 823 – 6 October 877), Holy Roman Emperor (875–877, as Charles II) and King of West Francia (840–877, as Charles II, with the borders of his land defined by the Treaty of Verdun, 843), was the youngest son of the Emperor Louis the Pious by his second wife Judith. Louis the Pious Louis the Pious (778 – 20 June 840), also called the Fair, and the Debonaire,[1] was the King of Aquitaine from 781. He was also King of the Franks and co-Emperor (as Louis I) with his father, Charlemagne, from 813. As the only surviving adult son of Charlemagne and Hildegard, he became the sole ruler of the Franks after his father's death in 814, a position which he held until his death, save for the period 833–34, during which he was deposed. Henry I the Fowler Henry I the Fowler (876 – 2 July 936) was the Duke of Saxony from 912 and German king from 919 until his death. First of the Ottonian Dynasty of German kings and emperors, he is generally considered to be the founder and first king of the medieval German state, known until then as East Francia. An avid hunter, he obtained the epithet "the Fowler"because he was allegedly fixing his birding nets when messengers arri Louis the German Louis (also Ludwig or Lewis) the German (806 – 28 August 876), also known as Louis II or Louis the Bavarian, was a grandson of Charlemagne and the third son of the succeeding Frankish Emperor Louis the Pious and his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye. He received the appellation 'Germanicus' shortly after his death in recognition of the fact that the bulk of his territory had been in the former Germania. Louis the Younger Louis the Younger (835 – 20 January 882), sometimes Louis III, was the second eldest of the three sons of Louis the German and Emma. He succeeded his father as the King of Saxony on 28 August 876 and his elder brother Carloman as King of Bavaria from 880. He died in 882 and was succeeded in all his territories, which encompassed most of East Francia, by his younger brother, Charles the Fat, already King of Italy and Emperor. Louis the Child Louis the Child (893 – 20 or 24 September 911), sometimes called Louis IV or Louis III,[1] was the last Carolingian ruler of East Francia. Louis was the only legitimate son of the Emperor Arnulf and his wife, Ota, a member of the Conradine Dynasty. He was born in September or October 893, in Altötting, Bavaria. He succeeded his father as king upon the latter's death in 899, when he was only six. During his reign, the country was ravaged by Magyar raids.
21104	yago	0	20	https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Habsburg-18	en	Albrecht Habsburg (1255-1308)			[ "https://www.wikitree.com/images/wikitree-small.png.pagespeed.ce.5G9g5z_Ayb.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/thumb/7/74/Habsburg-18.jpg/75px-Habsburg-18.jpg", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/privacy60.png.pagespeed.ce.40ChhYgHYM.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qcAFb.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/pedigree.gif.pagespeed.ce.4kSwuvQoBH.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qcAFb.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/descendant-link.gif.pagespeed.ce.otv5KRfaLm.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qcAFb.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/mail.gif.pagespeed.ce.Q4d4kzofWu.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/mail.gif.pagespeed.ce.Q4d4kzofWu.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/mail.gif.pagespeed.ce.Q4d4kzofWu.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/7/70/Flags.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/star.gif.pagespeed.ce.PFsRnIv2dh.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/star.gif.pagespeed.ce.PFsRnIv2dh.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/mail.gif.pagespeed.ce.Q4d4kzofWu.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/mail.gif.pagespeed.ce.Q4d4kzofWu.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/mail.gif.pagespeed.ce.Q4d4kzofWu.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/star.gif.pagespeed.ce.PFsRnIv2dh.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/7/74/Habsburg-18.jpg", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/thumb/6/66/Thiessen-117.jpg/75px-Thiessen-117.jpg", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/thumb/8/80/Bergh-3-1.jpg/75px-Bergh-3-1.jpg", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/help.gif.pagespeed.ce.1TvA_97yy8.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "Albrecht I Habsburg genealogy" ]	null	[]	1308-05-01T00:00:00	Is this your ancestor? Explore genealogy for Albrecht I Habsburg born 1255 Rheinfelden, Aargau, Schweiz died 1308 Königsfelden bei Brugg, Aargau, Schweiz including ancestors + descendants + 1 photos + 3 genealogist comments + more in the free family tree community.	en	/favicon.ico		https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Habsburg-18	Ancestors Descendants This page has been accessed 4,451 times. Biography From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Albrecht I of Habsburg sometimes named as Albert I, was King of the Romans, Duke of Austria, and eldest son of German King Rudolph I of Habsburg and Gertrude of Hohenburg. The founder of the great house of Habsburg was invested with the duchies of Austria and Styria, together with his brother Rudolph II, in 1282. In 1283 his father entrusted him with their sole government, and he appears to have ruled them with conspicuous success. Rudolph I was unable to secure the succession to the German throne for his son, and on his death in 1291, the princes, fearing Albert's power, chose Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg as king. A rising among his Swabian dependents compelled Albert to recognize the sovereignty of his rival, and to confine himself for a time to the government of the Habsburg territories. He did not abandon his hopes of the throne, however, which were eventually realised. In 1298, he was chosen German king by some of the princes, who were dissatisfied with Adolf. The armies of the rival kings met at the Battle of Göllheim near Worms, where Adolf was defeated and slain. Submitting to a new election but securing the support of several influential princes by making extensive promises, he was chosen at Frankfurt on the July 27, 1298, and crowned at Aachen on August 24. Albert married Elizabeth, daughter of Meinhard II, count of Gorizia and Tyrol, who was a descendant of the Babenberg margraves of Austria who predated the Habsburgs' rule. The baptismal name Leopold, patron saint margrave of Austria, was given to one of their sons. Elisabeth was in fact better connected to mighty German rulers than her husband: a descendant of earlier kings, for example Emperor Henry IV, she was also a niece of dukes of Bavaria, Austria's important neighbors. Family and children He was married Vienna 20 December 1274 Elisabeth of Tirol, daughter of Count Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol. Their children were: Rudolph III (ca. 1282?4 July 1307, Horazdiowitz), Married but line extinct and predeceased his father. Frederick I (King Frederick III of Germany and Duke Frederick III of Austria) (1289?13 January 1330, Gutenstein). Married but line extinct. Leopold I (4 August 1290?28 February 1326, Strassburg). Married but line extinct. Albrecht II (12 December 1298, Vienna?20 July 1358, Vienna). Heinrich (1299?3 February 1327, Bruck an der Mur). Married but line extinct. Meinhard, 1300 died young. Otto (23 July 1301, Vienna?26 February 1339, Vienna). Married but line extinct. Anna (1275/1280, Vienna?19 March 1327, Breslau), married: in Graz ca. 1295 to Margrave Hermann of Brandenburg; in Breslau 1310 to Duke Heinrich VI of Breslau. Agnes (18 May 1281?10 June 1364, Königsfelden), married in Vienna 13 February 1296 King Andrew III of Hungary. Elisabeth (d. 19 May 1353), married 1304 Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine. Katharina (1295?18 January 1323, Naples), married 1316 Charles, Duke of Calabria. Jutta (d. 1329), married in Baden 26 March 1319 Count Ludwig VI of Öttingen. Sources Albert I of Hapsburg b. 1248: page 17 Brewer's Historic Notebook. Franz Xaver von Wegele: Albrecht I., deutscher König. In: Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Hrsg.): Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Band 1 (1875), S. 224–227. McCrackan, William Denison. The Rise of the Swiss Republic. A History. 8th ed., Boston, Mass: Arena Pub. Co, 1892.googlebooks.com Accessed November 17, 2007 Chisholm, Hugh. The Encyclopædia Britannica; A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. 11th ed., Cambridge, Eng: At the University Press, 1910. googlebooks.com Accessed November 17, 2007, This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Engel, Evamaria: Albrecht I., In Deutsche Könige und Kaiser des Mittelalters, Urania-Verlag 1988, Seite 258-266 - Franzl, Johann: Rudolf I. Der erste Habsburger auf dem deutschen Thron, Verlag Styria 1986, Seite 108-286 - Höfer, Manfred: Die Kaiser und Könige der Deutschen, Bechtle Verlag Esslingen 1994, Seite 128-131 - Jaeckel, Gerhard: Die deutschen Kaiser. Die Lebensgeschichten sämtlicher Monarchen von Karl dem Großen bis Wilhelm II., Weltbild Verlag Augsburg, Seite 104-121 - Krieger, Karl-Friedrich: Die Habsburger im Mittelalter. Von Rudolf I. Bis Friedrich III. Verlag W. Kohlhammer Stuttgart Berlin Köln 1994, Seite 42,54,67,75-99 - Reifenscheid, Richard: Die Habsburger. Von Rudolf I. Bis Karl I. Verlag Styria Graz Wien Köln, 1982, Seite 10,19,21,24-33,37 -
21104	yago	3	22	https://clif-davis.livejournal.com/50158.html	en	It's good to be Emperor	https://l-stat.livejourn…net/img/sign.png	https://l-stat.livejourn…net/img/sign.png	[ "https://top-fwz1.mail.ru/counter?id=3402139;js=na", "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=10463284&cv=2.0&cj=1", "https://l-stat.livejournal.net/img/userinfo_v8.svg?v=17080&v=777", "https://l-stat.livejournal.net/img/userinfo_v8.svg?v=17080&v=777", "https://l-stat.livejournal.net/img/schemius/print-logo.png?v=49361", "https://l-userpic.livejournal.com/52962276/10159699", "https://l-stat.livejournal.net/img/btn_prev.gif?v=17312", "https://l-stat.livejournal.net/img/btn_sharethis.gif?v=18499", "https://l-stat.livejournal.net/img/button-flag.gif?v=17312", "https://l-stat.livejournal.net/img/btn_next.gif?v=17312", "https://l-stat.livejournal.net/img/userinfo_v8.svg?v=17080&v=777", "https://l-userpic.livejournal.com/52962276/10159699", "https://l-stat.livejournal.net/img/userinfo_v8.svg?v=17080&v=777", "https://www.tns-counter.ru/V13a**sup_ru/ru/UTF-8/tmsec=lj_noncyr/", "https://www.tns-counter.ru/V13arambler_ad/ru/UTF-8/tmsec=rambler_cid1100104-posid2155079/", "https://www.tns-counter.ru/V13a**rambler_ad/ru/UTF-8/tmsec=rambler_cid1100108-posid2155106/", "https://xc3.services.livejournal.com/ljcounter/?d=srv:kr-ws04,r:0,j:10159699,p:10159699,uri:%22%2F50158.html%22,vig:0,m:0,v:1,extra:AJsGUwCbBlMAAMPu", "https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/27737346" ]	[]	[]	[ "ЖЖ", "LiveJournal", "живой журнал", "clif_davis", "Clif's Notes" ]	null	[]	null	The blood of emperors runs in my veins, genetically speaking. No, really. Albert IV, Count of Hapsburg and Landgrave of Alsace had a son in 1218, (though technically his wife, Hedwig, daughter of Ulrich, Count of Kyburg, had the son he just helped). This was his eldest son, Rudolph I of…		https://l-stat.livejourn…nfo_v8.png?v=777		https://clif-davis.livejournal.com/50158.html	The blood of emperors runs in my veins, genetically speaking. No, really. Albert IV, Count of Hapsburg and Landgrave of Alsace had a son in 1218, (though technically his wife, Hedwig, daughter of Ulrich, Count of Kyburg, had the son – he just helped). This was his eldest son, Rudolph I of Hapsburg (1218-1291) Emperor of Germany, founder of the Imperial House of Austria, who was elected Emperor in 1273. This was not exactly your familiar democratic election, it was an election of the new emperor by the princes after the death of Emperor Richard of Cornwall. Rudolph came into the election at 55 as something of a front-runner. He was related to every king Germany ever had. He had spent a good deal of time at the court of his godfather, Emperor Frederick II and had been richly rewarded by grants of land for his time there. This played out when Emperor Frederick was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV as a supporter of King Conrad. Then Rudolph inherited large estates from his father, Albert. But probably the best thing he did for his career was to marry Gertrude, daughter of Burkhard III, Count of Hohenberg, back in 1245. Not only was she a heiress, the marriage made him an important vassal in Swabia. It also gave him a valuable ally in the form of her brother, Frederick III of Hohenzollern, Burgrave of Nuremberg. Not least, she gave him two sons, Albert and Rudolph II, and seven beautiful daughters that were as good as money in the bank. His money may not have been in the bank but there was a lot of it and Rudolph invested it by buying more land mostly from various abbots. His mother's brother, Hartmann IV, Count of Kyburg, died childless in 1264, and Rudolph seized Hartmann's valuable estate, the County of Kyburg. Then he got into a feud with the bishops of Strassburg and Basel which he won, which further augmented his wealth and reputation. It's likely that his wealth and power wouldn't have been enough to secure the title of Emperor for himself, but his success largely came through the efforts of his brother-in-law, Fredeick. But then he bought off Albert II, Duke of Saxony (Wittenberg) and Louis II, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Duke of Upper Bavaria by betrothing them two of his beautiful daughters. This left his main competitor, Ottokar II, King of Bohemia, and grandson of Philip of Swabia, King of Germany, twisting in the wind. Immediately after his election, Emperor Rudolph bought off the Pope by renouncing all imperial rights in Rome, the papal territory, and Sicily, and promised to lead a new crusade. Pope Gregory X, in spite of Otakar's protests, not only recognized Rudolph himself, but persuaded Alfonso X, King of Castile, who had been chosen German king in 1257, to do the same. Then things got even better, or worse depending on your point of view. In November 1274 it was decided by the Imperial Diet in Nuremberg that all crown estates seized since the death of the Emperor Frederick II must be restored, and that Otakar must answer to the Diet for not recognizing the new king. Otakar refused to appear or to restore the provinces of Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, which he had claimed through his first wife, a Babenberg heiress, and which he had seized while disputing them with another Babenberg heir, Hermann VI, Margrave of Baden. Rudolf refuted Otakar's succession to the Babenberg patrimony, declaring that the provinces reverted to the crown due to the lack of male-line heirs (This actually wasn't legal since that was a position that conflicted with the provisions of Privilegium Minus, but who's going to argue with the Emperor?). King Otakar was placed under the state ban; and in June 1276 war was declared against him. Having persuaded Otakar's ally Henry I, Duke of Lower Bavaria, to switch sides (using money instead of one of his daughters for a change), Rudolph compelled the Bohemian king to cede the four provinces to the control of the royal administration in November 1276. Rudolf then attempted to buy off Otakar by investing Otakar with Bohemia, betrothed another one of his daughters to Otakar's son Wenceslaus, and made a triumphal entry into Vienna. Otakar, however, raised questions about the execution of the treaty, made an alliance with some Polish chiefs, and procured the support of several German princes, including his former ally, Henry of Lower Bavaria who didn't stay bought. To meet this coalition, Rudolph formed an alliance with Ladislaus IV, King of Hungary, and bought off Vienna by giving additional privileges to its citizens. On 26 August 1278, the rival armies met on the banks of the River March in the Battle of Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen where Otakar was defeated and killed. Moravia was subdued and its government entrusted to Rudolph's representatives. Young Wenceslaus was again bought off using one of Rudolph's daughters. To the victor go the spoils and Otakar's defeat left Emperor Rudolph with a lot of spoils to distribute. Some went to his allies, but in December 1282 Rudolph invested his sons, Albert and Rudolph, with the duchies of Austria and Styria and so laid the foundation of the House of Habsburg. Additionally, he made the twelve-year-old Rudolph Duke of Swabia. In 1291, he attempted to secure the election of his son Albert as German king. However, the princes refused claiming inability to support two kings, but in reality were probably leery of the increasing power of the Habsburgs. There was good reason for worry. Emperor Rudolph had lots of tricks up his sleeve besides using his daughters for increasing his wealth and power. For example, he declared the Jews to be serfs of the treasury, essentially stripping them of any rights. The Habsburgs, following his example, ruled Germany for centuries, had lots of daughters, and married themselves into every royal line around, providing the Queen consort for 6 successive rulers of France. Rudolph II's line didn't do so well. He lost his share of Austria and Styria in Treaty of Rheinfelden where he had to relinquish his share as part of his father's attempt to clear the path for making Albert King. In 1289 he married Agnes of Bohemia, daughter of Otakar II of Bohemia and Kunigunda of Slavonia. They had one son John. He died in the same year his son was born, at the age of 20. His brother's eventual success at becoming the German King and failure to ensure that Rudolf II would be adequately compensated for relinquishing his claim on the throne caused strife in the Habsburg family, leading to the assassination of Albert by Rudolph's son, John the Parricide in 1308. By the time of his death Albert had six children and the House of Habsburg was off and running. You can trace the House of Habsburg family tree (at least on the male side) in any good encyclopedia. Emperor Rudolph's male descendants through the male side included Dukes, Archdukes, Kings of Germany, Spain, and a full dozen Emperors. The last was Emperor Charles VI who died in 1740, but the Rudolph family continued to rule Germany until 1830 thanks to Emperess Maria Theresa. She was was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma, Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, German Queen and Holy Roman Empress. She continued Rudolph's policy of marrying off her daughters as political capital and named every one of them Marie after herself. In her time she was known as the great-grandmother of Europe. You probably recognize her better as the mother of Marie Antoinette. Our interest is not really with Empress Maria, it's with Sarah Rudolph who was born into the ruling family in Hamburg Germany in 1705 (the year Emperor Leopold I (something like a 5th cousin once removed) died). She was a direct descendant of Emperor Rudolph but far enough out of the line of succession she was able to marry beneath her family for love instead of politics. And in 1729 she did, to Michael Böhm, also of Hamburg, Germany. He was four years older than she was. The name Böhm in German meant, "bauman," a man who cut beams from timber in the Black Forest. Michael Böhm, was however, no woodcutter, logger or carpenter. He was a farmer, tanner and merchandiser with a large farm or plantation on the river Elbe. This was a good place for merchandising and for his tanning and farming business. The North Sea seldom freezes in winter, consequently, ships can sail in and out of Hamburg all winter long. They had two sons, the older being Johann Dietrich Böhm, born in 1732 on the Elbe river near Hamburg, Germany. At that time and place, it was the tradition that every male child would learn a trade, and not being overly enamored of farming, Johann elected to become a weaver which he learned as a child and then as a young adult left for Geneva, Switzerland to pursue his career. In some ways he did well in Geneva, meeting and marrying Rebecca Reynolds, niece of an eminent writer who died in 1778 and may or may not have been Jean Jacques Rousseau, the Geneva-born political philosopher whose writings were an inspiration to the French revolutionaries of the late 18th century. (Later generations (Johann's grandson) recorded the name as John James Rassaw.) The weaving career didn't work out as well and 1767 Johann, Rebecca and their two children returned home to Hamburg. It wasn't a good time to return. The Elbe River had a great flood, overflowing its banks, and it took Michael Böhm's home and business with it. Totally wiped out, Michael and Sarah started over with almost nothing and Johann and Rebecca joined the immigration to America, land of opportunity. Michael died followed by Sarah in 1792; both are buried near the Elbe River in Hamburg. Johann and Rebecca with their two small children landed at Charleston, South Carolina sometimes in November, 1767. Not being able to pay his passage, Johann went looking for someone to advance the money and let him pay it out. Finally he sold himself and his family into servitude, contracting with Mr. Christopher Eaker of Lincoln County to serve him seven years for paying his passage to the immigration commission. In the paperwork, Johann Dietrich Böhm became John Teter Beam, a name he used ever after. Christopher Eaker was happy with his service and declared the debt settled after six years, giving him his freedom and providing a horse and other necessities for housekeeping. By this time John and Rebecca had three boys and three girls, and shortly after, in 1779, Rebecca died. This left John alone and with 6 kids in the wilds of America. The next wave of immigrants included a family of Germans headed by Aaron Rudolph, a distant relative of his mother, and two years after his first wife's death, John married Aaron's daughter, Elizabeth. The Rudolph family moved on west and soon lost touch. John and Elizabeth had nine more children. Legal records show that he he soon became a considerable land owner on Beaver Dam creek, in Lincoln county; Land Grant No. 72 for 200 acres in Lincoln County on October 9, 1783, and Land Grant No. 79 for an additional 250 acres. There he ran a farm in connection with his trade until about the year 1794, when he purchased the lands of William Killian on Buffalo creek. He built a corn and saw mill at this place where he was successful and continued to add to his means. The first slave he ever bought was in Charleston in the year 1800 when an African trading vessel landed there, and he bought Bristow, then a boy of about twelve years of age. The boy knew nothing of the English language and when one of Johns daughter's commanded him to do something, not understanding her, he made an attempt to kill her with an ax. One of her brothers knocked him down. After that things worked much better, at least from the Beam perspective and Bristow became an obedient servant and lived to be a ripe old age, still owned by the Beam family. In the year 1801 John Beam built a small house of worship on the hill erected for his own denomination-- Lutheran-- but as he was not religiously prejudiced he always opened it to other denominations. He became an elder of the Lutheran church. In time the church he help start evolved from Lutheran to Baptist and he is buried in what is now New Prospect Baptist Church in Cleveland County. John lived through the American Revolutionary War, certainly on the American side, but did not fight; his trade being worth more at home to the soldiers than his service in the army. This may sound like a cop out, but his contributions to the war are well documented by the Daughter's of the Revolutionary War (DAR) and if you are a descendant of John Teeter Beam, to qualify for the DAR, all you have to do is prove the line of descent, not that he was a patriot. Peter Beam was the second child of John and Elizabeth. Peter was born on January 15, 1787 in Lincoln County, North Carolina. Peter manufactured cotton seed and flax seed oil in connection with the cotton gin and mill, which was a very profitable business during the 1840's and 50's. Peter Beam and Annie Long were married in 1809 in Lincoln County, North Carolina. Annie (daughter of Captain John Long and Ann Graham) was born in 1788. Capt. John Long was one of the heroes of the McEntire's Branch in Mecklenburg, distinguishing themselves in suppressing Cornwallis's foraging party of 450 men. Annie was the a niece of Col. William Graham. Peter and Annie named their first child John Teeter Beam after his grandfather. Their 12th and youngest child was Letitia Ann Beam, universally known as "Letty." Annie died on March 20, 1850 in Cleveland County, North Carolina. She was buried in New Prospect Baptist Church Cemetery. Peter Beam and his second wife Elizabeth Houser were married on May 10, 1851 in Cleveland County, North Carolina. Elizabeth Houser was born in 1818 in Lincoln County, North Carolina. She gave birth to Isaac Alexander Beam on May 28, 1852. She died on June 9, 1853 in Cleveland County, North Carolina. She was buried in New Prospect Baptist Church Cemetery. Peter Beam and his third wife, Susan Lattimore were married on February 11, 1854 in Cleveland County, North Carolina. Peter Beam died on July 29, 1879 in Cleveland County, North Carolina and was buried in New Prospect Baptist Church Cemetery. Letty married George V. Cabaniss IV on November 5, 1850 in Shelby, Cleveland County, North Carolina. Letty and George had nine children, seven of whom were girls (keeping with the Habsburg tradition, you notice). Letty died April 9, 1885 and was buried in Hagwood Cemetery, Jackson County Alabama, survived by children in North Carolina, Alabama, Arkansas and Texas. Her middle child (and middle daughter) was Martha Virginia Cabaniss, born on June 21, 1860 in Langston, Jackson Cty, Alabama. Martha married David Elias Welborn in September of 1861 in Langston Alabama where he was born. By the time their first child, Dovie was born in 1843 they had moved to Cookeville, Texas. September 19, 1891 they had their sixth and seventh children, Ella and Della, twin girls. Della, the second of the twins married Jim Grayson and moved to New Mexico, but Ella stayed in Cookeville and married Robert Ashberry Davies, a cotton farmer, on December 2, 1911. Robert dropped the e from his last name somewhere along the way and his nine children were brought into the world with the last name of Davis. The Davis family was doing pretty well, though the lands they farmed were heavily mortgaged, up until the great depression at which time the banks came in and took everything. This was a traumatic enough event that my father, then a child, was to find as an adult the process of going into debt to the bank to build a house deeply disturbing. Robert and Ella started over with next to nothing and Robert was soon farming other crops. Disaster struck again when a tree being felled hit Robert in the head and the resulting injury robbed him of the power of speech. He was never quite right again, but his bachelor brother, Colonel Davies moved in and kept the farm a going concern. World War II took Robert and Ella's sons away to various parts of the world and her daughters worked as welder's or otherwise supported the war effort and scattered also. They had nine children in all, Lorena, Robert, Jesse, George, Clifton, Vernon, Margie, Jack, and Virgie Marie. My father, Clifton Berry Davis, the middle child, served in the Army Air Corp, what later became the Air Force. Stationed in New Jersey, he and a buddy dated twins Caroline and Elizabeth Layton, however he found himself more interested in their older sister, Mae Clifton Layton, a school teacher. They were married and moved back to Texas once Clifton was out of the service. I was born in Hughes Springs, Texas, Clifton Boyd Davis, in June 17, 1949. So there you have it, from Emperor of everything in sight to Povert in about 20 generations. Only in America. :-) Now mind you, that's technology enhanced Povert who probably lives better than any of those emperors ever did.
21104	yago	0	77	https://pantheon.world/profile/occupation/nobleman/country/switzerland	en	Greatest Swiss Noblemen	http://localhost:3000/api/screenshot/occupation-country?occupation=nobleman&country=che	http://localhost:3000/api/screenshot/occupation-country?occupation=nobleman&country=che	[ "https://pantheon.world/images/icons/icon-nav.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/logos/logo_pantheon.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/icons/icon-search.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/38446.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/24530406.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/1390769.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/2069692.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/3326709.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/profile-w.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/38446.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/24530406.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/1390769.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/2069692.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/12839772.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/3326709.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-left-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/2069692.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/3326709.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-right-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-left-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/38446.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/24530406.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/1390769.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/12839772.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-right-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-left-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/1390769.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/12839772.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/3326709.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-right-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Flogos%2Flogo_datawheel.png&w=256&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Flogos%2Flogo_datawheel.png&w=640&q=75 2x", "https://pantheon.world/images/logos/logo_CL.svg", "https://pantheon.world/_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Flogos%2Flogo_creative_commons.png&w=96&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Flogos%2Flogo_creative_commons.png&w=256&q=75 2x", "https://pantheon.world/images/logos/logo_facebook.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/logos/logo_twitter.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/images/favicon.ico		null	1. Albert I of Germany ( 1255 - 1308 ) With an HPI of 66.21 , Albert I of Germany is the most famous Swiss Nobleman . His biography has been translated into 48 different languages on wikipedia. Albert I of Habsburg (German: Albrecht I.) (July 1255 – 1 May 1308) was a Duke of Austria and Styria from 1282 and King of Germany from 1298 until his assassination. He was the eldest son of King Rudolf I of Germany and his first wife Gertrude of Hohenberg. Sometimes referred to as 'Albert the One-eyed' because of a battle injury that left him with a hollow eye socket and a permanent snarl. 2 . Rudolf II, Count of Habsburg ( 1168 - 1232 ) With an HPI of 55.82 , Rudolf II, Count of Habsburg is the 2nd most famous Swiss Nobleman . His biography has been translated into 16 different languages. Rudolph II (or Rudolph the Kind) (died 10 April 1232) was Count of Habsburg in the Aargau and a progenitor of the royal House of Habsburg. He was the only son of Count Albert III of Habsburg and Ita of Pfullendorf. He married Agnes of Staufen. Rudolph was the father of Count Albert IV of Habsburg and Count Rudolph III of Habsburg and the grandfather of King Rudolph I of Germany. 3 . Françoise-Louise de Warens ( 1699 - 1762 ) With an HPI of 55.80 , Françoise-Louise de Warens is the 3rd most famous Swiss Nobleman . Her biography has been translated into 15 different languages. Françoise-Louise de Warens, born Louise Éléonore de la Tour du Pil, also called Madame de Warens (31 March 1699 – 29 July 1762), was the benefactress and mistress of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Warens was born in Vevey, into a Swiss Protestant family who had immigrated to Annecy, but became a Roman Catholic in 1726 in order to receive a church pension which had been instated to increase the spread of Roman Catholicism near Geneva, then a bastion of Protestantism. She was known to have led a liberal life for a woman of her time. She annulled her marriage to M. de Warens in 1726 after failing in a clothing business. Rousseau met her for the first time on Palm Sunday 1728. It was said that she was a spy and a converter for Savoy, then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Though Warens was originally a teacher to Rousseau, they became sexually engaged after she openly initiated him in the matters of love and "intimacy". Françoise-Louise de Warens died in poverty in 1762 in Chambéry, of which Rousseau did not learn until six years afterwards. Rousseau describes his relationship with her in his Confessions.
21104	yago	3	59	https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/rudolf-iv.html	en	res stock photography and images	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png	[ "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy-black.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy-black.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/mastercard.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/visa.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/amex.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/paypal.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/apple-pay.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/google-pay.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Alamy Limited" ]	null	Find the perfect rudolf iv stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.	en	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png	Alamy	https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/rudolf-iv.html	Alamy and its logo are trademarks of Alamy Ltd. and are registered in certain countries. Copyright © 23/08/2024 Alamy Ltd. All rights reserved.
21104	yago	1	40	https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/17306/lot/7/	en	1281), he wearing flowered green doublet with gold buttons and embroidery and a white lace ruff, she wearing black dress with white lace ruff, pearl necklace and earrings, her brown hair upswept benea	https://images1.bonhams.com/image?src=Images/live/2009-04/16/7812265-5-3.jpg&bottom=0.86333333&width=960		[ "https://www.bonhams.com/media/assets/svg/logo.svg", "https://images1.bonhams.com/image?src=Images/live/2009-04/16/7812265-5-1.jpg&bottom=0.86333333&width=640&height=480&autosizefit=1", "https://images1.bonhams.com/image?src=Images/live/2009-04/16/7812265-5-3.jpg&bottom=0.86333333&width=960", "https://images1.bonhams.com/image?src=Images/live/2009-04/16/7812265-5-2.jpg&bottom=0.85666666&width=960", "https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/17306/lot/7/[[ image_url(head_image.url) ]]", "https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/17306/lot/7/[[ image_url(head_image.url) ]]", "https://www.bonhams.com/media/assets/img/qrcode.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "art auction", "antiquarian", "antique", "antiques", "antiquities", "valuation", "arms", "armour", "armour", "art", "Art Deco", "asian art", "auction", "auction house", "auctions", "auctioneers", "autographics", "automobilia", "Bonhams", "Bonhams & Butterfields", "Bonhams & Goodmans", "books", "Brooks", "buying art", "Cartier", "ceramics", "classic", "coins", "collectable", "collectibles", "contemporary", "crystal", "cubism", "drawing", "drawings", "engraving", "etching", "fine art", "first editions", "entertainment", "fishing", "frames", "furniture", "Galle", "glass", "Glenginings", "Goodmans", "Impressionist", "Islamic art", "jewellery", "jewellery", "maps", "manuscripts", "medal", "memorabilia", "models", "motorbike", "motorcar", "motorcycle", "musical instruments", "online auction", "online auctions", "Oriental carpets", "Oriental rugs", "painting", "paintings", "Persian carpets", "Persian rugs", "piano", "photographs", "pop", "porcelain", "portrait miniatures", "prints", "probate", "rare", "rare books", "Rococco", "scientific instrument", "sculpture", "silver", "stamps", "textiles", "tribal art", "topographic", "toys", "valuation", "vase", "Warhol", "watch", "watches", "watercolours", "works of art", "London auction house", "fine art", "art and antique", "art & antiques", "fine", "arts", "America", "USA", "UK", "Circle of Frans Pourbus (Flemish", "1569-1622) A pair of portraits of Rudolph I of Germany (1218-1291) and Gertrude of Hohenberg (c.1225-1281)", "he wearing flowered green doublet with gold buttons and embroidery and a white lace ruff", "she wearing black dress with white lace ruff", "pearl necklace and earrings", "her brown hair upswept beneath a black hat with plaited band" ]	null	[]	null	Bonhams Fine Art Auctioneers & Valuers: auctioneers of art, pictures, collectables and motor cars	en			https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/17306/lot/7/	ALL BIDDERS MUST AGREE THAT THEY HAVE READ AND UNDERSTOOD BONHAMS' CONDITIONS OF SALE AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THEM, AND AGREE TO PAY THE BUYER'S PREMIUM AND ANY OTHER CHARGES MENTIONED IN THE NOTICE TO BIDDERS. THIS AFFECTS THE BIDDERS LEGAL RIGHTS. If you have any complaints or questions about the Conditions of Sale, please contact your nearest client services team. For all Sales categories, buyer's premium excluding Cars, Motorbikes, Wine, Whisky and Coin & Medal sales, will be as follows: Buyer's Premium Rates 28% on the first £40,000 of the hammer price; 27% of the hammer price of amounts in excess of £40,000 up to and including £800,000; 21% of the hammer price of amounts in excess of £800,000 up to and including £4,500,000; and 14.5% of the hammer price of any amounts in excess of £4,500,000. A 3rd party bidding platform fee of 4% of the Hammer Price for Buyers using the following bidding platforms will be added to the invoices of successful Buyers for auctions starting on or after 6th July 2024 – Invaluable; Live Auctioneers; The Saleroom; Lot-tissimo. VAT at the current rate of 20% will be added to the Buyer's Premium and charges excluding Artists Resale Right.
21104	yago	2	15	https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/from-habsburg.html	en	res stock photography and images	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png	[ "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy-black.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy-black.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/mastercard.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/visa.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/amex.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/paypal.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/apple-pay.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/google-pay.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Alamy Limited" ]	null	Find the perfect from habsburg stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.	en	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png	Alamy	https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/from-habsburg.html	Alamy and its logo are trademarks of Alamy Ltd. and are registered in certain countries. Copyright © 23/08/2024 Alamy Ltd. All rights reserved.
21104	yago	1	17	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Gertrude_of_Hohenburg	en	Gertrude of Hohenberg	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	[ "https://wikiwandv2-19431.kxcdn.com/_next/image?url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gertrud_Anna_Habsburg_Basel_Muenster_2008_018.jpg/640px-Gertrud_Anna_Habsburg_Basel_Muenster_2008_018.jpg&w=640&q=50", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gertrud_Anna_Habsburg_Basel_Muenster_2008_018.jpg/220px-Gertrud_Anna_Habsburg_Basel_Muenster_2008_018.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Gertrude Anne of Hohenberg was German queen from 1273 until her death, by her marriage with King Rudolf I of Germany. As queen consort, she became progenitor of the Austrian House of Habsburg.	en	https://wikiwandv2-19431…icon-180x180.png	Wikiwand	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Gertrude_of_Hohenberg	Queen consort of Germany / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Dear Wikiwand AI, let's keep it short by simply answering these key questions: Can you list the top facts and stats about Gertrude of Hohenburg? Summarize this article for a 10 year old SHOW ALL QUESTIONS
21104	yago	1	2	https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~dearbornboutwell/school-alumni/fam6143.html	en	Family of Rudolph I of GERMANY and Gertude of HOHENBERG			[ "https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~dearbornboutwell/school-alumni/rose%20for%20genealogy%20site.jpg", "https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~dearbornboutwell/school-alumni/img409-a1-144x192-220x293.jpg", "https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~dearbornboutwell/school-alumni/img290-a1-144x104-300x217.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Husband: Rudolph I of GERMANY (1218-1291) Wife: Gertude of HOHENBERG (1225-1281) Children: Matilda of HABSBURG (1253-1304) Albert I of GERMANY (1255- ) Katharina (1256- ) Agnes (1257- ) Klementia (1262- ) Hartmann (1263- ) Rudolph II (1270- ) Hedwig ( -1285) Guta (1271- ) Husband: Rudolph I of GERMANY Wife: Gertude of HOHENBERG Child 1: Matilda of HABSBURG Name: Matilda of HABSBURG Sex: Female Spouse: Louis II (1229-1294) Birth 1253 Rheinfelden Occupation Duchess Consort of Bavaria Death 23 Dec 1304 (age 50-51) Munich, Bavaria Child 2: Albert I of GERMANY Name: Albert I of GERMANY Sex: Male Birth 1255 Child 3: Katharina Name: Katharina Sex: Female Birth 1256 Child 4: Agnes Name: Agnes Sex: Female Birth 1257 Child 5: Klementia Name: Klementia Sex: Female Birth 1262 Child 6: Hartmann Name: Hartmann Sex: Male Birth 1263 Child 7: Rudolph II Name: Rudolph II Sex: Male Birth 1270 Child 8: Hedwig Name: Hedwig Sex: Female Death 1285 Child 9: Guta Name: Guta Sex: Female Birth 1271 Note on Husband: Rudolph I of GERMANY Rudolph I (also known as Rudolph of Habsburg) (German: Rudolf von Habsburg, Latin: Rudolphus) (1 May 1218(1218-05-01) â 15 July 1291(1291-07-15)) was King of the Romans from 1273 until his death. He played a vital role in raising the Habsburg dynasty to a leading position among the Imperial feudal dynasties. Originally a Swabian count, he was the first Habsburg to acquire the duchies of Austria and Styria, territories that would remain under Habsburg rule for more than 600 years and would form the core of the Habsburg Monarchy and the present-day country of Austria. Rudolph was the son of Count Albert IV of Habsburg and Hedwig, daughter of Count Ulrich of Kyburg, and was born at Limburg Castle near Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl in the Breisgau region. At his father's death in 1239, he inherited large estates from his father around the ancestral seat of Habsburg Castle in the Aargau region of present-day Switzerland as well as in Alsace. In 1245 Rudolph married Gertrude, daughter of Count Burkhard III of Hohenberg. As a result, he became an important vassal in Swabia, the former Alemannic German stem duchy. Rudolph paid frequent visits to the court of his godfather, the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II, and his loyalty to Frederick and his son, King Conrad IV of Germany, was richly rewarded by grants of land. In 1254, he was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV as a supporter of King Conrad, due to ongoing political conflicts between the Emperor, who held the Kingdom of Sicily and wanted to reestablish his power in the Imperial Kingdom of Italy, especially in the Lombardy region, and the Papacy, whose States lay in between and feared being overpowered by the Emperor. [edit] Rise to powerThe disorder in Germany during the interregnum after the fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty afforded an opportunity for Count Rudolph to increase his possessions. His wife was a Hohenberg heiress; and on the death of his childless maternal uncle, Count Hartmann IV of Kyburg in 1264, he also seized his valuable estates. Successful feuds with the Bishops of Strasbourg and Basel further augmented his wealth and reputation, including rights over various tracts of land that he purchased from abbots and others. These various sources of wealth and influence rendered Rudolph the most powerful prince and noble in southwestern Germany (where the tribal Duchy of Swabia had disintegrated, leaving room for its vassals to become quite independent) when, in the autumn of 1273, the prince-electors met to choose a king after Richard of Cornwall had died in England the year before. Rudolph's election in Frankfurt on 29 September, when he was 55 years old, was largely due to the efforts of his brother-in-law, the Hohenzollern burgrave Frederick III of Nuremberg. The support of Duke Albert II of Saxony and Elector Palatine Louis II had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolph's daughters. As a result, within the electoral college, King Ottokar II of Bohemia (1230â1278), himself a candidate for the throne and related to the late Hohenstaufen king Philip of Swabia (being the son of the eldest surviving daughter), was almost alone in opposing Rudolph. Other candidates were Prince Siegfried I of Anhalt and Margrave Frederick I of Meissen (1257â1323), a young grandson of the excommunicated Emperor Frederick II, who however did not yet even have a principality of his own as his father still lived. With the consent of the other electors, Ottokar's dissent was neglected, and by the admission of Duke Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria, Rudolph gained all seven votes. [edit] King of GermanyRudolph was crowned in Aachen Cathedral on 24 October 1273. To win the approbation of the Pope, Rudolph renounced all imperial rights in Rome, the papal territory, and Sicily, and promised to lead a new crusade. Pope Gregory X, in spite of Otakar's protests, not only recognized Rudolph himself, but persuaded King Alfonso X of Castile (another grandson of Philip of Swabia), who had been chosen German (anti-)king in 1257 as the successor to Count William II of Holland, to do the same. Thus, Rudolph surpassed the two heirs of the Hohenstaufen dynasty that he had earlier served so loyally. In November 1274 it was decided by the Imperial Diet at Nuremberg that all crown estates seized since the death of the Emperor Frederick II must be restored, and that King Ottokar II must answer to the Diet for not recognizing the new king. Ottokar refused to appear or to restore the duchies of Austria, Styria and Carinthia with the March of Carniola, which he had claimed through his first wife, a Babenberg heiress, and which he had seized while disputing them with another Babenberg heir, Margrave Hermann VI of Baden. Rudolph refuted Ottokar's succession to the Babenberg patrimony, declaring that the provinces reverted to the Imperial crown due to the lack of male-line heirs (a position that however conflicted with the provisions of the Austrian Privilegium Minus). King Ottokar was placed under the imperial ban; and in June 1276 war was declared against him. Having persuaded Ottokar's former ally Duke Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria to switch sides, Rudolph compelled the Bohemian king to cede the four provinces to the control of the royal administration in November 1276. Rudolf then re-invested Ottokar with the Kingdom of Bohemia, betrothed one of his daughters to Ottokar's son Wenceslaus II, and made a triumphal entry into Vienna. Ottokar, however, raised questions about the execution of the treaty, made an alliance with some Piast chiefs of Poland, and procured the support of several German princes, again including Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria. To meet this coalition, Rudolph formed an alliance with King Ladislaus IV of Hungary and gave additional privileges to the Vienna citizens. On 26 August 1278, the rival armies met at the Battle on the Marchfeld, where Ottokar was defeated and killed. The March of Moravia was subdued and its government entrusted to Rudolph's representatives, leaving Ottokar's widow Kunigunda of Slavonia, in control of only the province surrounding Prague, while the young Wenceslaus II was again betrothed to Rudolph's youngest daughter Judith. Rudolph's attention next turned to the possessions in Austria and the adjacent provinces, which were taken into the royal domain. He spent several years establishing his authority there but found some difficulty in establishing his family as successors to the rule of those provinces. At length the hostility of the princes was overcome. In December 1282, in Augsburg, Rudolph invested his sons, Albert and Rudolph II, with the duchies of Austria and Styria and so laid the foundation of the House of Habsburg. Additionally, he made the twelve-year-old Rudolph Duke of Swabia, a merely titular dignity, as the duchy had been without an actual ruler since Conradin's execution. The 27-year-old Duke Albert (married since 1274 to a daughter of Count Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol (1238â95)) was capable enough to hold some sway in the new patrimony. In 1286 King Rudolf fully invested the Duchy of Carinthia, one of the provinces conquered from Ottokar, to Albert's father-in-law Count Meinhard. The Princes of the Empire did not allow Rudolf to give everything that was recovered to the royal domain to his own sons, and his allies needed their rewards too. Turning to the west, in 1281 he compelled Count Philip I of Savoy to cede some territory to him, then forced the citizens of Bern to pay the tribute that they had been refusing, and in 1289 marched against Count Philip's successor, Otto IV, compelling him to do homage. In 1281 his first wife died. On 5 February 1284, he married Isabella, daughter of Duke Hugh IV of Burgundy, the Empire's western neighbor in the Kingdom of France. Rudolph was not very successful in restoring internal peace. Orders were indeed issued for the establishment of landpeaces in Bavaria, Franconia and Swabia, and afterwards for the whole Empire. But the king lacked the power, resources, or determination, to enforce them, although in December 1289 he led an expedition into Thuringia where he destroyed a number of robber-castles. In 1291, he attempted to secure the election of his son Albert as German king. However, the electors refused claiming inability to support two kings, but in reality, perhaps, leery of the increasing power of the House of Habsburg. Upon Rudolph's death they elected Count Adolf of Nassau. [edit] DeathRudolph died in Speyer on 15 July 1291, and was buried in the Speyer Cathedral. Although he had a large family, he was survived by only one son, Albert, afterwards the German king Albert I. Most of his daughters outlived him, apart from Katharina who had died in 1282 during childbirth and Hedwig who had died in 1285/6. Rudolph's reign is most memorable for his establishment of the House of Habsburg as a powerful dynasty in the southeastern parts of the realm. In the other territories, the centuries-long decline of the Imperial authority since the days of the Investiture Controversy continued, and the princes were largely left to their own devices. In the Divine Comedy, Dante finds Rudolph sitting outside the gates of Purgatory with his contemporaries, and berates him as "he who neglected that which he ought to have done". [edit] Family and childrenHe was married twice. First, in 1245, to Gertrude of Hohenberg and second, in 1284, to Isabelle of Burgundy, daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy and Beatrice of Champagne. All children were from the first marriage. 1.Albert I of Germany (July 1255 â 1 May 1308), Duke of Austria and also of Styria. 2.Matilda (ca. 1251/53, Rheinfeldenâ23 December 1304, Munich), married 1273 in Aachen to Louis II, Duke of Bavaria and became mother of Rudolf I, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor. 3.Katharina (1256â4 April 1282, Landshut), married 1279 in Vienna to Otto III, Duke of Bavaria who later (after her death) became the disputed King Bela V of Hungary and left no surviving issue. 4.Agnes (ca. 1257â11 October 1322, Wittenberg), married 1273 to Albert II, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg and became the mother of Rudolf I, Elector of Saxony. 5.Hedwig (d. 1285/86), married 1270 in Vienna to Otto VI, Margrave of Brandenburg and left no issue. 6.Clementia (ca. 1262âafter 7 February 1293), married 1281 in Vienna to Charles Martel of Anjou, the Papal claimant to the throne of Hungary and mother of king Charles I of Hungary, as well as of queen Clementia of France, herself the mother of the baby king John I of France. 7.Hartmann (1263, Rheinfeldenâ21 December 1281), drowned in Rheinau. 8.Rudolph II, Duke of Austria and Styria (1270â10 May 1290, Prague), titular Duke of Swabia, father of John the Patricide of Austria. 9.Guta (Jutte/Bona) (13 March 1271â18 June 1297, Prague), married 24 January 1285 to King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and became the mother of king Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, of queen Anne of Bohemia (1290â1313), duchess of Carinthia, and of queen Elisabeth of Bohemia (1292â1330), countess of Luxembourg. Rudolph I's last agnatic descendant was Empress Maria Theresa (d. 1780). Note on Wife: Gertude of HOHENBERG Gertrude of Hohenburg (c. 1225 â 16 February 1281, Vienna) was the first Queen consort of Rudolph I of Germany. She was born to Burchard III, Count of Hohenberg (d. 1253) and his wife Mechtild of TÃ¼bingen. Her paternal grandparents were Burchard IV, Count of Hohenberg and his unnamed wife. Her maternal grandparents were Rudolph II, Count palatine and his wife, a daughter of Henry, Margrave of Ronsberg and Udilhild of Gammertingen. Burchard IV was a son of Burchard III, Count of Hohenberg. Burchard III was one of two sons of Burchard II, Count of Hohenberg. He was co-ruler with his brother Frederick, Count of Hohenberg. His brother had no known descendants and the two brothers consequently had a single successor. Burchard II was one of five known sons of Frederick I, Count of Zollern and his wife Udachild of Urach. Frederich I was the son of Burchard I, Count of Zollern. He was the founder of the so-called Burchardinger family line, male-line ancestors of the House of Hohenzollern. Grave in Basel[edit] Marriage and childrenIn 1245, Gertrude married Rudolph IV, Count of Habsburg. They had nine children: 1.Albert I of Germany (July 1255 â 1 May 1308), Duke of Austria and also of Styria. 2.Hartmann (1263, Rheinfeldenâ21 December 1281), drowned in Rheinau. 3.Rudolph II, Duke of Austria and Styria (1270â10 May 1290, Prague), titular Duke of Swabia, father of John the Patricide of Austria. 4.Matilda (ca. 1251/53, Rheinfeldenâ23 December 1304, Munich), married 1273 in Aachen to Louis II, Duke of Bavaria and became mother of Rudolf I, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor. 5.Katharina (1256â4 April 1282, Landshut), married 1279 in Vienna to Otto III, Duke of Bavaria who later (after her death) became the disputed King BÃ©la V of Hungary and left no surviving issue. 6.Agnes (ca. 1257â11 October 1322, Wittenberg), married 1273 to Albert II, Duke of Saxony and became the mother of Rudolf I, Elector of Saxony. 7.Hedwig (d. 1285/86), married 1270 in Vienna to Otto VI, Margrave of Brandenburg and left no issue. 8.Klementia (ca. 1262âafter 7 February 1293), married 1281 in Vienna to Charles Martel of Anjou, the Papal claimant to the throne of Hungary and mother of king Charles I of Hungary, as well as of queen Clementia of France, herself the mother of the baby king John I of France. 9.Guta (13 March 1271â18 June 1297, Prague), married 24 January 1285 to King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and became the mother of king Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, of queen Anne of Bohemia (1290â1313), duchess of Carinthia, and of queen Elisabeth of Bohemia (1292â1330), countess of Luxembourg. Her husband was elected King of Germany in Frankfurt on 29 September 1273, largely due to the efforts of her cousin Frederick III, Burgrave of Nuremberg. Rudolph was crowned in Aachen on 24 October 1273. She served as his Queen consort for the following eight years. She died early in 1281. Rudolph remained a widower for three years and proceeded to marry Isabelle of Burgundy.
21104	yago	2	54	https://dokumen.pub/germans-to-america-series-ii-april-1848-october-1848-lists-of-passengers-arriving-at-us-ports-6-0842050868-9780842050869.html	en	October 1848: Lists of Passengers Arriving at U.S. Ports [6] 0842050868, 9780842050869	https://dokumen.pub/img/…780842050869.jpg	https://dokumen.pub/img/…780842050869.jpg	[ "https://dokumen.pub/dokumenpub/assets/img/dokumenpub_logo.png", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/germans-to-america-series-ii-july-1847-march-1848-lists-of-passengers-arriving-at-us-ports-5-084205085x-9780842050852.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/germans-to-america-series-ii-november-1846-july-1847-lists-of-passengers-arriving-at-us-ports-4-0842050841-9780842050845.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/germans-to-america-series-ii-january-1846-october-1846-lists-of-passengers-arriving-at-us-ports-3-0842050833-9780842050838.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/germans-to-america-series-ii-january-1840-june-1843-lists-of-passengers-arriving-at-us-ports-1-0842050817-9780842050814.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/1848-ii-dio.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/hbr-women-at-work-boxed-set-6-books-hbr-women-at-work-series-9781647825300-164782530x.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/march-31-april-6-2018-new-scientist.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/statistical-series-illinois-election-returns-1818-1848-i.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/the-eastern-front-the-germans-and-soviets-at-war-in-world-war-ii-volume-2-battle-briefings-2-9780811719940-0811719944.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/measuring-the-effectiveness-of-border-security-between-ports-of-entry-security-between-ports-of-entry-1nbsped-9780833050779-9780833049773.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/germans-to-america-series-ii-april-1848-october-1848-lists-of-passengers-arriving-at-us-ports-6-0842050868-9780842050869.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/dokumenpub/assets/img/dokumenpub_logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Germans to America provides both genealogists and researchers of family history with the first extensive, indexed source...	en	https://dokumen.pub/doku…e-icon-57x57.png	dokumen.pub	https://dokumen.pub/germans-to-america-series-ii-april-1848-october-1848-lists-of-passengers-arriving-at-us-ports-6-0842050868-9780842050869.html	Table of contents : Contents Foreword Introduction Lists of Codes Occupations Provinces or Countries Villages Destinations Key Passenger Lists Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z Citation preview
21104	yago	2	9	https://www.theroyalforums.com/threads/on-this-day-in-german-royal-imperial-history.46767/page-7	en	On this Day in German Royal/Imperial History	https://www.theroyalforu…_royalforums.png	https://www.theroyalforu…_royalforums.png	[ "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/assets/logo/Logo_royalforums.png", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/assets/logo/Logo_royalforums.png", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/styles/default/xenforo/add_to_home.gif", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/79/79094.jpg?1708414986", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/forums/images/smilies/holly.gif", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/forums/images/smilies/holly.gif", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/forums/images/smilies/holly.gif", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/forums/images/smilies/holly.gif", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/forums/images/smilies/holly.gif", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/forums/images/smilies/holly.gif", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/forums/images/smilies/holly.gif", 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Birth of Luise of Prussia, Grand Duchess of Baden, wife of Grand Duke Frederick I of Baden, in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia On this day, December 5, 1916 - Demise of Augusta of Cambridge, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, spouse of Friedrich Wilhelm, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz On this day, December 8, 1708 - Birth of Francis Stephen, Holy Roman Emperor at the Ducal Palace of Nancy, Duchy of Lorraine On this day, December 10, 1756 - Birth of Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin in Schwerin, Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin On this day, December 12, 1801 - Birth of King Johann of Saxony in Dresden, Electorate of Saxony On this day, December 14, 1787 - Birth of Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este, Empress of Austria, spouse of Emperor Francis I of Austria, at the Royal Villa of Monza in Lombardy On this day, December 15, 1907 - Demise of Carola of Vasa, Queen of Saxony, wife of King Albert of Saxony, at her villa in Strehlen, Kingdom of Saxony On this day, December 17, 1802 - Birth of Archduke Francis Charles of Austria in Vienna, Austria. He is the father of Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria. Last edited by a moderator: Jul 11, 2022 Stefan Super Moderator Joined Dec 30, 2003 Messages 7,651 City Esslingen Country Germany On this day, December 17, 1802 - Birth of Archduke Francis Charles of Austria in Vienna, Austria. He is the father of Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria. His name was Franz Karl. And his son Franz Joseph. No need to translate all the names in english. OP OP CyrilVladisla Imperial Majesty Joined Dec 2, 2013 Messages 12,420 City Conneaut Country United States On this day, December 18, 1863 - Birth of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Graz, Austria On this day, December 21, 1800 - Birth of Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, spouse of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in Gotha, Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg On this day, December 24, 1837 - Birth of Elisabeth of Bavaria, Empress of Austria, at the Herzog-Max-Palais in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria On this day, December 25, 1046 - Pope Clement VI crowned Henry III as Holy Roman Emperor On this day, December 26, 1777 - Birth of Ludwig II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, in Darmstadt, Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt On this day, December 31, 1885 - Birth of Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha at the Gut Grunholz in Thumby, Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein Last edited by a moderator: Jan 25, 2022 OP OP CyrilVladisla Imperial Majesty Joined Dec 2, 2013 Messages 12,420 City Conneaut Country United States On this day, January 2, 1784 - Birth of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in Coburg, Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld On this day, January 3, 1754 - Birth of Wilhelm, Grand Duke of Oldenburg at Eutin Castle in the Principality of Holstein-Gottorp On this day, January 7, 1114 - The Wedding of Matilda of England and Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor at Mainz Cathedral in Mainz, Archbishopric of Mainz, Holy Roman Empire On this day, January 9, 1907 - Demise of Marie of Saxe-Altenburg, Queen Consort of King George V of Hanover, in Gmunden, Austria On this day, January 13, 1797 - Demise of Elizabeth Christine of Brunswick-Beverin, Queen of Prussia, wife of King Friedrich II of Prussia, at the Stadtschloss in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia On this day, January 17, 1755 - Birth of Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg in Riesenberg, Kingdom of Prussia On this day, January 21, 1705 -Demise of Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, Queen in Prussia, spouse of King Friedrich I of Prussia, in the Electorate of Hanover On this day, January 24, 1712 - Birth of Friedrich II, King of Prussia in the Berlin City Palace in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia On this day, January 25, 1858 - The Wedding of Prince Friedrich of Prussia ( German Emperor Friedrich III) and Victoria, Princess Royal of England Last edited by a moderator: Jan 25, 2022 OP OP CyrilVladisla Imperial Majesty Joined Dec 2, 2013 Messages 12,420 City Conneaut Country United States On this day, January 26, 1997 - Demise of Margaret, Princess of Hesse and by Rhine, wife of Prince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine An Ard Ri Super Moderator Joined Jun 30, 2009 Messages 43,279 City An Iarmhí Country Ireland On this day, January 26, 1997 - Demise of Margaret, Princess of Hesse and by Rhine, wife of Prince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine Margaret was born in Dublin in 1913 and was the daughter of Baron Geddes, The marriage of Margaret and Louis was marred with tragedy following the Sabena Junkers Ju 52 crash at Ostend in Belgium which killed Prince Louis' mother Grand Duchess Eleonore, brother Hereditary Grand Duke Georg Donatus, sister-in-law Princess Cecilie of Greece , nephews Prince Louis and Prince Alexander and Cecilie's newborn child. OP OP CyrilVladisla Imperial Majesty Joined Dec 2, 2013 Messages 12,420 City Conneaut Country United States On this day, January 27, 1859 - Birth of Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany at the Crown Prince's Palace in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia On this day, January 30, 1953 - Demise of Ernst August III of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick at Marienburg Castle in Hanover, Germany Last edited by a moderator: Apr 6, 2023 OP OP CyrilVladisla Imperial Majesty Joined Dec 2, 2013 Messages 12,420 City Conneaut Country United States On this day, February 1, 1168 - The Wedding of Matilda of England, daughter of King Henry II of England, and Heinrich the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, at Minden Cathedral in the Duchy of Saxony An Ard Ri Super Moderator Joined Jun 30, 2009 Messages 43,279 City An Iarmhí Country Ireland On this day, February 1, 1168 - The Wedding of Matilda of England, daughter of King Henry II of England, and Heinrich the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, at Minden Cathedral in the Duchy of Saxony The Wedding of Henry the Lion and Matilda of England at the Mindener Dom OP OP CyrilVladisla Imperial Majesty Joined Dec 2, 2013 Messages 12,420 City Conneaut Country United States On this day, February 3, 1919 - Demise of Maria Theresia of Austria-Este, Queen Consort of King Ludwig III of Bavaria, at Schloss Wildenwart in Wildenwart, Germany On this day, February 6, 1899 - Demise of Prince Alfred of Edinburgh, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha On this day, February 8, 1792 - Birth of Caroline Augusta of Bavaria, Empress of Austria, spouse of Emperor Franz I of Austria, at Mannheim, Electorate of the Palatinate On this day, February 9, 1763 - Birth of Ludwig I, Grand Duke of Baden, in Karlsruhe, Grand Duchy of Baden On this day, February 12, 1768 - Birth of Franz I, the last Holy Roman Emperor and the first Emperor of Austria in Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany On this day, February 13, 1457 - Birth of Mary, Duchess of Burgundy in her own right, wife of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, at the Castle of Coudenberg in Brussels, Duchy of Burgundy On this day, February 15, 1761 - Birth of Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine, spouse of Grand Duke Ludwig I of Hesse and by Rhine, in Darmstadt, Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt On this day, February 16, 1679 - Birth of Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen in Ichtershausen, Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen Last edited by a moderator: Apr 6, 2023 An Ard Ri Super Moderator Joined Jun 30, 2009 Messages 43,279 City An Iarmhí Country Ireland February 16th ,1281 : Death of Gertrude of Hohenberg ,German Queen. Gertrude of Hohenberg was the wife of Rudolph I of Germany and died in Vienna. Her remains were however buried at Basel Minster in Switzerland beside her sons Hartmann and Charles. In 1529 Basel Minister was sacked by Calvinists but the tomb was preserved and the cathedral became Protestant. In 1770 her tomb was opened and her coffin and those of her 2 sons were moved to Saint Blaise Abbey in the Black Forest. Her tomb is still at Basel in Switzerland. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_of_Hohenberg Tomb at Basel. OP OP CyrilVladisla Imperial Majesty Joined Dec 2, 2013 Messages 12,420 City Conneaut Country United States On this day, February 18, 1840 - Demise of Elisabeth Christine Ulrike of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, Crown Princess of Prussia, first spouse of the future King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia An Ard Ri Super Moderator Joined Jun 30, 2009 Messages 43,279 City An Iarmhí Country Ireland February 18th,1379 : Death of Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg Albert II was Duke from 1348 and following his death he was buried at Doberan Minster in Germany.The Minster was the Mecklenburg ducal family burial site. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_II,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg OP OP CyrilVladisla Imperial Majesty Joined Dec 2, 2013 Messages 12,420 City Conneaut Country United States On this day, February 22, 1921 - Demise of Ernst Gunther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein at Castle Primkenau in Primkenau, Germany On this day, February 23, 1803 - Birth of Alexandrine of Prussia, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, wife of Grand Duke Paul Friedrich of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia On this day, February 25, 1713 - Demise of King Frederick I of Prussia in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia On this day, February 27, 1853 - Demise of August I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg in Oldenburg, Grand Duchy of Oldenburg On this day, March 1, 1792 - Demise of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II in Vienna, Austria Last edited by a moderator: Mar 2, 2022 An Ard Ri Super Moderator Joined Jun 30, 2009 Messages 43,279 City An Iarmhí Country Ireland On this day, March 1, 1792 - Demise of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II in Vienna, Austria Sadly the reign of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor was brief and less than 2 years when he died suddenly aged just 44. OP OP CyrilVladisla Imperial Majesty Joined Dec 2, 2013 Messages 12,420 City Conneaut Country United States On this day, March 2, 1835 - Demise of Emperor Franz I of Austria in Vienna, Austria On this day, March 3, 1778 - Birth of Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of Hanover at the Altes Palais in Hanover, Kingdom of Hanover On this day, March 4, 1152 - Election of Friedrich I Barbarosa as King of the Germans On this day, March 6, 1823 - Birth of King Karl I of Wurttemberg in Stuttgart, Kingdom of Wurttemberg On this day, March 9, 1888 - Demise of Emperor Wilhelm I of Germany at the Berlin Palace in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia On this day, March 10, 1864 - Demise of King Maximilian II of Bavaria in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria On this day, March 13, 1741 - Birth of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor at Schonbrunn Palace in Vienna, Austria On this day, March 22, 1797 - Birth of Wilhelm I, German Emperor and King of Prussia at the Crown Prince's Palace in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia Last edited by a moderator: Mar 22, 2022 OP OP CyrilVladisla Imperial Majesty Joined Dec 2, 2013 Messages 12,420 City Conneaut Country United States On this day, March 23, 1947 - Demise of Luise of Austria, Crown Princess of Saxony, wife of the future King Friedrich August III of Saxony, in Brussels, Belgium On this day, March 26, 1687 - Birth of Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, Queen of Prussia, wife of King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia, in Hanover, Principality of Callenberg On this day, April 1, 1825 - Birth of Auguste of Austria, Princess of Bavaria, wife of Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria, in Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany On this day, April 5, 1674 - Birth of Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen, spouse of Duke Ernst Ludwig I of Saxe-Meiningen, in Electorate of Brandenburg On this day, April 7, 1816 - Demise of Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este, Empress of Austria, spouse of Emperor Franz I of Austria, at the Palazzo Canossa in Verona, Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia Last edited by a moderator: May 20, 2022 An Ard Ri Super Moderator Joined Jun 30, 2009 Messages 43,279 City An Iarmhí Country Ireland On this day, April 7, 1816 - Demise of Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este, Empress of Austria, spouse of Emperor Franz I of Austria, at the Palazzo Canossa in Verona, Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia The Empress was just 28 years old when she died at Verona and her remains were taken back to be buried at the Imperial Crypt in Vienna. Maria Ludovika of Modena, Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary OP OP CyrilVladisla Imperial Majesty Joined Dec 2, 2013 Messages 12,420 City Conneaut Country United States On this day, April 11, 1921 - Demise of Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, Empress of Germany, spouse of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, at Huis Doorn in The Netherlands An Ard Ri Super Moderator Joined Jun 30, 2009 Messages 43,279 City An Iarmhí Country Ireland On this day, April 11, 1921 - Demise of Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, Empress of Germany, spouse of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, at Huis Doorn in The Netherlands The Empress died in exile not long after the death from suicide of her son Prince Joachim of Prussia. The coffin of the Empress was permitted to be taken back to Germany for burial at the Antique Temple mausoleum in Potsdam. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Auguste_victoria_axb02.jpg OP OP CyrilVladisla Imperial Majesty Joined Dec 2, 2013 Messages 12,420 City Conneaut Country United States On this day, April 13, 1807 - Demise of Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Empress of Austria, wife of Emperor Franz I of Austria, at Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria An Ard Ri Super Moderator Joined Jun 30, 2009 Messages 43,279 City An Iarmhí Country Ireland On this day, April 13, 1807 - Demise of Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Empress of Austria, wife of Emperor Franz I of Austria, at Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria Maria Theresa was the last Holy Roman Empress and then the 1st Empress consort of Austria as the wife of Franz I. The Empress was also the mother of Marie Louise, Empress of the French and second wife of Napoleon. OP OP CyrilVladisla Imperial Majesty Joined Dec 2, 2013 Messages 12,420 City Conneaut Country United States On this day, April 17, 1838 - Birth of Antoinette of Saxe-Altenburg, Duchess of Anhalt, wife of Friedrich I, Duke of Anhalt, in Bamberg, Kingdom of Bavaria On this day, April 18, 1861 - Birth of Eduard, Duke of Anhalt in Dessau, Duchy of Anhalt On this day, April 19, 1793 - Birth of Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia, in Vienna, Austria Last edited by a moderator: Apr 6, 2023 An Ard Ri Super Moderator Joined Jun 30, 2009 Messages 43,279 City An Iarmhí Country Ireland 20th of April 1544 : Birth of Renata of Lorraine ,Duchess of Bavaria Renata was born in Nancy the daughter of François I of Lorraine and Christina of Denmark.In February 1568, Renata married the future William V, Duke of Bavaria. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renata_of_Lorraine OP OP CyrilVladisla Imperial Majesty Joined Dec 2, 2013 Messages 12,420 City Conneaut Country United States On this day, April 21, 1892 - Demise of Alexandrine of Prussia, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in Mecklenburg, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin On this day, April 22, 1868 - Birth of Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria in Buda, Hungary On this day, May 4, 1471 - Demise of Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha at Callenberg Castle in Grein, Austria On this day, May 5, 1747 - Birth of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor in Vienna, Austria On this day, May 6, 1882 - Birth of Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany at the Marmorpalais in Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia On this day, May 9, 1892 - Birth of Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Empress of Austria, spouse of Emperor Karl I of Austria, at the Villa Pianore, Tuscany, Italy On this day, May 13, 1717 - Birth of Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria On this day, May 15, 1792 - Demise of Maria Luisa of Spain, Holy Roman Empress, spouse of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II, at Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria On this day, May 21, 1864 ~ Birth of Stephanie of Belgium, Crown Princess of Austria, spouse of Crown Prince Rudolph of Austria, at the Royal Palace of Laeken in Brussels, Belgium On this day, May 23, 1857 - Birth of Marie of Waldeck-Pyrmont, Princess of Wurttemberg, first wife of the future King Wilhelm II of Wurttemberg, in Arolsen, Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont On this day, May 28, 1872 - Demise of Sophie of Bavaria, Archduchess of Austria, wife of Archduke Franz Karl, mother of Emperor Franz Joseph I, in Vienna, Austria On this day, May 31, 1740 ~ Demise of King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia, in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia Last edited by a moderator: Jun 11, 2022 An Ard Ri Super Moderator Joined Jun 30, 2009 Messages 43,279 City An Iarmhí Country Ireland On this day, May 31, 1740 ~ Demise of King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia, in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia The king was buried first at the now destroyed Garnisonkirche in Potsdam,that church was destroyed during World War II and later demolished by the Easter German authorities. The coffin of Friedrich Wilhelm I and his son were removed and were later buried at St. Elisabeth's Church in Marburg in 1946. In 1953 the coffins were again moved to Burg Hohenzollern until 1991 when again they were moved to the Kaiser Friedrich Mausoleum in the Church of Peace! The Garrison Church in Potsdam is currently being rebuilt so they could be moved back to the original burial site. Garnisonkirche Potsdam in 1827 OP OP CyrilVladisla Imperial Majesty Joined Dec 2, 2013 Messages 12,420 City Conneaut Country United States On this day, June e, 1941 - Demise of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany at Huis Doorn in Doorn, The Netherlands OP OP CyrilVladisla Imperial Majesty Joined Dec 2, 2013 Messages 12,420 City Conneaut Country United States On this day, June 6, 1772 - Birth of Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Empress of Austria, spouse of Emperor Franz I of Austria, at the Royal Palace of Naples in the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily On this day, June 7, 1840 - Demise of Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of Prussia in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia On this day, June 11, 1914 - Demise of Adolf Friedrich V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia On this day, June 12, 1878 - Demise of King George V of Hanover in Paris, France On this day, June 15, 1888 - Demise of Friedrich III, Emperor of Germany at Neues Palais in Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia On this day, June 19, 1902 - Demise of King Albert of Saxony at Sibyllenort Castle in Sibyllenort, Kingdom of Saxony Last edited by a moderator: Oct 17, 2022 Stefan Super Moderator Joined Dec 30, 2003 Messages 7,651 City Esslingen Country Germany On this day, June 19, 1902 - Demise of King Albert of Saxony at Sibyllenort Castle in Sibyllenort, Kingdom of Saxony Actually Sibyllenort Castle was not in the Kindom of Saxony but in Oels which was in the Kingdom of Prussia.
21104	yago	1	56	https://playback.fm/person/albert-i-of-germany	en	Albert I of Germany	https://playback.fm/share-image?text=Albert I of Germany	https://playback.fm/share-image?text=Albert I of Germany	[ "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Albrecht_Erste_Habsburg.jpg?width=300", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Elisabeth%20Tirol.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rudolph%20I%20of%20Austria.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gertrud%20Anna%20Habsburg%20Basel%20Muenster%202008%20018.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rudolf%20II.%20-%20K%C3%B6nig%20Rudolf%20I.%20mit%20Agnes%20von%20B%C3%B6hmen.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Matilda%20of%20Austria%20Duchess%20of%20Bavaria.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Clementia%20of%20Habsburg.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hedwig%20Habsburg.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Guta%20zbrasl.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Guta%2C%20countess%20of%20Oettingen.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Albert%20II%20of%20Austria.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rudolph%20III%20of%20Habsburg.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Leopold1Habs.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Agnes%20Regina.JPG?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Habsburger%20BSB%20Cod%20icon%20330%20fol%2018v.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Elisabeth%20of%20Austria%2C%20duchess%20of%20Lorraine.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Henry%20the%20Friendly.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Katerina%20kalabrie.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Anna%20of%20Austria.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Frederick%20III%20the%20Fair.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Old-Town%20of%20Rheinfelden%20with%20the%20Rhein.JPG?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Charlotte%20Corday.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Aerial%20image%20of%20the%20Speyer%20Cathedral%20%28view%20from%20the%20southwest%29%20%28cropped%29.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Albrecht%20D%C3%BCrer%20-%20Portrait%20of%20Maximilian%20I%20-%20Google%20Art%20Project.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Arco%20Sisto%20V%20targa%20M.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mars%20symbol.svg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jerusalem%20Holy-Sepulchre%20Jesus-Detail-01.png?width=64" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Find out where Albert I of Germany was born, their birthday and details about their professions, education, religion, family and other life details and facts.	en	https://playback.fm/appl…h-icon-57x57.png	Playback.fm	https://playback.fm/person/albert-i-of-germany	Fame Ranking What does "Most Famous" mean? Unlike other sites which use current mentions, follower counts, etc. that tend to call the most famous people YouTube stars or Reality TV stars, we've decided to mark fame as a persons importance in history. We've conducted research scouring millions of historical references to determine the importance of people in History. That being said, we might have missed a few people here and there. The ranking system is a continuing work in progress - if you happen to feel like someone is misranked or missing, please shoot us a message! Fame Ranking What does "Most Famous" mean? Unlike other sites which use current mentions, follower counts, etc. that tend to call the most famous people YouTube stars or Reality TV stars, we've decided to mark fame as a persons importance in history. We've conducted research scouring millions of historical references to determine the importance of people in History. That being said, we might have missed a few people here and there. The ranking system is a continuing work in progress - if you happen to feel like someone is misranked or missing, please shoot us a message!
21104	yago	1	57	https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/from-habsburg.html	en	res stock photography and images	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png	[ "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy-black.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy-black.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/mastercard.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/visa.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/amex.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/paypal.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/apple-pay.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/google-pay.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Alamy Limited" ]	null	Find the perfect from habsburg stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.	en	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png	Alamy	https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/from-habsburg.html	Alamy and its logo are trademarks of Alamy Ltd. and are registered in certain countries. Copyright © 21/08/2024 Alamy Ltd. All rights reserved.
21104	yago	1	3	https://gw.geneanet.org/comrade28%3Flang%3Den%26n%3Dhohenberg%26p%3Dgertrude%2Bof	en	Navigation inhabituelle	https://geneacdn.net/pub…/img_generic.jpg	https://geneacdn.net/pub…/img_generic.jpg	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Leader de la généalogie en France et en Europe : publiez votre arbre généalogique et recherchez vos ancêtres dans la première base de données généalogique.	fr	https://geneacdn.net/favicon.ico	Geneanet	https://gw.geneanet.org/bots/firewall?cause=suspicious_ip	Nous observons une navigation inhabituelle sur notre réseau. Merci de bien vouloir remplir le formulaire ci-dessous afin de nous assurer que vous n'êtes pas un robot.
21104	yago	3	19	https://kids.kiddle.co/Albert_I_of_Germany	en	Albert I of Germany facts for kids	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…ht1_habsburg.jpg	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…ht1_habsburg.jpg	[ "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-robot.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/c/c2/Albrecht1_habsburg.jpg/300px-Albrecht1_habsburg.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/c/c9/Albecht_1.jpg/300px-Albecht_1.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/5/5f/Kids_robot.svg/60px-Kids_robot.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Learn Albert I of Germany facts for kids	en	/images/wk/favicon-16x16.png		https://kids.kiddle.co/Albert_I_of_Germany	Albert I of Habsburg (German: Albrecht I.) (July 1255 – 1 May 1308) was a Duke of Austria and Styria from 1282 and King of Germany from 1298 until his assassination. He was the eldest son of King Rudolf I of Germany and his first wife Gertrude of Hohenberg. Sometimes referred to as 'Albert the One-eyed' because of a battle injury that left him with a hollow eye socket and a permanent snarl. Biography From 1273 Albert ruled as a landgrave over his father's Swabian (Further Austrian) possessions in Alsace. In 1282 his father, the first German monarch from the House of Habsburg, invested him and his younger brother Rudolf II with the duchies of Austria and Styria, which he had seized from late King Ottokar II of Bohemia and defended in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld. By the 1283 Treaty of Rheinfelden his father entrusted Albert with their sole government, while Rudolf II ought to be compensated by the Further Austrian Habsburg home territories – which, however, never happened until his death in 1290. Albert and his Swabian ministeriales appear to have ruled the Austrian and Styrian duchies with conspicuous success, overcoming the resistance by local nobles. King Rudolf I was unable to secure the succession to the German throne for his son, especially due to the objections raised by Ottokar's son King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, and the plans to install Albert as successor of the assassinated King Ladislaus IV of Hungary in 1290 also failed. Upon Rudolf's death in 1291, the Prince-electors, fearing Albert's power and the implementation of a hereditary monarchy, chose Count Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg as King of the Romans. An uprising among his Styrian dependents compelled Albert to recognize the sovereignty of his rival and to confine himself for a time to the government of the Habsburg lands at Vienna. He did not abandon his hopes of the throne, however, which were eventually realised: In 1298, he was chosen German king by some of the princes, who were bothered about Adolf's attempts to gain his own power bases in the lands of Thuringia and Meissen, again led by the Bohemian king Wenceslaus II. The armies of the rival kings met at the Battle of Göllheim near Worms, where Adolf was defeated and slain. Submitting to a new election but securing the support of several influential princes by making extensive promises, he was chosen at the Imperial City of Frankfurt on 27 July 1298, and crowned at Aachen Cathedral on 24 August. Although a hard, stern man, Albert had a keen sense of justice when his own interests were not involved, and few of the German kings possessed so practical an intelligence. He encouraged the cities, and not content with issuing proclamations against private war, formed alliances with the princes in order to enforce his decrees. The serfs, whose wrongs seldom attracted notice in an age indifferent to the claims of common humanity, found a friend in this severe monarch, and he protected even the despised and persecuted Jews. Stories of his cruelty and oppression in the Swiss cantons (cf. William Tell) did not appear until the 16th century, and are now regarded as legendary. Albert sought to play an important part in European affairs. He seemed at first inclined to press a quarrel with the Kingdom of France over the Burgundian frontier, but the refusal of Pope Boniface VIII to recognize his election led him to change his policy, and, in 1299, he made a treaty with King Philip IV, by which his son Rudolph was to marry Blanche, a daughter of the French king. He afterwards became estranged from Philip, but in 1303, Boniface recognized him as German king and future emperor; in return, Albert recognized the authority of the pope alone to bestow the Imperial crown, and promised that none of his sons should be elected German king without papal consent. Albert had failed in his attempt to seize the counties of Holland and Zeeland, as vacant fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire, on the death of Count John I in 1299, but in 1306 he secured the crown of Bohemia for his son Rudolph III on the death of King Wenceslaus III. He also renewed the claim made by his predecessor, Adolf, on Thuringia, and interfered in a quarrel over the succession to the Hungarian throne. The Thuringian attack ended in Albert's defeat at the Battle of Lucka in 1307 and, in the same year, the death of his son Rudolph weakened his position in eastern Europe. His action in abolishing all tolls established on the Rhine since 1250 led the Rhenish prince-archbishops and the Elector of the Palatinate to form a league against him. Aided by the Imperial cities, however, he soon crushed the rising. He was on the way to suppress a revolt in Swabia when he was murdered on 1 May 1308, at Windisch on the Reuss, by his nephew Duke John, afterwards called "the Parricide" or "John Parricida". Titles Albert, by the grace of God, King of the Romans, Duke of Austria and Styria, Lord of Carniola, over the Wendish Mark and of Port Naon, Count of Habsburg and Kyburg, Landgrave of Alsace Marriage and children In 1274, Albert had married Elizabeth, daughter of Count Meinhard II of Tyrol, who was a descendant of the Babenberg margraves of Austria who predated the Habsburgs' rule. The baptismal name Leopold, patron saint margrave of Austria, was given to one of their sons. Queen Elizabeth was in fact better connected to mighty German rulers than her husband: she was a descendant of earlier German kings, including Emperor Henry IV; she was also a niece of the Wittelsbach dukes of Bavaria, Austria's important neighbor. Albert and Elizabeth had twelve children: Anna (1275, Vienna – 19 March 1327, Breslau), married: in Graz c. 1295 to Herman, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel; in Breslau 1310 to Henry VI the Good, Duke of Wrocław. Agnes (18 May 1281 – 10 June 1364, Königsfelden), married in Vienna 13 February 1296 King Andrew III of Hungary. Rudolph III (c. 1282 – 4 July 1307, Horažďovice) married but line extinct and predeceased his father. Elizabeth (1285 – 19 May 1353), married 1304 Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine. Frederick I (1289 – 13 January 1330, Gutenstein) married but line extinct. Leopold I (4 August 1290 – 28 February 1326, Strassburg) married, had issue. Catherine (1295 – 18 January 1323, Naples), married Charles, Duke of Calabria in 1316. Albert II (12 December 1298, Vienna – 20 July 1358, Vienna). Henry the Gentle (1299 – 3 February 1327, Bruck an der Mur) married but line extinct. Meinhard (1300 – 1301), died in infancy. Otto (23 July 1301, Vienna – 26 February 1339, Vienna) married but line extinct. Jutta (1302 – 5 March 1329), married Ludwig V, Count of Öttingen in Baden, 26 March 1319. Sources Citations: Albert I of Germany Born: 1255 Died: 1308 Regnal titles Preceded by Rudolph IV Count of Habsburg 1291–1308 with Rudolph VI (1298–1307) Succeeded by Leopold I Preceded by Adolf King of Germany 1298–1308 Succeeded by Henry VII Margrave of Meissen 1298–1307 with Theodoric II (1291–1307) Frederick I (1291–1323) Succeeded by Frederick II Preceded by Rudolph I Duke of Austria and Styria 1282–1308 with Rudolph II (1282–83) Rudolph III (1298–1307) Succeeded by Frederick the Fair See also
21104	yago	1	16	https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Rudolf-I/335085	en	Rudolf I	https://kids.britannica.…-07-14-17-A2.jpg	https://kids.britannica.…-07-14-17-A2.jpg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=160638381132823&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/activity;dc_iu=/15510053/DFPAudiencePixel;ord=1;dc_seg=806891421", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/BkidsLogoDesktop.png", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/BkidsLogoTruncated.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/13/172513-004-EA00A17F.jpg?w=300&h=300&q=85", "https://cdn.britannica.com/96/96196-004-2539B3E8.jpg?w=300&h=300&q=85", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/tour/icon-inspire.png", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/tour/icon-inform.png", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/tour/icon-educate.png", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/tour/icon-subscribe-yellow.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Rudolf I", "encyclopedia", "encyclopaedia", "article" ]	null	[]	null	(1218–91). Rudolf I, also known as Rudolf of Hapsburg, was the first German king of the Hapsburg (or Habsburg) dynasty. Rudolf was born on May 1, 1218, in Limburg-im-Breisgau…	en	/resources/icons/favicons/bkids/bkids-favicon-57c.png	Britannica Kids	https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Rudolf-I/335085	(1218–91). Rudolf I, also known as Rudolf of Hapsburg, was the first German king of the Hapsburg (or Habsburg) dynasty. Rudolf was born on May 1, 1218, in Limburg-im-Breisgau (Germany). A son of a count, he inherited lands in Alsace, the Aargau, and Breisgau and later considerably extended his territory, in part through his first marriage (about 1245) to Gertrude of Zollern-Hohenberg-Haigerloch. In 1254 he assisted the Knights of the Teutonic Order by participating in a Crusade in Prussia. Rudolf’s election as German king at Frankfurt was hastened by the desire of the electors to exclude an increasingly powerful rival candidate of non-German birth, Otakar II of Bohemia. Crowned king in 1273, Rudolf was recognized by Pope Gregory X only after promising to renounce imperial rights in Rome, the papal territories, and Italy. Rudolf twice defeated his rival Otakar II—in 1276 and 1278—and gained lands in Austria, which he granted to his sons. Rudolf combated the expansionist policy of France on his western frontier by marrying (his first wife having died in 1281) Isabella, daughter of Hugh IV, duke of Burgundy, and by compelling Otto IV, count palatine of Franche-Comté, to pay homage (1289). French influence at the papal court, however, prevented Rudolf from being crowned Holy Roman emperor by the pope. Although he created the territorial core of later Hapsburg power, Rudolf was unable to make the German throne a hereditary possession of his family, because the German electors would not raise his elder son to the kingship. Rudolf died in the German city of Speyer on July 15, 1291.
21104	yago	1	41	https://clif-davis.livejournal.com/50158.html	en	It's good to be Emperor	https://l-stat.livejourn…net/img/sign.png	https://l-stat.livejourn…net/img/sign.png	[ "https://top-fwz1.mail.ru/counter?id=3402139;js=na", "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=10463284&cv=2.0&cj=1", "https://l-stat.livejournal.net/img/userinfo_v8.svg?v=17080&v=778", "https://l-stat.livejournal.net/img/userinfo_v8.svg?v=17080&v=778", "https://l-stat.livejournal.net/img/schemius/print-logo.png?v=49361", "https://l-userpic.livejournal.com/52962276/10159699", "https://l-stat.livejournal.net/img/btn_prev.gif?v=17312", "https://l-stat.livejournal.net/img/btn_sharethis.gif?v=18499", "https://l-stat.livejournal.net/img/button-flag.gif?v=17312", "https://l-stat.livejournal.net/img/btn_next.gif?v=17312", "https://l-stat.livejournal.net/img/userinfo_v8.svg?v=17080&v=778", "https://l-userpic.livejournal.com/52962276/10159699", "https://l-stat.livejournal.net/img/userinfo_v8.svg?v=17080&v=778", "https://www.tns-counter.ru/V13a**sup_ru/ru/UTF-8/tmsec=lj_noncyr/", "https://www.tns-counter.ru/V13arambler_ad/ru/UTF-8/tmsec=rambler_cid1100104-posid2155079/", "https://www.tns-counter.ru/V13a**rambler_ad/ru/UTF-8/tmsec=rambler_cid1100108-posid2155106/", "https://xc3.services.livejournal.com/ljcounter/?d=srv:kr-ws05,r:0,j:10159699,p:10159699,uri:%22%2F50158.html%22,vig:0,m:0,v:1,extra:AJsGUwCbBlMAAMPu", "https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/27737346" ]	[]	[]	[ "ЖЖ", "LiveJournal", "живой журнал", "clif_davis", "Clif's Notes" ]	null	[]	null	The blood of emperors runs in my veins, genetically speaking. No, really. Albert IV, Count of Hapsburg and Landgrave of Alsace had a son in 1218, (though technically his wife, Hedwig, daughter of Ulrich, Count of Kyburg, had the son he just helped). This was his eldest son, Rudolph I of…		https://l-stat.livejourn…nfo_v8.png?v=778		https://clif-davis.livejournal.com/50158.html	The blood of emperors runs in my veins, genetically speaking. No, really. Albert IV, Count of Hapsburg and Landgrave of Alsace had a son in 1218, (though technically his wife, Hedwig, daughter of Ulrich, Count of Kyburg, had the son – he just helped). This was his eldest son, Rudolph I of Hapsburg (1218-1291) Emperor of Germany, founder of the Imperial House of Austria, who was elected Emperor in 1273. This was not exactly your familiar democratic election, it was an election of the new emperor by the princes after the death of Emperor Richard of Cornwall. Rudolph came into the election at 55 as something of a front-runner. He was related to every king Germany ever had. He had spent a good deal of time at the court of his godfather, Emperor Frederick II and had been richly rewarded by grants of land for his time there. This played out when Emperor Frederick was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV as a supporter of King Conrad. Then Rudolph inherited large estates from his father, Albert. But probably the best thing he did for his career was to marry Gertrude, daughter of Burkhard III, Count of Hohenberg, back in 1245. Not only was she a heiress, the marriage made him an important vassal in Swabia. It also gave him a valuable ally in the form of her brother, Frederick III of Hohenzollern, Burgrave of Nuremberg. Not least, she gave him two sons, Albert and Rudolph II, and seven beautiful daughters that were as good as money in the bank. His money may not have been in the bank but there was a lot of it and Rudolph invested it by buying more land mostly from various abbots. His mother's brother, Hartmann IV, Count of Kyburg, died childless in 1264, and Rudolph seized Hartmann's valuable estate, the County of Kyburg. Then he got into a feud with the bishops of Strassburg and Basel which he won, which further augmented his wealth and reputation. It's likely that his wealth and power wouldn't have been enough to secure the title of Emperor for himself, but his success largely came through the efforts of his brother-in-law, Fredeick. But then he bought off Albert II, Duke of Saxony (Wittenberg) and Louis II, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Duke of Upper Bavaria by betrothing them two of his beautiful daughters. This left his main competitor, Ottokar II, King of Bohemia, and grandson of Philip of Swabia, King of Germany, twisting in the wind. Immediately after his election, Emperor Rudolph bought off the Pope by renouncing all imperial rights in Rome, the papal territory, and Sicily, and promised to lead a new crusade. Pope Gregory X, in spite of Otakar's protests, not only recognized Rudolph himself, but persuaded Alfonso X, King of Castile, who had been chosen German king in 1257, to do the same. Then things got even better, or worse depending on your point of view. In November 1274 it was decided by the Imperial Diet in Nuremberg that all crown estates seized since the death of the Emperor Frederick II must be restored, and that Otakar must answer to the Diet for not recognizing the new king. Otakar refused to appear or to restore the provinces of Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, which he had claimed through his first wife, a Babenberg heiress, and which he had seized while disputing them with another Babenberg heir, Hermann VI, Margrave of Baden. Rudolf refuted Otakar's succession to the Babenberg patrimony, declaring that the provinces reverted to the crown due to the lack of male-line heirs (This actually wasn't legal since that was a position that conflicted with the provisions of Privilegium Minus, but who's going to argue with the Emperor?). King Otakar was placed under the state ban; and in June 1276 war was declared against him. Having persuaded Otakar's ally Henry I, Duke of Lower Bavaria, to switch sides (using money instead of one of his daughters for a change), Rudolph compelled the Bohemian king to cede the four provinces to the control of the royal administration in November 1276. Rudolf then attempted to buy off Otakar by investing Otakar with Bohemia, betrothed another one of his daughters to Otakar's son Wenceslaus, and made a triumphal entry into Vienna. Otakar, however, raised questions about the execution of the treaty, made an alliance with some Polish chiefs, and procured the support of several German princes, including his former ally, Henry of Lower Bavaria who didn't stay bought. To meet this coalition, Rudolph formed an alliance with Ladislaus IV, King of Hungary, and bought off Vienna by giving additional privileges to its citizens. On 26 August 1278, the rival armies met on the banks of the River March in the Battle of Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen where Otakar was defeated and killed. Moravia was subdued and its government entrusted to Rudolph's representatives. Young Wenceslaus was again bought off using one of Rudolph's daughters. To the victor go the spoils and Otakar's defeat left Emperor Rudolph with a lot of spoils to distribute. Some went to his allies, but in December 1282 Rudolph invested his sons, Albert and Rudolph, with the duchies of Austria and Styria and so laid the foundation of the House of Habsburg. Additionally, he made the twelve-year-old Rudolph Duke of Swabia. In 1291, he attempted to secure the election of his son Albert as German king. However, the princes refused claiming inability to support two kings, but in reality were probably leery of the increasing power of the Habsburgs. There was good reason for worry. Emperor Rudolph had lots of tricks up his sleeve besides using his daughters for increasing his wealth and power. For example, he declared the Jews to be serfs of the treasury, essentially stripping them of any rights. The Habsburgs, following his example, ruled Germany for centuries, had lots of daughters, and married themselves into every royal line around, providing the Queen consort for 6 successive rulers of France. Rudolph II's line didn't do so well. He lost his share of Austria and Styria in Treaty of Rheinfelden where he had to relinquish his share as part of his father's attempt to clear the path for making Albert King. In 1289 he married Agnes of Bohemia, daughter of Otakar II of Bohemia and Kunigunda of Slavonia. They had one son John. He died in the same year his son was born, at the age of 20. His brother's eventual success at becoming the German King and failure to ensure that Rudolf II would be adequately compensated for relinquishing his claim on the throne caused strife in the Habsburg family, leading to the assassination of Albert by Rudolph's son, John the Parricide in 1308. By the time of his death Albert had six children and the House of Habsburg was off and running. You can trace the House of Habsburg family tree (at least on the male side) in any good encyclopedia. Emperor Rudolph's male descendants through the male side included Dukes, Archdukes, Kings of Germany, Spain, and a full dozen Emperors. The last was Emperor Charles VI who died in 1740, but the Rudolph family continued to rule Germany until 1830 thanks to Emperess Maria Theresa. She was was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma, Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, German Queen and Holy Roman Empress. She continued Rudolph's policy of marrying off her daughters as political capital and named every one of them Marie after herself. In her time she was known as the great-grandmother of Europe. You probably recognize her better as the mother of Marie Antoinette. Our interest is not really with Empress Maria, it's with Sarah Rudolph who was born into the ruling family in Hamburg Germany in 1705 (the year Emperor Leopold I (something like a 5th cousin once removed) died). She was a direct descendant of Emperor Rudolph but far enough out of the line of succession she was able to marry beneath her family for love instead of politics. And in 1729 she did, to Michael Böhm, also of Hamburg, Germany. He was four years older than she was. The name Böhm in German meant, "bauman," a man who cut beams from timber in the Black Forest. Michael Böhm, was however, no woodcutter, logger or carpenter. He was a farmer, tanner and merchandiser with a large farm or plantation on the river Elbe. This was a good place for merchandising and for his tanning and farming business. The North Sea seldom freezes in winter, consequently, ships can sail in and out of Hamburg all winter long. They had two sons, the older being Johann Dietrich Böhm, born in 1732 on the Elbe river near Hamburg, Germany. At that time and place, it was the tradition that every male child would learn a trade, and not being overly enamored of farming, Johann elected to become a weaver which he learned as a child and then as a young adult left for Geneva, Switzerland to pursue his career. In some ways he did well in Geneva, meeting and marrying Rebecca Reynolds, niece of an eminent writer who died in 1778 and may or may not have been Jean Jacques Rousseau, the Geneva-born political philosopher whose writings were an inspiration to the French revolutionaries of the late 18th century. (Later generations (Johann's grandson) recorded the name as John James Rassaw.) The weaving career didn't work out as well and 1767 Johann, Rebecca and their two children returned home to Hamburg. It wasn't a good time to return. The Elbe River had a great flood, overflowing its banks, and it took Michael Böhm's home and business with it. Totally wiped out, Michael and Sarah started over with almost nothing and Johann and Rebecca joined the immigration to America, land of opportunity. Michael died followed by Sarah in 1792; both are buried near the Elbe River in Hamburg. Johann and Rebecca with their two small children landed at Charleston, South Carolina sometimes in November, 1767. Not being able to pay his passage, Johann went looking for someone to advance the money and let him pay it out. Finally he sold himself and his family into servitude, contracting with Mr. Christopher Eaker of Lincoln County to serve him seven years for paying his passage to the immigration commission. In the paperwork, Johann Dietrich Böhm became John Teter Beam, a name he used ever after. Christopher Eaker was happy with his service and declared the debt settled after six years, giving him his freedom and providing a horse and other necessities for housekeeping. By this time John and Rebecca had three boys and three girls, and shortly after, in 1779, Rebecca died. This left John alone and with 6 kids in the wilds of America. The next wave of immigrants included a family of Germans headed by Aaron Rudolph, a distant relative of his mother, and two years after his first wife's death, John married Aaron's daughter, Elizabeth. The Rudolph family moved on west and soon lost touch. John and Elizabeth had nine more children. Legal records show that he he soon became a considerable land owner on Beaver Dam creek, in Lincoln county; Land Grant No. 72 for 200 acres in Lincoln County on October 9, 1783, and Land Grant No. 79 for an additional 250 acres. There he ran a farm in connection with his trade until about the year 1794, when he purchased the lands of William Killian on Buffalo creek. He built a corn and saw mill at this place where he was successful and continued to add to his means. The first slave he ever bought was in Charleston in the year 1800 when an African trading vessel landed there, and he bought Bristow, then a boy of about twelve years of age. The boy knew nothing of the English language and when one of Johns daughter's commanded him to do something, not understanding her, he made an attempt to kill her with an ax. One of her brothers knocked him down. After that things worked much better, at least from the Beam perspective and Bristow became an obedient servant and lived to be a ripe old age, still owned by the Beam family. In the year 1801 John Beam built a small house of worship on the hill erected for his own denomination-- Lutheran-- but as he was not religiously prejudiced he always opened it to other denominations. He became an elder of the Lutheran church. In time the church he help start evolved from Lutheran to Baptist and he is buried in what is now New Prospect Baptist Church in Cleveland County. John lived through the American Revolutionary War, certainly on the American side, but did not fight; his trade being worth more at home to the soldiers than his service in the army. This may sound like a cop out, but his contributions to the war are well documented by the Daughter's of the Revolutionary War (DAR) and if you are a descendant of John Teeter Beam, to qualify for the DAR, all you have to do is prove the line of descent, not that he was a patriot. Peter Beam was the second child of John and Elizabeth. Peter was born on January 15, 1787 in Lincoln County, North Carolina. Peter manufactured cotton seed and flax seed oil in connection with the cotton gin and mill, which was a very profitable business during the 1840's and 50's. Peter Beam and Annie Long were married in 1809 in Lincoln County, North Carolina. Annie (daughter of Captain John Long and Ann Graham) was born in 1788. Capt. John Long was one of the heroes of the McEntire's Branch in Mecklenburg, distinguishing themselves in suppressing Cornwallis's foraging party of 450 men. Annie was the a niece of Col. William Graham. Peter and Annie named their first child John Teeter Beam after his grandfather. Their 12th and youngest child was Letitia Ann Beam, universally known as "Letty." Annie died on March 20, 1850 in Cleveland County, North Carolina. She was buried in New Prospect Baptist Church Cemetery. Peter Beam and his second wife Elizabeth Houser were married on May 10, 1851 in Cleveland County, North Carolina. Elizabeth Houser was born in 1818 in Lincoln County, North Carolina. She gave birth to Isaac Alexander Beam on May 28, 1852. She died on June 9, 1853 in Cleveland County, North Carolina. She was buried in New Prospect Baptist Church Cemetery. Peter Beam and his third wife, Susan Lattimore were married on February 11, 1854 in Cleveland County, North Carolina. Peter Beam died on July 29, 1879 in Cleveland County, North Carolina and was buried in New Prospect Baptist Church Cemetery. Letty married George V. Cabaniss IV on November 5, 1850 in Shelby, Cleveland County, North Carolina. Letty and George had nine children, seven of whom were girls (keeping with the Habsburg tradition, you notice). Letty died April 9, 1885 and was buried in Hagwood Cemetery, Jackson County Alabama, survived by children in North Carolina, Alabama, Arkansas and Texas. Her middle child (and middle daughter) was Martha Virginia Cabaniss, born on June 21, 1860 in Langston, Jackson Cty, Alabama. Martha married David Elias Welborn in September of 1861 in Langston Alabama where he was born. By the time their first child, Dovie was born in 1843 they had moved to Cookeville, Texas. September 19, 1891 they had their sixth and seventh children, Ella and Della, twin girls. Della, the second of the twins married Jim Grayson and moved to New Mexico, but Ella stayed in Cookeville and married Robert Ashberry Davies, a cotton farmer, on December 2, 1911. Robert dropped the e from his last name somewhere along the way and his nine children were brought into the world with the last name of Davis. The Davis family was doing pretty well, though the lands they farmed were heavily mortgaged, up until the great depression at which time the banks came in and took everything. This was a traumatic enough event that my father, then a child, was to find as an adult the process of going into debt to the bank to build a house deeply disturbing. Robert and Ella started over with next to nothing and Robert was soon farming other crops. Disaster struck again when a tree being felled hit Robert in the head and the resulting injury robbed him of the power of speech. He was never quite right again, but his bachelor brother, Colonel Davies moved in and kept the farm a going concern. World War II took Robert and Ella's sons away to various parts of the world and her daughters worked as welder's or otherwise supported the war effort and scattered also. They had nine children in all, Lorena, Robert, Jesse, George, Clifton, Vernon, Margie, Jack, and Virgie Marie. My father, Clifton Berry Davis, the middle child, served in the Army Air Corp, what later became the Air Force. Stationed in New Jersey, he and a buddy dated twins Caroline and Elizabeth Layton, however he found himself more interested in their older sister, Mae Clifton Layton, a school teacher. They were married and moved back to Texas once Clifton was out of the service. I was born in Hughes Springs, Texas, Clifton Boyd Davis, in June 17, 1949. So there you have it, from Emperor of everything in sight to Povert in about 20 generations. Only in America. :-) Now mind you, that's technology enhanced Povert who probably lives better than any of those emperors ever did.
21104	yago	3	23	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76956	en	Rudolph I of Germany	https://upload.wikimedia…I_of_Austria.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…I_of_Austria.jpg	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rudolph_I_of_Austria.jpg/220px-Rudolph_I_of_Austria.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rudolf_von_Habsburg_Speyer.jpg/220px-Rudolf_von_Habsburg_Speyer.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Rudolf_Speyerer_Dom.JPG/220px-Rudolf_Speyerer_Dom.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg/220px-Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	count of Habsburg, king of Germany (1218-1291)	en	/static/apple-touch/wikidata.png		https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76956	count of Habsburg, king of Germany (1218-1291) Rudolf I Rudolf of Habsburg Rudolf IV. Rudolfus I
21104	yago	0	21	https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/tag/gertrude-of-hohenberg/	en	European Royal History	https://europeanroyalhis…g_5728.png?w=200	https://europeanroyalhis…g_5728.png?w=200	[ "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/cropped-fb_img_1671979413412.jpg", "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ceeec58e-8ca5-4026-a723-51461234d346.jpeg?w=529", "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/6d62cac0-fe1a-4b99-82fd-12815b049163.png?w=529", "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/430144_10151160845308468_1828907828_n.jpg", "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/cropped-img_5728.png?w=50", "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/cropped-img_5728.png?w=50", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Posts about Gertrude of Hohenberg written by liamfoley63	en	https://europeanroyalhis…mg_5728.png?w=32	European Royal History	https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/tag/gertrude-of-hohenberg/	Jutta (Bonne) of Luxemburg (May 20, 1315 – September 11, 1349), was born Jutta (Judith), the second daughter of King John of Bohemia, and his first wife, Elisabeth of Bohemia, daughter of King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and Judith of Habsburg, the youngest daughter of King Rudolph I of the Romans/Germany and Gertrude of Hohenberg. John the Blind or John of Luxembourg was the Count of Luxembourg from 1313 and King of Bohemia from 1310 and titular King of Poland. He is well known for having died while fighting in the Battle of Crécy at age 50, after having been blind for a decade. In his home country of Luxembourg he is considered a national hero. Comparatively, in the Czech Republic (the Kingdom of Bohemia), is often recognized for his role as the father of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, one of the more significant Kings of Bohemia and one of the leading Holy Roman Emperors. In June or July 1315, Jutta was betrothed to the future King Casimir the Great of Poland, son of Władysław Łokietek., but he married Aldona of Lithuania in 1325 instead. In 1326, Jutta was next betrothed to Henri of Bar. This arrangement was broken, however, and she stayed at the abbey of Saint-Esprit until her marriage to Jean, Duke of Normandy and future King Jean II of France. She was 17 years old, and the future king was 13. Her name Jutta (or Guta), translatable into English as Good (in the feminine case), was changed by the time of her marriage to Bonne (French) or Bona (Latin). Upon marriage, Bonne was the wife of the heir to the French throne, becoming Duchess of Normandy and Countess of Anjou and Maine. The wedding was celebrated in the presence of six thousand guests. The festivities were prolonged by a further two months when the young groom was finally knighted at the cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris. John was solemnly granted the arms of a knight in front of a prestigious audience bringing together the kings of Bohemia and Navarre, and the dukes of Burgundy, Lorraine and the Brabant. Bonne was a patron of the arts, the composer Guillaume de Machaut being one of her favorites. She died on September 11, 1349 of the bubonic plague in Maubuisson, France at the age of thirty-four. She was buried in the Abbey of Maubuisson. however, as she died a year prior to his accession, she was never a French queen. Among her children were King Charles V of France, Philippe II, Duke of Burgundy, and Joan, Queen of Navarre as the wife of King Charles II of Navarre. Less than six months after Bonne’s death, Prince Jean married Joan I, Countess of Auvergne. Rudolf I, also known as Rudolf of Habsburg (May 1, 1218 – July 15, 1291), was Count of Habsburg from about 1240 and King of Germany from 1273 until his death. Rudolf was born on May 1, 1218 at Limburgh Castle near Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl in the Breisgau region of present-day southwestern Germany. He was the son of Count Albrecht IV of Habsburg and of Hedwig, daughter of Count Ulrich of Kyburg. Around 1232, he was given as a squire to his uncle, Rudolf I, Count of Laufenburg, to train in knightly pursuits. Count of Habsburg At his father’s death in 1239, Rudolf inherited from him large estates around the ancestral seat of Habsburg Castle in the Aargau region of present-day Switzerland as well as in Alsace. Thus, in 1240 in order to quell the rising power of Rudolf and in an attempt to place the important “Devil’s Bridge” (Teufelsbrücke) across the Schöllenenschlucht under his direct control, Emperor Friedrich II, granted Schwyz Reichsfreiheit in the Freibrief von Faenza. Rudolf I, Count of Habsburg and King of Germany In 1242, Hugh of Tuffenstein provoked Count Rudolf through contumelious expressions. In turn, the Count of Habsburg had invaded his domains, yet failed to take his seat of power. As the day passed on, Count Rudolf bribed the sentinels of the city and gained entry, killing Hugh in the process. Then in 1244, to help control Lake Lucerne and restrict the neighboring forest communities of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden, Rudolf built near its shores Neuhabsburg Castle. In 1245 Rudolf married Gertrude, daughter of Count Burkhard III of Hohenberg. He received as her dowry the castles of Oettingen, the valley of Weile, and other places in Alsace, and he became an important vassal in Swabia, the former Alemannic German stem duchy. That same year, Emperor Friedrich II was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV at the Council of Lyon. Rudolf sided against the Emperor, while the forest communities sided with Friedrich II. This gave them a pretext to attack and damage Neuhabsburg. Rudolf successfully defended it and drove them off. As a result, Rudolf, by siding with the Pope, gained more power and influence. Rudolf paid frequent visits to the court of his godfather, the Hohenstaufen emperor Friedrich II, and his loyalty to Friedrich and his son, King Conrad IV of Germany, was richly rewarded by grants of land. In 1254, he engaged with other nobles of the Staufen party against Bertold II, Bishop of Basle. When night fell, he penetrated the suburbs of Basle and burnt down the local nunnery, an act for which Pope Innocent IV excommunicated him and all parties involved. As a penance, he took up the cross and joined Ottokar II, King of Bohemia in the Prussian Crusade of 1254. Whilst there, he oversaw the founding of the city of Königsberg, which was named in memory of King Ottokar. Rise to power The disorder in Germany during the interregnum after the fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty afforded an opportunity for Count Rudolf to increase his possessions. His wife was a Hohenberg heiress; and on the death of his childless maternal uncle Count Hartmann IV of Kyburg in 1264, Rudolf seized Hartmann’s valuable estates. Successful feuds with the Bishops of Strasbourg and Basel further augmented his wealth and reputation, including rights over various tracts of land that he purchased from abbots and others. Arms of the Counts of Habsbourg. These various sources of wealth and influence rendered Rudolf the most powerful prince and noble in southwestern Germany (where the tribal Duchy of Swabia had disintegrated, enabling its vassals to become completely independent). In the autumn of 1273, the prince-electors met to choose a king after Richard of Cornwall had died in England in April 1272. Rudolf’s election in Frankfurt on October 1, 1273, when he was 55 years old, was largely due to the efforts of his brother-in-law, the Hohenzollern burgrave Friedrich III of Nuremberg. The support of Duke Albrecht II of Saxony and Elector Palatine Ludwig II had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolf’s daughters. As a result, within the electoral college, King Ottokar II of Bohemia (1230–1278), himself a candidate for the throne and related to the late Hohenstaufen King Philip of Swabia (being the son of the eldest surviving daughter), was almost alone in opposing Rudolf. Other candidates were Prince Siegfried I of Anhalt and Margrave Friedrich I of Meissen (1257–1323), a young grandson of the excommunicated Emperor Friedrich II, who did not yet even have a principality of his own as his father was still alive. By the admission of Duke Heinrich XIII of Lower Bavaria instead of the King of Bohemia as the seventh Elector, Rudolf gained all seven votes. The interregnum of the Holy Roman Empire is taken to have lasted from the deposition of Friedrich II by Pope Innocent IV (1245, alternatively from the death of Friedrich II in 1250 or the death of Conrad IV 1254) to the election of Rudolf I of Germany (1273). Rudolf was not crowned emperor, nor were his successors Adolf and Albrecht. The next emperor was Henry VII, crowned on 29 June 1312 by Pope Clement V.
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"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/images/i_279.jpg", "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/images/i_291.jpg", "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/images/i_300.jpg", "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/images/i_303.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2019-10-20T00:00:00		en	images/cover.jpg		https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/60535/pg60535-images.html	The Project Gutenberg eBook of Woman Triumphant: The story of her struggles for freedom, education and political rights. This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Woman Triumphant: The story of her struggles for freedom, education and political rights. Author: Rudolf Cronau Release date: October 20, 2019 [eBook #60535] Language: English Credits: Produced by Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.) * START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMAN TRIUMPHANT: THE STORY OF HER STRUGGLES FOR FREEDOM, EDUCATION AND POLITICAL RIGHTS. * America, the History of Its Discovery. 2 vols., with 545 illustrations and 37 maps. (Leipzig 1890–92.) Award World’s Columbian Exposition. America, historia de su descubrimiento. 3 vols., with several hundred illustrations and maps. (Barcelona 1892.) Award World’s Columbian Exposition. From Wonderland to Wonderland, Sketches of American Life and Scenery. With 50 heliogravures. (Leipzig 1886.) Through the Wild West, Journeys of an Artist through the Prairies and Rocky Mountains of America. Illustrated. (Braunschweig 1890.) Travels in the Land of the Sioux Indians. (Leipzig 1886.) Our Wasteful Nation; the Story of American Prodigality and the Abuse of Our National Resources. Illustrated. (New York 1908.) Three Centuries of German Life in the United States, with 210 illustrations. (Berlin 1909.) Award by the University of Chicago. Illustrative Cloud Forms for the Guidance of Observers in the Classification of Clouds. (U. S. Publication No. 112. Washington, D. C., 1897.) In the Realm of Clouds and Gods. Illustrated with 25 color-prints. Three Great Questions in American History Answered. With many maps and illustrations PREFACE. Are you aware of the fact that you are living in the most important period of human history? Not for the reason that a World’s War has been fought and a “League of Nations” formed, but because all civilized nations are beginning to acknowledge that women, who form the greater part of the human race, are entitled to the same rights and recognition as have heretofore been enjoyed by men only. The entry of woman into industry, the professions, literature, science and art in modern times, her participation in social and political life, mark the beginning of an era of a significance, equal, if not greater, than when by the discovery of America a New World was added to the old. Although it is a fact that man owes innumerable benefits to woman’s care, devotion, and mental initiative, it is also true that through egoism and self-conceit he has never appreciated woman’s work and achievements at their full value. On the contrary: while she was giving all and asking little, while she shared with man all hardships and perils, she was for thousands of years without any rights, not even as regards her own person and property. From ancient times up to the present day she has been an object of rape and barter, and quite often, for sexual purposes, held in the most horrible slavery. During the Middle Ages innumerable women were persecuted for witchcraft, subjected to the most cruel tortures, dragged to the scaffold to be beheaded, or burnt alive at the stake. Woman’s status to-day is the result of her own energy, efforts and ability. She overcame the prejudice and stubborn opposition of bigoted priests, pedantic scholars and reactionary statesmen, who were unable to see that the advance and emancipation of woman is synonymous with the progress and liberation of the greater part of the entire human race. To short sighted people such as these Tennyson directed his lines: “The Woman’s Cause is Man’s! They rise or sink together, dwarf’d or godlike, bond or free; if she be small, slight-natured, miserable, how shall men grow!” The book submitted here gives an account of woman’s evolution, of her enduring and trying struggles for liberty, education, and recognition. While this account will make every woman proud of the achievements of her sex, man, by reading it, will become aware that it is his solemn duty not only to protect woman from injustice, brutality and exploitation, but to give her all possible assistance in her endeavors to attain that position in which she will be man’s ideal consort and friend. Women During the Remote Past. PRIMEVAL MAN, HIS ORIGIN AND SEVERE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE. While we were young and credulous, black-robed theologians impressed upon our minds their theory of creation, according to which the first man was moulded by the divine author of all things in his own image and placed in an enchanting paradise. Here he enjoyed with his mate, whom the same deity formed from one of man’s ribs, a state of innocence, bliss and happiness, since want, sickness, and death were as yet unknown, and all animals lived together in peace and harmony. In later years, after we had become inquisitive, we found that this story of creation is merely one of innumerable similar 8myths, invented by aboriginal people when they began to ponder over their origin. We also became acquainted with the theory of evolution, as taught by Lamarck, Darwin, Haeckel, Huxley, Tylor, Lubbock, Osborn, and other eminent anthropologists. And by investigating and comparing fossil facts and living forms we became convinced that man was not specially created, but gradually evolved from far lower animal forms. Furthermore, we recognized that primitive man never enjoyed paradisical peace and happiness, but was constantly compelled to a far more desperate struggle for existence than any human beings had to carry on during later periods. To realize the innumerable hardships and terrors of this battle is almost beyond the power of imagination. Try to place yourself in the situation of such naked and unarmed beings. Day in and out they were persecuted by wild beasts, which in size as well as in strength and ferocity far surpassed those of to-day. There were the terrible sabre-toothed tigers, whose enormous fangs hung like daggers from their upper jaws. There were fierce lions and bears, in comparison to which the present species would appear dwarfed. The plains and forests were infested with bloodthirsty hyenas and wolves, that hunted in packs and allowed no creature to escape which they were able to cut off from its retreat. Ugly snakes, quick as lightning, lurked in the underbrush and trees. The lakes and rivers were alive with hideous alligators, that made every attempt to get a drink a hazardous task. Even the skies were full of danger, as sharp-eyed eagles and vultures circled about, ready to swoop on any living thing that might expose itself to view. Awe-inspiring were also the immense mammoths, elephants and rhinoceros, which with heavy tread broke through the dense forests. In contrast to these powerful beasts man was not protected at all. Indeed, his means of defense were so poor, that his survival strikes us almost as an inconceivable wonder. Neither was he armed with strong teeth, sharp claws, horns or poisonous stings. His body had no covering but a very thin and vulnerable skin. To escape his many pursuers, he was compelled to hide in almost inaccessible places, among the branches of high trees, or in the crags and on top of towering cliffs. The never-ending struggle increased, when his kin multiplied and began to split into various bands, tribes and races. With this separation quarrels arose over the limits of the hunting grounds. Men began to fight and kill their neighbors. Even worse, they slaughtered the captives and devoured their flesh during cannibal feasts. In physical appearance primeval men were far from resembling those ideal figures of Adam and Eve, pictured by mediæval artists who strove to give an idea of the glories of our lost Paradise. While these products of imagination can claim no greater authenticity than the illustrations to other fairy tales, we nevertheless owe to the diligent works of able scientists restorations of the figures of primeval men. These deserve full credit, as they are based on skeletons and bones, found in caves, which some hundred thousand years ago were inhabited by human-like beings. From such remains it appears that our predecessors were near relatives to the so-called man-apes, the orang outang, chimpanzee, gibbon, and gorilla. Ages passed before these ape-men, in the slow course of evolution, developed into man, distinctly human, though still on a far lower level than any savage people of to-day. The ape-man probably knew no other shelter than nests of twigs and leaves, similar to those constructed by the orang outang and the gorilla. But with the gradual development of man’s brain and intelligence he improved these nests to 10tree-huts like those still used by certain aborigines of New Guinea, India, and Central Africa. To these huts they retreated at night, to be safe from wild beasts, and also at sudden attacks by superior enemies. The cliff dwellings, abounding among the steep cañons of Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona were similar retreats. Here we find thousands of stone houses, many hidden at such places and so high above the rivers that they can hardly be detected from below. In the cañon of the Rio Mancos several cliff dwellings are 800 feet above the river. To locate them from below a telescope is needed. How it was possible for human beings to get to some of these places, is a mystery still unsolved. Other dwellings stand on almost unscalable boulders, or they are placed within the fissures and shallow caverns of perpendicular walls. They can be reached only by descending from the upper rim of the cañon by means of long ropes, or by climbing upwards from below by using hands as well as feet. If one succeeds in getting to these places, one finds them always provided with store rooms for food and water. Constant danger of hostile assaults must have compelled people to live in such difficult retreats, which could be prepared only at enormous expenditure of time and labor. 13Another form of refuge were the lake-dwellings, which were erected far out in the lakes on platforms resting on heavy posts. Traces of such structures have been found in many parts of the world. They are still used by some of the aborigines of New Guinea and India, and also by the Goajiro Indians of Northern Venezuela. Indeed, Venezuela owes its name to the fact, that the Spanish discoverers of these lake-dwellings were reminded of Venice, the queen city of the Adriatic. When in time such aboriginal tribes increased, so that their number spelled warning to their neighbors, they created more comfortable camps on the shores. Or they moved into caves, such as abound in all countries where limestone is prevailing. Nomadic peoples like the Indians of North America and some tribes of Siberia prepare tents of dressed skins, which are sewed together and stretched over a framework of poles. Many aborigines of Southern Africa and Australia are satisfied with bush shelters. Or they construct lodges of willows, which they cover with bark or mud, to afford protection against rain and the fierce rays of the sun. People, living in cold regions like the Eskimo, seek shelter from the biting winter storms by digging pits five or six feet deep. These holes they cover with dome-shaped roofs of whale-ribs and turf. Where these materials are not at hand the Eskimos rely on hemispherical houses, built of regular blocks of snow laid in spiral courses. The entrance is gained by a long passage-way that shuts off cold as well as penetrating winds. Having thus summarized the principal kinds of primitive dwellings, we shall now briefly consider the activity of aboriginal peoples. THE DIVISION OF LABOR AND RESPONSIBILITIES BETWEEN THE SEXES. Explorers and scientists, who have lived among aboriginal tribes in order to study their manners and customs, have always found, that each sex has its own sphere of duty and work. To the stronger man fell the obligation of protecting his family, which consisted of his wife or wives and their offspring. It was also his share to support them with the products of the chase, and to provide suitable material for the building of the lodge. “These activities,” so states J .N. B. Hewitt in the ‘Handbook of American Indians’ (Vol. II, 969), “required health, strength and skill. The warrior was usually absent from the fireside on the chase, on the warpath, or on the fishing-trip, days, weeks or months, during which he often traveled many miles and was subjected to the hardships and perils of hunting and fighting, and to the inclemency of the weather, often without adequate shelter or food.” 15To the lot of women fell the care of the children, the labor required in the home and in all that directly affected it. The essential principle governing this division of labor and responsibility between the two sexes lies much deeper than in an apparent tyranny of the man. The ubiquity of danger from human foes as well as from wild beasts, the suddenness of their assaults when least expected, compelled aboriginal men to keep their weapons always at hand. During the day they hardly lay them aside, even for a minute, and at night they are always within reach. This fact explains, why the women and children transport all the loads, while the men carry nothing but their weapons when aborigines move from one place to another. This division of functions consequently led men to confine their ingenuity and activity chiefly to the improvement and skillful handling of their arms, to the invention of snares for the game and to methods of fighting animal and human foes. It led also to the inclination to regard hunting and warfare as the only occupations worthy of men, and to relegate all domestic work to the women, since such labor would be degrading to the warrior. But the despised work of the weaker sex has proven of far greater value to the progress of the human race than all heroic acts ever accomplished by fighting men. To woman’s ingenuity we owe our comfortable homes. Women kept the warming hearth-fire burning, prepared the meals, watched faithfully over the children and made the clothes that gave protection against rain and cold. To women’s inventive sense we owe also our most important industries: agriculture, weaving, pottery, tannery, basketry, dyeing, brewing, and many other peaceful arts.— It has been said that human culture began with man’s knowledge and control of fire, that mysterious, ever consuming, ever brightly flaming element, which was regarded by all aborigines as a thing of life, by some even as an animal. It must have all the more forcibly impressed men’s imagination, inasmuch as it not alone promoted man’s comfort, but even made life endurable, especially in cold climates. It is certain that the practical knowledge of fire was obtained not at one given spot only but in many different parts of the world and in a variety of ways. In time men discovered also various methods of producing sparks, generally by rubbing two sticks of wood or by knocking two flints together. But as these methods were slow and laborious, it became the custom for each band to maintain a constant fire for the use of all families in order to avoid the troublesome necessity of obtaining it by friction. Generally this constant fire was kept in the centre of the village, to be in reach for everybody. The duty to keep it always burning fell naturally to the women, as they remained always in the village, and especially to those women not burdened with the cares of maternity. As fire later on was regarded as a present of the good spirits or gods to men, these central fires were held sacred, and so the fire worship grew by degrees into a religious cult of great sanctity and importance. While searching for edible roots and berries, women became aware of the usefulness of many plants. And soon they made attempts to cultivate them in closer proximity to their lodges. Having cleaned a suitable spot women made with their primitive digging sticks the holes, into which they sunk the 18seeds, from which the plants were expected to develop. Experience, the mother of all wisdom, taught women that these plants needed constant attention. So the ground was kept free from weeds and properly watered. From time to time it was loosened with hoes, which in the beginning were made of bones, shells or stones, and later on of metal. Such was the origin of our vegetable gardens, orchards, and grain fields. The continuous care, devoted to these plantations, greatly improved the quality of useful plants. Poor and tasteless varieties developed in time into those rich and palatable species, without which our present human race could scarcely exist for a single day. I need only name wheat, corn, barley, rye, peas, lentils, beans, rice, tapioca, potatoes, yams, turnips, bread-fruit, pears, apples, plums, cherries, bananas, dates, figs, nuts, oranges, coffee, cacao, tea, cotton and hemp, to convince the reader of the immense value of women’s activity in agriculture. As simple as were the tools for the cultivation of the soil, just as simple were the implements for the extraction of flour from the grain. Recent archæological research has disclosed the fact that many thousand years before Christ Egyptian women ground corn between two stones in just the same manner as the women of the Apache and Pueblo Indians and many other aboriginal tribes are doing to this day. Other aboriginal women crushed the seeds in mortars of wood or stone. In several parts of Asia women succeeded in inventing hand-mills, which proved much more effective. The necessity of storing provisions for the winter and hard times led to the invention of receptacles in which grain, nuts and dried berries might be kept and be safe from destruction by rain and animals. While pondering over the best methods of accomplishing this, women observed that certain insects and birds moulded their nests from wet clay, and that such nests, after hardening, were rain-proof. By this observation women became induced to use the same material for all kinds of nest-like vessels, in which provisions could be stored successfully. By accident such vessels came in contact with fire. Then it was found that by such baking the hardness of the vessels increased considerably. And so the preliminaries were discovered for the art of pottery, in which many aborigines became masters. Similar observations led to the art of weaving. The nets, spread out everywhere by spiders for the capture of insects, gave women the first hint to make similar fabrics for the capture of birds and fishes. The spider’s thread was imitated by long hair and the fibres of certain plants. These were twisted together in a manner similar to that used by the weaver-birds in constructing their airy nests. 19For many thousand years weaving was done exclusively by hand. But in time all kinds of apparatus were invented. And so weaving developed into an art that among many aboriginal tribes was improved to the highest degree. At the same time these female weavers created a genuine native art. So for instance the garters, belts, sashes and blankets of the Navajo and Pueblo Indians are, for their splendid quality as well as for their tasteful designs and colors, highly appreciated by all connoisseurs. The same is true in regard to the ponchos of the Mexicans and Peruvians, and the magnificent shawls and carpets, made by the women of Cashmere, Afghanistan, Persia and other countries of the Orient. Basketry, including matting and bagging, belongs also to the primitive textile arts in which many native women excelled. By using choice materials, or by adding resinous substances, some aboriginal women are able to make baskets water-tight for holding or carrying water for cooking. From crude beginnings basketry developed into an industry, which 20in many countries grew to great importance, as for instance in Morocco, where the markets are always supplied with large quantities of bags and baskets of beautiful design and workmanship. Aboriginal women also attended to the dressing and tanning of skins of those animals which the men brought home from their hunting expeditions. In the domestic economy of many tribes skins were and are the most valued and useful property, especially in all regions having a severe climate. Every kind of skin, large enough to be stripped from the carcass of beast, bird or fish, is used here in some way. A painting by George Catlin, the well-known artist, who during the first part of the last century travelled among the various Indian tribes of North America, illustrates the methods by which the skins of buffalo and deer are staked out upon the ground or between poles. We see the women engaged in scraping off the flesh and fat, a process which is followed by several others until the skin is fit to be used for tent covers, beddings, shields, saddles, lassoes, boats, clothes, mocassins, and thousands of other things. Most skillful tanners and dressmakers are likewise the women of the Eskimo tribes. They make excellent suits from the skins and even the entrails of whales, walrus, seals and other animals. To the keen sense of women we also owe undoubtedly most of our domestic implements. From the bones of fish and other animals they made needles and pins; from the horns splendid spoons and combs. Gourds, pumpkins and cocoanuts were turned into water bottles. Women also devised the comfortable hammocks. About the cribs, cradles and swings, invented in endless variety by aboriginal mothers for the protection and comfort of their darlings, volumes might be written. And by innumerable pictures and photographs it could be proven that the great care, bestowed nowadays upon our babies, is not the outcome of our advanced culture, but originated many thousand years ago among aboriginal women. The same is true in regard to the dolls and play-things with which women seek to amuse those little ones, dearest to their hearts. What motherly affection, ever present and everlasting, has done for the welfare and progress of mankind, no one can conceive, nor describe, nor illustrate. As brief as these remarks about aboriginal woman’s activity are, they indicate, however, sufficiently her share in the founding and evolution of human culture. To appreciate this even more, we must not forget that the life of those women was one of constant care, misery and danger. The 21blissful happiness of aboriginal existence, of which we read sometimes in novels, written by poetical dreamers, was never enjoyed by these women. How full of hardships their share was in reality, we find by investigating their place in the social life of their tribes. 22 WOMEN AS OBJECTS OF RAPE, BARTER AND RELIGIOUS SACRIFICE. Matrimony is, like all other human institutions, the result of evolution. In the dim past, after the ape-man had evolved to true man, it was not known at all. Most probably all the females were the common property of the males, the strongest of whom took hold of several women, leaving the rest to their inferior chums. With the evolution of property rights these mates as well as their offspring came to be regarded as the absolute property of the husband and father, who could dispose of them at his pleasure by barter or otherwise. So it was among primitive men a hundred thousand years ago and so it is customary among aboriginal peoples to-day. At the death of the husband his rights generally go to the oldest son or to the person who becomes the head of the family. Accordingly as girls are not masters of their own bodies, so the barter for women is customary among all aboriginal tribes. If a man sees a girl to his liking he bargains with the head of her family about the price. Among pastoral tribes it is generally paid in cattle; among hunters in skins or other objects of value. Among the Zulu Kaffres the price for good-looking girls ranges from five to thirty cows. In Uganda it is three or four oxen; among the Samoyedes and Ostiaks of Siberia a number of reindeer; among the Sioux Indians two to twenty horses; among the Bedouins a number of camels; in Samoa pigs or canoes; among the Tatars sheep and several pounds of butter; among the Bongo twenty pounds of iron and twenty spear-heads; among other tribes a certain quantity of gold dust, beads, shells, and so on in endless variety. As soon as the price is paid the girl, without being asked her consent, is obliged to follow her new master. As among aborigines women have no will of their own, they cannot object if their husbands exchange, trade or loan them to other men. So it is customary among many tribes that if persons of importance come visiting, the daughters or the wives of the host are assigned to comfort them over night. If among the inhabitants of the Fiji Islands men became tired of their “better halves,” they killed and boiled them and arranged cannibal feasts in which all neighbors participated. Aboriginal women also must gracefully assent to their husbands’ taking several wives. Their number depends on the man’s means. While poor men satisfy themselves with 23one wife, chiefs generally buy numbers. The despots of Dahomey in West Africa, for instance, filled their houses with hundreds of women, who were obliged not only to amuse these kings during their lifetime, but also to follow them in death. When such an autocrat was assembled to his ancestors, his body was deposited in a large cave. But in order that he should not travel alone through eternity, his wives as well as all the members of his court were led into the cave and provided with food for several days, whereupon the entrance of the cave was closed and the occupants were left to their fate. If among the aborigines a man is too poor to buy a wife, he generally tries to steal one. But as he must not do so within his own clan, as he would trespass upon the property rights of his fellow-men, nothing remains but to kidnap a girl of some neighboring tribe. So he lurks around the villages till some day a girl, while gathering berries or edible roots, 24unfortunately happens to come too near his hiding place. In this case the manner of his proposal is sudden, but effective. A blow with his war club makes the damsel unconscious, whereupon he drags her to some secure place. Here he keeps her till she has recovered her senses and is able to follow him to his lodge. George Gray, who has written about the natives of Australia, states that the life of young and attractive women among those tribes is a continuous chain of capture by different men, terrible wounds and long wanderings to unknown bands. In addition, such unfortunate females must suffer very often extremely bad treatment by other women, to whom they are brought as prisoners by their capturers. But women have been kidnapped not merely for sexual reasons, but also for their ability to work. Herewith we open the darkest chapter in woman’s history: Slavery, a word which has not lost its terrible meaning for women up to the present day. Slavery has been practiced in all parts of the world in some form. But Africa was the continent where it prevailed from time immemorial to the greatest extent and assumed the most cruel forms. Phœnicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Turks, Spaniards, Portuguese, Italians, Frenchmen, Dutchmen, Englishmen and Americans sailed to its coasts, to capture men as well as women and children, to sell and use them for slaves. It is impossible for human imagination to conceive the horrors and misery, caused here by heartless pirates for thousands of years. Imagine a peaceful village, approached stealthily in the night by cruel enemies, who surround it and then set fire to the huts. As the inhabitants rush out in terror, those who resist capture are killed, and those who have escaped the blessing of immediate death are fettered and marched off. Imagine long columns of such unfortunate and often severely wounded men, women and children chained together and driven by ruthless brutes through pathless jungles and arid deserts, to far away markets. No matter how hot the sun burns down, they must move on. Woe to those who break down! They are left where they have dropped, to perish of hunger and thirst, or to be torn by wild beasts. Or, as a warning to the others, they are butchered in cold blood by their drivers. For those who reach their destination, where they are traded like cattle, an existence is waiting that will have fewer moments of joy than there are oases in an endless desert. For time immemorial women also fell prey to religious superstition. To keep evil demons in good humor, or to thank some imaginary gods for victories and other blessings, human beings have been sacrificed by thousands. The “Dark Continent” again holds the record in this respect. And again the autocrats of Dahomey were those who, in religious frenzy, spilled the blood of hundreds and thousands of men as well as of women. 26From their country the so-called Vodoo-service, the worship of the “Great Snake,” has been brought by slaves to the West Indies, where it was handed down from generation to generation. It still prevails in Hayti, “the black man’s republic.” Here it is, that the Vodoo priests and their devout followers meet in silent forests, to pay homage to their ugly god by sacrificing women as well as children. Herodotus and other historians of classic times relate that every year in Egypt, when the Nile began to rise, to which that country owes its abundance, the priests persuaded a beautiful girl to become the bride of the river-god. Adorned with jewels and flowers, and greeted by all the people, this virgin was led to the flat roof of a temple overlooking the mighty river. After prayers and invocations had been made, she was tossed into the swirling floods, which swiftly carried her away. Among the early Latin peoples similar sacrifices seem to have been customary, as is indicated by the fact that in Rome on the 15th of May in every year the Vestal virgins, in presence of all the priests, municipal authorities and the people threw twenty-four life-size dolls, the so-called Argeer, into the Tiber. To calm the rage of the god of fire and earthquake, the priests of ancient Japan also hurled beautiful virgins into the flaming crater of Fuji Yama. Humanity needed thousands of years to shake off such monstrous illusions and customs, because nothing is so difficult as to eliminate ideas and customs that are rooted in religious superstition, and, through being handed down from generation to generation, become surrounded with a halo of sacredness and solemnity. To such institutions belonged also, what by some students of human culture has been characterized as “hierarchical or sacred prostitution.” As is generally known, there exist among almost all aboriginal tribes crafty charlatans, who pretend to have influence over those supernatural powers, which are believed to be the distributors of all blessings as well as of all evils. These so-called sorcerers, healers, conjurors, magicians, medicine-men, or shamans, the predecessors of the priests, usurped among many tribes the privilege of deflouring all virgins before their entrance into marriage. With the gradual evolution of priesthood this practice was made a rite, which among various nations of antiquity developed into the most voluptuous orgies known in history. 27 Women during the Ages of Antiquity. WOMEN IN BABYLONIA. As the cultivated nations of Antiquity sprang from inferior tribes, it is only natural that in their social life many of the habits and customs of prehistorical times survived. Nowhere was this fact more evident than in the status of women. Everywhere we find a strange mixture of the rude conceptions of the dim past and promising prospects for a brighter future. In many places women were still regarded as inferior creatures, subjected to the will of men and with no rights whatever over their own persons. We also note that polygamy, barter, rape, slavery and hierarchical prostitution 30still flourish in all kinds of forms and disguises. But at the same time we are surprised to see that among certain nations the members of the fair sex enjoy already the same respect and almost a similar amount of rights and liberty, as our women possess to-day. Modern archæologists are inclined to recognize those formerly fertile lands between the Persian Gulf and Asia Minor, and watered by the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, as the “Cradle of Civilization,” or the place, where in misty ages, before history began, the so-called Sumerians, a Semitic people, first attempted to form themselves into organized communities. According to the traditions of the Hebrews here was the original home of the human race, the “Garden of Eden,” and here was, as is told in Genesis XI, “that men said one to another: ‘Go to, let us build a city and a tower whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.’” This city was called Babylon, and the country Babylonia. Wonderful stories and legends are connected with these two names, but still more astounding are the revelations unearthed by the pick and shovel of modern explorers. By their diligent work it has been discovered that the people, living in this region somewhere about 4,000 to 6,000 years B. C. were already a highly organized and civilized race, skilled in various trades and professions, and living in towns of considerable size and importance. The inhabitants of these cities were by no means awkward in the fine arts. Most important of all, they had already evolved a very complete and highly developed system of writing, which in itself must have taken many centuries to reach the stage at which it was found by the explorers. As may be read in the elaborate works of Maspero, Hilprecht and other explorers, they discovered in the ruins of the principal cities of Babylonia several ancient libraries and archives containing thousands of tablets of clay, stone and bronze, covered with inscriptions of religious, astrological and magical texts, epics, chronicles and syllabaries. There are also contracts; records of debts; leases of lands, houses and slaves; deeds of transfer of all kinds of property; mortgages; documents granting power of attorney; tablets dealing with bankruptcy and inheritance; in fact, almost every imaginable kind of deed or contract is found among them. The most precious relic is the famous Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylonia. This collection of laws, engraved on stone 2,250 years B. C. and now preserved in the Louvre, is so elaborate and systematic that it can hardly have been the first one. Back of it there must have been a long period of 31usage and custom. But it is the first great collection of laws that has come down to us. In 282 sections it regulates almost every conceivable incident and relationship of life. Not only are the great crimes dealt with and penalized, but life is regulated down to its most minute details. There are laws on marriage, breach of promise, divorce, desertion, concubinage, rights of women, purchase-money of brides, guardianship of the widow and orphan, adoption of children, etc. Through these laws we gain full information about the position of women in ancient Babylonia. Three classes of women are recognized: wives, concubines, and slaves. From other sources we know that all women of the higher class were cloistered in the harem and never appeared by the side of husbands or brothers in public. The harem system, at least for Western Asia and Europe, most probably originated in Babylonia. The National Geographic Magazine of February, 1916, gives the text of a love letter, written several thousand years ago and sent by a young man to his sweetheart. It reads as follows: “To Bibea, thus says Gimil Marduk: may the Gods Shamash and Marduk permit thee to live forever for my sake. I write to inquire concerning thy health. Tell me how thou art. I went to Babylon, but did not see thee. I was greatly disappointed. Tell me the reason for thy leaving, that I may be happy. Do come in the month Marchesvan. Keep well always for my sake.” In the same place we find the following example of a marriage contract: “Nabu-nadin-akhi, son of Bel-akbe-iddin, grandson of Ardi-Nergal, spoke thus to Shum-ukina, son of Mushallimu: ‘Give me thy Ina-Esagila-banat, the virgin, to wife to Uballitsu-Gula, my son.’ Shum-ukina hearkened unto him and gave Ina-Esagila-banat, his virgin daughter, to Uballitsu-Gula, his son. One mina of silver, three female slaves, Latubashinnu, Inasilli-esabat and Taslimu, besides house furniture, with Ina-Esagila-banat, his daughter, as a marriage-portion he gave to Nabu-nadin-akhi. Nanâ-Gishirst, the slave of Shum-ukina, in lien of two-thirds of a mina of silver, her full price Shum-ukina gave to Nabu-Nadin-akhi out of the one mina of silver for her marriage-portion. One-third of a mina, the balance of the one mina, Shum-ukina will give Nabu-nadin-akhi, and her marriage-portion is paid. Each took a writing (or contract).” This document, written on a tablet of clay, is signed by six witnesses and the scribe. As Professor Clay explains “it has been the custom with most peoples in a large part of the ancient as well as the modern Orient to base a betrothal upon an agreement of the 32man or his parents to pay a sum of money to the girl’s father.” In Babylonia this “bride-money,” together with the gift of the father and other gifts, formed the marriage-portion which was given to the bride. There were prudential reasons for this practice. It gave the woman protection against ill-treatment and infidelity on the part of the husband, as well as against divorce; for if she returned to her father’s house she took with her the marriage portion unless she was the offending party. If she died childless, the marriage-portion was divided among them. In case the girl’s father rejected the suitor after the contract had been made, he was required to return double the amount of the bride price. The betrothals took place usually when the parties were young, and as a rule the engagements were made by the parents. A marriage contract was necessary to make a marriage legal. In some cases peculiar conditions were made, such as the bride’s being required to wait upon the mother-in-law, or even upon another wife. If it was stipulated that the man should not take a second wife, the woman could secure a divorce in case her husband broke the agreement. Concubinage was indulged in, especially when the wife was childless and she had not given her husband a slave maid that he might have children. The law fully determined the status of the concubine and protected her rights. At the husband’s death the wife received her marriage-portion and what was deeded to her during the husband’s life. If he had not given her a portion of the estate during his life, she received a son’s share and was permitted to retain her home, but she could marry again. A widow with young children could only marry with the consent of the judge. An inventory of the former husband’s property was made and it was intrusted to the couple for the dead party’s children. If a man divorced a woman, which he could do by saying to her “Thou art not my wife!” she received her marriage-portion and went back to her father’s home. In case there was no dowry, she received one mina of silver, if the man belonged to the gentry; but only one-third of a mina if he was a commoner. For infidelity the woman could divorce her husband and take the marriage-portion with her. In case of a woman’s infidelity, the husband could degrade her as a slave; he even could have her drowned or put to death with the sword. In case of disease, the man could take a second wife, but was compelled to maintain his invalid wife in his home. If she preferred to return to her father’s house, she could take the marriage-portion with her. 34From several of these engraved tablets it appears, that a woman received the same pay for the same work when she took a man’s place. To Herodotus, the so-called “Father of History,” we are indebted for some highly interesting notes about the “marriage market of ancient Babylon.” Its site, uncovered in 1913 by the German Oriental Society, was in close neighborhood of the palaces of Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar and occupied a rectangle of 100 by 150 feet. Open to the air on all four sides, it was most probably shielded from the sun by rich awnings devised to shelter the daughters of Babylon and bring out their charms. The marble block upon which they stood while being bid for was in the center of the spectators and richly carved with cherubs, who worshiped and protected the “Tree of Life.” Several inscriptions leave no doubt, that this was the actual market of which Herodotus gave the following description: “Once a year the maidens of age to marry in Babylon were collected at the market, while the men stood around them in a circle. Then a herald called up the damsels one by one and offered them for sale. He began with the most beautiful. When she was sold for no small sum he offered for sale the one who came next to her in beauty. All of them were to be sold as wives. The richest of the Babylonians who wished to wed bid against each other for the loveliest maidens, while the humbler wife seekers, who were indifferent about beauty, took the more homely damsels with marriage-portions. For the custom was that when the herald had gone through the whole number of the fair ones he should then call up the ugliest—a cripple if there chanced to be one—and offer her to the men, asking who would agree to take her with the smallest marriage-portion. And the man who offered to take the smallest sum had her assigned to him. The marriage-portions were furnished by the money paid for the beautiful girls, and thus the fairer maidens portioned out the uglier. No one was allowed to give his daughter to the man of his choice, nor might any one carry away the damsel he had purchased without finding bail really and truly to make her his wife. If, however, it was found that they did not agree the money might be paid back. All who liked might come, even from distant villages, and bid for the women.” Herodotus as well as the Roman Curtius Rufus have written also about the so-called “hierarchical or sacred prostitution,” as it was connected with the service of Mylitta or Belit, the Babylonian goddess of the producing agencies.[1] Her temple was surrounded by a grove, which, like the temple, became the scene of most voluptuous orgies, about 35which Jeremiah too has given indications in his letter directed to Baruch. (Baruch VI. 42, 43.) According to these statements every woman was compelled to visit the temple of Mylitta at least once during her life and give herself over to any stranger, who would throw some money on her lap and with the words: “I appeal to Mylitta!” indicate his desire to possess her. Such an appeal could not be rejected, no matter how small the sum was, as this money was to be offered on the altar of the goddess and thus became sacred. WOMAN’S STATUS AMONG THE HEBREWS. The early Hebrews or Israelites, being of the same Semitic stock as the Babylonians, but preferring a pastoral life, observed similar habits in their relations to women. Matrimony to them was not a necessity based on mutual love and respect, but a divine order, binding especially the man. While it was his obligation to maintain the human race, especially the Jewish stock, woman was merely the medium to reach this end by her beauty and charm and by giving birth to children. For the conclusion of a marriage the mutual consent of the two contrahents was necessary. But generally the marriage 37was arranged by the fathers or some other relations, who likewise settled the question as to how much would be the dowry of the son as well as of the daughter. That sometimes even a faithful servant was charged with the negotiation of these delicate questions, is told in Genesis XXIV, where it is said that Abraham, in order to secure for his son Isaac a wife of his kindred, commissioned his eldest servant to make a journey to his former home in Mesopotamia. While resting at a well, he met Rebekah, the beautiful daughter of Bethuel, a son of Nahor, Abraham’s brother. When Rebekah consented to become Isaac’s wife, Abraham’s servant brought forth many jewels of silver and gold and raiment, and gave them to Rebekah. Having given also to her brother and to her mother many precious things, he started for the return journey, taking Rebekah and her maid servants with him. The story of Jacob and Rachel, as told in Genesis XXIX, proves, that among the early Hebrews the barter for women was customary, but that the wooer might obtain the girl of his longing likewise by serving her father for a certain length of time. As the early Hebrew had an aversion to mingling with the inhabitants of Canaan, Isaac, Jacob’s father, sent him to Mesopotamia, the former habitat of the Hebrews, to select a wife among the daughters of Laban, his mother’s brother. Meeting Rachel, Laban’s youngest daughter, he became so deeply impressed by her charm, and so eager to gain her, that he offered Laban to serve him for Rachel for seven years. Having fulfilled his contract, Jacob was, however, beguiled by Laban, who at the wedding-night substituted his eldest daughter Leah for Rachel. When in the morning Jacob became aware of the deception, Laban claimed that it was not customary, in his country, to give away a younger daughter before the firstborn. And so he succeeded in persuading Jacob to serve him for Rachel another term of seven years. While monogamy was the rule among the Hebrews, polygamy was permitted, especially if the first wife was barren. As this was the case with Sarah, the wife of Abraham, she gave her husband Hagar, an Egyptian maid-servant, with whom Abraham begat a son, Ishmael. Of Leah and Rachel, the two wives of Jacob, we may read in Genesis XXX, that they, not having born children to Jacob, likewise introduced to him their maids Bilhah and Zilpah, each of which bore Jacob two sons.—It is certain that some of the patriarchs had a great number of wives, and that not all of these held the same rank, some being inferior to the principal wife. The right of concubinage was practically unlimited. Abraham kept a number of concubines, as appears in Genesis XXV, 6, where it is said that he, when dividing his property, gave 38gifts to the sons of his concubines. Of Solomon the first book of Kings XI, 3, states, that he had 700 wives and 300 concubines. In the Mosaic law concubinage and divorce was a privilege of the husband only. A wife accused of adultery was compelled to undergo the horrible ordeal of the bitter water, as described in Numbers V. If found guilty, she might be stoned to death. To continue the male issue of the family was the paramount mission of the wife. That the birth of a male baby was regarded as an event of far greater importance than that of a female, appears from Leviticus XII, where it is said, that a woman, giving birth to a son, was regarded unclean for only seven days and must not touch hallowed things nor come into the sanctuary for a period of thirty-three days. But if unfortunately she became the mother of a girl, she was considered unclean for fourteen days and had to abstain from religious service for sixty-six days. Only after she had made atonement for the sin of motherhood by offering a lamb or a pair of pigeons, was she forgiven. The prejudice against woman is also confirmed by the fact, that, according to Exodus XXIII, 17, all male Jews were required to appear before the Lord three times in the year, and that they had to repair to Jerusalem once a year, with all their belongings. But the women were not privileged to accompany their husbands. WOMAN’S STATUS AMONG THE PARSEE AND HINDOO. To investigate woman’s position among the other ancient nations of Asia is also of interest. The Parsee or Parsis, belonging to the great Aryan or Indo-Germanic race, occupied two thousand years before Christ that part of Central Asia known at present as Iran or Persia. Whether this country was the original home of that race, is unknown. Some modern scientists are inclined to seek it in more northern parts of Asia or even of Europe, as the sacred songs of the Parsee contain indications, that the Aryans originally came from countries with a temperate or frigid zone. When for instance the Vedic singers in hot India prayed for long life, they asked for “a hundred winters.” In their treatment of women these Aryans or Parsee have been much more noble than any other Asiatic race. They believed in marriage for higher purposes than the mere begetting of children. The principal incentive to conclude a marriage was the desire to contribute to the great renovation hereafter, which, according to the sacred book of the Parsee, the Zend-Avesta, is promised to humanity. This renovation 40cannot be carried out in the individual self, but must be gradually worked out through a continuous line of sons, grandsons, and great-grandsons. The motive of marriage was therefore sacred. It was a religious purpose they had in view, when the male and female individuals contributed by marital union their assistance, first, in the propagation of the human race; second, in spreading the Zoroastrian faith; and third, in giving stability to the religious kingdom of God by contributing to the victory of the good cause, which victory will be complete about the time of resurrection. The objects of the marriage bond were, therefore, purely religious, tending to the success of light, piety or virtue in this world. For this reason the Avesta declares that married men are far above those who remain single; that those who have a settled home are far above those who have none; and that those who have children are of far greater value to humanity than those who have no offspring. While daughters were believed to be less useful than sons for the continuation of the father’s race, they were, however, not disliked, but also objects of love and tenderness. Marriages were not the result of any barter or capture, but of pure selection on the part of the two individuals. If they were still of minor age, the marriage was subject to the confirmation of the parents or guardians. Infanticide was strictly prohibited. There were also laws against the destruction of the fruit of adultery. Such illegitimate offspring had to be fed and brought up at the expense of the male sinner until they became seven years of age. Like the valleys of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and like the highlands of Central Asia, or Ariyana, so the mountains, plains and forests of India were inhabited long before the dawn of history by masses of men of various races and split into many hundreds of tribes. Of these races descendants exist in almost the same conditions as their ancestors did many thousand years ago. In Southern India the Kader are still living in primitive tree-huts. Assam and Bhutan are regions abounding with villages which are the exact counterparts of the prehistorical lake-dwellings of Switzerland. These vast regions of India were at some unknown time invaded by tribes of Aryan or Indo-Germanic race. While among the aborigines of India women were subjected to all the hardships and bad treatment of primeval times, the women of the Aryans enjoyed, as stated above, a far higher position. Like their husbands they were the “rulers of the house,” had the entire management of household affairs, and were allowed to appear freely in public. Husband and wife also drew near 41to the gods together in prayer. That the education of the females was not neglected is proven by the fact, that some of the most beautiful Vedas or national hymns and lyric poems were composed by ladies and queens.— With the decline of the Aryan race and culture in India, caused most probably by the hot, enervating climate of the country, the position of women also underwent a change for the worse. Especially the growing despotism of the Brahmanic priests gradually robbed women of all their former rights and liberty. In time they became completely subject to the authority of man. Mothers owed obedience to their own sons, and daughters were absolutely dependent upon the will of their fathers. The system of conventional precepts, known as “Manu’s Code of Laws,” clearly defined the relative position and the duties of the several castes and sexes, and determined the penalties to be inflicted on any transgressors of the limits assigned to each of them. But these laws are conceived with no human or sentimental scruples on the part of their authors. On the contrary, the offenses, committed by Brahmans against other castes, are treated with remarkable clemency, whilst the punishments inflicted for trespasses on the rights of the Brahmans and higher classes are the more severe and inhuman the lower the offender stands in the social scale. Against the female sex Manu’s laws are full of hostile expressions: “Women are able to lead astray in this world, not only the fools, but even learned men, and to make them slaves of lust and anger.”— “The cause of all dishonor is woman; the cause of hostility is woman; the cause of our worldly existence is woman; therefore we must turn away from woman.”—“Girls and wives must never do anything of their own will, not even in their own homes.”—“Women are by their nature inclined to seduce men; therefore no man shall sit even with his own relative in lonely places.”—“The wife must be devoted to her husband during her whole life as well as after his death. Even if he is not without blame, even if he is unfaithful and without a good character, she must nevertheless respect him like a god. She must do nothing that might displease him, neither during his life nor after his death.”—“Day and night must women be held in a state of dependence.”— As the subjection of women was made a cardinal principle of the Brahman priests, they did not shrink from misinterpreting the text of the Vedas accordingly. So the sentence: “You wife, ascend into the realm of life! Come to us! Do your duty toward your husband!” was explained to mean that a widow must not marry again but ought to follow her husband also in death. This led to the voluntary burning of the widows with the corpse of the husband, a practice which assumed 42great dimensions and was observed till the middle of the 19th Century. Mrs. Postans, an English lady, who during the first part of the last century resided many years in Cutch, one of the northern provinces of India, gave the following account of such a ceremony: “News of the widow’s intentions having spread, a great concourse of people of both sexes, the women clad in their gala costumes, assembled round the pyre. In a short time after their arrival the fated victim appeared, accompanied by the Brahmins, her relatives, and the body of the deceased. The spectators showered chaplets of mogree on her head, and greeted her appearance with laudatory exclamations at her constancy and virtue. The women especially pressed forward to touch her garments—an act which is considered meritorious, and highly desirable for absolution and protection from the “evil eye.”” “The widow was a remarkably handsome woman, apparently about thirty, and most superbly attired. Her manner was marked by great apathy to all around her, and by a complete indifference to the preparations which for the first time met her eye. Physical pangs evidently excited no fears in her; her singular creed, the customs of her country, and her sense of confused duty excluded from her mind the natural emotions of personal dread, and never did martyr to a true cause go to the stake with more constancy and firmness, than did this delicate and gentle woman prepare to become the victim of a deliberate sacrifice to the demoniacal tenets of her heathen creed.” WOMAN IN CHINA AND JAPAN. While the fate of women in India was shaped by Manu’s Code of Laws, in China it was decided by the orders of Confucius, the famous sage, born in the year 550 B. C. and in popular histories of his life praised in the lines: In the rules, which this savant gave to his followers, he demanded full subordination of woman to man; also, that the two sexes should have nothing in common and live separated in two different parts of the house. The husband must not mingle in the internal affairs of the home, while the wife must not concern herself in any outside matter. Also women should have no right to make decisions but in everything be guided by the orders of their husbands. Women have likewise no proper position before the law and cannot be witnesses in any court. The father may 44sell his daughter, and the husband may sell his wife. Concubines are permitted and often are housed under the same roof with the wife. Daughters are not welcomed, but treated with contempt. To get rid of a superabundance of infant girls which were regarded as a burden and as unwelcome eaters, the Chinese in former times resorted to exposure and infanticide to such an appalling extent that these cruelties became a national calamity and disgrace. Generally the female babies were drowned. In the provinces of Fukian and Kiangsi infanticide was so common, that, according to Douglas, at public canals stones could be seen bearing the inscription: “Infants must not be drowned here!”— To lessen these abuses one of the emperors of the Sung-dynasty decreed that all persons, willing to adopt exposed children, should be compensated by the government. But this well-meant decree brought evil results, as many people, who adopted such foundlings, raised them for the purpose of making them their own concubines, or to sell them to the keepers of brothels, of which every Chinese city had an abundance. Placed in these brothels when six or seven years old, the unfortunate girls were compelled to serve the older inmates for several years. Later on they assisted in entertaining visitors with song and music. But having reached the age of twelve or thirteen, they were regarded as sufficiently developed to bring profit in the lines of their actual designation. The final fate of such unfortunate beings was in most cases miserable beyond description. Having been exploited to the utmost by their heartless owners, they were, when withered and no longer desirable, thrown into the streets, to perish in some filthy corner. Women of the lower classes too had a hard life. In addition to such unfavorable conditions there existed among the aristocrats a strict adherence to ancient manners and customs. Accordingly the life of the whole nation became rigid and ossified. Foreigners, who came in close contact with Chinese aristocrats, speak of their women with greater pity than of the females of the poor, describing them as dull and boring creatures, with no higher interests than dress and gossip. As in Japan the rules of Confucius were likewise in force, the position of woman in “the Land of the Rising Sun” likewise was an inferior one. Obedience was her lifelong duty. As a girl she owed obedience to her father, as a wife to her husband, and as a widow to her oldest son. And in the “Onna Deigaku,” the classic manual for the education of women, she was advised to be constantly aware of the bar between the two sexes. WOMAN AMONG THE EGYPTIANS. Of the many nations that occupy the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, the Egyptians are the oldest. To them one of the foremost scholars, George Ebers, paid the following compliment: “If it is true that the culture of a nation may be judged by the more or less favorable position, held by its women, then the culture of ancient Egypt surpassed that of all other nations of Antiquity.” Indeed, when we study the innumerable inscriptions, paintings and sculptures of Egyptian tombs, and investigate the many well preserved papyrus rolls, we find this praise fully justified. Not only did the Egyptians generally confine 47themselves to one wife, but they also extended to her more and greater privileges, than she had in any other country. Woman was honored as the source of life, as the mother of all being. Therefore contracts, carefully set up, protected her in her rights and secured her the title Neb-t-em pa, “the mistress of the house.” As such she had, if the authority of Diodorus can be credited, absolute control over all domestic affairs and no objection was made to her commands whatsoever they might be. It is also significant, that where biographical notes appear, on tombs, statues and sarcophagi, the name of the deceased mother is frequently given, while the name of the father is not mentioned. So it reads for instance: “Ani, born by Ptah-sit,” “Seti, brought to life by Ata.” The spirit of true affection and real family life likewise found expression in many poetical names given by sorrowful widowers to their departed wives. There is an inscription, in which a husband praises his lost mate as “the palm of loveliness and charm”; another one extols his spouse as “a faithful lady of the house, who was devoted to her husband in true fondness.” That the highly developed, culture of the Egyptians was based on strong ethical principles, also appears from the text of the so-called “Papyrus Prisse,” perhaps the oldest book of morals ever written. Its author, Prince Ptah-hotep, who lived about 3350 B. C., gives hints and advice in regard to social intercourse and manners, to be observed among people of refinement. Hear what he says about the treatment of women: “If you are wise, you will take proper care of your house and love your wife in all honor. Nourish, clothe and adorn her, as this is the joy of her limbs. Provide her with pleasing odors; make her glad and happy as long as you live, because she is a gift that shall be worthy of its owner. Don’t be a tyrant. By friendly conduct you will attain much more than by rough force. Then her breath will be merry and her eyes bright. Gladly she will live in your house and will work in it with affection and to her heart’s content.” Children were regarded as the gifts of the gods, and brought up in good manners and obedience. In company with their husbands Egyptian women took part in all kinds of social and public festivals. At social affairs the master and mistress of the house presided, sitting close together, while the guests, men and women, frequently mingled, strangers as well as members of the same family. Agreeable conversation was considered the principal charm of polite society, and according to Herodotus it was customary at such gatherings, to bring into the hall a wooden image of Osiris, the Lord of Life and Death, to remind the guests not only of the transitoriness of all earthly things and human pleasures, but also of the duty, to meet all others during the short span of this earthly life with kindness and love. 49That ladies’ parties are not an innovation of our times but date back thousands of years before Christ, we learn from many finely executed carvings and frescoes which represent feasts. In long rows we see the fair ones sitting together, in finest attire, with hair carefully dressed and adorned with lotus flowers. Waited upon by handmaids and female slaves, they chat and enjoy the delicious sweets, cakes and fruits, with which the tables are loaded. As the hours passed, fresh bouquets were brought to them, and the guests are shown in the act of burying their noses in the delicate petals, with an air of luxury which even the conventionalities of the draughtsman cannot hide. Wine was also partaken of, and that the ladies were not restricted in its use, is evident from the fact, that the painters have sometimes sacrificed their gallantry to a love of caricature. “We see some ladies call the servants to support them as they sit; others with difficulty prevent themselves from falling on those behind them; a basin is brought too late by a reluctant servant, and the faded flower, which is ready to drop from heated hands, is intended to be characteristic of their own sensations.”[2] In Egypt women were permitted to practice as physicians. They were likewise admitted into the service of the temple. In most solemn processions they advanced towards the altar with the priests, bearing the sacred sistrum, an instrument emitting jingling sounds when shaken by the dancer. Queens and princesses frequently accompanied the monarchs while they offered their prayers and sacrifices to the deity, holding one or two ceremonial instruments in their hands. The constitution of Egypt also provided that, when at the death of a king no male successor was at hand, the royal authority and supreme direction of affairs might be entrusted without reserve to one of the princesses, who in such case ascended the throne. History records several Egyptian queens, among them Cleopatra VI, who became famous through her relations to Cæsar and Anthony. WOMAN AMONG THE GREEKS. The great regard extended to women by the Egyptians could not fail to influence to some extent those nations, with whom they came in contact, especially the Greeks and the Romans. Ancient Greece, or to be more correct, Hellas, was occupied by the Hellenes, belonging to the Aryan or Indo-Germanic race, who had immigrated from Central Asia in prehistoric times. A pastoral rather than an agricultural people, they were divided into several branches, of which the Dorians, Ionians, Aeolians, and Pelasgians were the most prominent. 51No people has ever recognized the charm of women with greater enthusiasm than the Greeks. To them the fair sex was the embodiment of cheerful life, of the joy of being. To this conception we owe many of the most excellent works of art, among them several unsurpassed statues of Venus, the goddess of beauty and love. In the treatment of their women the various branches of the Hellenes were not alike. But all took deep interest in the harmonious development of the body, of beauty and art. Gymnastic games and prize-fights were the favorite entertainments, especially among the Dorians, one branch of whom, the Spartans, became famous for their strict methods in rearing and educating boys as well as girls. To secure to the state a race of strong and healthy citizens, the Spartans allowed no sickly infant to live, and girls were required to take part in all gymnastic exercises of the young men. Women were even admitted to co-operate in all public affairs. As great attention was given also to their education, the women of Sparta gained in time such great influence over their men, that the other Hellenes jokingly spoke of “Sparta’s female government,” a remark, which was promptly answered with the reply, that the women of Sparta were also the only ones, who gave birth to real men. That the Hellenic women were treated with great dignity during the so-called “heroic age,” and that they enjoyed far greater liberty than in later periods, is evident from the poems of Homer. In the Iliad Achilles says: “Every true and sensible man will treat his wife respectfully and take proper care of her.” And in another place Homer declares that “besides beauty good judgment, intellect and skill in all female works are the merits, by which a wife will become a respected consort to her husband.” In the “Odyssey” Homer gives in Penelope a very attractive example of female faithfulness and dignity. He also makes Odysseus say to Nausikaa: “There is nothing so elevating and beautiful, as when husband and wife live in harmony in their home, to the annoyance of their adversaries, to the rejoicing of their friends, and to their own honor!” Among the many deities, worshiped by the Greeks, one of the most attractive figures was Hestia, the goddess of the home or hearth fire. As explained in a former chapter, the constant fire, kept by aboriginal bands in the centre of their villages, became in time a sacred symbol of home and family life, and by degrees grew into a religious cult of great sanctity and importance. As women in ancient Hellas too were the guardians of this tribal fire, so its deity was believed to be a goddess, Hestia, whose name means “home—or hearth-fire.” As the tribal fire was always kept burning so the fire 52in the Pytaneion, the temples of Hestia, was to remain alive. If by any mischance it became extinguished, only sacred fire made by friction, or got directly from the Sun, might be used to rekindle it. The Pytaneion was always in the center of the villages and cities. Around its fire the magistrates met, and received foreign guests. From this fire, representing the life of the city, was taken the fire wherewith that on the hearth of new colonies was kindled. In later times, however, the high conceptions the Greeks had of womanhood underwent considerable change, and the close intimacy between husband and wife, which had hitherto distinguished married life, vanished. When with the extension of navigation and commerce the Greeks came into closer touch with the luxurious life of Asiatic nations, they adopted many of their manners and thoughts. Suspicion and jealousy, conspicuous traits in the character of southern races, now made themselves felt. Besides misogynists like Hipponax, Antiphanes, Eubulos and others began to poison the minds of the people with degrading, insulting remarks about women and matrimony. As did for instance Hipponax by saying: “There are only two pleasant days in married life, the first, when you take your bride in your home, and the second, when you bury her.”— And Eubulos is responsible for the sentence: “Deuce may take him, who marries a second time! I shall not scold him, that he took his first wife, as he did not know what was in store for him. But later on he knows that this evil is woman.”— Euripides is responsible for the most degrading comment. He wrote the following lines: The undermining effect of such remarks was increased by numerous comedies in which married life was turned to ridicule, and husbands were depicted as despicable slaves to women. So bye and bye the high position, formerly held by the female sex, sank to a much lower level. Their liberty was greatly curtailed, and daughters as well as wifes were confined to the strict seclusion of the “Gynäkonitis” or women’s quarters at the back of the house. Here they spent their time 53with spinning, weaving, sewing and other female work, not seeing or hearing much of the outside world. For this reason they were often nicknamed “the locked up,” or “those reared in the shadow.” As they rarely got out into the fresh air, they relied greatly on rouge and cosmetics, to hide their faded complexion. The only interruption in this monotonous life were the festivals of the various deities, during which they joined the solemn processions and carried the ceremonial implements and vessels on their heads. As the education of the girls was greatly neglected, and as they generally married very early, they had no influence whatever on the male members of the family. They even didn’t appear at table with men, even with their husbands’ guests in their own homes. But the principal cause for the decline of woman’s, position and of family life in Hellas was the rise and growing prevalence of the “heteræ” or courtesans, many of whom became famous for their fascinating beauty and accomplishments. Clever in graceful dances, well educated in song, music and in the art of entertaining, these women, many of whom were natives of foreign countries, in time became constant guests of the symposiums of prominent citizens. Far outshining the housewives and their daughters in gracefulness and wit, they soon won a domineering influence over the all too susceptible men, many of whom became lost to their own neglected families. The most striking illustration of this is offered by the life of the famous Athenian statesman Pericles, who fell victim to the charms of Aspasia, a courtesan born in Miletus, Asia Minor. Her extraordinary beauty and still more remarkable mental gifts had gained her a wide reputation, which increased after her association with Pericles. Having divorced his wife, with whom he had been unhappy, Pericles attached himself to Aspasia as closely as was possible under the Athenian law, according to which marriage with a “barbarian” or foreigner was illegal and impossible. And after the death of his two sons by his lawful wife he secured the passage of a law, by which the children of irregular marriages might be rendered legitimate. His son by Aspasia was thus allowed to assume his father’s name. Aspasia enjoyed a high reputation as a teacher of rhetoric. It is said that she instructed Pericles in this art, and that even Socrates admitted to have learned very much from her. The house of Aspasia became the center of the most brilliant intellectual society. Men who were in the advance guard of Hellenic thought, Socrates and his friends included, gathered here. 55Another noted courtesan was Phryne, who by her radiant beauty acquired so much wealth that she could offer to rebuild the walls of Thebes, which had been destroyed by Alexander (335 B. C.), on condition that the restored walls bear the inscription, “Destroyed by Alexander, restored by Phryne, the hetære.” When the festival of Poseidon was held at Eleusis, she laid aside her garments, let down her hair and stepped into the sea in the sight of the people, thus suggesting to Apelles his great painting of “Aphrodite rising from the sea.” The famous sculptor Praxiteles too used her as a model for his statue “the Cnidian Aphrodite,” which Pliny declared to be the most beautiful statue in the world. Anteia, Isostasion, Korinna, Phonion, Klepsydra, Thalatta, Danae, Mania, Nicarete, Herpyllis, Lamia, Lasthenia, Theis, Bachis and Theodota are the names of other courtesans, who became widely known for their relations with prominent men of Hellas and acquired enormous wealth. Sappho, the famous poetess, whom Plato dignified with the epithets of “the tenth Muse,” “the flower of the Graces,” and “a miracle,” most probably belonged likewise to this class. It is said that she established in Mytilene a literary association of women of tastes and pursuits similar to her own, and that these women devoted themselves to every species of refined and elegant pleasure, sensual and intellectual. Music and poetry, and the art of love, were taught by Sappho and her older companions to the younger members of the sisterhood. Hierarchical prostitution prevailed in Hellas. It was connected with the service of Aphrodite, the Greek counterpart of the Babylonian Mylitta. Strabo states, that in her temple of Corinth more than one thousand courtesans were devoted to the service of this goddess. The amount of money, earned by these girls and flowing into the priest’s treasury, was so enormous that Solon, the great statesman and law maker, envying the temples for such rich income, founded the Dikterion, a brothel of great style, the income of which went into the treasury of the state. Enticed by the luxurious and easy life of such courtesans, thousands of young girls chose the same profession and entered the schools, which were established by many courtesans for the special purpose of giving instruction in all the arts of seduction. As the legislators, bribed by heavy tributes, were most liberal in giving concessions to these institutions as well as to prostitutes and keepers of brothels, public life became in time thoroughly demoralized. In fact these conditions were greatly responsible for the final decay and downfall of the whole Hellenic nation. 56 WOMAN AMONG THE ROMANS. Among the various nations who in early times occupied the Italian peninsula, the Latins, Sabines and Etruscans were the most prominent. That among them barter and the forceful abduction of women was customary, is indicated by the well-known story of the “Rape of the Sabine Women” by the original settlers of Rome. As the legend runs Romulus and his band of adventurers, having no women with them, and too poor to buy some from their neighbors, decided in the fourth month after the foundation of Rome to get wives by resorting to a stratagem. Accordingly they invited their Sabine neighbors to partake with their wives and daughters in the celebration of a festival. Suspecting nothing, the Sabines came and greatly enjoyed the entertainments provided for them. But in the middle of the feast the Romans, far outnumbering the unarmed Sabines, rushed upon their maiden guests and carried them off by force. To avenge themselves, the Sabines went to war, in which both parties suffered severely. But the fierce struggle was brought to an end, when the kidnapped girls flung themselves between the combatants, imploring their fathers and brothers to become reconciled, as they would like to stay with their Roman husbands. Their urgent appeals brought not alone peace, but resulted even in the confederation of the Sabines and Romans. It is impossible to say whether this legend rests on actual facts, but it indicates that the forceful abduction of women was customary in ancient Italy. Undoubtedly it took many centuries before this drastic means of securing wives gave way to more peaceful methods. But to remind people of the intervention by which the women had ended the bloodshed between Romans and Sabines, the Romans celebrated a festival on the first of March of each year, called “Matronalia.” It could only be participated in by women, who went with girdles loose, and on the occasion received presents from husbands, lovers, and friends. Laws were also instituted for the protection of women. Woe to those who dared to hurt their feelings by disorderly acts or insolent language. They were brought before the blood-judge, who dealt very severely with such evil-doers. 58Like the Greeks the Romans venerated a divine guardian of family life. Her name was Vesta, “the domestic hearth-fire.” The hearth, around which the members of the family assembled in the evening, was the place consecrated to her. Numa Pompilius is said to be the one who erected the first temple to this goddess in Rome. Round in shape, its center contained an altar with a fire that was never allowed to be extinguished. To keep this sacred flame always burning and to offer daily sacrifices and prayers for the welfare of the state, two virgins of the noblest families were chosen by the Pontifex maximus or High-Priest. Afterwards the number of these “Vestal Virgins” was increased to four, and later to six. Their garments were of spotless white, with a veil and a fillet round the hair. Strict observance of the vow of chastity during the thirty years of their term of service was one of their chief obligations. The privileges extended to these virgins were very remarkable. Free from any paternal control, except that of the Pontifex maximus, they could dispose by will of their own property. When appearing in a public procession they were preceded by a number of lictors, who carried with them the symbols of their judicial office, the fasces, a bundle of sticks, out of which an axe projected as a sign of sovereign power. Should it happen that in the street they met a criminal on his way to execution, they had the prerogative of pardoning him. In theatres, in the arena, and at other places of amusement the best seats were reserved for them. They also lived in great splendor; their home, the Atrium Vestæ, was not only very large, but of the best material and magnificently decorated. Like the emperors they shared the privilege of intramural burial. With all this esteem, the Vestal Virgin was severely punished if found guilty of neglecting her duty or violating her vow of chastity. The latter crime caused the whole city to mourn. While innumerable sacrifices and prayers were offered up to appease the offended goddess, preparations were made to punish the priestess as well as her seducer horribly. The man was scourged to death on the public market; the unfortunate priestess was placed in a subterranean chamber on the criminals’ field. After she had been provided with a bed, a lighted lamp, and some bread and water, the vault was closed, the earth thrown over it, and the priestess left to die. While the “Vestal Virgins” enjoyed many privileges, the Roman women during the first time of the republic were completely dependent. A daughter, if unmarried, remained under the guardianship of her father during his life, and after his death, she came into the control of her agnates, that is, those of her kinsmen by blood or adoption who would have been under the power of the common ancestor had he lived. If married she and her property passed into the power of her husband. Whatever she acquired by her industry or otherwise while the marriage lasted fell to her husband as a matter 59of course. Marriage was a religious ceremony, conducted by the high priests in the presence of ten witnesses. Its effect was to dissociate the wife entirely from her father’s house and to make her a member of her husband’s, provided he himself had grown to manhood and started a household of his own. If this was not the case, his wife and their children, as they were born, fell likewise into the power of the “pater familias,” the father-in-law of the wife, and the latter was entitled to exercise over his daughter-in-law and grandchildren the same rights as he had over his sons and unmarried daughters. Of the wife of the “pater-familias” the Romans spoke as the “mater-familias,” the “housemother,” or as the Domina, “the mistress of the house,” and she was treated as her husband’s equal. But in spite of the fact that her position in the family was one of dignity, she could not make a will or contract, nor could she be a witness or fill any civil or public office. So the life of a Roman woman was one of perpetual servitude. For centuries she had no control over her own person, no choice in marriage, no right to her own property, and no recourse against cruelty. Any man could beat his wife, sell her, or give her to some one else, when he was tired of her. He could even put her to death, acting as accuser, judge, jury, and executioner. The dependent position of the women changed considerably, when the Romans came in touch with the Greeks and other nations. Marriage was made easier. It became even possible, without the sanction of priests or civil authorities, to conclude an agreement to which men and women might live together on probation. If such union was kept up without interruption for one year, then it was considered a regular marriage with all its consequences. If, however, the two persons concerned wished to reserve for themselves the right of separation later on, it was only necessary that the wife should stay in the house of her parents for three nights before the end of the year. There was also perfect freedom in divorce, as it was regarded improper to force persons to continue in the bonds of matrimony when conjugal affection no longer existed. In later times women secured full right to dispose over their own property. Either they might manage it personally or have it administered by a “Procurator.” The Greek conception that the presence of women lends charm and luster to festivals, was adopted by the Romans. As they were convinced that no entertainment was worth while without the presence of the ladies, festivals were developed to even a far greater extent than was the case in Greece. 60This step for the better was due to the greater intelligence of the Roman women. Recognizing that the vast influence exerted by many courtesans over the prominent men of Hellas was not due solely to the beauty and grace of these women, but also to their refinement and knowledge of literature, music and art, the Roman ladies, to attach their husbands to their homes, eagerly endeavored to acquire similar merits. And so they devoted themselves to the culture of everything that makes life interesting and beautiful. We know the names of many Roman women, who in this way became real companions of their husbands. Hear, for instance, what Pliny, the famous naturalist, wrote about Kalpurnia, his wife, in one of his letters. Having praised her keen intellect, moderation and affection, he continues: “In addition to these virtues comes her deep interest in literature. My own books she not only possesses them, but reads them over and over again, until she knows them by heart. If I have to give a lecture, she sits close by behind a curtain, listening eagerly to the appreciation shown to me.” In similar terms Plutarch speaks of the wives of Pompejus and Kato; Tacitus of the wife of Agricola, of Cornelia, the mother of the Graches, of Aurelia and Atia, the mothers of Cæsar and Augustus. While such cultured women retained a strong sense of duty towards their home and family, the influence of Hellas, however, made itself felt also in other ways. Its universal corruption and immorality had made it easy for Rome to subjugate the whole country. But during the occupation of the country the Romans became acquainted with the luxurious life and lascivious debaucheries in which the rich Greeks indulged in full disregard of the dreadful distress of the lower classes. Many Roman officers, consuls and prefects, morally unfit to resist the allurements of such loose life, fell victims to all sorts of vices and crimes. And when, after several years, they returned to Italy, they generally took with them, besides enormous quantities of stolen valuables, numbers of courtesans and slaves. With the expansion of the empire these evils increased accordingly. And so Rome became finally permeated with foreign elements, manners and vices. Even religious life became demoralized. Not only the voluptuous worship of Aphrodite or Venus was transplanted to Roman cities, but also the obscene service of Astarte, the Phœnician goddess of the begetting agencies. The orgies, committed in the ostentatious temples of these deities, formed indeed a striking contrast against the chaste worship of Vesta. By all these conditions the life of the Roman women became deeply affected. The works of contemporary writers abound with complaints about the growing emancipation of 61the female sex, the neglect of their duties, and the ever increasing love of amusement. Comparing the women of his time with those of former days, Kolumella remarks: “Now, our women are sunk so deeply in luxury and laziness, that they are not even pleased to superintend the spinning and weaving. Disdaining home-made goods, they always seek in their perverted mania to extort from their husbands more elaborate ones, for which often great sums and even fortunes must be paid. No wonder that they regard housekeeping as a burden and that they do not care to stay at their country seats even for a few days. Because the ways of the former Roman and Sabine housewives are considered old-fashioned, it is necessary to engage a housekeeper, who takes charge of the duties of the mistress.” Young girls liked to stroll through the shady colonnades of the temples and through the groves, that surrounded them. Here they met their beaus, who in the art of flirt were just as cunning as are the Lotharios of to-day. The ladies of the aristocrats or patricians enjoyed to be carried about in sedan-chairs, as in these comfortable means of transportation they had full chance to show themselves to the public richly dressed and in graceful positions. As these sedan-chairs were always provided with costly canopies and curtains, and shouldered by fine-looking Syrian slaves, clad in red and gold, such a sight could not fail to attract general attention and to become the talk of the town. That this mode of shopping and paying calls became a real fashion may be concluded from a remark of Seneca, who grumbles that those husbands, who forbid their wives to be carried about and exhibit themselves in such manner are considered as unpolished and contemptible boors. As appears from the works of Juvenal, Sueton, Plutarch, Martial and others the growing passion for emancipation, notoriety and excitement, combined with the rage for gossip was responsible for the production of many unwomanly characters. We hear the complaint that scores of women boldly intrude into the meetings of men and often compete with them, in their drinking bouts. These authors also condemn that such females eagerly mix with officers and soldiers, to discuss with them the details and events of the war, while others try to spy out all domestic secrets, only to blab them out again in the street. Ovid too expresses his disappointment about the changes going on in the life of the fair sex. “Disdaining matronly seclusion, our ladies patronize circus, theatre and arena, eager to see and to be seen. Like an army of ants or like a swarm of bees they hurry in elaborate attires to the beloved plays, often in such crowds that I am utterly unable to guess their numbers.” 62This inordinate greediness for enjoyments grew in time into a real intoxication of the senses. Nothing indicates this more than the concentration of all thoughts, of the patricians as well as of the plebejans, of the men as well as of the women, of the free as well as of the slaves on the questions which party would win in the public games, how many hundred gladiators would fight each other, or how many thousands of wild beasts would be set loose in the arena. When we read that such public shows sometimes lasted for weeks and months, and that all regions of the known world were ransacked in order to secure some new and more cruel feature, that would set people wild with excitement, it will be clear that the susceptible mind of women must have suffered most. And indeed with the increasing degeneration of social life the female sex became more and more demoralized. As among the foreign slaves as well as among the freed and enfranchised were many fine-looking and accomplished persons, unfaithfulness and adultery increased. Especially among the ladies of the upper classes the “nicely curled procurator,” who managed the property of such women, served only too often as a “Cicisbeo,” in which role he figures in many satires and comedies. Men and women met in the public bath houses as well as in watering-places like Bajae, an ill-reputed resort, where libertinism and dissipation flourished, and from which it was said, that no virgin, who went there, ever returned as a virgin. Bajae and Rome were also the places where the mysterious rites of the Bachanalia found the greatest number of devotees. Originally a festival in honor of Dionysos, the Greek god of spring and wine, it degenerated into wild orgies after its introduction to Rome. This is what Livy writes about it: “The mysterious rites were at first imparted to a few, but were afterwards communicated to great numbers, both men and women. To their religious performances were added the pleasures of wine and feasting, to allure a greater number of proselytes. When wine, lascivious discourse, night, and the mingling of the sexes had extinguished every sentiment of modesty, then debaucheries of every kind were practiced, as every person found at hand that sort of enjoyment to which he was disposed by the passion most prevalent in his nature. Nor were they confined to one species of vice, the promiscuous intercourse of freeborn men and women. From this storehouse of villainy proceeded false witnesses, counterfeit seals, false evidences, and pretended discoveries. In the same place, too, were perpetrated secret murders and other unmentionable infamies. To consider nothing unlawful was the grand maxim of their religion.” 64It was in Bajae where Marcellus, the son-in-law of Emperor Augustus, was poisoned by intriguing Livia; and here Agrippina, the mother of Nero, was clubbed to death after an attempt by her son to shipwreck and drown her during a cruise in a magnificent gondola had failed. In time adultery, poisoning and murder prevailed among the Roman society to such an extent, that men became afraid to enter matrimony, and addicted themselves to illicit intercourse. This period of moral degeneration was, however, distinguished by a most wonderful rise of literature, science and art. At no time before so many beautiful temples, basilicas, theatres, arenas, public buildings, palaces and country-seats were erected. And all these buildings were adorned with an abundance of mosaics, mural paintings and works of sculpture. There were also numbers of brilliant writers, poets, dramatists, orators, law-makers and men who made themselves famous as naturalists or philosophers. Of the philosophers the so-called Stoics, among them Seneca, Lucan, Epictetus and Musonius Rufus formed a school, which exerted a wide and active influence upon the world at the busiest and most important time in ancient history. This school was remarkable for its anticipation of modern ethical conceptions, for the lofty morality of its exhortations to forgive injuries and overcome evil with good. It also preached the obligation to universal benevolence on the principle that all men are brethren. Regarding virtue as the sole end, to be gained mainly by habit and training, the Stoics furthermore succeeded in reforming matrimonial life as well as the conceptions about women. In these efforts they were aided later on by an ethical movement of still greater power, namely Christianity. WOMAN’S POSITION AMONG THE GERMANIC NATIONS. Before we consider woman’s position in Christianity, we must take a glance at her status among another important branch of the Aryan race, the Germans. As is familiar to every student of history, the Germans are indebted to an alien, the Roman Tacitus, for the best account of the character and manners of their ancestors. In his famous book “Germania” he describes them as a pure and unmixed race and gives many valuable particulars about their family life. He says: “Matrimony is the most respected of their institutions. They are almost the only barbarians who are content with one wife. Very few among them are exceptions to this rule and then they do so not for sensuality but for political considerations. The young men marry late, and their vigor is unimpaired. Nor are the maidens hurried into marriage. Well-matched and in full health they wed, and their offspring reproduce the strength of their parents. The wife does not bring a dowry to the man, but the husband to his bride. These presents are not trinkets to please female vanity or to serve for adornment, but on the contrary, they consist of cattle, a bridled horse, and a shield with sword and spear. While the wife is welcomed with such gifts, she too presents her husband with a piece of armor. All these things are held sacred as a mysterious symbol of matrimony. Lest the wife should think that she is shut out from heroic 66aspirations and from the perils of war, she is reminded by the ceremony which inaugurates marriage that now she is her husband’s partner in his toil as well as in all danger, and destined to share with him in peace and in war alike. This is the meaning of the yoked oxen, the bridled horse and the weapons. And she must live and die with the feeling that the weapons she has received, have to be handed down untarnished and undepreciated to her sons, from whom they are to pass to her daughters-in-law, and again to the grandchildren. “So the wife lives under the protection of clean manners, uncorrupted by the allurements of voluptuous comedies or licentious festivals. Clandestine communication by letters is absolutely unknown. Adultery among this numerous people is exceedingly rare. Its punishment is left to the husband and quickly executed. In the presence of her relatives the guilty woman is kicked out of the house, naked and with her hair cut. And thus she is whipped through the whole village. Loss of chastity finds no excuse. Neither beauty nor youth nor wealth wins the culprit a husband, because no one indulges in vice or pardons seduction. Blessed the country where only virgins enter matrimony and where their vow to the husband is binding and final for all time. As they are born only once so are they married but once and they devote themselves to their husband as well as to the duties of matrimony. To limit the number of children or to kill one of them is regarded as a sacrilege. Thus good habits accomplish more here than good laws in other countries.” Tacitus as well as other Roman writers state likewise that the women frequently accompanied the men in times of war and encouraged them in battle by their cheers and actions. “They always stay near them, so that the warriors may hear the voices of their wives and the wailing of their children. Women’s approval and praise is to the men of the highest value. To their mothers and wives they come with their wounds for relief, and the women do not hesitate to count the gashes, and dress the wounds. The women also encourage the men while they are fighting, and provide them with food and water. We have been told that wavering battle lines were made to stand fast by women, who with bare breasts mingled with the warriors and admonished them by their cries to new resistance.”— 68Many of the names given to members of the fair sex, indicate the men’s great respect for women, and show that they were considered as able consorts even in battle. The names Daghilt, Sneburga, Swanhilt and Sunnihilt remind us of the purity of the daylight, the white of the snow and the swan, and the gold of the sunshine. And the qualities of strength, agility and skill in everything connected with war and victory we find in names like Hildegund, “the protectoress of the home”; Hadewig, “the mistress of battle”; Gertrud, “the thrower of the spear”; Gudrun, “the expert in war”; Thusinhilde or Thusnelda, “the giant fighter”; Sieglind, “the shield of victory”; Brunhild, “she who is strong like a bear,” and in many other names. The many noble female personages who figure in German mythology also testify to the high conception the Germans had of womanhood. There was Frigg, the spouse of Odin, and the ideal personification of a German housewife. There was Freya, the goddess of spring, beauty and love; Gerda, the bright consort of Fro, the sun god; Sigune, the faithful; not to forget the Valkyries, those beautiful maidens who hovered over the field of battle, wakened the dead heroes with a kiss and carried them on their swift cloud horses to Valhalla, where they were welcomed and feasted by the gods and enjoyed all kinds of martial games. The Germans saw in women also something that was sacred and prophetic. It was this belief that lent importance to Veleda, Alruna, and other prophetesses, who were looked up to as oracles, and played a conspicuous part during the time of the Roman invasion. THE HEROIC WOMEN OF THE BRITONS AND THE NORSEMEN. The same noble spirit that distinguished the German women, was likewise found among the females of Britain and Scandinavia. Tacitus in his “Annals” XIV gives an account of Boadicea, queen of the Iceni, a tribe that occupied the eastern coasts of Britain. To defend the independence of her country agains
21104	yago	3	74	https://issuu.com/gozdnavila/docs/208595333-coins-of-austria	en	208595333 coins of austria	https://image.isu.pub/16…age_1_social.jpg	https://image.isu.pub/16…age_1_social.jpg	[ "https://static.isu.pub/fe/product-header-frontend/781e53c/31d186ba39f38e8c4fac.png", "https://static.issuu.com/fe/silkscreen/0.0.3042/icons/gradient/icon-canva-gradient.svg", "https://static.isu.pub/fe/product-header-frontend/781e53c/1e794a8c4ec65e549678.png", "https://photo.isu.pub/gozdnavila/photo_large.jpg", "https://image.isu.pub/160307215741-ba8ec1edef03b80bbf05d364be40e85d/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg", "https://image.isu.pub/160307200706-0ffbafcb672f317c38a58213081be48f/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg", "https://image.isu.pub/160304182731-2e8828d707603ea8ca984d47ae45c93e/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg", "https://static.issuu.com/fe/silkscreen/0.0.2541/icons/gradient/icon-instagram-gradient.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2016-03-07T19:54:01+00:00	Read 208595333 coins of austria by Gozdna Vila on Issuu and browse thousands of other publications on our platform. Start here!	en	/favicon.ico	Issuu	https://issuu.com/gozdnavila/docs/208595333-coins-of-austria	Welcome to Issuu’s blog: home to product news, tips, resources, interviews (and more) related to content marketing and publishing. Here you'll find an answer to your question.
21104	yago	3	1	https://www.italiangenealogy.blog/king-rudolph-i-hapsburg-and-gertrude-of-hohenberg/	en	King Rudolph I Hapsburg and Gertrude of Hohenberg my 21st Great Grandparents	https://www.italiangenea…/01/Hapsburg.png	https://www.italiangenea…/01/Hapsburg.png	[ "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/cropped-stemma-piromallo-capece-1.gif?fit=69%2C74&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Hapsburg.png?fit=209%2C241&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Rudolph.jpg?fit=259%2C194&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/cdn.britannica.com/s:500x350/20/25820-004-2A0836C2.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Hohenberg.png?fit=204%2C247&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Gertrude.jpg?fit=194%2C259&ssl=1", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gertrud_von_Hohenberg.jpg/220px-Gertrud_von_Hohenberg.jpg", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Isabella-DEste-2.jpg?fit=281%2C300&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Screen-Shot-2021-08-17-at-10.09.34-AM.png?fit=262%2C300&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/banners/obiettivo-for-ad.jpeg?ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/banners/007-big.jpg?ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/banners/rooting-new.jpg?ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Screen-Shot-2021-11-27-at-9.17.28-AM.png?fit=1200%2C532&ssl=1&resize=40%2C40", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Marino-Caracciolo-III.jpg?fit=220%2C171&ssl=1&resize=40%2C40", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/1830-Joseph-Ludwig-am-Rhyn-trascinato.jpeg?fit=480%2C496&ssl=1&resize=40%2C40", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/aust.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/pcp01-150x150.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/800px-Regione-Piemonte-Stemma.svg.png?fit=800%2C800&ssl=1&resize=40%2C40", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/DNA.jpg?fit=680%2C382&ssl=1&resize=40%2C40", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Regione-Abruzzo-Stemma.svg.png?fit=800%2C1055&ssl=1&resize=40%2C40", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Screenshot-2024-06-23-at-8.21.25 AM.png?ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/banners/abruzzo-ad.jpg?ssl=1", "https://www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-includes/images/rss.png", "https://www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-includes/images/rss.png", "https://www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-includes/images/rss.png", "https://www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-includes/images/rss.png", "https://www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-includes/images/rss.png", "https://i0.wp.com/www.paypal.com/en_US/i/scr/pixel.gif?resize=1%2C1&ssl=1", "https://www.italiangenealogy.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Italian-Roots-2.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Bob" ]	2019-01-31T08:27:10+00:00	Relationship to King Rudolph I Rudolf I, also called Rudolf of Habsburg, (born May 1, 1218, Limburg-im-Breisgau [Germany]—died July 15, 1291, Speyer), first German king of the Habsburg dynasty. Rudolf I, detail from his tomb sculpture; in the cathedral of Speyer, Ger.Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin A son of Albert IV, Count of Habsburg, Rudolf on the occasion of his father’s death (c.1239) inherited lands in upper Alsace, the Aargau, and Breisgau. A partisan of the Hohenstaufen […]	en	https://i0.wp.com/www.it…it=30%2C32&ssl=1	Italian Genealogy	https://www.italiangenealogy.blog/king-rudolph-i-hapsburg-and-gertrude-of-hohenberg/	Relationship to King Rudolph I Rudolf I, also called Rudolf of Habsburg, (born May 1, 1218, Limburg-im-Breisgau [Germany]—died July 15, 1291, Speyer), first German king of the Habsburg dynasty. A son of Albert IV, Count of Habsburg, Rudolf on the occasion of his father’s death (c.1239) inherited lands in upper Alsace, the Aargau, and Breisgau. A partisan of the Hohenstaufen Holy Roman emperor Frederick II and his son Conrad IV, he increased his territories largely at the expense of his uncle, Count Hartmann of Kyburg, and his cousin, Count Hartmann the Younger, who supported the papal cause against the Hohenstaufens. Rudolf’s first marriage (c.1245), to Gertrude of Zollern-Hohenberg-Haigerloch, also added considerable property to his domains. In 1254 he assisted the Knights of the Teutonic Order by participating in a crusade in Prussia. Rudolf ’s election as German king at Frankfurt was hastened by the desire of the electors to exclude an increasingly powerful rival candidate of non-German birth, Otakar II of Bohemia. Crowned at Aachen on Oct. 24, 1273, Rudolf was recognized by Pope Gregory X in September 1274 on the condition that he would renounce all imperial rights in Rome, in the papal territories, and in Italy and to lead a new crusade. In 1275 the pope managed to persuade Alfonso X of Castile (whom some of the German electors had chosen king in April 1257) to abandon his claim to the German crown. Meanwhile Otakar II of Bohemia had been gaining control of Austria, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola. When in 1274 Otakar refused to appear before an imperial diet to show cause for his actions, Rudolf placed him under the ban of the empire and led an army into Austria, where he defeated Otakar in 1276. In 1278 Otakar, attempting to reconquer the territories he had lost to Rudolf, invaded Austria; he was again defeated and killed at the Battle of Dürnkrut (August 26). In 1282 Rudolf received permission from the German princes to grant to his sons the territories recovered from Otakar, and in December of that year he granted Austria and Styria to his sons Albert and Rudolf, thus constituting the territorial nucleus of the future Habsburg power. Rudolf combated the expansionist policy of France on his western frontier by marrying (his first wife having died in 1281) Isabella, daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy, and by compelling Otto IV, Count Palatine of Franche-Comté, to pay homage (1289). French influence at the papal court, however, prevented Rudolf from being crowned Holy Roman emperor by the pope. Rudolf made great efforts, in concert with the territorial princes, to enforce the public peace (Landfriede) in Germany, and in 1274 he reasserted the right of the monarchy to impose taxation on the cities. He was, however, unsuccessful in his efforts, between 1287 and 1291, to secure the election of his elder son Albert as German king or king of the Romans. The German electors were determined that the crown should not become a hereditary possession of the House of Habsburg, and thus the electors’ freedom of action remained intact at the time of Rudolf’s death.
21104	yago	0	37	https://jenikirbyhistory.getarchive.net/topics/gertrude%2Bof%2Bhohenberg	en	8 Gertrude of hohenberg Images: PICRYL	https://cdn2.picryl.com/…-4a43d5-1024.jpg	https://cdn2.picryl.com/…-4a43d5-1024.jpg	[ "https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn2/L3Bob3RvLzIwMDkvMTIvMzEvZ3JhYmtyb25lLWRlci1rb25pZ2luLWFubmEta2dtLTRhNDNkNS0xMDI0LmpwZw%3D%3D/40/41/jpg", "https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn2/L3Bob3RvLzIwMDgvMDMvMDEvZ2VydHJ1ZC1hbm5hLWhhYnNidXJnLWJhc2VsLW11ZW5zdGVyLXBhbm8tM2NiOWU3LTEwMjQuanBn/40/61/jpg", "https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn2/L3RodW1ibmFpbC8xOTAxLzEyLzMxL2dlcnRydWRlLW9mLWhvaGVuYmVyZy0wOWExMTItMjAwLmpwZw%3D%3D/40/40/jpg", "https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn2/L3RodW1ibmFpbC8yMDE1LzA3LzA2L2FubmEtZ2VydHJ1ZC1vZi1ob2hlbmJ1cmctZDMxYzQ1LTIwMC5qcGc%3D/40/40/jpg", "https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn2/L3Bob3RvLzIwMjEvMDkvMjAvdHJhZGl0aW9uc2tvZGV4LXdlaXNzZW5hdS1ydWRvbGYtdm9uLWhhYnNidXJnLWU4ZjBiMy0xMDI0LmpwZw%3D%3D/40/58/jpg", "https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn2/L3Bob3RvLzIwMjEvMDkvMjMvcG9zc2UtYmFuZC0xLWItMDA3Ni04NTE3MzMtMTAyNC5qcGc%3D/40/56/jpg", "https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn2/L3Bob3RvLzE5MDkvMTIvMzEvZ2VydHJ1ZGFob2hlbmJlcmctNTc0OTU5LTY0MC5qcGc%3D/40/62/jpg", "https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn2/L3RodW1ibmFpbC8xOTA5LzEyLzMxL2dlcnRydWRlLW9mLWhvaGVuYmVyZy03NTVkY2QtMjAwLmpwZw%3D%3D/40/40/jpg", "https://jenikirbyhistory.getarchive.net/img/country/en.png", "https://jenikirbyhistory.getarchive.net/img/country/de.png", "https://jenikirbyhistory.getarchive.net/img/country/ru.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Download Images of - Free for commercial use, no attribution required. From: Grabkrone der Königin Anna KGM, to Gertrude of Hohenberg - public domain postal stamp scan. Find images dated from 1000 to 2016.	en	/favicon.ico	PICRYL - Public Domain Media Search Engine	https://jenikirbyhistory.getarchive.net/topics/gertrude%2Bof%2Bhohenberg	Gertrud Anna Habsburg Basel Muenster pano Deutsch: Königin Gertrud Anna, Gemahlin Rudolfs v. Habsburg, geb. Gräfin v. Hohenberg. (1281 gestorben). Graf Karl v. Habsburg, deren Söhnlein (1276 gestorben). English: Panoramic view of Queen Gertrude of Ho ... More Gertrude-of-Hohenberg - A black and white drawing of a statue Gertrude of Hohenberg Public domain photograph decorative panel, decor, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description Public domain photograph of sculpture relief, decorative panel, free t ... More Anna (Gertrud) of Hohenburg Anna (Gertrud) of Hohenburg, 1st wife of Rudolph I Public domain photograph of French painting, 15th-16th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description Photo of Posse Band 1 b 0076 - Public domain dedication Public domain photograph of 3d object, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl Description. Gertruda Hohenberg - A black and white photo of a stone with a man on ... Gertrude of Hohenberg Čeština: Gertruda z Hohenbergu Public domain photograph of 13th-14th-century medieval seal, object, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
21104	yago	3	62	http://www.allinthepast.net/people/p00000vs.htm	en	Astrid UNK Mrs. Edmund III of SWEDEN			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Matilda of SWABIA Father: Henry I 'The Black' III of the Holy Roman EMPIRE Mother: Agnes of Poitou of AQUITAINE Birth: Oct 1048 Death: 12 May 1060, Pohlde, Saxony, Germany Partnership with: Rudolf of Rheinfelden Antiking & D of SWABIA Marriage: 1059 Ancestors of Matilda of SWABIA /-Henry Count of SPEYER /-Conrad Ii Emperor of the Holy Roman EMPIRE \| \-Adelheid of ALSACE /-Henry I 'The Black' III of the Holy Roman EMPIRE \| \| /-Hermann Ii Duke of SWABIA \| \-Gisele Duchess of SWABIA \| \-Gerberga Princess of BURGUNDY Matilda of SWABIA \| /-William IV 'Fier-aa-bras' of AQUITAINE \| /-William III 'The Grand' of V AQUITAINE \| \| \-Emma Countess of CHAMPAGNE \-Agnes of Poitou of AQUITAINE \| /-Otto Guillaume of Burgundy of LOMBARDY \-Agnes Countess of BURGUNDY \-Ermentrude Or Irmtrude Countess of Rheims DE ROUCY Descendants of Matilda of SWABIA 1 Matilda of SWABIA =Rudolf of Rheinfelden Antiking & D of SWABIA Marriage: 1059 Go To List Of Surnames Oldaric of SWABIA Father: Burchard I Duke of SWABIA Mother: Liutgard of SAXONY Ancestors of Oldaric of SWABIA /-Adalbert Ii Count in the THURGAU /-Burchard I Duke of SWABIA Oldaric of SWABIA \| /-Bruno Duke of East SAXONY \| /-Liudolf Or Ludolph Duke of East SAXONY \| \| \-UNK Mrs. Bruno of SAXONY \-Liutgard of SAXONY \| /-Billing of SAXONY \-Oda of SAXONY \-Aeda UNK Mrs. Billing of SAXONY Go To List Of Surnames Otto Duke of Bavaria and SWABIA Father: Liudolf Or Liutdolf of the Holy Roman EMPIRE Mother: Ida of SWABIA Birth: 955 Fact: Confidant of Otto II in War of the Three Henries Fact: Duke of Swabia Fact: Duke of Bavaria Fact: Accompanied Otto II on Italian campaign against Arabs Fact: Died enroute to Germany, Lucca Fact: Survived defeat near Crotone, July 13, 982, and later ambush Death: 1 Nov 982 Burial: Aschaffenburg, Bayern, Germany Ancestors of Otto Duke of Bavaria and SWABIA /-Heinrich I 'The Fowler' King of Germany Emp Holy Roman EMPIRE /-Otto I 'the Great' 1st Emperor of the Holy Roman EMPIRE \| \-St. Matilda Countess of RINGELHEIM /-Liudolf Or Liutdolf of the Holy Roman EMPIRE \| \| /-Edward 'The Elder' King of Wessex & ENGLAND \| \-Edith Or Aedgyth OR Eadgyth Princess of ENGLAND \| \-Elfleda Or Aelffaed Queen of ENGLAND Otto Duke of Bavaria and SWABIA \| /-Gebhard Count of Wetterau Duke of LORRAINE \| /-Herman I Duke of SWABIA \| \| \-Ida UNK Mrs. Gebhard of LORRAINE \-Ida of SWABIA \| /-Eberhard I Count of ZURICH \-Regilinde(a) of Nullenburg of SWABIA \-Gisela of NULLENBURG Go To List Of Surnames Otto Ii Duke of SWABIA Aka (Facts Pg): Count of Deutz and Auelgau Aka (Facts Pg): Count Palatine of Lotharingia Aka (Facts Pg): Duke of Swabia Death: 1047 Burial: Brauweiler Abbey, Germany Partnership with: Matilda of EGISHEIM Marriage: (Date and Place unknown) Child: Richenza of SWABIA Birth: 1020, Holland Descendants of Otto Ii Duke of SWABIA 1 Otto Ii Duke of SWABIA =Matilda of EGISHEIM 2 Richenza of SWABIA =Herman Count of WERL =Otto of NORDHEIM Go To List Of Surnames Otto of Worms D of Carinthia & SWABIA Father: Conrad 'The Red' Duke of Lorraine of the Salian FRANKS Mother: Luitgarde of the Salian FRANKS Ancestors of Otto of Worms D of Carinthia & SWABIA /-Werner Count of Nahegau Speyergau & WORMSGAU /-Conrad 'The Red' Duke of Lorraine of the Salian FRANKS \| \| /-Conrad I King of Germany Emp. of Holy Roman EMPIRE \| \-Cunigunda of Germany Mrs. Werner of WORMSGAU \| \-Cunigunda of SWABIA Otto of Worms D of Carinthia & SWABIA \| /-Otto of the Salian FRANKS \-Luitgarde of the Salian FRANKS Go To List Of Surnames Regilinde(a) of Nullenburg of SWABIA Father: Eberhard I Count of ZURICH Mother: Gisela of NULLENBURG Birth: 887, ZuÌrich, Switzerland Alt. Birth: Abt 887, France Fact: Banished or exiled to Alps by Count Erchanger Alt. Death: 23 Apr 958, Ufenau Island, Zurich, Switzerland Death: 958 Partnership with: Herman I Duke of SWABIA Marriage: (Date and Place unknown) Child: Ida of SWABIA Partnership with: Burchard Ii Duke of SWABIA Marriage: (Date and Place unknown) Child: Adalrich of SWABIA Child: Hicha of SWABIA Birth: Abt 905 Child: Burchard Iii Duke of SWABIA Birth: Abt 915 Child: Gisela of SWABIA Birth: Abt 905 Child: Bertha of SWABIA Birth: Abt 907, Bourgogne, France Ancestors of Regilinde(a) of Nullenburg of SWABIA /-Adalbert I VON THURGAU /-Adalbert Ii of Metz Count In The Thurgau SCHERRAGAU \| \-Gisela of FRANCE /-Eberhard I Count of ZURICH \| \-Judith Engeltrudis Margravine of FRIULI Regilinde(a) of Nullenburg of SWABIA \-Gisela of NULLENBURG Descendants of Regilinde(a) of Nullenburg of SWABIA 1 Regilinde(a) of Nullenburg of SWABIA =Herman I Duke of SWABIA 2 Ida of SWABIA =Liudolf Or Liutdolf of the Holy Roman EMPIRE Marriage: Bet 947 and 948 3 Otto Duke of Bavaria and SWABIA 3 Mathilde of SWABIA =Burchard Ii Duke of SWABIA 2 Adalrich of SWABIA 2 Hicha of SWABIA 2 Burchard Iii Duke of SWABIA =UNK Miss of IMMEDINGER 3 Theodoric I Count of WETTIN 3 Burchard Count of LEISGAU =Hedwige of BAVARIA 2 Gisela of SWABIA 2 Bertha of SWABIA =Rudolph Ii King of Upper Burgundy & ITALY Marriage: Abt 924 3 St. Adelaide of ITALY =Otto I 'the Great' 1st Emperor of the Holy Roman EMPIRE =Lothair 'The Saxon' of Lorraine King of ITALY 3 Conrad I 'The Peaceful' King of BURGUNDY =Mathilde Princess of FRANCE Marriage: 964 Go To List Of Surnames Richenza of SWABIA Father: Otto Ii Duke of SWABIA Mother: Matilda of EGISHEIM Birth: 1020, Holland Death: 1083 Partnership with: Herman Count of WERL Marriage: (Date and Place unknown) Partnership with: Otto of NORDHEIM Marriage: (Date and Place unknown) Ancestors of Richenza of SWABIA /-Otto Ii Duke of SWABIA Richenza of SWABIA \| /-Mieszko Or Mieczislaw OR Burislaf I DukePrince of POLAND \| /-Boleslaw I 'The Brave' King of POLAND \| \| \-Thyra Haraldsdatter Queen of NORWAY \-Matilda of EGISHEIM \-Oda of MEISSEN Descendants of Richenza of SWABIA 1 Richenza of SWABIA =Herman Count of WERL =Otto of NORDHEIM Go To List Of Surnames Rudolf of Rheinfelden Antiking & D of SWABIA Partnership with: Matilda of SWABIA Marriage: 1059 Descendants of Rudolf of Rheinfelden Antiking & D of SWABIA 1 Rudolf of Rheinfelden Antiking & D of SWABIA =Matilda of SWABIA Marriage: 1059 Go To List Of Surnames Rudolph Ii of Habsburg Duke of Austria & Styria Duke of SWABIA Father: Rudolf I (IV) Count of HABSBURG Mother: Gertrude of HOHENBERG Birth: 1270 Fact: Duke of Austria & Styria jointly with his brother, Albert I Fact: Treaty of Rheinfelden - relinquished share of Duchy of Austria & Styria Death: 10 May 1290, Prague, Czech Republic Partnership with: Agnes Or Anezka of BOHEMIA Marriage: 1289 Child: John 'Parricida' of SWABIA Birth: Abt 1290 Ancestors of Rudolph Ii of Habsburg Duke of Austria & Styria Duke of SWABIA /-Rudolf Ii Count of HABSBURG /-Albert Iv Count of HABSBURG /-Rudolf I (IV) Count of HABSBURG \| \| /-Ulrich Count of KYBURG \| \-Hedwig of KYBURG Rudolph Ii of Habsburg Duke of Austria & Styria Duke of SWABIA \| /-Burkhard Iii Count of HOHENBERG \-Gertrude of HOHENBERG Descendants of Rudolph Ii of Habsburg Duke of Austria & Styria Duke of SWABIA 1 Rudolph Ii of Habsburg Duke of Austria & Styria Duke of SWABIA =Agnes Or Anezka of BOHEMIA Marriage: 1289 2 John 'Parricida' of SWABIA Go To List Of Surnames Willa of SWABIA Birth: Abt 852, Bourgogne, France Death: 14 Jun 929 Partnership with: Rudolph I Duke of BURGUNDY Marriage: (Date and Place unknown) Child: Rudolph Ii King of Upper Burgundy & ITALY Birth: Abt 902, Bourgogne, France Descendants of Willa of SWABIA 1 Willa of SWABIA =Rudolph I Duke of BURGUNDY 2 Rudolph Ii King of Upper Burgundy & ITALY =Bertha of SWABIA Marriage: Abt 924 3 St. Adelaide of ITALY =Otto I 'the Great' 1st Emperor of the Holy Roman EMPIRE =Lothair 'The Saxon' of Lorraine King of ITALY 3 Conrad I 'The Peaceful' King of BURGUNDY =Mathilde Princess of FRANCE Marriage: 964 Go To List Of Surnames Ambrose Jr. SWALLOW Partnership with: Sarah BARRETT Marriage: (Date and Place unknown) Child: Joseph SWALLOW Descendants of Ambrose Jr. SWALLOW 1 Ambrose Jr. SWALLOW =Sarah BARRETT 2 Joseph SWALLOW =Esther ROBBINS Marriage: 25 Oct 1751, Westford, Middlesex, Massachusetts Go To List Of Surnames Joseph SWALLOW Father: Ambrose Jr. SWALLOW Mother: Sarah BARRETT Partnership with: Esther ROBBINS Marriage: 25 Oct 1751, Westford, Middlesex, Massachusetts Ancestors of Joseph SWALLOW /-Ambrose Jr. SWALLOW Joseph SWALLOW \-Sarah BARRETT Descendants of Joseph SWALLOW 1 Joseph SWALLOW =Esther ROBBINS Marriage: 25 Oct 1751, Westford, Middlesex, Massachusetts Go To List Of Surnames Snofrid Or Snaefrid 'Snowfair' SWASISDOTTIR Father: Svase the FINN Partnership with: Harald I 'Fairhair' King of NORWAY Marriage: (Date and Place unknown) Child: Sigurd a-Bush Haraldsson Underking of Trondheim of NORWAY Child: Halvdan Halegg Haraldsson of NORWAY Birth: Abt 914, Hadeland, Askerhus, Norway Child: Gudrod Ljome Haraldsson of NORWAY Birth: Abt 918, Hadeland, Askerhus, Norway Ancestors of Snofrid Or Snaefrid 'Snowfair' SWASISDOTTIR /-Svase the FINN Snofrid Or Snaefrid 'Snowfair' SWASISDOTTIR Descendants of Snofrid Or Snaefrid 'Snowfair' SWASISDOTTIR 1 Snofrid Or Snaefrid 'Snowfair' SWASISDOTTIR =Harald I 'Fairhair' King of NORWAY 2 Sigurd a-Bush Haraldsson Underking of Trondheim of NORWAY =(Unknown) 3 Halfdan SIGURDSSON =(Unknown) 2 Halvdan Halegg Haraldsson of NORWAY 2 Gudrod Ljome Haraldsson of NORWAY Go To List Of Surnames SWEBDAEG Father: Siggar GGrandson of ODIN Fact: Shown in both Anglo-Saxon Chronicles and Prose Edda Partnership with: (Unknown) Child: SIGEGEAT Ancestors of SWEBDAEG /-Waegdaeg Son of ODIN /-Vitgils Grandson of ODIN /-Siggar GGrandson of ODIN SWEBDAEG Descendants of SWEBDAEG 1 SWEBDAEG =(Unknown) 2 SIGEGEAT =(Unknown) 3 SAEBALD =(Unknown) Go To List Of Surnames Alfhild Ingebjorg Gandolsdottir Randversson Queen of Denmark & No SWEDEN Birth: 16 Mar 728, Vingulmork, Norway Also known as: Alfhild Gandolfsdatter Alt. Birth: Abt 735, Denmark Death: 2 Feb 778, Uppsala, Sweden Partnership with: Sigurd "The Ring" Randversson King of SWEDEN Marriage: (Date and Place unknown) Child: Ragnar 'Lodbrok' Sigurdsson King of DENMARK Birth: 736, Upsala, Upsala, Sweden Descendants of Alfhild Ingebjorg Gandolsdottir Randversson Queen of Denmark & No SWEDEN 1 Alfhild Ingebjorg Gandolsdottir Randversson Queen of Denmark & No SWEDEN =Sigurd "The Ring" Randversson King of SWEDEN 2 Ragnar 'Lodbrok' Sigurdsson King of DENMARK =Aslaug Or Kraka SIGURDSDOTTIR Marriage: Abt 783, Denmark 3 Bjorn 'Ironside' RAGNARSSON =UNK Mrs. Bjorn RAGNARSSON =(Unknown) 3 Hvitserk RAGNARSSON 3 Rognvald RAGNARSSON 3 Ivar Or Ingwaer 'The Boneless' Ragnarsson King of DUBLIN =(Unknown) 3 Halfdan Ragnarsson of DENMARK 3 Ivar RAGNARSSON =(Unknown) 3 Sigurd 'Snake Eye' Ragnarsson King of DENMARK =Heluna Or Bleja Princess of ENGLAND Marriage: Abt 799, Jutland, Denmark =Thora HERRAUDSDOTTIR 3 Erik RAGNARSSON 3 Alaf Or Alof RAGNARSDOTTIR =UNK Mrs. Ragnar Sigurdsson of DENMARK Go To List Of Surnames Anna Ingeborg Sula Bjornsson Thrandsdottir Queen of SWEDEN Birth: Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden Death: 2 Feb 1014, Uppsala, Stockholm, Sweden Partnership with: Olaf Ii 'The Sharp-Sighted' Bjornsson King of SWEDEN Marriage: (Date and Place unknown) Child: Cyrid of SWEDEN Birth: 936, Uppsala, Stockholm, Sweden Descendants of Anna Ingeborg Sula Bjornsson Thrandsdottir Queen of SWEDEN 1 Anna Ingeborg Sula Bjornsson Thrandsdottir Queen of SWEDEN =Olaf Ii 'The Sharp-Sighted' Bjornsson King of SWEDEN 2 Cyrid of SWEDEN =Harold Viii Herbastus DE CREPON Marriage: Denmark 3 Wevia de CREPON 3 Sibell de CREPON =Hugh de MONTGOMERY Marriage: 994 Go To List Of Surnames Arund Or Anund Jakob Olafsson King of SWEDEN Father: Olaf Iii 'Skotkonung' Eriksson King of SWEDEN Mother: Astrid Or Inegrid Queen of SWEDEN Birth: Abt 1008, Sweden Also known as: Anund OR Jacob Olafsson King of Sweden Death: Abt 1050 Partnership with: Gunnhild Sveinsdottir of LADIR Marriage: (Date and Place unknown) Child: Guda Anundsdottir of SWEDEN Ancestors of Arund Or Anund Jakob Olafsson King of SWEDEN /-Bjorn 'The Old' Eriksson King of SWEDEN /-Eric VI 'The Victorious' Bjornsson King of SWEDEN \| \-UNK Mrs. Bjorn Erikson Queen of SWEDEN /-Olaf Iii 'Skotkonung' Eriksson King of SWEDEN \| \| /-Skagul TOSTE \| \-Sigrid 'The Haughty' of Poland Queen of Sweden Norway & DENMARK Arund Or Anund Jakob Olafsson King of SWEDEN \| /-Mieceslas Prince of the OBOTRITES \-Astrid Or Inegrid Queen of SWEDEN \-Sophia UNK Mrs. Mieceslas of the OBOTRITES Descendants of Arund Or Anund Jakob Olafsson King of SWEDEN 1 Arund Or Anund Jakob Olafsson King of SWEDEN =Gunnhild Sveinsdottir of LADIR 2 Guda Anundsdottir of SWEDEN =Sweyn Ii Estridsson Ulfsson King of DENMARK Marriage: Abt 1054 3 Svein Svensson King of DENMARK =(Unknown) Go To List Of Surnames Astrid of SWEDEN Father: Olaf Iii 'Skotkonung' Eriksson King of SWEDEN Mother: Edla of Mecklenburg WENDIN Ancestors of Astrid of SWEDEN /-Bjorn 'The Old' Eriksson King of SWEDEN /-Eric VI 'The Victorious' Bjornsson King of SWEDEN \| \-UNK Mrs. Bjorn Erikson Queen of SWEDEN /-Olaf Iii 'Skotkonung' Eriksson King of SWEDEN \| \| /-Skagul TOSTE \| \-Sigrid 'The Haughty' of Poland Queen of Sweden Norway & DENMARK Astrid of SWEDEN \-Edla of Mecklenburg WENDIN Go To List Of Surnames Astrid Or Inegrid Queen of SWEDEN Father: Mieceslas Prince of the OBOTRITES Mother: Sophia UNK Mrs. Mieceslas of the OBOTRITES Birth: Abt 979, Sweden Aka (Facts Pg): Princess of the Obotrites Death: (Date and Place unknown) Partnership with: Olaf Iii 'Skotkonung' Eriksson King of SWEDEN Marriage: Abt 999, Upsala, Upsala, Sweden Child: Ingrid Or Anna Olafsdotter Princess of SWEDEN Birth: Abt 1001, Upsala, Upsala, Sweden Child: Arund Or Anund Jakob Olafsson King of SWEDEN Birth: Abt 1008, Sweden Ancestors of Astrid Or Inegrid Queen of SWEDEN /-Mieceslas Prince of the OBOTRITES Astrid Or Inegrid Queen of SWEDEN \-Sophia UNK Mrs. Mieceslas of the OBOTRITES Descendants of Astrid Or Inegrid Queen of SWEDEN 1 Astrid Or Inegrid Queen of SWEDEN =Olaf Iii 'Skotkonung' Eriksson King of SWEDEN Marriage: Abt 999, Upsala, Upsala, Sweden 2 Ingrid Or Anna Olafsdotter Princess of SWEDEN =Yaroslav I 'The Wise' PrinceGrand Duke of KIEV Marriage: 1019, Upsala, Upsala, Sweden 3 Vladimar Holti 'The Nimble' Prince of NOVGOROD =Oda VON STADE Marriage: Abt 1043 3 Elizabeth Princess of KIEV 3 Anna Agnesa Yaroslavna of Kiev Queen of FRANCE =Henry I Capet King of FRANCE Marriage: 10 May 1051, France 3 Anna Or Agnesa Yaroslavna of KIEV 3 Izyaslav I Dmitrij Yaroslavich Duke of KIEV 3 Anastasia Yaroslavna Countess of KIEV =Andrew I OR Andros King of HUNGARY 3 Svyatoslav (Svyatopolk) I Prince of KIEV 3 Vsevolod I Grand Duke of KIEV =Irina Maria of BYZANTIUM Marriage: 1046 =Anastasia of BYZANTIUM Marriage: 1046 3 Elizaveta Yaroslavna Queen of NORWAY 3 Ellisif Or Elizabeth JAROSLAVNA =Sweyn Ii Estridsson Ulfsson King of DENMARK =Harald Iii Sigurdsson Hardrade King of NORWAY 3 Anastasiya Agmunda Yaroslavna Pr. of KIEV 3 Igo YAROSLAVICH 2 Arund Or Anund Jakob Olafsson King of SWEDEN =Gunnhild Sveinsdottir of LADIR 3 Guda Anundsdottir of SWEDEN =Sweyn Ii Estridsson Ulfsson King of DENMARK Marriage: Abt 1054 Go To List Of Surnames Astrid UNK Mrs. Edmund III of SWEDEN Partnership with: Edmund Iii 'The Slemme' King of SWEDEN Marriage: (Date and Place unknown) Child: UNK Miss EDMUNDSDOTTER Child: Anund EDMUNDSSON Descendants of Astrid UNK Mrs. Edmund III of SWEDEN 1 Astrid UNK Mrs. Edmund III of SWEDEN =Edmund Iii 'The Slemme' King of SWEDEN 2 UNK Miss EDMUNDSDOTTER 2 Anund EDMUNDSSON
21104	yago	0	60	https://fr-ca.findagrave.com/memorial/96242691/wenceslaus_ii-of_bohemia	en	King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia (1271	https://images.findagrav…7d603819b67.jpeg	https://images.findagrav…7d603819b67.jpeg	[ "https://fr-ca.findagrave.com/assets/images/logo-fff.png", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2022/8/96242691_0eabb75b-72bb-4f9a-adb7-07d603819b67.jpeg?size=photos250", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2021/252/231836940_b471e381-a799-44c9-b4fc-e6c006591e66.jpeg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2021/252/231841050_182afd89-b024-4a7f-9f81-919c39d6034a.jpeg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2022/151/39615663_18f5ea83-907a-4296-8a03-406936af35fa.jpeg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2022/151/123509032_d27333ba-bee5-478e-979e-9a4dec5a17ec.jpeg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2020/84/131097808_c4202105-e4f7-4e1e-afda-a5d6008c8339.jpeg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2014/332/66433055_1417280820.jpg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2011/270/12419011_131726089127.jpg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2014/14/123508081_1389859003.jpg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/default-image.png", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2022/8/96242691_0eabb75b-72bb-4f9a-adb7-07d603819b67.jpeg", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2014/152/96242691_1401737583.jpg", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2014/15/95554064_1389860426.jpg", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2014/15/95554064_1389860154.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Royalty. King of Bohemia and Poland. He was the only surviving son of Přemysl Ottokar II and Kunigunde von Halicz. ∼Wenceslaus II was King of Bohemia, Duke of Cracow and King of Poland. He was the only son of King Ottokar II of Bohemia and Ottokar's second wife Kunigunda. He was born in 1271, ten years after the...	de	/assets/images/fg-icon.svg		https://de.findagrave.com/memorial/96242691/wenceslaus_ii-of_bohemia	Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Wir sind auf ein unbekanntes Problem gestoßen. Warten Sie einige Minuten und versuchen Sie es noch einmal. Wenn das Problem weiterhin besteht, kontaktieren Sie Find a Grave. Wir haben die Sicherheit auf der Seite aktualisiert. Sie müssen Ihr Passwort zurücksetzen. Ihr Konto wurde wegen zu vieler fehlgeschlagener Anmeldeversuche für 30 Minuten gesperrt. Bitte kontaktieren Sie Find a Grave unter [email protected], wenn Sie Hilfe beim Zurücksetzen Ihres Passworts benötigen. Dieses Konto wurde deaktiviert. Bei Fragen kontaktieren Sie bitte [email protected] Dieses Konto wurde deaktiviert. Bei Fragen kontaktieren Sie bitte [email protected] E-Mail nicht gefunden. Bitte füllen Sie das Captcha aus, damit wir wissen, dass Sie eine echte Person sind. Mehr als einen Datensatz für eingegebene E-Mail gefunden. Wir haben Ihnen zur Aktivierung eine E-Mail geschickt. Sign in to your existing Find a Grave account. You’ll only have to do this once—after your accounts are connected, you can sign in using your Ancestry sign in or your Find a Grave sign in. We found an existing Find a Grave account associated with your email address. Sign in below with your Find a Grave credentials to link your Ancestry account. After your accounts are connected you can sign in using either account. Geben Sie zum Anmelden Ihre E-Mail-Adresse ein. Geben Sie zum Anmelden Ihr Passwort ein. Geben Sie zum Anmelden Ihre E-Mail-Adresse und Ihr Passwort ein. Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Es ist ein Systemfehler aufgetreten. Bitte versuchen Sie es später erneut. Eine E-Mail zum Zurücksetzen des Passworts wurde an Email-ID gesendet. Wenn Sie keine E-Mail erhalten haben, durchsuchen Sie bitte Ihren Spam-Ordner. Wir sind auf ein unbekanntes Problem gestoßen. Warten Sie einige Minuten und versuchen Sie es noch einmal. Wenn das Problem weiterhin besteht, kontaktieren Sie Find a Grave.
21104	yago	2	79	https://scientificwomen.net/search	en	Research	https://scientificwomen.net/img/favicon.ico	https://scientificwomen.net/img/favicon.ico	[ "https://scientificwomen.net/img/logo.png", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/curie-marie.jpg", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/boole_stott-alicia.jpg", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/agnesi-maria.jpg", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/athirte-.gif", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/barre-sinoussi-francoise.jpg", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/bassi-laura.jpg", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/bell-jocelyn.jpg", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/bingen-hildegarde.jpg", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/blackburn-elizabeth.jpg", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/blodgett-katharine.jpg", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/brahe-sophia.jpg", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/bucca-dorotea.jpg", 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"https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/Emmanuelle_Charpentier.jpg", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/jennifer-doudna.jpg", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/alice_recoque.jpg", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/thiroux_arconville.jpg", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/Alice_Hamilton.jpg", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/bertha_lutz.png", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/GladysWest.png", "https://scientificwomen.net/img/profiles/dorothy-hansine-andersen.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			img/favicon.ico		null	Ruby PAYNE-SCOTTMain achievements: First person to consider the possibility of radio astronomy Ruby Violet Payne-Scott was an Australian pioneer in radiophysics and radio astronomy, and was the first female radio astronomer. Payne-Scott was born on 28 May 1912 in Grafton, New South Wales, the daughter of Cyril Payne-Scott and his wife Amy (née Neale). She later moved to Sydney to live with her aunt. She attended the Penrith Public Primary School from 1921 to 1924. She attended the Cleveland-Street Girls High School in Sydney from 1925 to 1926. She completed secondary schooling at Sydney Girls High School. Her school Leaving Certificate included honours in mathematics and botany. She won two scholarships to undertake tertiary education at the University of Sydney, where she studied physics, chemistry, mathematics and botany. She completed a B.Sc. in Physics in 1933, an M.Sc. in Physics in 1936, and a Diploma of Education in 1938. One of the more outstanding physicists Australia has ever produced and one of the first people in the world to consider the possibility of radio astronomy, and thereby responsible for what is now a fundamental part of the modern lexicon of science, she was often the only woman in her classes at the University of Sydney. In 1936 she conducted research with William H. Love at the Cancer Research Laboratory at the University of Sydney. They determined that the magnetism of the earth had little or no effect on the vital processes of beings living on the earth by cultivating chick embryos with no observable differences despite being in magnetic fields up to 5000 times as powerful as that of the earth. Some decades earlier it was a widely held belief that the earth's magnetic field produced extensive effects on human beings, and many people would sleep only with the head to the north and the body parallel to the magnetic meridian. Her career arguably reached its zenith while working for the Australian government's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (then called CSIR, now known as CSIRO) at Dover Heights, Hornsby and especially Potts Hill in Sydney. Some of her fundamental contributions to solar radio astronomy came at the end of this period. She is the discoverer of Type I and Type III bursts[14] and participated in the recognition of Type II and IV bursts. Payne-Scott played a major role in the first-ever radio astronomical interferometer observation from 26 January 1946, when the sea-cliff interferometer was used to determine the position and angular size of a solar burst. This observation occurred at either Dover Heights (ex Army shore defence radar) or at Beacon Hill, near Collaroy on Sydney's north shore (ex Royal Australian Air Force surveillance radar establishment – however this radar did not become active until early 1950). During World War II, she was engaged in top secret work investigating radar. She was the expert on the detection of aircraft using PPI (Plan Position Indicator) displays. She was also at the time a member of the Communist Party and an early advocate for women's rights. The Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) was interested in Payne-Scott and had a substantial file on her activities, with some distortions. Ruby Payne-Scott and William ("Bill") Holman Hall secretly married in 1944; at this time, the Commonwealth government had legislated for a marriage bar specifying that married woman could not hold a permanent position within the public service. She continued to work for CSIRO while secretly married until the regulations of the new CSIRO in 1949 raised the issue of her marriage. The following year, her treatment by CSIRO resulted in hostile written exchanges with Sir Ian Clunies Ross (Chairman of CSIRO) about the status of married women in the work place. She lost her permanent position in CSIRO. However, her salary was maintained at a level comparable to that of her male colleagues. In 1951, she resigned a few months before her son Peter was born; there was no maternity leave at this time. She changed her name to Ruby Hall only after she left CSIRO. Ruby and Bill Hall had two children: Peter Gavin Hall, a mathematician working in theoretical statistics and probability theory, and Fiona Margaret Hall, one of Australia's more prominent artists, whose career is described by Julie Ewington in her 2005 book Fiona Hall. Ruby Payne-Scott died in Mortdale, New South Wales, 25 May 1981, three days short of her 69th birthday. She suffered from Alzheimer's disease in the last years of her life. In 2018 the New York Times wrote a belated obituary for her. Source: Lene HAUMain achievements: Slowing and stopping a beam of light Lene Vestergaard Hau is a Danish physicist who is currently the Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and of Applied Physics at Harvard University. She received a PhD from Aarhus University. In 1999, she led a Harvard University team who, by use of a Bose-Einstein condensate, succeeded in slowing a beam of light to about 17 metres per second, and, in 2001, was able to stop a beam completely. Later work based on these experiments led to the transfer of light to matter, then from matter back into light, a process with important implications for quantum encryption and quantum computing. More recent work has involved research into novel interactions between ultracold atoms and nanoscopic-scale systems. In addition to teaching physics and applied physics, she has taught Energy Science at Harvard, involving photovoltaic cells, nuclear power, batteries, and photosynthesis. As well as her own experiments and research, she is often invited to speak at international conferences, and is involved in structuring the science policies of various institutions. She was keynote speaker at EliteForsk-konferencen 2013 ("Elite Research Conference") in Copenhagen, which was attended by government ministers, as well as senior science policy and research developers in Denmark. In acknowledgment of her many achievements, Discover Magazine recognized her in 2002 as one of the 50 most important women in science. After being awarded her bachelor's degree in Mathematics in 1984, Hau continued to study at the University of Aarhus for her master's degree in Physics which was awarded two years later. For her doctoral studies in quantum theory Hau worked on ideas similar to those involved in fibre optic cables carrying light, but her work involved strings of atoms in a silicon crystal carrying electrons. While working towards her doctorate Hau spent seven months at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics near Geneva. She received her doctorate from the University of Aarhus in Denmark in 1991, but by this time her research interests had changed direction. In 1991 she joined the Rowland Institute for Science at Cambridge, Massachusetts as a scientific staff member, beginning to explore the possibilities of slow light and cold atoms. In 1999, Hau accepted a two-year appointment as a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University. Her formalized training is in theoretical physics but her interest moved to experimental research in an effort to create a new form of matter known as a Bose–Einstein condensate. "Hau applied to the National Science Foundation for funds to make a batch of this condensate but was rejected on the grounds that she was a theorist for whom such experiments would be too difficult to do." Undeterred, she gained alternative funding, and became one of the first handful of physicists to create such a condensate. In September 1999 she was appointed the Gordon Mckay Professor of Applied Physics and Professor of Physics at Harvard. She was also awarded tenure in 1999, and is now Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Harvard. In 2001 she became the first person to stop light completely, using a Bose–Einstein condensate to achieve this. Since then she has produced copious research, and new experimental work, in electromagnetically induced transparency, various areas of quantum physics, photonics and contributed to the development of new quantum devices and novel nanoscale applications. Hau and her associates at Harvard University "have demonstrated exquisite control over light and matter in several experiments, but her experiment with 2 condensates is one of the most compelling". In 2006 they successfully transferred a qubit from light to a matter wave and back into light, again using Bose–Einstein condensates. Details of the experiment are discussed in the February 8, 2007 publication of the journal Nature. The experiment relies on the way that, according to quantum mechanics, atoms may behave as waves as well as particles. This enables atoms to do some counterintuitive things, such as passing through two openings at once. Within a Bose–Einstein condensate a light pulse is compressed by a factor of 50 million, without losing any of the information stored within it. In this Bose–Einstein condensate, information encoded in a light pulse can be transferred to the atom waves. Because all the atoms move coherently, the information does not dissolve into random noise. The light drives some of the cloud's roughly 1.8 million sodium atoms to enter into "quantum superposition" states, with a lower-energy component that stays put and a higher-energy component that travels between the two[clarification needed] clouds. A second 'control' laser then writes the shape of the pulse into the atom waves. When this control beam is turned off and the light pulse disappears, the 'matter copy' remains. Prior to this, researchers could not readily control optical information during its journey, except to amplify the signal to avoid fading. This experiment by Hau and her colleagues marked the first successful manipulation of coherent optical information. The new study is "a beautiful demonstration", says Irina Novikova, a physicist at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, VA. Before this result, she says, light storage was measured in milliseconds. "Here it's fractional seconds. It's a really dramatic time." Of its potential, Hau said "While the matter is traveling between the two Bose–Einstein condensates, we can trap it, potentially for minutes, and reshape it – change it – in whatever way we want. This novel form of quantum control could also have applications in the developing fields of quantum information processing and quantum cryptography." Of the developmental implications, "This feat, the sharing around of quantum information in light-form and in not just one but two atom-forms, offers great encouragement to those who hope to develop quantum computers," said Jeremy Bloxham, dean of science in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Hau was awarded the George Ledlie Prize for this work, Harvard's Provost Steven Hyman noting "her work is path-breaking. Her research blurs the boundaries between basic and applied science, draws on the talent and people of two Schools and several departments, and provides a literally glowing example of how taking daring intellectual risks leads to profound rewards." In 2009 Hau and team laser-cooled clouds of one million rubidium atoms to just a fraction of a degree above absolute zero. They then launched this millimeter-long atomic cloud towards a suspended carbon nanotube, located some two centimeters away and charged to hundreds of volts. The results were published in 2010, heralding new interactions between cold atoms and nanoscale systems.[16] They observed that most atoms passed by, but approximately 10 per million were inescapably attracted, causing them to dramatically accelerate both in movement and in temperature. "At this point, the speeding atoms separate into an electron and an ion rotating in parallel around the nanowire, completing each orbit in just a few trillionths of a second. The electron eventually gets sucked into the nanotube via quantum tunneling, causing its companion ion to shoot away – repelled by the strong charge of the 300-volt nanotube – at a speed of roughly 26 kilometers per second, or 59,000 miles per hour." Atoms can rapidly disintegrate, without having to collide with each other in this experiment. The team is quick to note that this effect is not produced by gravity, as calculated in blackholes that exist in space, but by the high electrical charge in the nanotube. The experiment combines nanotechnology with cold atoms to demonstrate a new type of high-resolution, single-atom, chip-integrated detector that may ultimately be able to resolve fringes from the interference of matter waves. The scientists also foresee a range of single-atom, fundamental studies made possible by their setup. Source: Zofia KIELAN JAWOROWSKAZofia Kielan-Jaworowska was a Polish paleobiologist. She was born in Sokolow Podlaski, Poland, on April 25, 1925. In 1928, her father, Franciszek Kielan, was offered a job for the Association of Agriculture and Trade Cooperatives in Warsaw where her family moved for 5 years. Zofia and family returned to Warsaw in 1934 and lived in the small town of Zoliborz. She began her studies in Warsaw, following the destruction after the war when the Nazis had attempted to completely destroy the city, resulting in the Department of Geology joining the ruins. She attended lectures given instead by the Polish paleontologist, Roman Kozlowski, in his own home. This is her where her passion began. She subsequently earned a master's degree in zoology and a paleontology doctorate at Warsaw University, where she later became a professor. 15 years later, she organized the first Polish-Mongolian paleontological quest to the Gobi Desert, and returned seven times. She became the first woman to serve on the committee of the International Union of Geological Sciences. Her findings remain arguably unmatched by any living expert. She was employed by the Institute of Paleobiology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. She held a number of functions in professional organizations in Poland and the United States. Her work included the study of Devonian and Ordovician trilobites from Central Europe (Poland and Czech Republic), leading several Polish-Mongolian paleontological expeditions to the Gobi Desert, and the discovery of new species of crocodiles, lizards, turtles, dinosaurs (notably Deinocheirus), birds and multituberculates. She is the author of the book Hunting for Dinosaurs, and a co-author of the book Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs. Her work was published widely in peer reviewed scientific journals, books and monographs. While at the University of Warsaw, she started her master's research. This allowed her to join expeditions with other paleontologists and make various contributions. Kielan-Jaworowska participated in her first paleontological excavation in 1947 along with a group of researchers from the Museum of Earth and the National Geological Institute. The excavations, led by the geologist Jan Czarnocki, took place in Poland's Swietokrzyskie Mountains in exposures of Middle Devonian strata. The group's work involved digging for soft rock and rinsing away the sediment, consisting of yellow marl, in running water while using a sieve to collect any fossils that were present. Kielan-Jaworowska spent two months with the group and specifically sought trilobite fossils, which became the focus of her master's thesis. She returned to specific sites in the Swietokrzyskie Mountains over the next three summers to continue developing her collection, which grew to over one hundred trilobite specimens. Kielan-Jaworowska was awarded her master's degree in 1949. She had been employed as an assistant in the University of Warsaw's Department of Paleontology since fall 1948. She worked there until 1952, teaching classes in paleontology for biology and geology students. During her expeditions from 1963 to 1971 to the Gobi Desert, she unearthed many dinosaurs and mammals from the Cretaceous and early Tertiary. Her findings were so extensive that, in 1965, her team had shipped over 20 tons of fossils back to Poland. One of her most notable finds was in 1971, when she discovered a Protoceratops and a young Velociraptor tangled in a struggle. The fossilization process of how these two remained intact in this position is still debated. Although her findings were mainly dinosaurs, she did not focus all her research on them. From 1949 to 1963, she concentrated on Paleozoic invertebrates, especially three-lobed water bugs called trilobites. They were among the oldest fossils commonly found. This led her to shift her focus on researching Mesozoic mammals in 1963. Kielan-Jaworowska has added a great deal of contribution to monographs that detail findings of fossils and wrote her own book, Hunting for Dinosaurs, which give brief descriptions of her paleontological endeavors in the Gobi Desert. The book was written in Polish and translated to English and published in 1969. The book notes her exchange with the Mongolian people, as well as the hardships she faced to achieve success in her life's work. In her research, she explored the asteroid theory regarding the mass extinction of dinosaurs. Kielan-Jaworowska concluded the book with noting how the research of the mass extinctions could promote awareness for future decades. Kielan-Jaworowska and her book gained international attention and fame. From 1960 to 1982, she was the director of the Institute of Paleobiology. In 1982, she stepped down from her position to undertake a visiting professorship at the Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris, which lasted for two years. Soon after her return to Warsaw, she was appointed Professor of Paeleontology at the University of Oslo, which lasted from 1986 to 1995 when she was appointed Professor Emerita in the institute of Paleobiology. In 1988, she was awarded the Walter Granger Memorial Award. In 1999, Kielan-Jaworowska received the Righteous Among the Nations Medal. She was awarded the Romer-Simpson Medal in 1996, becoming the 8th recipient of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology's award, which honors sustained and outstanding scholarly excellence in the discipline of vertebrate paleontology. In 2002, she also became the recipient of the Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta. Her book, Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs, won her the prestigious Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science in 2005. Her work was recognized "for a creative synthesis of research on the Mesozoic evolution of mammals". Kielan-Jaworowska's co-author, Zhe-Xi Lou, describes her contribution to paleontology as unmatched by any living experts, and that "in the whole of Mesozoic mammalian studies for the last 100 years, only the late American paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson would be her equal". "She is the rarest among the rare – she has been a leader in making important scientific contributions, and also a gregarious and charismatic figure, both of which have made paleontology a better science, and paleontologists worldwide a better community." She was a member of the Polish Geological Society, Academia Europaea, Palaeontological Association, Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Norwegian Paleontological Society, Polish Academy of Sciences as well as an honorary member of the Linnean Society of London, Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists and the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. She worked at the Harvard University (1973-74), Paris Diderot University (1982-84), University of Oslo (1987-95) and the Polish Academy of Sciences. A number of extinct animals have been named in her honour including Kielanodon, Zofiabaatar, Kielantherium, Zofiagale as well as Indobaatar zofiae. Source:
21104	yago	3	35	https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/agnes-habsburg-c-1257-1322	en	Agnes of Habsburg (c. 1257–1322)			[ "https://www.encyclopedia.com/themes/custom/trustme/images/header-logo.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Agnes of Habsburg (c. 1257–1322)Electress of Saxony. Name variations: Gertrud. Born around 1257; died on October 11", "1322", "in Wittenberg; daughter of Anna of Hohenberg (c. 1230–1281) and Rudolph or Rudolf I of Habsburg (1218–1291)", "king of Germany (r. 1273)", "Holy Roman emperor (r." ]	null	[]	null	Agnes of Habsburg (c. 1257–1322)Electress of Saxony. Name variations: Gertrud. Born around 1257; died on October 11, 1322, in Wittenberg; daughter of Anna of Hohenberg (c. 1230–1281) and Rudolph or Rudolf I of Habsburg (1218–1291), king of Germany (r. 1273), Holy Roman emperor (r. Source for information on Agnes of Habsburg (c. 1257–1322): Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia dictionary.	en	/sites/default/files/favicon.ico		https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/agnes-habsburg-c-1257-1322	Citation styles Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: Notes:
21104	yago	3	42	https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Habsburg-15	en	Judith (Habsburg) of Bohemia (1271-1297)	https://www.wikitree.com…ges/og-image.png	https://www.wikitree.com…ges/og-image.png	[ "https://www.wikitree.com/images/wikitree-small.png.pagespeed.ce.5G9g5z_Ayb.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/female.gif.pagespeed.ce._HpxLyYvZO.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/privacy60.png.pagespeed.ce.40ChhYgHYM.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qcAFb.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/pedigree.gif.pagespeed.ce.4kSwuvQoBH.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qcAFb.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/descendant-link.gif.pagespeed.ce.otv5KRfaLm.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qcAFb.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/mail.gif.pagespeed.ce.Q4d4kzofWu.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/star.gif.pagespeed.ce.PFsRnIv2dh.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/star.gif.pagespeed.ce.PFsRnIv2dh.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/mail.gif.pagespeed.ce.Q4d4kzofWu.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/star.gif.pagespeed.ce.PFsRnIv2dh.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/help.gif.pagespeed.ce.1TvA_97yy8.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "family tree of Gutta Habsburg", "Gutta of Bohemia genealogy" ]	null	[]	1271-03-13T00:00:00	Is this your ancestor? Explore genealogy for Gutta (Habsburg) of Bohemia born 1271 Habsburg, Argau died 1297 Praha, Bohemia including ancestors + descendants + 1 genealogist comments + more in the free family tree community.	en	/favicon.ico		https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Habsburg-15	Ancestors Descendants Profile last modified 26 Oct 2020 \| Created 19 Apr 2011 This page has been accessed 3,957 times. Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Name 1.2 Birth 1.3 Death 1.4 Marriage 1.5 Burial 2 Wikipedia biography 2.1 Marriage 2.2 Children 2.3 Death 2.4 Family 3 Biography (German) 3.1 Notes 4 Sources Biography Name Name: Judith /of HAPSBURG/ Name: Jutte // Birth Date: 13 MAR 1271 Place: ,Habsburg,Argau,Switzerland Date: 1271-03-13 Place: Habsburg, Argau, Switzerland Date: BET 13 MAR 1270 AND 1271 Place: of Habsburg, Argau, Switzerland Death Death: Date: 1297-06-18 Place: Prague, Bohemia Date: 18 JUN 1297 Date: 18 JUN 1297 Place: Praha, Bohemia Marriage Husband: Václav II Wife: Jutte Children: Premysl Otakar Anezka Václav III Anna Eliska Juta Jan Jan Marketa Marriage: Date: BET 24 JAN 1284 AND 1285 Place: Jihlava, Jihlava, Czechoslovakia Burial Burial: Place: Royal Crypt in St. Vitus Cathedral, Praha, Bohemia Wikipedia biography From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[1] Judith of Habsburg (1271 ? May 21, 1297) was the youngest daughter of Rudolph I of Germany and his wife Gertrude of Hohenburg. Judith came from the Habsburg family. Marriage When Judith was five, she became the object of her father's political plans. Her father signed the Vienna peace treatie with Premysl Otakar II of Bohemia, they decided that Judith should marry Wenceslaus, son and heir of Premysl Otakar. Judith's sisters also married powerful Kings and Dukes, her sister Klementia married Charles Martel of Anjou, son of Charles II of Naples, and her sister Matilda married Louis II, Duke of Bavaria. The formal marriage (engagement) was in 1279 in Jihlava, the second marriage took place in early 1285 in Cheb, and the bride was given a dowry "from the Duchy of Austria, Moravian border to the border of Danube". The wedding in Cheb was followed by "festive" wedding night, but soon after, Rudolph took Judith back to Germany. She came to Prague two years later. Children The marriage produced ten children, they were: Przemysl Otakar (May 6, 1288 - November 19, 1288) Wenceslaus III (October 6, 1289 ? August 4, 1306); King of Bohemia, King of Hungary and King of Poland Agnes (October 10, 1290 - after 1292) Anna I of Bohemia (Anna P?emyslovna) (October 10, 1290 ? September 3, 1313), married in 1306 to Henry of Carinthia Elisabeth I of Bohemia (Eli?ka P?emyslovna) (January 20, 1292 - September 28, 1330), married in 1310 to John I of Bohemia Guta (March 3, 1293 - August 3, 1294) John (February 26, 1294 - March 1, 1295) John (February 21, 1295 - December 6, 1296) Margaret of Bohemia (Markéta P?emyslovna) (February 21 1296 - April 8, 1322), married to Boles?aw III the Generous, Duke of Wroc?aw Guta (*?May 21, 1297) Death Judith died 21 May 1297 in Prague, aged only twenty six. She died giving birth to her youngest child, Guta who also died. Her husband went onto marry Elisabeth Richeza of Poland who bore him a daughter, Agnes. Of the ten children only four lived to adulthood and they died rather young: Wenceslaus died aged sixteen, Anna was twenty two, Elisabeth was thirty eight and Margaret was twenty six. Family Wenceslaus and then Anna and Elisabeth succeeded their father as rulers of Bohemia. Elisabeth was the mother of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, his son was Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor. Judith is also an ancestor of Anne of Denmark who married James I of England, her children were Charles I of England and Elizabeth of Bohemia; Elizabeth is one of Judith's successors as Queen of Bohemia. Biography (German) Notes Mittelalter DE.dir\jutta_von_habsburg_koenigin_von_boehmen_+_12972.html Jutta von Habsburg Königin von Böhmen 13.3.1271-21.6.1297 Rheinfelden Prag Begraben: Veitsdom zu Prag6. Tochter des Königs RUDOLF I. von Habsburg aus seiner 1. Ehe mit der Gertrud Anna von Hohenberg, Tochter von Graf Burchard III. Johann Franzl: Seite 179,231 "Rudolf I."Zur Besiegelung des Friedens mit Böhmen wurde 1278 im mährischen Iglau eine Doppelhochzeit gefeiert werden. RUDOLFS jüngster 8-jähriger Sohn Rudolf heiratete die um ein paar Jahre ältere Agnes von Böhmen <agnes_von_boehmen_graefin_von_habsburg_+_12962.html>, und der 7-jährige Wenzel erhält die kleine HABSBURGERIN Guta zur Frau. Im Jänner 1285 kam RUDOLF mit seiner Tochter, die zu einer stattlichen Jungfrau erblüht war und die Wenzel <wenzel_2_koenig_von_boehmen_+_1305.html> 6 Jahre nicht gesehen hatte, nach Eger. Hier sollte endlich das Beilager gefeiert werden. Der Bräutigam erschien zum Fest mit der Blüte der böhmischen Ritterschaft und in Begleitung seiner Mutter Kunigunde. <kunigunde_von_kiew_koenigin_von_boehmen_+_1285.html> In der Nacht vom 25. auf den 26. Jänner 1285 durfte Wenzel <wenzel_2_koenig_von_boehmen_+_1305.html> endlich mit seiner Guta das Hochzeitsbett besteigen, doch die ehelichen Freuden des Paares währten nur kurz. Am folgenden Morgen hörte der junge König mit seinem Schwiegervater die Messe in der neugeweihten Minoritenkirche, dann mußte er von seiner Gemahlin wieder Abschied nehmen. "Physisches Unvermögen" des Brautpaares hat den HABSBURGER angeblich bewogen, seine Tochter mit nach Hause zu nehmen, es könnte aber auch eine bloße Vorsichtsmaßnahme gewesen sein. Er war schlau genug, um Guta nicht gleichsam als Faustpfand in den Händen des verschlagenen Zawisch von Falkenstein zu lassen.Jutta wurde in der Fürstengruft im St.-Veits-Dom in Prag bestattet. 24.1.1285 oo 1. Wenzel II. König von Böhmen 17.9.1271-21.6.1305 Kinder: Przemysl Ottokar 6.5.1288-19.11.1288 Wenzel 6.10.1289-4.8.1306 Agnes 6.10.1289- 1293 Anna 15.10.1290-3.9.1313 13.2.1306 oo Heinrich VI. Herzog von Kärnten 1265/73-2.4.1335 Elisabeth 20.1.1292-28.9.1330 1310 oo Johann Graf von Luxemburg 10.8.1296-26.8.1346 Judith 4.3.1293-3.8.1294 Johann I. 26.2.1294-1.3.1294 Johann II. 21.3.1295-6.12.1296 Margarete 9.2.1296-7./8.4.1322 1308/10 oo 1. Boleslaw III. Herzog von Schlesien-Liegnitz 23.3.1291-21.4.1352 Agnes - um 1296 1296 oo Ruprecht V. Graf von Nassau - 1305 Sources ↑ "Judith of Habsburg", Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_of_Habsburg Pedigree Resource File CD 49 Publication: (Salt Lake City, UT: Intellectual Reserve, Inc., 2002) Ancestral File (TM) Abbreviation: Ancestral File (TM) Author: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SAINTS Publication: June 1998 (c), data as of 5 JAN 1998 WikiTree profile Von Habsburg-8 created through the import of export-BloodTree.ged on Aug 19, 2011 by Luiz Sergio Heinzelmann. Quinn Bradlee, firsthand knowledge. This person was created through the import of Acrossthepond.ged on 21 February 2011. WikiTree profile UNKNOWN-77994 created through the import of FAMILY 6162011.GED on Jun 20, 2011 by Michael Stephenson. This person was created through the import of ReedevanOudtshoornAdrianaSophiavan.ged on 19 April 2011. Travis Wagner, firsthand knowledge. This person was created through the import of 104-B.ged on 12 September 2010.
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Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Rudolph I, also known as Rudolph of Habsburg (German: Rudolf von Habsburg, Latin Rudolfus) May 1, 1218 – July 15, 1291) was King of the Romans from 1273 until his death. He played a vital role in raising the Habsburg family to a leading position among the German feudal dynasties. Early life Rudolf was the son of Albert IV, Count of Habsburg, and Hedwig, daughter of Ulrich, Count of Kyburg, and was born in Limburg im Breisgau. At his father's death in 1239, Rudolf inherited the family estates in Alsace and Aargau. In 1245 he married Anne, daughter of Burkhard III, Count of Hohenberg. As a result, Rudolf became an important vassal in Swabia, the ancient Alemannic stem duchy. Rudolf paid frequent visits to the court of his godfather, the Emperor Frederick II, and his loyalty to Frederick and his son, Conrad IV of Germany, was richly rewarded by grants of land. In 1254 he was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV as a supporter of King Conrad, due to ongoing political conflicts between the Emperor, who held the Kingdom of Sicily and wanted to reestablish his power in Northern Italy, especially in Lombardy, and the Papacy, whose States lay in between and feared being overpowered by the Emperor. [edit]Rise to power The disorder in Germany after the fall of the Hohenstaufen afforded an opportunity for Rudolph to increase his possessions. His wife was an heiress; and on the death of his childless maternal uncle, Hartmann VI, Count of Kyburg, in 1264, he seized Hartmann's valuable estates. Successful feuds with the bishops of Strassburg and Basel further augmented his wealth and reputation, including rights over various tracts of land that he purchased from abbots and others. He also possessed large estates inherited from his father in the regions now known as Switzerland and Alsace. These various sources of wealth and influence rendered Rudolph the most powerful prince and noble in southwestern Germany (where the tribal duchy Swabia had disintegrated, leaving room for its vassals to become quite independent) when, in the autumn of 1273, the princes met to elect a king after the death of Richard of Cornwall. His election in Frankfurt on 29 September 1273, when he was 55 years old, was largely due to the efforts of his brother-in-law, Frederick III of Hohenzollern, Burgrave of Nuremberg. The support of Albert II, Duke of Saxony (Wittenberg) and of Louis II, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Duke of Upper Bavaria, had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolph's daughters. As a result, Otakar II (1230-78), King of Bohemia, a candidate for the throne and grandson of Philip of Swabia, King of Germany (being the son of the eldest surviving daughter), was almost alone in opposing Frederick. Another candidate was Frederick of Meissen (1257-1323), a young grandson of the excommunicated Emperor Frederick II who did not yet have a principality of his own as his father yet lived. [edit]King of Germany Rudolph was crowned in Aachen Cathedral on 24 October 1273. Friedrich Schiller in Der Graf von Habsburg ("The Count of Habsburg") presents a fictionalized rendering of the feast King Rudolf held following his coronation. To win the approbation of the Pope, Rudolph renounced all imperial rights in Rome, the papal territory, and Sicily, and promised to lead a new crusade. Pope Gregory X, in spite of Otakar's protests, not only recognized Rudolph himself, but persuaded Alfonso X, King of Castile (another grandson of Philip of Swabia), who had been chosen German king in 1257 as the successor to William of Holland, to do the same. Thus, Rudolph surpassed the two heirs of the Hohenstaufen dynasty that he had earlier served so loyally. In November 1274 it was decided by the Diet of the Realm in Nuremberg that all crown estates seized since the death of the Emperor Frederick II must be restored, and that Otakar must answer to the Diet for not recognizing the new king. Otakar refused to appear or to restore the provinces of Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, which he had claimed through his first wife, a Babenberg heiress, and which he had seized while disputing them with another Babenberg heir, Hermann VI, Margrave of Baden. Rudolf refuted Otakar's succession to the Babenberg patrimony, declaring that the provinces reverted to the crown due to the lack of male-line heirs (a position that conflicted with the provisions of Privilegium Minus). King Otakar was placed under the state ban; and in June 1276 war was declared against him. Having persuaded Otakar's ally Henry I, Duke of Lower Bavaria, to switch sides, Rudolph compelled the Bohemian king to cede the four provinces to the control of the royal administration in November 1276. Rudolf then invested Otakar with Bohemia, betrothed one of his daughters to Otakar's son Wenceslaus, and made a triumphal entry into Vienna. Otakar, however, raised questions about the execution of the treaty, made an alliance with some Polish chiefs, and procured the support of several German princes, including his former ally, Henry of Lower Bavaria. To meet this coalition, Rudolph formed an alliance with Ladislaus IV, King of Hungary, and gave additional privileges to the citizens of Vienna. On 26 August 1278 the rival armies met on the banks of the River March in the Battle of Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen where Otakar was defeated and killed. Moravia was subdued and its government entrusted to Rudolph's representatives, leaving Kunigunda, the Queen Regent of Bohemia, in control of only the province surrounding Prague, while the young Wenceslaus was again betrothed to one of Rudolf's daughters. Rudolph's attention next turned to the possessions in Austria and the adjacent provinces, which were taken into the royal domain. He spent several years establishing his authority there but found some difficulty in establishing his family as successors to the rule of those provinces. At length the hostility of the princes was overcome. In December 1282, in Augsburg, Rudolph invested his sons, Albert and Rudolph, with the duchies of Austria and Styria and so laid the foundation of the House of Habsburg. Additionally, he made the twelve-year-old Rudolf Duke of Swabia, which had been without a ruler since Conradin's execution. The 27-year-old Duke Albert (married since 1274 to a daughter of Count Meinhard II of Tirol (1238-95)) was capable enough to hold some sway in the new patrimony. In 1286 King Rudolf fully invested the Duchy of Carinthia, one of the provinces conquered from Otakar, to Albert's father-in-law Meinhard. The princes of the realm did not allow Rudolf to give everything that was recovered to the royal domain to his own sons, and his allies needed their rewards too. Turning to the west, in 1281 he compelled Philip, Count Palatine of Burgundy, to cede some territory to him, then forced the citizens of Bern to pay the tribute that they had been refusing, and in 1289 marched against Philip's successor, Otto IV, compelling him to do homage. In 1281 his first wife died. On 5 February 1284 he married Isabella, daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy, his western neighbor. Rudolph was not very successful in restoring internal peace to Germany. Orders were indeed issued for the establishment of landpeaces in Bavaria, Franconia and Swabia, and afterwards for the whole of Germany. But the king lacked the power, resources, or determination, to enforce them, although in December 1289 he led an expedition into Thuringia where he destroyed a number of robber-castles. In 1291 he attempted to secure the election of his son Albert as German king. However, the princes refused claiming inability to support two kings, but in reality, perhaps, leery of the increasing power of the Habsburgs. [edit]Persecution of the Jews In 1286, Rudolf I instituted a new persecution of the Jews, declaring them servi camerae ("serfs of the treasury"), which had the effect of negating their political freedoms. Along with many others, Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg, perhaps the greatest rabbi of the time, left Germany with family and followers, but was captured in Lombardy and imprisoned in a fortress in Alsace. Tradition has it that a large ransom of 23,000 marks silver was raised for him (by the ROSH), but Rabbi Meir refused it, for fear of encouraging the imprisonment of other rabbis. He died in prison after seven years. Fourteen years after his death a ransom was paid for his body by Alexander ben Shlomo (Susskind) Wimpfen, who was subsequently laid to rest beside the Maharam. [1] [edit]Death Rudolph died in Speyer on July 15, 1291, and was buried in the Speyer Cathedral. Although he had a large family, he was survived by only one son, Albert, afterwards the German king Albert I. Most of his daughters outlived him, apart from Katharina who had died in 1282 during childbirth and Hedwig who had died in 1285/6. Rudolph's reign is most memorable for his establishment of the House of Habsburg, which henceforth held sway over the southeastern and southwestern parts of the realm. In the rest of Germany, he left the princes largely to their own devices. In the Divine Comedy, Dante finds Rudolph sitting outside the gates of Purgatory with his contemporaries, who berate him as "he who neglected that which he ought to have done". [edit]Family and children He was married twice. First, in 1245, to Gertrude of Hohenberg and second, in 1284, to Isabelle of Burgundy, daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy and Beatrice of Champagne. All children were from the first marriage. Albert I of Germany (July 1255 – 1 May 1308), Duke of Austria and also of Styria. Hartmann (1263, Rheinfelden–21 December 1281), drowned in Rheinau. Rudolph II, Duke of Austria and Styria (1270–10 May 1290, Prague), titular Duke of Swabia, father of John the Patricide of Austria. Matilda (ca. 1251/53, Rheinfelden–23 December 1304, Munich), married 1273 in Aachen to Louis II, Duke of Bavaria and became mother of Rudolf I, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Katharina (1256–4 April 1282, Landshut), married 1279 in Vienna to Otto III, Duke of Bavaria who later (after her death) became the disputed King Bela V of Hungary and left no surviving issue. Agnes (ca. 1257–11 October 1322, Wittenberg), married 1273 to Albert II, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg and became the mother of Rudolf I, Elector of Saxony. Hedwig (d. 1285/86), married 1270 in Vienna to Otto VI, Margrave of Brandenburg and left no issue. Clementia (ca. 1262–after 7 February 1293), married 1281 in Vienna to Charles Martel of Anjou, the Papal claimant to the throne of Hungary and mother of king Charles I of Hungary, as well as of queen Clementia of France, herself the mother of the baby king John I of France. Guta (Jutte/Bona) (13 March 1271–18 June 1297, Prague), married 24 January 1285 to King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and became the mother of king Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, of queen Anna I of Bohemia, duchess of Carinthia, and of queen Elisabeth I of Bohemia, countess of Luxembourg. King Rudolf also had an illegitimate son, Albrecht I of Schenkenberg, Count of Löwenstein. [edit]References This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Karl-Friedrich Krieger, Rudolf von Habsburg, Darmstadt: Primus Verlag, 2003, 294 S. Wikipedia: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_I._%28HRR%29 Rudolf I. (HRR) aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie Wechseln zu: Navigation, Suche Disambig-dark.svg Dieser Artikel erläutert den ersten römisch-deutschen König aus dem Hause Habsburg, nicht zu verwechseln mit dem ersten gleichnamigen Grafen Rudolf I. (Habsburg) († um 1063). Rudolf von Habsburg, Grabplatte im Dom zu Speyer Rudolf von Habsburg (* 1. Mai 1218 auf Burg Limburg bei Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl; † 15. Juli 1291 in Speyer) war als Rudolf IV. Graf von Habsburg, Kyburg und Löwenstein sowie Landgraf im Thurgau. Als Rudolf I. war er ab 1273 der erste römisch-deutsche König aus dem Geschlecht der Habsburger, von 1276 bis 1286 zudem Herzog von Kärnten und Krain sowie von 1278 bis 1282 Herzog von Österreich und der Steiermark. Rudolf war der erste der – allerdings nur von Bernd Schneidmüller so genannten – „Grafenkönige“. Seine Leistungen wurden bereits von seinen Zeitgenossen anerkannt. Er beendete das Interregnum, besiegte den böhmischen König Ottokar II. und setzte den Landfrieden sowie die Hofrechtsprechung in Teilen des Reiches wieder durch. Im Rahmen seiner Möglichkeiten stärkte er das Königtum trotz der herausragenden Stellung der Kurfürsten. Außerdem legte er die Grundlage für die Macht seiner Familie. Er gilt außerdem als eine der populärsten Herrscherfiguren des deutschen Mittelalters. Inhaltsverzeichnis [Anzeigen] * 1 Leben o 1.1 Familie o 1.2 Die Zeit als Graf von Habsburg (ca. 1240-1273) o 1.3 Die Königswahl von 1273 o 1.4 Stärkung der königlichen Machtposition und Beginn der Revindikationspolitik (1273-1277) o 1.5 Kampf gegen den König von Böhmen (1273–1278) + 1.5.1 Feldzüge gegen Ottokar II. Přemysl o 1.6 Grundlagen der Macht der Habsburger in Österreich (1276–1283) o 1.7 Überwindung des Interregnums: Die Revindikationspolitik Rudolfs * 2 Tod und Ausblick * 3 Wappen * 4 Ehen und Nachkommen * 5 Literarisches Nachwirken * 6 Quellen * 7 Literatur * 8 Weblinks * 9 Einzelnachweise Leben [Bearbeiten] Familie [Bearbeiten] Rudolf entstammte dem Grafengeschlecht der Habsburger, dessen unzusammenhängender Besitz sich im Gebiet des Elsass und der Nordostschweiz befand. Die Habsburger verfolgten eine Politik der Anlehnung an das Königshaus der Staufer. Rudolf war der Sohn Albrechts IV. von Habsburg und dessen Gemahlin Hedwig von Kyburg († nach 1263). 1232 und 1238/9 kam es zwischen seinem Vater und dessen Bruder Rudolf III. zu einer Teilung des Familienbesitzes. Albrecht erhielt jedoch den größeren Teil des Besitzes in Form der Ländereien im Aargau und Frickgau, die Vogtei über das Kloster Muri, das Umland der Habsburg (Eigenamt) und den Großteil der elsässischen Ländereien. Von den Besitzungen im Zürichgau erhielt Albrecht den nördlichen Teil. Im Jahr 1239 übergab Albrecht seine Herrschaft an seine Söhne Rudolf IV. und den wohl noch minderjährigen Hartmann und begab sich auf einen Kreuzzug nach Palästina. Die Zeit als Graf von Habsburg (ca. 1240-1273) [Bearbeiten] Im Jahr 1240 erfuhr die Familie vom Tod Albrechts IV. und Rudolf trat, als vierter Graf von Habsburg, das Erbe an. Zu Beginn der 1240er Jahre trat Rudolf vermutlich in Beziehung zu König Konrad IV., um seine Ländereien als Lehen zu empfangen. 1241 hielt sich Rudolf am Hof Kaiser Friedrichs II. in Faenza auf. Im Jahr 1243 begann Rudolf eine Fehde mit Hugo III. von Tiefenstein/Teufen um Vogteirechte von Besitzungen der Klöster Stein am Rhein und Sankt Blasien, an deren Ende Hugo wohl im Auftrag Rudolfs ermordet wurde. Rudolf konnte bei seinem Vorgehen auf das Wohlwollen der Staufer hoffen. Diese benötigten nach der Absetzung Friedrichs II. durch Papst Innozenz IV. 1245 Rudolf als mächtigen Gefolgsmann im süddeutschen Raum, zumal sich Rudolfs Bruder Albrecht, Domherr in Basel, und Rudolf III. sich dem päpstlichen Lager anschlossen. Rudolf wurde aufgrund seiner Parteinahme für die Staufer mit dem Kirchenbann belegt. 1252 scheint Rudolf Konrad IV. für einige Zeit nach Italien begleitet zu haben. Etwa zwei Jahre später geriet Rudolf mit den Bischöfen von Basel und Straßburg in militärische Auseinandersetzungen um die Städte Breisach und Rheinfelden, wofür er von Konrad mit der Vogtei über Sankt Blasien und Freie im Schwarzwaldgebiet ausgestattet wurde. Zur selben Zeit heiratete er Gertrud von Hohenberg, seit 1273 Anna genannt. Nach dem Tode König Konrads IV. und dem Machtverlust der Staufer wurde Rudolf wahrscheinlich vom Kirchenbann gelöst.[1] 1261 unterstützte Rudolf Walter von Geroldseck, den Bischof von Straßburg, in seinem Zwist mit den Bürgern der Stadt Straßburg. Nach Abschluss eines Waffenstillstandes zwischen den kriegführenden Parteien wechselte er auf die Seite der Stadtbürger. Gemeinsam mit seinem Vetter Gottfried eroberte er die von Walter besetzten Reichsstädte Colmar, Kaisersberg und Mülhausen, deren Besitz für Rudolf im folgenden Jahr im Vorfrieden von St. Arbogast gesichert wurde.[2] Um 1262 errichtete Rudolf bei Schlettstadt die Burg Ortenberg als Residenz. Im Jahr 1264 weitete sich der seit 1259 schwelende Zwist Rudolfs mit dem Grafen Peter II. von Savoyen um das Erbe Hartmanns des Älteren von Kiburg aus. Hartmann der Ältere entstammte Rudolfs Familie mütterlicherseits und war mit der Schwester Peters, Margarethe, verheiratet. Die Grafen von Savoyen veranlassten Hartmann Teile seiner Güter an seine Frau zu übergeben. Rudolf stützte die Ansprüche des Bruders Hartmanns des Älteren, Hartmanns des Jüngeren auf dessen Erbe. Dieser verstarb 1263 ohne männliche Erben. Nach dem Tod Hartmanns des Älteren 1264 besetzte Rudolf Hartmanns Güter (Thurgau, Zürichgau, Kloster Sankt Gallen) sowie die Güter von dessen Frau. Peter von Savoyen verklagte ihn aus diesem Grund bei der Kirche. Papst Klemens IV. drohte Rudolf daraufhin mit dem Kirchenbann, falls er die Ländereien Margarethes nicht zurückgeben sollte. Im Jahr 1265 fiel Rudolf im Gebiet Peters ein und errang zunächst einige Erfolge, allerdings konnte keine der Parteien eine entscheidenden Sieg erringen. Im September 1267 wurde Rudolf im Besitz des kiburgischen Erbes bestätigt. Er erhielt außerdem die Vormundschaft über die Witwe und Tochter Hartmanns des Jüngeren, dessen Erbe somit faktisch unter seine Herrschaft kam.[3] Mit der Inbesitznahme des Kiburger Erbes stieg Rudolf zum mächtigsten Fürsten des nordschweizer Raums auf. In den Jahren 1266/67 errang er entscheidende Siege über die Regensberger und Toggenburger Adelsgeschlechter. Im Herbst 1267 zog Rudolf nach Verona zum Heerlager des Staufers Konradin, nahm jedoch nicht am Feldzug zur Eroberung des Königreichs Sizilien teil. Im folgenden Jahr begannen langwierige Auseinandersetzungen Rudolfs mit dem Bischof Heinrich III. von Basel, in denen es hauptsächlich um die Herrschaft über die Städte Rheinfelden und Breisach ging. Ab 1271 wurde Rudolf von den Grafen von Freiburg, Fürstenberg und Sulz sowie den Herren von Lupfen unterstützt, während sich der Straßburger Bischof und der Graf von Pfirt Heinrich anschlossen. Rudolf konnte in den Jahren 1271 bis 1273 seine Herrschaft über das Kloster Sankt Gallen erweitern. Um eine Entscheidung zu erzwingen, belagerte er 1273 die Stadt Basel, unter deren Bürgerschaft er Anhänger besaß. Am 20. September wurde Rudolf von Burggraf Friedrich III. von Nürnberg von seiner bevorstehenden Wahl zum römisch-deutschen König unterrichtet. Daraufhin beendete Rudolf die Kampfhandlungen und schloss einen Waffenstillstand mit Heinrich III. Die Königswahl von 1273 [Bearbeiten] Nach dem Ende des staufischen Königtums 1254 wechselten sich Könige und Gegenkönige im Reich ab. Das durch die unklaren Machtpositionen dieser Herrscher entstandene Machtvakuum, nicht ganz korrekt Interregnum genannt, setzte sich mit der Doppelwahl von 1256/57 fort. Die beiden gewählten Könige Richard von Cornwall und Alfons von Kastilien konnten keine allgemeine Anerkennung im Reich erlangen. Diese als Interregnum bezeichnete Zeitspanne wurde von den Zeitgenossen als von Rechtsbrüchen und dem Fehlen königlicher Zentralgewalt geprägtes Zeitalter wahrgenommen.[4] Richard von Cornwall starb im April 1272. Daraufhin forderte Alfons von Papst Gregor X. die Bestätigung seiner Königswahl (päpstliche Approbation). Gregor X. arbeitete jedoch auf einen allgemeinen Kreuzzug zur Unterstützung der Christen in Palästina unter Führung des römisch-deutschen Kaisers hin. Da Alfons hierfür aus seiner Sicht nicht die nötige Anerkennung im Reich besessen haben dürfte, verweigerte er die Approbation und bereitete so den Weg für eine Neuwahl.[5] Bald darauf wandten sich Karl von Anjou für seinen Neffen Philipp III., den König von Frankreich, und der Böhmenkönig Ottokar II. Premyšl an den Papst, um ihre Wahl zum König zu erreichen. Beide nahmen kaum Rücksicht auf die Wünsche der Kurfürsten, denen der Papst jedoch die Entscheidung zugunsten eines Kandidaten überließ. Andere mögliche Kandidaten wie der Pfalzgraf und Herzog von Oberbayern Ludwig der Strenge oder der Thüringer Friedrich der Freidige waren aufgrund ihrer politischen bzw. verwandtschaftlichen Nähe zu den Staufern aus Sicht der Kurie unwählbar. Gegen Ende des Jahres 1272 begann Erzbischof Werner von Mainz mit Verhandlungen innerhalb der rheinischen Kurfürstengruppe zum Ausgleich von Interessenkonflikten und zur Einigung auf einen Kandidaten. Am 1. September 1273 war er bereits mit Ludwig dem Strengen zu der Übereinkunft gelangt, entweder Siegfried von Anhalt oder Rudolf von Habsburg zu wählen, vorausgesetzt, dass die Wahl Ludwigs sich als nicht möglich erweisen sollte. Gründe für die Auswahl Rudolfs werden in seiner starken Position im Südwesten des Reiches und seiner Kriegserfahrung gesehen. Er schien geeignet, mögliche Auseinandersetzungen mit Ottokar Premyšl oder eventuell auch Philipp III. zu bestehen und verfügte aufgrund seiner Nähe zu den Staufern auch beim staufischen Anhang im früheren Herzogtum Schwaben Sympathien besaß.[6] Am 11. September bekundeten die drei geistlichen Kurfürsten und der Pfalzgraf, dass sie bei der Wahl gemeinsam stimmen wollten. Etwa zu diesem Zeitpunkt dürften sie auch Kontakte zum Herzog von Sachsen und dem Markgrafen von Brandenburg geknüpft haben, in denen man sich auf die Wahl Rudolfs einigte.[7] Burggraf Friedrich von Nürnberg wurde zu Rudolf gesandt, um von ihm eine Bestätigung der Wahlbedingungen der Kurfürsten zu erlangen. Rudolf musste sich gegenüber den Kurfürsten verpflichten, dass er das seit der Stauferzeit entfremdete Reichsgut wieder zurückführen und Reichsgüter nur mit Zustimmung der (Kur-)Fürsten veräußern würde. Des Weiteren sollte er das Reich befrieden und die zahlreichen Fehden beenden sowie ungerechte Zölle beseitigen.[8] Nachdem Rudolf den Bedingungen der Kurfürsten zugestimmt hatte, traten diese zur Wahl in Frankfurt am Main zusammen. Da jedoch von Ottokar Premyšl eine Ablehnung der Wahl angenommen wurde, ließ man Heinrich von Niederbayern als siebten Kurfürsten wählen. Hierdurch war die Gesamtzahl von sieben Kurfürsten erreicht und der 55-jährige Rudolf konnte am 1. Oktober 1273 in Frankfurt gewählt werden. Der böhmische Gesandte lehnte die Wahlentscheidung ab. Ottokar Premyšl beklagte in einem Protestbrief an den Papst die mangelnde Eignung Rudolfs für das Amt des römischen Königs. Rudolf zog nach der Benachrichtigung durch Friedrich von Nürnberg zunächst nach Dieburg und wurde am 2. Oktober in Frankfurt empfangen. Auf dem Weg nach Aachen bekam er die Reichsinsignien ausgehändigt und wurde am 24. Oktober zusammen mit seiner Gattin im Aachener Münster von Engelbert II., dem Erzbischof von Köln, nach dem traditionellen Zeremoniell gesalbt und gekrönt. Stärkung der königlichen Machtposition und Beginn der Revindikationspolitik (1273-1277) [Bearbeiten] Nach seiner Wahl zum König begann Rudolf, seine Machtstellung zu stärken. Hierzu verheiratete er entsprechend vor der Wahl erfolgter Verhandlungen seine Töchter Matilde und Agnes mit Ludwig dem Strengen und Herzog Albrecht von Sachsen. Um die Approbation des Papstes zu seiner Wahl zu erlangen, sandte Rudolf im Dezember 1273 seinen Kanzler Otto, Propst von Sankt Wido in Speyer, zu Gregor X. in Lyon. Durch eine zweite Gesandtschaft gelang es ihm, dem Papst vorzuspiegeln, er wolle sich dem geplanten Kreuzzug nach Palästina anschließen. Er versprach, die Italienpolitik der Staufer nicht zu erneuern und von früheren Königen der Kurie gewährte Privilegien zu bestätigen. Zudem erkannte er die päpstliche Vermittlung in seinem Konflikt mit Peter von Savoyen an und erklärte sich zu Verhandlungen über ein Heiratsprojekt mit Karl von Anjou bereit. Rudolf erhielt auch auf dem Konzil von Lyon die Unterstützung der anwesenden deutschen Geistlichen. Hierdurch wurden die von Ottokar vorgetragenen Beschwerden in den Augen des Papstes unwesentlich. Am 26. September 1274 erteilte er die Approbation zu Rudolfs Königswahl. Im folgenden Jahr ließ auch Alfons von Kastilien, der bisher mit böhmischer Unterstützung auf seinem Thronrecht bestanden hatte, seine Ansprüche fallen.[9] Um im Reich einen allgemeinen Frieden zu erhalten, bestätigte Rudolf Einzelheiten des Mainzer Reichslandfriedens von 1235. So erklärte er bereits am 26. Oktober 1273 alle in der Zeit des Interregnums nicht gesetzmäßig erhobenen Zölle für ungültig, was besonders die Gebiet am Rhein betraf. Rudolf erneuerte auch das Amt des Hofrichters. Auf seinen Reisen durch das Reich ließ er die regionalen Machthaber per Eid zur Einhaltung des Friedens verpflichten. Waren diese hierzu nicht bereit, leitete Rudolf militärische Aktionen gegen sie ein. Von den Chronisten werden Rudolfs Maßnahmen weitgehend positiv beurteilt. Erfolge konnte er aber vorerst nur in den südwestlichen Gebieten des Reichs erlangen, wo es ihm gelang, selbst bedeutendere Fürsten wie den Markgrafen von Baden zur Aufgabe von Zöllen zu bewegen. Gemeinsam mit der Wahrung des Landfriedens verfolgte Rudolf die Wiederherstellung entfremdeten Reichsguts (Revindikationspolitik). Wahrscheinlich erließ er auf dem Speyrer Reichstag im Dezember 1273 einen Rechtsspruch, der die Rückgabe ungesetzlich angeeigneten Reichsguts anordnete. Gesichert ist, dass bis zum Nürnberger Hoftag im November 1274 die Definition des zurückzugebenden Reichsguts erfolgte. Hiernach waren von der Revindikation diejenigen Güter betroffen, die Friedrich II. vor seiner Absetzung innegehabt hatte und solche, die seitdem an das Reich heimgefallen waren. Die Feststellung der unrechtmäßigen Inbesitznahme von Reichsgut wurde den Reichsvögten übertragen. Zur Verwaltung des Reichsguts führte Rudolf das Amt des Landvogts ein. Dieser war auf bestimmten Reichsgütern angesiedelt und hatte für die Einziehung von Steuern, die Einstellung von Verwaltungspersonal und die Sicherung des Friedens zu sorgen. Landvögte wurden vor allem im Südwesten des Reiches eingesetzt, während im Norden die Herzöge von Sachsen und Braunschweig 1277 mit der Verwaltung des Reichsguts beauftragt wurden. [10] Kampf gegen den König von Böhmen (1273–1278) [Bearbeiten] Die größte Schwierigkeit für Rudolf während seiner ersten Regierungsjahre lag in dem Konflikt mit Ottokar II. Přemysl. Dieser verweigerte Rudolfs Anerkennung, da er seine Besitzungen im österreichischen Raum in der Zeit des Interregnums unter anzweifelbaren Umständen erworben hatte. Die österreichischen Besitzungen hätten also im Fall einer Anerkennung Rudolfs im Zuge der Revindikationspolitik eingezogen werden können. Es wird vermutet, dass Ottokar bereits nach dem Hoftag in Speyer 1273 zur Rückgabe seiner österreichischen Ländereien an das Reich aufgefordert wurde.[11] Da Ottokar weiterhin die Belehnung mit seinen Besitzungen durch Rudolf ablehnte, wurde ihm auf dem Nürnberger Hoftag im November 1274 das Recht auf seine Lehen aberkannt, was auch Böhmen und Mähren einschloss. Um ihm Gelegenheit zur Rechtfertigung zu geben, wurde Ottokar auf den Reichstag in Würzburg zu Beginn des folgenden Jahres vorgeladen. Er erschien jedoch nicht und sandte erst im Mai 1275 Bischof Wernhard von Seckau auf den Reichstag in Augsburg. Wernhards provokantes Auftreten bewirkte, dass Ottokars Ländereien für an das Reich heimgefallen erklärt wurden und über Ottokar im selben Jahr in die Reichsacht verhängt wurde.[12] Rudolf versuchte zu dieser Zeit, Ottokars Position durch Verbindungen zu benachbarten Fürsten zu schwächen. Durch die Heirat seines Sohnes Albrecht mit Elisabeth von Görz-Tirol kurz nach dem Nürnberger Hoftag konnte er sich die Grafen Meinhard und Albrecht von Görz-Tirol zu Bündnispartnern machen. 1274 begannen Verhandlungen mit dem Königreich Ungarn, die 1275 zur Ehe zwischen Rudolfs Tochter Clementia und König Ladilslaus’ IV. Bruder Andreas führten. Sie führten auch 1276 zum Abschluss eines Bündnisses gegen Ottokar im Juni 1276 mit der Hofpartei um Joachim Guthkeled. Ebenso belehnte Rudolf im Februar 1275 Philipp von Spanheim mit dem Herzogtum Kärnten, welches Ottokar nach dem Tod von Philipps Bruder in Besitz genommen hatte. Weitere Unterstützung fand er beim Patriarchen von Aquileja und den Bischöfen von Regensburg und Passau sowie Erzbischof Friedrich von Salzburg. Friedrich machte sich den Umstand zunutze, dass viele Adlige in Ottokars Ländern mit dessen autoritärer Regierung unzufrieden waren und versuchte diese dazu zu bringen, Rudolf zu unterstützen. Daraufhin griff Ottokar Ende 1274 das Erzstift Salzburg an. Kurzzeitig ging auch Heinrich von Niederbayern 1275 auf Rudolfs Seite über, da Rudolf ihm das Mitkurrecht zusicherte. Nach der Zusicherung von Hilfe durch den Kölner Erzbischof und vermutlich auch die anderen rheinischen Kurfürsten zu Beginn des Jahres 1276, unterwarf er im Mai 1276 den aufrührerischen Markgrafen von Baden, der angeblich Geldzahlungen aus Böhmen erhalten hatte. Ende Mai schlichtete er den Streit zwischen den Brüdern Ludwig dem Strengen und Heinrich von Niederbayern. Im Sommer 1276 verhängte Erzbischof Werner von Mainz den Kirchenbann über Ottokar.[13] Feldzüge gegen Ottokar II. Přemysl [Bearbeiten] → Hauptartikel: Feldzüge Rudolfs I. gegen Ottokar II. Přemysl Anfang Oktober 1276 zogen die Tiroler Grafen nach Kärnten und Krain. In kurzer Zeit fielen der Kärntner und Krainer Adel von Ottokar ab. Bald darauf trat der Adel der Steiermark in Verhandlungen mit Rudolf. Durch eine Übereinkunft mit Heinrich von Niederbayern konnte Rudolf die Donau als Transportweg nutzen. So gelang ihm der schnelle Vormarsch nach Wien, das von einem engen Vertrauten Ottokars, Paltram vor dem Freithofe, gehalten wurde. Ottokar befand sich zu dier Zeit im Gebiet um das Marchfeld. Seine Autorität war bereits derart geschwächt, dass er den Abfall der österreichischen Ministerialen nicht verhindern konnte. Ungarische Angriffe schwächten Ottokars Stellung weiter. Noch im Oktober wurde ein Waffenstillstand geschlossen. Ein Schiedsgericht entschied am 21. November, dass Ottokar auf seine Rechte auf Österreich, Steiermark, Kärnten, Krain, die Windische Mark, Eger und Pordenone verzichten musste. Ottokar musste Rudolfs Königtum anerkennen und Böhmen und Mähren als Lehen empfangen. Ein Sohn Rudolfs sollte eine Tochter Ottokars heiraten und eine Tochter Rudolfs Ottokars Sohn Wenzel.[14] Am 25. November empfing Ottokar seine Lehen von Rudolf. Ottokar soll hierzu in prunkvollen Gewändern erschienen sein, während Rudolf in einem grauen Wams auf einem schlichten Holzschemel sitzend die Belehnung vorgenommen haben soll. Dies hätte eine umso größere Demütigung für Ottokar bedeutet.[15] Aus dem Frieden von Wien ergab sich für Rudolf das Problem, dass er die wegen der Mitgift für seine Tochter verpfändeten Besitzungen nördlich der Donau zwangsläufig an die Přemysliden verlieren musste. König Ottokar war in seiner Ehre verletzt worden und hatte außerdem mit dem Aufstand seiner böhmischen Vasallen Boreš von Riesenburg und Zawiš von Falkenstein zu kämpfen. In der folgenden Zeit kam es daher wiederholt zu Auseinandersetzungen wegen der Nichteinhaltung von Abmachungen. In zwei weiteren Friedensverträgen vom 6. Mai und 12. September 1277, ausgehandelt von Friedrich von Nürnberg, wurden Rudolf auch Besitzungen nördlich der Donau zuerkannt. Im April und Mai des folgenden Jahres kam es in Österreich zu Aufständen von Anhängern Ottokars, die ab Juni von böhmischen Truppen unterstützt wurden. Während Rudolf noch mit der Aufstellung einer Armee beschäftigt war, fiel Ottokar mit überlegenen Truppen in Österreich ein. Er verlor jedoch entscheidende Zeit bei der Belagerung strategisch unbedeutender Orte. So konnte sich Rudolf mit seinen ungarischen Verbündeten vereinen und Ottokar zur Entscheidungsschlacht auf dem Marchfeld zwingen. Am 26. August trafen hier die etwa gleichstarken Heere aufeinander. Rudolf selbst geriet während der Schlacht in Lebensgefahr, als ihn ein feindlicher Ritter aus dem Sattel warf. Der König entkam nur durch die Hilfe eines nordschweizer Ritters. Die Schlacht wurde schließlich durch eine kleine Gruppe von Berittenen entschieden, die sich auf Anordnung Rudolfs bis zu ihrem Eingreifen verborgen hatten. Ottokar starb nach der Schlacht durch die Hand persönlicher Feinde. Rudolf trennte sich kurz nach der Schlacht auf dem Marchfeld von den Ungarn. Er zog nach Mähren, wo ihm die wichtigen Städte und Bischof Bruno von Olmütz huldigten. Unter dem Vorsitz des Erzbischofs von Salzburg wurden die Friedensverhandlungen Ende Oktober zum Abschluss gebracht. Während die Přemysliden ihre Ansprüche auf die österreichischen Besitzungen aufgeben mussten, erhielten sie Böhmen und Mähren als Reichslehen. Die Vormundschaft Wenzels wurde auf fünf Jahre Otto dem Langen übergeben. Rudolf durfte Mähren fünf Jahre einbehalten, um seine Kriegskosten decken zu können. Zur Sicherung des Friedens wurden Rudolfs Tochter Guta mit Wenzel und Rudolfs Sohn Rudolf mit Wenzels Schwester Agnes vermählt. Rudolfs Tochter Hedwig heiratete Otto den Kleinen von Brandenburg, den Bruder Ottos des Langen. Grundlagen der Macht der Habsburger in Österreich (1276–1283) [Bearbeiten] Nachdem die Reichsgüter Ottokars an das Reich zurückgefallen waren, belehnte Rudolf mit Einverständnis der Kurfürsten 1282 seine Söhne Albrecht und Rudolf mit Österreich, Steiermark, Krain und der Windischen Mark und erhob sie in den Reichsfürstenstand. Schon 1276 hatte er geistliche Fürsten überzeugt, Güter im selben Einzugsbereich an seine Söhne zu vergeben. Mit der „Rheinfelder Hausordnung“ (1. Juni 1283) bestimmte Rudolf, dass diese Güter nur durch Albrecht und seine Erben beherrscht werden sollten; sein Bruder Rudolf sollte zum Ausgleich eine Entschädigung erhalten. Die Grundlage der späteren Herrschaft der Habsburger war damit geschaffen. Der Versuch, Albrecht die Thronnachfolge zu sichern, scheiterte daran, dass es Rudolf nie gelang, zum Kaiser gekrönt zu werden. Damit hätte Rudolf noch zu seinen Lebzeiten Albrecht die römisch-deutsche Königskrone sichern können. Doch gab es während Rudolfs Regierungszeit insgesamt acht Päpste, zwei fest vereinbarte Krönungstermine kamen nie zustande. Erst Heinrich VII. sollte es gelingen, sich zum Kaiser krönen zu lassen. Überwindung des Interregnums: Die Revindikationspolitik Rudolfs [Bearbeiten] Rudolf verkündet auf einem Hoftag den Landfrieden, aus der Chronik der Bischöfe von Würzburg des Lorenz Fries, Mitte 16. Jahrhunderts Rudolf erneuerte nicht einfach den Reichslandfrieden von 1235 – dafür fehlten ihm zu Beginn seiner Herrschaft schlicht die Machtmittel. So war er darauf angewiesen regional begrenzte Friedensabsprachen zu initiieren. Er handelte im Westen und Süden des Reiches mit den Territorialherren einzelne örtlich und zeitlich begrenzte Landfrieden aus (z. B. 1276 in Österreich oder 1281 den bayerischen, fränkischen und rheinischen Landfrieden). Auch in entfernteren Reichsgebieten versuchte er sich durchzusetzen (1289/90 ließ er in Thüringen z. B. 66 Raubritterburgen zerstören). Im März 1287 erschien es Rudolf endlich möglich, einen allgemeinen Landfrieden zu verkünden. Am 9. August 1281 ließ er auf dem Hoftag zu Nürnberg förmlich feststellen, dass alle nach der Absetzung Friedrichs II. durchgeführten Schenkungen oder Verfügungen über Reichsgüter nichtig seien, es sei denn, die Mehrheit der Kurfürsten billigten die Verfügungen. Er setzte Landvögte ein, die unberechtigt angeeignete Reichsgüter finden sollen und als Vertreter des Königs agieren. Diese Landvogteien waren ein wichtiges Instrument zur Revindikation des Reichsguts. Rudolf ließ das gesamte Reichsgut in solche Verwaltungseinheiten aufteilen und gab den Vögten weitreichende Befugnisse. Damit war auch eine effektive Verwaltung des Reichsguts gesichert – etwas, was in den europäischen Monarchien wie Frankreich oder England längst existierte. In „königsnahen“ Territorien, also vor allem im Südwesten des Reiches, hat er einigen Erfolg zu verbuchen. In königsfernen Territorien (wie dem Norden) versuchte er mit Hilfe Verbündeter die Städte zu schützen und Reichsgüter wieder in Besitz zu bringen – hier konnte er jedoch keinen nennenswerten Erfolg erringen. Seine Ansprüche auf die burgundische Pfalzgrafschaft konnte er zwar 1289 erfolgreich durchsetzen, seine Nachfolger konnten Burgund jedoch nicht auf Dauer gegen Frankreich halten, welches seit der späten Stauferzeit eine aggressive Expansionspolitik im Westen des Reiches betrieb. Tod und Ausblick [Bearbeiten] Historisierende Darstellung Rudolfs aus dem 19. Jahrhundert in der Vorhalle des Doms zu Speyer Rudolf verstarb am 15. Juli 1291 in Speyer. Vor allem auf Grund der Befürchtungen der Kurfürsten, Albrecht könnte – gestützt auf seine Hausmacht – zu mächtig werden, wurde nicht der einzig überlebende Sohn Albrecht sein Nachfolger, sondern Graf Adolf von Nassau. Bis zu dessen Wahl gab es jedoch erneut ein Interregnum von fast einem Jahr. Unmittelbar aus der Zeit nach dem Tod Rudolfs datieren mehrere später als bedeutend angesehene Landfriedensverträge und Handfesten, die in dieser Zeit der Unsicherheit auch gegen die von ihm eingesetzten Vögte gerichtet waren. Zu diesen Verträgen zählen die Handfeste Wilhelm von Montforts an die Bürger der Fürstabtei St. Gallen am 31. Juli und der Bundesbrief der alten Eidgenossenschaft im August. Rudolfs Grab befindet sich im Speyerer Dom. Der Sargdeckel (siehe Abbildung am Beginn des Artikels) zeigt ein lebensnahes Abbild des Königs, das laut Info des Domkapitels des Speyerer Doms bereits vor seinem Tode geschaffen wurde. Das Gesicht zeigt die für die Habsburger charakteristische markante Nase und ist vom Alter und von den Sorgen des Herrschers gezeichnet. Im Mittelalter waren solche lebensgetreue Darstellungen unüblich; in der Regel zeigten Herrscherbilder den Typ des jugendlichen Königs in der Blüte seiner Jahre ohne persönliche Erkennungsmerkmale. Nur in der zweiten Hälfte des 13.Jahrhunderts wurden individuellere Darstellungen geschaffen. Sie gilt als eine herausragende künstlerische Leistung dieser Zeit. Der Sargdeckel wurde entfernt, als Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts die Gräber mit neuen Platten bedeckt wurden und wird heute in der Krypta des Domes ausgestellt. Wappen [Bearbeiten] Das Wappen Rudolfs als Römischer König, Graf von Habsburg und Landgraf im Elsass in der Chronik von Johannes Stumpf von 1548 Als römisch-deutscher König führte Rudolf in seinem Wappen den Reichsadler mit seinem persönlichen Wappen auf der Brust. Dieses setzte sich zusammen aus dem Wappen der Grafen von Habsburg, ein roter, blau gekrönter Löwe auf goldenem Grund und dem Wappen der Landgrafschaft Oberelsass, drei goldene Kronen, diagonal gespiegelt an einem goldenen diagonalen Band. Ehen und Nachkommen [Bearbeiten] Rudolf von Habsburg heiratete um 1253 im Elsass Gertrud von Hohenberg (* um 1225; † 1281), mit der er vierzehn Kinder hatte, unter anderem: * Mathilde (1251–1304) ∞ 1273 in Heidelberg mit Ludwig II. von Oberbayern, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein (1229–1294) * Albrecht I. (1255–1308) ∞ 1276 in Wien mit Elisabeth von Tirol (1262–1313) * Katharina (1256?–1282) ∞ 1279 in Wien mit Otto III., Herzog von Niederbayern (1261–1312) * Agnes (1257–1322) ∞ 1273 in Wittenberg mit Albrecht II. von Sachsen-Wittenberg (1298) * Hedwig (um 1259–1285/86) ∞ 1279 in Lehnin mit Otto IV. von Brandenburg (1264–1308/09) * Clementia (Klementia) (um 1262–1293) ∞ 11. Januar 1281 mit Karl Martell, Titularkönig von Ungarn († 1295), Sohn Karls II. von Neapel aus dem Adelsgeschlecht der Anjou * Hartmann (1263–1281) verlobt mit Prinzessin Johanna, Tochter Königs Eduard I. von England * Rudolf II. (1270–1290) ∞ 1289 in Prag mit Agnes von Böhmen, Tochter Königs Ottokar II. Přemysl * Guta (Jutta) (1271–1297) ∞ 1285 in Prag mit Wenzel II., König von Böhmen (1271–1305) * Karl (/† 1276) In zweiter Ehe heiratete Rudolf im Mai 1284 in Besancon Agnes (Isabella) von Burgund ( um 1270; † 1323) Unehelicher Sohn Rudolfs war Albrecht, Graf von Löwenstein-Schenkenberg Literarisches Nachwirken [Bearbeiten] * Friedrich Schiller dichtete 1803 in der Phase des Zusammenbruchs des Heiligen Römischen Reiches infolge der Eroberungskriege Napoleons [16] die politisch motivierte Ballade Der Graf von Habsburg mit der Anfangszeile Zu Aachen in seiner Kaiserpracht ....[17] In dieser Ballade behauptete Schiller, dass Rudolf I. zum Kaiser gewählt und in Aachen gekrönt wurde. Tatsächlich war es eine Königswahl. Rudolf wurde nie durch den Papst zum Kaiser gekrönt, sondern blieb zeitlebens römisch-deutscher König. Unter anderem vertonten Franz Schubert (D 990)[18], Carl Loewe und Johann Friedrich Reichardt Schillers Ballade.[19] Quellen [Bearbeiten] * Oswald Redlich: Regesta Imperii VI, 1. Rudolf I. 1273-1291. Innsbruck 1898. Onlineversion der Regesta Imperii. Literatur [Bearbeiten] * Johann Franzl: Rudolf I. Der erste Habsburger auf dem deutschen Königsthron, Wien 1986 * Karl-Friedrich Krieger: Rudolf von Habsburg, Darmstadt 2003. * Oswald Redlich: Rudolf von Habsburg. Das deutsche Reich nach dem Untergang des alten Kaisertums, Innsbruck 1903 (und Nachdrucke). Immer noch grundlegend. * Brigitte Vacha (Hrsg.): Die Habsburger. Eine Europäische Familiengeschichte, Graz/Wien/Köln 1992, ISBN 3-222-12107-9. * Johann Loserth: Rudolf I.. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 29. Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1889, S. 478–493. * Wilhelm Baum: RUDOLF I. von Habsburg. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Band 24, Nordhausen 2005, ISBN 3-88309-247-9, Sp. 1242–1250. Weblinks [Bearbeiten] Commons Commons: Rudolf I. – Album mit Bildern und/oder Videos und Audiodateien * Literatur von und über Rudolf I. (HRR) im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (Datensatz zu Rudolf I. (HRR) • PICA-Datensatz • Apper-Personensuche) * Constantin von Wurzbach: Rudolph, deutscher Kaiser oder richtiger König. Nr. 275. In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich. Bd 7 (1861). Verlag L. C. Zamarski, Wien 1856–1891, S. 127–135 (auf Wikisource). * www.genealogie-mittelalter.de: Rudolf I., deutscher König und Graf von Habsburg * „Regesta Imperii“ Rudolfs * Urkunde Rudolphs von Habsburg für Kloster Engelberg, 25. Januar 1274 als Fotografie in den Beständen des Lichtbildarchivs älterer Originalurkunden an der Philipps-Universität Marburg mit Wiedergabe des Siegels. Einzelnachweise [Bearbeiten] 1. ↑ Karl-Friedrich Krieger: Rudolf von Habsburg. S. 63–66 (Rudolfs Beziehungen zu den Staufern) 2. ↑ Der Frieden beinhaltete ebenso die Anerkennung weiterer Herrschaftsrechte Rudolfs sowie die Zahlung einer Kriegsentschädigung durch den Straßburger Bischof und wurde auch von König Richard von Cornwall anerkannt. Nach seiner Wahl zum König gab Rudolf die Städte Colmar, Kaisersberg und Mülhausen an das Reich zurück. Krieger, S. 70 3. ↑ Krieger, S. 76–77 4. ↑ Die neuere Forschung bestätigt für das Interregnum zwar eine zumindest in bestimmten Regionen erhöhte Gewalttätigkeit, sieht die Veränderungen im Vergleich zur Stauferzeit jedoch als nicht so gravierend an. Krieger, S. 44, 56 5. ↑ Krieger, S. 90 6. ↑ Zu den Gründen für die Entscheidung zugunsten Rudolfs siehe: Krieger, S. 100 7. ↑ Zum Vorspiel der Wahl siehe: Krieger, S. 90-98 8. ↑ Krieger, S. 108-109 9. ↑ Krieger, S. 115-118 10. ↑ Zum Beginn der Lanfriedens- und Revindikationspolitik siehe: Krieger, S. 118-127 11. ↑ Krieger, S. 127 12. ↑ Krieger, S. 127-129 13. ↑ Zu den machtpolitischen Auseinandersetzungen vor Rudolfs erstem Feldzug gegen Ottokar siehe: Krieger, S. 130-137 14. ↑ Zu Rudolfs erstem Feldzug siehe: Krieger, S. 138-142 15. ↑ Die Authentizität dieser Überlieferung ist umstritten. Krieger, S. 142 16. ↑ Berliner Zeitung vom 5. August 2006. 17. ↑ Text bei Literaturwelt.com 18. ↑ http://www.baerenreiter.com/html/schubert-lieder/schubert_vol4.htm 19. ↑ http://www.recmusic.org/lieder/get_text.html?TextId=14496 Vorgänger Amt Nachfolger Alfons von Kastilien Römisch-deutscher König 1273–1291 Adolf von Nassau Ottokar II. Přemysl Herzog von Kärnten und Krain 1276–1286 Meinhard II. Herzog von Österreich und der Steiermark 1278–1282 Albrecht I. und Rudolf II. Normdaten: PND: 11860371X – weitere Informationen Rudolph I of Germany Rudolph I, also known as Rudolph of Habsburg, May 1, 1218 – July 15, 1291) was King of the Romans from 1273 until his death. He played a vital role in raising the Habsburg family to a leading position among the German feudal dynasties. Rudolf was the son of Albert IV, Count of Habsburg, and Hedwig, daughter of Ulrich, Count of Kyburg, and was born in Limburg im Breisgau. At his father's death in 1239, Rudolf inherited the family estates in Alsace and Aargau. In 1245 he married Gertrude, daughter of Burkhard III, Count of Hohenberg. As a result, Rudolf became an important vassal in Swabia, the ancient Alemannic stem duchy. Rudolf paid frequent visits to the court of his godfather, the Emperor Frederick II, and his loyalty to Frederick and his son, Conrad IV of Germany, was richly rewarded by grants of land. In 1254 he was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV as a supporter of King Conrad, due to ongoing political conflicts between the Emperor, who held the Kingdom of Sicily and wanted to reestablish his power in Northern Italy, especially in Lombardy, and the Papacy, whose States lay in between and feared being overpowered by the Emperor. The disorder in Germany after the fall of the Hohenstaufen afforded an opportunity for Rudolph to increase his possessions. His wife was an heiress; and on the death of his childless maternal uncle, Hartmann VI, Count of Kyburg, in 1264, he seized Hartmann's valuable estates. Successful feuds with the bishops of Strassburg and Basel further augmented his wealth and reputation, including rights over various tracts of land that he purchased from abbots and others. He also possessed large estates inherited from his father in the regions now known as Switzerland and Alsace. These various sources of wealth and influence rendered Rudolph the most powerful prince and noble in southwestern Germany (where the tribal duchy Swabia had disintegrated, leaving room for its vassals to become quite independent) when, in the autumn of 1273, the princes met to elect a king after the death of Richard of Cornwall. His election in Frankfurt on 29 September 1273, when he was 55 years old, was largely due to the efforts of his brother-in-law, Frederick III of Hohenzollern, Burgrave of Nuremberg. The support of Albert II, Duke of Saxony (Wittenberg) and of Louis II, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Duke of Upper Bavaria, had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolph's daughters. As a result, Otakar II (1230-78), King of Bohemia, a candidate for the throne and grandson of Philip of Swabia, King of Germany (being the son of the eldest surviving daughter), was almost alone in opposing Frederick. Another candidate was Frederick of Meissen (1257-1323), a young grandson of the excommunicated Emperor Frederick II who did not yet have a principality of his own as his father yet lived. Rudolph was crowned in Aachen Cathedral on 24 October 1273. Friedrich Schiller in Der Graf von Habsburg ("The Count of Habsburg") presents a fictionalized rendering of the feast King Rudolf held following his coronation. To win the approbation of the Pope, Rudolph renounced all imperial rights in Rome, the papal territory, and Sicily, and promised to lead a new crusade. Pope Gregory X, in spite of Otakar's protests, not only recognized Rudolph himself, but persuaded Alfonso X, King of Castile (another grandson of Philip of Swabia), who had been chosen German king in 1257 as the successor to William of Holland, to do the same. Thus, Rudolph surpassed the two heirs of the Hohenstaufen dynasty that he had earlier served so loyally. In November 1274 it was decided by the Diet of the Realm in Nuremberg that all crown estates seized since the death of the Emperor Frederick II must be restored, and that Otakar must answer to the Diet for not recognizing the new king. Otakar refused to appear or to restore the provinces of Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, which he had claimed through his first wife, a Babenberg heiress, and which he had seized while disputing them with another Babenberg heir, Hermann VI, Margrave of Baden. Rudolf refuted Otakar's succession to the Babenberg patrimony, declaring that the provinces reverted to the crown due to the lack of male-line heirs (a position that conflicted with the provisions of Privilegium Minus). King Otakar was placed under the state ban; and in June 1276 war was declared against him. Having persuaded Otakar's ally Henry I, Duke of Lower Bavaria, to switch sides, Rudolph compelled the Bohemian king to cede the four provinces to the control of the royal administration in November 1276. Rudolf then invested Otakar with Bohemia, betrothed one of his daughters to Otakar's son Wenceslaus, and made a triumphal entry into Vienna. Otakar, however, raised questions about the execution of the treaty, made an alliance with some Polish chiefs, and procured the support of several German princes, including his former ally, Henry of Lower Bavaria. To meet this coalition, Rudolph formed an alliance with Ladislaus IV, King of Hungary, and gave additional privileges to the citizens of Vienna. On 26 August 1278 the rival armies met on the banks of the River March in the Battle of Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen where Otakar was defeated and killed. Moravia was subdued and its government entrusted to Rudolph's representatives, leaving Kunigunda, the Queen Regent of Bohemia, in control of only the province surrounding Prague, while the young Wenceslaus was again betrothed to one of Rudolf's daughters. Rudolph's attention next turned to the possessions in Austria and the adjacent provinces, which were taken into the royal domain. He spent several years establishing his authority there but found some difficulty in establishing his family as successors to the rule of those provinces. At length the hostility of the princes was overcome. In December 1282, in Augsburg, Rudolph invested his sons, Albert and Rudolph, with the duchies of Austria and Styria and so laid the foundation of the House of Habsburg. Additionally, he made the twelve-year-old Rudolf Duke of Swabia, which had been without a ruler since Conradin's execution. The 27-year-old Duke Albert (married since 1274 to a daughter of Count Meinhard II of Tirol (1238-95)) was capable enough to hold some sway in the new patrimony. In 1286 King Rudolf fully invested the Duchy of Carinthia, one of the provinces conquered from Otakar, to Albert's father-in-law Meinhard. The princes of the realm did not allow Rudolf to give everything that was recovered to the royal domain to his own sons, and his allies needed their rewards too. Turning to the west, in 1281 he compelled Philip, Count Palatine of Burgundy, to cede some territory to him, then forced the citizens of Bern to pay the tribute that they had been refusing, and in 1289 marched against Philip's successor, Otto IV, compelling him to do homage. In 1281 his first wife died. On 5 February 1284 he married Isabella, daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy, his western neighbor. Rudolph was not very successful in restoring internal peace to Germany. Orders were indeed issued for the establishment of landpeaces in Bavaria, Franconia and Swabia, and afterwards for the whole of Germany. But the king lacked the power, resources, or determination, to enforce them, although in December 1289 he led an expedition into Thuringia where he destroyed a number of robber-castles. In 1291 he attempted to secure the election of his son Albert as German king. However, the princes refused claiming inability to support two kings, but in reality, perhaps, leery of the increasing power of the Habsburgs. In 1286, Rudolf I instituted a new persecution of the Jews, declaring them servi camerae ("serfs of the treasury"), which had the effect of negating their political freedoms. Along with many others, Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg, perhaps the greatest rabbi of the time, left Germany with family and followers, but was captured in Lombardy and imprisoned in a fortress in Alsace. Tradition has it that a large ransom of 23,000 marks silver was raised for him (by the ROSH), but Rabbi Meir refused it, for fear of encouraging the imprisonment of other rabbis. He died in prison after seven years. Fourteen years after his death a ransom was paid for his body by Alexander ben Shlomo (Susskind) Wimpfen, who was subsequently laid to rest beside the Maharam. Rudolph died in Speyer on July 15, 1291, and was buried in the Speyer Cathedral. Although he had a large family, he was survived by only one son, Albert, afterwards the German king Albert I. Rudolph's reign is most memorable for his establishment of the House of Habsburg, which henceforth held sway over the southeastern and southwestern parts of the realm. In the rest of Germany, he left the princes largely to their own devices. In the Divine Comedy, Dante finds Rudolph sitting outside the gates of Purgatory with his contemporaries, who berate him as "he who neglected that which he ought to have done". He was married twice. First, in 1245, to Gertrude of Hohenberg and second, in 1284, to Isabelle of Burgundy, daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy and Beatrice of Champagne. All children were from the first marriage. Rudolph I, also known as Rudolph of Habsburg (German: Rudolf von Habsburg, Latin Rudolfus; 1 May 1218 - 15 July 1291) was King of the Romans from 1273 until his death. He played a vital role in raising the Habsburg family to a leading position among the German feudal dynasties; he was the first Habsburg to acquire the duchies of Austria and Styria, territories that would remain under Habsburg rule for more than 600 years and would form the core of the present-day country of Austria. https://de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_(Burg)
21104	yago	0	17	https://history.fandom.com/wiki/Rudolph_I_of_Austria	en	Rudolph I of Austria	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/history/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210816123335	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/history/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210816123335	[ "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/history/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210816123335", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ff185fe4-8356-4b6b-ad48-621b95a82a1d", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f3fc9271-3d5e-4c73-9afc-e6a9f6154ff1", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to History Wiki" ]	2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00	Rudolph I of Austria (1218 - 1291) was the King of Germany from 1271 until 1291, the Duke of Austria from 1278 until 1282, the Duke of Carinthia from 1276 until 1286, Margrave of Carniola from 1276 until 1282, the Count of Habsburg (as Rudolph IV) from 1239 until 1291, and the Count of...	en	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/history/images/4/4a/Site-favicon.ico/revision/latest?cb=20210816123337	History Wiki	https://history.fandom.com/wiki/Rudolph_I_of_Austria	Rudolph I of Austria (1218 - 1291) was the King of Germany from 1271 until 1291, the Duke of Austria from 1278 until 1282, the Duke of Carinthia from 1276 until 1286, Margrave of Carniola from 1276 until 1282, the Count of Habsburg (as Rudolph IV) from 1239 until 1291, and the Count of Löwenstein from 1281 until 1282. Early life[] He was the son of Count Albert IV the Wise of Habsburg and Hedwig, the daughter of Count Ulrich of Kyburg. He inherited his family estates in Alsace after his father died in 1239, co-ruling the County of Habsburg with Albert V. He married Gertrude, the daughter of Count Burchard III of Zollern and Hohenberg. Albert made frequent visits to the court of his godfather, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II Stupor Mundi and his son Conrad IV. His loyalty to the Emperors was rewarded by large tracts of lands, but was punished by Pope Innocent IV with excommunication. Rudolph further increased his possessions following the fall of the Hohenstaufens. His wife was an heiress and he inherited through her the County of Kyburg after the death of Count Hartmann VI in 1264. His successful feuds with the Bishops of Strasbourg and Basel further increased his wealth and reputation. He also purchased significant lands from local abbots and lords throughout Alsace and former Swabia. The vast lands and wealth he wielded made Rudolph the most powerful ruler of southwestern Germany. King of Germany[] Rudolph was elected the King of Germany in Frankfurt on 29 September 1273, although his election was largely due to the influence of his brother-in-law Burgrave Frederick III of Nuremberg and the marriage of two of his daughters to Duke Albert III of Saxe-Ratzeburg and Count Palatine Louis II of Upper Bavaria. This left King Ottokar II of Bohemia alone in opposition. Rudolph gained the support of the Pope by renouncing all of his Imperial rights on Rome, the Papal States and Sicily and by promising to lead a crusade, despite the protests of Ottokar, and he soon convinced King Alphonse the Wise of Castile (who was elected a rival king in 1257) to recognise him also. Ottokar continued to resist Rudolph. In 1274 the Imperial Diet at Nuremberg ruled that Ottokar must restore the lands which he had seized following the death of the Emperor Frederick II, and must answer to the diet for not recognising Rudolph as king. Ottokar refused to appear, and also refused to restore Styria, Austria, Carinthia and Carniola. He was placed under the Imperial Ban, and in 1276 war was declared against him. Rudolph managed to break Duke Henry I of Lower Bavaria from an alliance with Ottokar, and in November 1276 he compelled Ottokar to cede the four provinces, in exchange for the investment of Bohemia and one of Rudolph's daughters to marry Ottokar's heir Wenceslaus. Ottokar raised questions about the execution of the treaty, however, and after gaining alliance with several Polish and German chiefs, and Duke Henry I resumed war. Rudolph on the other hand allied with King Wladislaus IV of Hungary and gave several privileges to the city of Vienna. The rival armies met on the banks of the River March at the Battle of Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen. Ottokar was defeated and killed. Moravia was entrusted to represantives and Wenceslaus, now king of Bohemia, was again betrothed to one of Rudolph's daughters. Rudolph then turned his attention to the four new territories which he had gained from Ottokar. He spent several years establishing his authority, although it was not until 1282 that he managed to overcome the opposition of the German princes in making these provinces hereditary to the House of Habsburg. In 1282 he gave Austria and Styria to his sons Albert I and Rudolph II in Augsburg. In 1281 he forced the Count Palatine of Burgundy, Philip to cede several lands to him and forced the citizens of Bern to pay him tribute. His wife Gertrude also died that year. In 1284 he married Isabella, the daughter of Duke Hugh IV of Burgundy. In 1286 he gave Carinthia and Carniola to Count Meinhard II of Tyrol. He marched against Otto IV, Philip's successor, in 1289. Rudolph was not successful in restoring peace to Germany. Despite giving orders for the establishments of land pacts in Franconia, Swabia and Bavaria, and later all of Germany, he had neither the power nor will to enforce them. Although in December 1289 he led a coalition which destroyed the castles of several Robber-Barons in Thuringia. In 1291 he attempted to have the diet recognise his son Albert as his heir to the crown of Germany. The diet refused officially for the reasons that there cannot be two kings at one time, however it is believed that they refused out of fear of the rising power of the Habsburgs. Rudolph died on 15 July 1291 in Speyer and was buried in that cities' Cathedral. Children[] With Gertrude of Hohenberg[] Matilda (1251/3–23 December 1304) Albert (July 1255 - 1 May 1308) Katherine (1256 - 4 April 1282) Agnes (1257 - 11 October 1322) Hedwig (12.. - 1285/6) Klementia (1262 - 1293) Hartmann (1263 - 21 December 1281) Rudolph (1270 - 10 May 1290) Jutte (13 March 1271 - 18 June 1297) With Isabella of Burgundy[] none Illegitimate Children[] Albert of Schenkenberg (? - 1304)
21104	yago	0	40	https://our-royal-titled-noble-and-commoner-ancestors.com/p617.htm	en	Ancestors & Cousins: Royal, Titled, Noble, and Commoner (over 193,000 names).			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Children Ruprecht von der Pfalz2 b. 20 Feb 1375, d. 25 Jan 1397 Margareta von der Pfalz+ b. Jun 1376, d. 26 Aug 1434 Friedrich von der Pfalz4 b. c 1377, d. 7 Mar 1401 Ludwig III, Elector von der Pfalz+5,3 b. 23 Jan 1378, d. 30 Dec 1436 Agnes von der Pfalz2 b. 1379, d. 12 Feb 1404 Elisabeth von der Pfalz+2 b. b 27 Oct 1381, d. 31 Dec 1409 Johann, Pfalzgraf am Rhein-Neumarkt+2 b. c 1383, d. 13 Mar 1443 Stephen, Pfalzgraf am Rhein zu Simmern & Zweibrucken+2 b. c 13 Jun 1385, d. 14 Feb 1459 Otto, Pfalzgraf of the Rhein zu Mosbach & Neumarkt+2 b. 24 Aug 1387, d. 5 Jul 1461 Children Anna von Rhein+ b. 1346, d. 30 Nov 1415 Friedrich von Rhein3 b. 1347 Johann von Rhein3 b. 1349 Mechtild von Rhein3 b. 1350, d. a 2 Oct 1413 Elizabeth von Rhein3 b. c 1351, d. a 4 Jul 1360 Ruprecht III, Emperor of Germany, Elector Palatine+ b. 5 May 1352, d. 18 May 1410 Adolf von Rhein3 b. 1355, d. 1 May 1358 Children Anna von Rhein+ b. 1346, d. 30 Nov 1415 Friedrich von Rhein3 b. 1347 Johann von Rhein3 b. 1349 Mechtild von Rhein3 b. 1350, d. a 2 Oct 1413 Elizabeth von Rhein3 b. c 1351, d. a 4 Jul 1360 Ruprecht III, Emperor of Germany, Elector Palatine+ b. 5 May 1352, d. 18 May 1410 Adolf von Rhein3 b. 1355, d. 1 May 1358 Children Eleanora of Sicily+ b. 1325, d. 20 Apr 1375 Beatrix of Sicily+ b. 1326, d. 12 Oct 1365 Friedrich III 'the Simple', King of Sicily, Duke of Athens & Neopatras+ b. 1 Sep 1341, d. 27 Jul 1377 Blanche of Sicily b. c 1342, d. bt 1372 - 19 Jun 1373 Children Eleanora of Sicily+ b. 1325, d. 20 Apr 1375 Beatrix of Sicily+ b. 1326, d. 12 Oct 1365 Friedrich III 'the Simple', King of Sicily, Duke of Athens & Neopatras+2 b. 1 Sep 1341, d. 27 Jul 1377 Blanche of Sicily2 b. c 1342, d. bt 1372 - 19 Jun 1373 Children Ludwig of Bavaria b. 1297, d. 5 Apr 1311 Adolph 'the Simple', Elector Palatine of the Rhine+ b. 27 Sep 1300, d. 29 Jan 1327 Rudolf II 'the Blind', Pfalzgraf am Rhein+ b. 8 Aug 1306, d. 4 Oct 1353 Ruprecht I, Pfalzgraf am Rhein b. 9 Jun 1309, d. 16 Feb 1390 Mechtild of Bavaria+3 b. 1312, d. 25 Nov 1357 Children Ludwig of Bavaria2 b. 1297, d. 5 Apr 1311 Adolph 'the Simple', Elector Palatine of the Rhine+ b. 27 Sep 1300, d. 29 Jan 1327 Rudolf II 'the Blind', Pfalzgraf am Rhein+2 b. 8 Aug 1306, d. 4 Oct 1353 Ruprecht I, Pfalzgraf am Rhein2 b. 9 Jun 1309, d. 16 Feb 1390 Mechtild of Bavaria+3 b. 1312, d. 25 Nov 1357 Children Anna of Bavaria5 Rudolf I, Count & Elector Palatine, Duke of Bavaria+ b. 4 Oct 1274, d. 13 Aug 1319 Mathilde of Bavaria+ b. c Dec 1275, d. 28 Mar 1319 Agnes of Bavaria+6 b. c 1277, d. 22 Jul 1345 Ludwig IV, Duke of Bavaria, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Italy & Germany+ b. 1 Apr 1282, d. 11 Oct 1347 Children Anna of Bavaria4 Rudolf I, Count & Elector Palatine, Duke of Bavaria+ b. 4 Oct 1274, d. 13 Aug 1319 Mathilde of Bavaria+5 b. c Dec 1275, d. 28 Mar 1319 Agnes of Bavaria+ b. c 1277, d. 22 Jul 1345 Ludwig IV, Duke of Bavaria, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Italy & Germany+ b. 1 Apr 1282, d. 11 Oct 1347 Children Heinrich von Nassau3 b. c 1272 Rupert von Nassau3 b. c 1275, d. 2 Dec 1304 Mathilda of Nassau+ b. c 1280, d. 19 Jun 1323 Adelheid von Nassau3 b. c 1283, d. 26 May 1338 Imagina von Nassau3 b. c 1285 Gerlach I, Graf von Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein+ b. 1288, d. 1 Jan 1361 Adolf von Nassau3 b. 1292, d. 1294 Walram III von Nassau, Herr zu Wiesbaden, Idstein, & Weilnau3 b. c 1294, d. a 22 Dec 1324 Children Heinrich von Nassau3 b. c 1272 Rupert von Nassau3 b. c 1275, d. 2 Dec 1304 Mathilda of Nassau+ b. c 1280, d. 19 Jun 1323 Adelheid von Nassau3 b. c 1283, d. 26 May 1338 Imagina von Nassau3 b. c 1285 Gerlach I, Graf von Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein+ b. 1288, d. 1 Jan 1361 Adolf von Nassau3 b. 1292, d. 1294 Walram III von Nassau, Herr zu Wiesbaden, Idstein, & Weilnau3 b. c 1294, d. a 22 Dec 1324 Children Heinrich, Graf von Isenburg-Limburg6 d. 15 Jan 1280 Johann I, Graf von Isenburg-Limburg+ d. 1 Oct 1312 Gerlach von Greifenstein7 Agnes von Isenburg+4 b. c 1253, d. a 1319 Imogene von Limburg+ b. c 1259, d. c 28 Sep 1318 Children Mathilda von Habsburg+ b. c 1253, d. 23 Dec 1304 Albert I, Duke of Austria, Emperor of Germany+ b. Jul 1255, d. 1 May 1308 Katharina von Habsburg+ b. 1256, d. 4 Apr 1282 Agnes von Habsburg+ b. c 1257, d. 11 Oct 1322 Hedwig von Habsburg3 b. c 1260, d. bt 26 Jan 1285 - 27 Oct 1286 Klementia von Habsburg+4,5 b. c 1262, d. a 7 Feb 1293 Hartmann von Habsburg3 b. 1263, d. 21 Dec 1281 Rudolf II, Duke of Austria & Swabia, Landgraf of Alsace & Aargau8,3 b. 1270, d. 10 May 1290 Judith of Habsburg+ b. 13 Mar 1271, d. 18 Jun 1297 Karl von Habsburg3 b. 14 Feb 1276, d. 16 Aug 1285 Children Mathilda von Habsburg+ b. c 1253, d. 23 Dec 1304 Albert I, Duke of Austria, Emperor of Germany+ b. Jul 1255, d. 1 May 1308 Katharina von Habsburg+4 b. 1256, d. 4 Apr 1282 Agnes von Habsburg+ b. c 1257, d. 11 Oct 1322 Hedwig von Habsburg b. c 1260, d. bt 26 Jan 1285 - 27 Oct 1286 Klementia von Habsburg+5 b. c 1262, d. a 7 Feb 1293 Hartmann von Habsburg4 b. 1263, d. 21 Dec 1281 Rudolf II, Duke of Austria & Swabia, Landgraf of Alsace & Aargau b. 1270, d. 10 May 1290 Judith of Habsburg+ b. 13 Mar 1271, d. 18 Jun 1297 Karl von Habsburg4 b. 14 Feb 1276, d. 16 Aug 1285 Children Agnes of Bavaria3 d. c 7 Dec 1306 Elizabeth von Wittelsbach+ b. c 1227, d. 9 Oct 1273 Ludwig II, Duke of Bavaria, Count & Elector Palatine+ b. 13 Apr 1229, d. 2 Feb 1294 Heinrich I, Duke of Lower Bavaria+ b. 19 Nov 1235, d. 3 Feb 1290 Sophie of Bavaria+ b. c Dec 1236, d. 9 Aug 1289 Children Agnes of Bavaria2 d. c 7 Dec 1306 Elizabeth von Wittelsbach+ b. c 1227, d. 9 Oct 1273 Ludwig II, Duke of Bavaria, Count & Elector Palatine+ b. 13 Apr 1229, d. 2 Feb 1294 Heinrich I, Duke of Lower Bavaria+ b. 19 Nov 1235, d. 3 Feb 1290 Sophie of Bavaria+2 b. c Dec 1236, d. 9 Aug 1289 Children Sophie of Bohemia+ d. 25 Mar 1195 Helena of Bohemia Wratislaw of Bohemia4 d. 1180 Olga of Bohemia4 d. a 21 Jul 1163 Margarete of Bohemia4 d. 28 Jul 1183 Ludomilla of Bohemia+ b. 1170, d. 5 Aug 1240 Children Heinrich II, Count Palatine of the Rhine4 b. c 1196, d. 1 May 1214 Irmgard of Saxony+5 b. c 1200, d. 24 Feb 1260 Agnes of Saxony+ b. c 1201, d. 16 Nov 1267 Children Heinrich II, Count Palatine of the Rhine2 b. c 1196, d. 1 May 1214 Irmgard of Saxony+ b. c 1200, d. 24 Feb 1260 Agnes of Saxony+ b. c 1201, d. 16 Nov 1267 Children Friedrich of Lorraine3 d. b 3 Sep 1189 Konrad of Lorraine3 d. c 1186 Agnes of Swabia+ b. 1176, d. 9 May 1204 Children Heinrich of Saxony6 d. 1 Nov Gertrude of Saxony b. c 1155, d. 1 Jun 1197 Richenza I of Saxony b. c 1158, d. 1 Feb 1168
21104	yago	3	54	https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-kuijjer/I6000000003827355907.php	en	Gertrud Anna Gertrude "Gertrude Anne" of Hohenberg Queen Consort of Germany (± 1225	https://www.genealogieonline.nl/png/stamboom-kuijjer/I6000000003827355907.php	https://www.genealogieonline.nl/png/stamboom-kuijjer/I6000000003827355907.php	[ "https://static.genealogieonline.nl/img/go/timeline/red-block-pp.gif", "https://static.genealogieonline.nl/img/go/timeline/red-block-p.gif", "https://static.genealogieonline.nl/img/go/timeline/red-block.gif", "https://static.genealogieonline.nl/img/go/timeline/red-block-c.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "stamboomonderzoek", "genealogie", "stamboom", "voorouders", "stamboom maken", "bidprentjes", "gedcom" ]	null	[ "M. K" ]	null	Gertrud Anna Gertrude of Hohenberg is geboren rond 1225, dochter van Burchard von Hohenberg en Mechtild von Tübingen. Zij is in het jaar 1245 in Habsburg,Aargau Canton,Switzerland getrouwd met Rudolf I von Habsburg, ze kregen 1 kind. Zij is overleden op 16 februari 1281. Deze informatie is onderdeel van Stamboom van M. K. op Genealogie Online.	nl	https://www.genealogieon…e-touch-icon.png	Genealogie Online	https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-kuijjer/I6000000003827355907.php	Via Snelzoeken kunt u zoeken op naam, voornaam gevolgd door een achternaam. U typt enkele letters in (minimaal 3) en direct verschijnt er een lijst met persoonsnamen binnen deze publicatie. Hoe meer letters u intypt hoe specifieker de resultaten. Klik op een persoonsnaam om naar de pagina van die persoon te gaan. Of u kleine letters of hoofdletters intypt maak niet uit. Wanneer u niet zeker bent over de voornaam of exacte schrijfwijze dan kunt u een sterretje () gebruiken. Voorbeeld: "ornelis de b*r" vindt zowel "cornelis de boer" als "kornelis de buur". Het is niet mogelijk om tekens anders dan het alfabet in te voeren (dus ook geen diacritische tekens als ö en é).
21104	yago	2	18	https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/author/billfoley63/page/34/	en	liamfoley63	https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ea03fbbd034bdba127244d913b64db8b?s=200&d=identicon&r=g	https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ea03fbbd034bdba127244d913b64db8b?s=200&d=identicon&r=g	[ "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/cropped-fb_img_1671979413412.jpg", "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/430144_10151160845308468_1828907828_n.jpg", "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/cropped-img_5728.png?w=50", "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/cropped-img_5728.png?w=50", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Read all of the posts by liamfoley63 on European Royal History	en	https://europeanroyalhis…mg_5728.png?w=32	European Royal History	http://foleyfunfilmfacts.wordpress.com	The Kingdom of Poland, also known informally as the Regency Kingdom of Poland, was a short-lived polity that was proclaimed during World War I by the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire on November 5, 1916 on the territories of the formerly Russian-ruled Congress Poland held by the Central Powers as the Government General of Warsaw and became active on January 14, 1917. This Kingdom was to be a puppet state that was to provide a buffer both geographically and politically between the Empires of Germany and Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire. It would be the first reappearance of Poland on the map of Europe after it had been carved up to other nations. Poland had disappeared from the map of Europe with the Partitions of Poland when three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years. The partitions were conducted by the Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire, which divided up the Commonwealth lands among themselves progressively in the process of territorial seizures and annexations. The First Partition was decided on August 5, 1772 after the Bar Confederation lost the war with Russia. The Second Partition occurred in the aftermath of the Polish–Russian War of 1792 and the Targowica Confederation of 1792 when Russian and Prussian troops entered the Commonwealth and the partition treaty was signed during the Grodno Sejm on January 23, 1793 (without Austria). The Third Partition took place on October 24, 1795, in reaction to the unsuccessful Polish Kościuszko Uprising the previous year. With this partition, the Commonwealth ceased to exist. Rationale The decision to propose the restoration of Poland after a century of partitions was taken up by the German policymakers in an attempt to legitimize further imperial presence in the occupied territories and create a buffer state to prevent future wars with Russia. The plan was followed by the German propaganda pamphlet campaign delivered to the Poles in 1915, claiming that the German soldiers were arriving as liberators to free Poland from subjugation by the Russian Empire. However, the German High Command under Erich Ludendorff also wanted to annex around 30,000 square kilometers of the territory of former Congress Poland, and planned to evict up to 3 million Poles and Jews to make room for German colonists in the so-called Polish Border Strip plan. The German government used punitive threats to force Polish landowners living in the German-occupied Baltic states to relocate and sell their Baltic property to the Germans in exchange for entry to Poland. Parallel efforts were made to remove Poles from Polish territories of the Prussian Partition. Germany With onset of war in 1914, for the purposes of securing Germany’s eastern border against the Russian imperial army, Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, the German chancellor, decided on the annexation of a specific strip of land from Congress Poland, known later on as the Polish Border Strip. In order to avoid adding the Polish population there to the population of imperial Germany, it was proposed that the Poles would be ethnically cleansed to a proposed new Polish state further east, while the strip would be resettled with Germans. German Emperor Wilhelm II conceived of creating a dependent Polish state from territory conquered from Russia. This new autonomous Kingdom of Poland would be ruled by a German prince and have its military, transportation, and economy controlled by Germany. Its army and railway network would be placed under Prussian command. Charles X (Charles Philippe, Count of Artois; October 9, 1757 – November 6, 1836) was King of France and Navarre from September 16, 1824 until August 2, 1830. An uncle of the uncrowned King Louis XVII and younger brother to reigning kings Louis XVI and Louis XVIII, he supported the latter in exile. After the Bourbon Restoration in 1814, Charles (as heir-presumptive) became the leader of the ultra-royalists, a radical monarchist faction within the French court that affirmed absolute monarchy by divine right and opposed the constitutional monarchy concessions towards liberals and the guarantees of civil liberties granted by the Charter of 1814. Charles gained influence within the French court after the assassination of his son Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, in 1820 and succeeded his brother Louis XVIII in 1824. His reign of almost six years proved to be deeply unpopular amongst the liberals in France from the moment of his coronation in 1825, in which he tried to revive the practice of the royal touch. The governments appointed under his reign reimbursed former landowners for the abolition of feudalism at the expense of bondholders, increased the power of the Catholic Church, and reimposed capital punishment for sacrilege, leading to conflict with the liberal-majority Chamber of Deputies. King Charles X also approved the French conquest of Algeria as a way to distract his citizens from domestic problems, and forced Haiti to pay a hefty indemnity in return for lifting a blockade and recognizing Haiti’s independence. He eventually appointed a conservative government under the premiership of Prince Jules de Polignac, who was defeated in the 1830 French legislative election. Ordinances were passed intended to quell popular discontent within the country but had the opposite effect. Journalists gathered in protest at the headquarters of the National daily, founded in January 1830 by Adolphe Thiers, Armand Carrel, and others. On Monday July 26, the government newspaper Le Moniteur Universel published the ordinances, and Thiers published a call to revolt signed by forty-three journalists: “The legal regime has been interrupted: that of force has begun… Obedience ceases to be a duty!” In the evening, crowds assembled in the gardens of the Palais-Royal, shouting “Down with the Bourbons!” and “Long live the Charter!”. As the police closed off the gardens, the crowd regrouped in a nearby street where they shattered streetlamps. The next morning of July 27, police raided and shut down newspapers including Le National. When the protesters, who had re-entered the Palais-Royal gardens, heard of this, they threw stones at the soldiers, prompting them to shoot. By evening, the city was in chaos and shops were looted. On July 28, the rioters began to erect barricades in the streets. Marshal Marmont, who had been called in the day before to remedy the situation, took the offensive, but some of his men defected to the rioters, and by afternoon he had to retreat to the Tuileries Palace. The members of the Chamber of Deputies sent a five-man delegation to Marmont, urging him to advise the king to assuage the protesters by revoking the four Ordinances. On Marmont’s request, the prime minister applied to the king, but Charles refused all compromise and dismissed his ministers that afternoon, realizing the precariousness of the situation. That evening, the members of the Chamber assembled at Jacques Laffitte’s house and elected Prince Louis Philippe d’Orléans to take the throne from King Charles X, proclaiming their decision on posters throughout the city. By the end of the day, the authority of Charles’ government had evaporated. A few minutes after midnight on July 31, warned by General Gresseau that Parisians were planning to attack the Saint-Cloud residence, Charles X decided to seek refuge in Versailles with his family and the court, with the exception of the Prince Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, who stayed behind with the troops, and the Duchess of Angoulême, who was taking the waters at Vichy. Meanwhile, in Paris, Louis Philippe assumed the post of Lieutenant General of the Kingdom. Charles’ road to Versailles was filled with disorganized troops and deserters. The Marquis de Vérac, governor of the Palace of Versailles, came to meet the king before the royal cortège entered the town, to tell him that the palace was not safe, as the Versailles national guards wearing the revolutionary tricolor were occupying the Place d’Armes. Charles then set out for the Trianon at five in the morning. Later that day, after the arrival of the Duke of Angoulême from Saint-Cloud with his troops, Charles ordered a departure for Rambouillet, where they arrived shortly before midnight. On the morning of 1 August, the Duchess of Angoulême, who had rushed from Vichy after learning of events, arrived at Rambouillet. The following day, August 2, King Charles X abdicated, bypassing his son the Dauphin, Prince Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême in favor of his grandson Prince Henri, Duke of Bordeaux, who was not yet ten years old. At first, the Duke of Angoulême (the Dauphin) refused to countersign the document renouncing his rights to the throne of France. According to the Duchess of Maillé, “there was a strong altercation between the father and the son. We could hear their voices in the next room.” Finally, after twenty minutes, the Duke of Angoulême reluctantly countersigned his father’s declaration: “My cousin, I am too deeply pained by the ills that afflict or could threaten my people, not to seek means of avoiding them. Therefore, I have made the resolution to abdicate the crown in favor of my grandson, the Duke of Bordeaux. The Dauphin, who shares my feelings, also renounces his rights in favor of his nephew.” It will thus fall to you, in your capacity as Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, to proclaim the accession of King Henri V to the throne. Furthermore, you will take all pertinent measures to regulate the forms of government during the new king’s minority. Here, I limit myself to stating these arrangements, as a means of avoiding further evils. You will communicate my intentions to the diplomatic corps, and you will let me know as soon as possible the proclamation by which my grandson will be recognized as king under the name of King Henri V.” For the twenty minutes the Duke of Angoulême resisted signing the document of abdication he was technically King Louis XIX of France and Navarre. Louis Philippe ignored the document and on August 9, had himself proclaimed King of the French by the members of the Chamber. From the Emperor’s Desk: I meant to publish this yesterday. I am back from my short hiatus, I was having problems with my tablet. Maximilian II (July 31, 1527 – October 12 ,1576) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 until his death in 1576. A member of the Austrian House of Habsburg, he was crowned King of Bohemia in Prague on May 14, 1562 and elected King of Germany (King of the Romans) on November 24, 1562. On September 8, 1563 he was crowned King of Hungary and Croatia in the Hungarian capital Pressburg (Pozsony in Hungarian; now Bratislava, Slovakia). On July 25, 1564 he succeeded his father Emperor Ferdinand I as ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. Biography Maximilian was born in Vienna, Austria, the eldest son of the Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand I, younger brother of Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Princess Anne of Bohemia and Hungary (1503–1547). She was the oldest child and only daughter of King Vladislaus II of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia (1456–1516) and his third wife Anne of Foix-Candale. King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia was her younger brother. Her paternal grandparents were King Casimir IV of Poland (of the Jagiellon dynasty) and Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria, one of the heiresses of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Elisabeth was the daughter of Albert II of Germany, Archduke of Austria, and his wife Elizabeth of Luxembourg, daughter of Emperor Sigismund. Archduke Maximilian was named after his great-grandfather, Emperor Maximilian I. At the time of his birth, his father Ferdinand succeeded his brother-in-law King Louis II of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia in the Kingdom of Bohemia and Croatia and the Kingdom of Hungary, laying the grounds for the global Habsburg monarchy. Heir apparent On September 13, 1548 Emperor Charles V married Archduke Maximilian to Charles’s daughter (Maximilian’s cousin) Infanta Maria of Spain in the Castile residence of Valladolid. By the marriage his uncle intended to strengthen the ties with the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs, but also to consolidate his nephew’s Catholic faith. Archduke Maximilian temporarily acted as the Emperor’s representative in Spain, however not as stadtholder of the Habsburg Netherlands as he had hoped for. To his indignation, King Ferdinand of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia appointed Archduke Maximilian’s younger brother, Archduke Ferdinand II of Further Austria, administrator in the Kingdom of Bohemia, nevertheless Maximilian’s right of succession as the future king was recognised in 1549. He returned to Germany in December 1550 in order to take part in the discussion over the Imperial succession. Archduke Maximilian’s relations with his uncle worsened, as Emperor Charles V, again embattled by rebellious Protestant princes led by Elector Maurice of Saxony, wished his son King Felipe II of Spain to succeed him as emperor. However, Charles’ brother King Ferdinand, who had already been designated as the next occupant of the imperial throne, and his son Archduke Maximilian objected to this proposal. Archduke Maximilian sought the support of the German princes such as Duke Albrecht V of Bavaria and even contacted Protestant leaders like Maurice of Saxony and Duke Christoph of Württemberg. At length a compromise was reached: King Felipe II was to succeed Ferdinand, but during the former’s reign Maximilian, as King of the Romans, was to govern Germany. This arrangement was not carried out, and is only important because the insistence of the emperor seriously disturbed the harmonious relations that had hitherto existed between the two branches of the Habsburg family; an illness that befell Maximilian in 1552 was attributed to poison given to him in the interests of his cousin and brother-in-law, King Felipe II of Spain. The relationship between the two cousins was uneasy. While Felipe had been raised a Spaniard and barely travelled out of the kingdom during his life, Maximilian identified himself as the quintessential German prince and often displayed a strong dislike of Spaniards, whom he considered as intolerant and arrogant. While his cousin was reserved and shy, Maximilian was outgoing and charismatic. His adherence to humanism and religious tolerance put him at odds with Felipe who was more committed to the defence of the Catholic faith. Also, he was considered a promising commander, while Felipe disliked war and only once personally commanded an army. Nonetheless, the two remained committed to the unity of their dynasty. The religious views of Archduke Maximilian had always been somewhat uncertain, and he had probably learned something of Lutheranism in his youth; but his amicable relations with several Protestant princes, which began about the time of the discussion over the succession, were probably due more to political than to religious considerations. However, in Vienna he became very intimate with Sebastian Pfauser [de], a court preacher influenced by Heinrich Bullinger with strong leanings towards Lutheranism, and his religious attitude caused some uneasiness to his father. Fears were freely expressed that he would definitely leave the Catholic Church, and when his father Ferdinand became emperor in 1558 he was prepared to assure Pope Paul IV that his son should not succeed him if he took this step. Eventually Maximilian remained nominally an adherent of the older faith, although his views were tinged with Lutheranism until the end of his life. After several refusals he consented in 1560 to the banishment of Pfauser, and began again to attend the Masses of the Catholic Church. Reign In November 1562 Maximilian was chosen King of the Romans, or German king, by the electoral college at Frankfurt, where he was crowned a few days later, after assuring the Catholic electors of his fidelity to their faith, and promising the Protestant electors that he would publicly accept the confession of Augsburg when he became emperor. He also took the usual oath to protect the Church, and his election was afterwards confirmed by the papacy. He was the first King of the Romans not to be crowned in Aachen. In September 1563 he was crowned King of Hungary by the Archbishop of Esztergom, Nicolaus Olahus, and on his father’s death, in July 1564, he succeeded to the empire and to the kingdoms of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia. Maximilian’s rule was shaped by the confessionalization process after the 1555 Peace of Augsburg. Though a Habsburg and a Catholic, he approached the Lutheran Imperial estates with a view to overcome the denominational schism, which ultimately failed. He also was faced with the ongoing Ottoman–Habsburg wars and rising conflicts with his Habsburg Spain cousins. According to Fichtner, Maximilian failed to achieve his three major aims: rationalizing the government structure, unifying Christianity, and evicting the Turks from Hungary. Peter Marshall opines that it is wrong to dismiss Maximilian as a failure. According to Marshall, through his religious tolerance as well as encouragement of arts and sciences, he succeeded in maintaining a precarious peace. Emperor Maximilian II died on October 12, 1576 in Regensburg while preparing to invade Poland. On his deathbed he refused to receive the last sacraments of the Church. He is buried in St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague. By his wife Maria he had a family of ten sons and six daughters. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Rudolf, who had been chosen king of the Romans in October 1575. Another of his sons, Matthias, also became emperor; three others, Ernest, Albrecht and Maximilian, took some part in the government of the Habsburg territories or of the Netherlands. His eldest daughter, Anna, married King Felipe II of Spain. Another daughter, Elizabeth, married King Charles IX of France. Louis III the Blind (c. 880 – June 5, 928) was the King of Provence from January 11, 887, King of Italy from October 12, 900, and briefly Holy Roman Emperor, as Louis III, between 901 and 905. His father was a Bosonid and his mother was a Carolingian. Born c.880, Louis was the son of Boso, the usurper King of Provence, and Ermengard, the daughter of Emperor Louis II and his wife Engelberga, who was probably the daughter of Adelchis I of Spoleto and a member of one of the most powerful families in the Kingdom of Italy at that time, the Supponids. Ermengard was also a great-niece of Emperor Charles the Bald. As a boy of seven, Louis succeeded to the throne of his father Boso as King of Provence upon Boso’s death on 11 January 887. Kingdom of Burgundy – Provence Shortly before his death in 855, Emperor Lothair I divided his Kingdom of Middle Francia among his three sons in three parts: Lotharingia, the Kingdom of Italy, and the regions of Lower Burgundy and Provence. The latter were left to the youngest son, thus known as Charles of Provence. This partition created more conflicts, as older Carolingians who ruled West Francia and East Francia viewed themselves as the true heirs of Middle Francia. After the overthrow of Charles the Bald in 877, followed by the death of his son Louis II the Stammerer two years later, the Frankish noble Boso of Provence proclaimed himself a “King of Burgundy and Provence” at Vienne in 879. This kingdom lasted until Boso’s death in 887. in 888, Rudolph I of Burgundy of the Elder House of Welf carved out his own kingdom of Upper Burgundy, centered on Lake Geneva and including the lands around Besançon that later became the Franche-Comté. Meanwhile, Boso’s child son Louis, later known as Louis the Blind, became King of Lower Burgundy (Provence ) in Valence in 890. In 933, Rudolph’s son and heir Rudolph II acquired Lower Burgundy and merged the two kingdoms into a single Kingdom of Burgundy. The kingdom Louis inherited was much smaller than his father’s, as it did not include Upper Burgundy (lost to Rudolph I of Burgundy), nor any of French Burgundy, absorbed by Richard the Justiciar, Duke of Burgundy. This meant that the Kingdom of Provence was restricted to the environs of Vienne. The Provençal barons elected Ermengard to act as his regent, with the support of Louis’s uncle, Richard the Justiciar. In May, Ermengard traveled with Louis to the court of her relative, the Emperor Charles the Fat, and received his recognition of the young Louis as king. Charles adopted Louis as his son and put both mother and son under his protection. Conflict with Berengar In 900, Louis, as the grandson and heir of the Emperor Louis II, was invited into Italy by various lords, including Adalbert II, Margrave of Tuscany, who were suffering under the ravages of the Magyars and the incompetent rule of Berengar I. Louis thus marched his army across the Alps and defeated Berengar, chasing him from Pavia, the old Lombard capital, where, in the church of San Michele, Louis was crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy on October 12, 900. He travelled onwards to Rome, where, in 901, he was crowned Emperor by Pope Benedict IV. However, his inability to stem the Magyar incursions and impose any meaningful control over northern Italy saw the Italian nobles quickly abandon his cause and once again align themselves with Berengar. In 902, Berengar defeated Louis’s armies and forced him to flee to Provence and promise never to return. In 905, Louis, after again listening to the Italian nobles who were tired of Berengar’s rule, this time led by Adalbert I of Ivrea, launched another attempt to invade Italy. Once again throwing Berengar out of Pavia, he marched and also succeeded in taking Verona with only a small following, after receiving the promise of support from the bishop, Adalard. Partisans of Berengar in the town soon got word to Berengar of Louis’s exposed position at Verona, and his limited support. Berengar returned, accompanied by Bavarian troops, and entered Verona in the dead of night. Louis sought sanctuary at the church of St Peter. However , Emperor Louis III was captured, and on July 21, 905, he had his eyes put out (for breaking his oath) and was forced to relinquish his royal Italian and imperial crowns. Later, Berengar became Emperor. After this last attempt to restore Carolingian power over Italy, Louis III continued to rule Provence for over twenty years, though his cousin Hugh, Count of Arles, was the dominant figure in the territory. Louis returned to Vienne, his capital, and by 911, he had put most of the royal powers in the hands of Hugh. Hugh was made Margrave of Provence and Marquis of Vienne and moved the capital to Arles. As regent, Hugh married Louis’s sister Willa. Louis lived out his days until his death in obscurity, and through his life he continued to style himself as Roman Emperor. He was succeeded by his brother-in-law Hugh of Arles in 928. Robért II (c. 972 – July 20, 1031), called the Pious, or the Wise, was King of the Franks from 996 to 1031, the second King from the Capetian dynasty. Robért II’s exact date and birthplace are unknown, although historians have advocated for the year 972 and the city of Orléans (the capital of the Robertians from the 9th century onward). The only son of Hugh Capét, King of the Franks and Adelaide of Aquitaine, the daughter of William III, Duke of Aquitaine and Adele of Normandy, daughter of Rollo of Normandy. Robért II was named after his heroic ancestor Robrert the Strong, who had died fighting the Vikings in 866. His parents’ marriage produced at least two other daughters: Hedwig (wife of Reginar IV, Count of Hainaut) and Gisela (wife of Hugh I, Count of Ponthieu). In the 10th century, the Robertians were the most powerful aristocratic family in the Kingdom of the Franks. In previous decades, two of its members, Odo (888) and Robért I (922), had ascended to the throne, displacing the ruling Carolingian dynasty. The principality of Hugh the Great, Duke of the Franks and Robért II’s paternal grandfather, marked the apogee of the Robertians until his death in 956. In the middle of the 10th century, Hugh Capét succeeded as the head of the family. Once Hugh Capét proposed the association of Robert to the throne, Archbishop Adalbero of Reims was reportedly hostile to this and, according to Richer of Reims, he replied to the king: “we do not have the right to create two kings in the same year” (on n’a pas le droit de créer deux rois la même année). It is believed that Gerbert of Aurillac (who was himself close to Borrell II, for a time his protector), would then have come to the aid of Hugh Capét to convince the Archbishop that the co-kinship was needed due to the purposed expedition to assist the Count of Barcelona, and to secure a stable transition of power. Under duress, Archbishop Adalbero finally consented. After Robért was crowned Junior King in 987, he assisted his father on military matters (notably during the two sieges of Laon, in 988 and 991). His solid education, provided by Gerbert of Aurillac (the future Pope Sylvester II) in Reims, allowed him to deal with religious questions of which he quickly became the guarantor (he headed the Council of Saint-Basle de Verzy in 991 and that of Chelles in 994). Continuing the political work of his father, after becoming sole ruler in 996, he managed to maintain the alliance with the Duchy of Normandy and the County of Anjou and thus was able to contain the ambitions of Count Odo II of Blois. Robért II was a devout Catholic, hence his sobriquet “the Pious.” He was musically inclined, being a composer, chorister, and poet, and made his palace a place of religious seclusion where he conducted the matins and vespers in his royal robes. Robért II’s reputation for piety also resulted from his lack of toleration for heretics, whom he harshly punished. He is said to have advocated forced conversions of local Jewry. He supported riots against the Jews of Orléans who were accused of conspiring to destroy the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Furthermore, Robért II reinstated the Roman imperial custom of burning heretics at the stake. In 1030–1031, Robért confirmed the foundation of Noyers Abbey. Hugh Capét died on October 14, 996 in Paris, and was interred in the Saint Denis Basilica. His son Robért II continued to reign as the sole King of the Franks. Robért II distinguished himself with an extraordinarily long reign for the time. His 35-year-long reign was marked by his attempts to expand the royal domain by any means, especially by his long struggle to gain the Duchy of Burgundy (which ended in 1014 with his victory) after the death in 1002 without male descendants of his paternal uncle Duke Henri I, after a war against Otto-William of Ivrea, Henri I’s stepson and adopted by him as his heir. His policies earned him many enemies, including three of his sons. The marital setbacks of Robért II (he married three times, annulling two of these and attempting to annul the third, prevented only by the Pope’s refusal to accept a third annulment), strangely contrasted with the pious aura, bordering on the holiness, which his biographer Helgaud of Fleury was willing to lend him in his work “Life of King Robért the Pious” (Epitoma vitæ regis Roberti pii). His life was then presented as a model to follow, made of innumerable pious donations to various religious establishments, of charity towards the poor and, above all, of gestures considered sacred, such as the healing of certain lepers. Robért II was the first sovereign considered to be a “miracle worker”. The end of his reign revealed the relative weakness of the sovereign, who had to face the revolt of his third wife Constance and then of his own sons (Henri and Robért) between 1025 and 1031. Prince Henri was born in Reims, and was the son of King Robért II by his third wife Constance of Arles (986–1034). In the early-Capetian tradition, Prince Henri was crowned King of the Franks at the Cathedral of Reims on May 14, 1027, while his father still lived. He had little influence and power until he became sole ruler on his father’s death four years later on July 20, 1031. Princess Augusta of Cambridge (July, 19, 1822 – December 5, 1916) was a member of the British Royal Family, a granddaughter of George III. She married into the Grand Ducal House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and became the Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Early life Princess Augusta was born on July 19, 1822 at the Palace of Montbrillant, Hanover. Her father was Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, the seventh son of George III of the United Kingdom and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Princess Augusta’s mother was Princess Augusta of Hesse-Cassel, third daughter of Landgrave Friedrich of Hesse-Cassel, and his wife, Princess Caroline of Nassau-Usingen. Through her father, Princess Augusta of Cambridge was a great-granddaughter of George II of Great Britain, her grandmother being George II’s daughter Princess Mary. Princess Augusta of Hesse-Cassel’s uncle, (her father’s older brother) was the Landgrave Wilhelm I of Hesse-Cassel. In 1803, her uncle’s title was raised to Elector of Hesse—whereby the entire Cassel branch of the Hesse dynasty gained an upward notch in hierarchy. As a male line granddaughter of the British monarch, Princess Augusta was titled as a British Princess with the style of Royal Highness. The young princess was baptized at the same palace on August 16, 1822, by Rev Edward Curtis Kemp (Chaplain to the British Ambassador to the Court of Berlin, The Rt. Hon. Sir George Rose). The Princess Augusta spent her earlier years in Hanover, where her father was the viceroy on behalf of his brother, King George IV of the United Kingdom. Princess Augusta had one brother, Prince George, later 2nd Duke of Cambridge; and one sister, Princess Mary Adelaide, later Duchess of Teck. As such, Princess Augusta was an aunt to Princess Mary of Teck, later Queen Consort of George V of the United Kingdom. Additionally, Princess Augusta was a first cousin through her father to Queen Victoria and through her mother a first cousin to Princess Louise of Hesse-Cassel, the wife of King Christian IX of Denmark. This meant Princess Augusta was a first cousin once removed to both Princess Alexandra of Denmark and her husband King Edward VII of United Kingdom. With her mother, she was part of the royal party at the 1838 coronation of Queen Victoria. Marriage On June 28, 1843, Princess Augusta married her first cousin, Friedrich Wilhelm of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, at Buckingham Palace, London. (The two were also second cousins on their fathers’ side.) Friedrich Wilhelm of Hesse-Cassel was born in Neustrelitz, the son of Grand Duke Georg of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Princess Marie of Hesse-Cassel. He spent his youth in Neustrelitz and later went to study history and jurisprudence in University of Bonn where he befriended Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Upon marriage, Augusta became the Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and, on September 6, 1860, the Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz following the death of her father-in-law, Grand Duke Georg of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The marriage of the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess produced two children: 1. Duke Friedrich Wilhelm of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (born and died in London, January 13, 1845) 2. Duke Adolph Friedrich of Mecklenburg-Strelitz ( July 22, 1848 – June 11, 1914); succeeded his father as Grand Duke Adolph Friedrich V of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in May 1904. Later life Although she spent most of her adult life in Germany, the Grand Duchess Augusta retained close personal ties to the British Royal Family. She frequently visited her mother, the Duchess of Cambridge, at her Kensington Palace apartments. After her mother’s death in 1889, the Grand Duchess acquired a house in London’s Buckingham Gate area, where she spent a portion of the year until advanced old age made it impossible for her to travel abroad. In making preparations for the coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra in 1901, the Duke of Norfolk consulted her on matters of etiquette and attire. This was due to her presence at the coronation of King William IV and Queen Adelaide seventy-one years earlier. She was nine years old at the time and kissed the Queen’s hand. She was also able to provide details of the coronation of Queen Victoria. The Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was particularly close to her niece, the future Queen Mary. However, old age prevented her from attending the coronation of King George V and Queen Mary on June 22, 1911. Following the outbreak of World War I, the British Government suspended the annuity she had been receiving as a member of the British Royal Family under the Annuity, Duchess of Mecklenburgh Strelitz Act 1843. During the war, the Swedish Embassy passed letters from the Queen to her aunt, who still lived in Germany. As an elderly lady, she was known for being cantankerous. She was also known as being quite shrewd and intelligent. In his book, Queen Mary (London, 1959), the Queen’s official biography, James Pope-Hennessy reports that the Queen’s aunt Augusta was not fond of the new science of photography, fearing it would intrude deeply into the private lives of Royal personages. The Dowager Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz died on December 5, 1916 in Neustrelitz and was buried in Mirow. As the longest-lived grandchild of George III, she was the last link to the British branch of the House of Hanover. At the time of her death, she was 94 years, 4 months and 16 days old, making her the longest-lived British princess by blood, until Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, a male-line granddaughter of Queen Victoria, surpassed her in 1977. In 1218, the situation only got worse for Jews as the thirteenth century progressed when Henry III of England proclaimed the Edict of the Badge requiring Jews to wear a marking badge. Taxation grew increasingly intense. Between 1219 and 1272, 49 levies were imposed on Jews for a total of 200,000 marks, a vast sum of money. In 1222, Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, convened the Synod of Oxford which passed a set of laws that forbade Jews to build new synagogues, own slaves, or mix with Christians in England. Henry III imposed greater segregation and reinforced the wearing of badges in the 1253 Statute of Jewry. He endorsed the myth of Jewish child murders. Meanwhile, his court and major Barons bought Jewish debts with the intention of securing lands of lesser nobles through defaults. The Second Barons’ War in the 1260s brought a series of pogroms aimed at destroying the evidence of these debts and Jewish communities in major towns, including London (where 500 Jews died), Worcester, Canterbury, and many other towns. The first major step towards expulsion took place in 1275, with the Statute of the Jewry. The statute outlawed all lending at interest and gave Jews fifteen years to readjust. In 1282, John Peckham, the Archbishop of Canterbury, closed all synagogues in his diocese. In the duchy of Gascony in 1287, King Edward ordered the local Jews expelled. All their property was seized by the crown and all outstanding debts payable to Jews were transferred to the King’s name. In late 1286, Pope Honorius IV addressed a special rescript to the Archbishops of York and Canterbury claiming that the Jews had an evil effect on religious life in England through free interaction with Christians and called for action to be taken to prevent it. The Church responded with the Synod of Exeter in 1287, restating the Church laws against commensality between Jews and Christians and prohibiting Jews from holding public office, have Christian servants, or appear in public during Easter. Jewish physicians were also forbidden to practice and the ordinances of the Synod of Oxford of 1222 which prohibited the construction of new synagogues and the entry of Jews into Churches were restated. By the time he returned to England in 1289, King Edward was deeply in debt. The next summer he summoned his knights to impose a steep tax. To make the tax more palatable, Edward, in exchange, essentially offered to expel all Jews. The heavy tax was passed, and three days later, on July 18th the Edict of Expulsion was issued. Apology In July 2021, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, announced that the Church of England would in 2022 offer a formal “act of repentance”, on the 800th anniversary of the Synod of Oxford in 1222, which passed a set of laws that restricted Jews’ rights to engage with Christians in England and eventually led to the expulsion of 1290. Historically, the Synod predated the Church of England’s split from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534, but the Archbishopric of Canterbury dates to before 600 AD. The service was held in May 2022. Prince Charles was born in Flanders to Habsburg Archduke Philipp the Handsome of Austria, King of Castile and Duke of Burgundy, the son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Mary Burgundy. During his childhood and teen years, Charles lived in Mechelen together with his sisters Archduchess’ Mary, Eleanor, and Isabella at the court of his aunt Archduchess Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy. Prince Charles’ grandmother, Mary of Burgundy was the only child of Charles I the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and his wife Isabella of Bourbon. Mary inherited the Burgundian lands at the age of 19 upon the death of her father in the Battle of Nancy on January 5, 1477. Mary was the wife of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. The Habsburg Netherlands was the Renaissance period fiefs in the Low Countries held by the Holy Roman Empire’s House of Habsburg. Their rule began in 1482, when the last Valois-Burgundy ruler of the Netherlands, Mary, Duchess of Burgundy died on March 27th of that year. The Low Countries ruled by Duchess Mary of Burgundy consisted of a collection of states that included the duchies of Limburg, Brabant, Luxembourg, the counties of Namur, Holland, Hainaut. Burgundy and the associated Low Countries was inherited by Mary of Burgundy’s son Archduke Philipp the Handsome of Austria who succeeded as Duke Philipp IV of Burgundy. As previously mentioned, Philipp became King Felipe I of Castile through his marriage (Jure uxoris) to Queen Joanna of Castile, younger child of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Fernando II of Aragon, the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. Through his father Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor from 1493, Philipp was a Habsburg scion, and so the period of the Habsburg Netherlands began As the heir of his four grandparents, Prince Charles inherited all his family dominions at a young age. After the death of his father Archduke Philipp in 1506, he inherited the Habsburg Netherlands, originally held by his paternal grandmother Mary. On July 18, 1507, In Brussels, Prince Charles is crowned as Duke Charles II of Burgundy and Count of Flanders, as well as Lord of the Netherlands, a year after inheriting the title. Charles extended the Burgundian territory with the annexation of Tournai, Artois, Utrecht, Groningen, and Guelders. The Seventeen Provinces had been unified by Charles’s Burgundian ancestors, but nominally were fiefs of either France or the Holy Roman Empire. After the death of Philipp (Felipe I) of Castile, in September 1506, Castile was in crisis as his former father-in-law, King Fernando II of Aragon, had no legal position in Castile, with the cortes of Toro recognizing Joanna and her children as heirs and therefore Fernando II left Castile in July 1506. Queen Joanna was allegedly mentally unstable, and Joanna’s and Philipp’s son, Charles,was only six years old. Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom, was made regent, but the upper nobility reasserted itself. King Fernando led an army against Pedro Fernández de Córdoba y Pacheco, the marquis of Priego of Córdoba, who had seized control there by force. As the husband of Queen Isabella I of Castile, he was also King of Castile from 1475 to 1504 (as Fernando V). He reigned jointly with Isabella over a dynastically unified Spain; together they are known as the Catholic Monarchs. Fernando is considered the de facto first king of Spain, and was described as such during his reign, even though, legally, Castile and Aragon remained two separate kingdoms until they were formally united by the Nueva Planta decrees issued between 1707 and 1716. With the death of his grandfather, King Fernando II-V of Aragon and Castile in 1516, Charles inheriting the dynastic union formed by his maternal grandparents Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Fernando II of Aragon and he became King Carlos I of Spain as co-monarch of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon with his mother, who was deemed incapable of ruling due to mental illness. The Spanish inheritance, included Spain as well as the Castilian possessions in the Americas (the Spanish West Indies and the Province of Tierra Firme) and the Aragonese kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia in Italy. At the death of his paternal grandfather Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian in 1519, he inherited Austria and was elected to succeed him as Holy Roman Emperor. He adopted the Imperial name of Emperor Charles V as his main title, and styled himself as a new Charlemagne. The Edict of Expulsion was a royal decree issued by Edward I of England on July 18, 1290 expelling all Jews from the Kingdom of England. King Edward told the sheriffs of all counties he wanted all Jews expelled by no later than All Saints’ Day (November 1) that year. The expulsion edict remained in force for the rest of the Middle Ages. The edict was not an isolated incident, but the culmination of over 200 years of increasing antisemitism in England. The edict was eventually overturned more than 350 years later, during the Protectorate when Oliver Cromwell permitted the resettlement of the Jews in England in 1657. Background The first Jewish communities of significant size came to England with William the Conqueror in 1066, when William issued an invitation to the Jews of Rouen to move to England, probably because he wanted feudal dues to be paid to the royal treasury in coin rather than in kind (which at the time meant paying a debt with goods and services rather than with money), and for this purpose it was necessary to have a body of men scattered through the country who would supply quantities of coin. After the Norman Conquest, William instituted a feudal system in the country, whereby all estates formally belonged to the Crown; the king then appointed lords over these vast estates, but they were subject to duties and obligations (financial and military) to the king. Under the lords were other subjects such as serfs, who were bound and obliged to their lords and their lords’ obligations. Merchants had a special status in the system, as did Jews. Jews were declared to be direct subjects of the king, unlike the rest of the population. This was an ambivalent legal position for the Jewish population, in that they were not tied to any particular lord but were subject to the whims of the king, and it could be either advantageous or disadvantageous. Every successive king formally reviewed a royal charter, granting Jews the right to remain in England. Jews did not enjoy any of the guarantees of the Magna Carta of 1215. Economically, Jews played a key role in the country. The Church then strictly forbade the lending of money for profit, creating a vacuum in the economy of Europe that Jews filled because of extreme discrimination in every other economic area, as Jews were prohibited from practicing any art or craft, which were under the monopoly of Christian guilds. Canon law was not considered applicable to Jews, and Judaism does not forbid loans with interest between Jews and non-Jews. Taking advantage of their unique status as his direct subjects, the King could appropriate Jewish assets in the form of taxation. He levied heavy taxes on Jews at will, without having to summon Parliament. Isabella Romola de’ Medici (August 31, 1542 – July 16, 1576) was the daughter of Cosimo I de’ Medici, first Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Eleonora di Toledo. Beautiful, intelligent, witty and refined, she is often referred to as the Star of the House of Medici (La Stella di Casa Medici), in recognition of “her playfulness, vibrancy, often sarcastic sense of humour, sharpness and interest in a huge variety of topics – not to mention the great parties she held”. She received a humanist education alongside her brother, Francesco de’ Medici, who succeeded their father as the Grand Duke of Tuscany. To secure a relationship with the powerful Roman Orsinis, Isabella’s father arranged her marriage to Paolo Giordano I Orsini when she was 16. She remained in her father’s household after her marriage, giving her an unusual degree of independence for a woman of her period. Following the death of her father, Isabella was probably murdered by her husband, with the complicity of her brother, and in retribution for her relationship with Paolo Giordano’s cousin Troilo Orsini. Biography Isabella was born in Florence where, with her brothers and sisters, she lived first in the Palazzo Vecchio and later in the Palazzo Pitti, spending much of her time as a child at father’s ancestral country home, Villa di Castello. The Medici children were educated at home by tutors in a range of subjects such as classics, languages, and arts. From an early age Isabella showed a great love for music, which in her adulthood she used as means for self-expression, according to biographer Caroline Murphy. A great beauty, she had a lively, high-spirited and impulsive character that was commented on by courtiers. In 1553, at age 11 Isabella was betrothed to 12-year-old Paolo Giordano Orsini, in line for the Duchy of Bracciano in southern Tuscany, a liaison Isabella’s father felt necessary to secure his southern border and his relationship with the ancient Roman Orsini family. The two married in 1558, in a semi-private ceremony, at Villa di Castello. Paolo left the following day. Concerned by the spending habits of his new son-in-law, Cosimo decided to keep his daughter and her 50,000 scudi dowry in Florence, giving her greater freedom and control over her own affairs than was customary for Florentine women of the time. Following her mother’s death, she acted as first lady of Florence for a time, displaying the de’ Medici aptitude for politics. She suffered several miscarriages and remained childless until her late twenties. Her daughter Francesca Eleonora (known as Nora), was born in 1571 and eventually married her cousin Alessandro Sforza. Her son Virginio was born in 1572 and eventually inherited his father’s dukedom. Isabella’s free-spirited personality created rumours with regard to the nature of her relationship with Troilo Orsini, Paolo Giordano’s cousin, who was charged with looking after her while her husband tended to military duties. On July 16, 1576 Isabella died unexpectedly at the Medici villa in Cerreto Guidi during a hunting holiday. According to her brother, the grandduke, this occurred “while she was washing her hair in the morning … She was found by Signor Paolo Giordano on her knees, having immediately fallen dead.” However, the official version of events was not generally believed, and the Ferrarese ambassador, Ercole Cortile, obtained information that Isabella was “strangled at midday” by her husband in the presence of several named servants. Isabella was the second sudden death in an isolated country villa in the Medici family, her cousin Leonora, having died of a similar “accident” only a few days before. Most historians assume that Paolo Giordano killed Isabella, in reprisal for carrying on a love affair with Troilo Orsini, or that he acted on instructions of the Grandduke Francesco, Isabella’s brother. One scholar, Elisabetta Mori, has argued that Isabella de’ Medici died of natural causes and that the rumour that Paolo Giordano murdered her was spread by enemies of the Medici.
21104	yago	1	36	https://our-royal-titled-noble-and-commoner-ancestors.com/p617.htm	en	Ancestors & Cousins: Royal, Titled, Noble, and Commoner (over 193,000 names).			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Children Ruprecht von der Pfalz2 b. 20 Feb 1375, d. 25 Jan 1397 Margareta von der Pfalz+ b. Jun 1376, d. 26 Aug 1434 Friedrich von der Pfalz4 b. c 1377, d. 7 Mar 1401 Ludwig III, Elector von der Pfalz+5,3 b. 23 Jan 1378, d. 30 Dec 1436 Agnes von der Pfalz2 b. 1379, d. 12 Feb 1404 Elisabeth von der Pfalz+2 b. b 27 Oct 1381, d. 31 Dec 1409 Johann, Pfalzgraf am Rhein-Neumarkt+2 b. c 1383, d. 13 Mar 1443 Stephen, Pfalzgraf am Rhein zu Simmern & Zweibrucken+2 b. c 13 Jun 1385, d. 14 Feb 1459 Otto, Pfalzgraf of the Rhein zu Mosbach & Neumarkt+2 b. 24 Aug 1387, d. 5 Jul 1461 Children Anna von Rhein+ b. 1346, d. 30 Nov 1415 Friedrich von Rhein3 b. 1347 Johann von Rhein3 b. 1349 Mechtild von Rhein3 b. 1350, d. a 2 Oct 1413 Elizabeth von Rhein3 b. c 1351, d. a 4 Jul 1360 Ruprecht III, Emperor of Germany, Elector Palatine+ b. 5 May 1352, d. 18 May 1410 Adolf von Rhein3 b. 1355, d. 1 May 1358 Children Anna von Rhein+ b. 1346, d. 30 Nov 1415 Friedrich von Rhein3 b. 1347 Johann von Rhein3 b. 1349 Mechtild von Rhein3 b. 1350, d. a 2 Oct 1413 Elizabeth von Rhein3 b. c 1351, d. a 4 Jul 1360 Ruprecht III, Emperor of Germany, Elector Palatine+ b. 5 May 1352, d. 18 May 1410 Adolf von Rhein3 b. 1355, d. 1 May 1358 Children Eleanora of Sicily+ b. 1325, d. 20 Apr 1375 Beatrix of Sicily+ b. 1326, d. 12 Oct 1365 Friedrich III 'the Simple', King of Sicily, Duke of Athens & Neopatras+ b. 1 Sep 1341, d. 27 Jul 1377 Blanche of Sicily b. c 1342, d. bt 1372 - 19 Jun 1373 Children Eleanora of Sicily+ b. 1325, d. 20 Apr 1375 Beatrix of Sicily+ b. 1326, d. 12 Oct 1365 Friedrich III 'the Simple', King of Sicily, Duke of Athens & Neopatras+2 b. 1 Sep 1341, d. 27 Jul 1377 Blanche of Sicily2 b. c 1342, d. bt 1372 - 19 Jun 1373 Children Ludwig of Bavaria b. 1297, d. 5 Apr 1311 Adolph 'the Simple', Elector Palatine of the Rhine+ b. 27 Sep 1300, d. 29 Jan 1327 Rudolf II 'the Blind', Pfalzgraf am Rhein+ b. 8 Aug 1306, d. 4 Oct 1353 Ruprecht I, Pfalzgraf am Rhein b. 9 Jun 1309, d. 16 Feb 1390 Mechtild of Bavaria+3 b. 1312, d. 25 Nov 1357 Children Ludwig of Bavaria2 b. 1297, d. 5 Apr 1311 Adolph 'the Simple', Elector Palatine of the Rhine+ b. 27 Sep 1300, d. 29 Jan 1327 Rudolf II 'the Blind', Pfalzgraf am Rhein+2 b. 8 Aug 1306, d. 4 Oct 1353 Ruprecht I, Pfalzgraf am Rhein2 b. 9 Jun 1309, d. 16 Feb 1390 Mechtild of Bavaria+3 b. 1312, d. 25 Nov 1357 Children Anna of Bavaria5 Rudolf I, Count & Elector Palatine, Duke of Bavaria+ b. 4 Oct 1274, d. 13 Aug 1319 Mathilde of Bavaria+ b. c Dec 1275, d. 28 Mar 1319 Agnes of Bavaria+6 b. c 1277, d. 22 Jul 1345 Ludwig IV, Duke of Bavaria, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Italy & Germany+ b. 1 Apr 1282, d. 11 Oct 1347 Children Anna of Bavaria4 Rudolf I, Count & Elector Palatine, Duke of Bavaria+ b. 4 Oct 1274, d. 13 Aug 1319 Mathilde of Bavaria+5 b. c Dec 1275, d. 28 Mar 1319 Agnes of Bavaria+ b. c 1277, d. 22 Jul 1345 Ludwig IV, Duke of Bavaria, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Italy & Germany+ b. 1 Apr 1282, d. 11 Oct 1347 Children Heinrich von Nassau3 b. c 1272 Rupert von Nassau3 b. c 1275, d. 2 Dec 1304 Mathilda of Nassau+ b. c 1280, d. 19 Jun 1323 Adelheid von Nassau3 b. c 1283, d. 26 May 1338 Imagina von Nassau3 b. c 1285 Gerlach I, Graf von Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein+ b. 1288, d. 1 Jan 1361 Adolf von Nassau3 b. 1292, d. 1294 Walram III von Nassau, Herr zu Wiesbaden, Idstein, & Weilnau3 b. c 1294, d. a 22 Dec 1324 Children Heinrich von Nassau3 b. c 1272 Rupert von Nassau3 b. c 1275, d. 2 Dec 1304 Mathilda of Nassau+ b. c 1280, d. 19 Jun 1323 Adelheid von Nassau3 b. c 1283, d. 26 May 1338 Imagina von Nassau3 b. c 1285 Gerlach I, Graf von Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein+ b. 1288, d. 1 Jan 1361 Adolf von Nassau3 b. 1292, d. 1294 Walram III von Nassau, Herr zu Wiesbaden, Idstein, & Weilnau3 b. c 1294, d. a 22 Dec 1324 Children Heinrich, Graf von Isenburg-Limburg6 d. 15 Jan 1280 Johann I, Graf von Isenburg-Limburg+ d. 1 Oct 1312 Gerlach von Greifenstein7 Agnes von Isenburg+4 b. c 1253, d. a 1319 Imogene von Limburg+ b. c 1259, d. c 28 Sep 1318 Children Mathilda von Habsburg+ b. c 1253, d. 23 Dec 1304 Albert I, Duke of Austria, Emperor of Germany+ b. Jul 1255, d. 1 May 1308 Katharina von Habsburg+ b. 1256, d. 4 Apr 1282 Agnes von Habsburg+ b. c 1257, d. 11 Oct 1322 Hedwig von Habsburg3 b. c 1260, d. bt 26 Jan 1285 - 27 Oct 1286 Klementia von Habsburg+4,5 b. c 1262, d. a 7 Feb 1293 Hartmann von Habsburg3 b. 1263, d. 21 Dec 1281 Rudolf II, Duke of Austria & Swabia, Landgraf of Alsace & Aargau8,3 b. 1270, d. 10 May 1290 Judith of Habsburg+ b. 13 Mar 1271, d. 18 Jun 1297 Karl von Habsburg3 b. 14 Feb 1276, d. 16 Aug 1285 Children Mathilda von Habsburg+ b. c 1253, d. 23 Dec 1304 Albert I, Duke of Austria, Emperor of Germany+ b. Jul 1255, d. 1 May 1308 Katharina von Habsburg+4 b. 1256, d. 4 Apr 1282 Agnes von Habsburg+ b. c 1257, d. 11 Oct 1322 Hedwig von Habsburg b. c 1260, d. bt 26 Jan 1285 - 27 Oct 1286 Klementia von Habsburg+5 b. c 1262, d. a 7 Feb 1293 Hartmann von Habsburg4 b. 1263, d. 21 Dec 1281 Rudolf II, Duke of Austria & Swabia, Landgraf of Alsace & Aargau b. 1270, d. 10 May 1290 Judith of Habsburg+ b. 13 Mar 1271, d. 18 Jun 1297 Karl von Habsburg4 b. 14 Feb 1276, d. 16 Aug 1285 Children Agnes of Bavaria3 d. c 7 Dec 1306 Elizabeth von Wittelsbach+ b. c 1227, d. 9 Oct 1273 Ludwig II, Duke of Bavaria, Count & Elector Palatine+ b. 13 Apr 1229, d. 2 Feb 1294 Heinrich I, Duke of Lower Bavaria+ b. 19 Nov 1235, d. 3 Feb 1290 Sophie of Bavaria+ b. c Dec 1236, d. 9 Aug 1289 Children Agnes of Bavaria2 d. c 7 Dec 1306 Elizabeth von Wittelsbach+ b. c 1227, d. 9 Oct 1273 Ludwig II, Duke of Bavaria, Count & Elector Palatine+ b. 13 Apr 1229, d. 2 Feb 1294 Heinrich I, Duke of Lower Bavaria+ b. 19 Nov 1235, d. 3 Feb 1290 Sophie of Bavaria+2 b. c Dec 1236, d. 9 Aug 1289 Children Sophie of Bohemia+ d. 25 Mar 1195 Helena of Bohemia Wratislaw of Bohemia4 d. 1180 Olga of Bohemia4 d. a 21 Jul 1163 Margarete of Bohemia4 d. 28 Jul 1183 Ludomilla of Bohemia+ b. 1170, d. 5 Aug 1240 Children Heinrich II, Count Palatine of the Rhine4 b. c 1196, d. 1 May 1214 Irmgard of Saxony+5 b. c 1200, d. 24 Feb 1260 Agnes of Saxony+ b. c 1201, d. 16 Nov 1267 Children Heinrich II, Count Palatine of the Rhine2 b. c 1196, d. 1 May 1214 Irmgard of Saxony+ b. c 1200, d. 24 Feb 1260 Agnes of Saxony+ b. c 1201, d. 16 Nov 1267 Children Friedrich of Lorraine3 d. b 3 Sep 1189 Konrad of Lorraine3 d. c 1186 Agnes of Swabia+ b. 1176, d. 9 May 1204 Children Heinrich of Saxony6 d. 1 Nov Gertrude of Saxony b. c 1155, d. 1 Jun 1197 Richenza I of Saxony b. c 1158, d. 1 Feb 1168
21104	yago	0	6	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q454769	en	Gertrude of Hohenberg	https://upload.wikimedia…of_Hohenburg.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…of_Hohenburg.jpg	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anna_%28Gertrud%29_of_Hohenburg.jpg/220px-Anna_%28Gertrud%29_of_Hohenburg.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gertrud_Anna_Habsburg_Basel_Muenster_2008_018.jpg/220px-Gertrud_Anna_Habsburg_Basel_Muenster_2008_018.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gertrud_Anna_Habsburg_Basel_Muenster_pano.jpg/220px-Gertrud_Anna_Habsburg_Basel_Muenster_pano.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/XIngeram_Codex_091d-Hohenberg.jpg/220px-XIngeram_Codex_091d-Hohenberg.jpg", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	German queen	en	/static/apple-touch/wikidata.png		https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q454769	Vista de la tumba de la reina Gertrudis de Hohenzollern en la [[catedral de Basilea]] (Spanish)
21104	yago	2	34	https://historyancientphilsophy.wordpress.com/2024/02/25/judiths-fame-continued-to-spread/	en	Judith’s fame continued to spread	https://historyancientph…/02/image-25.png	https://historyancientph…/02/image-25.png	[ "https://historyancientphilsophy.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/image-25.png?w=600", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-02-25T00:00:00	by Damien F. Mackey “Her fame continued to spread, and she lived in the house her husband had left her. Before she died, Judith divided her property among her husband’s and her own close relatives and set her slave woman free. When she died in Bethulia at the age of 105, she was buried beside…	en	https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico	Biblical Roots of Certain Pagan Myths and Philosophies	https://historyancientphilsophy.wordpress.com/2024/02/25/judiths-fame-continued-to-spread/	by Damien F. Mackey “Her fame continued to spread, and she lived in the house her husband had left her. Before she died, Judith divided her property among her husband’s and her own close relatives and set her slave woman free. When she died in Bethulia at the age of 105, she was buried beside her husband, and the people of Israel mourned her death for seven days. As long as Judith lived, and for many years after her death, no one dared to threaten the people of Israel”. Judith 16:23-25 Introduction Judith became immensely famous in the eyes of the people of Israel, for, as we read in Judith 16:23 that “her fame continued to spread”. Even before her heroic action in the camp of the Assyrians, we are told of this goodly woman that (Judith 8:7-8): “[Judith] lived among all her possessions without anyone finding a word to say against her, so devoutly did she fear God”. Moreover she had, according to the elder, Uzziah, shown wisdom even from her youth (vv. 28-29): “Uzziah replied, ‘Everything you have just said comes from an honest heart and no one will contradict a word of it. Not that today is the first time your wisdom has been displayed; from your earliest years all the people have known how shrewd you are and of how sound a heart’.” Aside from the recognition of her renowned beauty, by the author (Judith 8:7; 10:4); the elders of Bethulia (10:7); the Assyrian unit and soldiery (10:14, 19); Holofernes and his staff (10:23; 11:21, 23; 12:13, 16, 20), we learn that even the coarse Assyrians were impressed by her wisdom and eloquence (11:21, 23). And Uzziah, after Judith’s triumph over Holofernes, proclaimed magnificently in her honour (Judith 13:18-20): … ‘May you be blessed, my daughter, by God Most High, beyond all women on earth; and blessed be the Lord God, Creator of heaven and earth, who guided you to cut off the head of the leader of our enemies! The trust which you have shown will not pass from human hearts, as they commemorate the power of God for evermore. God grant you may be always held in honour and rewarded with blessings, since you did not consider your own life when our nation was brought to its knees, but warded off our ruin, walking in the right path before our God’. And the people all said, ‘Amen! Amen!’ And the stunned Achior, upon seeing the severed head of Holofernes, burst out with this exclamation of praise (Judith 14:7): ‘May you be blessed in all the tents of Judah and in every nation; those who hear your name will be seized with dread!’ Later, Joakim the high priest and the entire Council of Elders of Israel, who were in Jerusalem, came to see Judith and to congratulate her (Judith 15:9-10): On coming to her house, they blessed her with one accord, saying: ‘You are the glory of Jerusalem! You are the great pride of Israel! You are the highest honour of our race! By doing all this with your own hand you have deserved well of Israel, and God has approved what you have done. May you be blessed by the Lord Almighty in all the days to come!’ And the people all said, ‘Amen!’ ‘Blessed by God Most High, beyond all women on earth’. ‘The glory of Jerusalem, the great pride of Israel, the highest honour of [her] race!’ What more could possibly be said! From whence came this incredible flow of wisdom? We may tend to recall the Judith of literature as being both beautiful and courageous – and certainly she could be most forthright as well, when occasion demanded it, somewhat like Joan of Arc (who was supposedly referred to, in her time, as ‘a second Judith’). Yet, there is far more to it: mysticism. T. Craven (Artistry and Faith in the Book of Judith), following J. Dancy’s view (Shorter Books of the Apocrypha) that the theology presented in Judith’s words to the Bethulian town officials rivals the theology of the Book of Job, will go on to make this interesting comment (pp. 88-89, n. 45.): Judith plays out her whole story with the kind of faith described in the Prologue of Job (esp. 1:21 and 2:9). Her faith is like that of Job after his experience of God in the whirlwind (cf. 42:1-6), yet in the story she has no special theophanic experience. We can only imagine what happened on her housetop where she was habitually a woman of regular prayer. [End of quote] Although the women’s movement is quite recent, it has already provided some new insights and some radically different perspectives on Judith. According to P. Montley (as referred to by C. Moore, The Anchor Bible. “Judith”, pp. 65): … Judith is the archetypal androgyne. She is more than the Warrior Woman and the femme fatale, a combination of the soldier and the seductress … …. Just as the brilliance of a cut diamond is the result of many different facets, so the striking appeal of the book of Judith results from its many facets. … [End of quote] M. Stocker will, in her comprehensive treatment of the Judith character and her actions (Judith Sexual Warrior, pp. 13-15), compare the heroine to, amongst others, the Old Testament’s Jael – a common comparison given that the woman, Jael, had driven a tent peg through the temple of Sisera, an enemy of Israel (Judges 4:17-22) – Joan of Arc, and Charlotte Corday, who had, during the French Revolution, slain the likewise unsuspecting Marat. “If viewed negatively – from an irreligious perspective, for instance”, Stocker will go on to write, “Judith’s isolation, chastity, widowhood, childlessness, and murderousness would epitomize all that is morbid, nihilistic and abortive”. Hardly the type of character to have been accorded ‘increasing fame’ amongst her people! Craven again, with reference to J. Ruskin (‘Mornings in Florence’, p. 335), writes (p. 95): “Judith, the slayer of Holofernes; Jael, the slayer of Sisera; and Tomyris, the slayer of Cyrus are counted in art as the female “types” who prefigure the Virgin Mary’s triumph over Satan”. Judith a Heroine of Israel ——————————————————————————————— The way that I see it, these early commentators had the will, if not the history/archaeology, to demonstrate the trustworthiness of the Judith story. Then, at about the time that the archaeology had become available, commentators no longer had the will. ———————————————————————————————- What did the young Judith do to achieve her early fame? Well, if the typical contemporary biblical commentators are to be believed, Judith did nothing in actual historical reality, for the famous story is merely a piece of pious fiction. Here, for instance, is such a view from the Catholic News Agency [CNA]: http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/bible/introduction-to-the-old-testament/judith/ Judith …. Judith is often characterized as an early historical novel. Yet ironically, its content is unhistorical. The book begins by telling us that Nebuchadnezzer was the king of Assyria ruling in Ninevah. But Ninevah was destroyed seven years before Nebuchadnezzer became king. And he was king of Babylon, not Assyria. It would be similar to an author beginning a book, “In 1776, when Abraham Lincoln was the president of Canada…” The author of Judith clues us in that he is not telling a typical story. While the story is replete with proper names of places and people, many of them are not placed “correctly” and many of them are unknown from other sources. The book of Judith is not trying to narrate an historical event nor is it presenting a regular historical novel with fictional characters in a “real” setting. Rather, Judith is iconic of all of Israel’s struggles against surrounding nations. By the time of its writing, Israel had been dominated by the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Persians and the Greeks. The name “Judith” means “Jewess.” The character of Judith is therefore representative of the whole nation of Israel. In an almost constant battle against the surrounding nations, the Israelites depended on the Lord for their survival and sustenance. Judith represents the best hopes and intentions of the Israelites-the vanquishing of the oppressors and the freedom of the land of Israel. The general Holofernes, whom Judith assassinates, represents the worst of the oppressors. He is bringing 182,000 troops against a small city in a corner of Israel to force them to worship the head of foreign oppression: Nebuchadnezzer. The city is terribly outmatched, but Holofernes opts for a siege rather than a battle. When the people are at the point of despair because they have run out of water, Judith volunteers to try an unusual tactic. She leaves the city with her maid and gets close to Holofernes because of her beauty. She uses a series of tricks and half-truths to find Holofernes drunk and vulnerable. Then she beheads him with his own sword! It is crucial to see the irony of the story and of Judith’s words. For example, the Ammonite [sic] Achior who Holofernes rejected was supposed to share the cruel fate of the Israelites at the hand of the Assyrians, but he is saved with the Israelites instead (6:5-9). Judith uses the phrase “my lord” (Adonai in Heb.) several times, but it is unclear whether she is referring to Holofernes or to God. The great nation is defeated by a humble woman. The story is similar to the famous David and Goliath episode. The reader should look for ironic moments where a character’s intentions or statements are fulfilled, but in the way that he or she would least expect. The book of Judith is divided into basically two sections, ch. 1-7 and 8-16. The first seven chapters lay out the “historical” background and describe the political situation which led to Holofernes attack on Israel. It is important to understand that the events are not historical, but they are full of details that one finds in a good novel. Achior plays a key role by narrating Israel’s history and firmly believing in God’s protection of his people (5). He eventually converts to Judaism after the Assyrians are defeated (14:10). The second half of the book (8-16) focuses on Judith herself and her heroic acts. Once the Assyrians discover Holofernes decapitated body, they flee in confusion and the Israelites rout them. Ch. 16 contains a hymn about Judith’s deeds. …. Judith is a book of the Bible that is meant to be enjoyed. By enjoying the story and the Lord’s victory over the great nations through Judith, we can appreciate the paradoxical way God chooses to work on earth, using the weak to conquer the strong, the poor to outdo the rich. [End of quote] But this attribution of non-historicity to the Book of Judith was not the standard Catholic approach down through the centuries, until, say, the 1930’s. During that long period of time, Catholic scholars generally tended to regard the book as recording a real historical drama, whether or not their valiant efforts to demonstrate this were convincing. The way that I see it, these early commentators had the will, if not the history/ archaeology, to demonstrate the trustworthiness of the Judith story. Then, at about the time that the archaeology had become available, commentators no longer had the will. A combination of will and more scientific history/archaeology would make for a really nice change. For, today it is very rare to find any who are prepared to argue for the full historicity of the Book of Judith. I, in my university thesis, A Revised History of the Era of King Hezekiah of Judah and its Background (http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/5973), wrote regarding this situation (Preface, p. x): I know of virtually no current historians who even consider the Book of Judith to be anything other than a ‘pious fiction’, or perhaps ‘historical fiction’, with the emphasis generally on the ‘fiction’ aspect of this. Thus I feel a strong empathy for the solitary Judith in the midst of those differently-minded Assyrians (Judith 10:11-13:10). In that thesis I had argued (with respect to the book’s historical and geographical problems) for what I consider in retrospect to be the obvious scenario: that the Judith event pertains to the famous destruction of Sennacherib’s army of 185,000 Assyrians. The heroine Judith initiated this victory for Israel by her slaying of the Assyrian commander-in-chief, which action then led to the rout and slaughter of the army in its panic-stricken flight. For my up-dated version of this, see e.g. my article: “Nadin” (Nadab) of Tobit is the “Holofernes” of Judith http://www.academia.edu/36576110/_Nadin_Nadab_of_Tobit_is_the_Holofernes_of_Judith This is the incident that had made Judith so famous throughout Israel in her youth – a fame that apparently only increased as she grew older. But Judith, even more than being the most beautiful and courageous woman that she was, had already, at a young age, exhibited – as we have read – amazing wisdom and even sanctity. Her wisdom (some might say cunning) was apparent from the way that she was able to beguile the Assyrians with her shrewd and bitingly ironic words. Judith was so formidable and significant a woman and one would expect to find further traces of her in the course of her very long life. She has a further significant biblical presence in the form of Huldah, teacher and expounder of the Torah: Judith and Huldah (2) Judith and Huldah \| Damien Mackey – Academia.edu I believe that Judith has, as well, been picked up in many literatures and mythologies of many nations. Judith a Universal Heroine Glimpses of Judith in BC Antiquity Some ancient stories that can be only vaguely historical seem to recall the Judith incident. Two of these that I picked up in my thesis appear in the ‘Lindian Chronicle’ (dated 99 BC), relating to the Greco-Persian period, and in Homer’s classic epic tale, The Iliad. The Lindian Chronicle Thus I wrote in my thesis (op. cit., Volume Two, pp. 67-68): Uzziah, confirming Judith’s high reputation, immediately recognized the truth of what she had just said (vv. 28-29), whilst adding the blatantly Aaronic excuse that ‘the people made us do it’ (v. 30, cf. Exodus 32:21-24): ‘But the people were so thirsty that they compelled us to do for them what we have promised, and made us take an oath that we cannot break’. Judith, now forced to work within the time-frame of those ‘five days’ that had been established against her will, then makes this bold pronouncement – again completely in the prophetic, or even ‘apocalyptic’, style of Joan of Arc (vv. 32-33): Then Judith said to them, ‘Listen to me. I am about to do something that will go down through all generations to our descendants. Stand at the town gate tonight so that I may go out with my maid; and within the days after which you have promised to surrender the town to our enemies, the Lord will deliver Israel by my hand’. A Note. This 5-day time frame, in connection with a siege – the very apex of the [Book of Judith] drama – may also have been appropriated into Greco-Persian folklore. In the ‘Lindian Chronicle’ it is narrated that when Darius, King of Persia, tried to conquer the Island of Hellas, the people gathered in the stronghold of Lindus to withstand the attack. The citizens of the besieged city asked their leaders to surrender because of the hardships and sufferings brought by the water shortage (cf. Judith 7:20-28). The Goddess Athena [read Judith] advised one of the leaders [read Uzziah] to continue to resist the attack; meanwhile she interceded with her father Jupiter [read God of Israel] on their behalf (cf. Judith 8:9-9:14). Thereupon, the citizens asked for a truce of 5 days (exactly as in Judith), after which, if no help arrived, they would surrender (cf. Judith 7:30-31). On the second day a heavy shower fell on the city so the people could have sufficient water (cf. 8:31, where Uzziah asks Judith to pray for rain). Datis [read Holofernes], the admiral of the Persian fleet [read commander-in-chief of the Assyrian army], having witnessed the particular intervention of the Goddess to protect the city, lifted the siege [rather, the siege was forcibly raised]. …. [End of quote] Apparently I am not the only one who has noticed the similarity between these two stories, for I now find this (http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/judith.html): “The Israeli scholar Y. M. Grintz has pointed out the parallels between the theme of the book [Judith] and an episode which took place during the siege of Lindus, on the island of Rhodes, but here again the comparison is extremely weak”. Yes, the latter is probably just a “weak” appropriation of the original Hebrew account. I have written a lot along these lines of Greek appropriating, e.g.: Similarities to The Odyssey of the Books of Job and Tobit http://www.academia.edu/8914220/Similarities_to_The_Odyssey_of_the_Books_of_Job_and_Tobit Whereas the goddess Athena may have been substituted for Judith in the Lindian Chronicle, she substitutes for the angel Raphael in the Book of Tobit. I made this comparison in “Similarities to The Odyssey”: The ‘Divine’ Messenger From whom the son, especially, receives help during his travels. In the Book of Tobit, this messenger is the angel Raphael (in the guise of ‘Azarias’). In The Odyssey, it is the goddess Athene (in the guise of ‘Mentes’). Likewise Poseidon (The Odyssey) substitutes for the demon, Asmodeus (in Tobit). It may also be due to an ‘historical’ mix up that two of Judith’s Assyrian opponents came to acquire the apparently Persians name of, respectively, “Holofernes” and “Bagoas” (http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/judith.html): “Holofernes and Bagoas are to be identified with the two generals sent against Phoenicia, Palestine and Egypt by Artaxerxes III towards 350 [BC]. The names are certainly Persian, and are attested frequently …”. Greco-Persian history is still awaiting a proper revision. “The Iliad” Earlier in my thesis (pp. 59-60) I had written in similar vein, of Greek appropriation, regarding the confrontation between the characters in the Book of Judith, “Holofernes” and “Achior”: Achior had made an unexpected apologia on behalf of the Israelites. It had even come with this concluding warning to Holofernes (5:20, 21): ‘So now, my master and lord … if they are not a guilty nation, then let my lord pass them by; for their Lord and God will defend them, and we shall become the laughing-stock of the whole world’. These words had absolutely stunned the soldiery who were by now all for tearing Achior ‘limb from limb’ (5:22). Holofernes, for his part, was enraged with his subordinate. Having succeeded in conquering almost the entire west, he was hardly about to countenance hearing that some obscure mountain folk might be able to offer him any meaningful resistance. Holofernes then uttered the ironic words to Achior: ‘… you shall not see my face again from this day until I take revenge on this race that came out of Egypt’ (6:5); ironic because, the next time that Achior would see Holofernes’ face, it would be after Judith had beheaded him. Holofernes thereupon commanded his orderlies to take the insolent Achior and bind him beneath the walls of Bethulia, so that he could suffer, with the people whom he had just verbally defended, their inevitable fate when the city fell to the Assyrians (v. 6). After the Assyrian brigade had managed to secure Achior at Bethulia, and had then retreated from the walls under sling-fire from the townsfolk, the Bethulians went out to fetch him (6:10-13). Once safely inside the city Achior told them his story, and perhaps Judith was present to hear it. Later she would use bits and pieces of information supplied by Achior for her own confrontation with Holofernes, to deceive him. [End of quote] In a footnote (n. 1286) to this, I had proposed, in connection with The Iliad: This fiery confrontation between the commander-in-chief, his subordinates and Achior would be, I suggest – following on from my earlier comments about Greco-Persian appropriations – where Homer got his idea for the main theme of The Iliad: namely the argument at the siege of Troy between Agamemnon, supreme commander of the Greeks, and the renowned Achilles (Achior?). And further on, on p. 69, I drew a comparison between Judith and Helen of Troy of The Iliad: The elders of Bethulia, “Uzziah, Chabris, and Charmis – who are here mentioned for the last time in the story as a threesome (10:6)” … – are stunned by Judith’s new appearance when they meet her at the town’s gate (vv. 7-8): “When they saw her transformed in appearance and dressed differently, they were very greatly astounded at her beauty and said to her, ‘May the God of our ancestors grant you favour and fulfil your plan …’.”…. Upon Judith’s request (command?), the elders “ordered the young men to open the gate for her” (v. 9). Then she and her maid went out of the town and headed for the camp of the Assyrians. “The men of the town watched her until she had gone down the mountain and passed through the valley, where they lost sight of her” (v. 10). “Compare this scene”, I added in (n. 1316), “with that of Helen at the Skaian gates of Troy, greatly praised by Priam and the elders of the town for her beauty. The Iliad, Book 3, p. 45”. See also my article: Judith the Jewess and “Helen” the Hellene (10) Judith the Jewess and ” Helen ” the Hellene \| Damien Mackey – Academia.edu We recall that Craven had grouped together “Judith, the slayer of Holofernes; Jael, the slayer of Sisera; and Tomyris, the slayer of Cyrus …”. Whilst Judith and Jael were two distinct heroines of Israel, living centuries apart, I think that Tomyris, the slayer of Cyrus must be – given the ancient variations about the death of Cyrus – a fictitious character. And her story has certain suspicious likenesses, again, to that of Judith. Tomyris and Cyrus I have added here a few comparisons: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great#Death Death … The details of Cyrus’s death vary by account. The account of Herodotus from his Histories provides the second-longest detail, in which Cyrus met his fate in a fierce battle with the Massagetae, a tribe from the southern deserts of Khwarezm and Kyzyl Kum in the southernmost portion of the steppe regions of modern-day Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, following the advice of Croesus to attack them in their own territory.[68] The Massagetae were related to the Scythians in their dress and mode of living; they fought on horseback and on foot. In order to acquire her realm, Cyrus first sent an offer of marriage to their ruler, Tomyris, a proposal she rejected. Compare e.g.: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context “Holofernes declares his intention of having sexual intercourse with Judith (12:12). Judith responds to his invitation to the banquet by saying “Who am I, to refuse my lord?”, clearly a double entendre! Holofernes, at the sight of Judith, is described as “ravished.” But he does not get any further with Judith than Cyrus would with Tomyris, for Judith, upon her return to the camp, will proclaim (13:15-16): ‘Here’, she said, ‘is the head of Holofernes, the general of the Assyrian army, and here is the mosquito net from his bed, where he lay in a drunken stupor. The Lord used a woman to kill him. As the Lord lives, I swear that Holofernes never touched me, although my beauty deceived him and brought him to his ruin. I was not defiled or disgraced; the Lord took care of me through it all’. Wine will also play a vital part in the Cyrus legend, though in this case the defenders [i.e., the Massagetae – replacing the Israelites of the original story], rather than the invader, will be the ones affected by the strong drink: [Cyrus] then commenced his attempt to take Massagetae territory by force, beginning by building bridges and towered war boats along his side of the river Jaxartes, or Syr Darya, which separated them. Sending him a warning to cease his encroachment in which she stated she expected he would disregard anyway, Tomyris challenged him to meet her forces in honorable warfare, inviting him to a location in her country a day’s march from the river, where their two armies would formally engage each other. He accepted her offer, but, learning that the Massagetae were unfamiliar with wine and its intoxicating effects, he set up and then left camp with plenty of it behind, taking his best soldiers with him and leaving the least capable ones. The general of Tomyris’s army, who was also her son Spargapises, and a third of the Massagetian troops killed the group Cyrus had left there and, finding the camp well stocked with food and the wine, unwittingly drank themselves into inebriation, diminishing their capability to defend themselves, when they were then overtaken by a surprise attack. They were successfully defeated, and, although he was taken prisoner, Spargapises committed suicide once he regained sobriety. It is at this point that Tomyris will be stirred into action, more as a warrior queen than as a heroine using her womanly charm to deceive, but she will ultimately – just like Judith – swear vengeance and decapitate her chief opponent: Upon learning of what had transpired, Tomyris denounced Cyrus’s tactics as underhanded and swore vengeance, leading a second wave of troops into battle herself. Cyrus the Great was ultimately killed, and his forces suffered massive casualties in what Herodotus referred to as the fiercest battle of his career and the ancient world. When it was over, Tomyris ordered the body of Cyrus brought to her, then decapitated him and dipped his head in a vessel of blood in a symbolic gesture of revenge for his bloodlust and the death of her son.[68][69] However, some scholars question this version, mostly because Herodotus admits this event was one of many versions of Cyrus’s death that he heard from a supposedly reliable source who told him no one was there to see the aftermath.[70] Herodotus’s claim that this was “the fiercest battle of … the ancient world”, whilst probably not befitting the obscure Massagetae, is indeed a worthy description of the defeat and rout of Sennacherib’s massive army of almost 200,000 men. But this was, as Herodotus had also noted, just “one of many versions of Cyrus’s death”. And Wikipedia adds some variations on this account: Dandamayev says maybe Persians took back Cyrus’ body from the Massagetae, unlike what Herodotus claimed.[72] Ctesias, in his Persica, has the longest account, which says Cyrus met his death while putting down resistance from the Derbices infantry, aided by other Scythian archers and cavalry, plus Indians and their elephants. According to him, this event took place northeast of the headwaters of the Syr Darya.[73] An alternative account from Xenophon‘s Cyropaedia contradicts the others, claiming that Cyrus died peaceably at his capital.[74] The final version of Cyrus’s death comes from Berossus, who only reports that Cyrus met his death while warring against the Dahae archers northwest of the headwaters of the Syr Darya.[75] [End of quote] Scholars may be able to discern many more Judith-type stories in semi-legendary BC ‘history’. Donald Spoto, in Joan. The Mysterious Life of the Heretic Who Became a Saint (Harper, 2007), has referred to the following supposed warrior-women, a re-evaluation of whom I think may be worth considering (p. 73): The Greek poet Telesilla was famous for saving the city of Argos from attack by Spartan troops in the fifth century B.C. In first-century Britain, Queen Boudicca [Boadicea] led an uprising against the occupying Roman forces. In the third century Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra (latter-day Syria), declared her independence of the Roman Empire and seized Egypt and much of Asia Minor. [End of quote] But there are also a plethora of such female types in what is considered to be AD history. Glimpses of Judith in (supposedly) AD Time Before I go on to discuss some of these, I must point out – what I have mentioned before, here and there – a problem with AD time, especially its so-called ‘Dark Ages’ (c. 600-900 AD), akin to what revisionists have found to have occurred with the construction of BC time, especially its so-called ‘Dark Ages’ (c. 700-1200 BC). Whilst I intend to write much more about this in the future, I did broach the subject again in my article: Mohammed, a composite of Old Testament figures, also based upon Jesus Christ (10) Mohammed, a composite of Old Testament figures, also based upon Jesus Christ \| Damien Mackey – Academia.edu and some of this will have a direct bearing upon Judith (see Axum and Gudit below). But here is a different summary of attempts to expose the perceived problems pertaining to AD time, known as the “Phantom Time Hypothesis”, by a writer who is not sympathetic to it: http://www.damninteresting.com/the-phantom-time-hypothesis/ by Alan Bellows When Dr. Hans-Ulrich Niemitz introduces his paper on the “phantom time hypothesis,” he kindly asks his readers to be patient, benevolent, and open to radically new ideas, because his claims are highly unconventional. This is because his paper is suggesting three difficult-to-believe propositions: 1) Hundreds of years ago, our calendar was polluted with 297 years which never occurred; 2) this is not the year 2005, but rather 1708; and 3) The purveyors of this hypothesis are not crackpots. The Phantom Time Hypothesis suggests that the early Middle Ages (614-911 A.D.) never happened, but were added to the calendar long ago either by accident, by misinterpretation of documents, or by deliberate falsification by calendar conspirators. This would mean that all artifacts ascribed to those three centuries belong to other periods, and that all events thought to have occurred during that same period occurred at other times, or are outright fabrications. For instance, a man named Heribert Illig (pictured), one of the leading proponents of the theory, believes that Charlemagne was a fictional character. But what evidence is this outlandish theory based upon? It seems that historians are plagued by a plethora of falsified documents from the Middle Ages, and such was the subject of an archaeological conference in München, Germany in 1986. In his lecture there, Horst Fuhrmann, president of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica, described how some documents forged by the Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages were created hundreds of years before their “great moments” arrived, after which they were embraced by medieval society. This implied that whomever produced the forgeries must have very skillfully anticipated the future… or there was some discrepancy in calculating dates. This was reportedly the first bit of evidence that roused Illig’s curiosity… he wondered why the church would have forged documents hundreds of years before they would become useful. So he and his group examined other fakes from preceding centuries, and they “divined chronological distortions.” This led them to investigate the origin of the Gregorian calendar, which raised even more inconsistency. In 1582, the Gregorian calendar we still use today was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII to replace the outdated Julian calendar which had been implemented in 45 BC. The Gregorian calendar was designed to correct for a ten-day discrepancy caused by the fact that the Julian year was 10.8 minutes too long. But by Heribert Illig’s math, the 1,627 years which had passed since the Julian calendar started should have accrued a thirteen-day discrepancy… a ten-day error would have only taken 1,257 years. So Illig and his group went hunting for other gaps in history, and found a few… for example, a gap of building in Constantinople (558 AD – 908 AD) and a gap in the doctrine of faith, especially the gap in the evolution of theory and meaning of purgatory (600 AD until ca. 1100). From all of this data, they have become convinced that at some time, the calendar year was increased by 297 years without the corresponding passage of time. …. [End of quote] As with the pioneering efforts of Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky (Ages in Chaos) to reform BC time, some of this early work in AD revisionism may turn out to be extreme and far-fetched. But I would nevertheless agree with the claim by its proponents that the received AD history likewise stands in need of a massive renovation. In my articles on Mohammed – {who, I am now convinced, was not an historical personage, but a composite of various biblical (pseudepigraphal) characters, and most notably (for at least the period from Birth to Marriage), was Tobias (= my Job), son of Tobit} – I drew attention to a very BC-like “Nehemiah”, thought to have been a contemporary of Mohammed. Moreover, the major incident that is said to have occurred in the year of Mohammed’s birth, the invasion of Mecca by Abrahas the Axumite, I argued, was simply a reminiscence of Sennacherib’s invasion and defeat: … an event that is said to have taken place in the very year that Mohammed was born, c. 570 AD, the invasion of Mecca by Abraha[s] of the kingdom of Axum [Aksum], has all the earmarks, I thought, of the disastrous campaign of Sennacherib of Assyria against Israel. Not 570 AD, but closer to 700 BC! Lacking to this Qur‘anic account is the [Book of] Judith element that (I have argued in various places) was the catalyst for the defeat of the Assyrian army. …. But, as I went on to say, the Judith element is available, still in the context of the kingdom of Axum – apparently a real AD kingdom, but one that seems to appropriate ancient Assyrian – in the possibly Jewish heroine, Gudit (var. Gwedit, Yodit, Judith), ostensibly of the mid- C10th AD. Let us read some more about her. Judith the Simeonite and Gudit the Semienite Interesting that Judith the Simeonite has a Gideon (or Gedeon) in her ancestry (Judith 8:1): “[Judith] was the daughter of Merari, the granddaughter of Ox and the great-granddaughter of Joseph. Joseph’s ancestors were Oziel, Elkiah, Ananias, Gideon, Raphaim, Ahitub, Elijah, Hilkiah, Eliab, Nathanael, Salamiel, Sarasadai, and Israel”, and the Queen of Semien, Gudit (or Judith), was the daughter of a King Gideon. That the latter, Gudit, is probably a fable, however, is suspected by the following writer: http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=314380 Bernard Lewis (1): The Jews of the Dark continent, 1980 The early history of the Jews of the Habashan highlands remains obscure, with their origins remaining more mythical than historical. In this they areas in other respects, they are the mirror image of their supposed Kin across the Red sea. For while copious external records of Byzantine, Persian, old Axumite and Arab sources exist of the large-scale conversion of Yemen to Judaism, and the survival of a large Jewish community at least until the 11th century, no such external records exist for the Jews of Habash, presently by far the numerically and politically dominant branch of this ancient people. Their own legends insist that Judaism had reached the shores of Ethiopia at the time of the First temple. They further insist that Ethiopia had always been Jewish. In spite of the claims of Habashan nationalists, Byzantine, Persian and Arab sources all clearly indicate that the politically dominant religion of Axum was, for a period of at least six centuries Christianity and that the Tigray cryptochristian minority, far from turning apostate following contact with Portugese Jesuits in the 15th century is in fact the [remnant] of a period of Christian domination which lasted at least until the 10th century. For the historian, when records fail, speculation must perforce fill the gap. Given our knowledge of the existence of both Jewish and Christian sects in the deserts of Western Arabia and Yemen it is not difficult to speculate that both may have reached the shores of Axum concurrently prior to the council of Nicaea and the de-judaization of heterodox sects. Possibly, they coexisted side by side for centuries without the baleful conflict which was the lot of both faiths in the Mediterannean. Indeed, it is possible that they were not even distinct faiths. We must recall that early Christians saw themselves as Jews and practiced all aspects of Jewish law and ritual for the first century of their existence. Neither did Judaism utterly disavow the Christians, rather viewing them much as later communities would view the Sabateans and other messianic movement. The advent While Paul of Tarsus changed the course of Christian evolution but failed to formally de-Judaize all streams of Christianity, with many surviving even after the council of Nicaea. Might not Habash have offered a different model of coexistence, even after it’s purported conversion to Christianity in the 4th century? If it had, then what occurred? Did Christianity, cut off from contact with Constantinople following the rise of Islam, wither on the vine enabling a more grassroots based religion to assume dominance? While such a view is tempting, archaeological evidence pointing to the continued centrality of a Christian Axum as an administrative and economic center for several centuries following the purported relocation of the capital of the kingdom to Gonder indicates a darker possibility. The most likely scenario, in my opinion, turns on our knowledge of the Yemenite- Axum-Byzantine conflict of the 6th century. This conflict was clearly seen as a religious, and indeed divinely sanctioned one by Emperor Kaleb, with certain of his in scriptures clearly indicating the a version of “replacement theology” had taken root in his court, forcing individuals and sects straddling both sides of the Christian-Jewish continuum to pick sides. Is it overly speculative to assume that those cleaving to Judaism within Axum would be subject to suspicion and persecution? It seems to me likely that the formation of an alternative capital by the shores of lake Tana, far from being an organized relocation of the imperial seat, was, in fact, an act of secession and flight by a numerically inferior and marginalized minority (2). Read in this light, the fabled Saga of King Gideon and Queen Judith recapturing Axum from Muslim invaders and restoring the Zadokan dynasty in the 10th century must be viewed skeptically as an attempt to superimpose on the distant past a more contemporary enemy as part of the process of national myth making. What truly occurred during this time of isolation can only be the guessed at but I would hazard an opinion that the Axum these legendary rulers “liberated” was held by Christians rather than Muslims. …. [End of quote] See also my series: Judith the Simeonite and Judith the Semienite (10) Judith the Simeonite and Judith the Semienite \| Damien Mackey – Academia.edu and: (10) Judith the Simeonite and Judith the Semienite. Part Two: So many Old Testament names! \| Damien Mackey – Academia.edu Judith and Joan of Arc Perhaps the heroine with whom Judith of Bethulia is most often compared is the fascinating Joan [Jeanne] of Arc. Donald Spoto again, in his life of Joan, has a chapter five on Joan of Arc that he entitles “The New Deborah”. And Joan has also been described as a “second Judith”. Both Deborah and Judith were celebrated Old Testament women who had provided military assistance to Israel. Spoto, having referred to those ancient pagan women (Telesilla, etc.), as already discussed, goes on to write (p. 74): Joan was not the only woman in history to inspire and to give direction to soldiers. …. Africa had its rebel queen Gwedit, or Yodit, in the tenth century. In the seventh appeared Sikelgaita, a Lombard princess who frequently accompanied her husband, Robert, on his Byzantine military campaigns, in which she fought in full armor, rallying Robert’s troops when they were initially repulsed by the Byzantine army. In the twelfth century Eleanor of Aquitaine took part in the Second Crusade, and in the fourteenth century Joanna, Countess of Montfort, took up arms after her husband died in order to protect the rights of her son, the Duke of Brittany. She organized resistance and dressed in full armor, led a raid of knights that successfully destroyed one of the enemy’s rear camps. Joan [of Arc] was not a queen, a princess, a noblewoman or a respected poet with public support. She went to her task at enormous physical risk of both her virginity and her life, and at considerable risk of a loss of both reputation and influence. The English, for example, constantly referred to her as the prostitute: to them, she must have been; otherwise, why would she travel with an army of men? Yet Joan was undeterred by peril or slander, precisely because of her confidence that God was their captain and leader. She often said that if she had been unsure of that, she would not have risked such obvious danger but would have kept to her simple, rural life in Domrémy. [End of quote] I think that, based on the Gudit and Axum scenario[s], there is the real possibility that some of these above-mentioned heroines, or ancient amazons, can be identified with the famous Judith herself – she gradually being transformed from an heroic Old Testament woman into an armour-bearing warrior on horseback, sometimes even suffering capture, torture and death – whose celebrated beauty and/or siege victory I have argued on many occasions was picked up in non-Hebrew ‘history’, or mythologies: e.g. the legendary Helen of Troy is probably based on Judith, at least in relation to her beauty and a famous siege, rather than to any military noüs on Helen’s part. In the name Iodit (Gwedit) above, the name Judith can be, I think, clearly recognised. The wisdom-filled Judith might even have been the model, too, for the interesting and highly intelligent and philosophically-minded Hypatia of Alexandria. Now I find in the Wikipedia article, “Catherine of Alexandria” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria that the latter is also likened to Hypatia. Catherine is said to have lived 105 years (Judith’s very age: see Book of Judith 16:23) before Hypatia’s death. Historians such as Harold Thayler Davis believe that Catherine (‘the pure one’) may not have existed and that she was more an ideal exemplary figure than a historical one. She did certainly form an exemplary counterpart to the pagan philosopher Hypatia of Alexandria in the medieval mindset; and it has been suggested that she was invented specifically for that purpose. Like Hypatia, she is said to have been highly learned (in philosophy and theology), very beautiful, sexually pure, and to have been brutally murdered for publicly stating her beliefs. Interestingly, St. Joan of Arc identified Catherineof Alexandria as one of the Saints who appeared to her and counselled her. Who really existed, and who did not? Judith of Bethulia might be the key to answering this question, and she may also provide us with a golden opportunity for embarking upon a revision of AD time. For there are also many supposedly AD queens called “Judith”: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Judith Queen Judith may refer to at least some of these: Judith of Babenberg (c. late 1110s/1120 – after 1168), daughter of Leopold III, Margrave of Austria and Agnes of Germany, married William V, Marquess of Montferrat Judith of Bavaria (925 – June 29 soon after 985), daughter of Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria and Judith, married Henry I, Duke of Bavaria Judith of Bavaria (795-843) (805 – April 19 or 23, 843), daughter of Count of Welf and Hedwig, Duchess of Bavaria, became second wife of Louis the Pious Judith Premyslid (c. 1057–1086), daughter of Vratislaus II of Bohemia and Adelaide of Hungary, became second wife of Władysław I Herman Judith of Brittany (982 – 1017), daughter of Conan I of Rennes and Ermengarde of Anjou, Duchess of Brittany, married Richard II, Duke of Normandy Judith of Flanders (October 844 – 870), daughter of Charles the Bald and Ermentrude of Orléans, married Æthelwulf of Wessex Judith of Habsburg (1271 – May 21, 1297), daughter of Rudolph I of Germany and Gertrude of Hohenburg, married to Wenceslaus II of Bohemia Judith of Hungary (d.988), daughter of Géza of Hungary and Sarolt, married Bolesław I Chrobry Judith of Schweinfurt (before 1003 – 2 August 1058), daughter of Henry, Margrave of Nordgau and Gertrude, married Bretislaus I, Duke of Bohemia Judith of Swabia (1047/1054 – 1093/1095), daughter of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor and Agnes of Poitou, married Władysław I Herman, successor to Judith of Bohemia Judith of Thuringia (c. 1135 – d. 9 September after 1174), daughter of Louis I, Landgrave of Thuringia and Hedwig of Gudensberg, married Vladislaus II of Bohemia ‘Woe to the nations that rise up against my people! The Lord Almighty will take vengeance on them in the day of judgment; he will send fire and worms into their flesh; they shall weep in pain forever’. Judith 16:17 Judith of Bavaria ‘second Judith’ or ‘Jezebel’? “The poems depict her as “a second biblical Judith, a Mary sister of Aaron in her musical abilities, a Saphho, a prophetess, cultivated, chaste, intelligent, pious, strong in spirit, and sweet in conversation”. We read in my article: Isabelle (is a belle) inevitably a Jezebel? http://www.academia.edu/35191514/Isabelle_is_a_belle_inevitably_a_Jezebel of a whole list of supposedly historical queens Isabelle (or variations of that name) who have been likened to the biblical Jezebel, or have been called ‘a second Jezebel’. One of these queens was: Isabella of Bavaria ‘like haughty Jezebel’ http://www.academia.edu/35177941/Isabella_of_Bavaria_like_haughty_Jezebel Now the Bavarians do not fare too well, because apparently they also had a C9th AD queen Judith who was likened to Jezebel – though, alternately, to the pious Judith: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria_(died_843) Scandals: Contemporary criticisms of Judith’s role and behavior …. However, the rise of Judith’s power, influence and activity in the court sparked resentment towards her. Agobard of Lyons, a supporter of Lothar, wrote two tracts Two Books in Favor of the Sons and against Judith the Wife of Louis in 833. These tracts were meant as propaganda against Judith from the court of Lothar in order to undermine her court and influence. The tracts themselves attack her character, claiming her to be of a cunning and underhanded nature and of corrupting her husband. These attacks were predominantly anti-feminist in nature. When Louis still did not sever marital ties with Judith, Agobard claimed that Judith’s extramarital affairs were carried out “first secretly and later impudently”.[4] Paschasius Radbertus accused Judith by associating her with the engagement in debauchery and witchcraft … of filling the palace with “soothsayers… seers and mutes as well as dream interpreters and those who consult entrail, indeed all those skilled in malign craft”. Characterized as a Jezebel and a Justina … Judith was accused by one of her enemies, Paschasius Radbertus, of engaging in debauchery and witchcraft with her purported lover, Count Bernard of Septimania, Louis’ chamberlain and trusted adviser. This portrayal and image stands in contrast to poems about Judith.[2] The poems depict her as “a second biblical Judith, a Mary sister of Aaron in her musical abilities, a Saphho, a prophetess, cultivated, chaste, intelligent, pious, strong in spirit, and sweet in conversation”.[2] However, Judith also garnered devotion and respect. Hrabanus Maurus wrote a dedicatory letter to Judith, exalting her “praiseworthy intellect”[11] and for her “good works”.[11] The letter commends her in the turbulent times amidst battles, wishing that she may see victory amidst the struggles she is facing. It also implores her “to follow through with a good deed once you have begun it”[11] and “to improve yourself at all times”. Most strikingly the letter wishes Judith to look to the biblical Queen Esther, the wife of Xerxes I [sic] as inspiration and as a role model …. [End of quote] A tale of two more Judiths “In the ninth century, two great families arose because of two women named Judith — a fortuitous name that recalled the widow who, during the siege of Jerusalem [sic] by the Assyrians, saves her city by pretending to offer herself to Holofernes only to behead him and return in triumph to her people”. Patrick J. Geary Patrick Geary has written: https://stravaganzastravaganza.blogspot.com/2014/01/medieval-age-tale-of-two-judiths.html#!/2014/01/medieval-age-tale-of-two-judiths.html JUDITH OF BAVARIA AND JUDITH OF FLANDERS If mythical women stood at the beginnings of origin legends, this may be because real flesh-and-blood women stood at the beginnings of great aristocratic families. After all, such families of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries largely owed their status, their lands, and their power to women. As Constance Bouchard and before her Karl Ferdinand Werner have pointed out, the great comital families might often appear to spring from “new men” in the ninth or tenth centuries, but actually these new men owed their rise to fortuitous marriages with greater, established families. …. Family chroniclers and genealogists were well aware of the importance of such marriages in preserving and augmenting family power and honor — it was a constant and essential element in generational strategies throughout the Middle Ages. As Anita Guerreau-Jalabert has argued, the image of a strictly agnatic descent through generations is more an invention of nineteenth-century genealogists than a reflection of medieval perceptions of kinship.2 At the same time, the question of how much credit for the successes of kindreds should be attributed to these women rather than to the men of the kindred remained very much in question. As Janet Nelson points out, elite women played a double symbolic role within their husbands’ lineages: first, they made possible the continuation of the lineage, but at the same time, because they did not themselves belong to it, they made possible the individualization of a particular offspring within the lineage.3 Thus reconstruction of family histories meant coming to terms, under differing needs and circumstances, with the relative importance of such marriages and of the women who put not only their dowries and their bodies but their personalities and kinsmen to work on behalf of their husbands and their children. Over time, the ideological imperative of illustrious male descent could best be fostered if memory of the women who made their rise possible was removed from center stage in favor of the audacious acts of men. In the ninth century, two great families arose because of two women named Judith — a fortuitous name that recalled the widow who, during the siege of Jerusalem by the Assyrians, saves her city by pretending to offer herself to Holofernes only to behead him and return in triumph to her people.4 The biblical Judith was thus, as Heide Estes has pointed out, one of the few models of a woman playing an active role in public life available, although the reception of the story of Judith in the Middle Ages shows the dangerous ambiguity attached to this woman.5 The younger of the Judiths considered in this chapter was the grand-daughter of the elder, and their stories illustrate the two principal ways that women could be at the start of families’ fortunes. The story of how these beginnings were reformed over time suggests the complexities of aristocratic dynastic memory in the tenth through twelfth centuries. …. … the alliance that moved this kindred to the very center of the Frankish stage was the marriage of Judith, daughter of Welf and Heilwig, to the emperor Louis the Pious in 819, following the death of Louis’s first wife, Irmingard. Judith, according to the Annales regni Francorum and the account of an anonymous biographer of Louis known as the Astronomer, was selected in a sort of beauty pageant, in which the emperor examined daughters of the nobility before making his choice, a practice some have seen as imitating Byzantine tradition.14 More recently, Mayke de Jong has pointed out that this description, and particularly that of the “Astronomer,” is less a reflection of Byzantine court tradition than an image of Judith modeled on the biblical figure of Esther, a comparison already made by Hrabanus Maurus in his defense of the empress. …. [End of qu0te] “… ideal of the Christian woman” “Barbara Welzel has pointed out that Judith was first considered as the ideal of the Christian woman … but became as well an important figure of identification for princesses, serving as a political exemplum”. Maryan Ainsworth and Abbie Vandivere The two authors write, with relation to Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen’s, famous painting of c. 1530 AD (conventional dating), “Judith with the Head of Holofernes” (pictured above): …. When considering for whom this painting of Judith, expressing female power, wisdom, and fortitude, may have been painted, a likely candidate comes to mind — Margaret of Austria, regent of the Netherlands. It may well have been through Jan Gossart or perhaps Bernard Van Orley (ca. 1491/92–1542) that Vermeyen was introduced to Margaret, who held her court in Mechelen. He must have entered the service of Margaret in 1525, for a document of 1530 petitions the regent for back pay for a period of about five years, indicating that Vermeyen had already been working for her.37 During this time, Vermeyen seems to have been mostly engaged in making portraits of the royal family and other nobles, such as the Portrait of Cardinal Érard de la Marck that with the Holy Family formed a diptych which belonged to Margaret. The importance of the widow Judith as a model of strength and feminine virtue for Margaret of Austria and the iconography of the Burgundian-Habsburg court cannot be underestimated. The reminders of Judith’s importance as a just, vigorous, and brave ruler took many forms. Some of these were ephemeral, such as the tableaux vivants devoted to Judith that were performed at the official entries of princesses, such as Margaret of York, Mary of Burgundy, and Juana of Castile, into Netherlandish cities.38 Margaret of Austria owned a Judith tapestry (no longer extant) that was originally part of her trousseau for her marriage to Juan of Castile, and when she returned to Flanders after Juan’s death, the tapestry accompanied her.39 Possibly commissioned by Margaret from Bernard van Orley (her court painter), although not mentioned in the inventory of her possessions, was a tapestry of the Triumph of Virtuous Women that survives only as a petit patron (Vienna, Albertina Museum, inv. no. 15463).40 Featured in the foreground before the triumphal all’antica chariot are Jael killing Sisera, Lucretia committing suicide, and Judith with the head of Holofernes on the tip of her sword. Margaret’s court sculptor, Conrad Meit, produced one of the masterpieces of Renaissance sculpture, a Judith with the Head of Holofernes (Munich, Bayerische Nationalmuseum), circa 1525–28. Although it is not listed among Margaret’s belongings, it certainly reflects courtly taste and was most likely commissioned by a woman for whom Judith was a noble exemplar.41 Margaret’s library contained books on virtuous women, among them Giovanni Bocaccio’s De femmes nobles et renomées (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms. Fr. 12420). Judith has a featured role in one of the most influential texts of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, the Parement et triumphe des dames, written in 1493–94 by Olivier de la Marche. Here the author gives lessons to a noble lady of the virtues of humility, wisdom, loyalty, fidelity, and so forth in prose stories of famous virtuous women. Margaret of Austria owned an early version of the text, published between 1495 and 1500 (Brussels, Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, ms. 10961-70).42 In 1509, Agrippa of Nettesheim dedicated to Margaret his treatise De nobilitate et praecellentia foemini sexus, where he notes that Judith “depicted herself as an example of virtue, which should be imitated not only by women but also by men,”43 Barbara Welzel has pointed out that Judith was first considered as the ideal of the Christian woman44 but became as well an important figure of identification for princesses, serving as a political exemplum.45 Just as Judith saved her people from the Assyrians, so, too, did Margaret defend her people in a politically active role. Her success in this endeavor was acknowledged in a monumental woodcut by Robert Péril (Berlin, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett, inv. no. 849-21), showing the genealogy of the Habsburgs, which praised Margaret as: “the Regent and sovereign of the Low countries, which she wisely ruled for Emperor Charles, her nephew; she opposed the enemy with the force of weapons and transferred the lands of Friesland, Utrecht and Overissel into the following of his majesty [Charles V].”46 In terms of Margaret’s remarkable political acumen, a singular event comes to mind that may have a specific connection to Vermeyen’s Judith with the Head of Holofernes. In August of 1529, around the time of the painting’s presumed date, Jan Vermeyen accompanied Margaret to the signing of the so-called Paix des Dames or Ladies’ Peace, otherwise known as the Peace of Cam- brai: the most extraordinary diplomatic achievement of the regent’s career. Meeting her sister-in- law Louise of Savoy (mother of Francis I) almost in secret in Cambrai, Margaret — representing her nephew Charles V — negotiated a peace between the French and the Habsburgs. This treaty, which included the arranged marriage of Eleanor of Austria (sister to Charles V) to Francis I, ended, at least for a time, the fighting between the forces of King Frances I and Emperor Charles V. An obvious parallel exists between Margaret and Judith: two virtuous and powerful women, who managed to find a solution to the lust for battle of men and nations and create peace. Whether this painting commemorates a specific event or generally celebrates the heroic achievement of one woman, it is certainly a product of the milieu of Margaret of Austria’s court. …. [End of quote] Judith and Holofernes, Attila and Odabella “Odabella implores him to kill her, but not to curse her. She reminds his fiancé the story of the Hebrew Judith, who saved Israel from the Babylonians [sic] by beheading their leader Holofernes. Odabella has sworn to revenge …”. “Attila” by Giuseppe Verdi Judith and Holofernes, Attila and Ildico “The tradition that Attila died in a wedding-night may be true. But Attila is so much like Holofernes and Ildico so much like Judith… that we suspect the tradition, even in its most sober version”. Otto Maenchen-Helfen Taken from: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/nice-things-to-say-about-attila-the-hun-87559701/ [Attila’s] spectacular demise, on one of his many wedding nights, is memorably described by Gibbon: Before the king of the Huns evacuated Italy, he threatened to return more dreadful, and more implacable, if his bride, the princess Honoria, were not delivered to his ambassadors…. Yet, in the mean while Attila relieved his tender anxiety, by adding a beautiful maid, whose name was Ildico, to the list of his innumerable wives. Their marriage was celebrated with barbaric pomp and festivity, at his wooden palace beyond the Danube; and the monarch, oppressed with wine and sleep, retired, at a late hour, from the banquet to the nuptial bed. His attendants continued to respect his pleasures, or his repose, the greatest part of the ensuing day, till the unusual silence alarmed their fears and suspicions; and, after attempting to awaken Attila by loud and repeated cries, they at length broke into the royal apartment. They found the trembling bride sitting by the bedside, hiding her face with her veil…. The king…had expired during the night. An artery had suddenly burst; and as Attila lay in a supine posture, he was suffocated by a torrent of blood, which instead of finding a passage through his nostrils, regurgitated into the lungs and stomach. …. The real story goes as follows (Judith 13:1-10): When evening came, his slaves quickly withdrew. Bagoas closed the tent from outside and shut out the attendants from his master’s presence. They went to bed, for they all were weary because the banquet had lasted so long. But Judith was left alone in the tent, with Holofernes stretched out on his bed, for he was dead drunk. Now Judith had told her maid to stand outside the bedchamber and to wait for her to come out, as she did on the other days; for she said she would be going out for her prayers. She had said the same thing to Bagoas. So everyone went out, and no one, either small or great, was left in the bedchamber. Then Judith, standing beside his bed, said in her heart, “O Lord God of all might, look in this hour on the work of my hands for the exaltation of Jerusalem. Now indeed is the time to help your heritage and to carry out my design to destroy the enemies who have risen up against us.” She went up to the bedpost near Holofernes’ head, and took down his sword that hung there. She came close to his bed, took hold of the hair of his head, and said, “Give me strength today, O Lord God of Israel!” Then she struck his neck twice with all her might, and cut off his head. Next she rolled his body off the bed and pulled down the canopy from the posts. Soon afterward she went out and gave Holofernes’ head to her maid, who placed it in her food bag. …. Judith and Queen Elizabeth 1 Aidan Norrie has written (2016): https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rest.12258 Elizabeth I as Judith: reassessing the apocryphal widow’s appearance in Elizabethan royal iconography Abstract Throughout her reign, Queen Elizabeth I of England was paralleled with many figures from the Bible. While the analogies between Elizabeth and biblical figures such as Deborah the Judge, King Solomon, Queen Esther, King David, and Daniel the Prophet have received detailed attention in the existing scholarship, the analogy between Elizabeth and the Apocryphal widow Judith still remains on the fringes. Not only did Elizabeth compare herself to Judith, the analogy also appeared throughout the course of the queen’s reign as a biblical precedent for dealing with the Roman Catholic threat. This article re-assesses the place of the Judith analogy within Elizabethan royal iconography by chronologically analysing of many of the surviving, primary source, comparisons between Judith and Elizabeth, and demonstrates that Judith was invoked consistently, and in varying media, as a model of a providentially blessed leader. …. [End of quote] Will true Elizabeth stand up? Compared to Judith and Esther, she was a new Moses and as wise as King Solomon. According to this article: http://www.ibrarian.net/navon/paper/The_Development_of_the_Cult_of_Elizabeth_I.pdf?paperid=20396591 On one … of the first portraits of [Elizabeth I] as a queen she appears in a religious context, she washes the feet of twelve poor women at a Maundy ceremony. …. On the title-pages of the different editions of the Bible Elizabeth’s figure appears: she is surrounded by the four cardinal virtues on the 1569 edition, while on the 1568 edition between the figures of Faith and Love she personifies the third New Testament virtue, Hope. At the beginning of the Coronation Entry as she left the Tower she praised God for her deliverance from prison during the reign of Mary and compared herself to the prophet Daniel spared by God by special providence: “I acknowledge that Thou hast dealt as wonderfully and as mercifully with me as Thou didst with Thy true and faithful servant Daniel, Thy prophet, whom Thou deliverest out of the den from the cruelty of the greedy and raging lions. Even so was I overwhelmed and only by Thee delivered.” …. During the first decade Elizabeth was mostly compared to figures of the Old Testament. In the fifth pageant of the Coronation Entry she appeared as Deborah, the Old Testament judge, listening to the advice of three figures representing the three estates of England, the clergy, the nobility and the commons. …. In sermons she was compared to Judith who rescued her people, and to Esther who interceded for her people. …. She was seen also as a new Moses leading his people out of the captivity of Egypt, and as Solomon the wise king.
21104	yago	3	81	https://en.topwar.ru/72010-avstro-vengriya-v-pervoy-mirovoy-voyne.html	en	Austria-Hungary in the First World War	http://topwar.ru/uploads/posts/2015-03/1427758186_03.jpg	http://topwar.ru/uploads/posts/2015-03/1427758186_03.jpg	[ "https://topwar.ru/uploads/posts/2015-03/thumbs/1427758186_03.jpg", "https://topwar.ru/uploads/posts/2015-03/1427758412_640px-rudolf_speyerer_dom.jpg", "https://topwar.ru/uploads/posts/2015-03/thumbs/1427758249_1280px-habsburg_map_1547.jpg", "https://topwar.ru/uploads/posts/2015-03/thumbs/1427758243_austria-hungary_ethnic_map.jpg", "https://topwar.ru/templates/topwar/dleimages/noavatar.png", "https://topwar.ru/engine/data/emoticons/hi.gif", "https://topwar.ru/uploads/fotos/foto_89589.jpg", "https://topwar.ru/templates/topwar/images/n-rank.png", "https://topwar.ru/uploads/fotos/foto_101146.jpg", "https://topwar.ru/templates/topwar/images/n-rank.png", "https://topwar.ru/templates/topwar/dleimages/noavatar.png", "https://topwar.ru/templates/topwar/images/n-rank.png", "https://topwar.ru/uploads/fotos/foto_101146.jpg", "https://topwar.ru/templates/topwar/images/n-rank.png", "https://topwar.ru/templates/topwar/dleimages/noavatar.png", "https://topwar.ru/uploads/fotos/foto_25120.jpg", "https://topwar.ru/templates/topwar/images/n-rank-vmf.png", "https://topwar.ru/templates/topwar/dleimages/noavatar.png", "https://topwar.ru/templates/topwar/images/n-rank.png", "https://topwar.ru/engine/data/emoticons/hi.gif", "https://topwar.ru/uploads/fotos/foto_134656.jpg", "https://topwar.ru/templates/topwar/images/n-rank.png", "https://topwar.ru/templates/topwar/dleimages/noavatar.png", "https://topwar.ru/templates/topwar/images/n-rank-vks.png", "https://topwar.ru/templates/topwar/dleimages/noavatar.png", "https://topwar.ru/templates/topwar/images/n-rank-vmf.png", "https://topwar.ru/uploads/fotos/foto_50975.jpg", "https://topwar.ru/templates/topwar/images/n-rank.png", "https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/3153130" ]	[]	[]	[ "Austria", "war", "Hungary", "world", "provocation", "similar", "Too", "tight", "geopolitical", "goal", "convenient", "provoked", "hand \"", "chain", "reaction", "led", "national", "social", "interested", "external" ]	null	[ "Скил" ]	2015-04-07T06:06:48+03:00	In the First World War, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was Germany’s main ally. Formally, the all-European war began two countries - Austria-Hungary and Serbia. Conflict between Austria-Hungary	en	https://topwar.ru/templates/topwar/images/favicon.ico	Военное обозрение	https://en.topwar.ru/72010-avstro-vengriya-v-pervoy-mirovoy-voyne.html	In the First World War, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was Germany’s main ally. Formally, the all-European war began two countries - Austria-Hungary and Serbia. The conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia over the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo, organized by the Serbian nationalist organization Black Hand, caused a chain reaction and led to a world war. Austria-Hungary was a convenient target for such a provocation. Too tight a knot of geopolitical, national and socio-economic contradictions was tied up in this empire so that it was not used by external forces interested in starting a pan-European war. Habsburg By the beginning of the 20th century, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was one of the great European powers, the second largest by area and the third largest European country. The origins of the Habsburg dynasty are rooted in the early Middle Ages. The founder of the dynasty is Guntram the Rich, who lived in the middle of the X century. At the end of the 10th century, the Habsburgs appeared in Switzerland and gradually expanded their possessions, becoming the largest landowners of northern Switzerland and earls, becoming a noble family who were destined to become one of the most famous ruling dynasties stories Europe. At first, the Habsburgs were, though rather rich and strong, but still second-class in imperial scale, a family. They did not belong to a select circle of imperial elector princes, had no links with the ruling houses of Europe, their land was not a separate principality, but a set of lands scattered in Switzerland and south-west Germany. However, with each generation the social status of the Habsburgs grew, their possessions and wealth increased. The Hapsburgs were pursuing a long-term mating strategy, which became their "chip". Subsequently, it was marked by the slogan: "Let others fight, you, happy Austria, enter into marriages." However, if necessary, the Habsburgs were also able to fight. After all, they won the sword of Austria. The reign of Rudolph I (1218 — 1291) marked the beginning of the Hapsburg rise to European leadership. The marriage with Gertrude Hohenberg, the former heiress of a vast county in central Swabia, made Rudolph I one of the greatest rulers of southwestern Germany. Rudolph helped the emperor of the holy Roman Empire Frederick II and his son Conrad IV, which further expanded his tenure in Swabia. After the termination of the Hohenstaufen dynasty on the imperial throne, a period of interregnum and war began in Germany, which allowed the Habsburgs to expand their tenure even more. After the death of the last count of Kiburg in 1264, the castle and the possessions of the counts passed to Rudolf I Hapsburg, as his father Albrecht IV entered into a favorable marriage with a representative of the Cyborg family - the most influential heir to the Habsburg family in then-Switzerland and Rudolph became the full heir to the rich kind of. As a result, the Habsburgs became the most influential genus in Swabia. After the death of German King Richard of Cornish in 1272, the imperial princes chose Rudolf Habsburg as the new king of Germany. Rudolph defeated the Czech king Premysl Ottokar II and robbed him of Austria, Styria, Carinthia and the extreme. Rudolph I transferred these lands hereditary possession to his sons and, in fact, created the state of the Habsburgs. Austria became its foundation. Rudolf Habsburg was not the most prominent of the German emperors and kings, but it was he who laid the foundation for the future power of the Habsburgs, making them the arbiters of Germany and Europe. After Rudolph, the Habsburgs extended their territories by dynastic marriages, diplomacy and weapons. Image of Rudolph I in the lobby of Speyer Cathedral The Hapsburg managed to incorporate Carinthia and Tyrol into their monarchy, making Austria the largest state in Central Europe. The Austrian dukes periodically occupied the throne of Germany and the Czech Republic. At the same time, the old core of the Habsburg possessions in northern and central Switzerland was gradually lost and formed an independent Swiss Confederation. Austria became the core of the future Hapsburg Empire. The Archduke of Austria, Frederick V (1424 — 1493), as King of Germany called him Frederick III, managed to arrange the marriage of his son and heir to the possessions of the Burgundian duchy, which ensured the accession of the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Franche-Comte to the Habsburg monarchy. This was an important step towards the creation of the Habsburg Empire. Maximilian I (1459 - 1519) agreed with the "Catholic kings" - Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, about the marriage of their daughter and heiress Juana with his son Philip of Burgundy. As a legacy of Juan brought the Habsburg Sicilian kingdom in southern Italy and the colony in the New World. The marriage of Ferdinand with Anna Bogemskaya and Hungarian in 1521 brought two more crowns to the Hapsburg - Bohemian and Hungarian. The power of the Habsburgs became "an empire over which the sun never sets." European ownership of the Habsburgs in 1547 Thus, the Habsburg had for quite a long time - from the beginning of the XVI century until the collapse of the empire in 1918 - to manage a group of lands that were inhabited by peoples belonging to different language groups - German, Romance, Slavic and Finno-Ugric, which had different religions and in many different cultures. It is clear that such diversity existed not only in the Habsburg Empire. The situation was similar in Russia, as well as in the British and French colonial empires. However, in the Habsburg empire, unlike the colonial empires, there was never a metropolis, and unlike the Russian continental empire, there was not even a predominant, state-forming ethnic group. The embodiment of the metropolis, the only center of power here was the dynasty, and devotion to it over the centuries replaced the Habsburg national with nationality. Being Austrians under the Habsburgs meant being a kind of Central European cosmopolitan. The Hapsburg were served by prominent statesmen and commanders who represented the most diverse peoples. They were Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Italians, Croats, Poles and others. The Habsburgs themselves did not forget about their Germanic roots, but most of them were alien to the policy of Germanization. Exceptions of course were, such as enhanced Germanization and Catholicization of the Czech Republic after the defeat of the army of Protestant Czechs in the battle of White Mountain in 1620. Even the most zealous Germanizer of all Habsburg monarchs, Joseph II, considered German only as a means of strengthening state unity, but not subordinating the rest of the peoples to the Germans. However, objectively the German beginning of the Habsburgs opposed the national rise of the Slavs, Italians and Hungarians that began at the end of the 18th century. Therefore, the Germanization efforts not only did not lead to success, but also led to the aggravation of the national question, and ultimately to the collapse of the “patchwork empire”. Nevertheless, the very fact of such a long rule of the Habsburg dynasty in so diverse in national composition, religion and culture lands, not to mention the socio-economic and climatic factors between different regions of the empire, is unique. Habsburg surprisingly long retained their empire. Apparently, if the Habsburgs (like the Romanovs and the Hohenzollerns) did not fit into the First World War, yielding to the game of European masons and Anglo-Saxons, who dreamed of destroying the old people's aristocratic empires, their empire would continue to exist. Finally formed in the XVI - XVII centuries. the Habsburg Empire in a slightly different form (from the point of view of the territory) existed until 1918, having survived the confrontation with the Ottoman Empire, during the years of its grandeur and prosperity, the Thirty Years War, the wars with Prussia, France and Napoleon, the 1848 revolution. These shocks would be enough for the fall of even less heterogeneous in the internal structure of the state. However, the Habsburg house survived. A large role in the fact that the power of the Habsburgs survived, played the fact that its rulers knew how to negotiate. Hungary is the most vivid example of such an ability. There, the power of the Habsburgs was held for almost four centuries solely due to the compromises with the recalcitrant Hungarian nobility. The power of the Habsburgs in Central Europe (the Spanish Habsburgs became extinct in 1700 and Spain was transferred to the Bourbons), in fact, became hereditary and contractual, especially after the adoption of the Pragmatic sanction of Emperor Charles VI at the beginning of the 18th century. The estate assemblies of the Habsburg lands approved, "that as long as the Austrian house is the Habsburg dynasty, the Pragmatic sanction remains in force and all the Habsburg lands belong to one sovereign." Another factor that allowed the Habsburgs throughout the centuries to largely determine the policy of Europe was the sacred aura that surrounded the dynasty and the historical, ideological and political authority of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. This title from 1437 year became hereditary in the Austrian house. The Habsburgs could not unite Germany, but the very ancient crown of state education, which claimed the continuity of the ancient Roman empire and the Frankish empire of Charlemagne, and who tried to unite the whole European Christian world, gave the Habsburg government a sacred role, a kind of supreme legitimacy. It is also worth remembering that among the European dynasties, the Habsburgs established a special role of "defenders of the Christian world." The Habsburg Empire held back the onslaught of the Ottomans in Central Europe for a long time. The Turkish army twice stormed Vienna. The unfortunate siege of Vienna 1529 of the year marked the end of the rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Central Europe, although the battle had been raging for another half a century. The battle of Vienna 1683 of the year put an end to the conquering wars of the Ottoman Empire in Europe. The Hapsburgs began to win Hungary and Transylvania from the Ottomans. In 1699, at the Karlovytsy Congress, the Turks ceded all of Hungary and Transylvania to Austria. In the 1772 and 1795 years, the Habsburgs took part in the first and third sections of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, receiving Little Poland, the whole of Galicia (Red Russia), Krakow, part of Podlasie and Mazovia. However, the internal friability of the house of the Habsburgs did not allow them to turn it into the leading military power of Europe in the XVIII century. Moreover, in the middle of this century, the power of the Habsburgs almost collapsed under the blows of external enemies, the most dangerous of which were the empire of Napoleon and Prussia, which began to claim leadership in Germany. Before the Habsburgs there was a choice: either to continue the struggle for leadership in Germany - with unclear prospects, small hopes for success and the possibility of a military-political catastrophe, or strengthening the core of hereditary lands. The House of Habsburg, which almost always was distinguished by pragmatism, preferred the latter, retaining the title of the German emperor until 1806. True, the struggle with Prussia for the championship in Germany, although not so tough, continued until the Austro-Prussian war of the 1866 year. In this war, Austria suffered a crushing defeat, and Prussia became the core of a united Germany. A major role in the fact that Austria began to yield to Prussia was played by Russia. Austria and Russia were traditional allies, first in the fight against Turkey, and then restraining France and Prussia. Russia saved the house of the Habsburgs from the uprising in Hungary. However, the treacherous policy of Austria during the Eastern (Crimean) War buried the union of St. Petersburg and Vienna. Petersburg began to look at Berlin and Paris. What led to the defeat of Austria in Italy and Germany, and the creation of a unified Italy and Germany. However, the main enemy of the house of the Habsburgs was the internal enemy - nationalism. In the long struggle with him, the Hapsburg, for all their amazing flexibility, could not take up. The Austro-Hungarian Agreement of 1867 between the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I and representatives of the Hungarian national movement led by Ferenc Deák transformed the Austrian Empire into the dualistic monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Hungary gained complete autonomy in internal affairs, while maintaining unity in foreign, naval and financial policies. From that moment on, the Habsburg emperor turned from the bearer of the highest absolute power only into one of the political institutions of the two-fold state. The empire began to quickly deteriorate. In the eastern part of Austria-Hungary, the Magyar (Hungarian) political elite tried to create a national state in the territory of historical Hungary. At the same time, the territory of Hungary was also not united nationally, it was inhabited by representatives of a dozen ethnic groups. In the western part of the empire there was a constant struggle for domination between the Germans and the Slavs. Part of the Slavs, not being able to satisfy their potential in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, chose the path of struggle for independence. Vienna failed to resolve these contradictions and approached the First World War in a weakened state. The unity of the Austro-Hungarian Empire could be preserved only if the Habsburg house could show the advantages of the joint existence of the peoples of Central Europe along with the realization of their desire for independence. These contradictions could be resolved in the form of a federation or a confederation, with broad grassroots self-government. The Slavic part of the empire's population was to become part of an already triune empire. In this case, the monarchical form of government could be preserved, as in the case of Great Britain, when the king reigns but does not rule. The Austrian monarchy could be a symbol of the sacredness of power and historical continuity. However, such a radical restructuring of Austria-Hungary turned out to be impossible due to a number of internal and external reasons. Among the internal causes can be identified conservatism of the Austrian dynasty, which was unable to reform from above. The death of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand finally buried the possibility of modernizing and preserving the Habsburg Empire. The external forces interested in the destruction of the traditional monarchies in Europe, who stood in the way of building the “democratic” New World Order, also put a hand to this tragedy. To be continued ... Alexander Samsonov
21104	yago	1	20	https://prabook.com/web/judith.habsburg/2287937	en	Judith Habsburg	https://prabook.com/web/…o.jpg?id=1791923	https://prabook.com/web/…o.jpg?id=1791923	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=954281624993604&ev=PageView &noscript=1", "https://prabook.com/web/img/banner_top_green.gif", "https://prabook.com/web/img/veterans/veterans-logo.png", "https://prabook.com/web/show-photo-icon.jpg?id=1791923&width=220&cache=false", "https://prabook.com/web/assets/ajax-loader.gif", "https://prabook.com/web/img/loading.gif", "https://prabook.com/web/show-photo.jpg?id=1791923&cache=false", "https://prabook.com/web/show-photo-icon.jpg?id=1791923&width=220&cache=false", "https://prabook.com/web/img/map-stock.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Judith Habsburg profile Rheinfelden", "Aargau", "Switzerland" ]	null	[]	null	Judith of Habsburg was the youngest daughter of Rudolph I of Germany and his wife Gertrude of Hohenburg.	en			https://prabook.com/web/judith.habsburg/2287937
21104	yago	3	39	https://pantheon.world/profile/occupation/nobleman/country/switzerland	en	Greatest Swiss Noblemen	http://localhost:3000/api/screenshot/occupation-country?occupation=nobleman&country=che	http://localhost:3000/api/screenshot/occupation-country?occupation=nobleman&country=che	[ "https://pantheon.world/images/icons/icon-nav.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/logos/logo_pantheon.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/icons/icon-search.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/38446.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/24530406.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/1390769.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/2069692.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/3326709.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/profile-w.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/38446.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/24530406.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/1390769.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/2069692.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/12839772.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/3326709.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-left-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/2069692.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/3326709.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-right-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-left-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/38446.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/24530406.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/1390769.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/12839772.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-right-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-left-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/1390769.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/12839772.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/profile/people/3326709.jpg", "https://pantheon.world/images/ui/tri-right-b.svg", "https://pantheon.world/_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Flogos%2Flogo_datawheel.png&w=256&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Flogos%2Flogo_datawheel.png&w=640&q=75 2x", "https://pantheon.world/images/logos/logo_CL.svg", "https://pantheon.world/_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Flogos%2Flogo_creative_commons.png&w=96&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Flogos%2Flogo_creative_commons.png&w=256&q=75 2x", "https://pantheon.world/images/logos/logo_facebook.svg", "https://pantheon.world/images/logos/logo_twitter.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/images/favicon.ico		null	1. Albert I of Germany ( 1255 - 1308 ) With an HPI of 66.21 , Albert I of Germany is the most famous Swiss Nobleman . His biography has been translated into 48 different languages on wikipedia. Albert I of Habsburg (German: Albrecht I.) (July 1255 – 1 May 1308) was a Duke of Austria and Styria from 1282 and King of Germany from 1298 until his assassination. He was the eldest son of King Rudolf I of Germany and his first wife Gertrude of Hohenberg. Sometimes referred to as 'Albert the One-eyed' because of a battle injury that left him with a hollow eye socket and a permanent snarl. 2 . Rudolf II, Count of Habsburg ( 1168 - 1232 ) With an HPI of 55.82 , Rudolf II, Count of Habsburg is the 2nd most famous Swiss Nobleman . His biography has been translated into 16 different languages. Rudolph II (or Rudolph the Kind) (died 10 April 1232) was Count of Habsburg in the Aargau and a progenitor of the royal House of Habsburg. He was the only son of Count Albert III of Habsburg and Ita of Pfullendorf. He married Agnes of Staufen. Rudolph was the father of Count Albert IV of Habsburg and Count Rudolph III of Habsburg and the grandfather of King Rudolph I of Germany. 3 . Françoise-Louise de Warens ( 1699 - 1762 ) With an HPI of 55.80 , Françoise-Louise de Warens is the 3rd most famous Swiss Nobleman . Her biography has been translated into 15 different languages. Françoise-Louise de Warens, born Louise Éléonore de la Tour du Pil, also called Madame de Warens (31 March 1699 – 29 July 1762), was the benefactress and mistress of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Warens was born in Vevey, into a Swiss Protestant family who had immigrated to Annecy, but became a Roman Catholic in 1726 in order to receive a church pension which had been instated to increase the spread of Roman Catholicism near Geneva, then a bastion of Protestantism. She was known to have led a liberal life for a woman of her time. She annulled her marriage to M. de Warens in 1726 after failing in a clothing business. Rousseau met her for the first time on Palm Sunday 1728. It was said that she was a spy and a converter for Savoy, then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Though Warens was originally a teacher to Rousseau, they became sexually engaged after she openly initiated him in the matters of love and "intimacy". Françoise-Louise de Warens died in poverty in 1762 in Chambéry, of which Rousseau did not learn until six years afterwards. Rousseau describes his relationship with her in his Confessions.
7542	dbpedia	2	7	https://www.hrreporter.com/focus-areas/employment-law/former-mayor-john-tory-violated-code-of-conduct-with-affair-report/380313	en	Former mayor John Tory violated code of conduct with affair: Report	https://cdn-res.keymedia…962495752069.png	https://cdn-res.keymedia…962495752069.png	[ "https://www.hrreporter.com/images/logo2020-white.svg", "https://www.hrreporter.com/images/logo2020-white.svg", "https://www.hrreporter.com/images/logo2020-white.svg", "https://www.hrreporter.com/images/logo2020.svg", "https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto/https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cms/images/ca/126/0422_638321962495752069.png", "https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto/https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cms/images/ca/126/0405_638591532725371988.png", "https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto/https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cms/images/ca/126/0422_638587218965122589.png", "https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto/https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cms/images/ca/126/0379_638590701686102361.jpg", "https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto/https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cms/images/ca/126/0422_638585546149155319.jpg", "https://www.hrreporter.com/images/square-x.svg", "https://www.hrreporter.com/images/logo2020-white.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Employment law", "human resources", "workplace romance" ]	null	[ "Jim Wilson" ]	2023-10-06T13:37:42+00:00	Toronto mayor failed to observe terms of Human Resources Management and Ethical Framework for Members' Staff	en	/favicon-16x16.png		https://www.hrreporter.com/focus-areas/employment-law/former-mayor-john-tory-violated-code-of-conduct-with-affair-report/380313	Former Toronto mayor John Tory committed two cases of violations against the Code of Conduct for Members of Council during his days as the top official of the city, according to the city's integrity commissioner. On Feb. 10, 2023, the same night he announced his intention to resign the office of Mayor, Tory requested that Jonathan Batty, integrity commissioner, investigate his conduct. “My inquiry considered six issues and in two cases, I have found that Mr. Tory did violate the Code of Conduct for Members of Council (Code of Conduct),” said Batty. Workplace romance Tory’s first violation involved his romantic affair with a staffer identified in the report as “Ms. A”. The two began “a consensual personal relationship” in the summer of 2020 and continued until January 2023, according to the report. Tory failed to observe the terms of the Human Resources Management and Ethical Framework for Members’ Staff and, therefore, violated Article XV (Failure to adhere to Council Policies and Procedures) of the code. This is because he did not: disclose the relationship to the Office when it began in order to get advice. contemporaneously document the measures being adopted to address the issue in the workplace. seek advice from the Office with respect to the position upgrade provided Ms. A or what support he could provide her in seeking new employment. respect the established reporting relationships in the Mayor’s Office so as to not isolate Ms. A. give instruction or direction to his Chief of Staff, who was the person delegated responsibility for managing staff in the Mayor’s Office. respect Ms. A’s right to confidentiality in the workplace and to obtain independent advice. appreciate that the workplace, especially during the pandemic, extended beyond just being physically present in the Mayor’s Office at City Hall. According to a previous survey by ADP Canada, one-third of Canadians are either romantically involved with a co-worker or have been in the past. Bid for FIFA World Cup 2026 Tory also violated Article VIII (Improper Use of Influence) of the code of conduct with Toronto’s bid to participate in the FIFA World Cup 2026, said Batty. From April 2021 onwards, Nick Eaves, the chief venues and operations officer of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment (MLSE), lobbied elected officials and City Officials on World Cup matters. However, between April 2021 and August 2022, Ms. A reported to Mr. Eaves and was centrally involved in the steering committee supporting Toronto’s World Cup bid. After Toronto learned in June 2022 that its World Cup bid was successful, the city manager returned to the city council in July 2022 and sought approval from the council to negotiate an exclusive contract with MLSE to provide some hosting services. The council, including Tory, voted to approve that recommendation. Within a few weeks of that vote, MLSE offered Ms. A a permanent position. “Ms. A’s value to MLSE improved once Council directed MLSE could be awarded an exclusive contract for event services, given Ms. A’s government relations and related operational expertise,” said Batty. Tory claimed he had no conflict of interest arising from his relationship with Ms. A because the City of Toronto and MLSE were “on the same team” when it came to the World Cup. He was a co-chair of the planning and steering committees where Ms. A and other MLSE officials were included and knew Ms. A played an integral role in supporting the City’s World Cup bid. “Applying the test under Article VIII (Improper Use of Influence), it is apparent that Mr. Tory violated this provision,” said Batty. “In the summer of 2022, when he was in a personal relationship with Ms. A, Mr. Tory voted on two matters at Council that would have [a] direct bearing on Ms. A’s employment at MLSE. Mr. Tory had a strong emotional bond to Ms. A.” After being plagued with issues of worker safety in the 2022 edition of the World Cup, soccer’s international governing body FIFA looked to hire a CHRO for FIFA World Cup 2026. No sanctions for Tory In the end, Batty recommended that the council not sanction Tory. “The penalties available to Council are suspension of a Member's remuneration or a reprimand of the Member,” he said. “It is clearly not possible to suspend Mr. Tory's pay, he has left office. While it may be within the authority of council to reprimand a former Member, it is my view that reprimanding a person who requested I investigate their conduct as they resigned office would serve no purpose.”
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fourth-largest city has a historic number of candidates in its upcoming by-election.	en	/bbcx/apple-touch-icon.png		https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65935829	The six-year-old wolf-husky canine, and her owner Toby Heaps, are running on the promise to "Stop the Salt Assault" on city roads during the winter. The overuse of salt on roads during the winter, Mr Heaps argued, can hurt the paws of tender-footed canines like Molly. His campaign also proposes a fix to housing unaffordability, a tax-hike on billion-dollar businesses and a ban on fossil-fuel heating systems in new homes and commercial buildings. If he wins, he said he will designate Molly as the city's first honorary dog mayor. "I think city hall would make better decisions if there was an animal in the room," he told the BBC. But along with a desire for change, Mr Heaps said this election is an opportunity he simply could not afford to miss. It is the first by-election in Toronto's history since six municipalities joined to form what is colloquially known as the "mega-city" 25 years ago. The contest was called after the resignation of John Tory, the city's mayor for the past eight years. Mr Tory's rise to power in 2014 was seen as a welcome reprieve from the reign of Rob Ford, who made international headlines for admitting to smoking crack cocaine while in office. But Mr Tory has been criticised for lacking a meaningful vision for Toronto, and for deepening inequality in one of the world's most unaffordable cities. A Toronto Star column described him as "rarely inspirational and too often overly cautious". He is also blamed for overseeing a Toronto that is seemingly at a crisis point, especially as the city continues to recover from the Covid-19 pandemic. Many have pointed to an increase in gun violence, homelessness, housing prices and violence on public transit during his tenure. Despite these criticisms, Mr Tory was elected three times - the most recent being in October 2022. Only a few dozen people had challenged him then, as he was seen as a shoo-in for re-election. That is, until a scandal of his own forced him out of office a few months later. A February article in the Toronto Star revealed the 68-year-old married mayor had an affair with a 31-year-old staffer during the Covid-19 pandemic. He resigned in the hours after it was published. With him out of the picture, the upcoming by-election on 26 June is "a wide open race," said Nelson Wiseman, a professor emeritus of political science at the University of Toronto. "The difference between last time and this time is we don't know who is going to win," Prof Wiseman said. The barrier for entry into the race is remarkably low. A fee of C$250 ($189) and 25 signatures is all a Torontonian needs to run for mayor. Unlike other large North American cities - namely New York, Los Angeles and Chicago - candidates do not run according to political party lines, which means there is no nomination process that would whittle down the pool. Karen Chapple, the director of the School of Cities at the University of Toronto, said that with the field wide open, some are attracted to run just to see if they have a shot. "There's kind of a gamblers aspect to it, kind of a Las Vegas aura," she told the BBC. Coupled with the consistently low voter turnout in Toronto's mayoral elections, this means that most successful candidates already need a fair bit of name recognition. The front-runner of the race is Olivia Chow - the political opposite of John Tory, who has served in public office since 1992 and is the widow of Jack Layton, the most celebrated leader in the history of Canada's left-leaning New Democratic Party. Many of her opponents are current and former city councillors, with their own profiles in the community. But the breadth and diversity of candidates this time around - from Molly the dog to an 18-year-old fresh out of high school - tells a story of how fragmented the city has become, Ms Chapple said. With a population of nearly three million, including many newcomers and immigrants, Toronto is the fourth-largest city in North America and consistently cited as one of the most diverse cities in the world. But with all those people from different walks of life, comes different perspectives on what kind of city Toronto should be. Some are able to afford the city's staggering real-estate market, while others rent basement flats with roommates. There are commuters who live in the city's outer limits battling daily traffic and downtown dwellers jostling for space on the subway. Those different views are reflected in the pool of candidates. Former police chief Mark Saunders has promised to increase the city's police budget to tackle crime, while Ms Chow has focused her pledges on Toronto's housing crisis, promising to build homes on city-owned land. "You're seeing sort of a reflection and microcosm of what Toronto is as a city," Ms Chapple said. Meanwhile, Chloe Brown, a young policy analyst who has spent the bulk of career working with underserved communities, has bluntly stated that "Toronto does not need more policing," promising instead to fund mental health supports. Experts and candidates have said that having more than 100 candidates on the ballot could both be a positive and a negative thing. For one, it ensures that a range of perspectives are heard and included. But on the other hand, Ms Chapple said it also means that Toronto's next mayor will likely be decided by a very small percentage of the population. "You could have a situation where you could have an extreme minority essentially making decisions for the city," she said. With so much competition, Mr Heaps - Molly's owner - said he is aware that he may not become Toronto's next mayor. His decision to run, he said, was born out of a conversation with his seven-year-old son.
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"https://dcs-static.gprod.postmedia.digital/16.7.2/websites/images/share-icons/icon-soc-fb-mono-rev.svg", "https://dcs-static.gprod.postmedia.digital/16.7.2/websites/images/share-icons/icon-soc-yt-mono-rev.svg", "https://dcs-static.gprod.postmedia.digital/16.7.2/websites/images/share-icons/icon-soc-tw-mono-rev.svg", "https://dcs-static.gprod.postmedia.digital/16.7.2/websites/images/logo-postmedia.svg", "https://dcs-static.gprod.postmedia.digital/16.7.2/websites/images/common-icon/icon-close-black.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "The Canadian Press" ]	2024-03-25T15:30:38+00:00	John Tory resigned as mayor of Toronto in 2023 after admitting to an inappropriate relationship with a staffer.	en	https://dcs-static.gprod.postmedia.digital/16.7.2/websites/images/np/favicon-np.ico	nationalpost	https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/former-toronto-mayor-john-tory-to-rejoin-rogers-communications-board-of-directors	John Tory resigned as mayor of Toronto in 2023 after admitting to an inappropriate relationship with a staffer Article content Former Toronto mayor John Tory is set to rejoin the board of directors at Rogers Communications Inc. We apologize, but this video has failed to load. Try refreshing your browser, or tap here to see other videos from our team. Former Toronto mayor John Tory to rejoin Rogers Communications board of directors Back to video We apologize, but this video has failed to load. Try refreshing your browser, or tap here to see other videos from our team. Tory is listed among the 14 proposed management nominees in the company’s information circular ahead of Rogers’ annual meeting set for April 24. He previously served as a Rogers director from 2010 to 2014 and chief executive of Rogers Cable Inc. from 1999 to 2003 and Rogers Media Inc. from 1995 to 1999. Advertisement 2 Story continues below This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below. THIS CONTENT IS RESERVED FOR SUBSCRIBERS Enjoy the latest local, national and international news. Exclusive articles by Conrad Black, Barbara Kay and others. Plus, special edition NP Platformed and First Reading newsletters and virtual events. Unlimited online access to National Post and 15 news sites with one account. National Post ePaper, an electronic replica of the print edition to view on any device, share and comment on. Daily puzzles including the New York Times Crossword. Support local journalism. SUBSCRIBE FOR MORE ARTICLES Enjoy the latest local, national and international news. Exclusive articles by Conrad Black, Barbara Kay and others. Plus, special edition NP Platformed and First Reading newsletters and virtual events. Unlimited online access to National Post and 15 news sites with one account. National Post ePaper, an electronic replica of the print edition to view on any device, share and comment on. Daily puzzles including the New York Times Crossword. Support local journalism. REGISTER / SIGN IN TO UNLOCK MORE ARTICLES Create an account or sign in to continue with your reading experience. Access articles from across Canada with one account. Share your thoughts and join the conversation in the comments. Enjoy additional articles per month. Get email updates from your favourite authors. Article content Tory’s return to the Rogers board comes after sisters Melinda Rogers-Hixon and Martha Rogers settled their differences with their brother Edward Rogers and announced their retirement from the company’s board earlier this year. Tory is a member of the advisory committee of the Rogers Control Trust, which holds voting control of the company. He resigned as mayor of Toronto in 2023 after admitting to an inappropriate relationship with a staffer. Recommended from Editorial John Tory's political career ends in the stupidest way imaginable The man who allegedly egged John Tory's mayoral office is now running for the job Our website is the place for the latest breaking news, exclusive scoops, longreads and provocative commentary. 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7542	dbpedia	0	14	https://www.torontomu.ca/tedrogersschool/podcast/john-tory/	en	Episode 02: John Tory, Mayor of Toronto	https://www.torontomu.ca…ry-thumbnail.jpg	https://www.torontomu.ca…ry-thumbnail.jpg	[ "https://www.torontomu.ca/etc.clientlibs/ryecms/static/clientlib-site/resources/images/tmu_logo.svg", "https://www.torontomu.ca/content/dam/tedrogersschool/trsm-images/accreditation-logos.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/content/dam/tmu_favicon.ico	Toronto Metropolitan University	https://www.torontomu.ca/tedrogersschool/podcast/john-tory/	Well, let me deal with the most important part of this first, which is to do with how we chose to regulate Uber in the end, although that has become a model the people around the globe are looking at as being successful, but the most important thing is obviously that we make sure that Toronto residents, in any vehicle or in any place, are safe from being assaulted, sexually or otherwise and in that case, one of the advantages to the Uber system is that it actually does allow you more so than any other kind of vehicle of its kind to know who the driver is, to know when the pickup took place, and a lot of those kinds of details that oftentimes in a taxi cab you don't know. And so we have to count on the company and they have been very cooperative when incidents of this kind have come up to provide that information to the police when an allegation of this kind or an incident of this kind happens, and I think that that is actually one advantage to that system in that the technology actually allows you to see who the passenger was, who the driver was, exactly what time and place things happened because it does record that. Having said all of that, I think we have to, and we certainly have indicated to Uber as we do to the taxi industry, that we have zero tolerance for that sort of thing and when I say we, we are the regulators of those businesses. We are not the police. The city oversees the police but the police operate under their own leadership accountable to a Police Services Board of which I am a member, and I can only say that I think the message has been sent loud and clear that there's zero tolerance for that kind of thing or anything even approaching it. And I think as these incidents have come up, fortunately they have been few and far between, they've been death with by Uber and/or by the taxi companies and/or by us in a stricter manner as you possibly could expect and the police have, again, tried to do their job. I want to just say on the general subject of Uber and how it was admitted into the Toronto marketplace, they came into the Toronto marketplace in a way that I did not approve of where they just came in here and operated without any regulation at all, and just figured they could just arrive and so on. I came to the conclusion partly for reasons of what I think is sound strategy for the city and partly for reasons of accepting reality. By the time I took office, they were into the hundreds of thousands of customers in Toronto, and so if I was to do what people were urging me to do from the cab industry and other quarters who supported the status quo, they just wanted me to send them out of town packing and tell them to sort of roll up their carpets and leave. I didn't think that was either realistic or good for the city. I believe this city should be serving as a home for people who have disruptive technologies who represent the way of doing things in the future, but that they have to come into a city and do business on a basis that is fair. So instead of trying to chance them out of town as they've tried to do in a number of other cities and had huge conflicts in the process, we worked instead to develop a series of regulations that essentially accomplish two things. One, it brought Uber under regulation so there was a degree of control, and this is important to your question, the sexual assault part, that there were screenings done of the drivers that were satisfactory to us that were similar to the screenings that are done on cab drivers, screenings as in personal background checks that met a standard we set. Two, that there was insurance in place to protect people that is equivalent to what taxi cab drivers are required to have. And three, that the rules under which they operated were equitable vis a vis fair competition with the cab industry who've been around for a long time and paid money for their licenses. At the same time, the second objective we were trying to set was to lessen the regulatory load on taxis so that they could compete more fairly because over time they'd become subject to a lot of long pages and books full of regulations, and we actually did reduce some of that regulatory load and reduce some of the requirements on that, and the idea was to create a circumstance in which people could be safe. First and foremost, safe from assault, safe from accidents, safe from drivers that had bad backgrounds, could have choice and including the adoption of and embracing of the latest technology of which Uber was a representative, and that they would compete fairly with taxis. And I am proud of what we achieved there because you haven't heard much about it in terms of conflict since that time, and unlike some other cities where they "successfully" chased Uber out of town, we have Uber here and I quite frankly hope some of the other companies like Lyft will come here and compete as well so we'll have even more choice, because I think that's good for consumers to have choice as long as it's fair choice, safe choice, and regulated choice and I think that's what we have in Toronto now. Well, I don't accept the premise of the question and what a sanctuary city is meant to mean, and I think anybody should take a look at the wording of what is said, and I think actually the notion of Toronto being a sanctuary city, if you look at it for what it is, is something that we would buy into as part of those sort of pretty basic values that I talked about earlier on. What it says is that if somebody shows up for a city of Toronto service, so if they show up to use the library or if they show up to public health to get a vaccination for their children, they're not going to be asked to show their documentation that proves their citizenship. We will say look, they're a resident of the city. Their immigration status actually doesn't matter in the context of their getting their child vaccinated or using the library, and that it is not consistent with the way we generally do business that you'd be asked for your immigration papers. I mean, think about it for a minute. Some of you in this room are probably permanent residents of Canada as opposed to citizens. Do we go around saying to people, "We want you to show us your documentation to show whether you're a citizen or a permanent resident." No, we don't. Now, I'm not condoning the fact that people will enter the country outside of the law and there are people who have done that over time and some of them have now lived here for 20 or 25 or 30 years and have had three or four children here who are Canadians themselves, and I would say that that is a failure of the federal governments over time of all parties, to sort of decide they were going to do something to allow those people to regularize their documentation because it's a politically explosive issue and nobody's been prepared to sort of deal with it, which would be the sort of fair and appropriate way to address the fact there are people living in our midst who every day perform important functions in the city working somewhere, doing work for people, and have families that go to school and so forth and so on. But having said that, given that we have those people, are we going to get into a situation where we're going to start to get people to show their documentation that sort of proves what their citizenship is any time they're wanting to access a city service? And so I guess I would just say I'm comfortable with where we are as a sanctuary city because I think it sends the message out that obviously, and I said this in a letter I wrote on refugees today or yesterday to the Minister of Immigration, it is very important to me in the context of even our very open hearted and open minded and open arms approach to refugees in the current global context that due process be followed, we have a system that has worked well for us over time to apply due process to both those who are applying as refugees and to the country, to represent the country's best interests, and I think that has to continue, but at the same time I think we have to be open hearted and open minded with respect to the fact there are people in this city who are here today that we don't want to be. For example, let me give you an even more stark example. Are we going to turn away somebody at a city operated shelter on a cold night like tonight because we have somehow somebody decides it's in their best interest to ask them to show their papers? Their papers with regard to their immigration status. Is that a relevant consideration to those people being admitted to a shelter overnight or not, and I would say it's not. They're human beings that are living in the city and they may be living in a different status or on a different basis than some of the rest of us are, and that should probably be resolved over time, but that it certainly shouldn't affect their access to basic services, which is really what the sanctuary city designation says. Well the obvious response you often hear, and thank you for the question, is that we should sort of more strictly enforce the hate crime laws, but that's complicated and I don't know if you've discussed those laws but what actually has to happen there is that the police, in consultation with the [inaudible] attorneys, have to designate to give an offense as being something motivated by hatred and it then gets treated differently in terms of the penalty that's applied and so on, and that law's under review right now in Ottawa. I don't think law at the end of the day is going to represent the answer, because a lot of these people I would describe as being sort of deranged and obsessed people who the law to them doesn't really matter. I mean, the fact that like last night somebody would try to burn a Mosque is like, to me, such an act of treachery and so on that those people don't pay attention to what the law says. So I think what we have to do, and I had a meeting yesterday in the wake of these events, the anti-Semitic and anti-Muslim events, I had a meeting of all the different faith leaders from every faith you could possibly imagine. I mean, when I say every one there was like 40 people in the room so there were 40 faiths represented but I'm sure there are others. But we have 40, or 20, 35 faith leaders in the room, and what they focused on was a couple of things. I would say coming out of that meeting, and we're now going to take the list away, they focused on education, and I know it sounds like something we would say, "Well, education." We always hear that and people will roll their eyes. We simply have to have people understand more about each other's faiths, understand that the strength of Toronto is represented by the fact that people have come here from different faith groups that oftentimes didn't get along at all in other places where they might have come from, but have been able to coexist here on the basis that we made an effort to understand each other and to understand we're all in this together, and if we could have people learn about each other's faiths... And they told me some interesting stories yesterday about programs where people have gone to visit a group of Jewish leaders will go to a Mosque and they'll talk to each other about their respective faiths. And what you figure out, by the way, because when you're in a job like mine I've been to every kind of religious institution that you could name, a religious place, and seen every kind of service and you come to realize, of course, that pretty well all of them are based on the same core set of values about how you treat each other and things you don't do and things you do and how you look after each other and so forth. They really are. I mean, the Quran and the Bible and the Torah and so on, if you look at those they contain many of the same fundamental underlying values and I think the more we understand that, the more we realize what an artificial division it is between people who are Muslim and Jewish and Christian and Buddhist and all the rest. So education was something they named and then secondly they said, "We've got to keep demonstrating in the city every day the fact that we do live differently here." We are weaving a different narrative for the world of how instead of moving in the direction as we're seeing in many places in the world, including some close to home where we're trying to polarize people based on their faith or their skin color or a bunch of other stuff, their sexual orientation, what have we done here? We've said, "No. We recognize people are going to be different. We're going to celebrate that. We're going to learn from that. We're going to strengthen ourselves for that," and they felt that the outward articulation of that by leaders but also events that show that you'll have people standing together. This is one of the great strengths of Pride in Toronto is that Pride isn't a million people who are all LGBTQ. I mean, there are many who are but there are lots of other people who aren't who are there to say, "Hey, we all live here together. You're fabulous fellow citizens. We're celebrating that you've had certain victories in your rights and certain other challenges that still lie in front of you," and so on and so on. It's a celebration, and so that was the underlying message that came from this was yes, make sure the law is applied and strengthened as much as it can be, make sure we make a huge effort at education so people understand the importance of this and not letting our way of life get messed up by what's going on around the world, and thirdly to make sure we have people see every day the strength that comes from diversity and the strength that comes from inclusion, as opposed to the downside of polarization that you're seeing happening elsewhere. And so I'm trying to be upfront about that every single day, just about, and there are people who criticize me for that because they have a slightly different view and if they don't like it, I guess they can vote me out at the next election and I hope they won't, for a bunch of reasons, but I hope that's one of them that we need to stay the course on our values. Our values are the ones that are admired around the world and I think we are not perfect, but we're weaving a much different narrative than many other places. Well that's a good question, [Tassy], and I would only say to you that a lot of things that are controversial strike fear into the hearts of politicians. The question of underfunding is a different question and I think I covered that by sort of saying that one person would say it's underfunded, one person would say it's overfunded. So I think what we did was we established a budget, which is in the 10s of millions of dollars of new money put in this year's budget, to do the things that we felt were going to be effective in cutting down to zero, hopefully, the number of pedestrians that were killed, because we did have a very, very unacceptable year last year. I mean, any death is unacceptable but last year it got to kind of new record levels, and we're actually out there doing the things now that need to be done. So when you mention speed limits, there are speed limits being changed all over the city. All over the city, the road safety plan that sets a zero target changed speed limits in many areas where there had been a particular incidence of pedestrians and drivers getting into collisions, and so those were changed. In the city of Toronto itself, like the city of Toronto, the downtown part, they have a community council. It took the decision to change all the speed limits on their streets because it's a local decision they can make within the context of our city government. We have sought and received permission, although it's not been legislated yet, it's frustrating because it takes so long, to reintroduce photo radar, which was very controversial. I mean, a lot of people didn't like it but we got permission to reintroduce it in school zones so that in school zones we can cover a lot more of them, make kids safer but not have police officers' time tied up sitting in a car with a radar gun, which is frankly the old fashioned, very expensive, non-sustainable way of doing it. We are changing the configuration of the roads all over the city, the intersections, so that we're making it more necessary for cars to pay more attention to pedestrians because they're forced to by the configuration of the roads. We've changed traffic signals all over the city to take account of the fact that seniors with the aging population are taking longer to cross the street so we should allow them that time even if it makes drivers wait a little bit longer so seniors can get across the street and not be unsafe. We're creating senior safety zones, which are zones where there will be signage and speed limits and so on that will be different because a majority, about 60% of all the pedestrian deaths that happened last year happened to people who were, I think, 55 or 60 years of age and older, so there are a lot of things we're doing as part of this plan and it's not representing any lack of courage or boldness. There's only so much you can do at a time. I think the money that's been allocated is certainly very sufficient to get a very substantial amount done in the next few years and we're out doing it because we take this very seriously and we have set the goal of saying zero, which is a goal that we're going to work hard to achieve. Well I have been like a broken record on the latter point, which is to make sure the federal government comes through with its commitments that they made during the election campaign, and I will tell you they have been good partners for Toronto on transit funding so far, and we've had extensive discussions because they haven't announce their plan for housing funding. It's going to come in the budget will come sometime in the next probably 30 days, and I have joined together with all of the other big city mayors, so we're a united front on this, in asking them to specifically carve out, because they have something now call a social infrastructure fund which could cover a whole bunch of things, and we've said housing is so urgent in the big cities that we've calculated a number we think that would be adequate to allow us to get a much better head start than the rather small number of 4000 units spread across the country. That doesn't do much when there's thousands of people looking for affording housing. And so we've asked them to carve out of the infrastructure plan over the next number of years 12.6 billion dollars for housing and Toronto would be the single biggest recipient of that money, simply because the scale of the problem here is bigger than it is obviously anywhere else in the country. If they come through with that, and I have reason to believe they will, first of all you'll see me commending them heartily because that was the right thing to do. Secondly, we've said to them they must insist in the next round of announcement of this money that the province's match their money, because what happened with the transit money is in some provinces, the province did not match the federal government's money and if they do match then you get obviously twice as much, and then the municipality adds some of its own money and you end up with a very substantial sum of money to build affordable housing because addressing the supply issue is really the number one key to trying to make more affordable housing available to more people. Simply passing laws to say, "Well, we're going to put on a foreign buyers tax or we're going to impose rent controls," I happen to believe that when rent controls were imposed in this province previously back 25 or 30 years ago, they didn't work because what they succeeded in doing was creating a false environment in which rents were controlled, but all that succeeded in doing was making sure that nobody built any rental apartments at all. There were none built for probably 20 years in Ontario because people said, "Well, why would we put our money into that when we're going to get no return because the government's saying we're not allowed to get a proper return on their money? So instead we'll go build something else." They either build single family homes or they went and built apartments somewhere else, and I just think they've been proven over and over again in all parts of the world not to work, and so if you don't favor that then you have to favor the only other alternative, which is increase the supply of affordable rental housing, and I'll mention one last thing. We have taken some steps as the city, regardless of what the other governments do, to encourage developers to build affordable rental housing by, for example, putting up I think 15 now valuable pieces of city land. We've said, "We'll put up that land which is a big cost of a developer, obviously, when they come to build a building, if you will come along and build only affordable rental and ownership housing. It has to be affordable and we will either give you that land, we'll lease it to you for a dollar a year, or make some very favorable arrangement with that piece of land," and on the first three pieces of land out of the 15 or whatever the number is, we've had huge competitive response to it, so we have a competition among developers to get the right to build it, and we've created as opposed to the last year before I took office where we had zero units of affordably housing, I think this year we've already approved hundreds of units of affordable housing that are going to be built. And it's still not enough, but I'm hopeful with this money that's going to come, I'm confident in the budget we'll both be able to get on with the appalling backlog of repairs on the social housing in which we ask our most vulnerable people to live, citizens, and the supply of affordable housing that you talked about. No, and that's why the Police Services Board... I mean, the way you described the history, I won't go back and give you the entire history, but the bottom line is that by virtue of provincial regulation that they subsequently took on and passed a regulation province wide which the Toronto Police Services Board has adopted and put a policy in place underneath that regulation. The practice of carding, which is you have to be careful how you use these words, but carding was the arbitrary stopping of people in the street who were not suspected of or accused of doing anything merely for the purposes of kind of asking them questions about who they were and why they were there and so forth and so on. And if you said to me do I believe, and of course the facts have shown that especially in the years when carding was most prevalent which was around 2011 and 2011, when in Toronto there were 250000 people and the carding name came from the fact that there was a card that police officers filled out that had information about the person they stopped, and there were 250000 people stopped in each of those years, and disproportionately they were people of color and from racialized communities and in all cases, though, of the carding pretty much they were people who weren't doing anything. They were just sort of walking down the street or wherever they were, and it might have been in the middle of the night, it might have been in the middle of the day. And do I think under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in this country that we have the right to walk down the street and not be stopped arbitrarily unless there is some suspicion that we're involved in a crime or for purposes of investigating a crime that's occurred? No, I don't think that police should be doing that and I voted accordingly to institute a policy that is now in place and the training has happened underneath that policy, it goes a couple of steps further which you'll be interested to know that that doesn't mean, and that's one of the things that's been misunderstood in the city is that people now think no one will ever be stopped by the police again unless they literally sort of just left the bank with a gun in their hand and a bag of money. The police are now still have to go on stopping people because they might believe they're suspicious of something happening or because they are trying to investigate a crime, but they now have to inform people if they do stop them that you have the right not to answer the police's questions if they are just asking you how you're going or why you're where you are, and they have to tell you that right proactively and say to you, "Now, you do have the right not to talk to me if you don't want to," and that didn't necessarily sit that well with the police who felt that would make it difficult for them to have conversations that can be very beneficial. I mean, conversations between the police and people in the community lies at the heart of having a proper relationship between the police and the community where they build trust in each other, but the bottom line is I can tell you that the policies that are in place today if you read them, and are voted for by me and other members of the Police Board, it was unanimous, quite expressly set out that this arbitrary stopping of people on the street just in the hopes you might find something out or you might take down some information about them has now been precluded from happening and there are very strict rules in place, including the proactive information to be given to people about their rights that now applies and information about how the data that is collected from people will be safeguarded, so that's where the thing stands today. It's a very difficult issue and I had to learn about it, I'll be honest with you. And you know, I'm a [inaudible]. I'm the first mayor, I think, ever elected to the mayoralty city of Toronto without having first served on the city council, so if I told you I had a lot to learn when I walked into this place where many of the people had served there for 25 years, including about the police and about the practices of the police and how things unfolded, and I'll admit I've made some mistakes in things that I've said or done on some of these issues. I'm a human being. I'm not perfect, far from it. My wife would tell you that in spades, and my kids, and my grandchildren, but I'm a human being and I'm learning as I go and I hope I'm working hard and learning fast, but a lot of these issues are incredibly complicated and you're going to put a foot wrong in the odd time. I think I've done not too much of that, but that was an issue where I got off to a bit of a rocky start in terms of exactly how to deal with it the right way, but I think we arrived at the right place in the end, which is what's really important.
7542	dbpedia	3	16	https://toronto.citynews.ca/2023/02/10/mayor-john-tory-toronto-timeline/	en	John Tory’s lengthy timeline as Toronto’s mayor	https://toronto.citynews…676086135180.jpg	https://toronto.citynews…676086135180.jpg	[ "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/themes/citynews-2023/src/images/CityNews_Everywhere_White.svg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/sites/10/2023/02/10/john-tory-resigns-1-6269732-1676086135180.jpg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/sites/10/2024/08/17/Mississauga-Fire-flooding-Toronto-Ontario-thunderstorm-e1723924058653.jpg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/sites/10/2024/08/17/Home-Hardware-Ayr-Ontario-tornado-damage-1024x624.jpg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/sites/10/2024/08/17/CP168008047-1024x681.jpg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/sites/10/2024/08/17/Kevin-Marsh-1024x576.jpg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/themes/citynews-2023/src/images/radio_station_logos/toronto-colored.svg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/sites/10/2024/08/17/Mississauga-Fire-flooding-Toronto-Ontario-thunderstorm-e1723924058653.jpg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/sites/10/2024/08/17/Home-Hardware-Ayr-Ontario-tornado-damage-1024x624.jpg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/sites/10/2024/08/17/CP168008047-1024x681.jpg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/sites/10/2024/08/17/Kevin-Marsh-1024x576.jpg", "https://cf-images.us-east-1.prod.boltdns.net/v1/static/593482582001/7b8afee2-228b-4c75-9167-d50058446952/c59834a2-fb4d-4500-b4be-1adb50107415/1920x1080/match/image.jpg", "https://cf-images.us-east-1.prod.boltdns.net/v1/static/593482582001/cea1c978-e48a-4eca-9508-f99eb898638c/111985bf-5349-4afe-ab22-b3a5e7baf831/1920x1080/match/image.jpg", "https://cf-images.us-east-1.prod.boltdns.net/v1/static/593482582001/fee6d43b-41a1-46e3-a112-b2742d170c29/794f9318-251c-4afa-a339-3df12cbd0f73/1920x1080/match/image.jpg", "https://cf-images.us-east-1.prod.boltdns.net/v1/static/593482582001/77804643-f9b0-4691-baa7-cbdae5a24568/1871dd7e-1993-4284-bd67-ff753bfca09c/1920x1080/match/image.jpg", "https://cf-images.us-east-1.prod.boltdns.net/v1/static/593482582001/6f86e8a0-862d-4251-8082-362aaa8477fb/6172fc5c-2486-4ac9-8252-a859963eaa99/1920x1080/match/image.jpg", "https://static.rogersdigitalmedia.com/web_footers/images/common_footers/comscore_logos/white_BG/comscoreRogersMediaRadioToronto.png", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/plugins/rsm-consent-management/public/images/necessary.svg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/plugins/rsm-consent-management/public/images/more.svg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/plugins/rsm-consent-management/public/images/functional.svg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/plugins/rsm-consent-management/public/images/more.svg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/plugins/rsm-consent-management/public/images/performance.svg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/plugins/rsm-consent-management/public/images/more.svg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/plugins/rsm-consent-management/public/images/targeting.svg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/plugins/rsm-consent-management/public/images/more.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Lucas Casaletto" ]	2023-02-10T00:00:00	Tory, now 68, was first elected as Toronto's mayor in 2014 and was re-elected twice; first in 2018 and more recently in 2022.		/apple-touch-icon.png?v=2	CityNews Toronto	https://toronto.citynews.ca/2023/02/10/mayor-john-tory-toronto-timeline/	The sudden resignation of John Tory as mayor of Toronto comes after he publicly revealed he had been in a relationship with a former staff member that began during the COVID-19 pandemic, leaving many to wonder what comes next. Tory, now 68, was born into a successful family with a major law firm, Torys, founded by his grandfather. Tory worked for Rogers-owned radio stations before getting into politics. He worked in then-premier Bill Davis’s Progressive Conservative government in the early 1980s. He’d later work as a lawyer while also serving on campaigns for then-prime minister Brian Mulroney, as well as his successor Kim Campbell in 1993. In 1995, Tory moved over to run Rogers Media as its CEO and president. He took the helm of the company’s cable division around the turn of the millennium During that stretch he also served as the Canadian Football League’s commissioner. Here’s a look at Tory’s time in office. November 2003 election — Tory makes first run at mayor After years in politics, Tory ran for the first time in November 2003 election for mayor of Toronto, finishing in second place behind councillor David Miller. Miller would serve as mayor of Toronto until 2010. Tory elected leader of Ontario Progressive Conservative Party Tory won his seat during a 2005 by-election, becoming MPP for the riding of Dufferin-Peel Wellington-Grey. In 2007, Tory, who was then running for a seat in Toronto’s Don Valley West riding in Toronto, lost the race to Liberal and then-education minister Kathleen Wynne. Tory’s controversial campaign promise to extend public funding to religious schools led the Progressive Conservatives to a disappointing showing overall. 2009 — Tory steps down as Conservative Party leader Tory tried to regain a seat in the legislature after caucus member Laurie Scott gave up her Haliburton-Kawartha Lakes-Brock seat so he could run in a byelection there, but he lost that race as well and later resigned as party leader. Tory returns to broadcasting Tory, who started his career as a journalist for Rogers’ Toronto radio stations CFTR and CHFI, returned as the host of a daily three-hour afternoon radio show called The Live Drive on Newstalk 1010 before waded back into politics to take another run as mayor. February 2014 — Tory enters Toronto mayoral race Tory registered as a candidate for the 2014 Toronto mayoral election on February 24. He faced off against scandal-plagued incumbent Mayor Rob Ford, running on a platform of change, a transit vision for the city and low taxes. With weeks to go before the election, Rob Ford pulled out of the race after being diagnosed with cancer. Doug Ford, the mayor’s older brother and councillor of his old ward, stepped in to run in his stead. The final results were closer than expected, with Tory elected after receiving 40.3 per cent of the vote and Doug Ford receiving 33.7 per cent. Olivia Chow (23.2 per cent) placed third. Tory popular during first term, criticized for SmartTrack system One of his campaign promises was to restore transit services. Tory announced his Toronto relief plan, called SmartTrack, providing electric commuter rail along existing GOTrain infrastructure from Unionville to Toronto Pearson Airport. It didn’t sit well with some members of the public, noting that SmartTrack wasn’t as expansive as what Tory initially promised. October 2018 — Tory re-elected Tory would be re-elected, defeating former chief city planner Jennifer Keesmaat with 63 per cent of the vote. 2019-present — Tory leads Toronto’s COVID-19 pandemic response The first-ever COVID-19 case detected in Canada is confirmed in Toronto on January 23, 2020. On March 17, 2020, Ford’s government declared its first state of emergency during the pandemic. Days later, Tory would follow suit, declaring a local state of emergency on March 23, 2020. Tory and Toronto’s medical officer of health introduced mask requirements in all public indoor settings on July 7, 2020. On July 31, 2020, Toronto was admitted into Stage 3 of the province’s reopening plan, loosening public health restrictions. As the province experienced a COVID-19 wave into the fall, on November 23, 2020, Tory announced that Toronto would be placed under lockdown. That remained intact until Ford and the province declared an Ontario-wide shutdown on December 26, 2020. Vaccines began to roll out, with the first doses administered to healthcare workers in the University Health Network (UHN) in Toronto. Tory would cancel many city-wide events as a result of the pandemic, and schools were temporarily closed in April 2021. RELATED: John Tory steps down as Toronto’s mayor after relationship with former staffer May 2020 — ActiveTO launched Tory announces the ActiveTO program being developed by Toronto Public Health and Transportation Services to “provide more space for people walking and cycling as well as transit riders to allow for better physical distancing as part of the city’s restart and recovery.” June 2020 — Calls grow for police reform In the wake of George Floyd’s death at the hands of U.S. police officers and the death of Toronto woman Regis Korchinski-Paquet, city councillors Josh Matlow and Kristyn Wong-Tam submitted a motion to cut the Toronto police budget by $122 million. Tory would reject the proposal. As part of the city’s response, Tory announced the implementation of a non-police crisis response pilot program and $5 million in funding to allow for front-line officers to be equipped with body cameras. Summer 2021 — Tory defends Toronto police dismantling homeless encampments Tory consistently insisted that homeless encampments be cleared in Toronto, even during the COVID-19 pandemic. He said the city would continue to clear out encampments, many of which he claimed are empty tents and structures that pose a danger and interfere with the use of public parks by citizens. This led to heated clashes with officers in city parks, and several arrests were made. Tory was strongly criticized for his response after his government spent nearly $2 million to clear homeless encampments at three parks in the summer of 2021. July 2022 — Tory investigated for ties to Rogers The City of Toronto’s integrity commissioner launched an investigation into Tory’s ties to Rogers. The decision arrived after a complaint that the mayor was in a conflict of interest over a city council vote on ActiveTO road closures. The commissioner found that Toronto’s mayor did not break any conflict of interest rules and exonerated him. RELATED: What’s the process for having a new mayor in Toronto? October 2022 — Tory re-elected as mayor for third term Tory cruised to a third mayoral term less than four months ago after a campaign that saw him tout his years of experience in the city’s top office, garnering 62 per cent of the vote compared to about 18 per cent for progressive urbanist Gil Penalosa. December 2022 — Tory granted strong mayor powers Recent legislation from Ford’s government granted Toronto strong mayor powers in return for helping build houses quickly. Tory supported the controversial measure introduced by Premier Ford. January 2023 — Tory’s response to TTC violence Tory and the Toronto police force announced that more than 80 officers would be at Toronto Transit Commission locations to reduce victimization, prevent crimes of opportunity and enhance public safety. Tory has said increased police on the TTC is one part of addressing safety issues, and the city will continue investing in mental health and addiction treatment and anti-violence programs. February 2023 — Tory steps down Tory announced Friday he was resigning from the job due to an “inappropriate relationship” he had with a former member of his staff. RELATED: Here’s Toronto Mayor John Tory’s full resignation statement Files from The Canadian Press were used in this report
7542	dbpedia	0	43	https://www.alignedinsurance.com/john-tory/	en	John Tory & CEO Andrew CLark	https://www.alignedinsur…014/09/tory1.jpg	https://www.alignedinsur…014/09/tory1.jpg	[ "https://www.alignedinsurance.com/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/Final-Aligned-Logo-1-qr19u3zkcxoushda515tne4id59lwhlzaoy5yljg8e.png", "https://www.alignedinsurance.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Final-Aligned-Logo-1.png", "https://www.alignedinsurance.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Feb-2023-Get-A-Quote-Image-1600x438.png", "https://www.alignedinsurance.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Final-Aligned-Logo-1.png", "https://www.alignedinsurance.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Final-Aligned-Logo-1.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Andrew Clark" ]	2014-09-05T21:11:57+00:00	Andrew Clark, President & CEO, of ALIGNED Insurance Has Had The Pleasure Of Meeting John Tory & Wishes Him Well In The Upcoming Toronto Mayoral Election	en	https://www.alignedinsur…ox-1-562x480.png	ALIGNED Insurance	https://www.alignedinsurance.com/john-tory/	John Tory & Andrew Clark, President & CEO of ALIGNED Insurance Given his involvement and passion for politics Andrew Clark, President & CEO, of ALIGNED Insurance has had the pleasure of meeting John Tory a number of times over the past 10 years and wishes him well in the fast approaching Toronto Mayoral election. For more information about John Tory visit www.johntory.ca or see below. JOHN TORY IS A HUSBAND, FATHER, GRANDFATHER, BUSINESSMAN, LAWYER, VOLUNTEER AND COMMUNITY ACTIVIST. HE HAS SHOWN THAT HE HAS THE PASSION AND THE EXPERIENCE TO BUILD A MORE LIVEABLE, AFFORDABLE, AND FUNCTIONAL TORONTO. John Tory knows how to successfully lead, manage and obtain results from large, complex organizations. This proven ability to bring people together is evident throughout his career, including as CEO of one of Canada’s largest publishing and broadcasting companies, and as Commissioner and Chairman of the Canadian Football League. His leadership has been widely credited with returning that national institution to stability. John’s involvement in our community has come full-circle. Many know him most recently as the evening host of Live Drive with John Tory, but his first experience with City Hall all dates back to the early 1970′s when he was a member of the City Hall Press Gallery as a reporter, interviewer and newscaster for two local radio stations. He has also served in public office as a Member of Provincial Parliament, Leader of the Ontario PC Party, and Leader of the Official Opposition at Queen’s Park. In 2012, John was appointed by the Ontario Liberal government to chair a special panel that outlined recommendations on revitalizing Ontario Place on Toronto’s waterfront. John is also a founding member and former Chair of the Greater Toronto CivicAction Alliance. Through CivicAction, John has brought together people from all corners of Toronto to champion solutions to the city’s most challenging issues. John was recently awarded the Order of Ontario for being a “consummate champion for the Greater Toronto Region.” John’s passion for Toronto and his commitment to the values of tolerance and compassion are especially evident through his many years as a volunteer, fundraiser and community activist. He has been a volunteer director and has championed the causes of such organizations as the Canadian Paraplegic Association, Crimestoppers, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto Association for Community Living, the United Way, and the Women’s Legal Education & Action Fund (LEAF).
7542	dbpedia	1	19	https://www.toronto.ca/news/mayor-john-tory-to-lead-first-in-person-toronto-film-industry-mission-to-los-angeles-from-may-24-to-25-since-2019/	en	Mayor John Tory to lead first in-person Toronto film industry mission to Los Angeles since 2019	https://www.toronto.ca/w…onto_twitter.jpg	https://www.toronto.ca/w…onto_twitter.jpg	[ "https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/themes/cot/img/logo-print.svg", "https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/themes/cot/img/logo.svg", "https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/themes/cot/img/icon-search.svg", "https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/themes/cot/img/social_facebook.png", "https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/themes/cot/img/social_twitter.png", "https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/themes/cot/img/social_linkedin.png", "https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/themes/cot/img/icon-copy.svg", "https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/themes/cot/img/back-to-top-arrow.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "City of Toronto" ]	2022-05-19T10:35:46-04:00	News Release May 19, 2022 Mayor John Tory will lead a film mission to Los Angeles next week to help deepen relationships with established studios producing in Toronto, and those that have not yet brought productions to the city. This is the first in-person mission to Los Angeles since 2019. Mayor Tory made the announcement […]	en	https://www.toronto.ca/w…e-touch-icon.png	City of Toronto	https://www.toronto.ca/news/mayor-john-tory-to-lead-first-in-person-toronto-film-industry-mission-to-los-angeles-from-may-24-to-25-since-2019/	News Release Mayor John Tory will lead a film mission to Los Angeles next week to help deepen relationships with established studios producing in Toronto, and those that have not yet brought productions to the city. This is the first in-person mission to Los Angeles since 2019. Mayor Tory made the announcement alongside Deputy Mayor Michael Thompson (Scarborough Centre), and Councillors Paula Fletcher (Toronto-Danforth) and James Pasternak (York Centre). Plans for the mission were announced in Downsview, on the future site of a major new film and television production hub being built by Hackman Capital Partners and operated by Manhattan Beach Studios. The studio complex will anchor a much larger innovation-themed district featuring high-tech, creative industries, housing, parks and vibrant public spaces, which are being master-planned by Northcrest Developments. The Mayor’s Mission to Los Angeles is a collaborative public- and private-sector initiative, with support from all sectors of Toronto’s industry, including studio owners, unions, post-production companies, equipment suppliers, financiers, hoteliers and educators. The more than 50 delegates travelling on the mission will carry one shared message in support of Toronto as a top production destination of choice. During the last Mayor’s Mission in 2019, the Mayor and delegates sought the views of existing and prospective film industry clients on how Toronto can be an even more competitive home for their productions. The upcoming Mission will report back on how the City of Toronto has responded to their feedback. Beyond sharing the Toronto story, the Mission will report on the progress made addressing some industry concerns including: Increasing studio space: Between now and 2026, studio space in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) will grow from 3.7 million square feet to 6.2 million square feet – an increase of 68 per cent. Growing the workforce and prioritizing diversity: Informed by The Toronto Screen Industry Workforce Study, the City has been working with union and industry partners, along with community groups, to co-design and offer innovative programs for practical and durable pathways into the industry, with a strong emphasis on diversity and inclusion. Prioritizing green production infrastructure: The City will soon begin the installation of power-drops, strategically installed in areas frequently used for base camps, with the potential to save 400 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions per year. The City is also part of Ontario Green Screen, launched by the Ontario Film Commission. Tax Credit Stability: Credits for filming have remained stable, and they are a critical asset in maintaining Toronto’s competitiveness. As a further, critical support to the industry, the City has earmarked almost 10 acres of City-owned waterfront land for a studio build. Hackman Capital Partners and The MBS Group were the winning bidders. The Mayor’s Mission to Los Angeles is sponsored by 1 Hotel, ACTRA-Toronto, Bank of Montreal, BDP Quadrangle, Cinespace Film Studios, Company3, DGC-Ontario, Dufferin Gate Studios, Eastside Studios, Entertainment Partners Canada, FilmOntario, IATSE Local 411, IATSE Local 873, MBSE-Canada, Media One Creative, NABET 700-M UNIFOR, National Bank of Canada, Nieuport Aviation, Northcrest Developments, Ontario Creates, Panavision, Pinewood Toronto Studios, RBC, Rocket Science VFX, Sheridan SIRT, SPINVFX, Starline Trailers, The Stratagem Studios, Studio 550, William F. White International Inc., Wiseacre Inc. and York University. Toronto has had two consecutive years of record-breaking production volume, with 2020 and 2021 totalling almost $5 billion. Toronto has one of the largest screen-based industries in North America, employing more than 35,000 people. More information about the screen production industry in Toronto, including planned productions through this spring and summer, is available at Toronto.ca/film. Quotes: “This mission is about securing investment and jobs in Toronto. Our city’s film and TV sector is thriving and growing at an expansive rate, and while we have many productions and numbers to be proud of, I am always looking for more investments in our city. This is particularly important as we move ahead in our reopening efforts. We have a great story to tell here in Toronto backed by a remarkable group of talented partners including unions, developers and much more who all share the same goal of building up the sector further. We have worked to make progress to help increase industry investments here including expanding studio space, growing our diverse talent pool, focusing on green production infrastructure and tax credit stability. I look forward to working with all of our partners to continue to grow the screen industry in Toronto.” – Mayor John Tory “Our film, television and digital industry is an important economic driver for Toronto. Projects from Los Angeles combined with local production to employ more than 35,000 local workers and register a record-breaking production volume of $2.5 billion in 2021. We are confident that this business mission to LA will continue to add fuel to the unprecedented growth of our screen industry.” – Deputy Mayor Michael Thompson (Scarborough Centre), Chair of the Economic and Community Development Committee “With 2021 being another record year for the Toronto screen industry, I’m looking forward to our L.A. business mission and the opportunity to help the industry continue to flourish in Toronto.” – Councillor Paula Fletcher (Toronto-Danforth), Chair of the Film, Television and Digital Media Advisory Board “During the 2019 L.A. mission, clients asked for expanded studio space in Toronto, which we delivered on. The continued growth of Toronto’s film industry including studio space even through the pandemic shows the opportunities for further expansion. That’s why I’m delighted that a 10-acre studio build will be coming to York Centre, which Hackman Capital Partners and The MBS Group are projected to complete and occupy by 2025.” – Councillor James Pasternak (York Centre) “York University is proud to join our industry colleagues in taking the message of Toronto as a world class and growing production jurisdiction to our clients in Los Angeles. By bringing together every segment of the industry, and traveling there together with one message, we demonstrate the collective power of our production community in an extraordinary way.” – Ken Rogers, Director of the York University Motion Media Studio at Cinespace and Academic Director of the MBA Program in Arts Media and Entertainment at The Schulich School of Business “We are grateful to the Mayor and other stakeholders for their collaborative spirit and strong, ongoing support of the Downsview and Basin Media Hub developments, as we further our deep commitment to Toronto’s film and television production industry. Toronto is already an economic hub for Canada’s creative economy and a leading destination for global content creators. These state-of-the-art studios will significantly increase the city’s capacity for film and television production to meet the industry’s surging demands.” – Michael Hackman, founder and CEO of Hackman Capital Partners
7542	dbpedia	0	55	https://cltoronto.ca/news-release-community-living-toronto-announces-john-tory-as-new-chair-of-the-patrons-council/	en	NEWS RELEASE – Community Living Toronto Announces John Tory as New Chair of the Patron’s Council	https://cltoronto.ca/wp-…urst-1-32x32.png	https://cltoronto.ca/wp-…urst-1-32x32.png	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1833539277026706&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/clt-logo.jpg", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/J.-Tory-Headshot.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/24-05-09-Patrons-Council-79-1-1024x683.jpg", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/IMG_0125-1-1024x921.jpeg", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/24-05-09-Patrons-Council-85-1024x576.jpg", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/flags/france.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/flags/spain.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/flags/italy.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/flags/portugal.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/flags/sri-lanka.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/flags/somalia.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/icon-facebook.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/icon-twitter.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/icon-instagram.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/icon-youtube.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/unitedway_logo.gif", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/imagine_logo.gif", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/ontario_logo.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "CLT Development Team" ]	null	Community Living Toronto	en	https://cltoronto.ca/wp-…urst-1-32x32.png		https://cltoronto.ca/news-release-community-living-toronto-announces-john-tory-as-new-chair-of-the-patrons-council/	[July 15, 2024 – Toronto] – Community Living Toronto (CLTO) is pleased to announce the appointment of John H. Tory as the new Chair of its Patron’s Council, succeeding Duncan Jackman, who has served with distinction and dedication over the past two decades. In a statement released today, Tory expressed his enthusiasm for the role, saying, “I am honoured to take on the role of Chair of the Patron’s Council. Community Living Toronto has a remarkable history of advocacy and supporting people living with an intellectual disability, and I am excited to contribute to its mission and help drive its vision for an inclusive society.” John Tory served as Mayor of Toronto from 2014 to 2023. Prior to serving as Mayor, he enjoyed a diverse and successful career in law, business, broadcasting and corporate governance. This has included service on major Canadian Boards such as Rogers, Metro and Cara. He has also been a continuous community volunteer, co-founder of Civic Action, and co-chairing numerous fundraising campaigns for organizations ranging from the United Way to St Michael’s Hospital to the Toronto International Film Festival. He also served as volunteer Chair and Commissioner of the Canadian Football League. Valérie Picher, the Board Chair of Community Living Toronto, warmly welcomed John Tory, stating, “We are delighted to welcome John Tory as the new Chair of our Patron’s Council. His leadership and dedication to community service are well-known, and we look forward to working together to further our goals.” Picher also expressed gratitude to the outgoing Chair, Duncan Jackman who will remain as a member of the Council, for his years of dedicated service. “We owe a debt of gratitude to Duncan Jackman for his tireless work and the significant impact he has made during his tenure as Chair. His contributions have been instrumental in our success, and we thank him for his unwavering support.” John Tory is no stranger to the community living movement. Two of his close relatives, one on each side of his family lived with developmental disabilities. His two grandmothers were both involved in the movement and John himself has been a member of our Patron’s Council since its inception, having also served as Chair of our Night of the Stars fundraiser. This long-standing history and understanding will help Tory to be a strong advocate for Community Living which will be joined with his many other positions of community leadership and philanthropy. “With his expertise and vision, we are confident that the Patron’s Council will continue to thrive and make a meaningful difference. This leadership transition marks a new chapter for Community Living Toronto as it continues to advocate for and support people with intellectual disabilities, fostering a community where everyone belongs,” says Brad Saunders, CEO, Community Living Toronto. – 30 – About the Patron’s Council The Patron’s Council plays a crucial role in supporting Community Living Toronto’s mission of fostering inclusive communities by supporting the rights and choices of people with an intellectual disability. Established in 1998, to celebrate Community Living Toronto’s 50th anniversary, the Council collaborates with community partners, business leaders, and philanthropists to make a significant impact on the lives of people with intellectual disabilities and their families. The Patrons have shown exemplary leadership, dedication, and vision in making an impact both within and beyond the Community Living Toronto community. About Community Living Toronto Community Living Toronto has long been a source of support for people with an intellectual disability and their families since 1948. Community Living Toronto offers a wide range of services including respite, person-directed planning, employment supports, supported living, and community-based activities. Community Living Toronto is proud to support over 4,000 people with an intellectual disability, and their families in more than 80 locations across Toronto. The “community living movement” began with families who wanted their children to live in the community, rather than institutions. Today, Community Living Toronto continues to advocate for inclusive communities and support the rights and choices of people with an intellectual disability. For more information, please contact:
7542	dbpedia	3	57	https://ca.news.yahoo.com/toronto-mayor-john-tory-seek-102037501.html	en	Toronto Mayor John Tory to seek 3rd term in October election	https://media.zenfs.com/en/cbc.ca/4bb1c9b1d451eab96ae895ef26fe4626	https://media.zenfs.com/en/cbc.ca/4bb1c9b1d451eab96ae895ef26fe4626	[ "https://ca.news.yahoo.com/_td_api/beacon/info?beaconType=noJSenabled&bucket=news-CA-en-CA-def%2Cseamless&code=pageRender&device=desktop&lang=en-CA&pageName=deeplink&region=CA&rid=62hh30pjc2cv6&site=news&t=1723937766956", "https://s.yimg.com/rz/stage/p/yahoo_news_en-US_h_p_newsv2.png", "https://s.yimg.com/rz/stage/p/yahoo_news_en-US_h_p_newsv2.png", "https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/_VpLY5asEKW337YDoy7V9w--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTE0MDtoPTYw/https://s.yimg.com/os/creatr-uploaded-images/2021-03/f77fb8a0-7aa4-11eb-bb67-023f4b9d7962", "https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/hSmsrImczl2hUMa3gGGx1g--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTEyNDI7aD05MzI-/https://media.zenfs.com/en/cbc.ca/4bb1c9b1d451eab96ae895ef26fe4626", "https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/BCwCUvEIrgicUeUynKZlAQ--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTU0MA--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/cbc.ca/9ba58e371990e6456a4e52987a2cae68", "https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/BCwCUvEIrgicUeUynKZlAQ--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTU0MA--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/cbc.ca/9ba58e371990e6456a4e52987a2cae68", "https://s.yimg.com/g/images/spaceball.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=7241469&c5=1197793610&c7=https%3A%2F%2Fca.news.yahoo.com%2Ftoronto-mayor-john-tory-seek-102037501.html&c14=-1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "CBC" ]	2022-03-25T10:20:37+00:00	John Tory confirmed Friday he'll run for a third term as Toronto's mayor in the next municipal election, making him the first high-profile politician to announce their candidacy. Official registration opens in May. "I am running for Mayor for another term because I believe Toronto needs an experienced leader who will continue to work hard with both the federal and provincial governments to ensure Toronto stays on track, and continue to work on making Toronto a more livable and more affordable pl	en	https://s.yimg.com/rz/l/favicon.ico	Yahoo News	https://ca.news.yahoo.com/toronto-mayor-john-tory-seek-102037501.html	John Tory confirmed Friday he'll run for a third term as Toronto's mayor in the next municipal election, making him the first high-profile politician to announce their candidacy. Official registration opens in May. "I am running for Mayor for another term because I believe Toronto needs an experienced leader who will continue to work hard with both the federal and provincial governments to ensure Toronto stays on track, and continue to work on making Toronto a more livable and more affordable place to live, to work and build a future," Tory said in a statement. He said he made the decision to seek re-election after discussing it with his family and "receiving their blessing and support." The announcement brings to a close months of speculation about whether he would run for re-election this fall. Tory says he's running again to help steer the city out of the pandemic. "This is about protecting our progress and making sure Toronto comes out of this pandemic stronger than ever. That's what I've done every day as Mayor - including over the last two years confronting COVID-19 - and that's what I am going to do if I am fortunate enough to be re-elected again in October." Tory says this may be his final term if re-elected Tory was first elected in 2014 with 40 per cent of the vote, replacing former mayor Rob Ford. That tumultuous campaign saw him face up against now-Premier Doug Ford, who opted to run in his younger brother's place following Rob's cancer diagnosis, and Olivia Chow. In 2018, Tory won his second term by capturing more than 60 per cent of the vote (though just 41 per cent of eligible Torontonians cast a ballot in that election, according to city statistics.) Despite the strong show of support, Tory's time in office has not been without controversy. Most recently, he faced sharp criticism for the city's handling of the homelessness crisis, after officials and police — some dressed in riot gear — dismantled several encampments last summer. Tory defended the operation, calling the encampments unsafe and illegal, but promised a review into what took place. Deputy Mayor Denzil Minnan-Wong says Tory is "doing a good job" and he understands why he would want to continue for a third term. "I think John's the right guy to lead the city for the next four years," Minnan-Wong said. "There are a number of challenges that the city faces and a number of projects that remain unfinished. The city is concerned about affordable housing and I know that … the mayor has introduced a number of projects that haven't gotten to the place that they need to be," he added. If re-elected, Tory said this will likely be his last term. "I'll be lucky if the voters entrust me with a third term and give me the privilege of having this job for another four years [but] beyond that I think there will be other things that I might do," he told reporters at a different announcement Friday. The municipal election is scheduled for Oct. 24.
7542	dbpedia	1	35	https://rabble.ca/politics/canadian-politics/good-riddance-john-tory/	en	Good riddance, John Tory	https://rabble.ca/wp-con…673883469838.jpg	https://rabble.ca/wp-con…673883469838.jpg	[ "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/rabble-logo.png", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Image-from-iOS.jpg", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Tory-e1673883469838-1200x600.jpg", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/newsletter-banner.png", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Nick-Seebruch-1024x980.jpg", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/newsletter-banner.png", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/themes/newspack-rabble/images/payment-methods.png", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Image-from-iOS.jpg", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/GUe-WMxXQAEuG5l-e1723830189287-800x600.jpg", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/jen-theodore-fqkaMzeGk7E-unsplash-1200x900.jpg", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/hush-naidoo-jade-photography-ZCO_5Y29s8k-unsplash1-1200x900.jpg", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/rabble-logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Stephen Wentzell" ]	2023-02-16T15:33:27+00:00	John Tory is leaving the Mayor's office at Toronto City Hall and his budget and policing policies need to go with him.	en	https://rabble.ca/wp-con…avicon-32x32.png	rabble.ca	https://rabble.ca/politics/canadian-politics/good-riddance-john-tory/	It’s official: Long-time Mayor of Toronto John Tory is resigning as of Friday at 5 p.m. The long-time mayor of Toronto announced last Friday he would resign from his post after having an affair with a staffer. Speaking to reporters late Friday evening, John Tory read prepared remarks where he admitted to the affair and subsequently announced his resignation. Noting the relationship ended “by mutual consent” sometime in 2023, Tory says the employee found another job and left their position at City Hall. Tory, who has been married to his wife Barb for over 40 years, says he is stepping down to be with his family — the same people he betrayed with his infidelity. While Tory admitted to the affair in his remarks, he also made clear he wouldn’t be speaking further on the matter. “I’m usually known for taking as many questions as you want,” Tory said, inaccurately. “But on this occasion, I’ll let my statement speak for itself.” A lawyer and political strategist, the 69-year-old began his political career in 2003, losing to David Miller in the Toronto municipal election. Tory went on to become the leader of the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party in 2004, where he remained until 2009. Tory spent the better part of a decade as Mayor of Toronto after succeeding Rob Ford in 2014. At the time, Tory beat the soon-to-be Premier Doug Ford, as well as then-MP and wife of the late Jack Layton, Olivia Chow. Deputy Mayor Jennifer McKelvie is set to serve as interim mayor until a by-election is held later this year. Tory’s resignation marks the second consecutive Toronto mayor who battled allegations of adultery, after Ford was accused of offering oral sex to a female staffer in November 2013. At the time, Ford made headlines for his response, saying “I’ve got more than enough to eat at home,” referring to his “happy” marriage. Tearing up Tory’s budget In a tweet Friday night, Ontario NDP MPP Kristyn Wong-Tam called for the Toronto city council to “tear up Tory’s budget.” “It’s time to go way beyond plugging potholes and start permanently fixing Toronto’s structural problems,” said Wong-Tam, the official critic for the Attorney General and 2SLGBTQIA+ issues. They also called for 24-hour warming centres to be opened immediately, and pushed for homelessness to be declared a humanitarian crisis. “Tory could have used his veto powers to pass his budget this week,” Wong-Tam said. “There’s no reason why council should proceed now. Instead, they should ask staff to rework the budget to accurately reflect the real needs of Toronto.” But Tory’s decision on when to formally resign allowed him to oversee the budget process on Wednesday, spoiling any opportunity to reform Toronto’s 2023 budget. Tory was unphased by his glaring conflicts of interest, sitting on the Toronto Police Services Board while also serving as mayor. Tory’s position on the police board wasn’t his only glaring conflict of interest. The mayor also sits on the Rogers Control Trust, a job that pays $100,000 annually. That’s on top of the earnings Tory has acquired as a Rogers shareholder. The mayor’s affiliation with Rogers is likely to face renewed scrutiny as the Toronto Star reports the woman involved in the affair got a job at Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment (MLSE) — a business Rogers Communications has a 37.5 per cent stake in. Questions remain about the staffer’s departure from City Hall and whether Tory played a role, directly or indirectly, in securing her new job. While the news of Tory’s prompt resignation made headlines across the country, the intrepid reporters who uncovered the scandal have gone largely uncredited. The three journalists who broke the scoop are the Toronto Star’s David Rider, Ben Spurr and Alyshah Hasham. Tory’s Toronto policing legacy While Tory’s infidelity will make headlines for weeks, it’s important to remember the real story: the increase he gave Toronto Police on his way out. In the last month alone, Tory recommended giving Toronto Police an extra $48 million in the next budget. On Monday, the abolition advocacy group No Pride in Policing Coalition (NPIPC) issued a press release calling Tory’s resignation “good news.” NPIPC urged municipal politicians to reject Tory’s proposed budget, and instead venture on an economic transformation that reflects the needs of poor, queer and trans, unhoused, Black, Indigenous, racialized, and all working-class people. “He showed his unfitness for office long before the current scandal, through his attacks on unhoused people and his expansions of policing, among many other decisions. It’s well past time for him to go,” the NPIPC statement reads. NPIPC called for city councillors to implement a 50 per cent reduction to the police budget, along with a plan for police abolition and real community safety. That community safety component would see more funding for housing, libraries, parks, shelters, accessibility, seniors services and improvements to transit.
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7542	dbpedia	0	5	https://www.instagram.com/johntory/%3Fhl%3Den	en	Instagram	https://static.cdninstag…/VsNE-OHk_8a.png	https://static.cdninstag…/VsNE-OHk_8a.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://static.cdninstag…/VsNE-OHk_8a.png		null
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Exclusive Family mourns loss of Minneapolis entrepreneur found dead in Brazil Authorities in Brazil are investigating after a Minneapolis entrepreneur was found dead while on a business and vacation trip. Search complete of Minneapolis apartment fire, 2 found dead Nearly two days after an apartment fire in downtown Minneapolis, investigators found the bodies of a man and woman inside. 3 motorcyclists killed in 10-hour span on Minnesota roads Three motorcyclists were killed in separate crashes on Minnesota roads Thursday in a 10-hour span, including two high-speed fatalities just 30 minutes apart on Interstate 35. Waite Park man sentenced for attempted St. Cloud bank robbery A Waite Park man was sentenced Thursday to more than six years for a 2021 St. Cloud bank robbery in which he took multiple hostages. Man convicted in killings of 3 men near Wisconsin quarry A Wisconsin jury has convicted a man in the shootings of three men whose bodies were found outside a quarry. 1 dead after head-on crash in construction zone on western Wisconsin highway According to the initial investigation, a minivan had been passing other northbound vehicles in the wrong lane of traffic when it struck a southbound sedan towing a motorcycle trailer. August primaries set the stage for November elections in Minnesota, Wisconsin The August primaries have set the stage for the main November event in both Minnesota and Wisconsin. Wisconsin voters reject GOP-authored questions limiting governor's power Wisconsin voters have decided against two constitutional amendments passed by the Republican-controlled Legislature that would have taken power away from the governor. Gus Macker tournament returns to Minnesota The Gus Macker Tournament, a 3-on-3 basketball tournament that travels across the country is back in Minnesota for the first time since 2019. "100-year investment": Habitat For Humanity project to reshape St. Paul's east side In just under two months, more than 4,000 volunteers will work to transform a portion of St. Paul's east side, creating a new neighborhood in the process. Experts warn of A.I. usage leading up to the election What a director for the Center of Applied Artificial Intelligence and professor at the University of St. Thomas has to say about the role generative AI may play in politics as the 2024 presidential election looms. Iowa abortion providers drop legal challenge against heartbeat law Iowa abortion providers are opting to dismiss their lawsuit against the state since the Iowa Supreme Court allowed a strict abortion law to be enforced. Iconic St. Paul apartments are headed into foreclosure, leaving residents scrambling The Lowry Apartments in St. Paul is going into foreclosure, and the residents say they're in shock. Back-to-school shoppers hunt for deals at Mall of America For parents, inflation and rising costs continue to impact purchasing decisions. Minnesotans are doing their best to save money while still letting their kids get some of their wants. Why are Halloween decorations already on display? The seasonal display at Michaels would have you thinking it's a crisp fall day in early October, but we haven't even snagged a Pronto Pup at the Minnesota State Fair yet. Gas prices in Minnesota down 40 cents compared to this time last year Data from GasBuddy shows prices in Minnesota seem to have settled in around $3.30 to $3.37. Exclusive Family mourns loss of Minneapolis entrepreneur found dead in Brazil Authorities in Brazil are investigating after a Minneapolis entrepreneur was found dead while on a business and vacation trip. Hockey teammate charged with reckless driving in crash that killed Jori Jones The teammate who was driving the car during the crash that killed Gustavus Adophus College women's hockey player Jori Jones now faces a reckless driving charge. Violent crime dropped in 2023 across Minnesota, BCA data says The report says Minnesota saw a decrease in violent crime by 6.9% overall, and 8.2% in the metro area. It's the second year in a row that crime overall dipped statewide. Lone star ticks becoming more common in Minnesota Ticks can spread illnesses like Lyme disease — but there's one species that, when it bites you, could cause a potentially life-threatening allergy, and its numbers are growing in the state. Iowa abortion providers drop legal challenge against heartbeat law Iowa abortion providers are opting to dismiss their lawsuit against the state since the Iowa Supreme Court allowed a strict abortion law to be enforced. Whooping cough is spreading nationwide. Here's what to know. Officials have been warning of a return to the pre-pandemic trends of pertussis, also known as whooping cough. Minneapolis to see one of its biggest post-pandemic music weekends This weekend is expected to be one of the biggest music weekends in years for Minneapolis. Country music singer Creed Fisher seriously hurt in motorcycle crash near St. Cloud Texas country music singer Creed Fisher underwent multiple surgeries after his representatives say he was seriously hurt in a motorcycle crash on Saturday night near St. Cloud. Gena Rowlands, acting legend and star of "The Notebook," dies at 94 Gena Rowlands, hailed as one of the greatest actors to ever practice the craft, died at 94 on Wednesday, her representatives confirmed. Taylor Swift shows in Vienna canceled over alleged terrorist plot Authorities say two suspected extremists believed to be tied to ISIS appeared to be planning an attack on an event in the Vienna area. Napheesa Collier returns from the Olympic break to help the Lynx beat the Mystics, 79-68 Napheesa Collier had 17 points and 12 rebounds for her 13th double-double of the season, Courtney Williams added 14 points and five assists, and the Minnesota Lynx beat the Washington Mystics 79-68. Playoff-contending Twins put CF Byron Buxton on 10-day IL because of hip inflammation Minnesota Twins center fielder Byron Buxton has been placed on the 10-day injured list after coming out of a game earlier this week because of inflammation in his right hip. August primaries set the stage for November elections in Minnesota, Wisconsin The August primaries have set the stage for the main November event in both Minnesota and Wisconsin. August primaries set the stage for November elections in Minnesota, Wisconsin (part 2) The August primaries are in the books in both Minnesota and Wisconsin, setting the table for the main November elections in both states. In Talking Points, Esme Murphy spoke with Republican analyst and former state Senator Michelle Benson and Democratic analyst Abou Amara about the win in the U.S. Republican Senate primary of Royce White and the down ballot implications. 05:25 August primaries set the stage for November elections in Minnesota, Wisconsin (part 3) The August primaries are in the books in both Minnesota and Wisconsin, setting the table for the main November elections in both states. In Talking Points, Esme Murphy spoke with Republican analyst and former state Senator Michelle Benson and Democratic analyst Abou Amara about Wisconsin's U.S. Senate race that will now pit Republican Businessman Eric Hovde against two term incumbent Democrat Senator Tammy Baldwin. 06:56 August primaries set the stage for November elections in Minnesota, Wisconsin (part 1) The August primaries are in the books in both Minnesota and Wisconsin, setting the table for the main November elections in both states. In Talking Points, Esme Murphy spoke with political expert Larry Jacobs about the primary results, including Rep. Ilhan Omar winning her primary race. 07:21 Minnesota's secretary of state warns of election disinformation days before primary Minnesota Secretary of State Steve Simon is warning about disinformation in the days leading up to the state's primary and the November election. The story behind Minnesota's abandoned mine town Taconite Harbor There are a few ghost towns in our state, but how about a ghost harbor? In this week's Finding Minnesota, John Lauritsen looks at the rise and fall of Taconite Harbor in Cook County. Mystery Cave believed to be the largest in Minnesota with 13 miles of passages, underground lakes In this week's Finding Minnesota, John Lauritsen travels to Fillmore County to show us how Mystery Cave got its name. Spirit Mountain's alpine coaster offers thrills and beautiful views of Lake Superior Summer is roller coaster season in Minnesota. And there's one up north that provides a different kind of experience. In this week's Finding Minnesota, John Lauritsen shows us how pure gravity fuels the Timber Twister. Classic car museum near Buffalo keeps pieces of history out of the junkyard Instead of watching old, classic cars leave the state, a museum in Wright County is trying to keep them around at the Veit Museum near Buffalo. This unique sport keeps a small Minnesota town connected When Belgian immigrants settled in Ghent, they brought along rolle bolle — a sport that's sort of a cross between curling and lawn bowling — but you don't play with a ball, you play with a bolle. What do you need to know before buying an e-bike? If you visit one of Minnesota's many trail systems, it's almost expected to see someone not just riding a bike, but an electric one. Why are Halloween decorations already on display? The seasonal display at Michaels would have you thinking it's a crisp fall day in early October, but we haven't even snagged a Pronto Pup at the Minnesota State Fair yet. What is the creeping bellflower? And why is it so hard to get rid of? At first glance, it looks like a pretty purple flower. The creeping bellflower been popping up all over gardens, yards, and alleys this summer. What is color analysis and how does it work? It's not a new concept by any means. Color analysis has been around for decades and was wildly popular in the 1980s with the release of Carole Jackson's "Color Me Beautiful." New food, drinks and vendors for 2024 Minnesota State Fair The Minnesota State Fair has announced its new offerings for 2024, and they include plenty of fried foods, plenty of dairy, and plenty of sweet corn. See the full roster of new items here. 40 photos Storms roll through Minnesota Wednesday, bringing damage to some areas Many Minnesotans will be cleaning up Thursday from a storm system that brought sizable hail, heavy winds and possible tornado touchdowns. 11 photos Your photos of the northern lights in Minnesota: May 10, 2024 Minnesotans were delighted by an otherworldly light show Friday night that was on a level the state hadn't seen in nearly two decades. 27 photos Weather NEXT Weather: 6 p.m. forecast for Saturday August 17, 2024 We have some rain through the evening. Fog will roll in tonight and tomorrow morning. We will have temps in the 80s for Sunday and an air quality alert is in effect for parts of Minnesota until Monday around noon. 02:33 What is Next Weather? In Minnesota, weather can be all over the place. Here at WCCO, we want to give you what you need to prepare for what's happening next. Latest Videos NEXT Weather: 6 p.m. forecast for Saturday August 17, 2024 We have some rain through the evening. Fog will roll in tonight and tomorrow morning. We will have temps in the 80s for Sunday and an air quality alert is in effect for parts of Minnesota until Monday around noon. 02:33
7542	dbpedia	2	21	https://rotarytoronto.com/stories/mayor-john-tory-65th-mayor-of-toronto	en	Mayor John Tory, 65th Mayor of Toronto - National Club	https://clubrunner.blob.…hn-head-shot.jpg	https://clubrunner.blob.…hn-head-shot.jpg	[ "https://clubrunner.blob.core.windows.net/00000001153/ThemeLogos/en-ca/LightBG_rct-logo-new.jpeg", "https://clubrunner.blob.core.windows.net/00000001153/thumb/Images/Tory-John-head-shot.jpg?_=636759936619733010", "https://clubrunner.blob.core.windows.net/00000001153/Images/image_20210630-192308.png", "https://clubrunner.blob.core.windows.net/00000001153/Images/RCT%20Redesign/Rotaract-UofT.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Guest Speaker: Friday, October 12, 2018Location: The National Club, 303 Bay StreetTopic: Leadership That Works, A conversation with John ToryHost: Don BellCost: Toronto Rotarians: A lunch ticketVisiting Rotarians and Guests: $55 call 416-363-0604Email: office@rotarytoronto.com As the 65th Mayor of Toronto, John Tory has led the way in tackling traffic congestion and building transit. Mayor Tory has taken action to reduce commute times while moving forward with Torontoâs first-ever network transit plan that will see subway lines extended through the northwest end of the city into Vaughan and east to Scarborough, a significant expansion of the LRT network, and much greater use of GO lines across the city as part of SmartTrack, the Mayorâs signature transit initiative.	en	https://clubrunner.blob.core.windows.net/00000001153/Favicon/favicon.ico?time=638595345364296244	The Rotary Club of Toronto	https://rotarytoronto.com/stories/mayor-john-tory-65th-mayor-of-toronto	Guest Speaker: Friday, October 12, 2018 Location: The National Club, 303 Bay Street Topic: Leadership That Works, A conversation with John Tory Host: Don Bell Cost: Toronto Rotarians: A lunch ticket Visiting Rotarians and Guests: $55 call 416-363-0604 Email: office@rotarytoronto.com As the 65th Mayor of Toronto, John Tory has led the way in tackling traffic congestion and building transit. Mayor Tory has taken action to reduce commute times while moving forward with Torontoâs first-ever network transit plan that will see subway lines extended through the northwest end of the city into Vaughan and east to Scarborough, a significant expansion of the LRT network, and much greater use of GO lines across the city as part of SmartTrack, the Mayorâs signature transit initiative. Since being elected to office in 2014, he has been focused on ensuring Toronto remains a livable and affordable city, leading City Council in passing successive budgets that kept taxes at or below the rate of inflation while investing in priority services including housing, parks and student nutrition. He has worked to make the city government more modern and effective, to deliver better services at a more competitive price, and to be more open and accountable to the public. Born and raised in Toronto, Mayor Tory has spent his career giving back to the city he loves working with organizations like the United Way, St. Michaelâs Hospital and Civic Action. In office, he has been a constant champion for Toronto, securing billions of dollars from the provincial and federal governments for transit, housing and other vital infrastructure. He uses his experience leading organizations and businesses to promote Toronto on the world stage, attract jobs and investment, and secure the cityâs future as a global capital. Mayor Tory began his career practicing law in Toronto, and he was later elected as a managing partner of one of Canadaâs biggest law firms. In the 1980s he served as Principal Secretary to Premier Bill Davis and as Associate Secretary of the Ontario Cabinet. He has served as Commissioner of the Canadian Football League and as CEO of Rogers, one of the countryâs largest cable companies. His time in politics dates back to 2004 when he was chosen to lead the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, later serving as Leader of the Official Opposition at Queenâs Park. Mayor Tory is a lifelong, and long-suffering, Toronto Maple Leafs fan â and is an avid supporter of all Torontoâs teams and attractions. Mayor Tory and his wife Barbara have been married for 39 years, have four children and five grandchildren.
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"https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/content/experience-fragments/ctv_news/local/toronto/toronto-boa/master/_jcr_content/root/responsivegrid_78099/teaser_1461279347_co_1805837268.coreimg.png/1650379707643/ctv-news-app-promo.png", "https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/content/experience-fragments/ctv_news/local/toronto/toronto-boa/master/_jcr_content/root/responsivegrid_78099/teaser_1461279347_co.coreimg.png/1694179106442/ctvnews-social-logos-1.png", "https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/content/dam/common/logos/bellmedia/BellMedia.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2022-03-25T06:52:00-04:00	John Tory is hoping to lead Canada’s largest city for four more years.	en	/content/dam/ctvnews/newicons/favicon/favicon.ico	Toronto	https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/toronto-mayor-john-tory-to-run-for-a-third-term-in-october-s-election-1.5834182	John Tory is hoping to lead Canada’s largest city for four more years. Tory announced Friday morning that he will run for re-election in October, saying that he decided to seek a third consecutive term after getting his family’s blessing and support. “They're very understanding of that and we just had some discussions about how I could make sure that I try to achieve that balance that is always difficult for people in public life to achieve, in terms of the demands that you have on your time,” he told reporters at a press conference on Friday. First elected in 2014, the 67-year-old had previously mused about being a two-term mayor but backed away from that in recent years, suggesting that a third term was possible. Tory said that he loves leading Toronto and wants to continue advancing the city’s goals and growth. “I'm so enthusiastic about what we can do if we can protect our gains and if we can then build on those gains with transit, with housing, with film, with technology…,” he said. If Tory is re-elected and serves the entire four-year term he would become Toronto’s longest serving mayor, exceeding the 11 years that Art Eggleton spent in office (1980 to 1991). Tory spent much of his second tenure leading the city through the COVID-19 pandemic. At the beginning of the global health crisis, he declared the city’s first state of emergency in response to the deadly virus. Tory said a part of his reason for seeking re-election is to continue the work that was halted due to the pandemic. “...The concentration that we've had to put onto the pandemic and the management of the pandemic…made it more difficult to move ahead with some of the other things that are so important to building a city going forward,” Tory said. “And so I want to continue to dedicate myself, to put my experience to work, to make sure I can maintain the partnerships that we've established, to make progress on jobs, on housing, on transit, on the film industry.” Toronto mayor John Tory arrives to a press conference to update media on a tentative deal reached between the City of Toronto and the city's outside workers, in Toronto, Saturday, Feb. 29, 2020. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Cole Burston Scarborough Centre Councillor Michael Thompson, who is also seeking re-election, says he supports Tory’s run for a third term. “Mayor Tory has been such a strong leader and actually folks from across this country have looked to him for strength, particularly what we've gone through over the last two years,” he told CP24. “I do believe Torontonians will give him a covered mandate. I do think that he has worked hard enough on behalf of Torontonians,” he added. Tory said he will release his election platform in May when campaigning begins, but for now wants to continue focusing on governing the city. “We have a huge roster of things that are going to happen next week, for example the executive committee that involves the implementation of transit, more measures to help people experiencing homelessness and so on. The work of the City Hall and the work of the mayor and council colleagues goes on.” Tory was first elected as Toronto’s mayor in 2014. He was re-elected in 2018 and returned to City Hall with a slimmed-down council following Premier Doug Ford’s decision to slash the number of wards in the middle of the campaign. If Tory wins a third term he says a fourth run is very unlikely. “I'll be lucky if the voters entrust me with a third term giving me the privilege of having this job for another four years, and beyond that I think there'll be other things that I might do.” The municipal election is scheduled for Oct. 24.
7542	dbpedia	0	80	https://www.scs.on.ca/an-interview-with-john-tory/	en	An Interview with John Tory – St. Clement's	https://www.scs.on.ca/wp…s/johntory-1.jpg		[ "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/themes/understrap-child/img/logo.svg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/themes/understrap-child/img/logo.svg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/themes/understrap-child/img/logo-white.svg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/themes/understrap-child/img/logo-white.svg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/johntory-1.jpg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/knorthphotography.SCSAdmissionsMay2019-329.jpg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/knorthphotography.SCSAdmissionsMay2019-329.jpg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/Capture-2.png", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/Capture-2.png", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/DSC_9201.jpg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/DSC_9201.jpg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/themes/understrap-child/img/logo.svg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/themes/understrap-child/img/logo.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://www.scs.on.ca/wp…hild/favicon.png		https://www.scs.on.ca/an-interview-with-john-tory/	In late September I sat down with John Tory and asked him some questions about his campaign. The Toronto native was elected Toronto’s Mayor on October 27, 2014. 1. What legacy do you want to be remembered by if you are elected mayor? I want to build SmartTrack to get Toronto Back on Track. Building 22 transit stops in Toronto and providing better transit for Torontonians is a legacy I would be proud to have. 2. What is the first thing you will do when you arrive at City Hall? The first thing I will do at City Hall is get council working together again and focus on important infrastructure projects in the city. The provincial and federal governments have both agreed to build the Scarborough subway, and I will to work with them to achieve this. 3. Do you have any advice for aspiring politicians? Get involved – I first got involved in politics at a young age through canvassing for a local candidate and have learned so much through a variety of roles. The best way to understand what goes into a campaign and getting elected is to start now. There are many ways to be civically engaged; I encourage you to get involved in any way you can. 4. What has been a highlight of the campaign? Have there been any disappointments or surprises? Every day there are surprises along the way. The best moments for me have been when I am out meeting voters and hearing about how they, too, want Toronto Back on Track. I love hearing that my ideas are resonating with voters and when people are excited about the election. We have a great team on the campaign, and I love going out with such a great group of volunteers. I encourage anyone looking to get involved to come out and hear what people are saying. Campaigning is a lot of fun and a great way to get to know Toronto. 5. Why should we elect you as our mayor? I have a positive vision to get Toronto Back on Track. My SmartTrack plan will bring 22 new transit stops in just 7 years, which will help relieve congestion and bring transit relief that is desperately needed. This will make a huge difference to [our youth’s] future in Toronto. You will now be able to choose to live in one part of the city and have an easy way to get to work in another part. It will help bring jobs and growth to Toronto, which is important for the future of the city. 6. What differentiates you from other candidates? I think the main difference between me and the other candidates is the fact that I have a vision and I will work with City Council and the other levels of government to get things done. I have a good long-standing working relationship with both the Provincial and Federal governments. Galvanizing big projects in Toronto requires engaging and working with all three levels of government. I am the only candidate who is able to say I can work with both governments to get moving on the things important to our city. Without the City Council working together in the past four years, we have seen what can happen. It is crucial to have a leader who can bring people together for the best interests of Toronto. 7. What is an issue that has affected you personally, and why do you want to change this issue? The issue of inequality between different neighborhoods in our city is an issue that is very important to me. I believe that many areas in our city need to have a stronger voice in government to help them move forward with the rest of Toronto. We need to be One Toronto and that is something I am committed to working on to help those less fortunate in our city. 8. If you had an unlimited budget what would you do? I want to help fix the state of transit. We should have been building a transit stop every year to keep up with the growth of our city. We have a lot of catching up to do, especially in certain parts of the city, such as Scarborough. There are many transit projects that have been talked about that would be great to get started on. Unfortunately, with tough budget limitations, we can’t start building all of them right away. I have decided to prioritize SmartTrack in order to bring real transit relief. 9. What will be the most difficult part of your job as mayor? There have been so many good ideas discussed in this election and there are many things I would like to accomplish. My main priority will be SmartTrack. I believe it will make a big difference to a large number of Torontonians. There are, however, other projects we need to consider as well. We will have to think carefully about how to balance all the competing priorities in the city. 10. What political leader in history do you admire the most? The political leader I admire the most is former Premier Bill Davis. He was a mentor of mine and a great Premier for our province. 11. Ms Stinz, Mr. Rob Ford and Mr. Soknacki have recently quit the mayoral race. Has this affected your strategy or changed the way you are approaching election day? I am focused on my positive message to get Toronto Back on Track, so my strategy has not changed with candidates leaving the race. My team and I campaign every day as if we are 5 points behind in the polls and are focused on our strategies to get us to Election Day.
7542	dbpedia	0	18	https://www.cp24.com/news/a-closer-look-at-john-tory-resigning-as-mayor-of-toronto-over-affair-1.6269790%3Fcache%3Da%2Bhref	en	A closer look at John Tory, resigning as mayor of Toronto over affair	https://www.cp24.com/pol…pe_620/image.jpg	https://www.cp24.com/pol…pe_620/image.jpg	[ "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.6269795.1676090401!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_225/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004685.1723922051!/httpImage/image.jpeg_gen/derivatives/landscape_800/image.jpeg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004752.1723927783!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_800/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004786.1723930676!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_800/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.6865427.1714357246!/image/image.jpeg_gen/derivatives/landscape_190/image.jpeg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.6911043.1717419954!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_190/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7002184.1723747676!/httpImage/image.jpeg_gen/derivatives/landscape_190/image.jpeg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004844.1723934199!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_190/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004426.1723899481!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_190/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7002985.1723803796!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_190/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004763.1723928214!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004460.1723903513!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004442.1723902540!/httpImage/image.jpeg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpeg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004408.1723896424!/httpImage/image.jpeg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpeg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.4920236.1588331711!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004685.1723922051!/httpImage/image.jpeg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpeg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004447.1723902633!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004476.1723905481!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004752.1723927783!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004288.1723856651!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.6360493.1681837989!/image/image.png_gen/derivatives/landscape_620/image.png", "https://www.ctvnews.ca/polopoly_fs/1.4264165!/httpImage/image.png", "https://www.ctvnews.ca/polopoly_fs/1.4264174!/httpImage/image.png", "https://www.ctvnews.ca/polopoly_fs/7.726389!/httpImage/image.png", "https://www.ctvnews.ca/polopoly_fs/7.726390!/httpImage/image.png", "https://www.ctvnews.ca/polopoly_fs/7.711875!/httpImage/image.png", "https://static.ctvnews.ca/bellmedia/common/img/logos/footer-logo_cp24.jpg", "https://static.ctvnews.ca/bellmedia/common/img/logos/bellmedia_logo.gif", "https://www.cp24.com/logger/p.gif?a=1.6269790&d=/2.628/2.629/2.614/2.925" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Liam Casey" ]	2023-02-10T23:42:00-05:00	John Tory, a 68-year-old born-and-bred Torontonian and member of the city's business and political elite, resigned as its mayor on Friday after admitting to an inappropriate relationship with a staffer.	en	https://static.ctvnews.ca/bellmedia/cp24/img/favicon.ico	CP24	https://www.cp24.com/news/a-closer-look-at-john-tory-resigning-as-mayor-of-toronto-over-affair-1.6269790?cache=a+href	TORONTO - John Tory, a 68-year-old born-and-bred Torontonian and member of the city's business and political elite, resigned as its mayor on Friday after admitting to an inappropriate relationship with a staffer. Tory was born into a successful family with a major law firm, Torys, founded by his grandfather. His father, John A. Tory, worked at the firm, but later moved on to work with the Thomson family to run their financial holding company. His father also served on the board of directors of Rogers Communications. The younger Tory completed high school and post-secondary school in Toronto in the 1970s, eventually graduating with a law degree. Tory worked for Rogers-owned radio stations before getting into politics. He worked in then-premier Bill Davis's Progressive Conservative government in the early 1980s. He'd later work as a lawyer while also serving on campaigns for then-prime minister Brian Mulroney, as well as his successor Kim Campbell in 1993. In 1995, Tory moved over to run Rogers Media as its CEO and president. He took the helm of the company's cable division around the turn of the millennium During that stretch he also served as the Canadian Football League's commissioner. But Tory returned to politics and won the race to lead the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party. Tory served as its leader for five years starting in 2004. He was elected in a byelection in 2005 in a central Ontario riding, but vowed to run in Toronto in the 2007 general election. He faced many warnings he would lose the head-to-head battle with the popular Liberal holding the Don Valley West seat he was eyeing then-education minister Kathleen Wynne. He lost the race for that seat, and his party fared little better provincially. Tory's controversial campaign promise to extend public funding to religious schools led the Progressive Conservatives to a disappointing showing. Despite calls to resign and a dismal 66.9 per cent approval rating in a leadership vote the year before, Tory vowed to stay and learn from his mistakes. Eventually in 2009, caucus member Laurie Scott gave up her Haliburton-Kawartha Lakes-Brock seat so Tory could run in a byelection there, but he lost that race as well and resigned as party leader. He settled in as a radio host weekdays for several hours on Live Drive during Toronto's notoriously long rush-hour. But he waded back into politics to run as mayor. When Tory launched his mayoral bid in 2014, he faced off against scandal-plagued incumbent Mayor Rob Ford. Tory ran on a platform of change, a transit vision for the city and low taxes. With weeks to go before the election, Rob Ford pulled out of the race due to health concerns. Doug Ford, the mayor's older brother and councillor of his old ward, stepped in to run in his stead. Tory beat Ford by 64,000 votes. In 2018, he ran against the city's Chief Planner, Jennifer Keesmaat, and won handily. He became an ally to Doug Ford, who became premier of Ontario that year. Tory cruised to a third mayoral term less than four months ago, garnering 62 per cent of the vote in last October's municipal election. Recent legislation from Ford's government granted Toronto strong mayor powers in return for help building houses quickly. Tory supported the controversial measure. He presided over the COVID-19 pandemic and tough financial straits at the city. Tory faced heavy criticism for his pro-police stance. He angered the homeless population and their supporters. This report by The Canadian Press was first published Feb. 10, 2023. --with files from Allison Jones
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7542	dbpedia	1	0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tory	en	John Tory	https://upload.wikimedia…28cropped%29.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…28cropped%29.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mayor_John_Tory_in_Toronto_at_the_Good_Friday_Procession_-_2018_%2827264606888%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mayor_John_Tory_in_Toronto_at_the_Good_Friday_Procession_-_2018_%2827264606888%29_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/John_Tory.jpg/220px-John_Tory.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pupatello_and_Tory.jpg/220px-Pupatello_and_Tory.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Toronto_2014_mayoral_debate.jpg/220px-Toronto_2014_mayoral_debate.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ToryVote2018.jpg/220px-ToryVote2018.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Toronto%2C_Canada.svg/50px-Flag_of_Toronto%2C_Canada.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Blue_Trillium.png/100px-Blue_Trillium.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2004-03-26T23:35:48+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tory	Mayor of Toronto from 2014 to 2023 For other uses, see John Tory (disambiguation). John Howard Tory (born May 28, 1954) is a Canadian broadcaster, businessman, and former politician who served as the 65th mayor of Toronto from 2014 to 2023. He served as leader of the Official Opposition in Ontario from 2005 to 2007 while he was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario from 2004 to 2009. After a career as a lawyer, political strategist and businessman, Tory ran as a mayoral candidate in the 2003 Toronto municipal election and lost to David Miller. Tory was subsequently elected as Ontario PC leader from 2004 to 2009, and was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario representing Dufferin—Peel—Wellington—Grey and serving as the leader of the Opposition in Ontario from 2005 to 2007. After his resignation as PC leader in 2009, Tory became a radio talk show host on CFRB. Despite widespread speculation, Tory did not run for mayor again in 2010. He was also the volunteer chair of the non-profit group CivicAction from 2010 to 2014. On October 27, 2014, Tory was elected mayor of Toronto, defeating incumbent mayor Rob Ford's brother, councillor Doug Ford and former councillor and member of Parliament (MP) Olivia Chow. On October 22, 2018, he was re-elected mayor of Toronto in the 2018 mayoral election, defeating former chief city planner Jennifer Keesmaat.[1] He was elected to a third term as mayor on October 24, 2022, after defeating urbanist Gil Penalosa.[2] He announced his intention to imminently resign as mayor on February 10, 2023, after admitting to having an affair with a staffer during the COVID-19 pandemic.[3][4] He submitted his resignation letter to the city clerk on February 15, and formally left office on February 17, at 5 p.m.[5] Tory was succeeded by Olivia Chow as mayor of Toronto. Early life and education [edit] John Howard Tory, the eldest of four, was born on May 28, 1954, in Toronto, Ontario,[6] to Elizabeth (née Bacon) and John A. Tory, president of Thomson Investments Limited and a director of Rogers Communications.[7] His grandfather was lawyer John S. D. Tory and his great-grandfather founded Sun Life of Canada.[8] He attended the University of Toronto Schools, at the time a publicly-funded high school affiliated with the University of Toronto.[9][10] He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Trinity College at the University of Toronto in 1975.[11] He received his Bachelor of Laws degree in 1978 from Osgoode Hall Law School of York University.[12] He was called to the bar in Ontario in 1980.[12] Business and early political career [edit] From 1972 to 1979, Tory was hired by family friend Ted Rogers as a journalist for Rogers Broadcasting's Toronto radio stations CFTR and CHFI. From 1980 to 1981, and later from 1986 to 1995, Tory held various positions at Tory, Tory, DesLauriers & Binnington including partner, managing partner, and member of the Executive Committee.[13] From 1981 to 1985, Tory served in the office of the premier of Ontario, Bill Davis, as principal secretary to the premier and associate secretary of the cabinet. After Davis retired as premier in 1985, Tory joined the office of the Canadian Special Envoy on Acid Rain, as special advisor. The special envoy had been appointed by the Mulroney government to review matters of air quality with a United States counterpart. Tory supported Dianne Cunningham's bid to lead the Ontario PCs in 1990.[14] Tory later served as tour director and campaign chairman to then Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, and managed the 1993 federal election campaign of Mulroney's successor, Kim Campbell. In his role as the Progressive Conservative campaign co-manager that year, he authorized two infamous campaign ads that ridiculed Liberal candidate Jean Chretien's face, which is partially paralyzed due to a childhood disease. The ads were greeted with much outcry among the Canadian public. They were withdrawn ten days after their first airings, and the Progressive Conservatives would proceed to be decimated in the federal election.[15] From 1995 to 1999, he returned to Rogers Communications, but this time as president and CEO of Rogers Media[16] which had become one of Canada's largest publishing and broadcasting companies. Rogers has interests in radio and television stations, internet, specialty television channels, consumer magazines, trade magazines and, at the time, the Toronto Sun and the Sun newspaper chain. In 1999, he became president and CEO of Rogers subsidiary Rogers Cable, which he led through a period of transition from a monopoly environment to an open marketplace, overseeing a significant increase in operating income. Tory stepped down after Ted Rogers announced that he would stay on as president and CEO of parent company Rogers Communications. He served as the ninth commissioner of the Canadian Football League from 1996 to 2000.[16] Tory later was a board member of Rogers between 2010 and 2014, stepping down to run for Mayor of Toronto.[17] Tory continued to have an interest in being a broadcaster throughout his life and, as a Rogers executive, hosted a public affairs program on Rogers Cable's community access channel for many years. He sat as a board member of Metro Inc., the Quebec-based parent corporation for Metro and Food Basics grocery stores.[18] First campaign for mayor (2003) [edit] After six years as a key backer of retiring Toronto Mayor Mel Lastman, Tory ran in the November 2003 election for mayor of Toronto. He finished in second place, behind councillor David Miller and ahead of former mayor Barbara Hall, former councillor and MP John Nunziata, and former councillor and budget chief Tom Jakobek. Tory and Miller both entered the race with limited name recognition and support, but each quickly claimed a core base—Miller among progressives and Tory among more conservative voters. Meanwhile, Hall's initially commanding lead slowly dissipated over the course of the campaign, and the campaigns of both Nunziata and Jakobek were sidelined by controversies.[citation needed] Tory also accepted an endorsement from the Toronto Police Association. He held the traditional suburban conservative vote that had helped to elect Mel Lastman in the 1997 mayor's campaign, but lost the overall vote to Miller in a close race. After the election, Tory helped Miller and Hall raise funds to repay their campaign debts.[citation needed] Leader of the Ontario PC Party [edit] In March 2004, Tory hinted that he would be seeking the leadership of the Progressive Conservatives, after Ernie Eves announced his intention to resign from that post. The provincial PC leadership election was announced for September 18, 2004, and Tory made his candidacy official on May 6, 2004. John Laschinger was appointed to be Tory's campaign manager. Tory won the support of former provincial cabinet ministers Elizabeth Witmer, David Tsubouchi, Jim Wilson, Janet Ecker, Chris Hodgson, Cam Jackson, Phil Gillies and Bob Runciman as well as backbench members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs) Norm Miller, Laurie Scott, Ted Arnott and John O'Toole. Tory's opponents for the leadership post were former provincial minister of finance Jim Flaherty and Oak Ridges MPP Frank Klees. Tory defeated Flaherty with 54 per cent on the second ballot. When Flaherty later left provincial politics to seek a seat in the House of Commons as a member of the Conservative Party of Canada, Tory endorsed his former rival in the 2006 election; Flaherty was elected and was appointed the federal minister of finance. Tory also campaigned prominently with Flaherty's wife Christine Elliott in the provincial by-election held March 30, enabling her to win the seat formerly held by her husband. Tory told the media in November 2004 that he would seek election to the legislature in time for the spring 2005 legislative session. On January 31, 2005, after much public speculation and some delay, Ernie Eves resigned his seat and cleared the way for Tory to run in Dufferin—Peel—Wellington—Grey, the safest PC seat in the province. As a "parachute candidate", Tory faced some criticism about his commitment to the riding. Nevertheless, he easily won the March 17, 2005 by-election with 56 per cent of the vote. Former premier Bill Davis appeared for Tory's first session in the legislature as PC leader. 2007 Ontario general election [edit] See also: 2007 Ontario general election In the 2007 general election, Tory ran in the Toronto riding of Don Valley West, the area where he grew up, raised his family and lived most of his life. Tory released his platform on June 9, 2007. The platform, A Plan for a Better Ontario, commits a PC government to eliminate the health care tax introduced by the previous government, put scrubbers on coal-fired power plants,[19] address Ontario's doctor shortage,[20] allow new private health care partnerships provided services are paid by the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP),[21] impose more penalties on illegal land occupations in response to the Caledonia land dispute,[22] fast-track the building of nuclear power plants,[23] and invest the gas tax in public transit and roads.[24] A costing of the platform released in August estimated that the PC promises would cost an additional $14 billion over four years.[25] The PC campaign was formally launched on September 3.[26] Most of the campaign was dominated by discussion of his plan to extend public funding to Ontario's faith-based separate schools,[27] during which Tory supported allowing the teaching of creationism in religious studies classes.[28] Earlier in the year, indications were that the party would have been a strong contender to win the election, but the school funding promise resulted in the Liberals regaining the lead in popular support for the duration of the campaign.[29] Later in the campaign, in the face of heavy opposition, Tory promised a free vote on the issue.[30] With the beginning of the official campaign period on September 10, the PC campaign made clear its intention to make the previous government's record a key issue. In particular, Tory focused on the Liberals' 2003 election and 2004 pre-budget promise not to raise taxes and their subsequent imposition of a health care tax.[31] On election night, the PCs made minor gains and remained the Official Opposition while Dalton McGuinty's Liberals were re-elected with a majority. Tory was defeated in Don Valley West by the incumbent Ontario Liberal MPP, Minister of Education Kathleen Wynne.[32] Although Tory was defeated in both his riding of Don Valley West and the race for the premiership, he said that he would stay on as leader unless the party wanted him to resign.[29][33] Leading from outside the legislature [edit] As a result of the election loss, the party decided to hold a leadership review vote at its 2008 general party meeting in London.[34] Tory received 66.9 percent support, lower than internal tracking which showed him in the more comfortable 70 percent range. Three hours after the leadership review vote, Tory announced to the delegates that he would be staying on as leader.[35] He came under heavy criticism from several party members following this delay, with his opponents signalling that they would continue to call for an end to what they called his 'weak' leadership.[36] Other party members supported Tory, saying that his opponents should accept the results and move on.[35][36] Throughout 2008, Tory's leadership of the party was perceived to be tenuous, as he faced widespread criticism for his seeming failure to convince a sitting MPP to resign in order to open a seat for him. Most notably, Bill Murdoch called for Tory to resign as party leader in September, resulting in his suspension from the party caucus on September 12.[37] Six days later, Murdoch was permanently expelled from the party caucus. In December 2008, media pundits speculated that Prime Minister Stephen Harper would appoint PC MPP Bob Runciman to the Senate in order to clear the way for Tory to run in Runciman's comfortably safe riding of Leeds—Grenville. However, Harper did not do so. On January 9, 2009, PC MPP Laurie Scott announced her resignation from the legislature, allowing Tory to run in the resulting by-election in Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock, a normally safe PC riding in central Ontario. In exchange for agreeing to resign, Scott was given the post of chair of the party's election preparedness committee until the 2011 election, and $100,000 in severance pay.[38][39] On March 5, 2009, he lost the by-election to Liberal candidate Rick Johnson.[40] Tory announced his resignation from the party leadership the next day and was succeeded by Bob Runciman as interim leader; Runciman had served twice as leader of the opposition during the two times Tory did not have a seat in the legislature. Niagara West—Glanbrook MPP Tim Hudak won the 2009 Ontario Progressive Conservative leadership election to become party leader and opposition leader.[41] Return to broadcasting [edit] Several weeks following the end of his provincial political career, Tory announced he was returning to broadcasting, to host a Sunday evening phone-in show on Toronto talk radio station CFRB. The John Tory Show simulcast on CHAM in Hamilton and CKTB in St. Catharines.[42] He was also looking for opportunities in business, law or the non-profit sector.[43] In the fall of 2009, CFRB moved Tory to its Monday to Friday afternoon slot, for a new show, Live Drive, airing from 4pm to 7pm.[44] The show first broadcast on October 5, 2009.[45] Tory was considering challenging incumbent Toronto Mayor David Miller in the 2010 municipal election as was Ontario Deputy Premier George Smitherman.[44] On September 25, 2009, Miller announced he was not running for re-election.[46] Tory announced on January 7 that he was not running in order to continue his radio show and also become head of the Toronto City Summit Alliance.[47][48][49][50][51] On August 5, 2010, after a week of press speculation that he was about to re-enter the race, Tory confirmed that he would not be running in 2010 for mayor of Toronto.[52] Tory's last broadcast was February 21, 2014, after which he declared his candidacy for mayor.[53] Mayor of Toronto (2014–2023) [edit] Elections [edit] Tory registered as a candidate for the 2014 Toronto mayoral election on February 24, 2014. In his launch video he stated that building a Yonge Street relief line was "job one" if elected mayor.[54] On May 27, he announced his Toronto relief plan, entitled SmartTrack, providing electric commuter rail along existing GO train infrastructure with service from Unionville to Pearson Airport.[55][56] SmartTrack construction has still not begun as well as having seen several changes.[57] On October 27, 2014, Tory was elected as mayor of Toronto.[58] Tory became mayor of Toronto on December 1, 2014. He spent his first day meeting with Premier Kathleen Wynne, emphasizing the importance of working with other levels of government. He also announced that Councillor Denzil Minnan-Wong would be his deputy mayor. Minnan-Wong remained in the position for two terms, but did not seek re-election in 2022, and Tory selected Councillor Jennifer McKelvie as deputy mayor for his third term.[59][60] On May 1, 2018, Tory registered his candidacy for re-election.[61] Tory retained a high approval rating at 58%, with only 24% disapproving, and 18% undecided. He was a front runner in the polls for the mayoral election at 65–70% support.[62] Tory was re-elected mayor of Toronto on October 22, 2018, defeating former chief city planner Jennifer Keesmaat with 63.49% of the vote.[63][64] Tory was re-elected to a third term in 2022, defeating urbanist Gil Penalosa with 62% of the vote.[65] Community safety and policing [edit] Tory has sat on the Toronto Police Services Board (TPSB) since his election as mayor in 2014. The TPSB oversees the Toronto Police Service (TPS) by hiring the chief of police, setting policies, and approving the annual police budget. Soon after the 2014 election, the TPSB quashed rules governing the use of the community contacts policy ("carding"),[66] a controversial practice allowing police to randomly and routinely stop and demand identification and personal information from any individual deemed suspicious.[67] The information collected is kept on record for an unspecified period and is easily accessible by police officers.[67] Opponents allege it disproportionately targets Black people.[68] The previous rules, brought in by former police chief Bill Blair, had required police to inform stopped individuals of their rights and to keep a record of each stop.[67] Blair had also suspended the practice pending new rules.[67] Despite public demand to completely end carding, Tory initially defended the policy in general, stating it should be reformed, but not stopped.[68] The practice was defended by the police union, which maintained that it was a "proven, pro-active police investigative strategy that reduces, prevents and solves crime".[69] On June 7, 2015, Tory called for an end to the policy, describing it as "illegitimate, disrespectful and hurtful" and stating it had "eroded the public trust".[69] In the TPSB meeting on June 18, Tory introduced a motion to end carding,[70] however, the motion was subsequently amended to return to an initial 2014 version of the policy, which required officers to notify those they stop that the contact is voluntary and issue a physical receipt following the interaction.[71][72] Carding was effectively ended province-wide in 2017 when the provincial community safety minister, Yasir Naqvi, issued a regulation banning police from collecting data arbitrarily.[73][74] Police reform [edit] On June 25, 2020, in response to calls for police reform following the murder of George Floyd in the United States and a series of similar incidents in Toronto such as the death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet,[75] councillors Josh Matlow and Kristyn Wong-Tam introduced a motion to cut the Toronto police budget by $122 million, or 10 per cent, and reallocate funds to community programming.[76][77] Tory, along with a majority of council, rejected the proposal, instead passing a series of motions supported by Tory which did not include immediate defunding of the police.[78] Among the motions included the creation of a non-police crisis response pilot program and a $5 million funding increase to allow for front-line officers to be equipped with body cameras.[78][79] Tory claimed that a reduction in budget was likely if the program was successful.[75] During his term of office, he insisted on strengthening the resources of the police, the municipality's main financial asset. The priority given to the police was at the expense of social services and housing, whose budgets were reduced.[80] Toronto Community Crisis Service [edit] At its meeting on June 25, 2020, Toronto City Council considered a series of motions aimed at reforming policing and crisis response in the city.[81] Tory tabled a motion to "detask" the police. The city would explore how duties currently assigned to sworn officers would be assumed by "alternative models of community safety response" to incidents where neither violence nor weapons are at issue.[75][82] The proposal would "commit that its first funding priority for future budgets [be] centered [sic] on a robust system of social supports and services" and make an itemized line-by-line breakdown of the police budget public; a reduction in the police budget would likely ensue, according to the motion.[75] Tory's motion passed unanimously on June 29.[81] On January 26, 2022, the Executive Committee approved a staff report outlining an implementation plan for the pilot program.[83][84] It was subsequently adopted by city council on February 2.[84] According to Tory, "the pilots will allow the city to test and to evaluate and to revise this model before we implement it on a larger scale but make no mistake it is our intention to implement it on a larger scale and to have it city-wide by 2025 at the latest".[83] In March 2022, the city launched the Toronto Community Crisis Service pilot program.[85] TTC safety [edit] In 2022 and 2023, Toronto saw a series of violent incidents on the transit system, which saw employees and passengers seriously injured or killed in seemingly random attacks.[86] Union leaders and passenger advocacy groups demanded action from the city, calling for increased mental health programs, social services and security.[87][88] On January 26, 2023, Tory, along with police chief Myron Demkiw and TTC CEO Rick Leary announced that the city would deploy 80 additional police officers to patrol the transit system, using off-duty officers in an overtime capacity.[89] Additionally, the TTC announced it would deploy 20 workers to provide outreach services to the homeless population on the TTC, and 50 security guards.[90][91] Transportation [edit] SmartTrack [edit] Main article: SmartTrack As part of his campaign in 2014, Tory proposed utilizing existing GO Transit rail corridors to construct an above ground relief line, building on the existing GO Regional Express Rail expansion plan. The proposal would see the service operate 22 "surface subway" stations alongside GO trains from Mississauga's Airport Corporate Centre south through Etobicoke towards Union Station, then north towards Markham.[92][93] Tory initially said that the proposal would cost $8 billion, with the city covering $2.5 billion, funded through tax increment financing,[92] and that SmartTrack would be completed in seven years.[94] After his election, as city and Metrolinx staff began studying his proposal, SmartTrack plans began to change, with stations changing, and questions raised surrounding the costs and integration. An updated plan saw the western portion being dropped in favour of extending the Eglinton Crosstown LRT.[95][96] As other transit projects emerged, such as the Ontario Line, stations were dropped which would be serviced by new proposals.[97] The plan currently in place sees the construction of five new transit stations being completed in 2026, at a cost of $1.463 billion to the city.[97][98] Scarborough Subway extension [edit] Tory supports a one-stop extension of Toronto subway Line 2 to serve a proposed transit hub at the Scarborough Town Centre[99] as opposed to the three-stop Scarborough previously approved and fully funded under Ford.[100][101][102] The LRT alternative failed in council in 2016.[103] The Scarborough Subway Extension has completed the planning stage and as of 2016 was in the detailed design stage, with an estimated operation date of 2023.[104] Gardiner Expressway [edit] In 2016, council faced a decision on the future of the elevated portion of the Gardiner Expressway east of Jarvis Street, as the aging structure would require significant renovations it was to remain in service beyond 2020.[105] Citing his election promise to improve traffic, Tory supported a hybrid option, which would see roughly $1 billion spent to reconstruct the structure with on and off ramps reconfigured.[106][107] The alternative proposal would have seen the expressway torn down at a cost of $461 million.[105] On this issue, three members of his executive committee opposed him.[108] Other politicians, including former mayor David Crombie and former chief city planner and 2018 Toronto mayoral candidate Jennifer Keesmaat opposed the renovation of the Gardiner Expressway, and prefer to tear it down instead.[109][110][111] Road tolls [edit] During the 2003 election, Tory initially positioned himself against road tolls.[112] As mayor, Tory's position softened in 2016 when the city considered how it could raise revenue to fund transit projects.[112] In November 2016, Tory's announced that he would support tolls on the two municipally-owned expressways, the Gardiner Expressway and Don Valley Parkway, which would have raised roughly $200 million annually.[113][114][115] The proposal passed city council, however, as the municipal government is a creation of the provincial legislature, the city would need approval from the province to implement tolls, as the City of Toronto Act, which lays out the city's legal powers did not allow for road tolls.[113] The provincial government ultimately rejected the idea in January 2017, with Premier Wynne stating that her government could not endorse road tolls on the Gardiner and Don Valley Parkway until better transit alternatives were in place for commuters outside of the city to enter downtown. Wynne instead committed to increasing the municipal share of the gas tax, which would give the city $170 million annually by 2022.[116] While Tory was thankful for the increased gas tax share, he harshly criticized the province for denying the city a long-term option.[116] During the 2022 municipal election, Tory once again floated the idea of introducing road tolls. The provincial government under Premier Doug Ford once again rejected the idea.[117] Housing [edit] In 2014, Tory selected Councillor Ana Bailão to be the chair of the affordable housing committee.[118] Modular housing [edit] In September 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, the city launched a housing response plan which would see 1000 units of modular housing contracted.[119] The initiative identifies city owned sites to place the units and is part of the city's housing strategy.[120] Toronto Seniors Housing Corporation [edit] In 2021, the city launched a senior-focused social housing provider known as the Toronto Seniors Housing Corporation. It provides housing to 15,000 low and moderate income seniors in 83 Toronto Community Housing Corporation buildings, and employs staff from Toronto Community Housing's former seniors unit.[121][122] ModernTO [edit] Initially launched in 2019 to optimize the city's office space,[123] the ModernTO initiative was adopted by Toronto City Council in April 2022 and seeks to redevelop a number of city-owned properties as affordable housing. The initiative sees the city reduce its office footprint from 55 to 15 locations by creating office hubs in central buildings such as City Hall, the civic centres and Metro Hall. Eight buildings will be repurposed into affordable housing, creating 500 to 600 units.[124][125] 2023 housing action plan [edit] Following the 2022 election, Tory introduced a suite of proposals in city council which would overhaul the city's housing strategy.[126] The proposals include ending exclusionary zoning, which would update by-laws to legalize laneway suites and garden suites, as well as exempting developments of four units or less from development charges. It includes incentivizing construction of rental housing by reducing fees and charges, the creation of a new Development and Growth Division, which aims at speeding up approval times. The proposal also allocates a portion of city-owned land to be developed by non-profits, asks the province to allow the city to create a "use it or loose it" policy for developers sitting on approved but undeveloped land.[127][126] City staff will report back to council in March 2023 with a report on how to implement the changes.[128] While introduced with the housing action plan, a separate item includes legalize rooming houses city-wide by March 2024, which was previously deferred due to lack of support on council.[126] The proposal was described as "a profoundly bold plan" by former chief planner Jennifer Keesmaat, who ran against Tory for mayor in 2018, and praised by housing advocacy groups. Councillor Stephen Holyday described the plan as a "death blow" to detached homes such as those in his Etobicoke Centre ward.[126] Parks and recreation [edit] Rail Deck Park [edit] Main article: Rail Deck Park In August 2016, Tory proposed the development of a 21-acre greenspace in the downtown core constructed above the Railway Lands. The proposed park would span between the Rogers Centre and Bathurst Street.[129][130] The proposal was priced at $1.66 billion.[131] The plan was contingent on the city securing air rights to the lands above the railway, owned by Canadian National Railway and Toronto Terminals Railway.[132] A group of private developers disputed this, claiming they had already owned the air rights.[133] City council moved to re-zone the area above the railway for park use only,[133] which would prevent developers from building residential buildings as is the case in the surrounding area.[133] The developers sided with the city in the provincial government's Local Planning Appeal Tribunal (LPAT), which sided with the city, noting the growing downtown core and a lack of open space.[134] The developers wished to build a 12-acre park as part of a development of eight condo and office towers.[135] In May 2021, LPAT issued a new ruling in response to sided with the developers, ruling the city should not have rejected a proposal to build a "mixed use community" over the land.[136][137] The tribunal decision effectively ended the city's plans to develop the land as park space.[138] In a statement, Tory said he was "deeply disappointed" by the ruling and "the possible impact on the future of Rail Deck Park".[136] The development group plans to build a park at half the size of the city's original proposal, with mixed use towers taking up the remaining space.[139] COVID-19 pandemic [edit] On March 23, 2020, a state of emergency was declared in Toronto by Tory, amid the COVID-19 pandemic.[140][141] This came six days after Ontario Premier Doug Ford declared a state of emergency in the province,[142] which included prohibition of all public events of over 50 people (later reduced to 5 people on March 28), closure of bars and restaurants (with the exception that restaurants could continue to provide takeout and delivery services) as well as libraries, theatres, cinemas, schools and daycares.[143][144] On March 31, Tory announced that the City of Toronto would cancel all city-led major events, festivals, conferences, permits and cultural programs until June 30.[145] Beginning after Canada Day, street parking enforcement as well as fare evasion enforcement returned to Toronto and the Toronto Transit Commission respectively.[146] From July 2, 2020, face masks or coverings were required to be worn on the TTC.[147] After July 7, masks were required in enclosed, public places.[148] Strong-mayor powers [edit] Prior to the 2022 election, at the request of Tory,[149] Premier Doug Ford's provincial government introduced legislation known as the Strong Mayors, Building More Homes Act, 2022, which granted Tory additional powers including the development of the budget, creating council committees, appointing the chairs and vice chairs of those committees, the power to reorganize departments, appointing department heads, and appointing the city manager. Tory was also granted the power to veto council decisions which do not align with priorities set by the province.[150][151] On November 16, 2022, the province proposed further changes the powers of the mayor, introducing the Better Municipal Governance Act, 2022 which would allow by-laws to be passed with only one-third of council voting in favour if Tory declared it to be in line with provincial priorities.[152] At a press conference, Tory stated that when speaking to the public, he often hears complaints relating to housing and community safety, but nobody has complained about the new powers.[153] The mayor's office has also said he would make very limited use of new powers.[154] The Ford government defended the new powers by pointing out the mayor's "city-wide mandate", having received more votes than the rest of council.[155] The National Post's Adam Zivo argued that the mayor is just as legitimate as council and that the changes will increase Tory's "political capital and influence," which he can use to push for the city's interests to other levels of government.[156] The new legislation was condemned by Toronto City Council, which had not been consulted on the changes, some of which were introduced after the election.[157][158] All five living former Toronto mayors, David Crombie, David Miller, Barbara Hall, Art Eggleton and John Sewell, wrote a letter to Tory describing the new powers as an "attack" on local democracy and majority rule.[154] Political science professors such as Harvard's Pippa Norris and Laval's Louis Massicotte were puzzled by the legislation, as no other democratic legislature in the world can pass laws with only one-third support.[159] Critics urged Tory to reject some, or all, of the new powers as Ottawa mayor Mark Sutcliffe had done. Toronto Sun commentator Brian Lilley supported expanded powers for the mayor due to his city-wide mandate, but argued that those powers should not include minority rule.[160] The Globe and Mail's Marcus Gee questioned why Tory had chosen not revealed his plans to the public,[153] and described the changes as "offensive in principle and dangerous in practice".[161] The Toronto Star's editorial board also called on Tory to reject the new powers.[162] In December 2022, Tory asked the provincial government to amend the legislation to include a sunset clause after his term ends in 2026.[163] Taxes [edit] Tory promised to keep property tax increases at or below the rate of inflation. He had previously made the same promise during the last municipal election and kept it as mayor.[164] Extramarital affair and resignation [edit] On February 10, 2023, the Toronto Star broke the news that during the COVID-19 pandemic, Tory had a months-long affair with a former staffer that ended earlier in 2023. Through his lawyer, Tory described the relationship as a "serious error of judgement". While no law prohibits politicians from having relationships with their staff, the Star questioned whether the relationship violated the city's internal policies.[3] Tory announced at a press conference the same day that he would resign as Mayor of Toronto and committed to working with Deputy Mayor Jennifer McKelvie, City Manager Paul Johnson and City Clerk John D. Elvidge to ensure an "orderly transition".[165][166] He submitted his resignation letter to Elvidge on February 16, which states that his official last day would be February 17 at 5 p.m., after which McKelvie would assume certain mayoral powers until council arranged for a mayoral by-election.[5] Former NDP MP Olivia Chow was elected to succeed Tory as mayor.[167] Tory had endorsed his former deputy mayor Ana Bailão to succeed him.[168] She finished second in the election.[169] Post mayoralty [edit] In December 2023, several months after he resigned as mayor, Tory joined Bell Media as a municipal affairs commentator appearing on CFRB as a commentator and substitute host as well as on CTV News and CP24.[170] In March 2024, it was announced that Tory would rejoin the board of directors of Rogers, after being a member of the board between 2010 and 2014 prior to running for Mayor of Toronto.[17] Personal life [edit] Tory has been married to Barbara Hackett, a home builder and renovator, since 1978.[171] They met in 1976 at York University, where they both studied law and Hackett also studied business.[8] Hackett was diagnosed with Guillain–Barré syndrome in 1991.[8] They have four children.[3] Tory has two brothers, Michael and Jeffrey, and one sister, Jennifer.[8] One of Tory's ancestors, James Tory, was a soldier in the 71st Scottish Regiment. He was captured and held as a prisoner of war during the American Revolution. He later settled in Nova Scotia in the 1780s.[7] His maternal grandmother, Helen Yvonne Solomon, was born in 1909 to a Russian Jewish family that had immigrated to Canada six years earlier and settled in Toronto.[172] Helen Solomon married Howard English Bacon, an Anglican, and their daughter Elizabeth Bacon was raised a Christian and married Tory's father, John A. Tory, in 1953.[172] Honours [edit] In 2012, Tory was made a member of the Order of Ontario in recognition for being "a consummate champion for the Greater Toronto Region as a founding member and chair of CivicAction and chairs and volunteers on countless fundraising campaigns".[173] Tory is also a recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal,[174][175] and holds a commission as King's Counsel.[176] In 2011, Tory was awarded a Harry Jerome Award for his work as co-chair of DiverseCity.[177] Election results [edit] 2022 Toronto mayoral election Candidate Votes % John Tory 342,158 62.00 Gil Penalosa 98,525 17.85 Chloe-Marie Brown 34,821 6.31 Blake Acton 8893 1.61 27 other candidates 67,493 12.22 Total 551,890 100.00 2018 Toronto mayoral election Candidate Votes % John Tory 479,659 63.49 Jennifer Keesmaat 178,193 23.59 Faith Goldy 25,667 3.40 Saron Gebresellasi 15,222 2.01 64 other candidates 56,752 7.51 Total 755,493 100.00 2014 Toronto mayoral election Candidate Votes % John Tory 394,775 40.28 Doug Ford 330,610 33.73 Olivia Chow 226,879 23.15 64 other candidates 27,913 2.84 Total 980,177 100.00 Ontario provincial by-election, Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock March 5, 2009 due to resignation of Laurie Scott Party Candidate Votes % Liberal Rick Johnson 15,542 43.88 +14.37 Progressive Conservative John Tory 14,595 41.20 -8.79 Green Mike Schreiner 2,330 6.58 -0.58 New Democratic Lyn Edwards 2,112 5.96 -5.95 Independent Jason Taylor 280 0.79 Family Coalition Jake Pothaar 258 0.73 +0.11 Freedom Bill Denby 140 0.40 -0.41 Independent John Turmel 94 0.27 Libertarian Paolo Fabrizio 72 0.20 Total valid votes 35,423 100.00 Liberal gain from Progressive Conservative Swing +11.58 Source: Elections Ontario[178] 2007 Ontario general election: Don Valley West Party Candidate Votes % Liberal Kathleen Wynne 23,059 50.4 - Progressive Conservative John Tory 18,136 39.7 - Green Adrian Walker 2,202 4.8 - New Democratic Mike Kenny 2,135 4.7 - Family Coalition Daniel Kidd 183 0.4 - Dufferin—Peel—Wellington—Grey by-election, March 17, 2005 resignation of Ernie Eves Party Candidate Votes % Progressive Conservative John Tory 15,610 56.3 Liberal Bob Duncanson 4,625 16.7 New Democratic Lynda McDougall 3,881 14.0 Green Frank de Jong 2,767 10.0 Family Coalition Paul Micelli 479 1.7 Independent William Cook 163 0.6 Libertarian Philip Bender 135 0.5 Independent John Turmel 85 0.3 2003 Toronto municipal election: Mayor of Toronto Candidate Votes % David Miller 299,385 43.26 John Tory 263,189 38.03 Barbara Hall 63,751 9.21 John Nunziata 36,021 5.20 Tom Jakobek 5,277 0.76 39 other candidates 24,462 3.53 Total valid votes 692,085 100.00 For full results, see Results of the 2003 Toronto election. Notes [edit] References [edit]
7542	dbpedia	0	59	https://facts.net/celebrity/11-astounding-facts-about-john-tory/	en	11 Astounding Facts About John Tory	https://facts.net/wp-con…y-1696607523.jpg	https://facts.net/wp-con…y-1696607523.jpg	[ "https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Facts.net_.png", "https://facts.net/wp-content/themes/newsanchor/images/svg/search.svg", "https://facts.net/wp-content/themes/newsanchor/images/svg/search.svg", "https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/20-facts-about-leadville-100-1723915746.jpg", "https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/20-facts-about-mark-stone-hockey-1715145851.jpg", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=30&d=mm&r=g ", "https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/sherman_smith_facts_chief_editor-30x30.jpg", "https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/11-astounding-facts-about-john-tory-1696607523.jpg", "https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Google-News-Button-01.png", "https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/22-astounding-facts-about-tori-black-1697502782.jpg", "https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/14-astounding-facts-about-tory-burch-earrings-1697707543.jpg", "https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/25-captivating-facts-about-tory-lane-1699438160.jpg", "https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/47-facts-about-tori-roloff-1688126856.jpg", "https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/41-facts-about-tory-burch-1690382711.jpg", "https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/9-extraordinary-facts-about-tory-belleci-1699149839.jpg", "https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/50-facts-about-tori-anderson-1691323436.jpg", "https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/38-facts-about-tori-kelly-1690664506.jpg", "https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/11-astounding-facts-about-john-skipper-1696936631.jpg", "https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/14-intriguing-facts-about-tori-amos-1697799006.jpg", "https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/18-astounding-facts-about-john-gokongwei-1698708167.jpg", "https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24-astounding-facts-about-john-st-john-1698807262.jpg", "http://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Facts.net_.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Emelina Muncy" ]	2023-10-07T23:03:09+08:00	Discover 11 mind-blowing facts about the incredible John Tory, from his successful career in politics to his remarkable contributions to the city of Toronto.	en	https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/fac-icon.ico	Facts.net	https://facts.net/celebrity/11-astounding-facts-about-john-tory/	These are just some of the astounding facts that showcase John Tory’s accomplishments and contributions. From his successful career in politics to his commitment to community and public service, John Tory has made a significant impact on the city of Toronto. It is no wonder that he is widely regarded as a respected leader and an inspiration to many. So, the next time you think of 11 Astounding Facts About John Tory, remember the achievements and qualities that have earned him such acclaim. Source: [insert source here] Conclusion In conclusion, John Tory is truly an astounding figure in the world of politics. With his remarkable accomplishments and unwavering commitment to public service, he has proven himself to be a true leader and visionary. From his successful tenure as Mayor of Toronto to his esteemed legal career and philanthropic work, Tory has left an indelible mark on the city and its residents. His ability to navigate challenges with grace and determination, coupled with his genuine compassion for the people he serves, has earned him the respect and admiration of all who have had the privilege of working with him. John Tory’s unwavering dedication to making a positive impact on his community sets him apart as a true trailblazer and reinforces his status as one of the most remarkable individuals in the political arena. FAQs 1. What is John Tory’s political background? John Tory served as the Mayor of Toronto from 2014 to 2022. Prior to his mayoral tenure, he was the leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario and also held various positions in the government and private sector. 2. What are some notable achievements of John Tory? During his time as mayor, John Tory worked tirelessly to improve public transit infrastructure, champion affordable housing initiatives, and foster economic development in Toronto. He also successfully led the city through challenging times, including the COVID-19 pandemic. 3. Is John Tory involved in philanthropy? Yes, John Tory has a strong commitment to philanthropy. He has been actively involved in numerous charitable organizations and initiatives, including supporting youth mentorship programs and advocating for access to education for underprivileged communities. 4. What sets John Tory apart as a leader? John Tory’s ability to bring people together and find common ground is what sets him apart as a leader. He is known for his thoughtful decision-making, open communication, and collaborative approach, which has enabled him to navigate complex challenges and achieve impactful results. 5. What is John Tory’s educational background? John Tory holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Toronto and a law degree from Osgoode Hall Law School. His educational background has provided a strong foundation for his successful career in both politics and law. 6. What is John Tory’s current role? John Tory’s current role is a private citizen after completing his term as the Mayor of Toronto. However, his impact and influence continue to resonate in the city as his accomplishments shape the future direction of Toronto.
7542	dbpedia	2	17	https://www.cp24.com/news/tory-announces-key-appointments-including-councillor-who-will-be-responsible-for-2026-fifa-world-cup-1.6167209%3Fcache%3D.	en	Tory announces key appointments, including councillor who will be responsible for 2026 FIFA World Cup	https://www.cp24.com/pol…pe_620/image.jpg	https://www.cp24.com/pol…pe_620/image.jpg	[ "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.6166558.1671199072!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_620/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.5216201.1607034877!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/box_45/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004685.1723922051!/httpImage/image.jpeg_gen/derivatives/landscape_800/image.jpeg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004752.1723927783!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_800/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004786.1723930676!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_800/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.6865427.1714357246!/image/image.jpeg_gen/derivatives/landscape_190/image.jpeg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.6911043.1717419954!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_190/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7002184.1723747676!/httpImage/image.jpeg_gen/derivatives/landscape_190/image.jpeg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004844.1723934199!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_190/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7004426.1723899481!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_190/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.7002985.1723803796!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_190/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.6941944.1719425078!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.6944481.1719541231!/httpImage/image.jpeg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpeg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.6943016.1719487823!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.6944475.1719540604!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.6930887.1719496338!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.5777332.1644582787!/httpImage/image.jpeg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpeg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.6942329.1719436716!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.6943193.1719496269!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.6942486.1719440666!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.6943185.1719496115!/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_300/image.jpg", "https://www.cp24.com/polopoly_fs/1.6360493.1681837989!/image/image.png_gen/derivatives/landscape_620/image.png", "https://www.ctvnews.ca/polopoly_fs/1.4264165!/httpImage/image.png", "https://www.ctvnews.ca/polopoly_fs/1.4264174!/httpImage/image.png", "https://www.ctvnews.ca/polopoly_fs/7.726389!/httpImage/image.png", "https://www.ctvnews.ca/polopoly_fs/7.726390!/httpImage/image.png", "https://www.ctvnews.ca/polopoly_fs/7.711875!/httpImage/image.png", "https://static.ctvnews.ca/bellmedia/common/img/logos/footer-logo_cp24.jpg", "https://static.ctvnews.ca/bellmedia/common/img/logos/bellmedia_logo.gif", "https://www.cp24.com/logger/p.gif?a=1.6167209&d=/2.628/2.629/2.614/2.925" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Chris Fox" ]	2022-11-24T12:11:00-05:00	Mayor John Tory has announced his selections for key committee roles at city hall, as well as a number of new special positions which will see members of council chosen to “champion” important files ranging from Toronto’s nighttime economy to the 2026 FIFA World Cup.	en	https://static.ctvnews.ca/bellmedia/cp24/img/favicon.ico	CP24	https://www.cp24.com/news/tory-announces-key-appointments-including-councillor-who-will-be-responsible-for-2026-fifa-world-cup-1.6167209?cache=.	Mayor John Tory has announced his selections for key committee roles at city hall, as well as a number of new special positions which will see members of council chosen to “champion” important files ranging from Toronto’s nighttime economy to the 2026 FIFA World Cup. Tory detailed the selections in an email sent to councillors prior to a meeting of the city’s striking committee, which still has to formally sign off on his picks. Tory said that he will appoint his deputy mayor Jennifer McKelvie as chair of the Infrastructure and Environment Committee while Shelley Carroll will lead the Economic and Community Development Committee, Brad Bradford will serve as the city’s housing champion and James Pasternak will lead the General Government and Licensing Committee. Jon Burnside, who is beginning his second term as city councillor following a four-year absence, has been tapped as TTC Chair. He replaces Jaye Robinson in that role. Robinson, meanwhile, will take over a special position related to Toronto’s role as a host city for the 2026 FIFA World Cup. “Throughout this process, I have been focused on placing people in the city government in positions where they can best contribute to the agenda that the people of Toronto have elected me to implement. I want to thank all of you for taking the time to speak with me over the last few weeks,” Tory said in the email to councillors. Two new executive committee members While Tory will now have sole responsibility for the city’s budget under new “strong mayor” legislation, he has chosen to reappoint Gary Crawford as his budget chief. In his email, Tory said that Crawford “understands the importance of this process and the need to invest in and protect key city services while at the same time keeping tax increases low and life in our city affordable.” While many members of Tory’s executive committee from the last term of council will return, the mayor says that newcomers Amber Morley and Lily Cheng will also be welcomed into the fold. Tory had endorsed Morley’s opponent, Mark Grimes, in Etobicoke-Lakeshore in the run-up to October’s municipal election. “Amber has experience working here at City Hall and in her community. In the election she pledged to build an equitable and inclusive community for all - I share that goal and want to make sure we all remain focused on that during the challenging times ahead,” Tory said in his email. Tory is also recommending that former TDSB trustee and newly elected city councillor Chris Moise be appointed to the Board of Health and chosen to chair the board. The chair role, however, will be decided on by the members of the Board of Health. “We saw during the COVID-19 pandemic the importance of the chair of the Board of Health role. I believe Chris Moise has the experience as a former trustee and community leader to chair this board,” Tory said. The following councillors have also been appointed to newly created special roles related to key files:
7542	dbpedia	1	42	https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/toronto/article-why-john-tory-and-doug-ford-were-wrong-to-intervene-in-toronto-mayoral/	en	Why John Tory and Doug Ford were wrong to intervene in Toronto mayoral by-election	https://www.theglobeandm…ty=80&smart=true	https://www.theglobeandm…ty=80&smart=true	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=16433046&cv=3.9.1&cj=1", "https://www.theglobeandmail.com/resizer/v2/https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Farc-authors%2Ftgam%2Ff4770a45-5160-4b39-9554-b0365b7dd3a4.JPG?auth=775f7abdd0dd9f2cc61c162f9e83333ee159d074a374b60c596f0da1d6a22292&width=300&height=200&quality=80&smart=true" ]	[]	[]	[ "noastack", "chow", "mayor", "city", "candidate", "statement", "toronto", "Ms Chow", "ms chow", "Pied Piper", "Mark Saunders", "David Miller" ]	null	[ "Marcus Gee" ]	2023-06-23T20:52:23.128000+00:00	Too late, and wildly offside, these last-minute endorsements treat voters like sheep	en	https://www.theglobeandm…h-icon.png?d=598	The Globe and Mail	https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/toronto/article-why-john-tory-and-doug-ford-were-wrong-to-intervene-in-toronto-mayoral/	In 2014, Olivia Chow ran unsuccessfully for mayor of Toronto. Her leading rivals were John Tory, a former leader of the provincial Progressives Conservatives, and Doug Ford, who stepped in to replace his ailing brother, Rob. Late this week, with Ms. Chow on the brink of reaching the office that eluded her back then, both men saw fit to try to block her, barging into the campaign for mayor at the last minute to try to influence the outcome. Mr. Ford put his oar in with the usual big splash. Just five days before Monday’s vote, he said he personally favoured former police chief Mark Saunders, who has portrayed himself as the only candidate who can “stop Chow.” Mr. Ford said that Ms. Chow would be an “unmitigated disaster” as mayor. Taxes would soar, companies would flee. “People are terrified. Businesses are terrified.” Mr. Tory, meanwhile, came out for his old city council ally Ana Bailão. Though he didn’t mention Ms. Chow, the front-runner, by name, he said that the city should not be ruled by party politics and could not afford to make life harder for job creators. That sounded a lot like a jab at Ms. Chow, the veteran NDPer. Toronto mayor election platform tracker: Where the top candidates stand on key issues Both interventions were wildly offside. Mr. Ford had said he wasn’t backing anyone in the race, insisting he would co-operate with whichever candidate was elected. Then a Mark Saunders sign appeared on the lawn of his house. Though he said it was not “up to me or anyone else to tell you who to vote for,” the Premier said he had a right to put up a sign and planned to vote for Mr. Saunders, who ran for Mr. Ford’s PCs in last year’s election. Now Mr. Ford says a vote for Ms. Chow would lead Toronto into wrack and ruin. He wouldn’t want to tell anyone how to vote – goodness, no, not him. He only wants to remind us that Ms. Chow would be terrible and Mr. Saunders would be great. Just one man’s opinion. By the end of the week he was sending out robo-calls promoting his preferred candidate. So much for staying out of the race. Mr. Tory had also said he was staying out. After resigning this winter over an affair with a staffer, he managed to remain more or less silent, which must have been a struggle for a man of so many words. Asked earlier this month whether he planned to endorse a candidate, he told The Globe and Mail, “I have no plans to be involved at all.” He was merely “watching” the campaign from the sidelines. Now, at the 11th hour, he pipes up. He, too, did it in characteristic fashion, releasing what one news outlet described as a “lengthy” statement on why Ms. Bailão was the right woman for the job. For good measure, he read the statement aloud and posted the video. He sent out a robo-call, too. Toronto mayoral by-election candidates weigh in on ‘strong-mayor’ powers What either man hopes to achieve by intervening so late in the game is hard to imagine. Mr. Tory has done Ms. Bailão no favour by portraying her as a kind of Mini-Him. Her candidacy may already have suffered from the perception that she is a Tory loyalist, no great asset in the eyes of those who think the city is in trouble and needs to change course. The whole business of seeking and granting endorsements is overdone, a game that political fixers play but that voters usually ignore. Most base their choices on their own judgments and impressions, not the recommendation of some politician, however popular. The Obamas campaigned hard for Hillary Clinton in 2016. You Know Who won regardless. Just because Mr. Tory was elected three times does not mean voters will follow him to the polling station like children trailing the Pied Piper. Mr. Ford’s scare tactics are likely to fall just as flat. Ms. Chow may be a woman of the left, but she is hardly Enver Hoxha. Toronto has had left-wing mayors before, most recently David Miller. The city did not burn down. Business leaders did not run for the hills. No one is “terrified” of Ms. Chow. In fact, the whole stop-Chow thing may backfire, giving her a further boost from those who resent being told what to do in the polling station. If the polls are right, Mr. Ford will soon have to work with someone whom he called a disaster just days before her election.
7542	dbpedia	0	9	https://nacto.org/person/mayor-john-tory/	en	National Association of City Transportation Officials	https://nacto.org/wp-con…eadshot-2019.jpg	https://nacto.org/wp-con…eadshot-2019.jpg	[ "https://nacto.org/wp-content/themes/sink_nacto/images/logo.svg", "https://nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/John-Tory-Headshot-2019-200x200.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2019-06-19T20:00:31+00:00	Born and raised in Toronto, Mayor Tory has spent his life giving back to the city he loves, through his tireless work in public…	en	https://nacto.org/wp-content/themes/sink_nacto/images/favicon.ico?v=1723937680	National Association of City Transportation Officials	https://nacto.org/person/mayor-john-tory/	Born and raised in Toronto, Mayor Tory has spent his life giving back to the city he loves, through his tireless work in public, private sector and philanthropic roles. Elected as the 65th Mayor of Toronto in 2014 and re-elected in 2018, John Tory is making the city more liveable, affordable and functional. He has improved the way people move around this city, fighting traffic congestion and speeding up major construction projects; introducing free transit for kids 12 and under and discounted transit for low income residents; championing a transit network expansion plan that includes the Relief Line, SmartTrack, the Eglinton East and Eglinton West LRT, Bloor Danforth Subway Extension to Scarborough and the Waterfront Transit Network; and securing $9 billion in transit investments from other levels of government – the single biggest infrastructure investment in this city’s history. He has kept taxes low, while investing in priority services including affordable housing and poverty reduction, and modernizing the government services on which people rely. Under his leadership, Toronto has attracted jobs and investment and emerged as an undisputed centre of innovation and opportunity on the world stage. Mayor Tory and his wife Barbara have been married for 41 years, and have four children and five grandchildren.
7542	dbpedia	0	75	https://www.rmoutlook.com/politics/john-torys-affair-resignation-blow-up-toronto-mayors-legacy-as-dull-stable-leader-6529699	en	John Tory's affair, resignation blow up Toronto mayor's legacy as dull, stable leader	https://www.vmcdn.ca/f/files/shared/feeds/cp/2023/02/20230212020256-63e89c345df38650a4da73f8jpeg.jpg;w=650;h=433;mode=crop	https://www.vmcdn.ca/f/files/shared/feeds/cp/2023/02/20230212020256-63e89c345df38650a4da73f8jpeg.jpg;w=650;h=433;mode=crop	[ "https://www.vmcdn.ca/files/rmotoday/images/rmo-today/new-rockymountainoutlook-mainlogo230x50_new.svg", "https://www.vmcdn.ca/f/files/shared/feeds/cp/2023/02/20230212020256-63e89c345df38650a4da73f8jpeg.jpg;w=650", "https://www.vmcdn.ca/f/files/shared/feeds/cp/2024/08/9771f5ca23e8a1ec627b64790aa8f7d7972bcf6365b98df016ffca065acc3de0.jpg;w=120;h=80;mode=crop", "https://www.vmcdn.ca/f/files/shared/feeds/cp/2024/08/32cd3e5834436cd1231626fd09638594f9e2bbc4d8d777f21364be09da0fec56.jpg;w=120;h=80;mode=crop", "https://www.vmcdn.ca/f/files/shared/feeds/cp/2024/08/073d3320c5e5be31feb63faccfc86541e490a729dc18f27827f03143419fd83c.jpg;w=120;h=80;mode=crop", "https://www.vmcdn.ca/files/ui/greatwest/great-west-media.svg", "https://www.vmcdn.ca/files/shared/addtohome-manifest/pwa_icon_red_192.png", "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1187680548833640&ev=PageView&noscript=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Tyler Griffin, The Canadian Press" ]	2023-02-12T20:29:27+00:00	TORONTO — John Tory's recently disclosed affair with a former staffer and resulting resignation as mayor of Toronto have brought a blowout ending to the straight-laced, button down moderate conservative's otherwise uneventful tenure in the city's top	en	https://www.vmcdn.ca/f/f…es/ui/at-red.png	Rocky Mountain Outlook	https://www.rmoutlook.com/politics/john-torys-affair-resignation-blow-up-toronto-mayors-legacy-as-dull-stable-leader-6529699	TORONTO — John Tory's recently disclosed affair with a former staffer and resulting resignation as mayor of Toronto have brought a blowout ending to the straight-laced, button down moderate conservative's otherwise uneventful tenure in the city's top job. Tory honed that reputation over the course of his business and broadcasting careers, as well as two relatively drama-free terms he served at City Hall. The third mandate he easily secured in October's municipal election seemed to promise more of the same, but those hopes came crashing down on Friday evening. That night, Tory stunned the city he'd led for more than eight years when he admitted to having an "inappropriate relationship" with a former member of his staff and abruptly announced plans to step down. Tory originally promised to only run for two terms and could have left public life in the fall respected by people across the political spectrum, said Zachary Taylor, an associate professor at Western University's political science department. Instead, he decided to run for a third term — a decision Taylor said has now placed his legacy in a very different light. "He has admitted to doing something that is very much contrary to his image as a squeaky clean, ethically clean mayor who never raises his voice, never does things that are unreasonable," said Taylor. "He had this image of being the only grown up in the room while council squabbled around him. Now we've seen that image kind of blow up." Tory's whole raison d'etre was stable, calm leadership with no drama following the scandal-plagued mayoralty of his predecessor Rob Ford, said Peter Graefe, an associate professor of political science at McMaster University. In contrast, Tory was "internationally presentable" and gave the sense he was actually managing files at city hall, he said. But Graefe said the surprising nature of Tory's departure will likely cast a shadow over his time in office. "It's really hard to say, 'here is the achievements of John Tory over almost a decade in power,'" said Graefe. "Instead it's much more someone who's leaving under a cloud and leaving a lot of unfinished business for the next mayor and Toronto city council to pick up." When Tory launched his first mayoral bid in 2014, he ran on a platform of change, a transit vision for the city and low taxes. Graefe said Tory has kept the line on the city budget and taxes, but at the expense of affordability, high housing costs and aging infrastructure. "There's a sense of unhappiness that Toronto is not the place to live in that it used to be, that it's a dirtier city, that it's a more dangerous city," he said. Tory was also "pretty clueless" in his responses to issues of race related to carding and policing of racialized Torontonians, Graefe said. Criticisms mounted in recent weeks over Tory's announcement of a proposed $48.3-million increase to the city's police budget. The boost would bring funding to just over $1.1 billion for 2023, a figure Tory's critics said was grossly inflated compared to other line items and underfunded social services. "Given Toronto's kind of super diversity, we might have expected a leader who could have avoided some unnecessary conflicts on that by showing a greater IQ in terms of the nature of those relationships in Toronto," Graefe said. "That is another more difficult part of his legacy." But regardless of the many negative things people have had to say about Tory, Graefe noted he was elected with little opposition in the past two municipal campaigns. "He was seen as a good steward of public finances ... In certain parts of the city the idea of being tough on the homeless and tough on crime was reassuring." “You could see why he was maybe not a popular mayor, but he was a mayor people were willing to continue to vote for, at least in the absence of a serious contender.” But those policies were the opposite of reassuring for longtime street nurse Cathy Crowe, who said she's witnessed homelessness double since before the COVID-19 pandemic as well as continued forceful encampment evictions. "I don't think in most circles (Tory's) known exactly as a strong, compassionate heart, if you will," she said. Gil Penalosa, who lost the mayoral race in October's municipal election after only securing 18 per cent of the vote compared to Tory's more than 60 per cent, announced Saturday he will run again once a byelection is called to replace him. Penalosa said Tory will be remembered as a hard worker who was committed to reshaping the city's image, but one that failed on issues of equity, affordability and climate change. "I don't evaluate him based on the goals that I have because they're very different, but I think he tried to do the best he could according to the things that he wanted to do," said Penalosa. The progressive urbanist invited Toronto residents not to dwell on Tory's legacy, or even the past few days, and instead be optimistic and focus on a radically different future. "He resigned, he did something negative. He's gone now," said Penalosa. "Let's see this as an opportunity and not as a barrier." This report by The Canadian Press was first published Feb. 12, 2023. ——— This story was produced with the financial assistance of the Meta and Canadian Press News Fellowship. Tyler Griffin, The Canadian Press
7542	dbpedia	3	20	https://www.instagram.com/johntory/%3Fhl%3Den	en	Instagram	https://static.cdninstag…/VsNE-OHk_8a.png	https://static.cdninstag…/VsNE-OHk_8a.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://static.cdninstag…/VsNE-OHk_8a.png		null
7542	dbpedia	1	39	https://cltoronto.ca/news-release-community-living-toronto-announces-john-tory-as-new-chair-of-the-patrons-council/	en	NEWS RELEASE – Community Living Toronto Announces John Tory as New Chair of the Patron’s Council	https://cltoronto.ca/wp-…urst-1-32x32.png	https://cltoronto.ca/wp-…urst-1-32x32.png	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1833539277026706&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/clt-logo.jpg", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/J.-Tory-Headshot.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/24-05-09-Patrons-Council-79-1-1024x683.jpg", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/IMG_0125-1-1024x921.jpeg", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/24-05-09-Patrons-Council-85-1024x576.jpg", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/flags/france.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/flags/spain.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/flags/italy.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/flags/portugal.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/flags/sri-lanka.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/flags/somalia.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/icon-facebook.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/icon-twitter.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/icon-instagram.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/icon-youtube.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/unitedway_logo.gif", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/imagine_logo.gif", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/ontario_logo.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "CLT Development Team" ]	null	Community Living Toronto	en	https://cltoronto.ca/wp-…urst-1-32x32.png		https://cltoronto.ca/news-release-community-living-toronto-announces-john-tory-as-new-chair-of-the-patrons-council/	[July 15, 2024 – Toronto] – Community Living Toronto (CLTO) is pleased to announce the appointment of John H. Tory as the new Chair of its Patron’s Council, succeeding Duncan Jackman, who has served with distinction and dedication over the past two decades. In a statement released today, Tory expressed his enthusiasm for the role, saying, “I am honoured to take on the role of Chair of the Patron’s Council. Community Living Toronto has a remarkable history of advocacy and supporting people living with an intellectual disability, and I am excited to contribute to its mission and help drive its vision for an inclusive society.” John Tory served as Mayor of Toronto from 2014 to 2023. Prior to serving as Mayor, he enjoyed a diverse and successful career in law, business, broadcasting and corporate governance. This has included service on major Canadian Boards such as Rogers, Metro and Cara. He has also been a continuous community volunteer, co-founder of Civic Action, and co-chairing numerous fundraising campaigns for organizations ranging from the United Way to St Michael’s Hospital to the Toronto International Film Festival. He also served as volunteer Chair and Commissioner of the Canadian Football League. Valérie Picher, the Board Chair of Community Living Toronto, warmly welcomed John Tory, stating, “We are delighted to welcome John Tory as the new Chair of our Patron’s Council. His leadership and dedication to community service are well-known, and we look forward to working together to further our goals.” Picher also expressed gratitude to the outgoing Chair, Duncan Jackman who will remain as a member of the Council, for his years of dedicated service. “We owe a debt of gratitude to Duncan Jackman for his tireless work and the significant impact he has made during his tenure as Chair. His contributions have been instrumental in our success, and we thank him for his unwavering support.” John Tory is no stranger to the community living movement. Two of his close relatives, one on each side of his family lived with developmental disabilities. His two grandmothers were both involved in the movement and John himself has been a member of our Patron’s Council since its inception, having also served as Chair of our Night of the Stars fundraiser. This long-standing history and understanding will help Tory to be a strong advocate for Community Living which will be joined with his many other positions of community leadership and philanthropy. “With his expertise and vision, we are confident that the Patron’s Council will continue to thrive and make a meaningful difference. This leadership transition marks a new chapter for Community Living Toronto as it continues to advocate for and support people with intellectual disabilities, fostering a community where everyone belongs,” says Brad Saunders, CEO, Community Living Toronto. – 30 – About the Patron’s Council The Patron’s Council plays a crucial role in supporting Community Living Toronto’s mission of fostering inclusive communities by supporting the rights and choices of people with an intellectual disability. Established in 1998, to celebrate Community Living Toronto’s 50th anniversary, the Council collaborates with community partners, business leaders, and philanthropists to make a significant impact on the lives of people with intellectual disabilities and their families. The Patrons have shown exemplary leadership, dedication, and vision in making an impact both within and beyond the Community Living Toronto community. About Community Living Toronto Community Living Toronto has long been a source of support for people with an intellectual disability and their families since 1948. Community Living Toronto offers a wide range of services including respite, person-directed planning, employment supports, supported living, and community-based activities. Community Living Toronto is proud to support over 4,000 people with an intellectual disability, and their families in more than 80 locations across Toronto. The “community living movement” began with families who wanted their children to live in the community, rather than institutions. Today, Community Living Toronto continues to advocate for inclusive communities and support the rights and choices of people with an intellectual disability. For more information, please contact:
7542	dbpedia	3	2	https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/john-tory	en	John Tory	https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.c…_placeholder.png	https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.c…_placeholder.png	[ "https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/950x479/media/media/ea0ae3c1-f33c-4ff2-9cc0-5710b01da816.jpg", "https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/950x579/cc_43.png", "https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/950x579/media/media/20935640-68d7-46fd-abd9-35d4ab56594d.jpg", "https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/950x579/90s_312088236.jpg", "https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/logo-tce.svg?v=96550f8de20f4537bc4ad37b01dff7f1", "https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/i-search.svg?v=a1e99ea3dd07831352832b022428584e", "https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/i-exit.svg?v=2601c4155c28e62e1eb2ebc7de9bd1ee", "https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/i-facebook-white.svg?v=3decbb62f20c49bf2a86d220cbf213d8", "https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/i-twitter-x-white.svg?v=762dd4e2da316070386a19085588add2", "https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/i-facebook.svg?v=7fb8b09ec62e4de8848271514745bd2a", "https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/i-twitter-x.svg?v=deacd0b3626a2053dbdc3843f1e13d44", "https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/i-email.svg?v=c763267e8d2e1fab14f745261b8a8c7a", "https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/i-google.svg?v=657db3c0413ddd5da4c7a6ee570546f7", "https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/John_Tory_at_Collision_Conference_Toronto_2022_HM1_0487_52162396987.jpg", "https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/79030114-8c6e-4d10-996d-e0a87900d199.jpg", "https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/fa255a74-c440-4b70-a6bc-5890bad68acf.jpg", "https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9", "https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9", "https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/8b41a0c7-daf5-4c5d-825d-4888c0026c42.jpg", "https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/1cdb3a12-3929-4f32-8766-5e39b96f6201.jpg", "https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/Brian_Mulroney_2018.jpg", "https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/new_article_images/KimCampbell/1024px-Kim_Campbell.jpg", "https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/historica-canada-logo.png?v=d8609094fb353837d01f458c7a6f905b", "https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/gov-canada.svg?v=fdda8701f4d83ce99144e160774c2965" ]	[ "//www.youtube.com/embed/qoLWHY_kq7U", "//www.youtube.com/embed/hxaIR8j9xzc", "//www.youtube.com/embed/-yW6Kg7kAKg" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	John Howard Tory, OOnt, lawyer, broadcaster, business executive, politician, mayor of Toronto 2014–23 (born 28 May 1954 in Toronto, ON). John Tory has been a ...	en	https://www.thecanadiane…8798bb695565903f		https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/john-tory	Early Life and Family John H. Tory was born into a prominent Toronto family with a strong presence in law, business and media. (See also Business Elites.) His grandfather, John S.D. Tory, founded what is now one of the largest law firms in Canada, Torys LLP. Tory’s father, John A. Tory, was also a lawyer. He left the family firm to act as chief financial advisor to Ken Thomson during the expansion of the Thompson Corporation (now Thomson Reuters). He later sat on the board of the fledgling Rogers Communications Inc. at the invitation of family friend Ted Rogers. John H. Tory attended secondary school at University of Toronto Schools. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of Toronto in 1975. He first dabbled in broadcasting while a university student. From 1972 to 1979, he worked as a radio reporter for CFTR and CHFI, AM radio stations that belonged to the Rogers Radio News Network. Tory graduated from York University‘s Osgoode Hall Law School in 1978. He has been married to Barbara Hackett since 1978. They have four children together. Early Career in Law and Politics After finishing law school, Tory joined the family firm, then known as Tory, Tory, DesLauriers and Binnington, in 1980. Later renamed Torys LLP, it is one of Bay Street’s most powerful corporate law firms. Tory left the firm in 1981 to make his first official foray into politics. He served as principal secretary to Ontario premier Bill Davis and as associate secretary of the Ontario cabinet until 1985, when Davis retired. Tory then served as an advisor to the Canadian Special Envoy on Acid Rain, which was appointed by the Brian Mulroney government. (See also Acid Rain.) Tory returned to the family law firm in 1986, rising to the role of managing partner. During the 1988 federal election, Tory worked as operations director for Prime Minister Mulroney’s successful re-election campaign. After Mulroney stepped down in 1993, Tory led the election campaign for Mulroney’s successor, Kim Campbell. During that campaign, Tory approved an infamous attack ad. It emphasized Liberal leader Jean Chretien’s facial paralysis, caused by Bell’s palsy, and asked, “Is this a prime minister?” The Progressive Conservatives were trounced by the Liberals in the election. The PCs fell from 151 House of Commons seats to two. Business Endeavours In 1995, Tory became CEO of Rogers Media Inc. following its acquisition of Maclean Hunter, a major media conglomerate. In 1999, he left Rogers Media to become president and CEO of its subsidiary Rogers Cable Inc., at the time Canada’s largest television and Internet provider. Starting in 1992, Tory served as volunteer chairman of the Canadian Football League. He was then the league's commissioner from 1997 to 2000. He acted as chair of fundraising campaigns for the United Way, St. Michael’s Hospital and the TIFF Bell Lightbox. He was also a founding board member of Greater Toronto CivicAction Alliance (2010–14), a city-building initiative. Return to Politics Tory returned to politics in 2003. He ran for mayor of Toronto but lost to David Miller, garnering 38 per cent of the vote to Miller’s 43.3 per cent. Tory then turned his attention to provincial politics. He was elected leader of the Ontario Progressive Conservative (PC) Party in 2004. He won a seat in a 2005 by-election, becoming MPP for the riding of Dufferin Peel Wellington Grey. In the 2007 election, Tory pledged that a PC government would fund schools for all faiths, not just Catholic schools. The $400 million proposal did not resonate with voters and was blamed for the party’s loss to the Ontario Liberals. Tory, who was then running for a seat in the Don Valley West riding in Toronto, lost that race to Liberal Kathleen Wynne. In 2009, Tory tried to regain a seat in the legislature by contesting a by-election in Haliburton — Kawartha Lakes but was again defeated. He stepped down as party leader the next day. Tory publicly considered running for mayor of Toronto in 2010 but ultimately chose “to pursue a different course with my life and career.” He said at the time, “you don't need to be a politician to… find ways to contribute.” When asked what voters should look for in the next mayor, Tory told the Toronto Star in January 2010, “I hope as the campaign unfolds that we see the ideas but also the character, the competence, the collegiality that is going to be needed to lead the city effectively, because right now I think city government is dysfunctional.” In October of that year, Rob Ford was elected mayor. Broadcasting According to the National Post, Tory was drawn to broadcasting even as a top executive at Rogers, and hosted a community access public affairs show on Rogers Cable. In 2009, after leaving provincial politics, Tory began hosting a daily three-hour afternoon radio show called The Live Drive on CFRB (Newstalk 1010), Canada’s largest talk radio station. He had often said that hosting a radio program was always his dream job. He held the hosting position until 2014, when he stepped down to again run for mayor of Toronto. Successful Campaign for Mayor (2014) Tory entered the race for mayor in the final months of Rob Ford’s tumultuous term. By the time the campaign kicked off, Ford, who was running for re-election, had been stripped of key executive powers following an admission that he had smoked crack cocaine while in office. Tory was seen as a steady and experienced alternative who shared Ford’s fiscal conservatism, though not his firebrand approach or personal problems. Tory’s other main opponent was Olivia Chow, a former Toronto city councillor, MP for the New Democratic Party, and the widow of federal NDP leader Jack Layton. In September, Ford was diagnosed with cancer and was replaced as a candidate by his brother, then-councillor Doug Ford. Despite Doug Ford’s late entry into the race and the perception that he was less popular than his brother, the final result was closer than expected. Tory was elected with 394,775 votes (40.3 per cent). Doug Ford received 330,610 votes (33.7 per cent) and Chow 226,879 (23.2 per cent). During the election campaign, Tory promised to address Toronto’s transit woes through a 22-stop surface rail line called SmartTrack, and a new subway line into downtown. He also promised to build separated bike lanes and other cycling infrastructure, to bridge the political divide between downtown and suburban residents, and to keep taxes low. First Term as Mayor (2014–18) Over the first half of his four-year term, Tory won praise for restoring calm, consistency and a sense of normalcy in the wake of predecessor Rob Ford’s tumultuous term. He restored civility at City Hall and brought a workmanlike, professional approach to the mayor's office. He initiated important reforms on poverty reduction and affordable housing. He also restored several transit services that had been slashed by the previous administration. Tory was tripped up by the debate over the controversial police practice of “street checks” or “carding” — collecting personal information on people stopped by police — a practice seen as discriminatory against Black people and other minorities. After first supporting carding, Tory changed his mind and said it should be banned. He then passed the issue to the provincial government, which banned the practice in 2017. Tory was criticized for unveiling a SmartTrack system that was much smaller in scope than what he had promised in the campaign. The original plan of building 22 stations along existing rail lines by 2021 was eventually shrunk to only five stations by 2026, at a cost of $1.46 billion. Construction of the Eglinton Crosstown LRT, begun in 2011 and scheduled for completion by 2020, also faced similar delays. As of December 2022, there was no completion date in sight. Tory announced on 1 May 2018 that he would run for re-election. By the end of August, polls showed that he had a 58 per cent approval rating, while 65 per cent of respondents said they would vote for him. In the election on 22 October 2018, Tory cruised to victory with 63.5 per cent of the vote. Former chief city planner Jennifer Keesmaat placed a distant second with 23.6 per cent. Second Term as Mayor (2018–22) Tory had campaigned for a second term on a platform that included building more affordable housing, investing in arts and culture, improving public transit, and introducing new road safety measures. Construction of the downtown relief line for the Toronto subway was scheduled to be completed by 2029, two years ahead of schedule, thanks to a $162 million budget increase Tory secured in 2019. Canada’s first case of COVID-19 was recorded in Toronto on 23 January 2020. Tory declared a local state of emergency on 23 March. Schools were closed and teaching was shifted to remote learning. In May, Tory announced the development of the ActiveTO program to create more space for the general public in certain neighbourhoods by closing or restricting major roadways each weekend. Tory implemented mask mandates in indoor public spaces in July. Working closely with the province, he placed Toronto under lockdown from 23 November to 26 December. Tory also oversaw a successful vaccination campaign, including the administration of a world record 26, 771 doses on 27 June 2021, which Tory declared Toronto Vaccine Day. In June 2020, in the wake of the George Floyd murder in the US and the death of Toronto resident Regis Korchinski-Paquet in the course of a mental health check by police, a motion was introduced in Toronto City Council to defund the Toronto Police Service by $122 million, or 10 per cent of its annual budget, and divert that amount to social services. Tory instead pledged $5 million to equip police officers with body cameras. He also created a Community Crisis Service program that would reform the police by offering “a robust system of social supports and services.” It would also develop “alternative models of community safety response,” including having unarmed social workers respond to non-violent incidents and mental health checks. The program was officially launched in March 2022. In summer 2021, Tory drew criticism for spending $2 million to have police clear homeless encampments from several parks. Violent clashes occurred between protestors and riot police as encampments were cleared. The city also shut down a local initiative called Toronto Tiny Shelters, which built tiny homes to help people stay warm in the winter. Tory’s administration argued that the shelters, built on city property, were fire hazards, and pointed to a fatal fire at an encampment in February as reason for concern. By summer 2022, the ActiveTO program had reached a turning point. Cycling advocates and residential groups called for the weekend road closures to be permanent. But some residents and businesses argued that rebounding traffic volumes post-lockdown necessitated a return to normal traffic flows. The Toronto Blue Jays, for example, argued that closing Lake Shore West would hurt attendance at home games. Tory, along with a majority on city council, voted to limit closures on Lake Shore West rather than have them every weekend. However, this led to a conflict of interest complaint against Tory, who is both a paid member of the Rogers family trust and a shareholder of Rogers Communications, which owns the Blue Jays. In December 2022, the city’s integrity commissioner exonerated Tory, finding that he did not break any conflict of interest rules. However, Tory had found himself in a similarly conflicted situation in the fall of 2021, when his position with Rogers put him in the middle of a family feud for control of the company. Tory often said publicly that he had promised his wife he would not seek a third term as mayor. But in March 2022, he announced that he had received his wife’s blessing to run for re-election. His eventual victory was widely seen as a foregone conclusion. His victory in the election on 24 October proved even more lopsided than in 2018. He won 62 per cent of the vote, while the second-place finisher, progressive urban planner Gil Penalosa, took only 17.9 per cent. Tory won the mayoral vote in all 25 of the city’s wards. Voter turnout was only 29.2 per cent, a record low. Tory’s victory put him on track to serve as mayor for 12 years, which would have made him Toronto’s longest-serving mayor, surpassing Art Eggleton’s 11 years in the role (1980–91). Third Term (2022–23) On 8 December 2022, the Ontario government passed legislation giving so-called “strong mayor” powers to the mayors of Ottawa and Toronto. The powers — which include the ability to unilaterally draft and table the city’s budget, to pass measures with the support of only one-third of council, and to veto bylaws approved by council — were designed to help achieve the Ontario government’s goal of building 1.5 million homes in 10 years. The powers were criticized by many as anti-democratic. Ottawa mayor Mark Sutcliffe said that he would not use them. Tory said that he would do so only to advance policies of “citywide importance.” Tory drew criticism for increasing the city’s police budget by $48.3 million while allocating no new money for community services such as shelters and warming centres for those experiencing homelessness. Many critics pointed to such service cuts as the reason for a 60 per cent-increase in violent incidences on Toronto transit since 2019. Resignation On 10 February 2023, the Toronto Star published a story alleging that the 68-year-old Tory had had an affair with a 31-year-old staff member. The affair was said to have begun during the COVID-19 pandemic and was ongoing during the 2022 mayoral campaign, though the staffer had moved on from her role at city hall in early 2021. Shortly after the story was published, Tory admitted it was true. He said that “permitting this relationship to develop was a serious error in judgment on my part… I’m deeply sorry and I apologize unreservedly to the people of Toronto and to all those hurt by my actions… I’ve decided that I will step down as mayor so that I can take the time to reflect on my mistakes and to do the work of rebuilding the trust with my family.” Tory remained in office until after a council meeting on 15 February to finalize the city’s 2023 operating budget. This drew sharp criticism from many on the left, while many on the right, including Premier Doug Ford, urged Tory to continue as mayor. But Tory announced that he would indeed follow through on his resignation. It became official at 5:00 p.m. on 17 February 2023. Honours
7542	dbpedia	0	34	https://whiff-of-grape.ca/john-tory-broadcaster-businessman-politician-september-24-2024/	en	John Tory, Broadcaster, Businessman, Politician, September 24, 2024	https://whiff-of-grape.c…03/John-Tory.jpg	https://whiff-of-grape.c…03/John-Tory.jpg	[ "https://whiff-of-grape.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Whiff-website-banner.jpeg", "https://whiff-of-grape.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/John-Tory-1038x576.jpg", "https://whiff-of-grape.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2024.09.24-Tory-banner.jpeg", "https://whiff-of-grape.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2024.09.24-Tory-banner.jpeg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "rforeman" ]	2024-03-07T22:51:43+00:00	John Howard Tory, OOnt KC, (born May 28, 1954) is a Canadian broadcaster, businessman, and former politician who served as the 65th mayor of Toronto from 2014 to 2023. John first spoke to the Whiff in March 26, 2014: Who does Toronto need in the Mayor’s office next fall? He attended the University of Toronto Schools … Continue reading John Tory, Broadcaster, Businessman, Politician, September 24, 2024 →	en	https://whiff-of-grape.c…nnon-150x150.jpg	Toronto Whiff of Grape	https://whiff-of-grape.ca/john-tory-broadcaster-businessman-politician-september-24-2024/	John Howard Tory, OOnt KC, (born May 28, 1954) is a Canadian broadcaster, businessman, and former politician who served as the 65th mayor of Toronto from 2014 to 2023. John first spoke to the Whiff in March 26, 2014: Who does Toronto need in the Mayor’s office next fall? Click here to jump to the RSVP below the speaker’s bio. He attended the University of Toronto Schools and received his BA in political science from Trinity College at the University of Toronto in 1975. He received his Bachelor of Laws in 1978 from Osgoode Hall Law School of York University and was called to the bar in Ontario in 1980. After a career as a lawyer, political strategist and businessman, Tory ran as a mayoral candidate in the 2003 Toronto municipal election and lost to David Miller. Tory was subsequently elected as Ontario Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leader from 2004 to 2009, and was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario representing Dufferin—Peel—Wellington—Grey and serving as the leader of the Opposition in Ontario from 2005 to 2007. After his resignation as PC leader in 2009, Tory became a radio talk show host on CFRB. Despite widespread speculation, Tory did not run for mayor again in 2010. He was also the volunteer chair of the non-profit group CivicAction from 2010 to 2014. In 2012, Tory was made a member of the Order of Ontario in recognition for being “a consummate champion for the Greater Toronto Region as a founding member and chair of CivicAction and chairs and volunteers on countless fundraising campaigns“. On October 27, 2014, Tory was elected mayor of Toronto, defeating incumbent mayor Rob Ford’s brother, councillor Doug Ford and former councillor and member of Parliament (MP) Olivia Chow. On October 22, 2018, he was re-elected mayor of Toronto in the 2018 mayoral election, defeating former chief city planner Jennifer Keesmaat. He was elected to a third term as mayor on October 24, 2022, after defeating urbanist Gil Penalosa. He resigned as Mayor on Feb 17, 2023. Join fellow Whiffers on Tuesday, Sep 24th to hear John give us his opinion on the state of affairs in Toronto and the province. The reception at the RCYC begins at 6:00 pm.
7542	dbpedia	3	61	https://betakit.com/mayor-john-tory-wants-toronto-to-be-the-most-friendly-place-in-north-america-for-startups/	en	Mayor John Tory wants Toronto "to be the most friendly place in North America" for startups	https://cdn.betakit.com/…6/john-tory1.png	https://cdn.betakit.com/…6/john-tory1.png	[ "https://cdn.betakit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/BetaKit_Logo_White_250px.png", "https://cdn.betakit.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/john-tory1.png", "https://cdn.betakit.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/john-tory.png", "https://cdn.betakit.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/user-150x150-1.png", "https://cdn.betakit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/85260-Google_Cloud_Startups_340x600_08624-1-Madison-Jenkins-xWF.png", "https://cdn.betakit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Copy-of-BetaKit-News-Posts-300-x-250-px-2.png", "https://cdn.betakit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sampler_logo-370x247.jpg", "https://cdn.betakit.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/WELL-Health-370x247.jpg", "https://cdn.betakit.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Jordan-Jacobs-Radical-Ventures-370x247.jpg", "https://cdn.betakit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/85260-Google_Cloud_Startups_340x250_08624-1-Madison-Jenkins-xWF.png", "https://cdn.betakit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/85260-Google_Cloud_Startups_300x250_08624-Madison-Jenkins-xWF.png", "https://cdn.betakit.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Copy-of-BetaKit-News-Posts-300-x-250-px-2-1.png", "https://dc.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=174433&fmt=gif", "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1268136753208085&ev=PageView&noscript=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "toronto", "canada", "john tory" ]	null	[ "Ian Hardy" ]	2015-06-25T15:54:22-04:00	BetaKit was able to catch up with Mayor Tory to learn more about his views on the current startup climate in Toronto.	en	/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/apple-touch-icon.png?v=bk	BetaKit	https://betakit.com/mayor-john-tory-wants-toronto-to-be-the-most-friendly-place-in-north-america-for-startups/	In the heart of Toronto today, Bell announced plans to invest $1.14 billion and rollout Gigabit Fibe this summer across the city, followed by several other locations across Canada. The investment will bring with it gigabit-per-second Internet speeds, giving Bell customers the ability to download 100 photos or songs in 3 seconds, or an entire HD movie in 7 seconds. Toronto Mayor John Tory was on hand for the event, calling it “a huge announcement for the city.” BetaKit was able to catch up with Mayor Tory to learn more about his views on the current startup climate in Toronto. How do you view Toronto as a startup community compared to other Canadian cities? We are the innovation centre of the country, and the difference between Toronto and other cities is that we have both financial and innovation capitals here. Whereas in the United States, for example, new York is the financial capital and the innovation capital is on the west coast. We have them both in one place. On top of that, which I think is the single biggest advantage is that we have this huge pool of talent that goes all the way out to Waterloo. How will the City of Toronto help empower startups to create new ideas and build innovative solutions and services? I think what’s happened is that we’ve had some advantage from all of that, but it’s happened more by happenstance than by the city, government, and other governments working with industry to make it happen. I am really gratified by the fact that the last number of years you’ve had Incubes, OneEleven, DMZ, and UoT. They were telling me, for example, that UoT itself has 79 startups as part of their environment. “What we haven’t had is a conscious strategy. If you have a city that looks like it’s in the 1960’s you won’t attract anything new.” What we haven’t had is a conscious strategy. You have to say to people, if you are going to be here, and you’re going to be developing and growing here, you will have access to the very best telecom and broadband infrastructure in the world. You have to say it… It’s one of the reasons I am pushing the city to be smarter because if you have a city that looks like it’s in the 1960’s you won’t attract anything new… I want this place to be the most friendly place in North America for startups and I think it can be. One of the issues for Canadian startups is finding ways to secure funding. What about investment? It’s coming. We’ve had, as you know, in this country a huge problem to access to capital. There has always been investment available to startups but as they grow into the next stage, people are forced to sell. Simply because there isn’t the capital here. It’s coming. If you look at some of the work of people like John Ruffolo and even some of the pension funds that have been set up, it’s coming. Part of my job is to try and push the financial institutions to make investments and they are moving on their own, but I want to push them to try and do more to make sure, say these 79 startups at UoT will still be in existence and still here 10 years from today and have grown. As opposed to, what might happen is that they don’t succeed or others will move away or be sold. I think that is a huge challenge in front of us. I think it is coming. It’s better.
7542	dbpedia	0	63	https://thecaribbeancamera.com/john-tory-build-one-toronto/	en	John Tory: Build one Toronto	https://sp-ao.shortpixel…raLogo-32x32.gif	https://sp-ao.shortpixel…raLogo-32x32.gif	[ "https://sp-ao.shortpixel.ai/client/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img/https://thecaribbeancamera.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Hermon-Rock-Hackshaw.png", "https://sp-ao.shortpixel.ai/client/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img/https://thecaribbeancamera.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/CaribbeanCameraLogo.gif", "https://sp-ao.shortpixel.ai/client/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img/https://thecaribbeancamera.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/camera-logo-net.jpg", "https://192.168.160.61/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/JohnTory-150x150.jpg", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/32d61061e2d60499a8595f12403887b4?s=35&d=mm&r=g", "https://sp-ao.shortpixel.ai/client/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img,w_160,h_590/https://thecaribbeancamera.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/digital.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "The Caribbean Camera Inc" ]	2014-10-10T04:30:49+00:00	The Camera is profiling the three main candidates for Toronto mayor in the Oct. 27 election. This week, we talk with John Tory. By Gerald V. Paul “He was the […]	en	https://thecaribbeancamera.com/wp-content/themes/advanced-newspaper/framework/admin/images/favicon.ico	The Caribbean Camera	https://thecaribbeancamera.com/john-tory-build-one-toronto/	The Camera is profiling the three main candidates for Toronto mayor in the Oct. 27 election. This week, we talk with John Tory. By Gerald V. Paul “He was the conscience of the company. I marvel that I was blessed to have continuity and alignment with someone so gifted and yet somebody I could share my lineage with,” David Thompson of the Thompson family and its $20-billion empire said on the passing of John A. Tory, a quiet, humble man. Enter John H. Tory, son of John A., lawyer, business leader, community activist and broadcaster, who took the opportunity to attend most of the activities in the Caribbean and Black community and who told The Camera, “I am running for mayor of Toronto because I believe our city can be more liveable, affordable and functional. I know we have what it takes to succeed. “And I believe in building One Toronto.” Recent polls put Tory just ahead of Doug Ford and substantially leading Olivia Chow. Respected lawyer and community leader Prof. Rocco Achampong posted on Facebook: “John will work across party lines to build transit for Toronto. Sign up to support John.” Achampong agrees with Tory, that Toronto is a great place to raise a family, build a career and follow your passions. In a Time for Action , a report on violence affecting youth, Tory shared his thoughts as a believer in the “broken window” theory. If we just let the so-called “little things” go because we don’t think they really matter or because we don’t have the resources to deal with them, offenders will conclude there are no consequences to their actions and more brazen and serious criminals acts will follow. That underscores the need for community policing, not only to keep criminals away but to deter criminal activity to begin with. According to Tory, more often than not, young people who become involved in acts of violence come from communities in which there is inadequate access to the necessary educational resources, community activities and facilities, jobs and economic opportunity. He said a significant numbers of these young people have an independent spirit consistent with becoming entrepreneurs. They repeatedly cite the fact that access to even a small amount of seed capital is especially difficult for them. Tory has deep roots in the community including corporate, where he served as managing partner of one of Canada’s biggest law firms. He was also principal secretary to former premier Bill Davis and an associate secretary of the Ontario Cabinet. He joined Rogers as president and CEO of Rogers Media Inc. and has an extensive background in charity and humanitarian work, including autism, kids at risk, and children with physical disabilities. He is a former board member and is the voluntary chair of the Greater Civic Action Alliance (formerly called Toronto City Summit Alliance), a respected city-building organization. On transit, Tory’s plan features 53 kilometers of track with 22 stops for $8 billion in seven years. However, rival Chow’s adviser Warren Kinsella dubbed Tory’s SmartTrack plan ‘Segregationist Track’ on Twitter. “John Tory if you don’t come from his demographic, he doesn’t give a s… if you lose transit service. Tory, out of touch. Discriminate?” Kinsella later deleted the tweet and apologized. Tory’s track record in elections is spotty. In the 2007 Ontario election, the Conservatives under his leadership were considered to have a solid chance of beating the governing Liberals. Tory pledged to extend $400 million in public funding to all faith-based religious schools, not just Catholic schools. After a negative reaction, he flip-flopped and vowed to hold a free vote in the Legislature on the issue if he won. It was too late and Tory was seen as being indecisive. This time, Tory says he is in fighting form and ready to be mayor. As a former MPP, leader of the Ontario PC Party and leader of the Opposition in Ontario, said as mayor, he can work with City Council, Premier Kathleen Wynne and Prime Minister Stephen Harper. “Toronto is an amazing city and together we can make a difference.” He said he is offering leadership and vision and the ability to create successful partnerships and citywide initiatives that capitalize on their strengths.
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affordability challenges in the city. Tory, who is seeking a third term, announced his first campaign policy about housing Tuesday morning, ahead of the municipal election in October. Download our app to get local alerts to your device Get the latest local updates right to your inbox “ I believe we need to get more housing built, we need to get more affordable and supportive housing built and we need to have housing that is obtainable for middle class Torontonians,” Tory told reporters while at a housing construction site in Toronto's Distillery District. Tory’s plan consists of five pillars: Expanding housing options by permitting “missing middle” housing Cutting red tape and speeding up approval times by creating a Development and Growth Division Asking the province to allow the city to enact a “use it or lose it” policy for developers sitting on approved, but undeveloped, land Allocating a portion of city-owned land to be developed by non-profits Incentivizing the construction of purpose-built rental housing by reducing fees and charges Tory says expanding “missing middle” housing will include legalizing laneway suites and garden suites, and exempting developments of four units or less from development charges. “We also need to include the option to create duplexes, triplexes, as well as the kind of walk-up apartment buildings found in many pre-war neighbourhoods,” Tory said. Toronto mayor John Tory, speaks inside Queen’s Park in Toronto, Monday, June 27, 2022. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Cole Burston To speed up building approval times, Tory’s proposed Development and Growth Division would act as a “one-stop shop” to handle all aspects of development review and streamline the approval process. Tory said the division would also prioritize and fast-track the approval of purpose-built rentals. “This will be a reorganization of existing staff in the spin cycle of housing applications, and thus bouncing back and forth between different divisions of the city government. The Development and Growth Division will allow us to be more nimble in getting projects approved,” Tory said. RELATED: Toronto's municipal election is just 100 days away. This urbanist may be John Tory's highest profile challenger To avoid developers from sitting on approved land, Tory said he wants to enact a “use it or lose it” policy that mandates developers to start building on unused land within a certain timeframe or face the consequences of higher taxes and expired zoning approvals. In an effort to create more co-op, supportive and affordable housing, Tory said he wants to allocate a portion of city-owned land to be developed by non-profit organizations. “Cooperative housing works and for some reason we back away. We, meaning all of the governments, back away from the use of it in previous years,” Tory said. A house that sold for more more than the listing price in West-end Toronto, Sunday, April 24, 2022. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Graeme Roy “If we can allocate the vacant land that we own as a city and encourage the other governments to do the same together with some of the other incentives we’ve been offering through programs like Open Doors and Housing Now…then I believe we will be able to build more supportive and affordable housing,” he added. Mayoral candidate Sarah Climenhaga, who ran in the 2018 municipal election, commented on Tory's housing plan on Twitter and said "the will to actually remove housing barriers is what I don't see enough of." "Hearing about housing is fine. What I care far more about than announcements is seeing housing created. It's important to understand where it is, and where and why it's not," Climenhaga tweeted Tuesday. There are 31 candidates running in Toronto's mayoral race. Voters are set to head to the polls on Oct. 24.
7542	dbpedia	3	37	https://theconversation.com/topics/john-tory-57589	en	John Tory – News, Research and Analysis – The Conversation – page 1	https://images.theconver…t&w=496&fit=clip	https://images.theconver…t&w=496&fit=clip	[ "https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/@theconversation/ui/dist/esm/logos/logo-en-b159aca2598f351db37072c75294e4c8.svg", "https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/@theconversation/ui/dist/esm/logos/logo-en-b159aca2598f351db37072c75294e4c8.svg", "https://images.theconversation.com/files/512083/original/file-20230223-16-rkkg73.JPG?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=10%2C366%2C3583%2C1789&q=45&auto=format&w=668&h=324&fit=crop", "https://images.theconversation.com/files/500809/original/file-20221213-22762-7g9lp5.JPG?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1397%2C0%2C3071%2C3071&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop", "https://images.theconversation.com/files/353333/original/file-20200818-22-1j8s156.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=0%2C75%2C2554%2C2554&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop", "https://images.theconversation.com/files/324608/original/file-20200401-66140-kerae0.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1310%2C0%2C3645%2C3645&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop", "https://images.theconversation.com/files/277274/original/file-20190530-69067-1cjvo1g.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=134%2C0%2C2398%2C2398&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop", "https://images.theconversation.com/files/271620/original/file-20190429-194606-gtb5l5.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=625%2C382%2C2171%2C2171&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop", "https://images.theconversation.com/files/242044/original/file-20181024-48712-1rn2pj0.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C1217%2C1217&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop", "https://images.theconversation.com/files/241149/original/file-20181017-41138-1tzolc0.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=32%2C36%2C2990%2C2990&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop", "https://images.theconversation.com/files/230796/original/file-20180806-191038-1yj1nql.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1005%2C622%2C2000%2C2000&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop", "https://images.theconversation.com/files/229883/original/file-20180730-106505-18yom3i.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=2236%2C522%2C2013%2C2013&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop", "https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/467558/width170/image-20190921-135078-10jxiyv.jpg", "https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/540838/width170/file-20180824-149487-1y8c0wi.jpg", "https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/512080/width170/file-20180710-70045-1rtsu3w.jpg", "https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/479138/width170/image-20190331-177196-1xectbv.jpg", "https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/173438/width170/image-20240425-18-xl0epq.jpg", "https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/13115/width170/image-20240803-19-q1hax4.jpg", "https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/520591/width170/file-20180720-142408-g1uevo.jpg", "https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1127465/width170/image-20200707-194405-5ygjaj.jpg", "https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/722253/width170/image-20230722-112483-6lsvxx.jpg", "https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1354677/width170/file-20220615-9549-nc9v7b.jpg", "https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1315466/width170/image-20220211-15-19lnbtq.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Samuel E. Trosow", "Western University", "Sam Routley", "Zachary Spicer", "York University", "Krystle Shore", "University of Waterloo", "Kathryn Henne", "Australian National University", "Shauna Brail" ]	2023-02-23T22:57:01+00:00	Browse John Tory news, research and analysis from The Conversation	en	https://cdn.theconversat…0245d4685946.png	The Conversation	https://theconversation.com/europe/topics/john-tory-57589	February 23, 2023 Many politicians have survived sex scandals and still held onto their jobs. But news about John Tory’s affair has brought an end to his career as Toronto mayor. Here’s what’s unique about Tory’s case. December 14, 2022 Mayors are generally successful in getting their policy preferences enacted. That’s why Ontario’s Bill 39 isn’t really necessary. August 20, 2020 Amidst calls to defund the police, political leaders are increasing police budgets, arguing — incorrectly — that increasing police surveillance capacities will help provide accountability. April 2, 2020 The impacts of coronavirus on cities are extraordinarily difficult. Yet around the world, cities are responding rapidly and decisively to the crisis and its implications for urban life. June 2, 2019 A year ago, Doug Ford’s election was seen as a harbinger of a populist realignment in Ontario and Canadian politics. Now polls suggest Ford has abysmally low personal approval ratings. May 7, 2019 Canadians should invest in affordable housing. It’s a commitment to lifting the most vulnerable members of our society from the ground up — and lifting our entire country up in the process. October 24, 2018 Faith Goldy’s third-place finish in the Toronto mayoralty race should not be dismissed. We must be watchful of the potential lessons that other far-right politicians may draw from her campaign. October 17, 2018 Toronto Mayor John Tory’s use of race-coded words to describe gun violence in Toronto, including “thugs, sewer rats and gangsters,” stokes racism and serves to justify policing Black communities. August 7, 2018 Calls to outlaw handguns in Canada are hardly knee-jerk proposals in response to violent incidents. Instead, they’re in line with the historic Canadian trend to limit the presence of modern pistols.
7542	dbpedia	2	94	https://spacing.ca/toronto/2023/02/08/lorinc-the-sad-state-of-police-governance-in-torys-toronto/	en	LORINC: The sad state of police governance in Tory's Toronto - Spacing Toronto	https://spacing.ca/toron…_1324-scaled.jpg	https://spacing.ca/toron…_1324-scaled.jpg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=973484326058356&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://spacing.ca/toronto/wp-content/themes/spacing-2023/graphics/spacing.svg", "https://spacing.ca/toronto/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/02/toronto-cops-IMG_1324-600x450.jpg", "http://spacing.ca/toronto/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2018/02/lorinc-600x85.gif", "https://spacing.ca/toronto/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/12/yonge-dundas-square-Larry-Koester1-600x370.jpg", "https://spacing.ca/toronto/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/07/IMG_09311-600x370.jpg", "https://spacing.ca/toronto/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/12/74-600x370.jpeg", "https://spacing.ca/toronto/wp-content/themes/spacing-2023/graphics/spacing.svg", "https://spacing.ca/toronto/wp-content/themes/spacing-2023/graphics/twitter.svg", "https://spacing.ca/toronto/wp-content/themes/spacing-2023/graphics/facebook.svg", "https://spacing.ca/toronto/wp-content/themes/spacing-2023/graphics/instagram.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "John Lorinc", "Dylan Reid", "Albert Koehl", "Spacing Radio" ]	2023-02-08T00:00:00	It feels like matters of policing, never far from view, have hung particularly heavily over the city’s business in this past month — an arc that began early in the new year with Mayor John Tory’s $50 million house-warming present for the new police chief, extends to the city’s ham-fisted response to violence on theContinue reading "LORINC: The sad state of police governance in Tory’s Toronto"	en		Spacing Toronto	https://spacing.ca/toronto/2023/02/08/lorinc-the-sad-state-of-police-governance-in-torys-toronto/	It feels like matters of policing, never far from view, have hung particularly heavily over the city’s business in this past month — an arc that began early in the new year with Mayor John Tory’s $50 million house-warming present for the new police chief, extends to the city’s ham-fisted response to violence on the TTC (not to mention the homelessness crisis), and currently informs the budget discussions about how we spend tax revenue that never seems to be adequate. University of Toronto law professor Kent Roach watches these developments with a keen eye, not just for what they say about the practice of policing, but also about how Canadian society governs its law enforcement institutions. In his latest book, Canadian Policing: Why and How It Must Change (Irwin Law, 2022), Roach — a veteran of the Ipperwash and Arar inquiries, and an advisor to the Public Order Emergency Commission — argues that law enforcement agencies operate in a democratic fog that militates against the kind of accountability such organizations need. The book was short-listed for the 2022 Writer’s Trust Balsillie Prize in Public Policy. For decades, Prof. Roach writes, Canadian governments have ducked responsibility for laying out clear rules governing police operations. Politicians have opted instead to rely on Supreme Court rulings about police conduct that are often difficult to implement consistently, as well as civilian oversight bodies that do little to deter the worst practices of policing. One result, he says, is the paradox of what he describes as the over-policing and under-protecting vulnerable populations and communities. Another: the abject failure of law enforcement that occurred on the frozen streets of Ottawa last year, which will be the subject of the much-anticipated forthcoming report by Justice Paul Rouleau. “There is a large democratic deficit at all levels of Canadian policing that needs to be addressed,” Prof. Roach writes. “Those with responsibility for the police — whether they be the responsible minister, the police board, or the local council — need to be prepared to take responsibility for policing policies and to be held accountable for such decisions. The alternative of allowing the police to govern themselves should not be acceptable in a democracy.” I spoke last week with him to hear his take on what’s been going on in Toronto. Spacing: Mayor John Tory announced he is adding $50 million to the police budget and we’ve lately seen these directives to put more cops on the transit system. How you read these moves from the point of view of the governance of the Toronto Police Service? Kent Roach: In theory, the mayor and the council should be able to make these decisions. After George Floyd in 2020, there was a minority on council who wanted to reduce the police budget and redistribute it. Although I favoured their approach, I also accept as a democrat that we’re not a majority of the council. Much of the book is a plea for democratic policing, but I accept that democracy is entitled to make what I think may be mistakes. I also think this shows that the defunding movement that was started in the wake of George Floyd just hasn’t really gone anywhere. And defunding as a slogan doesn’t capture what I think many of its proponents wanted, which was a re-funding of community and social services. Spacing: Council last year established a new community crisis response service. But the mayor and the new police chief immediately reached for police on the TTC instead of deploying psychiatric nurses or social workers. Did we just forget about that new service? Roach: Yes, I think we did forget about that part. I think some of this represents the lack of detailed research on what works and what doesn’t work in Canadian policing. Go back to the Rethinking Community Safety report, which in about 20 pages, and with a broad coalition of groups, including the Gerstein Center, the Canadian Civil Liberties Association, and Black Lives Matter, looked at some of the research from the United States to support de-tasking, albeit de-tasking with evaluation. But we really don’t have a lot of good research about whether we’re getting value for money by adding extra police officers at a cost of more than $100,000 a year. Spacing: One more question about the issue of violence on the TTC. Is it clear in your mind that this is actually a problem or are we just dealing with a random series of incidents? Roach: That’s a question criminologists will be able to answer in about five years’ time. But I do accept in a democratic policing model, there is a need to respond to public anxieties. Certainly, as a person who uses the TTC, I’ve noted that these incidents have taken place at a range of stations. Whether it’s a blip or not, it is legitimate to expect a response. I just hope that it is a response that is better informed by research, and, frankly, cost effectiveness. Spacing: What you make of the new memorandum of understanding between the Toronto Police Service and the Toronto Ombudsman? Is it filling a gap in the legislated accountability mechanisms that already exist for police, or is it an extra layer? Roach: There are many layers of accountability to the police. One of the reasons I wrote the book was that I felt, as a lawyer, that I knew most of these processes, whether it’s the SIU, police complaints, civil lawsuits, and the like. I’m skeptical whether they are improving policing, because they happen after the fact. They often have high levels of burden of proof, especially with the SIU, although these may be necessary to ensure the rule of law is applied to police officers like anyone else. I see no evidence that [these accountability mechanisms] are improving police. Now, the MOU with the Ombudsman revolves around quality of service to the public. And I think that that is something where review has been generally lacking. We review the police in multiple ways to ensure the propriety and the legality of their actions. But we rarely review the police to ensure the efficacy or the efficiency of their actions. That takes a very different skill set, which looks not at individual acts, but at data, to the extent to which this data is available. I don’t instinctively think that more review, especially of the ex poste variety, is the answer to policing. I saw this in the G-20, where there were about ten different reviews, and some of them reached very different conclusions. So I’m skeptical about simply adding another layer of review. But if the Ombud’s review is one that is focused on efficiency, and policy, I think it may have a role to play. The other thing I would say is, under the Ford government, there are real concerns that the underfunding of the OIPRD will prevent it from doing the systemic reviews that it had done with respect to G-20, strip searches, and other areas. I’m a big fan of systemic review because I think you get your biggest bang for the buck. Spacing: We’re at the beginning of a new term of council. We have a new police chief. We have this bulked up system of mayoral powers. Is there anything that Toronto council, the mayor’s office and the Toronto Police Services Board should be doing at this point to improve democratic policing in Toronto? Roach: I don’t think this is the road Mayor Tory has taken, but I could imagine someone like Mayor Tory saying, “you know, police is the biggest budget item, we’re under huge budget strain, we’ve got to make sure we’re getting value for money,” and to look at policing through that lens. If a mayor or a significant number on council took that approach, not necessarily using the divisive language of defunding, but asking, “are we getting this right?” then I think that would be a way forward. One of the things I really criticize in the book is the Community Safety and Well-being plan that Toronto came up with [in 2021]. It’s frankly a pitiful document compared to the Rethinking Community Safety document prepared by civil society. And it’s pitiful even compared to what other cities like Hamilton and Ottawa have done. Of course, the province is partly to blame. I give the province credit for requiring these community safety and wellbeing plans. But having looked at quite a few, a lot of them come down to, “we don’t have enough housing, we don’t have enough addictions treatment, and we’re never going to have enough money with our tax base unless the province ponies up more money.” At the provincial level, you have the same silence. The community safety and well-being plans have a potential to break down silos. But all the funding and all the accountability still runs in the silos, so the community safety and well-being plans are fighting against the current bureaucratic life of the municipal or provincial levels. We still haven’t gotten it right about how to implement them. Spacing: Given what’s been happening over the last couple of months with the surge of violence in public places, would you say it’s time for council to give that document an overhaul? Roach: Yes. That document really doesn’t show a lot of policing involvement. Potentially, this is a strong mayor and [he could be] saying, “you know, this plan means something, and we’re going to do evaluation, and we will potentially use this plan to redistribute budget among different parts of city government, including the police.” The problem has been that the police are pretty confident they can get raises in their budget. Spacing: I want to ask you about police use of technology. We had a very short public consultation period last fall about the use of AI-based policing technologies. Is this an adequate way for the public to engage with the way the police use and acquire technology that can be very powerful in terms of surveillance? Roach: It’s a good question. I think that body cameras are partly a response to George Floyd, but they are only used with respect to after-the-fact accountability. I’m not saying that’s not important. A body cam may very well lead to more successful prosecutions of police who engage in either criminal or other forms of misconduct. But the question then is, what happens next? What do you do to ensure it doesn’t happen again? Just relying on deterrence — I’m not a real believer in that when it comes to criminal law in general. In policing, what you see is a lot of concern about police not knowing where we want them [to be] with respect to using surveillance as a possible crime control technique. I think that’s why we need democratic policing. We need a democratic debate. There will be people that will lean on the privacy side and there may be people that will [say], “if a camera is half as effective and a hundredth of the price of putting out a police officer, given that we’re already underwater when it comes to the budget, then let’s do it.” To me, that is a quintessential democratic debate, and we should just allow that to play out. The problem is, does it play out in city council? Not really. It would have to play out at the Police Services Board and police service boards may not necessarily have the resources or the will to make informed decisions about these new forms of technology. The other thing is that when you’re talking about technology, you’re really pushing the limits of democratic capabilities. Even if you had a good debate in 2023, two years later, you’re going to have a new technology, and you’re going to need to have that debate all over again. Spacing: You say in the book that you’re still a fan of the Peel Principles of policing. (Peel, a British politician, famously said, “the police are the public and the public are the police.”) If you had to pick something that we should really learn from what Sir Robert Peel talked about back in 19th century England, in terms of how policing gets done in Toronto in 2023, what would that be? Roach: Well, that not only do the police need to look like Torontonians, but there needs to be a sense from Torontonians that, since we’re paying a lot of money for the police, we want to have some degree of control over the police. This is going back to something that [former Ontario premier] John Robarts talked about, which is that maybe the days of police boards should end and either we return [responsibility] to council, or, as in Britain, we directly elect some form of governing body for the police. That’s what we need to think about. We also need to know that historically, Canada has not been based on the Peel model. It’s been based on the Royal Irish Constabulary model, which is a much more militaristic and colonial model, where the police were subject to orders from on high. As Torontonians, we just have to say, “We don’t want that,” and that we’re willing to take responsibility and we’re also willing to admit that we may make mistakes. Although Mr. Tory’s initiatives seem to me to be a bit knee jerk, I’d rather have someone take responsibility for that. (This interview has been edited and abridged.) photograph by Julie Fish
7542	dbpedia	0	62	https://www.hrreporter.com/focus-areas/employment-law/former-mayor-john-tory-violated-code-of-conduct-with-affair-report/380313	en	Former mayor John Tory violated code of conduct with affair: Report	https://cdn-res.keymedia…962495752069.png	https://cdn-res.keymedia…962495752069.png	[ "https://www.hrreporter.com/images/logo2020-white.svg", "https://www.hrreporter.com/images/logo2020-white.svg", "https://www.hrreporter.com/images/logo2020-white.svg", "https://www.hrreporter.com/images/logo2020.svg", "https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto/https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cms/images/ca/126/0422_638321962495752069.png", "https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto/https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cms/images/ca/126/0405_638591532725371988.png", "https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto/https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cms/images/ca/126/0422_638587218965122589.png", "https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto/https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cms/images/ca/126/0379_638590701686102361.jpg", "https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto/https://cdn-res.keymedia.com/cms/images/ca/126/0422_638585546149155319.jpg", "https://www.hrreporter.com/images/square-x.svg", "https://www.hrreporter.com/images/logo2020-white.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Employment law", "human resources", "workplace romance" ]	null	[ "Jim Wilson" ]	2023-10-06T13:37:42+00:00	Toronto mayor failed to observe terms of Human Resources Management and Ethical Framework for Members' Staff	en	/favicon-16x16.png		https://www.hrreporter.com/focus-areas/employment-law/former-mayor-john-tory-violated-code-of-conduct-with-affair-report/380313	Former Toronto mayor John Tory committed two cases of violations against the Code of Conduct for Members of Council during his days as the top official of the city, according to the city's integrity commissioner. On Feb. 10, 2023, the same night he announced his intention to resign the office of Mayor, Tory requested that Jonathan Batty, integrity commissioner, investigate his conduct. “My inquiry considered six issues and in two cases, I have found that Mr. Tory did violate the Code of Conduct for Members of Council (Code of Conduct),” said Batty. Workplace romance Tory’s first violation involved his romantic affair with a staffer identified in the report as “Ms. A”. The two began “a consensual personal relationship” in the summer of 2020 and continued until January 2023, according to the report. Tory failed to observe the terms of the Human Resources Management and Ethical Framework for Members’ Staff and, therefore, violated Article XV (Failure to adhere to Council Policies and Procedures) of the code. This is because he did not: disclose the relationship to the Office when it began in order to get advice. contemporaneously document the measures being adopted to address the issue in the workplace. seek advice from the Office with respect to the position upgrade provided Ms. A or what support he could provide her in seeking new employment. respect the established reporting relationships in the Mayor’s Office so as to not isolate Ms. A. give instruction or direction to his Chief of Staff, who was the person delegated responsibility for managing staff in the Mayor’s Office. respect Ms. A’s right to confidentiality in the workplace and to obtain independent advice. appreciate that the workplace, especially during the pandemic, extended beyond just being physically present in the Mayor’s Office at City Hall. According to a previous survey by ADP Canada, one-third of Canadians are either romantically involved with a co-worker or have been in the past. Bid for FIFA World Cup 2026 Tory also violated Article VIII (Improper Use of Influence) of the code of conduct with Toronto’s bid to participate in the FIFA World Cup 2026, said Batty. From April 2021 onwards, Nick Eaves, the chief venues and operations officer of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment (MLSE), lobbied elected officials and City Officials on World Cup matters. However, between April 2021 and August 2022, Ms. A reported to Mr. Eaves and was centrally involved in the steering committee supporting Toronto’s World Cup bid. After Toronto learned in June 2022 that its World Cup bid was successful, the city manager returned to the city council in July 2022 and sought approval from the council to negotiate an exclusive contract with MLSE to provide some hosting services. The council, including Tory, voted to approve that recommendation. Within a few weeks of that vote, MLSE offered Ms. A a permanent position. “Ms. A’s value to MLSE improved once Council directed MLSE could be awarded an exclusive contract for event services, given Ms. A’s government relations and related operational expertise,” said Batty. Tory claimed he had no conflict of interest arising from his relationship with Ms. A because the City of Toronto and MLSE were “on the same team” when it came to the World Cup. He was a co-chair of the planning and steering committees where Ms. A and other MLSE officials were included and knew Ms. A played an integral role in supporting the City’s World Cup bid. “Applying the test under Article VIII (Improper Use of Influence), it is apparent that Mr. Tory violated this provision,” said Batty. “In the summer of 2022, when he was in a personal relationship with Ms. A, Mr. Tory voted on two matters at Council that would have [a] direct bearing on Ms. A’s employment at MLSE. Mr. Tory had a strong emotional bond to Ms. A.” After being plagued with issues of worker safety in the 2022 edition of the World Cup, soccer’s international governing body FIFA looked to hire a CHRO for FIFA World Cup 2026. No sanctions for Tory In the end, Batty recommended that the council not sanction Tory. “The penalties available to Council are suspension of a Member's remuneration or a reprimand of the Member,” he said. “It is clearly not possible to suspend Mr. Tory's pay, he has left office. While it may be within the authority of council to reprimand a former Member, it is my view that reprimanding a person who requested I investigate their conduct as they resigned office would serve no purpose.”
7542	dbpedia	3	60	https://www.nationalobserver.com/2023/02/13/news/who-could-replace-john-tory-mayor-toronto	en	Who could replace John Tory as mayor of Toronto?	https://www.nationalobse…744f5ebf53f5.jpg	https://www.nationalobse…744f5ebf53f5.jpg	[ "https://www.nationalobserver.com/themes/custom/cno/images/no_logos/logo_header.svg", "https://www.nationalobserver.com/sites/default/files/styles/scale_width_lg_1x/public/img/2023/02/13/aeadf2d7a8f0dab9f296a04db773a7dbb4e5cea6cec4720a0a41744f5ebf53f5.jpg?itok=XhTmsauo", "https://www.nationalobserver.com/sites/default/files/styles/article_card_keep_reading_sm_1x/public/img/2023/02/08/170919-ate-justin_trudeau-10.jpg.jpeg?itok=8XQIf_W-", "https://www.nationalobserver.com/sites/default/files/styles/article_card_keep_reading_sm_1x/public/img/2023/02/03/michelle_hewitt-crop.jpg.jpeg?itok=OTcwg4PH", "https://www.nationalobserver.com/themes/custom/cno/images/awards/caj.svg", "https://www.nationalobserver.com/themes/custom/cno/images/awards/michener.png", "https://www.nationalobserver.com/themes/custom/cno/images/awards/nna.webp", "https://www.nationalobserver.com/themes/custom/cno/images/awards/cfj.webp", "https://www.nationalobserver.com/themes/custom/cno/images/no_logos/logo_footer.svg", "https://www.nationalobserver.com/themes/custom/cno/images/misc/qr/ios_app_store_qr.min.png", "https://www.nationalobserver.com/themes/custom/cno/images/misc/qr/google_play_qr.min.png", "https://www.nationalobserver.com/themes/custom/cno/images/misc/Trust-Logo-Horizontal-White.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Tyler Griffin" ]	2023-02-13T00:00:00	Now that Toronto Mayor John Tory has announced plans to step down from the role after admitting to having an affair with a former member of his staff, all eyes have turned to the now looming race to replace him.	en	/themes/custom/cno/favicon.ico	Canada's National Observer	https://www.nationalobserver.com/2023/02/13/news/who-could-replace-john-tory-mayor-toronto	Now that Toronto Mayor John Tory has announced plans to step down from the role after admitting to having an affair with a former member of his staff, all eyes have turned to the now looming race to replace him. A byelection will take place within 60 days of the mayor's office being declared vacant. Tory has not yet formally resigned his post, but speculation is already swirling about some of the candidates who may vie to take his place. Here's a look at some of the known and potential contenders: Gil Penalosa The progressive urbanist, who came a distant second to Tory in October's municipal election, announced Saturday he will run again once a byelection is called. Despite the new "strong mayor" powers given to Toronto through provincial legislation, which allows bylaws to be enacted with the support of a minority of councillors, Penalosa said he will not approve measures without at least half of council's support. Who could replace @JohnTory as #mayor of #Toronto? A look at five potential candidates. #ONPoli Michael Ford Peter Graefe, an associate professor of political science at McMaster University, said he wouldn't be surprised if Ontario Premier Doug Ford was speaking to his nephew, Michael, about making the jump to the mayor's seat. The younger Ford was elected as a member of provincial parliament last June and shortly after was appointed minister of citizenship and multiculturalism by his premier uncle, prompting allegations of nepotism. Graefe said the premier has previously shown a clear interest in how Toronto is governed and the idea of having his nephew in the role following the recent enactment of "strong mayor" powers could be appealing. Josh Matlow A progressive councillor for the ward of Toronto-St. Paul's since 2010, Matlow has been one of John Tory's most vocal opponents at City Hall. Matlow has not yet made any formal decision or indication that he will run, instead stating on Twitter he remains focused on "delivering an improved budget" at a special city council meeting planned for Wednesday. "We cannot let what happened distract our focus," he said. "I will continue working with my colleagues to ensure that every Torontonian has a warm place to go, the TTC is truly safe and reliable, we address the roots of health and safety of our communities, repair our crumbling infrastructure and roads, and finally make the necessary investments in well-maintained parks and services residents rely on." Brad Bradford He may be just months into his second tenure on council, but the man representing the ward of Beaches-East York has already made a name for himself as a reliable ally of the outgoing mayor. Tory endorsed Bradford, who has a background in urban planning, early in his 2018 election bid. He later assigned Bradford some plum roles, including naming him to executive council and appointing him commissioner of the city's transit system. The state of local transit is a hot-button issue in Toronto at all times, but a recent rash of violent incidents has trained a particularly bright spotlight on the issue as Torontonians prepare to return to the polls. Media reports say Bradford's name is being floated in Progressive Conservative circles, whose members are keen to see a candidate in Tory's ideological mould take the helm at City Hall. Chloe Brown Brown finished a distant third in last year's mayoral race behind Tory and Penalosa. She has not yet indicated firm intentions to run again but has suggested to local media that she's considering the idea. Her 2022 platform included using technology-driven solutions to improve government services, a plan to change the current property tax system to one based on land values, and improving conditions for the city's renters. This report by The Canadian Press was first published Feb. 12, 2023.
7542	dbpedia	0	35	https://cmw.net/speakers/john-tory/	en	Mayor John Tory	https://cmw.net/wp-conte…-2020-scaled.jpg	https://cmw.net/wp-conte…-2020-scaled.jpg	[ "https://cmw.net/wp-content/uploads/Main-Colors-1.png", "https://cmw.net/wp-content/uploads/Main-Colors-1.png", "https://cmw.net/wp-content/uploads/Main-Colors-1.png", "https://cmw.net/wp-content/uploads/White-600x304.png", "https://cmw.net/wp-content/uploads/Mayor-John-Tory-2020-819x1024.jpg", "https://cmw.net/wp-content/uploads/CMW2024MRKTGdeck-791x1024.jpg", "https://cmw.net/wp-content/uploads/GrantLogosAFAFACTORWhite-1024x156.png", "https://cmw.net/wp-content/uploads/logo-ontario-creates.png", "https://cmw.net/wp-content/uploads/ON_REV_LOGO_RGB-1-768x216.png", "https://cmw.net/wp-content/uploads/BeeSpoke_LogoAY-1-1.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Born and raised in Toronto, John Tory is the current Mayor of Toronto, first elected in 2014 and re-elected in 2018. Mayor Tory has worked to build the city up as a global hub for technology and innovation. He has worked to secure billions of dollars in support from the Government of Canada and the	en	https://cmw.net/wp-conte…go-1-120x120.png		https://cmw.net/speakers/john-tory/	Born and raised in Toronto, John Tory is the current Mayor of Toronto, first elected in 2014 and re-elected in 2018. Mayor Tory has worked to build the city up as a global hub for technology and innovation. He has worked to secure billions of dollars in support from the Government of Canada and the Government of Ontario for transit expansion, affordable housing and infrastructure investments. Over the last two years, the Mayor has been leading Toronto’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic and ensuring that the City government does everything it can to help people get through this emergency. As we’ve made progress fighting the pandemic, the Mayor has also focused on the city’s reopening to help build up the economy and create jobs. He is determined that Toronto will come back stronger than ever. Under Mayor Tory’s leadership, the City has implemented innovative programs to help residents and businesses safely deal with the challenges of the pandemic. Throughout the crisis, the Mayor has worked with City Council, the federal and provincial governments, and surrounding municipalities. His commitment to strong partnerships and cooperation has helped deliver billions of dollars in emergency support for Toronto and all municipalities across Canada. This funding has helped increase services responding directly to the pandemic and protected frontline municipal services we know all residents rely on. A major part of the ongoing response to the pandemic has been the Team Toronto effort underway to deliver COVID-19 vaccine doses to all Toronto residents, including kids ages 5-11. Toronto leads major world cities when it comes to COVID-19 vaccination rates thanks to this effort championed by Mayor Tory. Mayor Tory is working non-stop to make sure Toronto – the economic engine of Canada – has a strong and robust recovery that creates more jobs and helps residents and businesses in all parts of the city.
7542	dbpedia	3	3	https://twitter.com/johntory	en	x.com			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			https://abs.twimg.com/re…ios.77d25eba.png	X (formerly Twitter)	null
7542	dbpedia	3	76	https://www.utoronto.ca/news/canada-next-john-tory-future-canadian-cities-and-role-u-t	en	Canada Next: John Tory on the future of Canadian cities and the role of U of T	https://www.utoronto.ca/themes/custom/bootstrap_uoft/images/favicons/favicon.ico	https://www.utoronto.ca/themes/custom/bootstrap_uoft/images/favicons/favicon.ico	[ "https://www.utoronto.ca/themes/custom/bootstrap_uoft/logo.svg", "https://www.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/picpath/2015-11-18-canada-next-toronto.jpg", "https://www.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/2015-11-18-streetcars-embed.jpg", "https://www.utoronto.ca/themes/custom/bootstrap_uoft/images/logos/logo-bulletin-brief.png", "https://www.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/styles/news_block_thumbnail/public/2024-08/62872eae94f38173287c52a182b2-crop.jpg?h=81d682ee&itok=s0A2VsOF", "https://www.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/styles/news_block_thumbnail/public/2024-08/tops-inside-photo-1-crop.jpg?h=97ec4ec4&itok=LHZTprIx", "https://www.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/styles/news_block_thumbnail/public/2024-08/IMG_8154-crop.jpg?h=d13dc086&itok=OH1-nKkj", "https://www.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/2023-06/Defy_Gravity_KO-150.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	When Toronto Mayor John Tory meets with Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in December he will be heartened by indications from the PM that he is “friendly to cities.” Tory, a U of T alumnus (Trinity College, 1975), told U of T News that he discussed the role of cities in telephone conversations with Trudeau during the recent election campaign. If the new government keeps its commitments, he said, Canadians will be "better off when it comes to investment in transit, housing and other infrastructure projects in cities.”	en	/themes/custom/bootstrap_uoft/images/favicons/favicon.ico	University of Toronto	https://www.utoronto.ca/news/canada-next-john-tory-future-canadian-cities-and-role-u-t	When Toronto Mayor John Tory meets with Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in December he will be heartened by indications from the PM that he is “friendly to cities.” Tory, a U of T alumnus (Trinity College, 1975), told U of T News that he discussed the role of cities in telephone conversations with Trudeau during the recent election campaign. If the new government keeps its commitments, he said, Canadians will be "better off when it comes to investment in transit, housing and other infrastructure projects in cities.” Tory said he is heartened by the Liberals' stated willingness to run a deficit. “Often in the past, parties make commitments, but when they get into government say, ‘things are much worse than we thought, and the money just isn’t there.’ In this case, they fully acknowledge the price to be paid for the expansion of transit and infrastructure.” The mayor noted that Trudeau’s funding commitment extends to public housing. “There is no daylight between us as mayors, at least big-city mayors, that the two issues that require the most assistance from other levels of government on an urgent basis are transit and housing.” Another encouraging sign from the new federal government is Trudeau’s commitment to “having the cities at the table with him to discuss our issues, something that hasn’t been done often. And he has committed to an annual conference with big-city mayors, something that has never been done.” To further emphasize the point, Tory pointed to the letters of mandate Trudeau sent to all members of his cabinet. “In almost every case he sees a significant role for cities, either in investments or cities giving advice to the federal government. That is a change for the better.” Tory is working closely with the U of T on several fronts. City Council agreed earlier this year to ask Professor Eric Miller, the research director of U of T’s Transportation Research Institute, to do a study on TTC ridership, which is due in January. (Image below by Sean_Marshall via flickr) The Mowat Centre, an independent think tank located at the School of Public Policy & Governance at U of T, released two reports recently on “community benefit agreements” (CBAs) and anchor institutions, of which U of T is one. Both rely on public-private partnerships (P3s) for major projects. Read more about the Mowat Centre reports On Nov. 14 Tory suggested that such P3s would be useful to keep projects on time and on budget. He pointed to the Eglinton Crosstown LRT now under construction. The Mowat Centre also referred to the LRT as an unofficial CBA. Asked whether such agreements are the way of the future, Tory said yes. "Look at the revitalization of Regent Park where there were community benefits agreements entered into where developers and the community, and other partners worked together to create jobs. “And something really positive: When the project came to an end, there were fully trained skills trades people who then worked in other projects in the city. They found a permanent calling.” CBAs, he said, will be a major part of the newly announced revitalization of Lawrence Heights. “The notion that (CBAs) should extend to public transit should come as no surprise. They provide plenty of opportunities for the transfer of skills to people looking for employment, local people. This is going to be a feature of that type of project.” Tory has talked to U of T President Meric Gertler about the president’s commitment to becoming a partner with the City of Toronto. “He made it very clear to us,” Tory said “that U of T employs hundreds of experts, hundreds even in the area of urban affairs that take in environmental matters, transit matters and anti-poverty matters, and will make them available to us because that is part of the contribution he wants to make to having a better city. It is quite sensible – the better the city is, the better U of T is, and vice-versa.” Tory studied political science at U of T and fondly remembers the great professors he learned from – Robert Bothwell, Paul Fox and Michael Marrus among them. Tory listened to lectures from Marrus 35 years ago and was so moved that he has attended events recently to hear him speak again, including a Holocaust Remembrance service. “That is one of the great things about going to a great university – you get the best teachers. I am sure there is the same level of excellence there today.” After graduating in 1975, Tory obtained his law degree at Osgoode in 1978. He sat on U of T’s governing council from 1995 until 2001. As mayor, Tory has travelled to London and Texas to promote Toronto. “One of the biggest selling points is the critical mass and excellence of the post-secondary institutions in Toronto. “U of T is in the top 20 in the world and that is a huge selling point in terms of attracting not only investment but attracting the best and brightest to Toronto.”
7542	dbpedia	3	21	https://nacto.org/person/mayor-john-tory/	en	National Association of City Transportation Officials	https://nacto.org/wp-con…eadshot-2019.jpg	https://nacto.org/wp-con…eadshot-2019.jpg	[ "https://nacto.org/wp-content/themes/sink_nacto/images/logo.svg", "https://nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/John-Tory-Headshot-2019-200x200.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2019-06-19T20:00:31+00:00	Born and raised in Toronto, Mayor Tory has spent his life giving back to the city he loves, through his tireless work in public…	en	https://nacto.org/wp-content/themes/sink_nacto/images/favicon.ico?v=1723937680	National Association of City Transportation Officials	https://nacto.org/person/mayor-john-tory/	Born and raised in Toronto, Mayor Tory has spent his life giving back to the city he loves, through his tireless work in public, private sector and philanthropic roles. Elected as the 65th Mayor of Toronto in 2014 and re-elected in 2018, John Tory is making the city more liveable, affordable and functional. He has improved the way people move around this city, fighting traffic congestion and speeding up major construction projects; introducing free transit for kids 12 and under and discounted transit for low income residents; championing a transit network expansion plan that includes the Relief Line, SmartTrack, the Eglinton East and Eglinton West LRT, Bloor Danforth Subway Extension to Scarborough and the Waterfront Transit Network; and securing $9 billion in transit investments from other levels of government – the single biggest infrastructure investment in this city’s history. He has kept taxes low, while investing in priority services including affordable housing and poverty reduction, and modernizing the government services on which people rely. Under his leadership, Toronto has attracted jobs and investment and emerged as an undisputed centre of innovation and opportunity on the world stage. Mayor Tory and his wife Barbara have been married for 41 years, and have four children and five grandchildren.
7542	dbpedia	1	38	https://mackaycartoons.net/tag/john-tory/	en	John Tory – mackaycartoons	https://i0.wp.com/mackay…=700%2C664&ssl=1	https://i0.wp.com/mackay…=700%2C664&ssl=1	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=962121130541047&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://mackaycartoons.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/mackaynameplateblue1.jpg", "https://i0.wp.com/mackaycartoons.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2023-02-15.jpg?resize=700%2C664&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/mackaycartoons.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2007-10-11.jpg?resize=300%2C228&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/mackaycartoons.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/2022-08-17.jpg?resize=300%2C285&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/mackaycartoons.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/2022-10-26.jpg?resize=300%2C285&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/mackaycartoons.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/JohnTory-hair.jpg?resize=300%2C262&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/mackaycartoons.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/2022-10-26.jpg?resize=700%2C664&ssl=1", 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"https://mackaycartoons.net/wp-content/plugins/social-media-icons/images/iconset/Default/website.png", "https://i0.wp.com/mackaycartoons.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Mackaycartoons-Boutique-lores.jpg?fit=1008%2C1008&ssl=1", "https://mackaycartoons.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/RB-monarchy_2023-promo.jpg", "https://i0.wp.com/mackaycartoons.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/TP-NewDesigns.jpg?fit=1268%2C1118&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/mackaycartoons.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/PMs-promo-2017.jpg?fit=576%2C396&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/mackaycartoons.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Monarchs-promo-2017.jpg?fit=576%2C274&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/mackaycartoons.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Presidents-promo-2017.jpg?fit=576%2C307&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/mackaycartoons.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/VirtualGallery-scaled.jpg?fit=300%2C219&ssl=1", "https://mackaycartoons.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/mackaycartoons-transparent.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Graeme MacKay" ]	2023-02-15T10:31:26-05:00		en	https://i0.wp.com/mackay…it=32%2C32&ssl=1	mackaycartoons	https://mackaycartoons.net/tag/john-tory/	Editorial Cartoon by Graeme MacKay, The Hamilton Spectator – Wednesday February 15, 2023 John Tory, amid scandal, will lead Toronto’s budget debate Toronto is about to have one tense budget meeting Wednesday. John Tory, who announced last Friday night he’s stepping down as mayor following an extramarital affair with a staffer who used to work in his office, will preside over the meeting. Tory’s presence in the chamber will be controversial. If he does, in fact, tender his resignation after passing the city’s $16-billion operating budget, he creates a situation where he will set the city on a specific course but won’t be there to deal with any potential fallout. One can also argue Tory should be present for the debate because, thanks to the “strong mayor” powers he asked Ontario’s government to grant him, he is responsible for designing this budget. He is its champion. Nobody really knows how this debate will go. This will be the first budget passed with the new strong mayor powers in place, which changes the dynamic because Tory can now veto any amendments, something that would then trigger a whole new chain of events. There’s growing speculation about a political push for Tory to stay or run again in the very byelection his resignation could trigger. On Monday night, many Torontonians reported getting a robocall that included the question: “Would you support John Tory running in a mayoral byelection in 2023?” Tory’s office said it is not connected with that polling. Tory is proposing a property tax hike higher than Torontonians have been used to under his term (a 5.5 per cent increase) and will use that money, in part, to spend $48 million more on police. “The budget makes key investments in housing, transit, and community safety,” his office said. Critics have focused on what’s not in it, including funding for 24/7 warming shelters, enough cash to keep transit fares from rising while the TTC struggles to get riders back on the system. There may even be questions about police spending, after CBC Toronto published this story about the service’s $337,000 podcast. With his “strong mayor” powers he only needs the support of one-third of council. At this point, he almost certainly still enjoys the support of eight councillors. Practically, Toronto’s budget is all about livability. The decisions council makes affect everything from the state of the roads (pretty rough at the moment) to public library hours to whether or not there’s a bathroom open at the park during winter months — and yes, the latter did spark a major debate at city hall. There’s also the huge question of whether or not the city will do enough and spend enough to start tackling the housing affordability crisis. This budget also features what Tory’s been calling a “COVID hangover” that’s created a financial crunch that the city needs the provincial and federal governments to help deal with. Tory and city council have recently launched yet another review of potential “revenue tools” — aka taxes, aka levies — that might bring in most cash in future years. (CBC) Editorial Cartoon by Graeme MacKay, The Hamilton Spectator – Wednesday October 26, 2022 New Mayor, Strong Mayor? Some said the race to become Hamilton’s next mayor was hers to lose from the outset. And indeed Andrea Horwath took charge of her political destiny, winning a close race to become the first woman to wear the chain of office in the city. Horwath pulled out the victory over main rival Keanin Loomis, who traded the lead as votes trickled in throughout the evening. Bob Bratina finished a distant third. “Hamiltonians deserve to have a city that they know they can trust what’s happening at city hall,” she told a jubilant crowd of supporters downtown at The Spice Factory. She thanked Loomis, Bratina and other candidates. “We do not agree on everything, but we all love this city.” Horwath finished with 59,216 or 42 per cent of the vote, while Loomis was runner-up with 57,553 or 41 per cent. Bratina garnered 17,436 and 12 per cent. The former Ontario NDP leader and Hamilton Centre MPP expressed gratitude to voters. “We all believe in the same thing: We believe in Hamilton.” (The Hamilton Spectator) Meanwhile, Ontario’s big city mayors elected to a new term in office may soon have enhanced powers at their disposal to tackle tough issues like housing. But experts say the use of so-called “strong mayor” powers may not be clear-cut, and their use may be limited by budgetary constraints and other factors. Housing was a major election theme in municipal campaigns across the province, particularly related to affordability. Ontario’s Progressive Conservative government recently passed a law giving mayors of Toronto and Ottawa veto power over bylaws that conflict with provincial priorities like housing, and Premier Doug Ford says the powers will be extended to other cities in a year. Monday night’s municipal election results mean Ford could be extending those powers to former foes in provincial politics, with former leaders of the NDP and Liberals elected as the mayors of Hamilton and Vaughan, respectively. McMaster University political scientist Peter Graefe says it will be interesting to see how different municipalities use the strong mayor powers depending on local pressures on councils and from voters. (CTV News) From sketch to finish, see the current way Graeme completes an editorial cartoon using an iPencil, the Procreate app, and a couple of cheats on an iPad Pro … Editorial Cartoon by Graeme MacKay, The Hamilton Spectator – Saturday December 18, 2021 Toronto city council votes to help fight Quebec’s Bill 21 in court after Brampton calls for support Toronto city council unanimously voted in support of helping to fund a legal fight against Quebec’s law restricting religious symbols Thursday, after Brampton called on other Canadian cities to join in the initiative. John Tory, the mayor of Canada’s largest city, said in a tweet he would put the request to council Thursday, repeating that both he and city council have repeatedly voiced opposition to Quebec’s secularism law, known as Bill 21. On Thursday, city council unanimously voted in favour of the motion to reaffirm the city’s opposition to the bill. City council will also contribute $100,000 to support the joint legal challenge to the bill being brought by the National Council of Canadian Muslims, the World Sikh Organization and the Canadian Civil Liberties Association. “Today, city council made it very clear that Toronto stands with municipalities from across Canada in opposition to Bill 21 and in support of the legal challenge against this bill,” Tory said in a news release Thursday. “We cannot simply stand by as Torontonians and Canadians and see a law like this diminish the protection and respect accorded religious and other basic freedoms by our Canadian Charter of Rights of Freedoms.” He also encouraged other cities to join the fight to “uphold the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.” Tory was adding his voice to an initiative from Brampton city council, which also voted Wednesday to contribute $100,000 to challenging the Quebec law and encouraged other cities to donate. Adopted in June 2019, Bill 21 prohibits the wearing of religious symbols such as hijabs, kippas and turbans by teachers and other government employees deemed to be in positions of authority. Debate over the law was revived this month with news that a teacher in Chelsea, Que., had been reassigned because of her hijab. Brampton calls itself one of the most diverse communities in Canada and says it wants to show its support for what diversity brings to local communities and Canada as a whole. Brampton Mayor Patrick Brown calls Bill 21 discriminatory and says freedom of religion is a fundamental principle that must be upheld. Since Brown called on other cities to get involved, several communities across the country have indicated their support for his initiative and will put requests for funding to their respective councils. By late Wednesday afternoon, the motion had already won the support of Calgary Mayor Jyoti Gondek. (CBC) The Writ Drops The coming provincial election promises to be an interesting one. At Queen’s Park, Premier Kathleen Wynne has controlled the levers of an unpopular government since 2013, that, combined with 10 years of Dalton McGuinty’s tenure, adds up to 15 years of rule by Ontario Liberals. The projected net debt is at an all time high of $325 billion (compared with $138 billion when Liberals assumed power in 2003). The debt to GDP ratio is approaching 40%. Hydro costs have ballooned under the Liberals, and despite efforts to tackle emergency ward wait times, hospitals continue to be overcrowded. Falling grades are indicating a decline in Ontario’s education, and transit projects aren’t keeping pace with congested 400 series highways. The combined corruption storms resulting from the McGuinty years regarding gas plant emails, and the Sudbury by-election bribery case haven’t helped matters for the current Liberal leader. The election results of 2014 clearly showed that voters were intent on forgiving the Liberals for their many misdeeds and confident its new leader Kathleen Wynne would build the trust and good government that had been lost in the dying years of McGuinty’s reign. Ontario voters even rewarded the new leader with a majority victory in 2014, after slapping the previous one down with a slim minority. This is often forgotten in the current #metoo climate when supporters of Kathleen Wynne deal the misogyny and homophobe cards to explain her dreary popularity numbers. Polls consistently show that voters are done with Kathleen Wynne (ranked as the least popular Premier in Canada), and indeed the Liberal government in Ontario. To answer this, the Liberal Party platform is chock-a-block full of big spending progressive (NDPesque) promises for child care, health care, senior support, and dental and pharmacare. Despite the efforts, the mood among comment boards, call-in shows, and letters to the editor, seem to be very much about “throwing the bums out”. If, at this point the Liberal’s defeat is quite certain, then the question of who wins and by how much remains to be answered. Andrea Horwath enters her 3rd provincial election leading the NDP with poll numbers matching the governing Liberals. After attempting to make her party more palatable to centrist and Liberal Party voters in 2014, while outraging the most leftie members in the process, she has steered the party back to its traditional NDP position with campaign promises embracing free dental care, free tuition, and undoing Kathleen Wynne’s privatization of Hydro. As big spending platforms rule the day on the left with the Liberals and NDP, the Doug Ford PCs are the very opposite. Even with no platform to run on the Tories are banking on poll numbers that are 15% plus above the numbers of either competitor. They are assumed to be the winning player in the game to take power back, to trumpet fiscal prudence, reining in spending, cutting away public services, and doling out incentives to business’ and wealthy folk. Hastily assuming the leadership of the PCs beset by scandal and malaise under Patrick Brown, Doug Ford seems to have used populist energy to recharge a party lacking confidence in direction. With new leadership comes learning, and based on the amount of sloganeering dished out by Doug Ford, and an increasingly obvious dearth in policy expertise, or even knowledge (i.e.: how a bill becomes law), it’s becoming evident by the day that the presumptive Premier requires a steep learning curve to adequately prepare himself for the top job. It’s merely a matter of time before we find out if Doug Ford just managed to be the right person at the right time, no matter how uninformed he proves himself to be. At this point there’s no betting on who will be in charge at the pink palace after June 7, 2018. The PCs may now be riding high in the polls, but its leader is just one gaffe away from throwing the party’s support away in the same way John Tory did with faith based schools, or Tim Hudak did with his one million jobs gimmick. What is predictable about the coming 4 weeks are polls that will turn out to be way off reality. Nothing can really forecast how strategic voting will factor on election day, not to mention, the no shows: declining participation of the electorate, which has been dropping with each ballot, and was below 50% in 2014. There’s no predicting the outcome of this election. It really is anyone’s game. 1995 – 2014 Election retrospective 2014 Ontario Election (Click Here)SaveSave SaveSave SaveSave SaveSave SaveSave SaveSaveSaveSave SaveSave
7542	dbpedia	0	74	https://www.lakelandtoday.ca/politics/john-tory-promises-work-on-unfinished-business-in-third-term-as-toronto-mayor-6001388	en	John Tory promises work on 'unfinished business' in third term as Toronto mayor	https://www.vmcdn.ca/f/files/shared/feeds/cp/2022/10/20221024221020-63574896d0bb09f1ee2303c6jpeg.jpg;w=1024;h=674;mode=crop	https://www.vmcdn.ca/f/files/shared/feeds/cp/2022/10/20221024221020-63574896d0bb09f1ee2303c6jpeg.jpg;w=1024;h=674;mode=crop	[ "https://www.vmcdn.ca/files/lakelandtoday/images/lakelandtoday/lakelandtoday_pos_rgb_outline.svg", "https://www.vmcdn.ca/f/files/shared/feeds/cp/2022/10/20221024221020-63574896d0bb09f1ee2303c6jpeg.jpg;w=960", "https://www.vmcdn.ca/f/files/shared/feeds/cp/2024/08/9771f5ca23e8a1ec627b64790aa8f7d7972bcf6365b98df016ffca065acc3de0.jpg;w=120;h=80;mode=crop", "https://www.vmcdn.ca/f/files/shared/feeds/cp/2024/08/32cd3e5834436cd1231626fd09638594f9e2bbc4d8d777f21364be09da0fec56.jpg;w=120;h=80;mode=crop", "https://www.vmcdn.ca/f/files/shared/feeds/cp/2024/08/073d3320c5e5be31feb63faccfc86541e490a729dc18f27827f03143419fd83c.jpg;w=120;h=80;mode=crop", "https://www.vmcdn.ca/files/ui/greatwest/great-west-media.svg", "https://www.vmcdn.ca/files/shared/addtohome-manifest/android-launchericon-192-192.png", "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=321308813243151&ev=PageView&noscript=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Maan Alhmidi and Holly McKenzie-Sutter, The Canadian Press" ]	2022-10-25T03:19:28+00:00	TORONTO — John Tory secured a strong third mandate as mayor of Canada's most populous city on Monday, after a campaign that saw him tout his years of experience in Toronto's top office in his bid for re-election.	en	https://www.vmcdn.ca/f/f…s/ui/at-blue.png	LakelandToday.ca	https://www.lakelandtoday.ca/politics/john-tory-promises-work-on-unfinished-business-in-third-term-as-toronto-mayor-6001388	TORONTO — John Tory secured a strong third mandate as mayor of Canada's most populous city on Monday, after a campaign that saw him tout his years of experience in Toronto's top office in his bid for re-election. Tory, who thanked residents for granting him another term, beat out 30 mostly unknown candidates after many criticized his record on transit and housing – two issues he highlighted as priorities. "We have unfinished business that I'm absolutely determined to see though," he told cheering supporters at a downtown hotel in his election night speech. "I asked for a strong mandate and that is what I've been given." Tory secured about 62 per cent of the vote compared to about 18 per cent for progressive urbanist Gil Penalosa, who came second according to unofficial election results. Tory won with about 63.5 per cent of the vote in 2018. The newly re-elected mayor said he would work with the federal and provincial governments to get more housing built, along with also focusing on other priorities like affordability and economic recovery from the pandemic, saying he wants the city to "fashion the kind of recovery that leaves nobody behind." Tory, 68, stressed his intention to keep "hate and division" seen elsewhere in the world out of city politics. "I will continue to lead in a positive way which unites," he said. "There is no room in this city for the kind of hate or bitterness and division that some prefer for their own purposes." Tory's win comes as he's faced criticism about the state of Toronto under his leadership. Opponents noted the high cost of housing, aging infrastructure, overflowing garbage bins and shuttered parks. Penalosa, Tory's main challenger, had said he was motivated to run after talking with residents who felt the city was "falling apart." In his concession speech, Penalosa highlighted the trend of Toronto residents being driven out of the city due to the high cost of living. The urban planner also commented on dissatisfaction among residents of all demographics. "Everybody thinks it's good, but for someone else," he said of the city’s voters. "John Tory has the opportunity in the next four years to make it good for everyone." Tory's housing plan aims to address the city's housing shortage in several ways, including by permitting more "missing middle housing," which includes duplexes and small apartment blocks, and making it easier to build mid-rise apartments along major transit corridors. He's also proposed to streamline the building process with the creation of a new division at city hall and plans to ask the province to allow the city to enact a "use it or lose it" policy that would mandate developers to start building on approved but undeveloped land or face higher taxes and have zoning approvals expire. Tory has hinted at the possibility of using new so-called strong mayor powers granted by the province to the leaders of Toronto and Ottawa to pass some of his proposed housing plan if it faces opposition. The re-elected mayor's other campaign promises included a pledge to keep taxes below the rate of inflation and a commitment to the city's $28-billion transit plan, led by the province. In his third term, Tory will have to deal with the city's estimated $857-million pandemic-driven budget shortfall. Myer Siemiatycki, professor emeritus at Toronto Metropolitan University, said some of the candidates who ran against Tory were credible, but they didn't have any name recognition. "The election campaign itself was too short a time period for them to become, for the residents of the city, to become familiar with them," he said. "There were not many opportunities for serious challengers like Mr. Penalosa to get known in the city more widely." Tory won the mayoral election comfortably, Siemiatycki said, but a number of city council candidates he supported were defeated. "Mayor Tory, in his third term, will have a more challenging time with the city council," Siemiatycki said. "That's going to make for very interesting dynamics for the municipal council over the next four years." This report by The Canadian Press was first published Oct. 24, 2022. Maan Alhmidi and Holly McKenzie-Sutter, The Canadian Press
7542	dbpedia	0	8	https://observatoirevivreensemble.org/en/john-tory	en	John Tory	https://observatoirevivr…pg?itok=a4oANyN1	https://observatoirevivr…pg?itok=a4oANyN1	[ "https://observatoirevivreensemble.org/sites/default/files/styles/square_large/public/photo_du_maire_1.jpg?itok=-4mxZ8bU&c=7a28ee0b120a493329e996cf33ebc605" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2016-06-13T16:35:59-04:00		en	https://observatoirevivr…/rosette-mtl.gif	Observatoire international des maires sur le Vivre ensemble	https://observatoirevivreensemble.org/en/john-tory	As a lawyer, talk show host, businessman, Member of Provincial Parliament and Leader of the Official Opposition at Queen’s Park, and finally as Mayor, he has long believed that the diversity of Toronto is its strength. As Mayor, John’s focus will be on bringing the city together as One Toronto. Among Mayor Tory’s top priorities are tackling transit and traffic congestion. He is focused on taking action to reduce commute times so Toronto residents can get to work on time and home to their families sooner. Mayor Tory is also getting to work on Toronto’s transit crisis by getting on with the Scarborough subway and beginning work on the SmartTrack line, a 53 kilometre, 22 station surface subway that would provide all day, two-way service across the city and bring needed relief to the congested Yonge subway. The early years of Mayor Tory’s career were spent practicing law in Toronto, and he was later elected as a managing partner of one of Canada’s biggest law firms. In the 1980’s he served as Principal Secretary to Premier Bill Davis and as Associate Secretary of the Ontario Cabinet. In September 2004, Mayor Tory was elected leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario. In 2005, as PC Party Leader, Mayor Tory would serve as the Leader of the Official Opposition at Queen’s Park. Mayor Tory has an extensive background in volunteer community service. He served as volunteer Chairman and Commissioner of the Canadian Football League and has chaired fundraising campaigns for St. Michael’s Hospital and the United Way. He has also held leadership positions in a wide range of charitable organizations ranging from Canadian Paraplegic Association, Crimestoppers, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto Association for Community Living, the United Way, and the Women's Legal Education & Action Fund (LEAF). Mayor Tory’s community work has been widely recognized. Mayor Tory was a founding Board Member and Chair of the Greater Toronto CivicAction Alliance. He is a recipient of both the Paul Harris and Mel Osborne Awards from the Rotary and Kiwanis organizations respectively and was named a Life Member of the Salvation Army Advisory Board. He is also the recipient of an African Canadian Achievement Award and the Harry Jerome Award. Mayor Tory was recently awarded the Order of Ontario for being a “consummate champion for the Greater Toronto Region.” Born on May 28, 1954, Mayor Tory and his wife Barbara have been married since 1978. They raised their four children, John Jr, Chris, Susan and George in Toronto and are now delighted to have four grandchildren to spoil.
7542	dbpedia	2	82	https://www.linkedin.com/posts/juliadeans_a-letter-to-john-tory-tvo-today-activity-7030661596955758592-hUde	en	Julia (Wilson) Deans, ICD.D on LinkedIn: A letter to John Tory	https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/sync/v2/D5627AQFhcZF3QTa7wA/articleshare-shrink_800/articleshare-shrink_800/0/1711524895738?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=S-1UBIxpYJyvxQD9s2Vzdh9jNU7pem45tKtghCF0l5Y	https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/sync/v2/D5627AQFhcZF3QTa7wA/articleshare-shrink_800/articleshare-shrink_800/0/1711524895738?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=S-1UBIxpYJyvxQD9s2Vzdh9jNU7pem45tKtghCF0l5Y	[ "https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/5q92mjc5c51bjlwaj3rs9aa82" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Julia (Wilson) Deans, ICD.D" ]	2023-02-12T22:19:08.065000+00:00	Thanks to Steve Paikin for this thoughtful letter to John Tory. I have known John Tory for more than 30 years and enjoyed working with him twice. I've met few… \| 21 comments on LinkedIn	en	https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca		https://www.linkedin.com/posts/juliadeans_a-letter-to-john-tory-tvo-today-activity-7030661596955758592-hUde
7542	dbpedia	1	43	https://toronto.citynews.ca/2023/02/10/mayor-john-tory-toronto-timeline/	en	John Tory’s lengthy timeline as Toronto’s mayor	https://toronto.citynews…676086135180.jpg	https://toronto.citynews…676086135180.jpg	[ "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/themes/citynews-2023/src/images/CityNews_Everywhere_White.svg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/sites/10/2023/02/10/john-tory-resigns-1-6269732-1676086135180.jpg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/sites/10/2024/08/17/Mississauga-Fire-flooding-Toronto-Ontario-thunderstorm-e1723924058653.jpg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/sites/10/2024/08/17/Home-Hardware-Ayr-Ontario-tornado-damage-1024x624.jpg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/sites/10/2024/08/17/CP168008047-1024x681.jpg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/sites/10/2024/08/17/Kevin-Marsh-1024x576.jpg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/themes/citynews-2023/src/images/radio_station_logos/toronto-colored.svg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/sites/10/2024/08/17/Mississauga-Fire-flooding-Toronto-Ontario-thunderstorm-e1723924058653.jpg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/sites/10/2024/08/17/Home-Hardware-Ayr-Ontario-tornado-damage-1024x624.jpg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/sites/10/2024/08/17/CP168008047-1024x681.jpg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/sites/10/2024/08/17/Kevin-Marsh-1024x576.jpg", "https://cf-images.us-east-1.prod.boltdns.net/v1/static/593482582001/7b8afee2-228b-4c75-9167-d50058446952/c59834a2-fb4d-4500-b4be-1adb50107415/1920x1080/match/image.jpg", "https://cf-images.us-east-1.prod.boltdns.net/v1/static/593482582001/cea1c978-e48a-4eca-9508-f99eb898638c/111985bf-5349-4afe-ab22-b3a5e7baf831/1920x1080/match/image.jpg", "https://cf-images.us-east-1.prod.boltdns.net/v1/static/593482582001/fee6d43b-41a1-46e3-a112-b2742d170c29/794f9318-251c-4afa-a339-3df12cbd0f73/1920x1080/match/image.jpg", "https://cf-images.us-east-1.prod.boltdns.net/v1/static/593482582001/77804643-f9b0-4691-baa7-cbdae5a24568/1871dd7e-1993-4284-bd67-ff753bfca09c/1920x1080/match/image.jpg", "https://cf-images.us-east-1.prod.boltdns.net/v1/static/593482582001/6f86e8a0-862d-4251-8082-362aaa8477fb/6172fc5c-2486-4ac9-8252-a859963eaa99/1920x1080/match/image.jpg", "https://static.rogersdigitalmedia.com/web_footers/images/common_footers/comscore_logos/white_BG/comscoreRogersMediaRadioToronto.png", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/plugins/rsm-consent-management/public/images/necessary.svg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/plugins/rsm-consent-management/public/images/more.svg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/plugins/rsm-consent-management/public/images/functional.svg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/plugins/rsm-consent-management/public/images/more.svg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/plugins/rsm-consent-management/public/images/performance.svg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/plugins/rsm-consent-management/public/images/more.svg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/plugins/rsm-consent-management/public/images/targeting.svg", "https://toronto.citynews.ca/wp-content/plugins/rsm-consent-management/public/images/more.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Lucas Casaletto" ]	2023-02-10T00:00:00	Tory, now 68, was first elected as Toronto's mayor in 2014 and was re-elected twice; first in 2018 and more recently in 2022.		/apple-touch-icon.png?v=2	CityNews Toronto	https://toronto.citynews.ca/2023/02/10/mayor-john-tory-toronto-timeline/	The sudden resignation of John Tory as mayor of Toronto comes after he publicly revealed he had been in a relationship with a former staff member that began during the COVID-19 pandemic, leaving many to wonder what comes next. Tory, now 68, was born into a successful family with a major law firm, Torys, founded by his grandfather. Tory worked for Rogers-owned radio stations before getting into politics. He worked in then-premier Bill Davis’s Progressive Conservative government in the early 1980s. He’d later work as a lawyer while also serving on campaigns for then-prime minister Brian Mulroney, as well as his successor Kim Campbell in 1993. In 1995, Tory moved over to run Rogers Media as its CEO and president. He took the helm of the company’s cable division around the turn of the millennium During that stretch he also served as the Canadian Football League’s commissioner. Here’s a look at Tory’s time in office. November 2003 election — Tory makes first run at mayor After years in politics, Tory ran for the first time in November 2003 election for mayor of Toronto, finishing in second place behind councillor David Miller. Miller would serve as mayor of Toronto until 2010. Tory elected leader of Ontario Progressive Conservative Party Tory won his seat during a 2005 by-election, becoming MPP for the riding of Dufferin-Peel Wellington-Grey. In 2007, Tory, who was then running for a seat in Toronto’s Don Valley West riding in Toronto, lost the race to Liberal and then-education minister Kathleen Wynne. Tory’s controversial campaign promise to extend public funding to religious schools led the Progressive Conservatives to a disappointing showing overall. 2009 — Tory steps down as Conservative Party leader Tory tried to regain a seat in the legislature after caucus member Laurie Scott gave up her Haliburton-Kawartha Lakes-Brock seat so he could run in a byelection there, but he lost that race as well and later resigned as party leader. Tory returns to broadcasting Tory, who started his career as a journalist for Rogers’ Toronto radio stations CFTR and CHFI, returned as the host of a daily three-hour afternoon radio show called The Live Drive on Newstalk 1010 before waded back into politics to take another run as mayor. February 2014 — Tory enters Toronto mayoral race Tory registered as a candidate for the 2014 Toronto mayoral election on February 24. He faced off against scandal-plagued incumbent Mayor Rob Ford, running on a platform of change, a transit vision for the city and low taxes. With weeks to go before the election, Rob Ford pulled out of the race after being diagnosed with cancer. Doug Ford, the mayor’s older brother and councillor of his old ward, stepped in to run in his stead. The final results were closer than expected, with Tory elected after receiving 40.3 per cent of the vote and Doug Ford receiving 33.7 per cent. Olivia Chow (23.2 per cent) placed third. Tory popular during first term, criticized for SmartTrack system One of his campaign promises was to restore transit services. Tory announced his Toronto relief plan, called SmartTrack, providing electric commuter rail along existing GOTrain infrastructure from Unionville to Toronto Pearson Airport. It didn’t sit well with some members of the public, noting that SmartTrack wasn’t as expansive as what Tory initially promised. October 2018 — Tory re-elected Tory would be re-elected, defeating former chief city planner Jennifer Keesmaat with 63 per cent of the vote. 2019-present — Tory leads Toronto’s COVID-19 pandemic response The first-ever COVID-19 case detected in Canada is confirmed in Toronto on January 23, 2020. On March 17, 2020, Ford’s government declared its first state of emergency during the pandemic. Days later, Tory would follow suit, declaring a local state of emergency on March 23, 2020. Tory and Toronto’s medical officer of health introduced mask requirements in all public indoor settings on July 7, 2020. On July 31, 2020, Toronto was admitted into Stage 3 of the province’s reopening plan, loosening public health restrictions. As the province experienced a COVID-19 wave into the fall, on November 23, 2020, Tory announced that Toronto would be placed under lockdown. That remained intact until Ford and the province declared an Ontario-wide shutdown on December 26, 2020. Vaccines began to roll out, with the first doses administered to healthcare workers in the University Health Network (UHN) in Toronto. Tory would cancel many city-wide events as a result of the pandemic, and schools were temporarily closed in April 2021. RELATED: John Tory steps down as Toronto’s mayor after relationship with former staffer May 2020 — ActiveTO launched Tory announces the ActiveTO program being developed by Toronto Public Health and Transportation Services to “provide more space for people walking and cycling as well as transit riders to allow for better physical distancing as part of the city’s restart and recovery.” June 2020 — Calls grow for police reform In the wake of George Floyd’s death at the hands of U.S. police officers and the death of Toronto woman Regis Korchinski-Paquet, city councillors Josh Matlow and Kristyn Wong-Tam submitted a motion to cut the Toronto police budget by $122 million. Tory would reject the proposal. As part of the city’s response, Tory announced the implementation of a non-police crisis response pilot program and $5 million in funding to allow for front-line officers to be equipped with body cameras. Summer 2021 — Tory defends Toronto police dismantling homeless encampments Tory consistently insisted that homeless encampments be cleared in Toronto, even during the COVID-19 pandemic. He said the city would continue to clear out encampments, many of which he claimed are empty tents and structures that pose a danger and interfere with the use of public parks by citizens. This led to heated clashes with officers in city parks, and several arrests were made. Tory was strongly criticized for his response after his government spent nearly $2 million to clear homeless encampments at three parks in the summer of 2021. July 2022 — Tory investigated for ties to Rogers The City of Toronto’s integrity commissioner launched an investigation into Tory’s ties to Rogers. The decision arrived after a complaint that the mayor was in a conflict of interest over a city council vote on ActiveTO road closures. The commissioner found that Toronto’s mayor did not break any conflict of interest rules and exonerated him. RELATED: What’s the process for having a new mayor in Toronto? October 2022 — Tory re-elected as mayor for third term Tory cruised to a third mayoral term less than four months ago after a campaign that saw him tout his years of experience in the city’s top office, garnering 62 per cent of the vote compared to about 18 per cent for progressive urbanist Gil Penalosa. December 2022 — Tory granted strong mayor powers Recent legislation from Ford’s government granted Toronto strong mayor powers in return for helping build houses quickly. Tory supported the controversial measure introduced by Premier Ford. January 2023 — Tory’s response to TTC violence Tory and the Toronto police force announced that more than 80 officers would be at Toronto Transit Commission locations to reduce victimization, prevent crimes of opportunity and enhance public safety. Tory has said increased police on the TTC is one part of addressing safety issues, and the city will continue investing in mental health and addiction treatment and anti-violence programs. February 2023 — Tory steps down Tory announced Friday he was resigning from the job due to an “inappropriate relationship” he had with a former member of his staff. RELATED: Here’s Toronto Mayor John Tory’s full resignation statement Files from The Canadian Press were used in this report
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GlobalNews.ca your source for the latest news on John Tory .	en	https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/134ef81f5668dc78080f6bd19ca2310b?s=32	Global News	https://globalnews.ca/tag/john-tory/	After refugees sleep on the streets, Ottawa announces funding for housing According to Shelter, Support and Housing Administration (SSHA), more than 35 per cent of the 9,000 people using Toronto's shelter system are refugees. Canada Jul 18, 2023 Should Toronto’s next mayor raise taxes? Some say they must Some candidates have also pledged to continue property tax increases at the rate of inflation, a move John Tory had pledged to forge ahead with before his sudden departure. Politics May 30, 2023 Mischief charge laid in incident where eggs were thrown at John Tory’s office window Global News captured the moment a person wearing a cowboy hat calmly approached a barrier outside Toronto city hall on Feb. 17 before pulling out some eggs and throwing them. Crime Mar 31, 2023
7542	dbpedia	1	1	https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-former-mayor-john-tory-rejoins-rogers-1.7154581	en	Former Toronto mayor John Tory to rejoin Rogers Communications board of directors	https://i.cbc.ca/1.67233…-2023-budget.jpg	https://i.cbc.ca/1.67233…-2023-budget.jpg	[ "https://www.cbc.ca/a/images/nojsimg.gif", "https://i.cbc.ca/1.6723345.1676474440!/cumulusImage/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/16x9_780/tory-toronto-2023-budget.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "The Canadian Press" ]	2024-03-25T15:46:00+00:00	Former Toronto mayor John Tory is set to rejoin the board of directors at Rogers Communications Inc.	en	/a/apple-touch-icon.png	CBC	https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-former-mayor-john-tory-rejoins-rogers-1.7154581	Former Toronto mayor John Tory is set to rejoin the board of directors at Rogers Communications Inc. Tory is listed among the 14 proposed management nominees in the company's information circular ahead of Rogers' annual meeting set for April 24. He previously served as a Rogers director from 2010 to 2014 and chief executive of Rogers Cable Inc. from 1999 to 2003 and Rogers Media Inc. from 1995 to 1999. Tory's return to the Rogers board comes after sisters Melinda Rogers-Hixon and Martha Rogers settled their differences with their brother Edward Rogers and announced their retirement from the company's board earlier this year. Tory is a member of the advisory committee of the Rogers Control Trust, which holds voting control of the company. He resigned as mayor of Toronto in 2023 after admitting to an inappropriate relationship with a staffer.
7542	dbpedia	0	19	https://www.talentcanada.ca/the-news-about-toronto-mayor-john-torys-affair-destroyed-his-carefully-cultivated-public-image/	en	The news about Toronto Mayor John Tory’s affair destroyed his carefully cultivated public image	https://www.talentcanada…20-350x438-1.jpg	https://www.talentcanada…20-350x438-1.jpg	[ "https://www.talentcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/talent-canada-website-logo.png", "https://www.talentcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/talent-canada-website-logo.png", "https://www.talentcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/talent-canada-website-logo.png", "https://www.talentcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/conversation-70x70.jpg", "https://www.talentcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/8bfc-Mayor-John-Tory-2020-350x438-1.jpg", "https://counter.theconversation.com/content/200425/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic", "https://www.talentcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/talent-canada-website-logo.png", "https://www.talentcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/OntarioCreatesBLK.png", "https://www.annexbusinessmedia.com/images/Funded-Logo.png", "https://www.talentcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/close.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "The Conversation" ]	2023-02-24T16:08:56-05:00	By Sam Routley, Western University	en	https://www.talentcanada…9/10/favicon.png	Talent Canaea	https://www.talentcanada.ca/the-news-about-toronto-mayor-john-torys-affair-destroyed-his-carefully-cultivated-public-image/	By Sam Routley, Western University The Toronto Star broke news on Feb. 10 about Mayor John Tory’s extramarital affair with an employee in his office. An hour later, he had announced his resignation, and by the end of the following week, he was gone from the mayor’s office. Sex scandals are nothing new in the world of politics. Many politicians have survived such scandals and held onto their jobs. These types of scandals are usually considered to be legal, minor and mostly personal indiscretions that don’t impact the ability of government officials to do their jobs. What is interesting about the Tory case is how drastic and sudden the impact of the affair was. Why did the reports of Tory’s affair have such a shocking and impactful effect on his leadership? Why, in other words, has it brought an end to the now former mayor’s life as a politician? Tory’s public image Tory, while not commanding an enthusiastic following, was certainly not an unpopular politician at the time of his resignation. Just four months earlier, Tory easily won re-election as mayor. He is the only mayor of Toronto to receive a third consecutive term since the amalgamation of Toronto’s six boroughs. In both the 2018 and 2022 contests, Tory’s hold on power was demonstrated by the fact that, while having many detractors, no popular or united oppositional movement provided any sort of genuine challenge to his leadership. Academic research has shown that a large part of leadership is transactional, meaning that leaders are given their positions of authority because they can present aspects of their personal characteristics to establish and maintain specific expectations among voters. Put another way, leadership is as much about maintaining a successful brand as it is about policy outcomes. Ultimately, Tory’s success emerged from the way that he was able to establish himself as a competent, effective and practical administrator with a plethora of good judgment. As a result, he could provide Torontonians with an imperfect, but tolerable sense of stability through specific goods. These goods included, among others, the goods of necessary infrastructure development, adequate municipal services and fiscal responsibility without a significant increase in taxes. Tory is also credited with leading a very capable response to the COVID-19 pandemic. To put it another way, Tory was — at the very worst — boring. The calm after the storm Tory’s boring was a good kind of boring. Toronto municipal politics — since the 1998 amalgamation that merged downtown Toronto with each of the city’s inner suburbs to form one “mega-city” administration – has often been contentious and ideologically charged. City council and the mayor’s office have come to reflect the divergent interests and voting patterns of the more conservative, working-class suburbs and the progressive, educated downtown core. Toronto politics has been populated by a number of acrimonious, larger-than-life personalities. We might recall, for instance, the gaffe-prone nature of former mayor Mel Lastman, city councillors Giorgio Mammoliti and Gord Perks who were known for their theatrical shouting matches, or the scandal-prone former mayor Rob Ford. As an exception rather than a rule, Tory will always be remembered as the mayor that stabilized the municipal government following the disorder, comedy and scandal of the Ford years. With Tory’s departure, there are indications that this tendency towards political contention will re-emerge. The city’s suburban and downtown populations continue to be divided over the province’s initiatives surrounding “strong mayor” legislation, transportation infrastructure and housing developments in the Greenbelt. The secure hold on power enjoyed by the Progressive Conservatives at Queen’s Park suggests the emergence of an insurgent, populist left-wing counter reaction. At the same time, growing concerns related to the breakdown of law and order may help elect right-wing candidates, as in Vancouver. Tory’s moderation meant he was often caught in the middle. Conservatives attacked the mayor for failing to address issues related to crime and maintaining red tape that limited infrastructure development. Progressives attacked him for underfunding city services related to transit, maintenance and housing. The nail in the coffin Tory left office in the midst of an ongoing opioid and homelessness crisis, deteriorating public safety and issues with housing affordability. The reality is that, while mostly popular, Tory relied predominately on his public image as a competent city manager to maintain support. He had to assure Torontonians that his leadership, while not perfect, was at the very least sound and characterized by good judgement. Tory’s affair, however, immediately broke down and delegitimized this carefully crafted image. This is because, more than anything, it demonstrated a substantial error of judgment and lack of integrity. The basis of Tory’s public image meant the affair became inherently political, despite it being a personal issue. Outside whatever personal impact the situation has had on Tory’s family and marriage, the power imbalance of the relationship also complicates matters. Sixty-eight year old Tory’s relationship was with a 31 year old professional subordinate, raising questions about consent and power differentials. There are a number of unanswerable concerns over how the mayor understood, used and made decisions in light of his position of authority. In the face of all this, there were few remaining factors or strengths the mayor could rely on to weather the storm. While some did defend Tory and argue he should stay on as mayor, nobody was able to point to a set of policy accomplishments or goals that, after nearly ten years and a worsening city environment, outweighed the assassination of Tory’s character. Sam Routley, PhD Student, Political Science, Western University
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"https://dcs-static.gprod.postmedia.digital/16.7.2/websites/images/postmedia-image-fallback.png", "https://dcs-static.gprod.postmedia.digital/16.7.2/websites/images/postmedia-image-fallback.png", "https://dcs-static.gprod.postmedia.digital/16.7.2/websites/images/fp/logo-footer-fp.svg", "https://dcs-static.gprod.postmedia.digital/16.7.2/websites/images/share-icons/icon-soc-ig-mono-rev.svg", "https://dcs-static.gprod.postmedia.digital/16.7.2/websites/images/share-icons/icon-soc-fb-mono-rev.svg", "https://dcs-static.gprod.postmedia.digital/16.7.2/websites/images/share-icons/icon-soc-yt-mono-rev.svg", "https://dcs-static.gprod.postmedia.digital/16.7.2/websites/images/share-icons/icon-soc-tw-mono-rev.svg", "https://dcs-static.gprod.postmedia.digital/16.7.2/websites/images/logo-postmedia.svg", "https://dcs-static.gprod.postmedia.digital/16.7.2/websites/images/common-icon/icon-close-black.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Theresa Tedesco" ]	2014-11-29T12:00:26+00:00	Theresa Tedesco: John Tory comes to politics — after years of failed tries — as a card-carrying member of the Canadian business establishment where connections and …	en	https://dcs-static.gprod.postmedia.digital/16.7.2/websites/images/fp/favicon-fp.ico	financialpost	https://financialpost.com/news/fp-street/the-mayor-of-bay-street-john-tory-sharpens-his-boardroom-skills-for-torontos-city-hall	Article content A few days before being sworn is as the 65th mayor of Canada’s largest city, John Howard Tory had some unfinished business to attend to. After a long day, which included a public briefing on the state of Toronto’s affairs, the mayor-elect made his way from a sterile conference room at City Hall to his old stomping grounds at the more tastefully appointed headquarters of Rogers Communications to take care of some paperwork. Advertisement 2 Story continues below This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below. THIS CONTENT IS RESERVED FOR SUBSCRIBERS ONLY Subscribe now to read the latest news in your city and across Canada. Exclusive articles from Barbara Shecter, Joe O'Connor, Gabriel Friedman, and others. Daily content from Financial Times, the world's leading global business publication. Unlimited online access to read articles from Financial Post, National Post and 15 news sites across Canada with one account. National Post ePaper, an electronic replica of the print edition to view on any device, share and comment on. Daily puzzles, including the New York Times Crossword. SUBSCRIBE TO UNLOCK MORE ARTICLES Subscribe now to read the latest news in your city and across Canada. Exclusive articles from Barbara Shecter, Joe O'Connor, Gabriel Friedman and others. Daily content from Financial Times, the world's leading global business publication. Unlimited online access to read articles from Financial Post, National Post and 15 news sites across Canada with one account. National Post ePaper, an electronic replica of the print edition to view on any device, share and comment on. Daily puzzles, including the New York Times Crossword. REGISTER / SIGN IN TO UNLOCK MORE ARTICLES Create an account or sign in to continue with your reading experience. Access articles from across Canada with one account. Share your thoughts and join the conversation in the comments. Enjoy additional articles per month. Get email updates from your favourite authors. Sign In or Create an Account Email Address or Article content [np_storybar title=”John Tory paints ‘realistic picture’ of Toronto’s biggest challenges in ‘state of the city’ address” link=”http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/11/28/john-tory-lays-out-torontos-biggest-challenges-in-state-of-the-city-address/”] We apologize, but this video has failed to load. Try refreshing your browser, or tap here to see other videos from our team. The mayor of Bay Street: John Tory sharpens his boardroom skills for Toronto's City Hall Back to video Toronto’s new mayor says he had never been more optimistic about the future of the city. But, boy, does it have a lot of problems. In a ‘‘state of the city’’ address on Thursday, John Tory listed his new dominion’s many foibles in a bid to paint a “realistic picture” of the challenges confronting Toronto. The Post’s Natalie Alcoba lists the top 10 [/np_storybar] After more than 20 years with the telecommunications giant as an executive and director, Mr. Tory was officially resigning from the company’s board of directors, severing deep familial corporate ties, likely for good. He had already stepped down from the boards of supermarket chain Metro Inc. and restaurant chain Cara Operations Ltd. earlier in the week, but none of them had as much personal connection to the incoming mayor as did Rogers. “My hand shook when I had to resign from those boards because I was so regretful I had to give them up,” he says. “By the time I’m done here in eight years, I’ll be 68 years old and probably too old for most boards.” Advertisement 3 Story continues below This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below. Article content For a card-carrying member of the Canadian business establishment, considered the best-connected person in the city, Mr. Tory shouldn’t lose much sleep over that. Born into wealth and privilege, his godfather was cable czar Edward S. Rogers. He once ran the venerable law firm Torys LLP that bears the family name. He has the CEOs of Canada’s biggest banks on speed dial. But while Mr. Tory swims in the waters of Corporate Canada, he is a different species of fish, as his most recent switch from talk-radio host to Toronto’s mayor suggests. “I was very much a part of Bay Street,” he says, “but I was not a product of that.” Yet he is the scion of a family that helped shape many of Canada’s largest and most enduring business empires and many of this country’s most significant corporate players: the billionaire Thomson family; that of the late Ted Rogers; and the founding family of the Toronto Star company. Throughout much of his working life as a broadcaster, politician and businessman, the mayor-elect tapped into jobs at many of the places with close family ties. He agrees his latest role at the helm of Canada’s largest city will be the most challenging executive position he’s ever taken on. “I didn’t come into this with my eyes closed.” Article content Advertisement 4 Story continues below This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below. Article content We just don’t have enough good guys like John After all, when he moves into the mayor’s office along Toronto’s Bay Street Tuesday, it will mark the first time in his privileged life that Mr. Tory will be working outside the comfortable confines of the family fold. Yet, he comes to politics — after years of failed tries — as a card-carrying member of the Canadian business establishment where connections and civility matter more than fierce competition and the naked pursuit of wealth. He is arguably the bluest Blue Chip mayor that has ever taken office in this country. Some of his friends in high places offer high praise — although others caution that Mr. Tory never had to develop the sheer force of will that climbing tall ladders, and playing politics, require. “He’s a first-class guy,” offered Gord Nixon, newly retired CEO of Royal Bank of Canada. “We just don’t have enough good guys like John,” said Graham Savage, a friend and a long-time corporate director (including at Postmedia Network Inc., which owns the National Post). We apologize, but this video has failed to load. Try refreshing your browser, or tap here to see other videos from our team. He may be exceedingly likeable, agreeable and brimming with good intentions, motivated by what Bank of Montreal CEO Bill Downe described as “a strong sense of purpose.” But some in Mr. Tory’s circle of friends and associates privately worry that he may be naïve to what lies ahead. “His problem will be getting people to work together. He’s got to find a way to get people to vote with him; it’s a barter system,” said a former business associate and friend who did not want his name used out of concern of hurting their relationship. “He’s too nice a guy for that. He may be too nice for this job.” Advertisement 5 Story continues below This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below. Article content And it’s true that Mr. Tory is not cut from the same cloth as a typical Bay Street dealmaker. “He wouldn’t know how to do a merger or a takeover,” says another family friend. “He wouldn’t know how to put together a corporate deal. He’s never done any of that as a lawyer or a businessman.” Instead, Mr. Tory has built an impressive career wafting through the formidable sphere of influence that has surrounded his family long before he arrived on the scene. His first summer job at 17 was as a radio reporter at stations owned by Ted Rogers, with whom his father — John Arnold Tory — had a close affiliation as a corporate adviser and board director. After graduating from Osgoode Hall law school at York University, Mr. Tory signed on with the family’s influential law firm, Tory, Tory, DesLauriers and Binnington (now Torys LLP), founded by his grandfather John Steward Donald Tory in 1949 and transformed by Mr. Tory’s father and uncle James Marshall Tory into one of Bay Street’s powerhouse corporate law firms. His grandfather was instrumental in establishing the University of Toronto law school in 1949 — where his father and uncle would become star students — but when John Tory didn’t make the cut, he insisted that his father not pull any strings to get him in. “I just missed. I was on the waiting list and it was a disappointment to my dad, more so than me but I didn’t let my dad call anybody or do anything about it.” He laughs about the fact that Robert Prichard, the law school’s former dean and later CEO of Torstar Corp., to this day still jokingly apologizes for the rejection. Advertisement 6 Story continues below This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below. Article content Mr. Tory worked at the family firm from 1980 to 1995 — save for a four-year hiatus during which he served as principal secretary for former Ontario premier William Davis; his family having longstanding ties to the provincial Progressive Conservatives. He held several roles as partner, manager partner and member of the executive committee, although he admits he was “never in the traditional mode of a lawyer” for the 12 years he practiced law. Deeply involved in the political and social firmament of the city, Mr. Tory focused his energy on government relations. In 1995, he raised eyebrows when, despite having almost no high-level corporate experience, he landed one of the most senior executive positions in the country. Just over 40, he was appointed CEO of Rogers Media on the heels of a blockbuster $3.1-billion deal that saw the cable giant acquire Maclean Hunter Ltd., saddling Rogers with crushing debt and a stable of newspapers and magazines the company had no experiencing in managing. “When I became an executive, I did not follow the traditional route of getting there, I am the first to admit that,” Mr. Tory said. “Ted Rogers called me up and he had enough confidence that I could run the companies… but I didn’t follow the route of going in as a middle manager and working my way up.” Advertisement 7 Story continues below This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below. Article content After four years at the helm of the media operations — and also commissioner of the Canadian Football League — the still young Mr. Tory was promoted to lead Rogers Cable in 1999, where he stayed until a run for mayor in 2003 (he lost to David Miller). Just as he did when his opponents suggested during this year’s long, at times gritty, mayoralty campaign, Mr. Tory still visibly bristles at suggestions that he’s been handed opportunities, rather than earned them. “I was an activist CEO, I had to be to work for Ted Rogers, who was as demanding as anyone you could ever work for,” he said. “I couldn’t have survived in those jobs if I weren’t tough enough.” Mr. Savage, chief financial officer at Rogers at the time Mr. Tory was at the company, said any senior executive working for Ted Rogers ended up overshadowed by the potency of the maverick cable magnate himself. “Ted was so dominant, he tried to run everything and tried to call all the shots,” Mr. Savage recalled. “It’s hard to gauge John independent of that, and it’s hard to gauge any of us for that matter, although in my view he was a good executive.” Mr. Savage, who is among the group of former and outgoing Rogers executives with whom Mr. Tory remains close — others include Colin Watson, Philip Lind and Anthony Viner — said they “were united against Ted, most of the time” and that Mr. Tory was the most “irreverent” of the bunch, willing to stand up to the volatile founder. But then, none of the other executives had the last name of Tory. Advertisement 8 Story continues below This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below. Article content Yet Mr. Tory clearly remained drawn to the world of the public. As a senior Rogers’ executive, he hosted a public affairs program on Rogers Cable’s community access channel. After his defeat to David Miller in the 2003 Toronto mayoralty campaign, his Bay Street friends counseled him to step back and decompress. Geoff Beattie, chief adviser to the Thomson family (a role once held by Mr. Tory’s father) and BMO’s Mr. Downe both suggested he try corporate directorships where he could lend his experience and expertise, rather than resuming the responsibilities of operating a company. He was invited to join the boards of Metro and Cara, and took his seat again on the Rogers board. He has a remarkable ability to get things done working with people rather than against people “I loved running a company but I really enjoyed being on boards and watching how they work and having a positive influence on how they work without the responsibility of how they performed,” he explained. He heightened his work in philanthropy, leveraging his contacts on Bay Street to help find work for skilled immigrants. But politics called again, taking him back to the Ontario provincial Progressive Conservative party in 2004, this time as leader, until his electoral defeat (largely the result of a controversy stoked by the Liberals over religious-school funding) in 2007, where he failed to win his riding from Kathleen Wynne, now Ontario’s premier. He waited for a seat to open up in a byelection; and two long years later, when it did, and he lost again, he resigned. After a career in lush corner offices and fruitlessly chasing political leadership, he settled in, somewhat curiously, hosting drive-time talk radio at Toronto’s CFRB, a station founded (but no longer owned) by the Rogers family. Advertisement 9 Story continues below This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below. Article content During the tumultuous reign of Rob Ford, Mr. Tory was persuaded to try once more for the mayor’s seat. Eventually competing against Mr. Ford’s brother, Doug (the outgoing mayor dropped out following a cancer diagnosis), he finally prevailed last month, winning 40% of the vote, to Doug Ford’s 34%. Mr. Tory will be the first Toronto mayor in a century to have never warmed a seat on city council. This has some of his personal backers feeling uneasy; getting along on boards and charities with like-minded Rosedalers, they say, is very different from trying to herd the diverse opinions of 44 elected city councilors. Any attempt to lead by consensus, they fear, may only result in paralysis. “He’s a positive person and sometimes it’s harder for him to make decisions because he likes consensus,” said one. “I don’t buy that,” scoffed Mr. Nixon. “I think that he is by nature quite conciliatory and frankly, I can’t think of an attribute that is more useful when you are trying to corral city hall. We have a weak-mayor system [holding just one vote on council], so the mayor needs to be able to work with people, to negotiate with people and to get along with people. He has a remarkable ability to get things done working with people rather than against people.” Advertisement 10 Story continues below This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below. Article content And the mayor-elect believes everything he’s done in his career has readied him well for the job as mayor, whether it was running the partnership at the Torys law firm — where he had no power to order senior partners around, except to convince them the firm was heading in the right direction — or getting his management team at Rogers to buy into his strategic plan. “Every one of the responsibilities is the same, except that here, you don’t have a lever to open the trap door to get rid of people if they don’t execute,” he smiled. On a more serious note, he added, “I couldn’t have run the companies that I ran, including working for a guy like Ted Rogers, if I wasn’t prepared to be tough myself. Yes, I think I attract more bees with honey in terms of the way you incent people to work for you and produce results, but if I couldn’t make tough decisions, I couldn’t have lasted.” In fact, Mr. Tory said he fashioned himself after business leaders like the late Ted Rogers; former Toronto Dominion Bank CEO Ed Clark; and Richard Venn, senior executive vice-president at Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce — men who demonstrated strong social consciences but were inclined to demonstrate it through business, rather than public service. Advertisement 11 Story continues below This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below. Article content On Friday, Mr. Tory released a statement declaring the steps he would be taking to divide his personal interests from his work on the city. Given his network of ties, it was not a short list. There were his corporate directorships: now all resigned. His son, John, is the CEO of an airline affected by policies around Toronto’s City Centre Airport. His wife, Barbara Hackett, is president of a residential home developer that might be affected by city planning decisions. His new office, he said, had “developed a framework” to deal with all of these connections, to ensure he complied, and even exceeded conflict-of-interest requirements. “I intend to lead by example,” he said. He would, however, not be giving up his role as a trustee and director of various Rogers family-related trusts, bonds that were too personal to concede even for the mayor’s chair. “Before his death, I gave my word to Ted Rogers that I would act in this capacity so long as I was able,” Mr. Tory wrote, “and out of a sense of moral obligation to my late friend, I do not intend to resign from these positions.” Article content Share this article in your social network
7542	dbpedia	2	98	https://news.ontario.ca/en/release/53431/more-funding-for-toronto-police-in-response-to-gun-violence	en	Ontario Newsroom	https://news.ontario.ca/favicon.png	https://news.ontario.ca/favicon.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/favicon.png		null
7542	dbpedia	2	20	https://www.historymuseum.ca/history-hall/responsible-government/	en	Canadian Museum of History	https://www.historymuseu…8-dm-300x300.jpg		[ "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/themes/hwm-2015/_images/chm-main-logo.svg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/chh-featured-responsible-government-100x100.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/british-coat-arms-img2014-0156-0018-dm-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/queen-victoria-lac-e010933369-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/saint-eustache-archives-nationales-quebec-06m-p318s4p008-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/door-handle-musee-maitres-quebec-1974-17-1-2-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/wallet-cd2000-0037-053-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/box-elton-cwm19840124-001-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/box-reid-img2009-0063-0055-dm-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/handcuffs-d2006-07587-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/map-united-canadas-capitals-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/earl-durham-lac-e011093469-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/inkwell-img2016-0154-0005-dm-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/inkwell-case-img2016-0154-0004-dm-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/stained-glass-img2014-0156-0019-dm-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/boundary-marker-img2014-0156-0023-dm-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/banner-img2014-0156-0003-dm-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/robert-baldwin-lac-c-031493-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/louis-hippolyte-la-fontaine-lac-c-005961-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/opening-parliament-lac-e011093470-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/burning-parliament-mccord-m11588-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/stones-img2014-0156-0010-dm-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/inkstand-bytown-museum-081-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/cartoon-young-canada-lac-c-092201-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/dispatch-box-img2018-0295-0009-dm-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/cartoon-mccord-m982-530-5320-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/cartoon-city-taxes-mccord-m982-530-5320-300x300.jpg", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/map-responsible-government-british-north-america.jpg 1516w, https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/map-responsible-government-british-north-america-1024x589.jpg 1024w, https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/map-responsible-government-british-north-america-768x442.jpg 768w", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/premiers.jpg 1200w, https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/premiers-1024x272.jpg 1024w, https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/premiers-768x204.jpg 768w", "https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/themes/hwm-2015/_images/canada-wordmark.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://www.historymuseum.ca/wp-content/themes/hwm-2015/favicon.ico		https://www.historymuseum.ca/history-hall/responsible-government/	Gallery 2: Colonial Canada ⟶ Making a Country ⟶ Responsible Government Every British North American settler colony achieved self-government within the British Empire. Long struggles by radicals and reformers made colonial governments answerable, or responsible, to their voters rather than the British Parliament. These victories brought far-reaching changes to the lives of ordinary British North Americans. They also set an important precedent for all other British settler colonies around the world. A Changing Empire From her accession in 1837, Queen Victoria reigned over a rapidly changing empire. Industrialization and commercial growth were eroding the economic links between Britain and its colonies. Under the old imperial commercial system, British colonies had been essential sources of raw materials and privileged markets for manufactured goods. By the 1840s, Britain was dismantling this system in favour of freer trade. This loosening of ties allowed the settler colonies of British North America to pursue greater autonomy within the empire. Rebellions in the Canadas Before responsible government, Crown-appointed members of conservative local elites — known as Tories — monopolized political power in each of the settler colonies. Reform movements sought greater power for elected representatives of the people. In the Maritime colonies, power passed quietly from appointed officials to elected politicians. In Upper and Lower Canada, the failure of peaceful attempts to reform the system led to armed rebellions in 1837 and 1838. Government forces crushed these risings and inflicted harsh reprisals: 1,500 people were arrested, 250 deported and 50 hanged. Awaiting Trial Imprisoned rebels Luther Elton and William Reid carved these souvenir boxes while awaiting trial in Upper Canada. Inscriptions on the boxes denounce tyranny and injustice. Lord Durham and Union In 1838, the British government sent Lord Durham to investigate the causes of the rebellions and to recommend reforms. Durham made two recommendations: first, grant greater self-government; second, amalgamate the two colonies in order to engulf and assimilate francophone Lower Canadians, whom Durham considered “a people with no history and no literature.” The Crown rejected the first recommendation but accepted the second. Under the 1840 Act of Union, Upper and Lower Canada were united under a single assembly and government. English became the sole official language. “No permanent or efficient remedy can be devised for the disorders of Lower Canada, except a fusion of the Government in that of one or more of the surrounding Provinces.” Lord Durham, Governor General of British North America, 1839 Toward Responsible Government Two failed rebellions discredited radicals who had tried to change the political system by force. Canadian reformers continued to work within the parliamentary system to achieve responsible government. This term refers to a government which depends upon the support of the elected assembly. Many Tories condemned responsible government as disloyal and anti-British. Reformers noted that it had long been practised in Britain itself. Toronto reformers John Henry Dunn and Isaac Buchanan emphasized this point with banners featuring the imperial crown and a pro-British motto. “I’m in favour of this English idea of responsible government… The colonists should have control over their own affairs. They should direct all their efforts toward this end; and to bring it about, we need the colonial administration to be formed and directed by and with the majority of representatives of the people.” Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine, political reformer, 1840 A Strategic Alliance The Act of Union brought together French- and English-speaking reformers in a single elected assembly. Despite their linguistic and cultural differences, Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine and Robert Baldwin joined forces to achieve responsible government. Their Reform Party won a solid majority in the 1848 election. Due to new priorities, British attitudes had softened toward reform in the colonies. Acting on instructions from Britain, Governor General Lord Elgin called upon La Fontaine and Baldwin to form a government: the first responsible government in the United Canadas. Responsible Government Tested Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine and Robert Baldwin put responsible government to immediate use, restoring French as an official language. In 1849, their government passed a bill compensating anyone, loyalist or rebel, who had suffered property losses during the rebellions. Tories attacked the bill as a reward for treason and demanded that Governor General Lord Elgin veto it. But Elgin supported it, in accordance with the principle of responsible government. In response, a furious Tory mob pelted his carriage with paving stones, ransacked the parliament building in Montréal, and burned it to the ground. Responsible Government on the Ground Newly empowered elected politicians formed governments that played an increasingly important role in the daily lives of ordinary people. Colonial legislatures passed laws that established public school systems, reorganized municipal governments, expanded prisons and asylums, created professional police forces and broadened voting rights. Greater numbers of men, including African-Canadian property owners, could now vote. But many other groups, including women, poor men and Indigenous people, could not.
7542	dbpedia	0	39	https://theinnisherald.com/john-tory-is-out-as-mayor-of-toronto-what-happened-and-whats-next	en	John Tory is Out as Mayor of Toronto. What Happened, and What's Next?	https://theinnisherald.c…reenshot-692.png	https://theinnisherald.c…reenshot-692.png	[ "https://theinnisherald.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Screenshot-692.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Kyle Newcombe" ]	2023-04-09T23:22:10+00:00	I remember reading the headline like it was yesterday: “John Tory to step down as mayor after admitting to relationship with former staffer.” As a	en	https://theinnisherald.c…ldlogo-32x32.png	The Innis Herald	https://theinnisherald.com/john-tory-is-out-as-mayor-of-toronto-what-happened-and-whats-next	I remember reading the headline like it was yesterday: “John Tory to step down as mayor after admitting to relationship with former staffer.” As a frequent follower of local politics, I was stunned on February 10 when this report hit the newswire. Tory’s time as mayor of Toronto had largely been devoid of drama, especially relative to Toronto’s Rob Ford era. In fact, Tory had recently begun his third term as mayor, while still enjoying the support of most Torontonians. Looking into the details of the affair, the public now knows that Tory, 68, had a relationship during the pandemic with a 31-year-old advisor while married to his wife of over 44 years, Barbara Hackett. While the age gap and the adultery are themselves notable, the fact that Tory was the woman’s superior raised many ethical questions surrounding potential abuse of power. By the time the affair became public knowledge, the woman in question was no longer employed at City Hall. As mayor of Toronto, Tory certainly did well appealing to the masses, learning from his previous missteps and election losses as the leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario. He supported traditionally progressive causes, such as affordable childcare, expansion of public transit, cycling infrastructure, and public housing, while also appealing to conservative voters with his low property taxes, willingness to outsource city services, and desire to limit bureaucracy in government processes. While Tory came across as centrist with his platforms and policies, he was often characterized in the press as a “moderate conservative.” This raises the question: how did Canada’s largest city end up with not only a conservative mayor but a popular conservative mayor? In political circles, cities are often characterized as liberal strongholds; with a combination of young voters, lower-income voters, and more obvious inequality, dense cities usually favour liberal agendas and politicians. Toronto’s swing towards conservatism began in the late 1990s during the premiership of Progressive Conservative leader Mike Harris. In 1998, despite overwhelming opposition to his plan, Mike Harris pushed through the amalgamation of Toronto and “The 6ix” was born. The so-called “Megacity” plan combined Toronto, Etobicoke, Scarborough, York, East York, and North York into one new city; what we now think of as Toronto. These six separate cities became one, and politics in Toronto would never be the same. Etobicoke, Scarborough, York, East York, and North York are fundamentally different from what is now known as “Old Toronto.” While “Old Toronto” (the downtown core) is densely populated, has higher public transit provision, and is home to more young people, the remaining five boroughs are more suburban, spread out, and home to more families. The fact is that Mike Harris’s amalgamation effectively amounted to gerrymandering; by combining the liberal downtown with hundreds of square kilometers of the surrounding largely conservative suburbia, Canada’s most important city shifted politically to the right. Amalgamation is even to blame for Rob Ford; results from his election in 2010 showed that voter preferences were almost perfectly divided along borough lines, with the suburbs supporting Ford, while downtown strongly preferred his main rival George Smitherman. Currently, the outsized influence of conservative politics is evident in how John Tory was able to pass his 2023 city budget. The budget includes, among other things, an increase to the Toronto Police budget, cuts to transit service, and $2 billion for repairs to the aging Gardiner Expressway, a decrepit eyesore mostly used by suburbanites, not downtown residents. The real kicker? The budget was passed after Tory admitted to his affair and promised to resign. Based on this awkward timing, my initial suspicion when this story broke was that Tory had no intention of making this affair public, but rather someone was onto him, and he decided to get out in front of it. Turns out I was right; the Toronto Star was tipped off all the way back in December that Tory’s marriage was potentially in trouble. In any event, what’s done is done. Toronto’s political past may be fraught with scandal and manipulation, but its future remains wide open. The by-election to replace Tory has been set for June 26th, and true to form, the provincial government is already meddling, with premier Doug Ford saying “If a left-wing mayor gets in there, we’re toast. I’ll tell you, it’d be a disaster”. As a city, we can’t keep letting our fate be decided for us, and that’s why this by-election is so important. There are already a few likely candidates, and I encourage you to research their platforms to find the one that speaks most to you. As young residents of Toronto, we’re the ones who get to decide how our city will continue to change, evolve, and thrive. It all starts with one simple act: voting.
7542	dbpedia	3	83	https://www.scs.on.ca/an-interview-with-john-tory/	en	An Interview with John Tory – St. Clement's	https://www.scs.on.ca/wp…s/johntory-1.jpg		[ "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/themes/understrap-child/img/logo.svg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/themes/understrap-child/img/logo.svg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/themes/understrap-child/img/logo-white.svg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/themes/understrap-child/img/logo-white.svg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/johntory-1.jpg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/knorthphotography.SCSAdmissionsMay2019-329.jpg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/knorthphotography.SCSAdmissionsMay2019-329.jpg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/Capture-2.png", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/Capture-2.png", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/DSC_9201.jpg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/DSC_9201.jpg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/themes/understrap-child/img/logo.svg", "https://www.scs.on.ca/wp-content/themes/understrap-child/img/logo.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://www.scs.on.ca/wp…hild/favicon.png		https://www.scs.on.ca/an-interview-with-john-tory/	In late September I sat down with John Tory and asked him some questions about his campaign. The Toronto native was elected Toronto’s Mayor on October 27, 2014. 1. What legacy do you want to be remembered by if you are elected mayor? I want to build SmartTrack to get Toronto Back on Track. Building 22 transit stops in Toronto and providing better transit for Torontonians is a legacy I would be proud to have. 2. What is the first thing you will do when you arrive at City Hall? The first thing I will do at City Hall is get council working together again and focus on important infrastructure projects in the city. The provincial and federal governments have both agreed to build the Scarborough subway, and I will to work with them to achieve this. 3. Do you have any advice for aspiring politicians? Get involved – I first got involved in politics at a young age through canvassing for a local candidate and have learned so much through a variety of roles. The best way to understand what goes into a campaign and getting elected is to start now. There are many ways to be civically engaged; I encourage you to get involved in any way you can. 4. What has been a highlight of the campaign? Have there been any disappointments or surprises? Every day there are surprises along the way. The best moments for me have been when I am out meeting voters and hearing about how they, too, want Toronto Back on Track. I love hearing that my ideas are resonating with voters and when people are excited about the election. We have a great team on the campaign, and I love going out with such a great group of volunteers. I encourage anyone looking to get involved to come out and hear what people are saying. Campaigning is a lot of fun and a great way to get to know Toronto. 5. Why should we elect you as our mayor? I have a positive vision to get Toronto Back on Track. My SmartTrack plan will bring 22 new transit stops in just 7 years, which will help relieve congestion and bring transit relief that is desperately needed. This will make a huge difference to [our youth’s] future in Toronto. You will now be able to choose to live in one part of the city and have an easy way to get to work in another part. It will help bring jobs and growth to Toronto, which is important for the future of the city. 6. What differentiates you from other candidates? I think the main difference between me and the other candidates is the fact that I have a vision and I will work with City Council and the other levels of government to get things done. I have a good long-standing working relationship with both the Provincial and Federal governments. Galvanizing big projects in Toronto requires engaging and working with all three levels of government. I am the only candidate who is able to say I can work with both governments to get moving on the things important to our city. Without the City Council working together in the past four years, we have seen what can happen. It is crucial to have a leader who can bring people together for the best interests of Toronto. 7. What is an issue that has affected you personally, and why do you want to change this issue? The issue of inequality between different neighborhoods in our city is an issue that is very important to me. I believe that many areas in our city need to have a stronger voice in government to help them move forward with the rest of Toronto. We need to be One Toronto and that is something I am committed to working on to help those less fortunate in our city. 8. If you had an unlimited budget what would you do? I want to help fix the state of transit. We should have been building a transit stop every year to keep up with the growth of our city. We have a lot of catching up to do, especially in certain parts of the city, such as Scarborough. There are many transit projects that have been talked about that would be great to get started on. Unfortunately, with tough budget limitations, we can’t start building all of them right away. I have decided to prioritize SmartTrack in order to bring real transit relief. 9. What will be the most difficult part of your job as mayor? There have been so many good ideas discussed in this election and there are many things I would like to accomplish. My main priority will be SmartTrack. I believe it will make a big difference to a large number of Torontonians. There are, however, other projects we need to consider as well. We will have to think carefully about how to balance all the competing priorities in the city. 10. What political leader in history do you admire the most? The political leader I admire the most is former Premier Bill Davis. He was a mentor of mine and a great Premier for our province. 11. Ms Stinz, Mr. Rob Ford and Mr. Soknacki have recently quit the mayoral race. Has this affected your strategy or changed the way you are approaching election day? I am focused on my positive message to get Toronto Back on Track, so my strategy has not changed with candidates leaving the race. My team and I campaign every day as if we are 5 points behind in the polls and are focused on our strategies to get us to Election Day.
7542	dbpedia	1	63	https://rabble.ca/columnists/olivia-chow-has-john-tory-and-doug-ford-grasping-for-power/	en	Olivia Chow has John Tory and Doug Ford grasping for power	https://rabble.ca/wp-con…687536100962.jpg	https://rabble.ca/wp-con…687536100962.jpg	[ "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/rabble-logo.png", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/rick_salutin_small_24_1_1_1_1_0.jpg", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/52177908554_d3f79dbed9_k-e1687536100962-1200x600.jpg", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/newsletter-banner.png", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Nick-Seebruch-1024x980.jpg", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/newsletter-banner.png", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/themes/newspack-rabble/images/payment-methods.png", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/rick_salutin_small_24_1_1_1_1_0.jpg", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/thumbnail-for-rabble.ca-1600px-800px-4-800x600.png", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Nenshi-Notlet-Main-e1719254922220-600x450.webp", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Vertical-Horizontal-Blur-Image17-1-800x600.jpg", "https://rabble.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/rabble-logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Rick Salutin" ]	2023-06-23T16:08:29+00:00	Doug Ford endorsed Mark Saunders to replace John Tory because Olivia Chow as mayor, according to Ford, would be an “unmitigated disaster.”	en	https://rabble.ca/wp-con…avicon-32x32.png	rabble.ca	https://rabble.ca/?columnists=olivia-chow-has-john-tory-and-doug-ford-grasping-for-power	The man who made this mayoral election possible, in the sense of necessary, is John Tory. For a moment, he seemed to truly vanish into a noble quest to “rebuild” his family’s trust. (Though they’re full-grown and mightn’t have exactly needed him 24/7 for that). Then this — bam! He’s back. First, the deputy mayor he left in charge, Jennifer McKelvie, who promised to stay out of the election, endorses Ana Bailão, who was also Tory’s deputy mayor, before she fled to the corporate sector till Tory’s job came open. Then, when that proved ineffective, came leaks saying Tory himself would endorse, and the endorsement. Tory said he did it because people were coming up to him on the street asking about the race — some of them perhaps managers of Bailao’s failing campaign. Tory’s weird twin, Doug Ford (yes, a bit like Schwarzenegger and Danny de Vito) vowed to stay out of the campaign too, then this week said he’d vote for Mark Saunders, our ex-top cop, who also quit early to “put his family first,” no further explanations. Ford added in his witless way that we could “vote for whoever you want.” Thanks for that. Next day, having said he wouldn’t endorse anyone, he endorsed Saunders. Why? Because Olivia Chow as mayor would be an “unmitigated disaster” — the kind of term my dad used when he didn’t know what unmitigated meant but wanted to sound well read. So now we’re getting to it. Tory and Ford can’t bear the thought of someone — Chow — in charge at city hall who they don’t have their hooks into. Poor, underperforming John Tory. He botched his public roles as leader of Ontario’s PCs and mayor of Toronto. He did himself no favours as head of Rogers Communications, likely the most hated company in Canada. The one role he shone in was commissioner of the Canadian Football League, an unglamorous gig but he saved us from a fate in the NFL and the CFL does continue to limp along. It’s a legacy. How Poilievre lost his smirk A day after Monday’s four byelections, Opposition Leader Pierre Poilievre rose in question period and did not smirk. I hadn’t known that was possible. It seemed the most authentic thing about him though, as often happens, I didn’t fully realize it till it wasn’t there. The little upturns at the ends of his mouth followed by the mocking, derisive voice that seemed born from the smirk. It was the clearest sign the Tories themselves felt they’d lost the previous day’s elections, long-winded punditry notwithstanding. Did the caucus tell him to can it? Or staff? That the disdain that played well to the Alberta base and the convoy crowd was unproductive in broader electoral contexts. His shift to smirkless was fairly seamless; who knew he even had another face to put on. But it left the question of how effective a sneer-free Poilievre will be. By Wednesday the smirk had started to wriggle back in. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s equivalent to the smirk is an irritating high school drama teacher’s inflated vocals, as if trying to force you to acknowledge how sincere he is, rather than letting you decide yourself. He seemed to drop it briefly, when Poilievre did. For a moment they looked like two exhausted touring actors slumped side by side taking off their makeup after the show. Boris Johnson’s finest hour Former British prime minister Boris Johnson resigned and won’t run again. Many supporters told him to do so “for his own dignity” but, to his credit, he rejected that, saying, “Dignity is a grossly overrated commodity.” It was a brilliant, even dazzling, exit line. The point and genius of his career has been to endear himself by lampooning the kind of false dignity that has bamboozled their entire society, culminating in the idiocy of their royalty obsessions and his own ludicrous, pointless ascent to PM. He pulled back the curtain on those self-damaging delusions. It almost redeems him.
7542	dbpedia	0	4	https://jacobin.com/2023/02/john-tory-toronto-affair-scandal-resignation-pc	en	A Scandal Took Down Toronto’s Mayor, but the Real Disgrace Was His Politics	https://images.jacobinma…s-1247163845.jpg	https://images.jacobinma…s-1247163845.jpg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=166148367275777&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://images.jacobinmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/16150640/GettyImages-1247163845.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Last week, Toronto mayor John Tory announced his resignation after an affair with a young staffer came to light. But his unstinting attacks on working people and the poor should have rendered him unfit for office years ago.	en	/static/apple-touch-icon.png		https://jacobin.com/2023/02/john-tory-toronto-affair-scandal-resignation-pc	The resignation of Toronto’s latest right-wing mayor, John Tory, has prompted Canada’s media to reflect on how the outgoing mayor’s sex scandal has supposedly “stained” his reputation, his “honor,” and “personal integrity.” Last Friday, Tory made an emergency press conference and announced his resignation. The sudden departure was due to an affair he had with a much younger staff member. In the lead-up to the announcement, according to the Toronto Star, Tory set up a “war room,” sought advice from the crisis communication firm Navigator, and leaned on his former campaign staff ahead of the bombshell news story. “I have decided to step down as mayor so that I can take the time to reflect on my mistakes,” Tory said. “I am deeply sorry, and I apologize unreservedly to the people of Toronto and to all of those hurt by my actions, including my staff, my colleagues on city council and the public service.” The face-palming and hyperventilating about the “stain” on the outgoing mayor’s reputation badly misidentifies the problem. Rather, his very rule — and his status as one of Canada’s oligarchs — is itself a blemish on the idea of public service. The Mayor, His “Smear,” and His “Stains” While the mayor has yet to issue a formal letter of resignation, the announcement clearly perturbed Canada’s pundits. The Globe and Mail called it a “sad departure,” and even a “tragedy.” It was none other than the Globe that lamented that Tory’s “sterling reputation” is “stained.” Don Martin at CTV News, meanwhile, called the scandal an “ugly smear on his record.” For TVO’s blog, Steve Paikin vowed to “call out some of the over-the-top, pearl-clutching, hypocritical behavior,” supposedly displayed by Tory’s critics. Acknowledging that he has known the outgoing mayor personally for decades, Paikin could only offer his condolences, stating, “I’m sad for you that you won’t become the longest-serving mayor in Toronto history, which you would have been had you finished this term.” For its part, the Toronto Star, dismissed the controversy as one of mere “puerility.” The paper praised the outgoing mayor as a “model of rectitude.” Columnist Rosie DiManno insisted Tory should not have resigned. “As sex scandals go,” DiManno demurred, “this is fundamentally about a decent man who betrayed his wife of some 44 years.” Unfortunate phrasing aside, this gushing praise for the mayor and his “rectitude” reflects Canadian corporate media’s fawning love for the powerful more than it reflects anything about Tory’s tenure. As academic Peter Graefe put it to CBC, “in certain parts of the city the idea of being tough on the homeless and tough on crime was reassuring.” Indeed, those “parts of the city” are well represented by Canada’s media. Setting aside the details of Tory’s scandal, the reality is that he is the scion of one of Canada’s most powerful families and a lifelong campaigner for the privileged and powerful. The true “indecency” of his tenure was his unstinting commitment to displacing and attacking the poor. Tory Origins John Tory is the heir of one of Toronto’s most elite families. After his great-grandfather founded Sun Life Financial, his grandfather founded Torys LLP — one of Canada’s “seven sisters” corporate law firms. His father served on the board of Rogers Communications, and John himself was given keys to the backrooms of Ontario’s long-ruling Progressive Conservative (PC) Party in his tartan-suited adolescent days. After an initial rejection from Osgoode Hall Law School, which his grandfather helped found, Tory moved into the ruling PC government’s inner circle. This put him in the cockpit of Bill Davis’s Tory Ontario government in the 1970s and ’80s, as it carried out a draconian program of cuts, strikebreaking, and union busting. After the PC’s defeat, Tory mostly returned to the private sector. After serving as CEO of Rogers Media from 1995 to ’99, Tory sat on the board of Metro Inc. just as CEO Pierre Lessard initiated a program of “massive” job cuts to increase its multibillion-dollar profits. Tory returned to campaigning in 2003, running for mayor of Toronto with the promise to increase Toronto’s police force by four hundred officers, criminalize panhandlers, and expand municipal deportations as part of his “criminals out” campaign. Speaking to an audience of business owners, Tory vowed to use the police to “clean up the streets.” After his first mayoral campaign failed, Tory sought the leadership of the Ontario PC Party in 2004. He was quick to exhibit his right-wing bona fides. He promised expanded use of ankle monitoring bracelets by police, explaining that “if a gang member is ordered to stay away from gang hangouts, this will help to stop violations before they start.” From the beginning, his campaign evinced a disdain for the working poor that did not abate when he attained office. In an article for the Toronto Star, Tory claimed that many minimum-wage earners are “unskilled” and flaunted his tireless opposition to minimum-wage raises. Vowing to end Ontario’s supposed problem of “big-spending, big-taxing, big-regulating, anti-business policies,” Tory campaigned to consult business owners to help set “a realistic minimum wage.” Tory also vowed to reintroduce the province’s “lifetime ban” for those who falsify documents to secure more support from Ontario’s sub-survival social assistance system. Tory’s tenure as PC leader took an especially controversial turn in 2007, when he demanded the police crack the heads of Indigenous land defenders. During the dispute, Tory repeatedly called for police action against Six Nations land defenders who occupied the site of a proposed housing development in Caledonia. “The Caledonia occupation is about what happens when a group of people conclude that the process doesn’t work for them, and go on to conclude that the laws don’t apply to them,” he claimed. Tory vowed to fine each individual $2,000 and any organization involved in the occupation up to $25,000 per day. He was unabashed in his intent to empower developers and municipalities to sue land defenders and dismissed calls for talks, stating, “We’re not going to put up with lawless behavior and we’re not going to sit at negotiating tables with people who break the law.” In November 2006, Canada’s aboriginal affairs minister Michael Bryant dismissed calls to forcibly remove the land defenders. To justify the decision, Bryant cited the scandal that surrounded the murder of an unarmed Ojibwa man named Dudley George by tactical forces. Tory, incensed, would have none of it. In the interests of “tranquility in that community” and “respect for the rule of law,” Tory said it was essential “to have the protesters off the land.” Right-Wing Mayorship After returning to the private sector in 2009, Tory hosted a call-in radio show. As host, he famously pondered the “moral rectitude” of blackface. Following his stint bringing such profound pontifications to the public, he launched his campaign for Toronto’s mayor. After a high-profile shooting, Tory caught flak for assuring his constituents that “the police are working aggressively and they’re working with full resources deployed to track these people, these profoundly antisocial kind of sewer rats, down.” He also promised Toronto police would “‘root out the thugs.” Tory would soon have confrontations with Black Lives Matter Toronto. Falsely denouncing the organization for making “threats,” he offered his thoughts on why black people are disproportionately killed by police in a bizarre digression: There are some very serious issues to be discussed. There are far too many black men and some women, but mostly black men, underachieving in school, dropping out of school and having trouble finding employment. In 2021, Tory backed a wave of brutality against Toronto’s homeless, just as the city’s annual homeless deaths rose to over two hundred per year and shelters and warming centers burst at the seams. In what the mayor claimed was a “compassionate but also firm” response to protesters and residents, he tasked police to “clear” encampments. “We can’t just allow unsafe, unhealthy, illegal encampments to remain in public parks,” he said, after years of massively underfunding shelters, closing warming centers, and allowing social-housing units to collapse. The ensuing clearances were viciously violent. During my firsthand observation of the clearances, I witnessed police smash faces, pepper spray teenagers, and destroy property. In the aftermath of the onslaught, Tory shielded police from an official inquiry. In light of Tory’s track record, it is puzzling that his scandal-fraught resignation has provoked such an outpouring of woe. The answer is simple: the people penning elegiac farewells to Tory are polite-society scribblers and haut monde functionaries. Tory is loved by Canada’s elites because he campaigned and governed for them as one of their own. The real tragedy, of course, is that this system hands power to people like John Tory, who inevitably find better and more efficient ways to cut social programs, evict the poor, and criminalize the oppressed. His “moral rectitude” is that of a system that can’t exist without poverty and violence against the impoverished. While Tory has made a token apology “to all those hurt by my actions,” those hurt by his policies are not polled and have no voice in government, mainstream politics, or the media. He will not be missed.
7542	dbpedia	3	56	https://cltoronto.ca/news-release-community-living-toronto-announces-john-tory-as-new-chair-of-the-patrons-council/	en	NEWS RELEASE – Community Living Toronto Announces John Tory as New Chair of the Patron’s Council	https://cltoronto.ca/wp-…urst-1-32x32.png	https://cltoronto.ca/wp-…urst-1-32x32.png	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1833539277026706&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/clt-logo.jpg", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/J.-Tory-Headshot.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/24-05-09-Patrons-Council-79-1-1024x683.jpg", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/IMG_0125-1-1024x921.jpeg", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/24-05-09-Patrons-Council-85-1024x576.jpg", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/flags/france.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/flags/spain.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/flags/italy.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/flags/portugal.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/flags/sri-lanka.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/flags/somalia.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/icon-facebook.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/icon-twitter.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/icon-instagram.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/icon-youtube.png", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/unitedway_logo.gif", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/imagine_logo.gif", "https://cltoronto.ca/wp-content/themes/communitylivingtoronto2/img/ontario_logo.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "CLT Development Team" ]	null	Community Living Toronto	en	https://cltoronto.ca/wp-…urst-1-32x32.png		https://cltoronto.ca/news-release-community-living-toronto-announces-john-tory-as-new-chair-of-the-patrons-council/	[July 15, 2024 – Toronto] – Community Living Toronto (CLTO) is pleased to announce the appointment of John H. Tory as the new Chair of its Patron’s Council, succeeding Duncan Jackman, who has served with distinction and dedication over the past two decades. In a statement released today, Tory expressed his enthusiasm for the role, saying, “I am honoured to take on the role of Chair of the Patron’s Council. Community Living Toronto has a remarkable history of advocacy and supporting people living with an intellectual disability, and I am excited to contribute to its mission and help drive its vision for an inclusive society.” John Tory served as Mayor of Toronto from 2014 to 2023. Prior to serving as Mayor, he enjoyed a diverse and successful career in law, business, broadcasting and corporate governance. This has included service on major Canadian Boards such as Rogers, Metro and Cara. He has also been a continuous community volunteer, co-founder of Civic Action, and co-chairing numerous fundraising campaigns for organizations ranging from the United Way to St Michael’s Hospital to the Toronto International Film Festival. He also served as volunteer Chair and Commissioner of the Canadian Football League. Valérie Picher, the Board Chair of Community Living Toronto, warmly welcomed John Tory, stating, “We are delighted to welcome John Tory as the new Chair of our Patron’s Council. His leadership and dedication to community service are well-known, and we look forward to working together to further our goals.” Picher also expressed gratitude to the outgoing Chair, Duncan Jackman who will remain as a member of the Council, for his years of dedicated service. “We owe a debt of gratitude to Duncan Jackman for his tireless work and the significant impact he has made during his tenure as Chair. His contributions have been instrumental in our success, and we thank him for his unwavering support.” John Tory is no stranger to the community living movement. Two of his close relatives, one on each side of his family lived with developmental disabilities. His two grandmothers were both involved in the movement and John himself has been a member of our Patron’s Council since its inception, having also served as Chair of our Night of the Stars fundraiser. This long-standing history and understanding will help Tory to be a strong advocate for Community Living which will be joined with his many other positions of community leadership and philanthropy. “With his expertise and vision, we are confident that the Patron’s Council will continue to thrive and make a meaningful difference. This leadership transition marks a new chapter for Community Living Toronto as it continues to advocate for and support people with intellectual disabilities, fostering a community where everyone belongs,” says Brad Saunders, CEO, Community Living Toronto. – 30 – About the Patron’s Council The Patron’s Council plays a crucial role in supporting Community Living Toronto’s mission of fostering inclusive communities by supporting the rights and choices of people with an intellectual disability. Established in 1998, to celebrate Community Living Toronto’s 50th anniversary, the Council collaborates with community partners, business leaders, and philanthropists to make a significant impact on the lives of people with intellectual disabilities and their families. The Patrons have shown exemplary leadership, dedication, and vision in making an impact both within and beyond the Community Living Toronto community. About Community Living Toronto Community Living Toronto has long been a source of support for people with an intellectual disability and their families since 1948. Community Living Toronto offers a wide range of services including respite, person-directed planning, employment supports, supported living, and community-based activities. Community Living Toronto is proud to support over 4,000 people with an intellectual disability, and their families in more than 80 locations across Toronto. The “community living movement” began with families who wanted their children to live in the community, rather than institutions. Today, Community Living Toronto continues to advocate for inclusive communities and support the rights and choices of people with an intellectual disability. For more information, please contact:
7542	dbpedia	0	54	https://www.npr.org/2023/06/27/1184582839/olivia-chow-toronto-mayor-progressive-first-chinese-canadian	en	Olivia Chow is elected Toronto's mayor — marking a shift in the city's politics	https://media.npr.org/as…400&c=100&f=jpeg	https://media.npr.org/as…400&c=100&f=jpeg	[ "https://media.npr.org/chrome_svg/npr-logo.svg", "https://media.npr.org/chrome/programs/logos/morning-edition.jpg", "https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2019/02/26/we_otherentitiestemplatesat_sq-cbde87a2fa31b01047441e6f34d2769b0287bcd4-s100-c85.png", "https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2019/02/26/we_otherentitiestemplatesun_sq-4a03b35e7e5adfa446aec374523a578d54dc9bf5-s100-c85.png", "https://media.npr.org/chrome/programs/logos/all-things-considered.png", "https://media.npr.org/chrome/programs/logos/fresh-air.png", "https://media.npr.org/chrome/programs/logos/up-first.jpg?version=2", "https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2024/01/11/podcast-politics_2023_update1_sq-be7ef464dd058fe663d9e4cfe836fb9309ad0a4d-s100-c100.jpg", "https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2024/05/15/throughline_tile-art_sq-b72bcfb6d8705d7761d4f421f0be3047631b709c-s100-c100.jpg", "https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2023/11/10/trumps-trial_tile-art_small_sq-71cfb7f3a96f3029db4ca7230c5704c61a351b81-s100-c100.jpg", "https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2024/04/19/tile-wild-card-with-rachel-martin_sq-c9e842a167bab21c50f45fbde9d7d33776e87eda-s100-c100.jpg", "https://media.npr.org/chrome_svg/music-logo-dark.svg", "https://media.npr.org/chrome_svg/music-logo-light.svg", "https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2023/02/16/gettyimages-1359830281-edit_sq-c2e9a4a5f93b9a0ccf6b9f30d6afb6b938e5cd26.jpg?s=100&c=85&f=jpeg", "https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2023/06/27/gettyimages-1259117718_custom-d3f633d1b2b05e02840417b486c58c3c9ac24300.jpg?s=1100&c=50&f=jpeg", "https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2023/06/27/gettyimages-1502009491_custom-7a1845c88f90dda95952c0440d73d04c82a56a81.jpg?s=1100&c=85&f=jpeg", "https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2023/02/16/gettyimages-1359830281-edit_sq-c2e9a4a5f93b9a0ccf6b9f30d6afb6b938e5cd26.jpg?s=100&c=85&f=jpeg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Kai McNamee" ]	2023-06-27T00:00:00	Progressive mayor-elect Olivia Chow is the first Chinese Canadian to win the office, ending more than a decade of conservative leadership.	en	https://media.npr.org/ch…icon-180x180.png	NPR	https://www.npr.org/2023/06/27/1184582839/olivia-chow-toronto-mayor-progressive-first-chinese-canadian	Ian Willms/Getty Images Who is she? Olivia Chow is the new mayor-elect of Toronto, making her the first Chinese Canadian to win the office. Born in Hong Kong, Chow moved to Toronto when she was 13 years old. Now 66, Chow is a veteran progressive politician. She won her first election in 1985 for a seat on the Toronto Board of Education. Then in 1991, she became the first Asian-born woman elected to the Metro Toronto Council. Chow served as a Member of Parliament from 2006 to 2014. Chow ran on a platform promoting affordable housing, renters' rights and improvements to public transportation. She vowed to make Toronto "more caring, affordable, and safer for everyone." On Monday night, Chow emerged victorious out of a field of 102 candidates – a record number for Toronto. She takes over from former mayor John Tory, who resigned after the Toronto Star newspaper reported he had a relationship with a staffer. Harold Feng/Getty Images What's the big deal? In addition to being the first Chinese Canadian mayor-elect, as a progressive, Chow ends more than a decade of conservative leadership in Canada's most populous city. Chow will be the first woman of color to lead Toronto, one of the world's most multicultural cities. According to the 2021 census, 46.6% of Toronto residents are immigrants. The first progressive mayor since David Miller served 2003-2010, Chow seeks to tackle a wide range of problems as the city recovers from the pandemic. The Guardian reports that the city has struggled to advance progressive policies since 1998, when downtown Toronto was amalgamated with its five more conservative, neighboring boroughs. Supporters of Chow say her victory means the city is ready for change. What are people saying? Chow delivered a victory speech to a crowd of supporters on Monday. "Toronto is a place of hope. A place of second chances. A city where an immigrant kid from St. James Town can be standing in front of you as your new mayor." "If you ever doubted what's possible together, if you ever questioned your faith in a better future and what we can do with each other, for each other, tonight is your answer." Observers, like Toronto Star city hall bureau chief David Rider, noted the election could signal a dramatic shift in Toronto. So, what now? Chow has requested to take office on July 12, and is starting to meet with Toronto councilors to prepare to hit the ground running. She is expected to raise property taxes to fund affordable housing, public transportation and other city services, which have faced cuts under previous conservative mayors. Chow's priority right now? "Housing, housing, housing," she told the Toronto Star. Toronto's housing crisis will be one of the biggest challenges facing the new mayor. Over the last 50 years, disinvestment in affordable housing has created a crisis for renters, according to the Canadian Centre for Housing Right – a crisis that's been exacerbated by the pandemic The Guardian reports that Chow also inherits a struggling public transportation system, criticized for deteriorating service, and growing concerns around public safety.