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Sergio Osmeña
Sergio Osmeña, Filipino statesman, founder of the Nationalista Party (Partido Nacionalista) and 4th president of the Philippines (1944 to 1946), was born in Cebu City on September 9, 1878. Before completing his law studies at the University of Santo Tomas in 1903, he served the Philippine Revolution of 1896 as a courier for its leader, Emilio Aguinaldo. He was married to the former Esperanza Limjap.
Osmeña was also a notable figure in the struggle for independence. He supported the struggle through peaceful means as editor of the Cebu's Spanish newspaper "El Nuevo Dia" (New Day), which he founded in 1890. In 1904 the U.S. colonial administration appointed him governor of the province of Cebu and fiscal (district attorney) for the provinces of Cebu and Negros Oriental. Two years later he was elected governor of Cebu.
In 1907 he was elected delegate to the Philippine National Assembly and consequently became speaker of the House of Representatives in 1916. Osmeña founded the Nationalista Party, which came to dominate Philippine political life. He remained leader of the Nationalistas until 1921, when he was succeeded by Manuel Quezon, who had joined him in a coalition.
Osmeña and Quezon championed independence on several missions to the United States. Their most serious dispute occurred over the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Independence Act of the U.S. Congress in 1933. Quezon differed with Osmeña over the bill's provision to retain U.S. military bases after independence.
Because Osmeña had negotiated its provisions in his absence, Quezon blocked its ratification in the Philippines. The bill was vetoed by the Philippine Assembly and Quezon obtained in its place the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, with essentially identical provisions except that it made the Philippines a commonwealth with a large measure of independence.
Nevertheless, Osmeña, was elected vice president of the Commonwealth in 1935, with Quezon as president. He loyally followed President Quezon into wartime exile in Washington, D.C. in 1942. Osmeña became president when Quezon died on August 1, 1944, and returned to the Philippines with the party of Gen. Douglas MacArthur which landed in Leyte on October 20, 1944.
Osmeña served as president until the elections of April 23, 1946, when he was defeated by Manuel Roxas, who became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines. Osmeña refused to campaign for his re-election, saying that the people knew about his record of 40 years of honest and faithful service. Apparently, this was not good enough for the Filipino people. Having lost the election, he retired quietly to Cebu and died in Manila on October 19, 1961.
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Under the Constitution of the Philippines, the president of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng Pilipinas) is both the head of state and government, and serves as the commander-in-chief of the country's armed forces. The president is directly elected by qualified voters to a six-year term and must be "a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to read and write, at least forty years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election". Any person who has served as president for more than six years is barred from eligibility. Upon resignation, or removal from office, the vice president assumes the post.
History
Emilio Aguinaldo became the inaugural president of the Philippines under the Malolos Republic, considered the First Philippine Republic. He held that office until 1901 when he was captured by United States forces during the Philippine–American War (1899–1902). The American colonization of the Philippines abolished the First Republic, which led to an American governor-general exercising executive power.
In 1935, the United States, pursuant to its promise of full Philippine sovereignty, established the Commonwealth of the Philippines following the ratification of the 1935 Constitution, which also restored the presidency. The first national presidential election was held, and Manuel L. Quezon (1935–44) was elected to a six-year term, with no provision for re-election, as the second Philippine president and the first Commonwealth president. In 1940, however, the Constitution was amended to allow re-election but shortened the term to four years. A change in government occurred three years later when the Second Philippine Republic was organized with the enactment of the 1943 Constitution, which Japan imposed after it occupied the Philippines in 1942 during World War II. José P. Laurel acted as puppet president of the new Japanese-sponsored government; his de facto presidency, not legally recognized until the 1960s, overlapped with that of the president of the Commonwealth, which went into exile. The Second Republic was dissolved after Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945; the Commonwealth was restored in the Philippines in the same year with Sergio Osmeña (1944–46) as president.
Manuel Roxas (1946–1948) followed Osmeña when he won the first post-war election in 1946. He became the first president of the independent Philippines when the Commonwealth ended on July 4 of that year. The Third Republic was ushered in and would cover the administrations of the next five presidents, the last of which was Ferdinand Marcos (1965–86), who performed a self-coup by imposing martial law in 1972. The dictatorship of Marcos saw the birth of the New Society (Filipino: Bagong Lipunan) and the Fourth Republic. His tenure lasted until 1986 when he was deposed in the People Power Revolution. The current constitution came into effect in 1987, marking the beginning of the Fifth Republic.
Of the individuals elected as president, three died in office: two of natural causes (Manuel L. Quezon and Manuel Roxas) and one in a plane crash (Ramon Magsaysay, 1953–57). The longest-serving president is Ferdinand Marcos with 20 years and 57 days in office; he is the only president to have served more than two terms. The shortest is Sergio Osmeña, who spent 1 year and 300 days in office.
Two women have held the office: Corazon Aquino (1986–92), who ascended to the presidency upon the successful People Power Revolution of 1986, and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–10), who, as vice president, ascended to the presidency upon Estrada's resignation and was elected to a full six-year term in 2004.
Presidents
No. Portrait Name
(Lifespan) Party Term Election Vice president Era 1 Emilio Aguinaldo
(1869–1964) None January 23, 1899
–
March 23, 1901
(2 years, 59 days) 1899 None First Republic None – None U.S. Military Government – U.S. Insular Government 2 Manuel L. Quezon
(1878–1944) Nacionalista November 15, 1935
–
August 1, 1944
(8 years, 260 days) 1935 Sergio Osmeña Commonwealth 1941 3 Jose P. Laurel
(1891–1959) KALIBAPI October 14, 1943
–
August 17, 1945
(1 year, 307 days) 1943 None Second Republic 4 Sergio Osmeña
(1878–1961) Nacionalista August 1, 1944
–
May 28, 1946
(1 year, 300 days) 1941 Vacant Commonwealth 5 Manuel Roxas
(1892–1948) Liberal May 28, 1946
–
April 15, 1948
(1 year, 323 days) 1946 Elpidio Quirino Third Republic 6 Elpidio Quirino
(1890–1956) Liberal April 17, 1948
–
December 30, 1953
(5 years, 257 days) Vacant 1949 Fernando Lopez 7 Ramon Magsaysay
(1907–1957) Nacionalista December 30, 1953
–
March 17, 1957
(3 years, 77 days) 1953 Carlos P. Garcia 8 Carlos P. Garcia
(1896–1971) Nacionalista March 18, 1957
–
December 30, 1961
(4 years, 287 days) None 1957 Diosdado Macapagal 9 Diosdado Macapagal
(1910–1997) Liberal December 30, 1961
–
December 30, 1965
(4 years) 1961 Emmanuel Pelaez 10 Ferdinand Marcos
(1917–1989) Nacionalista
(until 1978) December 30, 1965
–
February 25, 1986
(20 years, 57 days) 1965 Fernando Lopez 1969 Martial Law None 1973 1977 KBL
(from 1978) 1981 Fourth Republic Vacant 11 Corazon Aquino
(1933–2009) UNIDO
(until 1988) February 25, 1986
–
June 30, 1992
(6 years, 126 days) 1986 Salvador Laurel Provisional Government Fifth Republic Independent
(from 1988) 12 Fidel V. Ramos
(1928–2022) Lakas–NUCD June 30, 1992
–
June 30, 1998
(6 years) 1992 Joseph Estrada 13 Joseph Estrada
(born 1937) LAMMP June 30, 1998
–
January 20, 2001
(2 years, 204 days) 1998 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 14 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
(born 1947) Lakas–CMD January 20, 2001
–
June 30, 2010
(9 years, 161 days) Vacant Teofisto Guingona Jr. 2004 Noli de Castro 15 Benigno Aquino III
(1960–2021) Liberal June 30, 2010
–
June 30, 2016
(6 years) 2010 Jejomar Binay 16 Rodrigo Duterte
(born 1945) PDP–Laban June 30, 2016
–
June 30, 2022
(6 years) 2016 Leni Robredo 17 Bongbong Marcos
(born 1957) PFP June 30, 2022
–
present
(2 years, 42 days) 2022 Sara Duterte
Timeline
See also: List of presidents of the Philippines by time in office
Unofficial presidents
Andrés Bonifacio is considered by some historians to be the first president of the Philippines. He was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo; Tagalog: Kataastaasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan secret society. Its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district councils. When the Katipunan went into open revolt in August 1896 (the Cry of Balintawak), Bonifacio transformed it into a revolutionary government with him as president. While the term Katipunan remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Tagalog: Republika ng Katagalugan; Spanish: Republica Tagala). (Although the word Tagalog refers to a specific ethnicity, Bonifacio used it to denote all indigenous people in the Philippines in place of Filipino which had colonial origins.)
Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar y Carpio should also be included. Miguel Malvar y Carpio continued Emilio Aguinaldo's leadership of the First Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902. Macario Sakay revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents". Along with Bonifacio, Malvar and Sakay are not recognized as presidents by the Philippine government.
Emilio Aguinaldo is officially recognized as the first president of the Philippines, but this is based on his term of office during the Malolos Republic, later known as the First Philippine Republic. Prior to this Aguinaldo had held the presidency of several revolutionary governments which are not counted in the succession of Philippine republics.
Manuel L. Quezon delegated his presidential duties to José Abad Santos, the then Chief Justice, when the former fled the Philippines amidst Japanese occupation of the islands to establish a government-in-exile. He is believed to have in effect become the acting president of the Philippine Commonwealth though no legal document has been retrieved detailing the official transfer of the title of President to Abad Santos.
List
Portrait Name
Lifespan Party Term Vice President Government Took office Left office Andrés Bonifacio
(1863–1897)
None August 24, 1896 March 22, 1897
or
May 10, 1897 None Sovereign Tagalog Nation Emilio Aguinaldo
(1869–1964) None March 22, 1897 November 1, 1897 Mariano Trias Tejeros revolutionary government November 2, 1897 December 14, 1897 Republic of Biak-na-Bato May 24, 1898 June 23, 1898 Dictatorial Government June 23, 1898 January 23, 1899 Revolutionary Government Francisco Makabulos
(1871–1922) None April 17, 1898 May 19, 1898 None Central Executive Committee Miguel Malvar
(1865–1911)
None April 1, 1901 April 16, 1902 None First Republic Macario Sakay
(1870–1907)
Katipunan
(holdout/revival) May 6, 1902 July 14, 1906 Francisco Carreón Tagalog Republic José Abad Santos
(1886–1942)
Independent March 17, 1942 May 2, 1942 None Commonwealth Jorge B. Vargas
(1890–1980) KALIBAPI
Association for Service to the New Philippines January 23, 1942 October 14, 1943 None Philippine Executive Commission Arturo Tolentino
(1910–2004)
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
New Society Movement July 6, 1986 July 8, 1986 None Fourth Republic
Timeline
List of presidents by age
No. President Born Age at start of presidency Age at end of presidency Post-presidency timespan Lifespan Died Age 1 Emilio Aguinaldo March 22, 1869 29 years, 10 months, 1 day
January 23, 1899 32 years, 22 days
March 23, 1901 62 years, 10 months, 14 days February 6, 1964 94 years 2 Manuel Quezon August 19, 1878 57 years, 2 months, 27 days
February 15, 1935 65 years, 11 months, 13 days
August 1, 1944 Died in office August 1, 1944 65 years 3 Jose P. Laurel March 9, 1891 52 years, 7 months, 5 days
October 14, 1943 54 years, 5 months, 8 days
August 17, 1945 14 years, 2 months, 20 days November 6, 1959 68 years 4 Sergio Osmeña September 9, 1878 65 years, 10 months, 23 days
August 1, 1944 67 years, 8 months, 19 days
May 28, 1946 15 years, 4 months, 21 days October 19, 1961 83 years 5 Manuel Roxas January 1, 1892 54 years, 4 months, 27 days
May 28, 1946 56 years, 3 months, 14 days
April 15, 1948 Died in office April 15, 1948 56 years 6 Elpidio Quirino November 16, 1890 57 years, 5 months, 1 day
April 17, 1948 63 years, 1 month, 14 days
December 30, 1953 2 years, 1 month, 30 days February 29, 1956 65 years 7 Ramon Magsaysay August 31, 1907 46 years, 3 months, 29 days
December 30, 1953 49 years old, 6 months, 14 days
March 17, 1957 Died in office March 17, 1957 49 years 8 Carlos P. Garcia November 4, 1896 60 years, 5 months, 14 days
March 18, 1957 65 years, 1 months, 26 days
December 30, 1961 9 years, 5 months, 15 days June 14, 1971 74 years 9 Diosdado Macapagal September 28, 1910 51 years, 3 months, 2 days
December 30, 1961 55 years, 3 months, 2 days
December 30, 1965 31 years, 3 months, 22 days April 21, 1997 86 years 10 Ferdinand E. Marcos September 11, 1917 48 years, 3 months, 19 days
December 30, 1965 68 years, 5 months, 14 days
February 25 1986 3 years, 7 months, 3 days September 28, 1989 72 years 11 Corazon Aquino January 25, 1933 53 years, 1 month
February 25, 1986 59 years, 5 months, 5 days
June 30, 1992 17 years, 1 months, 2 days August 1, 2009 76 years 12 Fidel V. Ramos March 18, 1928 64 years old, 3 months, 12 days
June 30, 1992 70 years old, 3 months, 12 days
June 30, 1998 24 years, 1 month, 1 day July 31, 2022 94 years 13 Joseph Estrada April 19, 1937 61 years, 2 months, 11 days
June 30, 1998 63 years, 9 months, 1 day
January 20, 2001 (Living) (Living) 86 years 14 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo April 5, 1947 53 years, 9 months, 15 days
January 20, 2001 63 years, 2 months, 25 days
June 30, 2010 (Living) (Living) 76 years 15 Benigno Aquino III February 8, 1960 50 years, 4 months, 22 days
June 30, 2010 56 years, 4 months, 22 days
June 30, 2016 4 years, 21 months, 25 days June 24, 2021 61 years 16 Rodrigo Duterte March 28, 1945 71 years, 3 months, 2 days
June 30, 2016 77 years, 3 months, 2 days
June 30, 2022 (Living) (Living) 78 years 17 Bongbong Marcos September 13, 1957 64 years, 9 months, 3 days
June 30, 2022 (incumbent) (incumbent) (living) 66 years
List of presidents by offices held before presidency
Executive branch
Vice presidents
Vice President President served under Year(s) served Notes Sergio Osmeña Manuel L. Quezon 1935–1944 Osmeña succeeded Quezon, after the latter's death Elpidio Quirino Manuel Roxas 1946–1948 Quirino succeeded Roxas, after the latter's death; Ran and won a full term in 1949. Carlos P. Garcia Ramon Magsaysay 1953–1957 Garcia succeeded Magsaysay, after the latter's death; Ran and won a full term in 1957. Diosdado Macapagal Carlos P. Garcia 1957–1961 Macapagal defeated Garcia in 1961. Joseph Estrada Fidel V. Ramos 1992–1998 Estrada ran for a full term in 1998. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Joseph Estrada 1998–2001 Arroyo succeeded Estrada, after the latter's resignation; Ran and won a full term in 2004
3 other former vice presidents (S. Laurel, Binay, and Robredo) all made failed runs for the presidency.
Cabinet secretaries
The following cabinet secretaries are only served for fulltime. Vice Presidents served as cabinet secretary concurrently are not included.
Secretary Office President served under Year(s) served Elpidio Quirino Secretary of Finance Manuel Quezon 1934– 1936 Secretary of Interior 1935–1938 Manuel Roxas Secretary of Interior 1941 Ramon Magsaysay Secretary of National Defense Elpidio Quirino 1935–1944 Fidel V. Ramos Corazon Aquino 1988–1991
Other positions
Name Office President served under Year(s) served Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Undersecretary of the Department of Trade and Industry Corazon Aquino 1987–1992
Legislative
Senators
Senator District Year(s) served Notes Manuel L. Quezon 5th 1916–1935 First president to serve as Senate President (1916–1935) Jose P. Laurel 1925–1931 Only former president to serve as senator (1951–1957);
Only senator served as Majority Floor Leader (1925–1931)
Sergio Osmeña 10th 1922–1935 First president to serve as President pro tempore (1922–1934) Manuel Roxas At-large 1945–1946 Second president to serve as Senate President (1916–1935) Elpidio Quirino 1st 1925–1935 Second and last president to serve as President pro tempore (1945–1946) At-large 1945–1946 Carlos P. Garcia 1945–1953 First President to serve as Minority Floor Leader (1946–1953) Ferdinand E. Marcos 1959–1965 Second President to serve as Minority Floor Leader (1960–1962)
Third and last president to serve as Senate President (1963–1965)
Joseph Estrada 1987–1992 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 1992–1998 Benigno Aquino III 2007–2010 Did not finished term, won presidency Bongbong Marcos 2010–2016
Congressman/Representatives/Assemblyman
Local government
Governors
Mayors
Municipal/City Councilors
Name Municipality/City Province Year(s) served Manuel Quezon Lucena Tayabas 1906 Manuel Roxas Capiz Capiz 1917–1919
Judiciary
Name Position Year(s) served President Notes Jose P. Laurel Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 1936–1942 Manuel Quezon Only president served in the Supreme Court
International Affairs-related
Name Office President served under Year(s) served Manuel Quezon Resident Commissioner of the Philippines None(Under American rule) 1909–1916
Presidents who had not previously held elective office
Without previous experience in government, but served in the military
Name Year(s) served Emilio Aguinaldo 1899–1901
Without previous experience in government or in the military
Name Year(s) served Corazon Aquino 1986–1992
List of presidents by military service
Name Rank Branch Year(s) served Notes Emilio Aguinaldo Generalissimo Philippine Revolutionary Army 1896–1901 Manuel Quezon Major Philippine Revolutionary Army 1899–1900 Manuel Roxas Brigadier General Philippine Commonwealth Army 1941–1945 Ramon Magsaysay Captain Philippine Commonwealth Army 1942–1945 Ferdinand E. Marcos 1st Lieutenant USAFFE 1942–1945 Major USAFIP-NL Fidel V. Ramos General Philippine Constabulary 1950–1988 Only former President served as Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces (1984–1985; 1986–1988), and commander of a service branch (1972–1986).
See also
In Spanish: Anexo:Presidentes de Filipinas para niños
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A Twist Of Time
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Read two from the story A Twist Of Time by stumparchive (♡) with 1,404 reads. president, ww2, fiction. To be honest, the bed where I slept in was the most comf...
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//static.wattpad.com/favicon.ico
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https://www.wattpad.com/344364736-a-twist-of-time-two
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To be honest, the bed where I slept in was the most comfortable one I've ever had in my whole life. The room also had a cold breeze, which was good since the Philippines was scorching hot. It was silent except for the occasional screeching done in the kitchen by the head chef, whoever she was.
I got up and stretched, looking around. Then I remembered that I magically transported through time and space yesterday and ended up here, trapped in the President's house, building tension with the vice. Pulling the covers off of me, I got up and went to the nearby bathroom. I walked to the mirror where a bunch of toiletries lay, all wrapped up in parchment with fancy handwriting. The soap smelled good, so I used it for a bath and went out.
Then I remembered that I didn't have any other clothes.
In my state of panic, I didn't wait for myself to dry up and put my old clothes on. They became wet as I looked in the mirror again and realized I looked like a walking mess. My hair wasn't even combed yet. I shook my head and thought, who cares?
And my stupidity convinced me to run outside and call for Margaux, though I didn't know where she was. Another friend of mine called idiocy told me to scream her name down the halls in the house of the Philippine President in between World War 2.
I stopped, and so did my breath, when someone tapped on my shoulder. I winced and turned around slowly, expecting to see the small girl who helped me around the huge house yesterday. But no. It was her boss—well, one of them.
"Miss, do you know where you are?" Sergio asked with a raised eyebrow. I opened my eyes and nodded. "Well, where are your manners? Manuel could hear you."
Great, Sergio Osmeña scolding me again. Deciding to bring my pride down, I said, "Sorry. I didn't know. I'm panicking because, look." I motioned down to my clothes. "I'm soaking wet since I forgot that I didn't have any other clothes."
His face looked like he just heard the most ridiculous and stupid thing ever, which was true, I think. "Are you mad? You have a closet in your room. It has clothing for all and I thought you would've explored your room before jumping to the conclusions that we do not care about our guests."
"Well, that's a relief." I sighed. "Thank you, Mr. Osmeña, sir. I'll be happy to take your advice."
"You are truthfully welcome. Do you understand Filipino?"
I smiled. "I do! I'm Filipino, of course I do."
"Then don't be confused when I start talking to you in that language. After all, we are in the Philippines. Good day, Miss," he calmly greeted before walking away. My smile was still there as I thought, yesterday, I was so mean to him. What happened today?
Then I guessed, maybe it's because he helped me. I concluded my thoughts with that one and made my way to the said closet that I still had trouble finding. It had a lot formal attire in one corner, and dresses that I guessed were for sleeping. I pulled out a simple white dress and took my old clothes off, putting the cotton dress on. It was probably the most comfortable dress I wore in my life. Everything in this palace was comfortable and satisfying and I haven't even spent a whole day in it.
Satisfied, I walked out of my room and went downstairs, though getting lost, trying where Margaux was. Or where anything was.
I made a questioning look when I started walking down a hallway named "Kitchen Hall." Obviously, I was lost. And I was lucky that no guard came running to me and bringing me to either Osmeña or Quezon's office for trespassing. I opened the small wooden door and wandered around, the smell of fresh scrambled eggs surrounding me.
"JANE! YOU MINDLESS BABOON! YOU HAVE EYES FOR A REASON, USE THEM!"
Another voice replied, "YOU HAVE A BRAIN FOR A REASON, WHY DON'T YOU USE THAT?"
I started silently walking to where the screaming was coming from, seeing two women chefs in white outfits. "LOOK FOR THE LAMB SAUCE BEFORE I POKE YOUR USELESS EYE OUT!" the first voice screamed. Her nametag had the name "Barbara" on it.
Jane, the girl she was talking to, slammed the pan she was holding down on the porcelain counter and glared at Barbara. Barbara started walking in my direction as I ran to hide. Jane looked so pissed.
As soon as she exited the door, I sneaked near Barbara and observed her. She started wiping the countertop with a wet towel she found near her. Her body movements suggested that she was aggressive.
Suddenly, an idea popped into my head.
"Hey, chef lady! Over here!" I whispered. She turned around and saw me, looking confused. "Help me escape!"
"Who are you and what are you doing in my kitchen?"
I shook my head. "It's not yours, lady. Now, help me out of this trap, please. I'm not supposed to be here."
She pointed at the door. "There's a door there you can get out of if you don't like this kitchen."
"NO! I mean, not this era, not this palace, not any of you. Okay," I sighed, "do me a favor, help me get out of here, then I'll invent robots that help people find lamb sauce in the future. Deal?"
Her confusion stayed, but she looked somehow convinced. "Fine."
Just then, Jane returned with a whole bottle of lamb sauce, slamming on the counter like what she did with the pan. She saw the both of us and exclaimed in an alarmed tone, "HOLY MOTHER. SHE HAS ESCAPED FROM HER ROOM!"
I rolled my eyes. "I know, and I need to escape this whole place. Please."
"But it is President Quezon's orders to keep you inside. I shall not help you." Her arms were crossed.
"It's not his. It's Osmeña's—"
"IT'S HIS? WELL, I'LL BE MORE THAN HAPPY TO HELP YOU WITH THAT!"
I don't know what was with Osmeña ordering it, but I didn't care anymore. Jane took my arm and ran to the back door. She took out a bundle of keys from her pocket and opened it, Barbara trailing right behind us. "There. That's the garden. There's a visible way out into the road out there. Off you go, before anyone catches us—"
"WHAT ARE YOU DOING?"
We all turned around and met Margaux's sharp eyes. Look who suddenly appeared when I needed her least. "GO! NOW!" Jane screamed. I turned my head both ways fast and started running outside. I didn't know where I was going, but the feeling of grass against my bare feet and wind against my face was enough to tell me that I was free. Until Margaux started screaming for guards. But guess who came and decided to run after me?
None other than the vice president who somehow seems to randomly come out of nowhere, always foiling my plans. "Miss! Do not run away! You will be caught at any cause"—he stopped to catch his breath—"and I highly disapprove of this behavior!"
As if Satan wanted to mess with me, I suddenly tripped on a stick. My head hit the dry ground, making me groan instantly. Sergio then ran to me and shook his head. "Margaux, come here. I'll be at my office. Fix her up and make her meet me there before lunch time. This lady needs a word. She has been showing unladylike conduct all morning and is disrespectful to authority. Understand?" He started walking away madly back to his office.
"Yes, sir," Margaux said. She helped me up as I started wiping the grass that got stuck on my body off. "You shouldn't've done that, Miss Turner. He is anything but glad about this."
I rolled my eyes and stood up.
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https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Philippines/sub5_6a/entry-3841.html
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THE PHILIPPINES: THE UNITED STATES’ FIRST COLONY
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UNITED STATES IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Philippines was the United States’ first colony. On July 4, 1901, a U.S.-backed government was established in Manila with the future U.S. president Howard Taft as the first civilian U.S. governor of the Philippines. The 325-pound walrus of a man posed for a picture on the back of a water buffalo and promised to help "our little brown brothers."
According to Lonely Planet: “By 1902 the first Philippine Republic was dead and buried and a succession of American neocolonial governors-general ensured it stayed that way. The main intention of the Americans, like the Spanish, was to serve their own economic needs, and by 1930 they had engineered an industrial and social revolution, with two of the biggest booms coming from mining and prostitution. Not until 1935, once it had firmly lassoed the country's resources, did the USA endorse the Commonwealth of the Philippines, along with the drafting of a US-style constitution and the first national election. On paper at least, democracy and freedom had at last come to the Philippines.”
American rule was relatively benign. The U.S. Bill of Rights was extended to Filipinos. The Jones Act of 1916 established a two house Congress that were elected by the Filipinos but controlled by a U.S. commission that only recognized the political parties it supported. This Congress controlled the country until World War II.
The U.S. set up an education system in the Philippines ( See Education). American-introduced sanitation helped eradicate the periodic cholera epidemics that ravaged the Philippines and helped defeat other diseases. The U.S. army established Fort Stotenberg in 1903 and added an airfield in 1919 named after Major Harold Clark. The U.S. Navy opened a naval station at Subic Bay in 1905.
Books: “In Their Image”, a Pulitzer-prize-winning book about the United States and the Philippines relationship by Stanley Karnow; “Sitting in Darkness: American in the Philippines”by David Howard Bain.
Beginning of U.S. Rule in the Philippines
On January 20, 1899, President McKinley appointed the First Philippine Commission (the Schurman Commission), a five-person group headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman, president of Cornell University, and including Admiral Dewey and General Otis, to investigate conditions in the islands and make recommendations. In the report that they issued to the president the following year, the commissioners acknowledged Filipino aspirations for independence; they declared, however, that the Philippines was not ready for it. Specific recommendations included the establishment of civilian government as rapidly as possible (the American chief executive in the islands at that time was the military governor), including establishment of a bicameral legislature, autonomous governments on the provincial and municipal levels, and a system of free public elementary schools. [Source: Library of Congress *]
The Second Philippine Commission (the Taft Commission), appointed by McKinley on March 16, 1900, and headed by William Howard Taft, was granted legislative as well as limited executive powers. Between September 1900 and August 1902, it issued 499 laws. A judicial system was established, including a Supreme Court, and a legal code was drawn up to replace antiquated Spanish ordinances. A civil service was organized. The 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected presidents, vice presidents, and councilors to serve on municipal boards. The municipal board members were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining municipal properties, and undertaking necessary construction projects; they also elected provincial governors. In July 1901 the Philippine Constabulary was organized as an archipelago-wide police force to control brigandage and deal with the remnants of the insurgent movement. After military rule was terminated on July 4, 1901, the Philippine Constabulary gradually took over from United States army units the responsibility for suppressing guerrilla and bandit activities. *
From the very beginning, United States presidents and their representatives in the islands defined their colonial mission as tutelage: preparing the Philippines for eventual independence. Except for a small group of "retentionists," the issue was not whether the Philippines would be granted self-rule, but when and under what conditions. Thus political development in the islands was rapid and particularly impressive in light of the complete lack of representative institutions under the Spanish. The Philippine Organic Act of July 1902 stipulated that, with the achievement of peace, a legislature would be established composed of a lower house, the Philippine Assembly, which would be popularly elected, and an upper house consisting of the Philippine Commission, which was to be appointed by the president of the United States. The two houses would share legislative powers, although the upper house alone would pass laws relating to the Moros and other non-Christian peoples. The act also provided for extending the United States Bill of Rights to Filipinos and sending two Filipino resident commissioners to Washington to attend sessions of the United States Congress. In July 1907, the first elections for the assembly were held, and it opened its first session on October 16, 1907. Political parties were organized, and, although open advocacy of independence had been banned during the insurgency years, criticism of government policies in the local newspapers was tolerated. *
Taft, the Philippines' first civilian governor, outlined a comprehensive development plan that he described as "the Philippines for the Filipinos . . . that every measure, whether in the form of a law or an executive order, before its adoption, should be weighed in the light of this question: Does it make for the welfare of the Filipino people, or does it not?" Its main features included not only broadening representative institutions but also expanding a system of free public elementary education and designing economic policies to promote the islands' development. Filipinos widely interpreted Taft's pronouncements as a promise of independence. *
The 1902 Philippine Organic Act disestablished the Catholic Church as the state religion. The United States government, in an effort to resolve the status of the friars, negotiated with the Vatican. The church agreed to sell the friars' estates and promised gradual substitution of Filipino and other non-Spanish priests for the friars. It refused, however, to withdraw the religious orders from the islands immediately, partly to avoid offending Spain. In 1904 the administration bought for US$7.2 million the major part of the friars' holdings, amounting to some 166,000 hectares, of which one-half was in the vicinity of Manila. The land was eventually resold to Filipinos, some of them tenants but the majority of them estate owners. *
Economic and Social Developments Under the Americans in the Philippines
The Taft Commission, appointed in 1900, viewed economic development, along with education and the establishment of representative institutions, as one of the three pillars of the United States program of tutelage. Its members had ambitious plans to build railroads and highways, improve harbor facilities, open greater markets for Philippine goods through the lowering or elimination of tariffs, and stimulate foreign investment in mining, forestry, and cash-crop cultivation. In 1901 some 93 percent of the islands' total land area was public land, and it was hoped that a portion of this area could be sold to American investors. [Source: Library of Congress *]
Those plans were frustrated, however, by powerful agricultural interests in the United States Congress who feared competition from Philippine sugar, coconut oil, tobacco, and other exports. Although Taft argued for more liberal terms, the United States Congress, in the 1902 Land Act, set a limit of 16 hectares of Philippine public land to be sold or leased to American individuals and 1,024 hectares to American corporations. This act and tight financial markets in the United States discouraged the development of large-scale, foreign-owned plantations such as were being established in British Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, and French Indochina. The Taft Commission argued that tariff relief was essential if the islands were to be developed. In August 1909, Congress passed the Payne Aldrich Tariff Act, which provided for free entry to the United States of all Philippine products except rice, sugar, and tobacco. Rice imports were subjected to regular tariffs, and quotas were established for sugar and tobacco.
Over time the Philippine economy became based on export crops. Large landowners became rich and Filipinos became dependant on the U.S. as a buyer of their goods and a provider of aid. In 1913 the Underwood Tariff Act removed all restrictions on trade between the U.S. and the Philippines. The principal result of these acts was to make the islands increasingly dependent on American markets; between 1914 and 1920, the portion of Philippine exports going to the United States rose from 50 to 70 percent. By 1939 it had reached 85 percent, and 65 percent of imports came from the United States. *
Life in American-Occupied Philippines
The Americans built roads, bridges and sewage systems in the Philippines. They eradicated small pox and brought cholera under control. Some land owned by the church was redistributed among the Filipinos but most of the land went to large land owners. Sanitation and health were improved, infrastructure was expanded, and English was taught in schools, which helped bring the archipelago's numerous ethnic groups closer together.
The linchpins of the system created under United States tutelage were the village- and province-level notables — often labeled bosses or caciques by colonial administrators — who garnered support by exchanging specific favors for votes. Reciprocal relations between inferior and superior (most often tenants or sharecroppers with large landholders) usually involved the concept of utang na loob (repayment of debts) or kinship ties, and they formed the basis of support for village-level factions led by the notables. These factions decided political party allegiance. The extension of voting rights to all literate males in 1916, the growth of literacy, and the granting of women's suffrage in 1938 increased the electorate considerably. The elite, however, was largely successful in monopolizing the support of the newly enfranchised, and a genuinely populist alternative to the status quo was never really established. [Source: Library of Congress]
Before World War II, the social life for Americans centered around the Army and Navy Club and the Manila Polo Club. Filipinos were not welcome at either one of these places. In the hottest months Americans in Manila retreated to mile-high Baguio, an American version of a hill staton.
In 1931 there were between 80,000 and 100,000 Chinese in the islands active in the local economy; many of them had arrived after United States rule had been established. Some 16,000 Japanese were concentrated largely in the Mindanao province of Davao (the incorporated city of Davao was labeled by local boosters the "Little Tokyo of the South") and were predominant in the abaca industry. Yet the immigration of foreign laborers never reached a volume sufficient to threaten indigenous control of the economy or the traditional social structure as it did in British Malaya and Burma.
Collaborative Philippine-American Leadership
The most important step in establishing a new political system was the successful coaptation of the Filipino elite — called the "policy of attraction." Wealthy and conservative ilustrados, the self-described "oligarchy of intelligence," had been from the outset reluctant revolutionaries, suspicious of the Katipunan and willing to negotiate with either Spain or the United States. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, a descendant of Spanish nobility, and Benito Legarda, a rich landowner and capitalist, had quit Aguinaldo's government in 1898 as a result of disagreements with Mabini. Subsequently, they worked closely with the Schurman and Taft commissions, advocating acceptance of United States rule. [Source: Library of Congress *]
In December 1900, de Tavera and Legarda established the Federalista Party, advocating statehood for the islands. In the following year they were appointed the first Filipino members of the Philippine Commission of the legislature. In such an advantageous position, they were able to bring influence to bear to achieve the appointment of Federalistas to provincial governorships, the Supreme Court, and top positions in the civil service. Although the party boasted a membership of 200,000 by May 1901, its proposal to make the islands a state of the United States had limited appeal, both in the islands and in the United States, and the party was widely regarded as being opportunistic. In 1905 the party revised its program over the objections of its leaders, calling for "ultimate independence" and changing its name to the National Progressive Party (Partido Nacional Progresista). *
The policy of attraction ensured the success of what colonial administrators called the political education of the Filipinos. It was, however, also the cause of its greatest failure. Early leader such Osmeña and Quezon, (see below) were not genuinely interested in social reform, and serious problems involving land ownership, tenancy, and the highly unequal distribution of wealth were largely ignored.
Much of the system's success depended on the linkage of modern political institutions with traditional social structures and practices. Most significantly, it involved the integration of local-level elite groups into the new political system. Philippine parties have been described by political scientist Carl Landé as organized "upward" rather than "downward." That is, national followings were put together by party leaders who worked in conjunction with local elite groups — in many cases the descendants of the principalía of Spanish times — who controlled constituencies tied to them in patron-client relationships. The issue of independence, and the conditions and timing under which it would be granted, generated considerable passion in the national political arena. According to Landé, however, the decisive factors in terms of popular support were more often local and particularistic issues rather than national or ideological concerns. Filipino political associations depended on intricate networks of personalistic ties, directed upward to Manila and the national legislature. *
Rise of Nacionalista Party in the Philippines
The Nacionalista Party, established in 1907, dominated the Philippine political process until after World War II. It was led by a new generation of politicians, although they were not ilustrados and were by no means radical. One of the leaders, Manuel Quezon, came from a family of moderate wealth. An officer in Aguinaldo's army, he studied law, passed his bar examination in 1903, and entered provincial politics, becoming governor of Tayabas in 1906 before being elected to the Philippine Assembly the following year. His success at an early age was attributable to consummate political skills and the support of influential Americans. His Nacionalista Party associate and sometime rival was Sergio Osmeña, the college-educated son of a shopkeeper, who had worked as a journalist. The former journalist's thoroughness and command of detail made him a perfect complement to Quezon. Like Quezon, Osmeña had served as a provincial governor (in his home province of Cebu) before being elected in 1907 to the assembly and, at age twenty-nine, selected as its first speaker. *
Although the Nacionalista Party's platform at its founding called for "immediate independence," American observers believed that Osmeña and Quezon used this appeal only to get votes. In fact, their policy toward the Americans was highly accommodating. In 1907 an understanding was reached with an American official that the two leaders would block any attempt by the Philippine Assembly to demand independence. Osmeña and Quezon, who were the dominant political figures in the islands up to World War II, were genuinely committed to independence. The failure of Aguinaldo's revolutionary movement, however, had taught them the pragmatism of adopting a conciliatory policy. *
The appearance of the Nacionalista Party in 1907 marked the emergence of the party system, although the party was without an effective rival from 1916 for most of the period until the emergence of the Liberal Party in 1946. The growing power of the Nacionalista Party, particularly in the period after 1916 when it gained almost complete control of a bicameral Filipino legislature, barred the effective inclusion of nonelite interests in the political system. Not only revolution but also moderate reform of the social and economic systems were precluded. Discussions of policy alternatives became less salient to the political process than the dynamics of personalism and the ethic of give and take. *
Jones Act and Early Elections in the Philippines
The term of Governor General Francis Burton Harrison (1913-21) was one of particularly harmonious collaboration between Americans and Filipinos. Harrison's attitudes (he is described as having regarded himself as a "constitutional monarch" presiding over a "government of Filipinos") reflected the relatively liberal stance of Woodrow Wilson's Democratic Party administration. In 1913 Wilson had appointed five Filipinos to the Philippine Commission of the legislature, giving it a Filipino majority for the first time. Harrison undertook rapid "Filipinization" of the civil service, much to the anger and distress of Americans in the islands, including superannuated officials. In 1913 there had been 2,623 American and 6,363 Filipino officials; in 1921 there were 13,240 Filipino and 614 American administrators. Critics accused Harrison of transforming a "colonial government of Americans aided by Filipinos" into a "government of Filipinos aided by Americans" and of being the "plaything and catspaw of the leaders of the Nacionalista Party." [Source: Library of Congress *]
A major step was taken in the direction of independence in 1916, when the United States Congress passed a second organic law, commonly referred to as the Jones Act, which replaced the 1902 law. Its preamble stated the intent to grant Philippine independence as soon as a stable government was established. The Philippine Senate replaced the Philippine Commission as the upper house of the legislature. Unlike the commission, all but two of the Senate's twenty-four members (and all but nine of the ninety representatives in the lower house, now renamed the House of Representatives) were popularly elected. The two senators and nine representatives were appointed by the governor general to represent the non-Christian peoples. The legislature's actions were subject to the veto of the governor general, and it could not pass laws affecting the rights of United States citizens. The Jones Act brought the legislative branch under Filipino control. The executive still was firmly under the control of an appointed governor general, and most Supreme Court justices, who were appointed by the United States president, still were Americans in 1916. *
Elections were held for the two houses in 1916, and the Nacionalista Party made an almost clean sweep. All but one elected seat in the Senate and eighty-three out of ninety elected seats in the House were won by their candidates, leaving the National Progressive Party (the former Federalista Party) a powerless opposition. Quezon was chosen president of the Senate, and Osmeña continued as speaker of the House. *
The Jones Act remained the basic legislation for the administration of the Philippines until the United States Congress passed new legislation in 1934 which became effective in 1935, establishing the Commonwealth of the Philippines. Provisions of the Jones Act were differently interpreted, however, by the governors general. Harrison rarely challenged the legislature by his use of the veto power. His successor, General Leonard Wood (1921-27), was convinced that United States withdrawal from the islands would be as disastrous for the Filipinos as it would be for the interests of the United States in the western Pacific. He aroused the intense opposition of the Nacionalistas by his use of the veto power 126 times in his six years in office. The Nacionalista Party created a political deadlock when ranking Filipino officials resigned in 1923 leaving their positions vacant until Wood's term ended with his death in 1927. His successors, however, reversed Wood's policies and reestablished effective working relations with Filipino politicians. *
Impact of American Rule on Muslim Mindanao
Although the Jones Act did not transfer responsibility for the Moro regions (reorganized in 1914 under the Department of Mindanao and Sulu) from the American governor to the Filipino-controlled legislature, Muslims perceived the rapid Filipinization of the civil service and United States commitment to eventual independence as serious threats. In the view of the Moros, an independent Philippines would be dominated by Christians, their traditional enemies. United States policy from 1903 had been to break down the historical autonomy of the Muslim territories.
Immigration of Christian settlers from Luzon and the Visayan Islands to the relatively unsettled regions of Mindanao was encouraged, and the new arrivals began supplanting the Moros in their own homeland. Large areas of the island were opened to economic exploitation. There was no legal recognition of Muslim customs and institutions. In March 1935, Muslim datu petitioned United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt, asking that "the American people should not release us until we are educated and become powerful because we are like a calf who, once abandoned by its mother, would be devoured by a merciless lion." Any suggestion of special status for or continued United States rule over the Moro regions, however, was vehemently opposed by Christian Filipino leaders who, when the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established, gained virtually complete control over government institutions. *
Unequal Wealth Distribution and Exploitation of the Landless Poor Continues Under American Rule
The limited nature of United States intervention in the economy and the Nacionalista Party's elite dominance of the Philippine political system ensured that the status quo in landlord and tenant relationships would be maintained, even if certain of its traditional aspects changed. A government attempt to establish homesteads modeled on those of the American West in 1903 did little to alter landholding arrangements. Although different regions of the archipelago had their own specific arrangements and different proportions of tenants and small proprietors, the kasama (sharecropper) system, was the most prevalent, particularly in the rice-growing areas of Central Luzon and the Visayan Islands. [Source: Library of Congress *]
Under this arrangement, the landowners supplied the seed and cash necessary to tide cultivators over during the planting season, whereas the cultivators provided tools and work animals and were responsible for one-half the expense of crop production. Usually, owner and sharecropper each took one-half of the harvest, although only after the former deducted a portion for expenses. Terms might be more liberal in frontier areas where owners needed to attract cultivators to clear the land. Sometimes land tenancy arrangements were three tiered. An original owner would lease land to an inquilino, who would then sublet it to kasamas. In the words of historian David R. Sturtevant: "Thrice removed from their proprietario, affected taos [peasants] received ever-diminishing shares from the picked-over remains of harvests." *
Cultivators customarily were deep in debt, for they were dependent on advances made by the landowner or inquilino and had to pay steep interest rates. Principal and interest accumulated rapidly, becoming an impossible burden. It was estimated in 1924 that the average tenant family would have to labor uninterruptedly for 163 years to pay off debts and acquire title to the land they worked. The kasama system created a class of peons or serfs; children inherited the debts of their fathers, and over the generations families were tied in bondage to their estates. Contracts usually were unwritten, and landowners could change conditions to their own advantage. *
Two factors led to a worsening of the cultivators' position. One was the rapid increase in the national population (from 7.6 million in 1905 to 16 million in 1939) brought about through improvements in public health, which put added pressure on the land, lowered the standard of living, and created a labor surplus. Closely tied to the population increase was the erosion of traditional patron-client ties. The landlord-tenant relationship was becoming more impersonal. The landlord's interest in the tenants' welfare was waning. Landlords ceased providing important services and used profits from the sale of cash crops to support their urban life-styles or to invest in other kinds of enterprises. Cultivators accused landowners of being shameless and forgetting the principle of utang na loob, demanding services from tenants without pay and giving nothing in return. *
As the area under cultivation increased from 1.3 million hectares in 1903 to 4 million hectares in 1935 — stimulated by United States demand for cash crops and by the growing population — tenancy also increased. In 1918 there were roughly 2 million farms, of which 1.5 million were operated by their owners; by 1939 these figures had declined to 1.6 million and 800,000, respectively, as individual proprietors became tenants or migrant laborers. Disparities in the distribution of wealth grew. By 1939 the wealthiest 10 percent of the population received 40 percent of the islands' income. The elite and the cultivators were separated culturally and geographically, as well as economically; as new urban centers rose, often with an Americanized culture, the elite left the countryside to become absentee landlords, leaving estate management in the hands of frequently abusive overseers. The Philippine Constabulary played a central role in suppressing antilandlord resistance. *
Resistance Movements in American-Occupied Philippines
The tradition of rural revolt, often with messianic overtones, continued under United States rule. Colorum sects, derived from the old Cofradía de San José, had spread throughout the Christian regions of the archipelago and by the early 1920s competed with the Roman Catholic establishment and the missionaries of Gregorio Aglipay's Independent Philippine Church (Iglesia Filipina Independiente). A colorum-led revolt broke out in northeastern Mindanao early in 1924, sparked by a sect leader's predictions of an imminent judgment day. In 1925 Florencio Entrencherado, a shopkeeper on the island of Panay, proclaimed himself Florencio I, Emperor of the Philippines, somewhat paradoxically running for the office of provincial governor of Iloilo that same year on a platform of tax reduction, measures against Chinese and Japanese merchants, and immediate independence. Although he lost the election, the campaign made him a prominent figure in the western Visayan Islands and won him the sympathies of the poor living in the sugar provinces of Panay and Negros. Claiming semidivine attributes (that he could control the elements and that his charisma had been granted him by the Holy Spirit and the spirits of Father Burgos and Rizal), Florencio had a following of some 10,000 peasants on Negros and Panay by late 1926. In May 1927, his supporters, heeding his call that "the hour will come when the poor will be ordered to kill all the rich," launched an abortive insurrection. [Source: Library of Congress *]
Tensions were highest in Central Luzon, where tenancy was most widespread and population pressures were the greatest. The 1931 Tayug insurrection north of Manila was connected with a colorum sect and had religious overtones, but traditionally messianic movements gradually gave way to secular, and at times revolutionary, ones. One of the first of these movements was the Association of the Worthy Kabola (Kapisanan Makabola Makasinag), a secret society that by 1925 had some 12,000 followers, largely in Nueva Ecija Province. Its leader, Pedro Kabola, called for liberation of the Philippines and promised the aid of the Japanese. The Tangulang (Kapatiran Tangulang Malayang Mamamayang — Association for an Offensive for Our Future Freedom) movement founded in 1931 was both urban and rural based and had as many as 40,000 followers. *
The most important movement, however, was that of the Sakdalistas. Founded in 1933 by Benigno Ramos, a former Nacionalista Party member and associate of Quezon who broke with him over the issue of collaboration, the Sakdal Party (sakdal means to accuse) ran candidates in the 1934 election on a platform of complete independence by the end of 1935, redistribution of land, and an end to caciquism. Sakdalistas were elected to a number of seats in the legislature and to provincial posts, and by early 1935 the party may have had as many as 200,000 members. Because of poor harvests and frustrations with the government's lack of response to peasant demands, Sakdalistas took up arms and seized government buildings in a number of locations on May 2-3, 1935. The insurrection, suppressed by the Philippine Constabulary, resulted in approximately 100 dead and Benigno Ramos fled into exile to Japan. *
Through the 1930s, tenant movements in Central Luzon became more active, articulate, and better organized. In 1938 the Socialist Party joined in a united front with the Communist Party of the Philippines (Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas — PKP), which was prominent in supporting the demands of tenants for better contracts and working conditions. As the depression wore on and prices for cash crops collapsed, tenant strikes and violent confrontations with landlords, their overseers, and the Philippine Constabulary escalated. *
In response to deteriorating conditions, commonwealth president Quezon launched the "Social Justice" program, which included regulation of rents but achieved only meager results. There were insufficient funds to carry out the program, and implementation was sabotaged on the local level by landlords and municipal officials. In 1939 and 1940, thousands of cultivators were evicted by landlords because they insisted on enforcement of the 1933 Rice Share Tenancy Act, which guaranteed larger shares for tenants. *
Movement Towards Philippine Independence in the 1930s
In 1934, under the Tydings-McDuffie Act, a commonwealth government with a constitution was established in the Philippines after U.S. farmers, hit hard by the depression, pushed for Philippine independence to stop the archipelago's favored-trade policies. The constitution was ratified on May 14, 1935. The commonwealth government was supposed to last for ten years, after which the Philippines would become an independent country. The date of independence was set at July 4. 1946.
The constellation of political forces in the United States that assisted in the resolution of the independence question formed an odd community of interests with the Filipino nationalists. Principal among these were the agricultural interests. American sugar beet, tobacco, and dairy farmers feared the competition of low-tariff insular products, and the hardships suffered in a deepening depression in the early 1930s led them to seek protection through a severance of the colonial relationship. In this they had the support of Cuban sugar interests, who feared the loss of markets to Philippine sugarcane. United States labor unions, particularly on the West Coast, wanted to exclude Filipino labor. A number of American observers saw the Philippines as a potential flash point with an expansive Japan and argued for a withdrawal across the Pacific to Hawaii. [Source: Library of Congress *]
In the climate generated by these considerations, Osmeña and Manuel Roxas, a rising star in the Nacionalista Party and Osmeña's successor as speaker of the House, successfully campaigned for passage of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Independence Bill, which Congress approved over President Herbert Hoover's veto in January 1933. Quezon opposed the legislation, however, on the grounds that clauses relating to trade and excluding Filipino immigrants were too stringent and that the guarantees of United States bases on Philippine soil and powers granted a United States high commissioner compromised independence. After the bill was defeated in the Philippine legislature, Quezon himself went to Washington and negotiated the passage of a revised independence act, the Tydings-McDuffie Act, in March 1934. *
The Tydings-McDuffie Act provided for a ten-year transition period to independence, during which the Commonwealth of the Philippines would be established. The commonwealth would have its own constitution and would be self-governing, although foreign policy would be the responsibility of the United States. Laws passed by the legislature affecting immigration, foreign trade, and the currency system had to be approved by the United States president. *
If the Tydings-McDuffie Act marked a new stage in Filipino-American partnership, it remained a highly unequal one. Although only fifty Filipino immigrants were allowed into the United States annually under the arrangement, American entry and residence in the islands were unrestricted. Trade provisions of the act allowed for five years' free entry of Philippine goods during the transition period and five years of gradually steepening tariff duties thereafter, reaching 100 percent in 1946, whereas United States goods could enter the islands unrestricted and duty free during the full ten years. Quezon had managed to obtain more favorable terms on bases; the United States would retain only a naval reservation and fueling stations. The United States would, moreover, negotiate with foreign governments for the neutralization of the islands. *
Philippine Commwealth Government Under Manuel Quezon
The Philippines’ first constitution was framed by a constitutional convention that assembled in July 1934. Overwhelmingly approved by plebiscite in May 1935, this document established the political institutions for the intended ten-year commonwealth period that began that year and after July 1946 became the constitution of the independent Republic of the Philippines. The first commonwealth election to the new Congress was held in September 1935. Quezon and Osmeña, reconciled after their disagreements over the independence act, ran on a Coalition Party ticket and were elected president and vice president, respectively. [Source: Library of Congress *]
Manuel Quezon (1878-1944) was the first Filipino president. The son of a Luzon schoolteacher, he made a name for himself as an activist and fiery orator and fought against both Spain and the United States. He once said, 'It is better to go to hell without America than to go to heaven with her!' He emerged as an independence leader and served as presidnt of the Philippines Senate form 1916 to 1935, when he became president of the Philippines commonwealth.
Quezon came from a family of moderate wealth. An officer in Aguinaldo's army, he studied law, passed his bar examination in 1903, and entered provincial politics, becoming governor of Tayabas in 1906 before being elected to the Philippine Assembly the following year. His success at an early age was attributable to consummate political skills and the support of influential Americans.
Quezon was in office when Japan invaded Luzon in December 1941. He escaped from the Philippines and established a government in exile in the United States. When Quezon died on August 1, 1944 he was succeeded as commonwealth president by Sergio Osmena. Osmeña accompanied MacArthur's Allied forces when they landed on the island of Leyte on October 20, 1944.
Image Sources:
Text Sources: New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Times of London, Lonely Planet Guides, Library of Congress, Philippines Department of Tourism, Compton’s Encyclopedia, The Guardian, National Geographic, Smithsonian magazine, The New Yorker, Time, Newsweek, Reuters, AP, AFP, Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic Monthly, The Economist, Foreign Policy, Wikipedia, BBC, CNN, and various books, websites and other publications.
Last updated June 2015
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Filipino leaders congratulate President on naming of Governor General Stimson Filipino leaders photographed at the White House today when they called to congratulate President Coolidge on his appointm
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The Library of Congress
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https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3c39497/
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More about Copyright and other Restrictions
For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources.
Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication.
Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-139497 (b&w film copy neg.)
Call Number: BIOG FILE - GROUP COLL - Filipinos [item] [P&P]
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https://opinion.inquirer.net/149777/the-1969-election-a-critical-turning-point
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The 1969 election: A critical turning point
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"Manolo A. Villareal"
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I keep wondering if our country would have been better off today had the 1969 presidential election been fairly contested
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https://opinion.inquirer.net/icon/images/favicon.ico
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INQUIRER.net
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https://opinion.inquirer.net/149777/the-1969-election-a-critical-turning-point
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I was 16 during the 1969 Philippine presidential election and, like many who are still around, personally witnessed this critical poll exercise that helped shape today’s political, social, and economic landscape.
Ferdinand Marcos won over Sergio Osmeña Jr. There were just two political parties then, the Nacionalista Party with Marcos seeking reelection for another four-year term, and Osmeña’s Liberal Party. There were independent candidates as well, but they had negligible support.
Thanks to Google, we can revisit some facts, refresh our memory, and even speculate a bit.
What if Osmeña had won over Marcos? Would there have been a New People’s Army? Would we have remained frontrunner in Southeast Asia’s economy? Would our peso be this devalued? Would our national debt be this huge? Would corruption be this rampant? So many questions.
The Philippine election of 1969 was described by Newsweek and Time magazines as the dirtiest, most violent, and most corrupt election, that gave rise to the term “Three Gs,” for guns, goons, and gold. My research (Google/1969 Presidential Elections/Ferdinand Marcos Presidential Campaign) reveals that $50 million was spent during that time, most of which were unloaded in Cebu. Today, that amount is huge, considering inflation and the exchange rate then of P3.79 per US dollar.
I was an eye witness to terrorism and vote-buying. My late father worked for the national government, in the Bureau of Public Highways. Our neighbor, who was a political leader for Marcos then, knocked on our door two days before election, carrying a bag of money for distribution in the neighborhood. My father was told that if he was found to have voted for Osmeña, his job would be compromised. My parents were given P2 (in paper bills) each and their names written on a sheet of paper.
Osmeña was defeated by a large margin even in his home province of Cebu. Our dream to have a Cebuano elected president did not come true. The Marcos win defied two near-axiomatic facts: that no president was ever reelected in the post-Commonwealth era, and that no one can beat Osmeña in Cebu, much less with an Ilocano opponent.
In a fairly contested election, where there were no guns, goons, and gold, Marcos would have lost.
The Osmeñas are known for land development. The late Sergio Jr. or Serging initiated the Cebu North reclamation project where now stands SM City, while his son Tomas initiated the Cebu South reclamation project where SM Seaside and several world-class land developments including that of Filinvest, Robinsons (JG Summit), and the Ayala group are located. The late Lito Osmeña initiated the Ayala Center and IT Park, converting idle lots into world-class economic hubs when he was Cebu governor.
Comparatively, the business legacy left by Marcos were government takeovers. The Iligan Integrated Steel Mills of the Jacinto group was renamed National Steel Corp. and was managed by military officers, while the power industry was ruled by the National Power Corp., a government entity. Several cronies feasted on big industries and the country lost big on the mothballed nuclear power plant. Other industries like broadcast media and banking were also taken over by Marcos cronies. It’s laissez-faire in reverse.
Now Marcos’ son, Bongbong, is running for president. The junior is not as intellectual as the father and has already shown himself a dishonest person as evidenced by his lying about his Oxford college diploma and his tax evasion cases. Ironically, he leads surveys by a big margin over the second placer. But he is a carbon copy of his authoritarian father, and his win would mean handing over President Duterte’s dictatorial rule to another dictator.
I keep wondering if our country would have been better off today had the 1969 presidential election been fairly contested. I just hope that Filipinos won’t take that Marcos Jr. bait that if he wins, our country would become like Singapore—which, by the way, is ruled by an authoritarian type of government. Compared to the Philippines, Singapore is so small in terms of population and land area: only 700 square kilometers against the Philippines’ 300,000 sq. km in land area, and a 5 million population compared to our country’s 110 million. The other big difference is that its long-term prime minister, Lee Kuan Yew, was an exceptionally sincere leader untainted by corruption, a glaring contrast to the Marcoses.
* * *
Manolo A. Villareal, 68, used to work as operations supervisor in a private corporation.
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https://repository.mainlib.upd.edu.ph/omekas/s/rare-periodicals/media/257961
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Remembering Don Sergio Osmeña: most illustrious · Rare Periodicals · Open Access Repository @ UPD
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Title
Remembering Don Sergio Osmeña: most illustrious
Creator
Llanto, Geronimo R.
Language
English
Year
1965
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https://boo.world/database/profile/984407/sergio-osme%25C3%25B1a-personality-type
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Sergio Osmeña's Personality Unveiled: MBTI, Enneagram and More
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What 16 personality type is Sergio Osmeña from Politicians and Symbolic Figures? Find out Sergio Osmeña's 16 type, Enneagram, and Zodiac sign in the Soulverse, the comprehensive personality database.
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/icon.png
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Boo
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https://boo.world/database/profile/984407/sergio-osme%C3%B1a-personality-type
|
Sergio Osmeña Personality Type
Sergio Osmeña is an INFJ, Virgo, and Enneagram Type 1w2.
What is Sergio Osmeña's personality type?
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https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/united-statesphilippines-1898-1946/
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1. United States/Philippines (1898-1946)
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Crisis Phase (December 10, 1898-October 31, 1899): The United States government formally acquired the Philippines from Spain with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. The U.S. government declared military rule in the Philippines on December 21, 1898. Emilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino nationalist, proclaimed the independence of the Philippines on January 5, 1899. Emilio Aguinaldo established a rebel government in Malolos on January 23, 1899, and Emilio Aguinaldo was named president of the rebel government. U.S. government troops and Filipinos clashed in Manila on February 4, 1899. U.S. government troops took control of Jolo on the island of Sulu on May 18, 1899.
Conflict Phase (November 1, 1899-April 13, 1902): Emilio Aguinaldo led a rebellion against the U.S. military government in the Philippines beginning on November 1, 1899. Some 200 Filipino rebels commanded by General Licerio Geronimo attacked U.S. government troops commanded by General Henry Ware Lawton near San Mateo on December 19, 1899, resulting in the deaths of General Lawton and 13 other U.S. soldiers. U.S. government troops clashed with Filipino rebels near Catubig on April 15-19, 1900, resulting in the deaths of some 150 rebels and at least 21 U.S. soldiers. U.S. government troops clashed with Filipino rebels near Cagayan de Misamis on June 4, 1900, resulting in the deaths of nine U.S. soldiers and one rebel. U.S. government troops clashed with Filipino rebels near Pulang Lupa on the island of Marinduque on September 13, 1900, resulting in the deaths of four U.S. soldiers. U.S. government troops commanded by Colonel Benjamin F. Cheatham, Jr. clashed with Filipino rebels commanded by General Juan Cailles near Mabitac on September 17, 1900, resulting in the deaths of 21 U.S. soldiers and 11 rebels. Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by Filipino troops loyal to the U.S. government on March 23, 1901, and he was replaced by General Miguel Malvar as rebel leader. Emilio Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to the U.S. government on April 19, 1901. Moros attacked U.S. troops in the town of Balangiga on the island of Samar on September 28, 1901, resulting in the deaths of some 48 U.S. soldiers and 28 Moros. The U.S. military established and maintained concentration camps (reconcentrados) with some 298,000 Filipinos in the province of Batangas from January to April 1902, resulting in the deaths of some 8,350 Filipinos. U.S. government and Filipino troops suppressed the rebellion with the surrender of General Miguel Malvar on April 16, 1902. Some 200,000 Filipinos, 4,234 U.S. soldiers, and 20,000 Filipino soldiers were killed during the conflict.
Post-Conflict Phase (April 17, 1902-June 15, 1913): U.S. government troops commanded by Colonel Frank Baldwin clashed with Moros near Bayan on the island of Mindanao on May 2, 1902, resulting in the deaths of some 350 Moros and eleven U.S. soldiers. The U.S. Congress approved the Philippines Act on July 1, 1902, which provided the Philippines with limited self-government. The U.S. government replaced the military government in the Philippines with a civilian government headed by William Howard Taft on July 4, 1902. U.S. President Teddy Roosevelt proclaimed a general amnesty for Filipino rebels on July 4, 1902. General Luke Wright was sworn in as U.S. governor of the Philippines on February 1, 1904. Some 790 U.S. government troops commanded by Colonel J. W. Duncan clashed with Moros near Bud Dajo on March 5-7, 1906, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of Moro men, women, and children. Some 21 U.S. government soldiers were also killed during the clashes near Bud Dajo. Henry Clay Ide was sworn in as U.S. governor of the Philippines on April 2, 1906, and James Smith was sworn in as U.S. governor of the Philippines on September 20, 1906. The Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista – PN) was established on March 12, 1907. Legislative elections were held on July 30, 1907, and the PN won 59 out of 80 seats in the Philippines Assembly. The Progressive Party (Partido Progresista – PP) won 16 seats in the Philippines Assembly. The Philippines Assembly convened in Manila on October 16, 1907. Legislative elections were held on November 2, 1909, and the PN won 62 out of 81 seats in the Philippines Assembly. The PP won 17 seats in the Philippines Assembly. Major General John J. Pershing was assumed the governorship of the Moro province on November 11, 1909. On September 8, 1911, Major General Pershing issued an executive order for the complete disarmament of Moros in Moro province. Legislative elections were held on June 4, 1912, and the PN won 62 out of 81 seats in the Philippines Assembly. The PP won 16 seats in the Philippines Assembly. U.S. government troops suppressed the 14-year Moro rebellion in southern Philippines on June 15, 1913. At least 10,000 Moros, 630 U.S. government soldiers, 116 Philippines soldiers, and 750 Philippines police were killed during the rebellion.
Post-Crisis Phase (June 16, 1913-December 7, 1941): Francis Harrison was sworn in as U.S. governor of the Philippines on August 21, 1913. Legislative elections were held on June 6, 1916, and the Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista,- PN) won 75 out of 90 seats in the House of Representatives. The U.S. Congress approved the Jones Act on August 29, 1916, which provided for a bicameral Philippines legislature including a House of Representatives and Senate. Legislative elections were held on June 3, 1919, and the PN won 75 out of 90 seats in the House of Representatives. General Leonard Wood was sworn in as U.S. governor of the Philippines on October 5, 1921. Legislative elections were held on June 6, 1922, and the two major factions of the PN won 64 out of 93 seats in the House of Representatives. The Philippines Assembly approved a resolution on November 19, 1924, which demanded “full and complete independence” from the U.S. Legislative elections were held on June 2, 1925, and the PN won 64 out of 92 seats in the House of Representatives. The Philippines Assembly presented a petition demanding independence to the U.S. Congress on December 7, 1925. The Philippines Assembly approved a resolution calling for a plebiscite on independence on July 26, 1926, but the resolution was vetoed by Governor Wood. Governor Wood died on August 7, 1927, and Henry Stimson was sworn in as U.S. governor of the Philippines on December 13, 1927. Dwight Davis was sworn in as U.S. governor of the Philippines on May 17, 1929. Legislative elections were held on June 5, 1928, and the PN won 71 out of 94 seats in the House of Representatives. Legislative elections were held on June 2, 1931, and the PN won 66 out of 86 seats in the House of Representatives. The U.S. Congress approved the Tydings-McDuffie Act on March 24, 1934, which promised independence to the Philippines in 12 years. Legislative elections were held on June 5, 1934, and the pro-independence faction of the PN won 70 out of 92 seats in the House of Representatives. The anti-independence faction of the PN won 19 seats in the House of Representatives. As called for in the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, elections for delegates to the Constitutional Convention were held on July 10, 1934. Benigno Ramos led a right-wing uprising against the government in Bulacan and Laguna provinces on May 1-2, 1935, resulting in the deaths of some 100 individuals. Benigno Ramos fled to Japan. A constitution establishing the Commonwealth of the Philippines was approved by 96 percent of voters in a referendum held on May 14, 1935. Legislative elections were held on September 15, 1935, and Manuel Luis Quezón’s faction (pro-independence faction) of the PN won 64 out of 98 seats in the House of Representatives. Sergio Osmeña’s faction of the PN won 19 seats in the House of Representatives. Manuel Luis Quezón of the PN was elected president of the Commonwealth on September 15, 1935. The Commonwealth of the Philippines was formally established on November 15, 1935. Legislative elections were held on November 8, 1938, and the PN won 98 out of 98 seats in the House of Representatives. Several constitutional amendments, including the establishment of a bicameral Congress of the Philippines, were approved in a constitutional plebiscite held on June 18, 1940. Legislative elections were held on November 2, 1941, and the PN won 95 out of 98 seats in the House of Representatives. President Manuel Luis Quezón was re-elected with 82 percent of the vote on November 11, 1941.
Crisis Phase (December 8, 1941-October 17, 1945): Japanese military aircraft attacked the U.S. government’s Clark airfield in the Philippines on December 8, 1941, resulting in the deaths of 80 U.S. military personnel. Some 43,000 Japanese troops commanded by General Masaharu Homma invaded the islands of Luzon, Mindanao, and Jolo on December 22, 1941. Japanese troops took control of Manila on January 2, 1942. General Douglas MacArthur, commander of U.S. troops in the Philippines, was evacuated from Batann peninsula on March 11, 1942. Some 12,000 U.S. troops and 58,000 Filipino troops commanded by General Edward King surrendered to Japanese troops on the island of Luzon on April 9, 1942. U.S. government troops commanded by Major General Jonathan Wainwright surrendered to Japanese troops on the island of Corregidor on May 6, 1942. President Manuel Luis Quezón fled to the U.S. and established the Commonwealth government-in-exile in Washington DC. Under Japanese occupation, legislative elections for the National Assembly of the Second Republic of the Philippines were held on September 20, 1943, and the Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Philinas – KALIBAPI led by Benigno Aquino, Sr. won 108 out of 108 seats in the National Assembly. José Paciano Laurel was elected president of the Second Republic of the Philippines by the National Assembly on October 14, 1943. President Manuel Luis Quezón died in the state of New York on August 1, 1944, and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña became president of the Commonwealth government-in-exile on August 1, 1944. President José Paciano Laurel declared martial law in the Philippines on September 22, 1944, and declared a state of war with the U.S. and U.K. on September 23, 1944. U.S. government troops commanded by General MacArthur landed on the island of Leyte on October 20, 1944. Japanese naval ships withdrew from the Philippines region on October 25, 1944, and U.S. government troops landed on the island of Samos on October 26, 1944. U.S. troops captured the island of Leyte on December 24, 1944. U.S. government troops attacked Japanese troops on the island of Luzon on January 9, 1945, and captured the island on August 15, 1945. U.S. government troops captured the island of Corregidor on February 16-27, 1945. U.S. government troops attacked Japanese troops on the island of Mindanao on April 17, 1945, and captured the island on August 15, 1945. José Paciano Laurel, who had fled to Japan, formally resigned as president of the Philippines on August 17, 1945. Japan formally surrendered to the U.S. on September 2, 1945.
Post-Crisis Phase (September 3, 1945-July 4, 1946): Manuel Acuña Roxas of the liberal wing of the Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista,- PN) was elected president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with 55 percent of the vote on April 23, 1946, and was inaugurated as president on April 28, 1946. Legislative elections were held on April 23, 1946, and the liberal wing of the PN won 49 out of 98 seats in the House of Representatives. The Republic of the Philippines formally achieved its independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946.
[Sources: Clodfelter, 1992, 911-913, 924-927; Jessup, 1998, 585-586; Keesing’s Record of World Events, July 20-27, 1946; Langer, 1972, 827, 937-938, 1118-1119, 1353-1354.]
Selected Bibliography
Bingham, Woodbrigde, Hilary Conroy, and Frank W. Ikle. 1965. A History of Asia, Vol. II, Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
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https://journ117.wixsite.com/halalan2016/sergio-osmena-iii
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Sergio Osmena III
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https://www.wix.com/favicon.ico
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https://www.wix.com/favicon.ico
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https://www.wix.com/favicon.ico
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halalan2016
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https://journ117.wixsite.com/halalan2016/sergio-osmena-iii
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Sergio Osmeña III
Independent Candidate
Born December 13, 1943
Sergio de la Rama Osmeña III, more popularly known as Serge, is no stranger when it comes to the world of Philippine politics. Aside from the fact that he himself served as a Senator for three terms, he also came from a family that produced a Philippine president, two senators, and a number of local officials in the province of Cebu.
Serge, a Cebuano-Negrense-Ilonggo descend, was born on the 13th of December, the year 1943 to Lourdes de la Rama and former Senator Sergio Osmeña Jr. He has seven children with his wife, Isabel Lopez.As for his educational background, he studied at De La Salle College for his primary education, while he finished his secondary education at Beaumont College in England. Although Serge never got to attain any college degree, he went to different universities such as Harvard University, Georgetown University, University of San Carlos, and University of the Philippines – Los Baños.
Osmeña was first elected as Senator in 1995. He ran for the second time in 2001 and another in 2010. He is currently the chairman of Committee on Banks, Financial Institutions and Currencies and the Committee on Energy of the 16th Congress. He has authored a total of 209 bills throughout his Senatorial term, and 65 of these were passed into law. Some of these laws are, Absentee Voting Law (RA 9189), Retail Trade Liberalization Act (RA 8762), Government Procurement Act (RA 9184), Securities Regulations Code (RA 8799), and Regional Headquarters for Multi-National Companies Act (RA 8756). He also co-authored the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act, Clean Air Act, Anti-Money Laundering Act and Safeguards Measures Act.
During the Martial Law Period, Serge was imprisoned and was put into the same cell with Eugenio Lopez Jr. The two of them then organized a hunger strike as a sign of protest against the illicit detainment of thousands of innocent political prisoners. In 1977, he was in exile in United States, and he did not return until Ferdinand Marcos was no longer in position. Even though he was exiled, he still “served as the Director for Movement for a Free Philippines” and “the Founding Director of the Justice for Aquino Justice For all (JAJA) Movement”.
Stands on some of the prominent political issues today
On the Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL)
Among the many interviews and press releases of Serge, there is no clear transcript of what his stand is regarding the issue on the Bangsamoro Basic Law or the BBL. He did say however that is impossible to finish the draft of the law by June last year, instead it would probably accomplished in August or September, still of the previous year. He also said in an interview that he would make his own judgment as to what his decision on the said bill would be, and would not need to have a talk with the President about it. This is in response to the supposed meeting Aquino would be holding with the Senators in regards with the BBL.
On the Reproductive Health Bill (RH Bill)
“I’m a coward when it comes to that. I don’t want to fight with my elders, my mothers, cousins, friends and all that,” This were Osmeña’s words when he was asked about the controversial Reproductive Health bill. According to sources, Osmeña is for the bill, but he refuses to talk about it, because he did not want to have a dispute with his family and friends regarding his stand on the issue. He also said in an interview that despite the oppositions from some people in the society, he strongly believes that the bill would pass the Senate.
On the dispute over the West Philippine Sea
Again, no source could outwardly give out Osmeña’s stand on the West Philippine Sea dispute, he did however, together with Senator Ralph Recto, said that the executive could not just make an agreement that could compromise the country’s territorial claims with other countries without having to consult the Congress about it. This is in response to the negotiation that took place between the Department of Foreign Affairs and Malaysia in regards with the territorial claims over the West Philippine Sea. “Any treaty must undergo Senate oversight and approval. It might even require an amendment to our Constitution,” Osmeña said in the interview.
On corruption
According to Osmeña, the corruption going on inside our country requires a lifetime of effort to be eliminated and is not something that would just go away overnight. He also said that eliminating corruption is not just a one man’s job, but it requires the help of everybody and not just from our generation, but our children and our children’s children’s generation. He also said that the continuous corruption is because of the fact that nobody is penalized for the crime, so instead of stopping, people at fault tend to just do it over and over again.
On poverty reduction
From an article, Osmeña acknowledged the fact that poverty has been a serious problem over the years. Quoting the article, according to Osmeña, “...the country is experiencing “jobless growth” in which automation increases profits for corporations but hardly expands the worker base”.
References
https://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/sen_bio/osmena_bio.asp
http://moneypolitics.pcij.org/profiles/osmena-sergio-iii-dela-rama/#career-amp-wealth
http://www.people.nfo.ph/politician/sergio-osmea-iii/
http://rp3.abs-cbnnews.com/research/2010-candidate-profiles/05/05/10/Sergio-SERGE-dela-Rama-Osme%C3%B1a-III
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/mindanao/94651-senators-bbl-statements-stand
http://www.interaksyon.com/article/111191/osmea-smells-pnoy-offer-of-pork-for-bbl-passage
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/322391/osmena-says-he-is-a-coward-to-face-rh-critics#ixzz41iNkNqL9
http://globalnation.inquirer.net/120213/ph-cant-make-deals-on-territorial-claims-without-clearance-from-congress-senators#ixzz41iSOkfkL
http://www.mb.com.ph/osmena-we-cant-eliminate-corruption-overnight/
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President Sergio Osmeña
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life and political background
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https://assets.prezicdn.net/assets-versioned/prezipage-versioned/5158-d62e8b5/common/img/favicon.ico?v=2
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https://prezi.com/os2berc3wrmk/president-sergio-osmena/
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https://www.rappler.com/philippines/former-senator-john-henry-osmena-dies-february-2021/
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Former senator Sonny Osmeña dies
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"Ryan Macasero"
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2021-02-03T00:39:03+00:00
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(4TH UPDATE) Sonny Osmeña was known as the 'Lone Ranger' in the Senate because of his fight against graft and corruption in the government. He was 86.
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RAPPLER
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https://www.rappler.com/philippines/former-senator-john-henry-osmena-dies-february-2021/
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Former senator John Henry “Sonny” Osmeña, died on Tuesday, February 2, his sister Annie Osmeña-Aboitiz confirmed in a statement late Tuesday evening. He was 86.
“Senator John Henry Osmena passed away at 2:45 pm this afternoon at Maryville Condominium and was immediately cremated,” Osmeña-Aboitiz said.
She said his wake will be done via Zoom and would be announced soon.
Osmeña was admitted for COVID-19 in July, but recovered and was released from the hospital on July 9.
The former senator celebrated his 86th birthday on January 17.
Osmeña was known as the “Lone Ranger” during his Senate days because of his advocacy against graft and corruption in government. He authored the bill that paved the way for the creation of the Department of Energy in 1992 (Republic Act No. 7638), and landmark measures such as RA 7648 or the Electric Power Crisis Act of 1993, and RA 7718 or the Build Operate Law.
Osmeña is the grandson of the late president Sergio Osmeña. He is the brother of former Cebu governor Emilio “Lito” Osmeña, and cousin of former senator Sergio Osmeña III and Cebu City mayor Tomas Osmeña.
Osmeña was among the political figures who were hurt in the 1971 Plaza Miranda bombing – the attack happened during the miting de avance of the Liberal Party where he was among the party’s senatorial candidates. He won a seat in the Senate but served only until 1972 as he went on exile immediately after then president Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law.
Osmeña returned to the Philippines in 1983, after the assassination of former Senator Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr, to lend a hand in fighting the Marcos dictatorship.
Osmeña most recently served two terms as mayor of Toledo, a city on the western side of Cebu. Osmeña was diagnosed with stage 2 cancer in July after losing his reelection bid for the mayorship of Toledo.
Tributes
Senate President Vicente Sotto III paid tribute to Osmeña in a statement sent to the media.
“Senator Sonny was a very astute and savvy legislator. I am honored to have worked with him in the 9th and 10th Congress. He was a Cebuano legislator par excellence!” Sotto said.
The Senate on Wednesday passed Senate Resolution No. 635, in consideration of Senate Resolution No. 636, expressing “the profound sympathy and sincere condolences of the Senate” over the death of Osmeña, who served the Senate from 1971 to 1972, 1987 to 1995, and 1998 to 2004.
In his sponsorship speech, Sotto said that Osmeña was born to lead as he came from a family of leaders led by his grandfather, but “he was a great leader in his own right.”
Zubiri described Osmeña as a “dedicated public servant and an advocate of sincere, competent and responsive governance.”
Senator Richard Gordon, who authored PSR 636, said Osmeña was a “fierce debater and stood by his principles” when he was in the Senate.
“He also showed passion for the advancement of communications, technology and energy, sponsoring a number of development-oriented bills,” Gordon said.
Osmeña died two days after the death of another former senator, Victor Ziga. Ziga died of heart and mutiple multi-organ failure at the age of 75 on January 31.
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https://www.quezon.ph/2016/06/21/book-4-sergio-osmena/
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Book 4: Sergio Osmeña – Manuel L. Quezon III
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"Manuel L. Quezon III"
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2016-06-21T00:00:00
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en
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https://www.quezon.ph/2016/06/21/book-4-sergio-osmena/
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President Sergio Osmeña is the second President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. He assumed office after the death of Manuel L. Quezon on August 1, 1944. President Osmeña was scheduled to assume the presidency of the Commonwealth of the Philippines after Manuel L. Quezon’s term and would have assumed office on November 15, 1943. However, the Philippines was occupied by the Japanese, and was at war. On November 12, 1943, Joint Resolution No. 95 was passed by the United States Congress and was approved by the President of the United States, continuing President Quezon’s term for the duration of the war and postponing Osmeña’s right to succeed the presidency until constitutional processes had been restored in the country. Osmeña relinquished his right to the presidency to Quezon because under the circumstances, the principal concern and primary consideration of the government was to win the war, liberate its people, and establish independence. Osmeña mentioned this in his speech as Vice President, formally relinquishing his right to the presidency. Sergio Osmeña was President until May 28, 1946.
The executive issuances of President Osmeña began with Proclamation No. 1-W, signed on August 1, 1944, in Washington, D.C. On September 27, 1944, the ‘W’ series was dropped and the numbering was changed starting with Executive Order No. 20. His executive issuances ended with Proclamation No. 38, signed on May 27, 1948.
President Osmeña’s documents were gathered from its official sources such as the Official Gazette of the Philippines; Philippines Magazine; Malacañang Records Office’s Book of Executive Issuances; various ephemera, including government booklets; and the MacArthur Archive Collections.
The American Psychological Association (APA) style was used for the citation. The titles that have been provided by the researchers are enclosed in square brackets, considering that the exact wordings and its order were not verbatim from the document being described. Book titles are italicized while the speech titles are not. If in any case that the book title is the same as the title of the speech, the book title should be transcribed in italics.
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SergioOsmena
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SergioOsmena - Download as a PDF or view online for free
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https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/favicon.7bc3d920.ico
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https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/sergioosmena/14462677
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1. SERGIO OSMEÑA
2. BASIC FACTS: Born: 9-Sep-1878 Birthplace: Cebu City, Philippines Died: 19-Oct-1961 Location of death: Manila, Philippines Cause of death: unspecified Remains: Buried, North Cemetery, Manila, Philippines Gender: Male Race or Ethnicity: Multiracial Sexual orientation: Straight
3. Occupation: Head of State Nationality: Philippines Executive summary: 4th President of the Philippines Co-Founder of the Nacionalista Party. Editor of El Nuevo Día newspaper, from 1903. Died at Veteran's Memorial Hospital in Quezon City, Manila. Mother: Juana Osmeña y Suico Son: Sergio Osmeña Jr. (Philippine Senator) University: University of San Carlos (1892) University: San Juan de Letran College, Manila
7. Sergio Osmeña y Suico (9 September 1878 – 19 October 1961) was a politician of Chinese Filipino who served as the 4th President of the Philippines from 1944 to 1946.
8. He was Vice President under Manuel L. Quezon, and rose to the presidency upon Quezon's death in 1944, being the oldest Philippine president to hold office at age 65. A founder of Nacionalista Party, he was the first Visayan to become President of the Philippines.
9. Prior to his succession to the Presidency in 1944, Osmeña served as Governor of Cebu from 1901–1907, Member and Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives from 1907– 1922, and Senator from the 10th Senatorial District for thirteen years, in which capacity he served as Senate President pro tempore. In 1935, he was nominated to be the running-mate of Senate President Manuel L. Quezon for the presidential election that year. The tandem was overwhelmingly re-elected in 1941.
10. Osmeña is the patriarch of the prominent Osmeña family, which includes his son (former Senator Sergio Osmeña, Jr.) and his grandsons (senators Sergio Osmeña III and John Henry Osmeña), ex-governor Lito Osmeña and Cebu City mayor Tomas Osmeña.
11. Sergio Osmeña was born in Cebu to Juana Osmeña y Suico, who was reportedly only 14 years of age when she gave birth to him. Owing to the circumstances of his birth, the identity of his father had been a closely guarded family secret. Though an illegitimate child – Juana never married his father – he didn't allow this aspect to affect his standing in society. The Osmeña family, a rich and prominent clan of Chinese Filipino heritage
12. He took his elementary education in the Colegio de San Carlos and graduated in 1892. Osmeña continued his education in Manila, studying in San Juan de Letran College where he first metManuel L. Quezon, a classmate of his, as well as Juan Sumulong and Emilio Jacinto. He took up law at the University of Santo Tomas and was second place in the bar examination in 1903.
13. He served on the war staff of General Emilio Aguinaldo as a courier and journalist. In 1900, he founded the Cebu newspaper, El Nuevo Día which lasted for three years. In 1904, the American colonial administration appointed him governor of Cebu. Two years later he was elected governor of Cebu
15. House of Representatives While governor, he ran for election to the first Philippine Assembly of 1907 and was elected Speaker of that body. Osmeña was 29 years old and already the highest-ranking Filipino official. He and another provincial politician, Manuel L. Quezon of Tayabas, set up the Nacionalista Party as a foil to the Partido Federalista of Manila-based politicians. The two would engage in a rivalry for political dominance ever since.
17. Together with Manuel Roxas, Pres. Sergio Osmeña went on a mission to the US to ask for the Philippines' independence. The mission was called OSROX, coined from combining the first letters of their family names. The mission was successful. The Philippines was granted its independence.
18. PRESIDENCY Osmeña became president of the Commonwealth on Quezon's death in 1944. He returned to the Philippines the same year with General Douglas MacArthur and the liberation forces. After the war, Osmeña restored the Commonwealth government and the various executive departments. He continued the fight for Philippine independence. For the presidential election of 1946, Osmeña refused to campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew of his record of 40 years of honest and faithful service. He lost to Manuel Roxas, who won 54 percent of the vote and became president of the independent Republic of the Philippines.
20. WHO IS THE MOTHER OF SERGIO OSMENA?
21. WHAT DO THEY CALL TO THEIR MISSION US FOR PHIL. INDEPENDENCE.
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https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/united-statesphilippines-1898-1946/
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1. United States/Philippines (1898-1946)
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Crisis Phase (December 10, 1898-October 31, 1899): The United States government formally acquired the Philippines from Spain with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. The U.S. government declared military rule in the Philippines on December 21, 1898. Emilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino nationalist, proclaimed the independence of the Philippines on January 5, 1899. Emilio Aguinaldo established a rebel government in Malolos on January 23, 1899, and Emilio Aguinaldo was named president of the rebel government. U.S. government troops and Filipinos clashed in Manila on February 4, 1899. U.S. government troops took control of Jolo on the island of Sulu on May 18, 1899.
Conflict Phase (November 1, 1899-April 13, 1902): Emilio Aguinaldo led a rebellion against the U.S. military government in the Philippines beginning on November 1, 1899. Some 200 Filipino rebels commanded by General Licerio Geronimo attacked U.S. government troops commanded by General Henry Ware Lawton near San Mateo on December 19, 1899, resulting in the deaths of General Lawton and 13 other U.S. soldiers. U.S. government troops clashed with Filipino rebels near Catubig on April 15-19, 1900, resulting in the deaths of some 150 rebels and at least 21 U.S. soldiers. U.S. government troops clashed with Filipino rebels near Cagayan de Misamis on June 4, 1900, resulting in the deaths of nine U.S. soldiers and one rebel. U.S. government troops clashed with Filipino rebels near Pulang Lupa on the island of Marinduque on September 13, 1900, resulting in the deaths of four U.S. soldiers. U.S. government troops commanded by Colonel Benjamin F. Cheatham, Jr. clashed with Filipino rebels commanded by General Juan Cailles near Mabitac on September 17, 1900, resulting in the deaths of 21 U.S. soldiers and 11 rebels. Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by Filipino troops loyal to the U.S. government on March 23, 1901, and he was replaced by General Miguel Malvar as rebel leader. Emilio Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to the U.S. government on April 19, 1901. Moros attacked U.S. troops in the town of Balangiga on the island of Samar on September 28, 1901, resulting in the deaths of some 48 U.S. soldiers and 28 Moros. The U.S. military established and maintained concentration camps (reconcentrados) with some 298,000 Filipinos in the province of Batangas from January to April 1902, resulting in the deaths of some 8,350 Filipinos. U.S. government and Filipino troops suppressed the rebellion with the surrender of General Miguel Malvar on April 16, 1902. Some 200,000 Filipinos, 4,234 U.S. soldiers, and 20,000 Filipino soldiers were killed during the conflict.
Post-Conflict Phase (April 17, 1902-June 15, 1913): U.S. government troops commanded by Colonel Frank Baldwin clashed with Moros near Bayan on the island of Mindanao on May 2, 1902, resulting in the deaths of some 350 Moros and eleven U.S. soldiers. The U.S. Congress approved the Philippines Act on July 1, 1902, which provided the Philippines with limited self-government. The U.S. government replaced the military government in the Philippines with a civilian government headed by William Howard Taft on July 4, 1902. U.S. President Teddy Roosevelt proclaimed a general amnesty for Filipino rebels on July 4, 1902. General Luke Wright was sworn in as U.S. governor of the Philippines on February 1, 1904. Some 790 U.S. government troops commanded by Colonel J. W. Duncan clashed with Moros near Bud Dajo on March 5-7, 1906, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of Moro men, women, and children. Some 21 U.S. government soldiers were also killed during the clashes near Bud Dajo. Henry Clay Ide was sworn in as U.S. governor of the Philippines on April 2, 1906, and James Smith was sworn in as U.S. governor of the Philippines on September 20, 1906. The Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista – PN) was established on March 12, 1907. Legislative elections were held on July 30, 1907, and the PN won 59 out of 80 seats in the Philippines Assembly. The Progressive Party (Partido Progresista – PP) won 16 seats in the Philippines Assembly. The Philippines Assembly convened in Manila on October 16, 1907. Legislative elections were held on November 2, 1909, and the PN won 62 out of 81 seats in the Philippines Assembly. The PP won 17 seats in the Philippines Assembly. Major General John J. Pershing was assumed the governorship of the Moro province on November 11, 1909. On September 8, 1911, Major General Pershing issued an executive order for the complete disarmament of Moros in Moro province. Legislative elections were held on June 4, 1912, and the PN won 62 out of 81 seats in the Philippines Assembly. The PP won 16 seats in the Philippines Assembly. U.S. government troops suppressed the 14-year Moro rebellion in southern Philippines on June 15, 1913. At least 10,000 Moros, 630 U.S. government soldiers, 116 Philippines soldiers, and 750 Philippines police were killed during the rebellion.
Post-Crisis Phase (June 16, 1913-December 7, 1941): Francis Harrison was sworn in as U.S. governor of the Philippines on August 21, 1913. Legislative elections were held on June 6, 1916, and the Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista,- PN) won 75 out of 90 seats in the House of Representatives. The U.S. Congress approved the Jones Act on August 29, 1916, which provided for a bicameral Philippines legislature including a House of Representatives and Senate. Legislative elections were held on June 3, 1919, and the PN won 75 out of 90 seats in the House of Representatives. General Leonard Wood was sworn in as U.S. governor of the Philippines on October 5, 1921. Legislative elections were held on June 6, 1922, and the two major factions of the PN won 64 out of 93 seats in the House of Representatives. The Philippines Assembly approved a resolution on November 19, 1924, which demanded “full and complete independence” from the U.S. Legislative elections were held on June 2, 1925, and the PN won 64 out of 92 seats in the House of Representatives. The Philippines Assembly presented a petition demanding independence to the U.S. Congress on December 7, 1925. The Philippines Assembly approved a resolution calling for a plebiscite on independence on July 26, 1926, but the resolution was vetoed by Governor Wood. Governor Wood died on August 7, 1927, and Henry Stimson was sworn in as U.S. governor of the Philippines on December 13, 1927. Dwight Davis was sworn in as U.S. governor of the Philippines on May 17, 1929. Legislative elections were held on June 5, 1928, and the PN won 71 out of 94 seats in the House of Representatives. Legislative elections were held on June 2, 1931, and the PN won 66 out of 86 seats in the House of Representatives. The U.S. Congress approved the Tydings-McDuffie Act on March 24, 1934, which promised independence to the Philippines in 12 years. Legislative elections were held on June 5, 1934, and the pro-independence faction of the PN won 70 out of 92 seats in the House of Representatives. The anti-independence faction of the PN won 19 seats in the House of Representatives. As called for in the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, elections for delegates to the Constitutional Convention were held on July 10, 1934. Benigno Ramos led a right-wing uprising against the government in Bulacan and Laguna provinces on May 1-2, 1935, resulting in the deaths of some 100 individuals. Benigno Ramos fled to Japan. A constitution establishing the Commonwealth of the Philippines was approved by 96 percent of voters in a referendum held on May 14, 1935. Legislative elections were held on September 15, 1935, and Manuel Luis Quezón’s faction (pro-independence faction) of the PN won 64 out of 98 seats in the House of Representatives. Sergio Osmeña’s faction of the PN won 19 seats in the House of Representatives. Manuel Luis Quezón of the PN was elected president of the Commonwealth on September 15, 1935. The Commonwealth of the Philippines was formally established on November 15, 1935. Legislative elections were held on November 8, 1938, and the PN won 98 out of 98 seats in the House of Representatives. Several constitutional amendments, including the establishment of a bicameral Congress of the Philippines, were approved in a constitutional plebiscite held on June 18, 1940. Legislative elections were held on November 2, 1941, and the PN won 95 out of 98 seats in the House of Representatives. President Manuel Luis Quezón was re-elected with 82 percent of the vote on November 11, 1941.
Crisis Phase (December 8, 1941-October 17, 1945): Japanese military aircraft attacked the U.S. government’s Clark airfield in the Philippines on December 8, 1941, resulting in the deaths of 80 U.S. military personnel. Some 43,000 Japanese troops commanded by General Masaharu Homma invaded the islands of Luzon, Mindanao, and Jolo on December 22, 1941. Japanese troops took control of Manila on January 2, 1942. General Douglas MacArthur, commander of U.S. troops in the Philippines, was evacuated from Batann peninsula on March 11, 1942. Some 12,000 U.S. troops and 58,000 Filipino troops commanded by General Edward King surrendered to Japanese troops on the island of Luzon on April 9, 1942. U.S. government troops commanded by Major General Jonathan Wainwright surrendered to Japanese troops on the island of Corregidor on May 6, 1942. President Manuel Luis Quezón fled to the U.S. and established the Commonwealth government-in-exile in Washington DC. Under Japanese occupation, legislative elections for the National Assembly of the Second Republic of the Philippines were held on September 20, 1943, and the Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Philinas – KALIBAPI led by Benigno Aquino, Sr. won 108 out of 108 seats in the National Assembly. José Paciano Laurel was elected president of the Second Republic of the Philippines by the National Assembly on October 14, 1943. President Manuel Luis Quezón died in the state of New York on August 1, 1944, and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña became president of the Commonwealth government-in-exile on August 1, 1944. President José Paciano Laurel declared martial law in the Philippines on September 22, 1944, and declared a state of war with the U.S. and U.K. on September 23, 1944. U.S. government troops commanded by General MacArthur landed on the island of Leyte on October 20, 1944. Japanese naval ships withdrew from the Philippines region on October 25, 1944, and U.S. government troops landed on the island of Samos on October 26, 1944. U.S. troops captured the island of Leyte on December 24, 1944. U.S. government troops attacked Japanese troops on the island of Luzon on January 9, 1945, and captured the island on August 15, 1945. U.S. government troops captured the island of Corregidor on February 16-27, 1945. U.S. government troops attacked Japanese troops on the island of Mindanao on April 17, 1945, and captured the island on August 15, 1945. José Paciano Laurel, who had fled to Japan, formally resigned as president of the Philippines on August 17, 1945. Japan formally surrendered to the U.S. on September 2, 1945.
Post-Crisis Phase (September 3, 1945-July 4, 1946): Manuel Acuña Roxas of the liberal wing of the Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista,- PN) was elected president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with 55 percent of the vote on April 23, 1946, and was inaugurated as president on April 28, 1946. Legislative elections were held on April 23, 1946, and the liberal wing of the PN won 49 out of 98 seats in the House of Representatives. The Republic of the Philippines formally achieved its independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946.
[Sources: Clodfelter, 1992, 911-913, 924-927; Jessup, 1998, 585-586; Keesing’s Record of World Events, July 20-27, 1946; Langer, 1972, 827, 937-938, 1118-1119, 1353-1354.]
Selected Bibliography
Bingham, Woodbrigde, Hilary Conroy, and Frank W. Ikle. 1965. A History of Asia, Vol. II, Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/philippines-history-biographies/manuel-roxas
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Manuel A. Roxas
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Manuel Roxas >Manuel Roxas (1892-1948) was the last president of the Commonwealth and the >first president of the Republic of the Philippines.
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Manuel Roxas
Manuel Roxas (1892-1948) was the last president of the Commonwealth and the first president of the Republic of the Philippines. His administration demonstrated decisively that political sovereignty without economic independence encourages reaction, perpetuation of social injustices, and exploitation.
Manuel Roxas was born in Capiz, Capiz Province, on Jan. 1, 1892. In 1914 he graduated from the College of Law of the University of the Philippines. In 1916 he became provincial governor. In 1922 he was elected to Congress, becoming Speaker of the Philippine Assembly.
In December 1931 Roxas, together with Senate president pro tempore Sergio Osmeña, left for the United States to secure the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act from the U.S. Congress, which would grant Philippine independence after a transition period of 10 years. This bill was rejected by the opposition forces led by Manuel Quezon. In 1934 Roxas was elected to the constitutional convention. In 1938 he was appointed secretary of finance by Commonwealth president Quezon and then became his trusted adviser. In 1941 Roxas ran for the Senate and won.
On Dec. 8, 1941, at the outbreak of the war, Roxas served as lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE). He refused to join Quezon in fleeing to the United States because he wanted to preserve the morale of the Filipino soldiers fighting in Bataan and Corregidor. He was captured in 1942 by the Japanese forces in Malaybalay, Bukidnon, and was forced to serve in the puppet government of José Laurel. Roxas accepted the position of chairman of the Economic Planning Board in Laurel's wartime Cabinet. During the Japanese retreat he allegedly escaped from the Japanese high command in Baguio on April 15, 1945.
Because of Gen. Douglas MacArthur's unexplained intervention, Roxas was never tried as a collaborator, though he had served officially in Laurel's Japanese-sponsored administration. When the Philippine legislature convened during the liberation, Roxas was elected president of the Senate on June 9, 1945. He broke with President Osmeña and formed the Liberal party, which he led to victory as presidential candidate on April 23, 1946. Roxas thus became the last president of the Commonwealth and the first president of the Republic of the Philippines when it was inaugurated on July 4, 1946.
Owing to the unfair demands of the Bell Trade Relations Act of 1945, which called for a revision of the Philippine constitution to give parity rights to Americans in exchange for rehabilitation money, Roxas found himself surrendering his country's freedom and its right to determine its own destiny. Faced by the unified opposition of workers and peasants, the majority of the people, Roxas sided with the oppressive landlord class and the colonialistic merchants to put down by force the legitimate aspirations of the electorate.
It is public knowledge that most of Roxas's policies were dictated by Gen. MacArthur and U.S. high commissioner Paul V. McNutt. Not only did Roxas lack the vision to foresee the causes that would strain Philippine-American relations later (for example, the Military Bases Agreement of March 14, 1947), but he also failed to sympathize with the plight of the majority of the poor.
Roxas was committing the Philippines to the side of the United States at the start of the cold war in a speech at the Clark Air Force Base when he suffered a heart attack on April 14, 1948. Loyal to the United States to the last, he died on American soil.
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Family tree of German monarchs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico
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https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico
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/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_German_monarchs
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Family tree of German monarchs between 800 and 1983
The following image is a family tree of every prince, king, queen, monarch, confederation president and emperor of Germany, from Charlemagne in 800 over Louis the German in 843 through to Wilhelm II in 1918. It shows how almost every single ruler of Germany was related to every other by marriages, and hence they can all be put into a single tree.
For ease of understanding the royal house names and dates have been put in at the appropriate places. The dynasties covered are the Carolingians, Conradines, Ottonians, Salians, Supplinburger, Hohenstaufen, Welf, Habsburg, Nassau, Luxemburg, Wittelsbach, Lorraine, Habsburg-Lorraine, Bonaparte and Hohenzollern.
Only undisputed kings are included here; this excludes rulers whose claims were disputed such as the co-rulers Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall and Alfonso X of Castile.
'King of Germany' does not necessarily mean that the king was referred to as such. Until 911 the kings were known as 'Kings of East Francia'. After that the title fluctuated between 'King of Germany' and 'King of the Germans'. From Henry IV on, the kings were "King of the Romans", a reference to the claim on Rome, although this was not often ruled by them.
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Leopold III of AUSTRIA
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Father: Albert II of AUSTRIA
Mother: Joan Or Johanna Countess of PFIRT
Birth: 1 Nov 1351, Vienna, Austria
Aka (Facts Pg): Duke of Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola & Istria; Count of Tyrol
Death: 9 Jul 1386, Sempach, Lucerne, Switzerland
Partnership with: (Unknown)
Child: William 'The Ambitious' of Further AUSTRIA
Child: Leopold IV of Further AUSTRIA
Child: Frederick IV of Further AUSTRIA
Child: Ernest 'The Iron' of Inner AUSTRIA
Ancestors of Leopold III of AUSTRIA
/-Rudolf I (IV) Count of HABSBURG /-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE | \-Gertrude of HOHENBERG /-Albert II of AUSTRIA | | /-Meinhard Ii Count of Gorizia & TYROL | \-Elizabeth of TYROL Leopold III of AUSTRIA | /-Ulrich Iii Count of PFIRT \-Joan Or Johanna Countess of PFIRT
Descendants of Leopold III of AUSTRIA
1 Leopold III of AUSTRIA =(Unknown) 2 William 'The Ambitious' of Further AUSTRIA 2 Leopold IV of Further AUSTRIA 2 Frederick IV of Further AUSTRIA =(Unknown) 3 Sigismund of Further AUSTRIA 2 Ernest 'The Iron' of Inner AUSTRIA =(Unknown) 3 Frederick Iii Emperor of HR EMPIRE 3 Albert VI of AUSTRIA
Go To List Of Surnames
Leopold IV of Further AUSTRIA
Father: Leopold III of AUSTRIA
Aka (Facts Pg): Duke of Further Austria
Ancestors of Leopold IV of Further AUSTRIA
/-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE /-Albert II of AUSTRIA | \-Elizabeth of TYROL /-Leopold III of AUSTRIA | | /-Ulrich Iii Count of PFIRT | \-Joan Or Johanna Countess of PFIRT Leopold IV of Further AUSTRIA
Go To List Of Surnames
Leopold of AUSTRIA
Father: Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA
Mother: UNK Mistresses of Otto "The Merry" of AUSTRIA
Ancestors of Leopold of AUSTRIA
/-Rudolf I (IV) Count of HABSBURG /-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE | \-Gertrude of HOHENBERG /-Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA | | /-Meinhard Ii Count of Gorizia & TYROL | \-Elizabeth of TYROL Leopold of AUSTRIA \-UNK Mistresses of Otto "The Merry" of AUSTRIA
Go To List Of Surnames
Leopold VI of AUSTRIA
Partnership with: (Unknown)
Child: Margaret of Babenburg OR BRANDENBURG Birth: Abt 1204
Descendants of Leopold VI of AUSTRIA
1 Leopold VI of AUSTRIA =(Unknown) 2 Margaret of Babenburg OR BRANDENBURG =Henry Ii (VII) of Hohenstaufen King of GERMANY Marriage: 1225, Nuremberg, Germany 3 Henry of Hohenstaufen of GERMANY
Go To List Of Surnames
Margaret of AUSTRIA
Partnership with: John of ASTURIAS
Marriage: (Date and Place unknown)
Descendants of Margaret of AUSTRIA
1 Margaret of AUSTRIA =John of ASTURIAS
Go To List Of Surnames
Margarete of AUSTRIA
Father: Albert II of AUSTRIA
Mother: Joan Or Johanna Countess of PFIRT
Birth: 1346, Vienna, Wien, Duchy of Austria
Also known as: Margarete of Austria
Alt. Birth: 1346, Vienna, Austria
Alt. Death: 14 Jan 1366, Brno, Bohemia
Death: 14 Jan 1366, Brno, South Moravia, Kingdom of Bohemia
Partnership with: Meinhard Iii Count of Gorizia & TYROL
Marriage: 4 Sep 1359, Passau, Bayern, Germany
Partnership with: Johann Heinrich Margrave of MORAVIA
Marriage: 1364, Vienna, Austria
Child: Jobst Margrave of MORAVIA Birth: 1351
Child: Eliska of MORAVIA Birth: 1352, Brno, South Moravia, Moravia
Ancestors of Margarete of AUSTRIA
/-Rudolf I (IV) Count of HABSBURG /-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE | \-Gertrude of HOHENBERG /-Albert II of AUSTRIA | | /-Meinhard Ii Count of Gorizia & TYROL | \-Elizabeth of TYROL Margarete of AUSTRIA | /-Ulrich Iii Count of PFIRT \-Joan Or Johanna Countess of PFIRT
Descendants of Margarete of AUSTRIA
1 Margarete of AUSTRIA =Meinhard Iii Count of Gorizia & TYROL Marriage: 4 Sep 1359, Passau, Bayern, Germany =Johann Heinrich Margrave of MORAVIA Marriage: 1364, Vienna, Austria 2 Jobst Margrave of MORAVIA 2 Eliska of MORAVIA
Go To List Of Surnames
Meinhard of AUSTRIA
Father: Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE
Mother: Elizabeth of TYROL
Birth: 1300
Death: (Date and Place unknown)
Ancestors of Meinhard of AUSTRIA
/-Albert Iv Count of HABSBURG /-Rudolf I (IV) Count of HABSBURG | \-Hedwig of KYBURG /-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE | | /-Burkhard Iii Count of HOHENBERG | \-Gertrude of HOHENBERG Meinhard of AUSTRIA | /-Meinhard Ii Count of Gorizia & TYROL \-Elizabeth of TYROL
Go To List Of Surnames
Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA
Father: Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE
Mother: Elizabeth of TYROL
Birth: 23 Jul 1301, Vienna, Austria
Fact: Founded Chapel of Saint George in the Augustine Church in Vienna
Aka (Facts Pg): Duke of Austria & Styria
Fact: Founded Neuberg Abbey at Neuberg an der Murz in Styria
Aka (Facts Pg): Duke of Carinthia & Carniola; Count of Tyron
Death: Vienna, Austria
Partnership with: UNK Mistresses of Otto "The Merry" of AUSTRIA
Marriage: (Date and Place unknown)
Child: Otto of AUSTRIA
Child: Johann of AUSTRIA
Child: Leopold of AUSTRIA
Partnership with: Elizabeth of BAVARIA
Marriage: 15 May 1325
Child: Frederick II of Habsburg of AUSTRIA Birth: 10 Feb 1327
Child: Leopold II of AUSTRIA Birth: 1328
Partnership with: Anna of BOHEMIA
Marriage: 16 Feb 1335
Ancestors of Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA
/-Albert Iv Count of HABSBURG /-Rudolf I (IV) Count of HABSBURG | \-Hedwig of KYBURG /-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE | | /-Burkhard Iii Count of HOHENBERG | \-Gertrude of HOHENBERG Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA | /-Meinhard Ii Count of Gorizia & TYROL \-Elizabeth of TYROL
Descendants of Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA
1 Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA =UNK Mistresses of Otto "The Merry" of AUSTRIA 2 Otto of AUSTRIA 2 Johann of AUSTRIA 2 Leopold of AUSTRIA =Elizabeth of BAVARIA Marriage: 15 May 1325 2 Frederick II of Habsburg of AUSTRIA 2 Leopold II of AUSTRIA =Anna of BOHEMIA Marriage: 16 Feb 1335
Go To List Of Surnames
Otto of AUSTRIA
Father: Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA
Mother: UNK Mistresses of Otto "The Merry" of AUSTRIA
Ancestors of Otto of AUSTRIA
/-Rudolf I (IV) Count of HABSBURG /-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE | \-Gertrude of HOHENBERG /-Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA | | /-Meinhard Ii Count of Gorizia & TYROL | \-Elizabeth of TYROL Otto of AUSTRIA \-UNK Mistresses of Otto "The Merry" of AUSTRIA
Go To List Of Surnames
Rudolf IV 'The Founder' of AUSTRIA
Father: Albert II of AUSTRIA
Mother: Joan Or Johanna Countess of PFIRT
Birth: 1 Nov 1339, Vienna, Austria
Aka (Facts Pg): Duke of Styria, Carniola & Carinthia
Aka (Facts Pg): Duke of Austria
Aka (Facts Pg): Archduke of Austria; Count of Tyrol
Death: 27 Jul 1365, Milan, Italy
Ancestors of Rudolf IV 'The Founder' of AUSTRIA
/-Rudolf I (IV) Count of HABSBURG /-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE | \-Gertrude of HOHENBERG /-Albert II of AUSTRIA | | /-Meinhard Ii Count of Gorizia & TYROL | \-Elizabeth of TYROL Rudolf IV 'The Founder' of AUSTRIA | /-Ulrich Iii Count of PFIRT \-Joan Or Johanna Countess of PFIRT
Go To List Of Surnames
Sigismund of Further AUSTRIA
Father: Frederick IV of Further AUSTRIA
Aka (Facts Pg): Duke of Further Austria
Ancestors of Sigismund of Further AUSTRIA
/-Albert II of AUSTRIA /-Leopold III of AUSTRIA | \-Joan Or Johanna Countess of PFIRT /-Frederick IV of Further AUSTRIA Sigismund of Further AUSTRIA
Go To List Of Surnames
UNK Daughter of AUSTRIA
Father: Rudolph Iii King of BOHEMIA
Mother: Blanche of FRANCE
Ancestors of UNK Daughter of AUSTRIA
/-Rudolf I (IV) Count of HABSBURG /-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE | \-Gertrude of HOHENBERG /-Rudolph Iii King of BOHEMIA | | /-Meinhard Ii Count of Gorizia & TYROL | \-Elizabeth of TYROL UNK Daughter of AUSTRIA | /-St. Louis IX Capet King of FRANCE | /-Philip III Hardi 'The Bold' King of FRANCE | | \-Margaret Berenger of PROVENCE \-Blanche of FRANCE \-Maria of BRABANT
Go To List Of Surnames
UNK Mistresses of Otto "The Merry" of AUSTRIA
Partnership with: Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA
Marriage: (Date and Place unknown)
Child: Otto of AUSTRIA
Child: Johann of AUSTRIA
Child: Leopold of AUSTRIA
Descendants of UNK Mistresses of Otto "The Merry" of AUSTRIA
1 UNK Mistresses of Otto "The Merry" of AUSTRIA =Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA 2 Otto of AUSTRIA 2 Johann of AUSTRIA 2 Leopold of AUSTRIA
Go To List Of Surnames
William 'The Ambitious' of Further AUSTRIA
Father: Leopold III of AUSTRIA
Aka (Facts Pg): Ruler of the Tirol & Further Austria
Aka (Facts Pg): Duke of Styria, Carinthia & Cariola
Ancestors of William 'The Ambitious' of Further AUSTRIA
/-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE /-Albert II of AUSTRIA | \-Elizabeth of TYROL /-Leopold III of AUSTRIA | | /-Ulrich Iii Count of PFIRT | \-Joan Or Johanna Countess of PFIRT William 'The Ambitious' of Further AUSTRIA
Go To List Of Surnames
Buwin of AUTUN
Aka (Facts Pg): Lay abbott of Gorze
Partnership with: (Unknown)
Child: Boso King of PROVENCE
Child: Richard 'The Justiciar' 1st Duke of BURGUNDY Birth: Abt 867, France
Child: Richildis of AUTUN
Descendants of Buwin of AUTUN
1 Buwin of AUTUN =(Unknown) 2 Boso King of PROVENCE =(Unknown) 3 Louis Iii 'The Blind' of Provence King of ITALY =Anna of BYZANTIUM 2 Richard 'The Justiciar' 1st Duke of BURGUNDY =Adelheid Or Adelaide of Auxerre Princess of BURGUNDY 3 Rudolph Duke of Burgundy King of FRANCE =Emma of Paris Princess of FRANCE 3 Hugh "The Black" Duke of BURGUNDY 3 Willa of BURGUNDY =Boso of ARLES =Hugh Count of VIENNA 3 Adelaide (Alice) of BURGUNDY =Ranier Ii OR Reginar Count of HAINAUT 3 Richilda of BURGUNDY =Litaud I Count of MACON 3 Ermengarde of BURGUNDY =Gilbert Or Gislebert of Chalon Duke of BURGUNDY Marriage: Bef 956 2 Richildis of AUTUN =Charles Ii "the Bald" 3rd Emp. of HRE King of FRANCE Marriage: 869 3 Rothild of the FRANKS =Rotger Count of MAINE 3 Charles of the FRANKS
Go To List Of Surnames
Dunne of AUTUN
Birth: 770, Vexin, Normandy, France
Death: 865
Partnership with: Childebrand DE PERRACY
Marriage: (Date and Place unknown)
Child: Thierry of AUTUN Birth: 730, Narbonne, France
Descendants of Dunne of AUTUN
1 Dunne of AUTUN =Childebrand DE PERRACY 2 Thierry of AUTUN =Aude Aldane of the FRANKS 3 William I of Autun of the FRANKS 3 Redburga Or Redburh of Carolingians Q. of WESSEX =Egbert Or Ecgbert III OR Alkmund Eggberht of Kent King of WESSEX Marriage: 800, Wessex, England
Go To List Of Surnames
Henry of AUTUN
Father: Hugh Ii Duke of BURGUNDY
Mother: Matilda of MAYENNE
Birth: 1124
Death: 1170
Ancestors of Henry of AUTUN
/-Henri Capet Duke of BURGUNDY /-Eudes I OR Odo 'The Red' Duke of BURGUNDY | \-Sybilla of BARCELONA /-Hugh Ii Duke of BURGUNDY | \-Sybille of BURGUNDY Henry of AUTUN \-Matilda of MAYENNE
Go To List Of Surnames
Ingeltrude of AUTUN
Birth: Abt 900, Autun, SaoÌne-et-Loire, Bourgogne, France
Death: (Date and Place unknown)
Partnership with: Robert of AUTUN
Marriage: (Date and Place unknown)
Child: Lambert of AUTUN Birth: Abt 950, Autun, SaoÌne-et-Loire, Bourgogne, France
Descendants of Ingeltrude of AUTUN
1 Ingeltrude of AUTUN =Robert of AUTUN 2 Lambert of AUTUN =Adelaide Or Adele DE VERMANDOIS Marriage: Abt 948, France 3 Maude Or Mathilda DE CHALON =Geoffroy I Count of SEMUR Marriage: Abt 967, France
Go To List Of Surnames
Ingeltrude of AUTUN
Father: Bernard of the FRANKS
Birth: Abt 775, Autun, SaoÌne-et-Loire, Bourgogne, France
Death: (Date and Place unknown)
Partnership with: Pepin Or Carloman King of Italy of Holy Roman EMPIRE
Marriage: (Date and Place unknown)
Child: Bernard King of ITALY Birth: 797, Vermandois, Austrasia
Child: Adelahide Or Adelheid Princess of ITALY Birth: Abt 798, Aix-La-Chapelle, Austrasia
Child: Adaele Or Atala Princess of ITALY Birth: Abt 799, Aix-La-Chapelle, Austrasia
Child: Gundrade Or Gundrada Princess of ITALY Birth: Abt 801, Aix-La-Chapelle, Austrasia
Child: Bertraide Or Berthais Princess of ITALY Birth: Abt 803, Aix-La-Chapelle, Austrasia
Child: Theodrate Or Tetrada Princess of ITALY Birth: Abt 805, Aix-La-Chapelle, Austrasia
Ancestors of Ingeltrude of AUTUN
/-Bernard of the FRANKS Ingeltrude of AUTUN
Descendants of Ingeltrude of AUTUN
1 Ingeltrude of AUTUN =Pepin Or Carloman King of Italy of Holy Roman EMPIRE 2 Bernard King of ITALY =Cunigunde(a) Queen of ITALY 3 Pepin I Quentin Count DE VERMANDOIS =UNK Mrs. Pepin Countess DE VERMANDOIS 2 Adelahide Or Adelheid Princess of ITALY 2 Adaele Or Atala Princess of ITALY 2 Gundrade Or Gundrada Princess of ITALY 2 Bertraide Or Berthais Princess of ITALY 2 Theodrate Or Tetrada Princess of ITALY
Go To List Of Surnames
Lambert of AUTUN
Father: Robert of AUTUN
Mother: Ingeltrude of AUTUN
Birth: Abt 950, Autun, SaoÌne-et-Loire, Bourgogne, France
Death: 22 Feb 978
Partnership with: Adelaide Or Adele DE VERMANDOIS
Marriage: Abt 948, France
Child: Maude Or Mathilda DE CHALON Birth: Abt 970, Chalons, Champagne, France
Ancestors of Lambert of AUTUN
/-Robert of AUTUN Lambert of AUTUN \-Ingeltrude of AUTUN
Descendants of Lambert of AUTUN
1 Lambert of AUTUN =Adelaide Or Adele DE VERMANDOIS Marriage: Abt 948, France 2 Maude Or Mathilda DE CHALON =Geoffroy I Count of SEMUR Marriage: Abt 967, France 3 Dalmace I Count of SEMUR =Aremburge DE VERGY Marriage: 1015, France 3 Thibault DE CHALON
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Rudolf I, King of the Germans, Count of Habsburg
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Genealogy for Rudolf I von Habsburg, Römisch-Deutscher König (1218 - 1291) family tree on Geni, with over 260 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives.
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Rudolph I of Germany
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rudolph I, also known as Rudolph of Habsburg (German: Rudolf von Habsburg, Latin Rudolfus) May 1, 1218 – July 15, 1291) was King of the Romans from 1273 until his death. He played a vital role in raising the Habsburg family to a leading position among the German feudal dynasties.
Early life
Rudolf was the son of Albert IV, Count of Habsburg, and Hedwig, daughter of Ulrich, Count of Kyburg, and was born in Limburg im Breisgau. At his father's death in 1239, Rudolf inherited the family estates in Alsace and Aargau. In 1245 he married Anne, daughter of Burkhard III, Count of Hohenberg. As a result, Rudolf became an important vassal in Swabia, the ancient Alemannic stem duchy.
Rudolf paid frequent visits to the court of his godfather, the Emperor Frederick II, and his loyalty to Frederick and his son, Conrad IV of Germany, was richly rewarded by grants of land. In 1254 he was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV as a supporter of King Conrad, due to ongoing political conflicts between the Emperor, who held the Kingdom of Sicily and wanted to reestablish his power in Northern Italy, especially in Lombardy, and the Papacy, whose States lay in between and feared being overpowered by the Emperor.
[edit]Rise to power
The disorder in Germany after the fall of the Hohenstaufen afforded an opportunity for Rudolph to increase his possessions. His wife was an heiress; and on the death of his childless maternal uncle, Hartmann VI, Count of Kyburg, in 1264, he seized Hartmann's valuable estates. Successful feuds with the bishops of Strassburg and Basel further augmented his wealth and reputation, including rights over various tracts of land that he purchased from abbots and others. He also possessed large estates inherited from his father in the regions now known as Switzerland and Alsace.
These various sources of wealth and influence rendered Rudolph the most powerful prince and noble in southwestern Germany (where the tribal duchy Swabia had disintegrated, leaving room for its vassals to become quite independent) when, in the autumn of 1273, the princes met to elect a king after the death of Richard of Cornwall. His election in Frankfurt on 29 September 1273, when he was 55 years old, was largely due to the efforts of his brother-in-law, Frederick III of Hohenzollern, Burgrave of Nuremberg. The support of Albert II, Duke of Saxony (Wittenberg) and of Louis II, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Duke of Upper Bavaria, had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolph's daughters. As a result, Otakar II (1230-78), King of Bohemia, a candidate for the throne and grandson of Philip of Swabia, King of Germany (being the son of the eldest surviving daughter), was almost alone in opposing Frederick. Another candidate was Frederick of Meissen (1257-1323), a young grandson of the excommunicated Emperor Frederick II who did not yet have a principality of his own as his father yet lived.
[edit]King of Germany
Rudolph was crowned in Aachen Cathedral on 24 October 1273. Friedrich Schiller in Der Graf von Habsburg ("The Count of Habsburg") presents a fictionalized rendering of the feast King Rudolf held following his coronation. To win the approbation of the Pope, Rudolph renounced all imperial rights in Rome, the papal territory, and Sicily, and promised to lead a new crusade. Pope Gregory X, in spite of Otakar's protests, not only recognized Rudolph himself, but persuaded Alfonso X, King of Castile (another grandson of Philip of Swabia), who had been chosen German king in 1257 as the successor to William of Holland, to do the same. Thus, Rudolph surpassed the two heirs of the Hohenstaufen dynasty that he had earlier served so loyally.
In November 1274 it was decided by the Diet of the Realm in Nuremberg that all crown estates seized since the death of the Emperor Frederick II must be restored, and that Otakar must answer to the Diet for not recognizing the new king. Otakar refused to appear or to restore the provinces of Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, which he had claimed through his first wife, a Babenberg heiress, and which he had seized while disputing them with another Babenberg heir, Hermann VI, Margrave of Baden. Rudolf refuted Otakar's succession to the Babenberg patrimony, declaring that the provinces reverted to the crown due to the lack of male-line heirs (a position that conflicted with the provisions of Privilegium Minus). King Otakar was placed under the state ban; and in June 1276 war was declared against him. Having persuaded Otakar's ally Henry I, Duke of Lower Bavaria, to switch sides, Rudolph compelled the Bohemian king to cede the four provinces to the control of the royal administration in November 1276. Rudolf then invested Otakar with Bohemia, betrothed one of his daughters to Otakar's son Wenceslaus, and made a triumphal entry into Vienna. Otakar, however, raised questions about the execution of the treaty, made an alliance with some Polish chiefs, and procured the support of several German princes, including his former ally, Henry of Lower Bavaria. To meet this coalition, Rudolph formed an alliance with Ladislaus IV, King of Hungary, and gave additional privileges to the citizens of Vienna. On 26 August 1278 the rival armies met on the banks of the River March in the Battle of Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen where Otakar was defeated and killed. Moravia was subdued and its government entrusted to Rudolph's representatives, leaving Kunigunda, the Queen Regent of Bohemia, in control of only the province surrounding Prague, while the young Wenceslaus was again betrothed to one of Rudolf's daughters.
Rudolph's attention next turned to the possessions in Austria and the adjacent provinces, which were taken into the royal domain. He spent several years establishing his authority there but found some difficulty in establishing his family as successors to the rule of those provinces. At length the hostility of the princes was overcome. In December 1282, in Augsburg, Rudolph invested his sons, Albert and Rudolph, with the duchies of Austria and Styria and so laid the foundation of the House of Habsburg. Additionally, he made the twelve-year-old Rudolf Duke of Swabia, which had been without a ruler since Conradin's execution. The 27-year-old Duke Albert (married since 1274 to a daughter of Count Meinhard II of Tirol (1238-95)) was capable enough to hold some sway in the new patrimony.
In 1286 King Rudolf fully invested the Duchy of Carinthia, one of the provinces conquered from Otakar, to Albert's father-in-law Meinhard. The princes of the realm did not allow Rudolf to give everything that was recovered to the royal domain to his own sons, and his allies needed their rewards too.
Turning to the west, in 1281 he compelled Philip, Count Palatine of Burgundy, to cede some territory to him, then forced the citizens of Bern to pay the tribute that they had been refusing, and in 1289 marched against Philip's successor, Otto IV, compelling him to do homage.
In 1281 his first wife died. On 5 February 1284 he married Isabella, daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy, his western neighbor.
Rudolph was not very successful in restoring internal peace to Germany. Orders were indeed issued for the establishment of landpeaces in Bavaria, Franconia and Swabia, and afterwards for the whole of Germany. But the king lacked the power, resources, or determination, to enforce them, although in December 1289 he led an expedition into Thuringia where he destroyed a number of robber-castles.
In 1291 he attempted to secure the election of his son Albert as German king. However, the princes refused claiming inability to support two kings, but in reality, perhaps, leery of the increasing power of the Habsburgs.
[edit]Persecution of the Jews
In 1286, Rudolf I instituted a new persecution of the Jews, declaring them servi camerae ("serfs of the treasury"), which had the effect of negating their political freedoms. Along with many others, Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg, perhaps the greatest rabbi of the time, left Germany with family and followers, but was captured in Lombardy and imprisoned in a fortress in Alsace. Tradition has it that a large ransom of 23,000 marks silver was raised for him (by the ROSH), but Rabbi Meir refused it, for fear of encouraging the imprisonment of other rabbis. He died in prison after seven years. Fourteen years after his death a ransom was paid for his body by Alexander ben Shlomo (Susskind) Wimpfen, who was subsequently laid to rest beside the Maharam. [1]
[edit]Death
Rudolph died in Speyer on July 15, 1291, and was buried in the Speyer Cathedral. Although he had a large family, he was survived by only one son, Albert, afterwards the German king Albert I. Most of his daughters outlived him, apart from Katharina who had died in 1282 during childbirth and Hedwig who had died in 1285/6.
Rudolph's reign is most memorable for his establishment of the House of Habsburg, which henceforth held sway over the southeastern and southwestern parts of the realm. In the rest of Germany, he left the princes largely to their own devices.
In the Divine Comedy, Dante finds Rudolph sitting outside the gates of Purgatory with his contemporaries, who berate him as "he who neglected that which he ought to have done".
[edit]Family and children
He was married twice. First, in 1245, to Gertrude of Hohenberg and second, in 1284, to Isabelle of Burgundy, daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy and Beatrice of Champagne. All children were from the first marriage.
Albert I of Germany (July 1255 – 1 May 1308), Duke of Austria and also of Styria.
Hartmann (1263, Rheinfelden–21 December 1281), drowned in Rheinau.
Rudolph II, Duke of Austria and Styria (1270–10 May 1290, Prague), titular Duke of Swabia, father of John the Patricide of Austria.
Matilda (ca. 1251/53, Rheinfelden–23 December 1304, Munich), married 1273 in Aachen to Louis II, Duke of Bavaria and became mother of Rudolf I, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
Katharina (1256–4 April 1282, Landshut), married 1279 in Vienna to Otto III, Duke of Bavaria who later (after her death) became the disputed King Bela V of Hungary and left no surviving issue.
Agnes (ca. 1257–11 October 1322, Wittenberg), married 1273 to Albert II, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg and became the mother of Rudolf I, Elector of Saxony.
Hedwig (d. 1285/86), married 1270 in Vienna to Otto VI, Margrave of Brandenburg and left no issue.
Clementia (ca. 1262–after 7 February 1293), married 1281 in Vienna to Charles Martel of Anjou, the Papal claimant to the throne of Hungary and mother of king Charles I of Hungary, as well as of queen Clementia of France, herself the mother of the baby king John I of France.
Guta (Jutte/Bona) (13 March 1271–18 June 1297, Prague), married 24 January 1285 to King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and became the mother of king Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, of queen Anna I of Bohemia, duchess of Carinthia, and of queen Elisabeth I of Bohemia, countess of Luxembourg.
King Rudolf also had an illegitimate son, Albrecht I of Schenkenberg, Count of Löwenstein.
[edit]References
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
Karl-Friedrich Krieger, Rudolf von Habsburg, Darmstadt: Primus Verlag, 2003, 294 S.
Wikipedia:
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_I._%28HRR%29
Rudolf I. (HRR)
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Disambig-dark.svg Dieser Artikel erläutert den ersten römisch-deutschen König aus dem Hause Habsburg, nicht zu verwechseln mit dem ersten gleichnamigen Grafen Rudolf I. (Habsburg) († um 1063).
Rudolf von Habsburg, Grabplatte im Dom zu Speyer
Rudolf von Habsburg (* 1. Mai 1218 auf Burg Limburg bei Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl; † 15. Juli 1291 in Speyer) war als Rudolf IV. Graf von Habsburg, Kyburg und Löwenstein sowie Landgraf im Thurgau. Als Rudolf I. war er ab 1273 der erste römisch-deutsche König aus dem Geschlecht der Habsburger, von 1276 bis 1286 zudem Herzog von Kärnten und Krain sowie von 1278 bis 1282 Herzog von Österreich und der Steiermark.
Rudolf war der erste der – allerdings nur von Bernd Schneidmüller so genannten – „Grafenkönige“. Seine Leistungen wurden bereits von seinen Zeitgenossen anerkannt. Er beendete das Interregnum, besiegte den böhmischen König Ottokar II. und setzte den Landfrieden sowie die Hofrechtsprechung in Teilen des Reiches wieder durch. Im Rahmen seiner Möglichkeiten stärkte er das Königtum trotz der herausragenden Stellung der Kurfürsten. Außerdem legte er die Grundlage für die Macht seiner Familie. Er gilt außerdem als eine der populärsten Herrscherfiguren des deutschen Mittelalters.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
[Anzeigen]
* 1 Leben
o 1.1 Familie
o 1.2 Die Zeit als Graf von Habsburg (ca. 1240-1273)
o 1.3 Die Königswahl von 1273
o 1.4 Stärkung der königlichen Machtposition und Beginn der Revindikationspolitik (1273-1277)
o 1.5 Kampf gegen den König von Böhmen (1273–1278)
+ 1.5.1 Feldzüge gegen Ottokar II. Přemysl
o 1.6 Grundlagen der Macht der Habsburger in Österreich (1276–1283)
o 1.7 Überwindung des Interregnums: Die Revindikationspolitik Rudolfs
* 2 Tod und Ausblick
* 3 Wappen
* 4 Ehen und Nachkommen
* 5 Literarisches Nachwirken
* 6 Quellen
* 7 Literatur
* 8 Weblinks
* 9 Einzelnachweise
Leben [Bearbeiten]
Familie [Bearbeiten]
Rudolf entstammte dem Grafengeschlecht der Habsburger, dessen unzusammenhängender Besitz sich im Gebiet des Elsass und der Nordostschweiz befand. Die Habsburger verfolgten eine Politik der Anlehnung an das Königshaus der Staufer. Rudolf war der Sohn Albrechts IV. von Habsburg und dessen Gemahlin Hedwig von Kyburg († nach 1263). 1232 und 1238/9 kam es zwischen seinem Vater und dessen Bruder Rudolf III. zu einer Teilung des Familienbesitzes. Albrecht erhielt jedoch den größeren Teil des Besitzes in Form der Ländereien im Aargau und Frickgau, die Vogtei über das Kloster Muri, das Umland der Habsburg (Eigenamt) und den Großteil der elsässischen Ländereien. Von den Besitzungen im Zürichgau erhielt Albrecht den nördlichen Teil. Im Jahr 1239 übergab Albrecht seine Herrschaft an seine Söhne Rudolf IV. und den wohl noch minderjährigen Hartmann und begab sich auf einen Kreuzzug nach Palästina.
Die Zeit als Graf von Habsburg (ca. 1240-1273) [Bearbeiten]
Im Jahr 1240 erfuhr die Familie vom Tod Albrechts IV. und Rudolf trat, als vierter Graf von Habsburg, das Erbe an. Zu Beginn der 1240er Jahre trat Rudolf vermutlich in Beziehung zu König Konrad IV., um seine Ländereien als Lehen zu empfangen. 1241 hielt sich Rudolf am Hof Kaiser Friedrichs II. in Faenza auf. Im Jahr 1243 begann Rudolf eine Fehde mit Hugo III. von Tiefenstein/Teufen um Vogteirechte von Besitzungen der Klöster Stein am Rhein und Sankt Blasien, an deren Ende Hugo wohl im Auftrag Rudolfs ermordet wurde. Rudolf konnte bei seinem Vorgehen auf das Wohlwollen der Staufer hoffen. Diese benötigten nach der Absetzung Friedrichs II. durch Papst Innozenz IV. 1245 Rudolf als mächtigen Gefolgsmann im süddeutschen Raum, zumal sich Rudolfs Bruder Albrecht, Domherr in Basel, und Rudolf III. sich dem päpstlichen Lager anschlossen. Rudolf wurde aufgrund seiner Parteinahme für die Staufer mit dem Kirchenbann belegt. 1252 scheint Rudolf Konrad IV. für einige Zeit nach Italien begleitet zu haben. Etwa zwei Jahre später geriet Rudolf mit den Bischöfen von Basel und Straßburg in militärische Auseinandersetzungen um die Städte Breisach und Rheinfelden, wofür er von Konrad mit der Vogtei über Sankt Blasien und Freie im Schwarzwaldgebiet ausgestattet wurde. Zur selben Zeit heiratete er Gertrud von Hohenberg, seit 1273 Anna genannt. Nach dem Tode König Konrads IV. und dem Machtverlust der Staufer wurde Rudolf wahrscheinlich vom Kirchenbann gelöst.[1]
1261 unterstützte Rudolf Walter von Geroldseck, den Bischof von Straßburg, in seinem Zwist mit den Bürgern der Stadt Straßburg. Nach Abschluss eines Waffenstillstandes zwischen den kriegführenden Parteien wechselte er auf die Seite der Stadtbürger. Gemeinsam mit seinem Vetter Gottfried eroberte er die von Walter besetzten Reichsstädte Colmar, Kaisersberg und Mülhausen, deren Besitz für Rudolf im folgenden Jahr im Vorfrieden von St. Arbogast gesichert wurde.[2] Um 1262 errichtete Rudolf bei Schlettstadt die Burg Ortenberg als Residenz.
Im Jahr 1264 weitete sich der seit 1259 schwelende Zwist Rudolfs mit dem Grafen Peter II. von Savoyen um das Erbe Hartmanns des Älteren von Kiburg aus. Hartmann der Ältere entstammte Rudolfs Familie mütterlicherseits und war mit der Schwester Peters, Margarethe, verheiratet. Die Grafen von Savoyen veranlassten Hartmann Teile seiner Güter an seine Frau zu übergeben. Rudolf stützte die Ansprüche des Bruders Hartmanns des Älteren, Hartmanns des Jüngeren auf dessen Erbe. Dieser verstarb 1263 ohne männliche Erben. Nach dem Tod Hartmanns des Älteren 1264 besetzte Rudolf Hartmanns Güter (Thurgau, Zürichgau, Kloster Sankt Gallen) sowie die Güter von dessen Frau. Peter von Savoyen verklagte ihn aus diesem Grund bei der Kirche. Papst Klemens IV. drohte Rudolf daraufhin mit dem Kirchenbann, falls er die Ländereien Margarethes nicht zurückgeben sollte. Im Jahr 1265 fiel Rudolf im Gebiet Peters ein und errang zunächst einige Erfolge, allerdings konnte keine der Parteien eine entscheidenden Sieg erringen. Im September 1267 wurde Rudolf im Besitz des kiburgischen Erbes bestätigt. Er erhielt außerdem die Vormundschaft über die Witwe und Tochter Hartmanns des Jüngeren, dessen Erbe somit faktisch unter seine Herrschaft kam.[3]
Mit der Inbesitznahme des Kiburger Erbes stieg Rudolf zum mächtigsten Fürsten des nordschweizer Raums auf. In den Jahren 1266/67 errang er entscheidende Siege über die Regensberger und Toggenburger Adelsgeschlechter. Im Herbst 1267 zog Rudolf nach Verona zum Heerlager des Staufers Konradin, nahm jedoch nicht am Feldzug zur Eroberung des Königreichs Sizilien teil.
Im folgenden Jahr begannen langwierige Auseinandersetzungen Rudolfs mit dem Bischof Heinrich III. von Basel, in denen es hauptsächlich um die Herrschaft über die Städte Rheinfelden und Breisach ging. Ab 1271 wurde Rudolf von den Grafen von Freiburg, Fürstenberg und Sulz sowie den Herren von Lupfen unterstützt, während sich der Straßburger Bischof und der Graf von Pfirt Heinrich anschlossen. Rudolf konnte in den Jahren 1271 bis 1273 seine Herrschaft über das Kloster Sankt Gallen erweitern. Um eine Entscheidung zu erzwingen, belagerte er 1273 die Stadt Basel, unter deren Bürgerschaft er Anhänger besaß. Am 20. September wurde Rudolf von Burggraf Friedrich III. von Nürnberg von seiner bevorstehenden Wahl zum römisch-deutschen König unterrichtet. Daraufhin beendete Rudolf die Kampfhandlungen und schloss einen Waffenstillstand mit Heinrich III.
Die Königswahl von 1273 [Bearbeiten]
Nach dem Ende des staufischen Königtums 1254 wechselten sich Könige und Gegenkönige im Reich ab. Das durch die unklaren Machtpositionen dieser Herrscher entstandene Machtvakuum, nicht ganz korrekt Interregnum genannt, setzte sich mit der Doppelwahl von 1256/57 fort. Die beiden gewählten Könige Richard von Cornwall und Alfons von Kastilien konnten keine allgemeine Anerkennung im Reich erlangen. Diese als Interregnum bezeichnete Zeitspanne wurde von den Zeitgenossen als von Rechtsbrüchen und dem Fehlen königlicher Zentralgewalt geprägtes Zeitalter wahrgenommen.[4] Richard von Cornwall starb im April 1272. Daraufhin forderte Alfons von Papst Gregor X. die Bestätigung seiner Königswahl (päpstliche Approbation). Gregor X. arbeitete jedoch auf einen allgemeinen Kreuzzug zur Unterstützung der Christen in Palästina unter Führung des römisch-deutschen Kaisers hin. Da Alfons hierfür aus seiner Sicht nicht die nötige Anerkennung im Reich besessen haben dürfte, verweigerte er die Approbation und bereitete so den Weg für eine Neuwahl.[5]
Bald darauf wandten sich Karl von Anjou für seinen Neffen Philipp III., den König von Frankreich, und der Böhmenkönig Ottokar II. Premyšl an den Papst, um ihre Wahl zum König zu erreichen. Beide nahmen kaum Rücksicht auf die Wünsche der Kurfürsten, denen der Papst jedoch die Entscheidung zugunsten eines Kandidaten überließ. Andere mögliche Kandidaten wie der Pfalzgraf und Herzog von Oberbayern Ludwig der Strenge oder der Thüringer Friedrich der Freidige waren aufgrund ihrer politischen bzw. verwandtschaftlichen Nähe zu den Staufern aus Sicht der Kurie unwählbar. Gegen Ende des Jahres 1272 begann Erzbischof Werner von Mainz mit Verhandlungen innerhalb der rheinischen Kurfürstengruppe zum Ausgleich von Interessenkonflikten und zur Einigung auf einen Kandidaten. Am 1. September 1273 war er bereits mit Ludwig dem Strengen zu der Übereinkunft gelangt, entweder Siegfried von Anhalt oder Rudolf von Habsburg zu wählen, vorausgesetzt, dass die Wahl Ludwigs sich als nicht möglich erweisen sollte. Gründe für die Auswahl Rudolfs werden in seiner starken Position im Südwesten des Reiches und seiner Kriegserfahrung gesehen. Er schien geeignet, mögliche Auseinandersetzungen mit Ottokar Premyšl oder eventuell auch Philipp III. zu bestehen und verfügte aufgrund seiner Nähe zu den Staufern auch beim staufischen Anhang im früheren Herzogtum Schwaben Sympathien besaß.[6] Am 11. September bekundeten die drei geistlichen Kurfürsten und der Pfalzgraf, dass sie bei der Wahl gemeinsam stimmen wollten. Etwa zu diesem Zeitpunkt dürften sie auch Kontakte zum Herzog von Sachsen und dem Markgrafen von Brandenburg geknüpft haben, in denen man sich auf die Wahl Rudolfs einigte.[7]
Burggraf Friedrich von Nürnberg wurde zu Rudolf gesandt, um von ihm eine Bestätigung der Wahlbedingungen der Kurfürsten zu erlangen. Rudolf musste sich gegenüber den Kurfürsten verpflichten, dass er das seit der Stauferzeit entfremdete Reichsgut wieder zurückführen und Reichsgüter nur mit Zustimmung der (Kur-)Fürsten veräußern würde. Des Weiteren sollte er das Reich befrieden und die zahlreichen Fehden beenden sowie ungerechte Zölle beseitigen.[8]
Nachdem Rudolf den Bedingungen der Kurfürsten zugestimmt hatte, traten diese zur Wahl in Frankfurt am Main zusammen. Da jedoch von Ottokar Premyšl eine Ablehnung der Wahl angenommen wurde, ließ man Heinrich von Niederbayern als siebten Kurfürsten wählen. Hierdurch war die Gesamtzahl von sieben Kurfürsten erreicht und der 55-jährige Rudolf konnte am 1. Oktober 1273 in Frankfurt gewählt werden. Der böhmische Gesandte lehnte die Wahlentscheidung ab. Ottokar Premyšl beklagte in einem Protestbrief an den Papst die mangelnde Eignung Rudolfs für das Amt des römischen Königs.
Rudolf zog nach der Benachrichtigung durch Friedrich von Nürnberg zunächst nach Dieburg und wurde am 2. Oktober in Frankfurt empfangen. Auf dem Weg nach Aachen bekam er die Reichsinsignien ausgehändigt und wurde am 24. Oktober zusammen mit seiner Gattin im Aachener Münster von Engelbert II., dem Erzbischof von Köln, nach dem traditionellen Zeremoniell gesalbt und gekrönt.
Stärkung der königlichen Machtposition und Beginn der Revindikationspolitik (1273-1277) [Bearbeiten]
Nach seiner Wahl zum König begann Rudolf, seine Machtstellung zu stärken. Hierzu verheiratete er entsprechend vor der Wahl erfolgter Verhandlungen seine Töchter Matilde und Agnes mit Ludwig dem Strengen und Herzog Albrecht von Sachsen.
Um die Approbation des Papstes zu seiner Wahl zu erlangen, sandte Rudolf im Dezember 1273 seinen Kanzler Otto, Propst von Sankt Wido in Speyer, zu Gregor X. in Lyon. Durch eine zweite Gesandtschaft gelang es ihm, dem Papst vorzuspiegeln, er wolle sich dem geplanten Kreuzzug nach Palästina anschließen. Er versprach, die Italienpolitik der Staufer nicht zu erneuern und von früheren Königen der Kurie gewährte Privilegien zu bestätigen. Zudem erkannte er die päpstliche Vermittlung in seinem Konflikt mit Peter von Savoyen an und erklärte sich zu Verhandlungen über ein Heiratsprojekt mit Karl von Anjou bereit. Rudolf erhielt auch auf dem Konzil von Lyon die Unterstützung der anwesenden deutschen Geistlichen. Hierdurch wurden die von Ottokar vorgetragenen Beschwerden in den Augen des Papstes unwesentlich. Am 26. September 1274 erteilte er die Approbation zu Rudolfs Königswahl. Im folgenden Jahr ließ auch Alfons von Kastilien, der bisher mit böhmischer Unterstützung auf seinem Thronrecht bestanden hatte, seine Ansprüche fallen.[9]
Um im Reich einen allgemeinen Frieden zu erhalten, bestätigte Rudolf Einzelheiten des Mainzer Reichslandfriedens von 1235. So erklärte er bereits am 26. Oktober 1273 alle in der Zeit des Interregnums nicht gesetzmäßig erhobenen Zölle für ungültig, was besonders die Gebiet am Rhein betraf. Rudolf erneuerte auch das Amt des Hofrichters. Auf seinen Reisen durch das Reich ließ er die regionalen Machthaber per Eid zur Einhaltung des Friedens verpflichten. Waren diese hierzu nicht bereit, leitete Rudolf militärische Aktionen gegen sie ein. Von den Chronisten werden Rudolfs Maßnahmen weitgehend positiv beurteilt. Erfolge konnte er aber vorerst nur in den südwestlichen Gebieten des Reichs erlangen, wo es ihm gelang, selbst bedeutendere Fürsten wie den Markgrafen von Baden zur Aufgabe von Zöllen zu bewegen.
Gemeinsam mit der Wahrung des Landfriedens verfolgte Rudolf die Wiederherstellung entfremdeten Reichsguts (Revindikationspolitik). Wahrscheinlich erließ er auf dem Speyrer Reichstag im Dezember 1273 einen Rechtsspruch, der die Rückgabe ungesetzlich angeeigneten Reichsguts anordnete. Gesichert ist, dass bis zum Nürnberger Hoftag im November 1274 die Definition des zurückzugebenden Reichsguts erfolgte. Hiernach waren von der Revindikation diejenigen Güter betroffen, die Friedrich II. vor seiner Absetzung innegehabt hatte und solche, die seitdem an das Reich heimgefallen waren. Die Feststellung der unrechtmäßigen Inbesitznahme von Reichsgut wurde den Reichsvögten übertragen. Zur Verwaltung des Reichsguts führte Rudolf das Amt des Landvogts ein. Dieser war auf bestimmten Reichsgütern angesiedelt und hatte für die Einziehung von Steuern, die Einstellung von Verwaltungspersonal und die Sicherung des Friedens zu sorgen. Landvögte wurden vor allem im Südwesten des Reiches eingesetzt, während im Norden die Herzöge von Sachsen und Braunschweig 1277 mit der Verwaltung des Reichsguts beauftragt wurden. [10]
Kampf gegen den König von Böhmen (1273–1278) [Bearbeiten]
Die größte Schwierigkeit für Rudolf während seiner ersten Regierungsjahre lag in dem Konflikt mit Ottokar II. Přemysl. Dieser verweigerte Rudolfs Anerkennung, da er seine Besitzungen im österreichischen Raum in der Zeit des Interregnums unter anzweifelbaren Umständen erworben hatte. Die österreichischen Besitzungen hätten also im Fall einer Anerkennung Rudolfs im Zuge der Revindikationspolitik eingezogen werden können. Es wird vermutet, dass Ottokar bereits nach dem Hoftag in Speyer 1273 zur Rückgabe seiner österreichischen Ländereien an das Reich aufgefordert wurde.[11] Da Ottokar weiterhin die Belehnung mit seinen Besitzungen durch Rudolf ablehnte, wurde ihm auf dem Nürnberger Hoftag im November 1274 das Recht auf seine Lehen aberkannt, was auch Böhmen und Mähren einschloss. Um ihm Gelegenheit zur Rechtfertigung zu geben, wurde Ottokar auf den Reichstag in Würzburg zu Beginn des folgenden Jahres vorgeladen. Er erschien jedoch nicht und sandte erst im Mai 1275 Bischof Wernhard von Seckau auf den Reichstag in Augsburg. Wernhards provokantes Auftreten bewirkte, dass Ottokars Ländereien für an das Reich heimgefallen erklärt wurden und über Ottokar im selben Jahr in die Reichsacht verhängt wurde.[12]
Rudolf versuchte zu dieser Zeit, Ottokars Position durch Verbindungen zu benachbarten Fürsten zu schwächen. Durch die Heirat seines Sohnes Albrecht mit Elisabeth von Görz-Tirol kurz nach dem Nürnberger Hoftag konnte er sich die Grafen Meinhard und Albrecht von Görz-Tirol zu Bündnispartnern machen. 1274 begannen Verhandlungen mit dem Königreich Ungarn, die 1275 zur Ehe zwischen Rudolfs Tochter Clementia und König Ladilslaus’ IV. Bruder Andreas führten. Sie führten auch 1276 zum Abschluss eines Bündnisses gegen Ottokar im Juni 1276 mit der Hofpartei um Joachim Guthkeled. Ebenso belehnte Rudolf im Februar 1275 Philipp von Spanheim mit dem Herzogtum Kärnten, welches Ottokar nach dem Tod von Philipps Bruder in Besitz genommen hatte.
Weitere Unterstützung fand er beim Patriarchen von Aquileja und den Bischöfen von Regensburg und Passau sowie Erzbischof Friedrich von Salzburg. Friedrich machte sich den Umstand zunutze, dass viele Adlige in Ottokars Ländern mit dessen autoritärer Regierung unzufrieden waren und versuchte diese dazu zu bringen, Rudolf zu unterstützen. Daraufhin griff Ottokar Ende 1274 das Erzstift Salzburg an.
Kurzzeitig ging auch Heinrich von Niederbayern 1275 auf Rudolfs Seite über, da Rudolf ihm das Mitkurrecht zusicherte. Nach der Zusicherung von Hilfe durch den Kölner Erzbischof und vermutlich auch die anderen rheinischen Kurfürsten zu Beginn des Jahres 1276, unterwarf er im Mai 1276 den aufrührerischen Markgrafen von Baden, der angeblich Geldzahlungen aus Böhmen erhalten hatte. Ende Mai schlichtete er den Streit zwischen den Brüdern Ludwig dem Strengen und Heinrich von Niederbayern. Im Sommer 1276 verhängte Erzbischof Werner von Mainz den Kirchenbann über Ottokar.[13]
Feldzüge gegen Ottokar II. Přemysl [Bearbeiten]
→ Hauptartikel: Feldzüge Rudolfs I. gegen Ottokar II. Přemysl
Anfang Oktober 1276 zogen die Tiroler Grafen nach Kärnten und Krain. In kurzer Zeit fielen der Kärntner und Krainer Adel von Ottokar ab. Bald darauf trat der Adel der Steiermark in Verhandlungen mit Rudolf. Durch eine Übereinkunft mit Heinrich von Niederbayern konnte Rudolf die Donau als Transportweg nutzen. So gelang ihm der schnelle Vormarsch nach Wien, das von einem engen Vertrauten Ottokars, Paltram vor dem Freithofe, gehalten wurde. Ottokar befand sich zu dier Zeit im Gebiet um das Marchfeld. Seine Autorität war bereits derart geschwächt, dass er den Abfall der österreichischen Ministerialen nicht verhindern konnte. Ungarische Angriffe schwächten Ottokars Stellung weiter. Noch im Oktober wurde ein Waffenstillstand geschlossen. Ein Schiedsgericht entschied am 21. November, dass Ottokar auf seine Rechte auf Österreich, Steiermark, Kärnten, Krain, die Windische Mark, Eger und Pordenone verzichten musste. Ottokar musste Rudolfs Königtum anerkennen und Böhmen und Mähren als Lehen empfangen. Ein Sohn Rudolfs sollte eine Tochter Ottokars heiraten und eine Tochter Rudolfs Ottokars Sohn Wenzel.[14]
Am 25. November empfing Ottokar seine Lehen von Rudolf. Ottokar soll hierzu in prunkvollen Gewändern erschienen sein, während Rudolf in einem grauen Wams auf einem schlichten Holzschemel sitzend die Belehnung vorgenommen haben soll. Dies hätte eine umso größere Demütigung für Ottokar bedeutet.[15] Aus dem Frieden von Wien ergab sich für Rudolf das Problem, dass er die wegen der Mitgift für seine Tochter verpfändeten Besitzungen nördlich der Donau zwangsläufig an die Přemysliden verlieren musste. König Ottokar war in seiner Ehre verletzt worden und hatte außerdem mit dem Aufstand seiner böhmischen Vasallen Boreš von Riesenburg und Zawiš von Falkenstein zu kämpfen.
In der folgenden Zeit kam es daher wiederholt zu Auseinandersetzungen wegen der Nichteinhaltung von Abmachungen. In zwei weiteren Friedensverträgen vom 6. Mai und 12. September 1277, ausgehandelt von Friedrich von Nürnberg, wurden Rudolf auch Besitzungen nördlich der Donau zuerkannt. Im April und Mai des folgenden Jahres kam es in Österreich zu Aufständen von Anhängern Ottokars, die ab Juni von böhmischen Truppen unterstützt wurden.
Während Rudolf noch mit der Aufstellung einer Armee beschäftigt war, fiel Ottokar mit überlegenen Truppen in Österreich ein. Er verlor jedoch entscheidende Zeit bei der Belagerung strategisch unbedeutender Orte. So konnte sich Rudolf mit seinen ungarischen Verbündeten vereinen und Ottokar zur Entscheidungsschlacht auf dem Marchfeld zwingen. Am 26. August trafen hier die etwa gleichstarken Heere aufeinander. Rudolf selbst geriet während der Schlacht in Lebensgefahr, als ihn ein feindlicher Ritter aus dem Sattel warf. Der König entkam nur durch die Hilfe eines nordschweizer Ritters. Die Schlacht wurde schließlich durch eine kleine Gruppe von Berittenen entschieden, die sich auf Anordnung Rudolfs bis zu ihrem Eingreifen verborgen hatten. Ottokar starb nach der Schlacht durch die Hand persönlicher Feinde.
Rudolf trennte sich kurz nach der Schlacht auf dem Marchfeld von den Ungarn. Er zog nach Mähren, wo ihm die wichtigen Städte und Bischof Bruno von Olmütz huldigten. Unter dem Vorsitz des Erzbischofs von Salzburg wurden die Friedensverhandlungen Ende Oktober zum Abschluss gebracht. Während die Přemysliden ihre Ansprüche auf die österreichischen Besitzungen aufgeben mussten, erhielten sie Böhmen und Mähren als Reichslehen. Die Vormundschaft Wenzels wurde auf fünf Jahre Otto dem Langen übergeben. Rudolf durfte Mähren fünf Jahre einbehalten, um seine Kriegskosten decken zu können. Zur Sicherung des Friedens wurden Rudolfs Tochter Guta mit Wenzel und Rudolfs Sohn Rudolf mit Wenzels Schwester Agnes vermählt. Rudolfs Tochter Hedwig heiratete Otto den Kleinen von Brandenburg, den Bruder Ottos des Langen.
Grundlagen der Macht der Habsburger in Österreich (1276–1283) [Bearbeiten]
Nachdem die Reichsgüter Ottokars an das Reich zurückgefallen waren, belehnte Rudolf mit Einverständnis der Kurfürsten 1282 seine Söhne Albrecht und Rudolf mit Österreich, Steiermark, Krain und der Windischen Mark und erhob sie in den Reichsfürstenstand. Schon 1276 hatte er geistliche Fürsten überzeugt, Güter im selben Einzugsbereich an seine Söhne zu vergeben. Mit der „Rheinfelder Hausordnung“ (1. Juni 1283) bestimmte Rudolf, dass diese Güter nur durch Albrecht und seine Erben beherrscht werden sollten; sein Bruder Rudolf sollte zum Ausgleich eine Entschädigung erhalten. Die Grundlage der späteren Herrschaft der Habsburger war damit geschaffen. Der Versuch, Albrecht die Thronnachfolge zu sichern, scheiterte daran, dass es Rudolf nie gelang, zum Kaiser gekrönt zu werden. Damit hätte Rudolf noch zu seinen Lebzeiten Albrecht die römisch-deutsche Königskrone sichern können. Doch gab es während Rudolfs Regierungszeit insgesamt acht Päpste, zwei fest vereinbarte Krönungstermine kamen nie zustande. Erst Heinrich VII. sollte es gelingen, sich zum Kaiser krönen zu lassen.
Überwindung des Interregnums: Die Revindikationspolitik Rudolfs [Bearbeiten]
Rudolf verkündet auf einem Hoftag den Landfrieden, aus der Chronik der Bischöfe von Würzburg des Lorenz Fries, Mitte 16. Jahrhunderts
Rudolf erneuerte nicht einfach den Reichslandfrieden von 1235 – dafür fehlten ihm zu Beginn seiner Herrschaft schlicht die Machtmittel. So war er darauf angewiesen regional begrenzte Friedensabsprachen zu initiieren. Er handelte im Westen und Süden des Reiches mit den Territorialherren einzelne örtlich und zeitlich begrenzte Landfrieden aus (z. B. 1276 in Österreich oder 1281 den bayerischen, fränkischen und rheinischen Landfrieden). Auch in entfernteren Reichsgebieten versuchte er sich durchzusetzen (1289/90 ließ er in Thüringen z. B. 66 Raubritterburgen zerstören). Im März 1287 erschien es Rudolf endlich möglich, einen allgemeinen Landfrieden zu verkünden.
Am 9. August 1281 ließ er auf dem Hoftag zu Nürnberg förmlich feststellen, dass alle nach der Absetzung Friedrichs II. durchgeführten Schenkungen oder Verfügungen über Reichsgüter nichtig seien, es sei denn, die Mehrheit der Kurfürsten billigten die Verfügungen. Er setzte Landvögte ein, die unberechtigt angeeignete Reichsgüter finden sollen und als Vertreter des Königs agieren. Diese Landvogteien waren ein wichtiges Instrument zur Revindikation des Reichsguts. Rudolf ließ das gesamte Reichsgut in solche Verwaltungseinheiten aufteilen und gab den Vögten weitreichende Befugnisse. Damit war auch eine effektive Verwaltung des Reichsguts gesichert – etwas, was in den europäischen Monarchien wie Frankreich oder England längst existierte.
In „königsnahen“ Territorien, also vor allem im Südwesten des Reiches, hat er einigen Erfolg zu verbuchen. In königsfernen Territorien (wie dem Norden) versuchte er mit Hilfe Verbündeter die Städte zu schützen und Reichsgüter wieder in Besitz zu bringen – hier konnte er jedoch keinen nennenswerten Erfolg erringen. Seine Ansprüche auf die burgundische Pfalzgrafschaft konnte er zwar 1289 erfolgreich durchsetzen, seine Nachfolger konnten Burgund jedoch nicht auf Dauer gegen Frankreich halten, welches seit der späten Stauferzeit eine aggressive Expansionspolitik im Westen des Reiches betrieb.
Tod und Ausblick [Bearbeiten]
Historisierende Darstellung Rudolfs aus dem 19. Jahrhundert in der Vorhalle des Doms zu Speyer
Rudolf verstarb am 15. Juli 1291 in Speyer. Vor allem auf Grund der Befürchtungen der Kurfürsten, Albrecht könnte – gestützt auf seine Hausmacht – zu mächtig werden, wurde nicht der einzig überlebende Sohn Albrecht sein Nachfolger, sondern Graf Adolf von Nassau. Bis zu dessen Wahl gab es jedoch erneut ein Interregnum von fast einem Jahr. Unmittelbar aus der Zeit nach dem Tod Rudolfs datieren mehrere später als bedeutend angesehene Landfriedensverträge und Handfesten, die in dieser Zeit der Unsicherheit auch gegen die von ihm eingesetzten Vögte gerichtet waren. Zu diesen Verträgen zählen die Handfeste Wilhelm von Montforts an die Bürger der Fürstabtei St. Gallen am 31. Juli und der Bundesbrief der alten Eidgenossenschaft im August.
Rudolfs Grab befindet sich im Speyerer Dom. Der Sargdeckel (siehe Abbildung am Beginn des Artikels) zeigt ein lebensnahes Abbild des Königs, das laut Info des Domkapitels des Speyerer Doms bereits vor seinem Tode geschaffen wurde. Das Gesicht zeigt die für die Habsburger charakteristische markante Nase und ist vom Alter und von den Sorgen des Herrschers gezeichnet. Im Mittelalter waren solche lebensgetreue Darstellungen unüblich; in der Regel zeigten Herrscherbilder den Typ des jugendlichen Königs in der Blüte seiner Jahre ohne persönliche Erkennungsmerkmale. Nur in der zweiten Hälfte des 13.Jahrhunderts wurden individuellere Darstellungen geschaffen. Sie gilt als eine herausragende künstlerische Leistung dieser Zeit. Der Sargdeckel wurde entfernt, als Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts die Gräber mit neuen Platten bedeckt wurden und wird heute in der Krypta des Domes ausgestellt.
Wappen [Bearbeiten]
Das Wappen Rudolfs als Römischer König, Graf von Habsburg und Landgraf im Elsass in der Chronik von Johannes Stumpf von 1548
Als römisch-deutscher König führte Rudolf in seinem Wappen den Reichsadler mit seinem persönlichen Wappen auf der Brust. Dieses setzte sich zusammen aus dem Wappen der Grafen von Habsburg, ein roter, blau gekrönter Löwe auf goldenem Grund und dem Wappen der Landgrafschaft Oberelsass, drei goldene Kronen, diagonal gespiegelt an einem goldenen diagonalen Band.
Ehen und Nachkommen [Bearbeiten]
Rudolf von Habsburg heiratete um 1253 im Elsass Gertrud von Hohenberg (* um 1225; † 1281), mit der er vierzehn Kinder hatte, unter anderem:
* Mathilde (1251–1304)
∞ 1273 in Heidelberg mit Ludwig II. von Oberbayern, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein (1229–1294)
* Albrecht I. (1255–1308)
∞ 1276 in Wien mit Elisabeth von Tirol (1262–1313)
* Katharina (1256?–1282)
∞ 1279 in Wien mit Otto III., Herzog von Niederbayern (1261–1312)
* Agnes (1257–1322)
∞ 1273 in Wittenberg mit Albrecht II. von Sachsen-Wittenberg (1298)
* Hedwig (um 1259–1285/86)
∞ 1279 in Lehnin mit Otto IV. von Brandenburg (1264–1308/09)
* Clementia (Klementia) (um 1262–1293)
∞ 11. Januar 1281 mit Karl Martell, Titularkönig von Ungarn († 1295), Sohn Karls II. von Neapel aus dem Adelsgeschlecht der Anjou
* Hartmann (1263–1281)
verlobt mit Prinzessin Johanna, Tochter Königs Eduard I. von England
* Rudolf II. (1270–1290)
∞ 1289 in Prag mit Agnes von Böhmen, Tochter Königs Ottokar II. Přemysl
* Guta (Jutta) (1271–1297)
∞ 1285 in Prag mit Wenzel II., König von Böhmen (1271–1305)
* Karl (*/† 1276)
In zweiter Ehe heiratete Rudolf im Mai 1284 in Besancon Agnes (Isabella) von Burgund (* um 1270; † 1323)
Unehelicher Sohn Rudolfs war Albrecht, Graf von Löwenstein-Schenkenberg
Literarisches Nachwirken [Bearbeiten]
* Friedrich Schiller dichtete 1803 in der Phase des Zusammenbruchs des Heiligen Römischen Reiches infolge der Eroberungskriege Napoleons [16] die politisch motivierte Ballade Der Graf von Habsburg mit der Anfangszeile Zu Aachen in seiner Kaiserpracht ....[17] In dieser Ballade behauptete Schiller, dass Rudolf I. zum Kaiser gewählt und in Aachen gekrönt wurde. Tatsächlich war es eine Königswahl. Rudolf wurde nie durch den Papst zum Kaiser gekrönt, sondern blieb zeitlebens römisch-deutscher König. Unter anderem vertonten Franz Schubert (D 990)[18], Carl Loewe und Johann Friedrich Reichardt Schillers Ballade.[19]
Quellen [Bearbeiten]
* Oswald Redlich: Regesta Imperii VI, 1. Rudolf I. 1273-1291. Innsbruck 1898. Onlineversion der Regesta Imperii.
Literatur [Bearbeiten]
* Johann Franzl: Rudolf I. Der erste Habsburger auf dem deutschen Königsthron, Wien 1986
* Karl-Friedrich Krieger: Rudolf von Habsburg, Darmstadt 2003.
* Oswald Redlich: Rudolf von Habsburg. Das deutsche Reich nach dem Untergang des alten Kaisertums, Innsbruck 1903 (und Nachdrucke). Immer noch grundlegend.
* Brigitte Vacha (Hrsg.): Die Habsburger. Eine Europäische Familiengeschichte, Graz/Wien/Köln 1992, ISBN 3-222-12107-9.
* Johann Loserth: Rudolf I.. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 29. Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1889, S. 478–493.
* Wilhelm Baum: RUDOLF I. von Habsburg. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Band 24, Nordhausen 2005, ISBN 3-88309-247-9, Sp. 1242–1250.
Weblinks [Bearbeiten]
Commons Commons: Rudolf I. – Album mit Bildern und/oder Videos und Audiodateien
* Literatur von und über Rudolf I. (HRR) im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (Datensatz zu Rudolf I. (HRR) • PICA-Datensatz • Apper-Personensuche)
* Constantin von Wurzbach: Rudolph, deutscher Kaiser oder richtiger König. Nr. 275. In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich. Bd 7 (1861). Verlag L. C. Zamarski, Wien 1856–1891, S. 127–135 (auf Wikisource).
* www.genealogie-mittelalter.de: Rudolf I., deutscher König und Graf von Habsburg
* „Regesta Imperii“ Rudolfs
* Urkunde Rudolphs von Habsburg für Kloster Engelberg, 25. Januar 1274 als Fotografie in den Beständen des Lichtbildarchivs älterer Originalurkunden an der Philipps-Universität Marburg mit Wiedergabe des Siegels.
Einzelnachweise [Bearbeiten]
1. ↑ Karl-Friedrich Krieger: Rudolf von Habsburg. S. 63–66 (Rudolfs Beziehungen zu den Staufern)
2. ↑ Der Frieden beinhaltete ebenso die Anerkennung weiterer Herrschaftsrechte Rudolfs sowie die Zahlung einer Kriegsentschädigung durch den Straßburger Bischof und wurde auch von König Richard von Cornwall anerkannt. Nach seiner Wahl zum König gab Rudolf die Städte Colmar, Kaisersberg und Mülhausen an das Reich zurück. Krieger, S. 70
3. ↑ Krieger, S. 76–77
4. ↑ Die neuere Forschung bestätigt für das Interregnum zwar eine zumindest in bestimmten Regionen erhöhte Gewalttätigkeit, sieht die Veränderungen im Vergleich zur Stauferzeit jedoch als nicht so gravierend an. Krieger, S. 44, 56
5. ↑ Krieger, S. 90
6. ↑ Zu den Gründen für die Entscheidung zugunsten Rudolfs siehe: Krieger, S. 100
7. ↑ Zum Vorspiel der Wahl siehe: Krieger, S. 90-98
8. ↑ Krieger, S. 108-109
9. ↑ Krieger, S. 115-118
10. ↑ Zum Beginn der Lanfriedens- und Revindikationspolitik siehe: Krieger, S. 118-127
11. ↑ Krieger, S. 127
12. ↑ Krieger, S. 127-129
13. ↑ Zu den machtpolitischen Auseinandersetzungen vor Rudolfs erstem Feldzug gegen Ottokar siehe: Krieger, S. 130-137
14. ↑ Zu Rudolfs erstem Feldzug siehe: Krieger, S. 138-142
15. ↑ Die Authentizität dieser Überlieferung ist umstritten. Krieger, S. 142
16. ↑ Berliner Zeitung vom 5. August 2006.
17. ↑ Text bei Literaturwelt.com
18. ↑ http://www.baerenreiter.com/html/schubert-lieder/schubert_vol4.htm
19. ↑ http://www.recmusic.org/lieder/get_text.html?TextId=14496
Vorgänger Amt Nachfolger
Alfons von Kastilien Römisch-deutscher König
1273–1291 Adolf von Nassau
Ottokar II. Přemysl Herzog von Kärnten und Krain
1276–1286 Meinhard II.
Herzog von Österreich und der Steiermark
1278–1282 Albrecht I. und Rudolf II.
Normdaten: PND: 11860371X – weitere Informationen
Rudolph I of Germany
Rudolph I, also known as Rudolph of Habsburg, May 1, 1218 – July 15, 1291) was King of the Romans from 1273 until his death. He played a vital role in raising the Habsburg family to a leading position among the German feudal dynasties.
Rudolf was the son of Albert IV, Count of Habsburg, and Hedwig, daughter of Ulrich, Count of Kyburg, and was born in Limburg im Breisgau. At his father's death in 1239, Rudolf inherited the family estates in Alsace and Aargau. In 1245 he married Gertrude, daughter of Burkhard III, Count of Hohenberg. As a result, Rudolf became an important vassal in Swabia, the ancient Alemannic stem duchy.
Rudolf paid frequent visits to the court of his godfather, the Emperor Frederick II, and his loyalty to Frederick and his son, Conrad IV of Germany, was richly rewarded by grants of land. In 1254 he was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV as a supporter of King Conrad, due to ongoing political conflicts between the Emperor, who held the Kingdom of Sicily and wanted to reestablish his power in Northern Italy, especially in Lombardy, and the Papacy, whose States lay in between and feared being overpowered by the Emperor.
The disorder in Germany after the fall of the Hohenstaufen afforded an opportunity for Rudolph to increase his possessions. His wife was an heiress; and on the death of his childless maternal uncle, Hartmann VI, Count of Kyburg, in 1264, he seized Hartmann's valuable estates. Successful feuds with the bishops of Strassburg and Basel further augmented his wealth and reputation, including rights over various tracts of land that he purchased from abbots and others. He also possessed large estates inherited from his father in the regions now known as Switzerland and Alsace.
These various sources of wealth and influence rendered Rudolph the most powerful prince and noble in southwestern Germany (where the tribal duchy Swabia had disintegrated, leaving room for its vassals to become quite independent) when, in the autumn of 1273, the princes met to elect a king after the death of Richard of Cornwall. His election in Frankfurt on 29 September 1273, when he was 55 years old, was largely due to the efforts of his brother-in-law, Frederick III of Hohenzollern, Burgrave of Nuremberg. The support of Albert II, Duke of Saxony (Wittenberg) and of Louis II, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Duke of Upper Bavaria, had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolph's daughters. As a result, Otakar II (1230-78), King of Bohemia, a candidate for the throne and grandson of Philip of Swabia, King of Germany (being the son of the eldest surviving daughter), was almost alone in opposing Frederick. Another candidate was Frederick of Meissen (1257-1323), a young grandson of the excommunicated Emperor Frederick II who did not yet have a principality of his own as his father yet lived.
Rudolph was crowned in Aachen Cathedral on 24 October 1273. Friedrich Schiller in Der Graf von Habsburg ("The Count of Habsburg") presents a fictionalized rendering of the feast King Rudolf held following his coronation. To win the approbation of the Pope, Rudolph renounced all imperial rights in Rome, the papal territory, and Sicily, and promised to lead a new crusade. Pope Gregory X, in spite of Otakar's protests, not only recognized Rudolph himself, but persuaded Alfonso X, King of Castile (another grandson of Philip of Swabia), who had been chosen German king in 1257 as the successor to William of Holland, to do the same. Thus, Rudolph surpassed the two heirs of the Hohenstaufen dynasty that he had earlier served so loyally.
In November 1274 it was decided by the Diet of the Realm in Nuremberg that all crown estates seized since the death of the Emperor Frederick II must be restored, and that Otakar must answer to the Diet for not recognizing the new king. Otakar refused to appear or to restore the provinces of Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, which he had claimed through his first wife, a Babenberg heiress, and which he had seized while disputing them with another Babenberg heir, Hermann VI, Margrave of Baden. Rudolf refuted Otakar's succession to the Babenberg patrimony, declaring that the provinces reverted to the crown due to the lack of male-line heirs (a position that conflicted with the provisions of Privilegium Minus). King Otakar was placed under the state ban; and in June 1276 war was declared against him. Having persuaded Otakar's ally Henry I, Duke of Lower Bavaria, to switch sides, Rudolph compelled the Bohemian king to cede the four provinces to the control of the royal administration in November 1276. Rudolf then invested Otakar with Bohemia, betrothed one of his daughters to Otakar's son Wenceslaus, and made a triumphal entry into Vienna. Otakar, however, raised questions about the execution of the treaty, made an alliance with some Polish chiefs, and procured the support of several German princes, including his former ally, Henry of Lower Bavaria. To meet this coalition, Rudolph formed an alliance with Ladislaus IV, King of Hungary, and gave additional privileges to the citizens of Vienna. On 26 August 1278 the rival armies met on the banks of the River March in the Battle of Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen where Otakar was defeated and killed. Moravia was subdued and its government entrusted to Rudolph's representatives, leaving Kunigunda, the Queen Regent of Bohemia, in control of only the province surrounding Prague, while the young Wenceslaus was again betrothed to one of Rudolf's daughters.
Rudolph's attention next turned to the possessions in Austria and the adjacent provinces, which were taken into the royal domain. He spent several years establishing his authority there but found some difficulty in establishing his family as successors to the rule of those provinces. At length the hostility of the princes was overcome. In December 1282, in Augsburg, Rudolph invested his sons, Albert and Rudolph, with the duchies of Austria and Styria and so laid the foundation of the House of Habsburg. Additionally, he made the twelve-year-old Rudolf Duke of Swabia, which had been without a ruler since Conradin's execution. The 27-year-old Duke Albert (married since 1274 to a daughter of Count Meinhard II of Tirol (1238-95)) was capable enough to hold some sway in the new patrimony.
In 1286 King Rudolf fully invested the Duchy of Carinthia, one of the provinces conquered from Otakar, to Albert's father-in-law Meinhard. The princes of the realm did not allow Rudolf to give everything that was recovered to the royal domain to his own sons, and his allies needed their rewards too.
Turning to the west, in 1281 he compelled Philip, Count Palatine of Burgundy, to cede some territory to him, then forced the citizens of Bern to pay the tribute that they had been refusing, and in 1289 marched against Philip's successor, Otto IV, compelling him to do homage.
In 1281 his first wife died. On 5 February 1284 he married Isabella, daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy, his western neighbor.
Rudolph was not very successful in restoring internal peace to Germany. Orders were indeed issued for the establishment of landpeaces in Bavaria, Franconia and Swabia, and afterwards for the whole of Germany. But the king lacked the power, resources, or determination, to enforce them, although in December 1289 he led an expedition into Thuringia where he destroyed a number of robber-castles.
In 1291 he attempted to secure the election of his son Albert as German king. However, the princes refused claiming inability to support two kings, but in reality, perhaps, leery of the increasing power of the Habsburgs.
In 1286, Rudolf I instituted a new persecution of the Jews, declaring them servi camerae ("serfs of the treasury"), which had the effect of negating their political freedoms. Along with many others, Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg, perhaps the greatest rabbi of the time, left Germany with family and followers, but was captured in Lombardy and imprisoned in a fortress in Alsace. Tradition has it that a large ransom of 23,000 marks silver was raised for him (by the ROSH), but Rabbi Meir refused it, for fear of encouraging the imprisonment of other rabbis. He died in prison after seven years. Fourteen years after his death a ransom was paid for his body by Alexander ben Shlomo (Susskind) Wimpfen, who was subsequently laid to rest beside the Maharam.
Rudolph died in Speyer on July 15, 1291, and was buried in the Speyer Cathedral. Although he had a large family, he was survived by only one son, Albert, afterwards the German king Albert I.
Rudolph's reign is most memorable for his establishment of the House of Habsburg, which henceforth held sway over the southeastern and southwestern parts of the realm. In the rest of Germany, he left the princes largely to their own devices.
In the Divine Comedy, Dante finds Rudolph sitting outside the gates of Purgatory with his contemporaries, who berate him as "he who neglected that which he ought to have done".
He was married twice. First, in 1245, to Gertrude of Hohenberg and second, in 1284, to Isabelle of Burgundy, daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy and Beatrice of Champagne. All children were from the first marriage.
Rudolph I, also known as Rudolph of Habsburg (German: Rudolf von Habsburg, Latin Rudolfus; 1 May 1218 - 15 July 1291) was King of the Romans from 1273 until his death. He played a vital role in raising the Habsburg family to a leading position among the German feudal dynasties; he was the first Habsburg to acquire the duchies of Austria and Styria, territories that would remain under Habsburg rule for more than 600 years and would form the core of the present-day country of Austria.
https://de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_(Burg)
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Category:Gertrude of Hohenberg
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gertrude_of_Hohenberg
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Subcategories
This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total.
T
Tomb of Gertrude of Hohenberg (8 F)
Media in category "Gertrude of Hohenberg"
The following 8 files are in this category, out of 8 total.
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Anna (Gertrud) of Hohenburg.jpg 385 × 486; 119 KB
GertrudaHohenberg.jpg 500 × 780; 200 KB
Gertrude of Hohenberg.jpg 414 × 378; 38 KB
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1281), he wearing flowered green doublet with gold buttons and embroidery and a white lace ruff, she wearing black dress with white lace ruff, pearl necklace and earrings, her brown hair upswept benea
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Bonhams Fine Art Auctioneers & Valuers: auctioneers of art, pictures, collectables and motor cars
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https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/17306/lot/7/
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ALL BIDDERS MUST AGREE THAT THEY HAVE READ AND UNDERSTOOD BONHAMS' CONDITIONS OF SALE AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THEM, AND AGREE TO PAY THE BUYER'S PREMIUM AND ANY OTHER CHARGES MENTIONED IN THE NOTICE TO BIDDERS. THIS AFFECTS THE BIDDERS LEGAL RIGHTS.
If you have any complaints or questions about the Conditions of Sale, please contact your nearest client services team.
For all Sales categories, buyer's premium excluding Cars, Motorbikes, Wine, Whisky and Coin & Medal sales, will be as follows:
Buyer's Premium Rates
28% on the first £40,000 of the hammer price;
27% of the hammer price of amounts in excess of £40,000 up to and including £800,000;
21% of the hammer price of amounts in excess of £800,000 up to and including £4,500,000;
and 14.5% of the hammer price of any amounts in excess of £4,500,000.
A 3rd party bidding platform fee of 4% of the Hammer Price for Buyers using the following bidding platforms will be added to the invoices of successful Buyers for auctions starting on or after 6th July 2024 – Invaluable; Live Auctioneers; The Saleroom; Lot-tissimo.
VAT at the current rate of 20% will be added to the Buyer's Premium and charges excluding Artists Resale Right.
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https://knowledgezone.co.in/topics/explorer%3Ftopic%3DHedwig%2520of%2520Habsburg
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Your Gateway to Knowledge
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Knowledge Zone - Social Knowledge Sharing Platform
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/assets/images/icons/kzone_icon.png
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Knowledge Zone
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https://knowledgezon.co.in/
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https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/96242691/wenceslaus_ii-of_bohemia
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King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia (1271
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Royalty. King of Bohemia and Poland. He was the only surviving son of Přemysl Ottokar II and Kunigunde von Halicz. ∼Wenceslaus II was King of Bohemia, Duke of Cracow and King of Poland. He was the only son of King Ottokar II of Bohemia and Ottokar's second wife Kunigunda. He was born in 1271, ten years after the...
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https://de.findagrave.com/memorial/96242691/wenceslaus_ii-of_bohemia
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https://our-royal-titled-noble-and-commoner-ancestors.com/p626.htm
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Ancestors & Cousins: Royal, Titled, Noble, and Commoner (over 193,000 names).
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Children
Christiana of Saxony+ b. 25 Dec 1461, d. 8 Dec 1521
Frederik III, 'the Wise', Elector of Saxony. b. 17 Jan 1463, d. 5 May 1525
Ernst, Archbishop of Magdeburg, Bishop of Halberstadt b. 26 Jun 1464, d. 3 Aug 1513
Albert, Administrator of Mainz b. 8 May 1467, d. 1 May 1484
Johann 'the Steadfast', Elector of Saxony+ b. 30 Jun 1468, d. 16 Aug 1532
Margarethe of Saxony+ b. 4 Aug 1469, d. 7 Dec 1528
Wolfgang of Saxony3 b. c 1473, d. c 1478
Children
Christiana of Saxony+ b. 25 Dec 1461, d. 8 Dec 1521
Frederik III, 'the Wise', Elector of Saxony.3 b. 17 Jan 1463, d. 5 May 1525
Ernst, Archbishop of Magdeburg, Bishop of Halberstadt3 b. 26 Jun 1464, d. 3 Aug 1513
Albert, Administrator of Mainz3 b. 8 May 1467, d. 1 May 1484
Johann 'the Steadfast', Elector of Saxony+4 b. 30 Jun 1468, d. 16 Aug 1532
Margarethe of Saxony+4 b. 4 Aug 1469, d. 7 Dec 1528
Wolfgang of Saxony3 b. c 1473, d. c 1478
Children
Amalie of Saxony+ b. 4 Apr 1436, d. 19 Nov 1501
Anna of Saxony+ b. 7 Mar 1437, d. 31 Oct 1512
Friedrich of Saxony4 b. 28 Aug 1439, d. 23 Dec 1451
Ernest, Elector of Saxony, Landgrave of Thuringia+ b. 24 Mar 1441, d. 26 Aug 1486
Albrecht 'the Stout-Hearted', Duke of Saxony+ b. 31 Jul 1443, d. 12 Sep 1500
Margareta of Saxony, Abbess of Seusslitz4 b. 1444, d. a 19 Nov 1498
Hedwig of Saxony, Abbess of Quedlinburg4 b. 31 Oct 1445, d. 13 Jun 1511
Alexander of Saxony4 b. 24 Jun 1447, d. 14 Sep 1447
Children
Amalie of Saxony+2 b. 4 Apr 1436, d. 19 Nov 1501
Anna of Saxony+ b. 7 Mar 1437, d. 31 Oct 1512
Friedrich of Saxony4 b. 28 Aug 1439, d. 23 Dec 1451
Ernest, Elector of Saxony, Landgrave of Thuringia+ b. 24 Mar 1441, d. 26 Aug 1486
Albrecht 'the Stout-Hearted', Duke of Saxony+ b. 31 Jul 1443, d. 12 Sep 1500
Margareta of Saxony, Abbess of Seusslitz4 b. 1444, d. a 19 Nov 1498
Hedwig of Saxony, Abbess of Quedlinburg4 b. 31 Oct 1445, d. 13 Jun 1511
Alexander of Saxony4 b. 24 Jun 1447, d. 14 Sep 1447
Children
Johann IV, Duke of Bavaria-Munich2 b. 4 Oct 1437, d. 18 Nov 1463
Ernst of Bavaria2 b. 26 Aug 1438, d. 29 Feb 1460
Sigmund, Duke of Bavaria-Munich2 b. 26 Jul 1439, d. 1 Feb 1501
Albrecht of Bavaria2 b. 24 Dec 1440, d. 1445
Margarethe of Bavaria+ b. 1 Jan 1442, d. 14 Oct 1479
Elizabeth of Bavaria+ b. 2 Feb 1443, d. 5 May 1484
Albert IV 'the Wise', Duke of Bavaria+ b. 15 Dec 1447, d. 18 Mar 1508
Christoph of Bavaria2 b. 6 Jan 1449, d. 8 Aug 1493
Wolfgang of Bavaria, Capitular of Passau, Augsburg, & Cologne2 b. 1 Nov 1451, d. 24 May 1514
Barbara of Bavaria2 b. 9 Jun 1454, d. 24 Jun 1472
Children
Johann IV, Duke of Bavaria-Munich2 b. 4 Oct 1437, d. 18 Nov 1463
Ernst of Bavaria2 b. 26 Aug 1438, d. 29 Feb 1460
Sigmund, Duke of Bavaria-Munich2 b. 26 Jul 1439, d. 1 Feb 1501
Albrecht of Bavaria2 b. 24 Dec 1440, d. 1445
Margarethe of Bavaria+2 b. 1 Jan 1442, d. 14 Oct 1479
Elizabeth of Bavaria+ b. 2 Feb 1443, d. 5 May 1484
Albert IV 'the Wise', Duke of Bavaria+4 b. 15 Dec 1447, d. 18 Mar 1508
Christoph of Bavaria2 b. 6 Jan 1449, d. 8 Aug 1493
Wolfgang of Bavaria, Capitular of Passau, Augsburg, & Cologne2 b. 1 Nov 1451, d. 24 May 1514
Barbara of Bavaria2 b. 9 Jun 1454, d. 24 Jun 1472
Children
Otto von Braunschweig3 b. c 1337
Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Salzderhelden+ b. 1339, d. bt 11 Aug 1383 - 22 Sep 1383
Johann II von Braunschweig3 b. c 1340, d. 18 Jan 1401
Adelheid von Braunschweig+ b. c 1341, d. c 3 May 1406
Agnes von Braunschweig+ b. c 1342, d. a 5 Nov 1394
Anna von Braunschweig+ b. c 1343, d. 1409
Ernst II von Braunschweig3 b. c 1346, d. bt 13 Jul 1400 - 21 May 1402
Friedrich, Herr zu Herzberg, Salzderhelden, & Osterode+3 b. c 1350, d. 1421
Anna von Braunschweig3 b. c 1360, d. a 10 May 1437
Children
Alsine von Braunschweig b. c 1282, d. a 17 Nov 1312
Otto von Braunschweig2 b. c 1283, d. c 21 Sep 1305
Albrecht von Braunschweig2 b. c 1284, d. a 1341
Adelheid von Braunschweig+3 b. c 1285, d. 18 Aug 1320
Facie von Braunschweig2 b. c 1286, d. bt 21 Sep 1309 - 17 Nov 1312
Agnes von Braunschweig2 b. c 1287, d. a 7 Sep 1322
Henry II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen+ b. 1289, d. bt 10 Apr 1351 - 8 Jun 1351
Friedrich von Braunschweig2 b. c 1291, d. c 1323
Eirene von Braunschweig+2 b. c 1293, d. 16 Aug 1324
Konrad von Braunschweig2 b. c 1294, d. a 21 Dec 1320
Mechtild von Braunschweig+4 b. c 1295, d. bt 24 Oct 1333 - 14 Mar 1344
Ernst I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen+ b. c 1297, d. 11 Mar 1361
Wilhelm von Braunschweig2 b. c 1298, d. bt 21 Jun 1360 - 25 Jul 1360
Richardis von Braunschweig5 b. c 1300, d. a 1332
Margareta von Braunschweig2 b. c 1302, d. a 17 Nov 1312
Johann I von Braunschweig b. c 1304, d. 23 May 1367
Children
Alsine von Braunschweig b. c 1282, d. a 17 Nov 1312
Otto von Braunschweig2 b. c 1283, d. c 21 Sep 1305
Albrecht von Braunschweig2 b. c 1284, d. a 1341
Adelheid von Braunschweig+3 b. c 1285, d. 18 Aug 1320
Facie von Braunschweig2 b. c 1286, d. bt 21 Sep 1309 - 17 Nov 1312
Agnes von Braunschweig2 b. c 1287, d. a 7 Sep 1322
Henry II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen+ b. 1289, d. bt 10 Apr 1351 - 8 Jun 1351
Friedrich von Braunschweig2 b. c 1291, d. c 1323
Eirene von Braunschweig+2 b. c 1293, d. 16 Aug 1324
Konrad von Braunschweig2 b. c 1294, d. a 21 Dec 1320
Mechtild von Braunschweig+ b. c 1295, d. bt 24 Oct 1333 - 14 Mar 1344
Ernst I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen+ b. c 1297, d. 11 Mar 1361
Wilhelm von Braunschweig2 b. c 1298, d. bt 21 Jun 1360 - 25 Jul 1360
Richardis von Braunschweig4 b. c 1300, d. a 1332
Margareta von Braunschweig2 b. c 1302, d. a 17 Nov 1312
Johann I von Braunschweig b. c 1304, d. 23 May 1367
Children
Otto VI von Everstein, Graf von Everstein, Phandherr von Lugde+3 d. 25 Jul 1373
Hermann III, Graf von Everstein4 d. bt 1393 - 1395
Johann von Everstein4 d. a 1351
Otto von Everstein4 d. bt 5 Jun 1356 - 1 May 1364
Meinhard von Everstein4 d. a 1351
Bernhard, Graf von Everstein4 d. a 1379
Adelheid of Everstein+ b. c 1324, d. a 29 Sep 1373
Children
Henry I 'the Wonderful', Duke of Brunswick, Pfalzgraf of Saxony+ b. Aug 1267, d. 7 Sep 1322
Albert II 'the Fat', Duke of Brunswick-Gottingen+ b. c 1268, d. 22 Sep 1318
Wilhelm, Duke of Braunschweig-Luneburg-Wolfenbuttel3 b. c 1270, d. 30 Sep 1292
Otto von Braunschweig4 b. 1271, d. bt 17 Apr 1345 - 13 Dec 1347
Konrad von Braunschweig4 b. c 1273, d. 1303
Lüder von Braunschweig4 b. c 1275, d. 18 Apr 1335
Mechtild von Braunschweig+ b. c 1276, d. bt 26 Apr 1318 - 31 Aug 1318
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Family of Rudolph I of GERMANY and Gertude of HOHENBERG
|
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Husband: Rudolph I of GERMANY (1218-1291) Wife: Gertude of HOHENBERG (1225-1281) Children: Matilda of HABSBURG (1253-1304) Albert I of GERMANY (1255- ) Katharina (1256- ) Agnes (1257- ) Klementia (1262- ) Hartmann (1263- ) Rudolph II (1270- ) Hedwig ( -1285) Guta (1271- )
Husband: Rudolph I of GERMANY
Wife: Gertude of HOHENBERG
Child 1: Matilda of HABSBURG
Name: Matilda of HABSBURG Sex: Female Spouse: Louis II (1229-1294) Birth 1253 Rheinfelden Occupation Duchess Consort of Bavaria Death 23 Dec 1304 (age 50-51) Munich, Bavaria
Child 2: Albert I of GERMANY
Name: Albert I of GERMANY Sex: Male Birth 1255
Child 3: Katharina
Name: Katharina Sex: Female Birth 1256
Child 4: Agnes
Name: Agnes Sex: Female Birth 1257
Child 5: Klementia
Name: Klementia Sex: Female Birth 1262
Child 6: Hartmann
Name: Hartmann Sex: Male Birth 1263
Child 7: Rudolph II
Name: Rudolph II Sex: Male Birth 1270
Child 8: Hedwig
Name: Hedwig Sex: Female Death 1285
Child 9: Guta
Name: Guta Sex: Female Birth 1271
Note on Husband: Rudolph I of GERMANY
Rudolph I (also known as Rudolph of Habsburg) (German: Rudolf von Habsburg, Latin: Rudolphus) (1 May 1218(1218-05-01) â 15 July 1291(1291-07-15)) was King of the Romans from 1273 until his death. He played a vital role in raising the Habsburg dynasty to a leading position among the Imperial feudal dynasties. Originally a Swabian count, he was the first Habsburg to acquire the duchies of Austria and Styria, territories that would remain under Habsburg rule for more than 600 years and would form the core of the Habsburg Monarchy and the present-day country of Austria.
Rudolph was the son of Count Albert IV of Habsburg and Hedwig, daughter of Count Ulrich of Kyburg, and was born at Limburg Castle near Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl in the Breisgau region. At his father's death in 1239, he inherited large estates from his father around the ancestral seat of Habsburg Castle in the Aargau region of present-day Switzerland as well as in Alsace. In 1245 Rudolph married Gertrude, daughter of Count Burkhard III of Hohenberg. As a result, he became an important vassal in Swabia, the former Alemannic German stem duchy.
Rudolph paid frequent visits to the court of his godfather, the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II, and his loyalty to Frederick and his son, King Conrad IV of Germany, was richly rewarded by grants of land. In 1254, he was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV as a supporter of King Conrad, due to ongoing political conflicts between the Emperor, who held the Kingdom of Sicily and wanted to reestablish his power in the Imperial Kingdom of Italy, especially in the Lombardy region, and the Papacy, whose States lay in between and feared being overpowered by the Emperor.
[edit] Rise to powerThe disorder in Germany during the interregnum after the fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty afforded an opportunity for Count Rudolph to increase his possessions. His wife was a Hohenberg heiress; and on the death of his childless maternal uncle, Count Hartmann IV of Kyburg in 1264, he also seized his valuable estates. Successful feuds with the Bishops of Strasbourg and Basel further augmented his wealth and reputation, including rights over various tracts of land that he purchased from abbots and others.
These various sources of wealth and influence rendered Rudolph the most powerful prince and noble in southwestern Germany (where the tribal Duchy of Swabia had disintegrated, leaving room for its vassals to become quite independent) when, in the autumn of 1273, the prince-electors met to choose a king after Richard of Cornwall had died in England the year before. Rudolph's election in Frankfurt on 29 September, when he was 55 years old, was largely due to the efforts of his brother-in-law, the Hohenzollern burgrave Frederick III of Nuremberg. The support of Duke Albert II of Saxony and Elector Palatine Louis II had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolph's daughters.
As a result, within the electoral college, King Ottokar II of Bohemia (1230â1278), himself a candidate for the throne and related to the late Hohenstaufen king Philip of Swabia (being the son of the eldest surviving daughter), was almost alone in opposing Rudolph. Other candidates were Prince Siegfried I of Anhalt and Margrave Frederick I of Meissen (1257â1323), a young grandson of the excommunicated Emperor Frederick II, who however did not yet even have a principality of his own as his father still lived. With the consent of the other electors, Ottokar's dissent was neglected, and by the admission of Duke Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria, Rudolph gained all seven votes.
[edit] King of GermanyRudolph was crowned in Aachen Cathedral on 24 October 1273. To win the approbation of the Pope, Rudolph renounced all imperial rights in Rome, the papal territory, and Sicily, and promised to lead a new crusade. Pope Gregory X, in spite of Otakar's protests, not only recognized Rudolph himself, but persuaded King Alfonso X of Castile (another grandson of Philip of Swabia), who had been chosen German (anti-)king in 1257 as the successor to Count William II of Holland, to do the same. Thus, Rudolph surpassed the two heirs of the Hohenstaufen dynasty that he had earlier served so loyally.
In November 1274 it was decided by the Imperial Diet at Nuremberg that all crown estates seized since the death of the Emperor Frederick II must be restored, and that King Ottokar II must answer to the Diet for not recognizing the new king. Ottokar refused to appear or to restore the duchies of Austria, Styria and Carinthia with the March of Carniola, which he had claimed through his first wife, a Babenberg heiress, and which he had seized while disputing them with another Babenberg heir, Margrave Hermann VI of Baden. Rudolph refuted Ottokar's succession to the Babenberg patrimony, declaring that the provinces reverted to the Imperial crown due to the lack of male-line heirs (a position that however conflicted with the provisions of the Austrian Privilegium Minus). King Ottokar was placed under the imperial ban; and in June 1276 war was declared against him.
Having persuaded Ottokar's former ally Duke Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria to switch sides, Rudolph compelled the Bohemian king to cede the four provinces to the control of the royal administration in November 1276. Rudolf then re-invested Ottokar with the Kingdom of Bohemia, betrothed one of his daughters to Ottokar's son Wenceslaus II, and made a triumphal entry into Vienna. Ottokar, however, raised questions about the execution of the treaty, made an alliance with some Piast chiefs of Poland, and procured the support of several German princes, again including Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria. To meet this coalition, Rudolph formed an alliance with King Ladislaus IV of Hungary and gave additional privileges to the Vienna citizens. On 26 August 1278, the rival armies met at the Battle on the Marchfeld, where Ottokar was defeated and killed. The March of Moravia was subdued and its government entrusted to Rudolph's representatives, leaving Ottokar's widow Kunigunda of Slavonia, in control of only the province surrounding Prague, while the young Wenceslaus II was again betrothed to Rudolph's youngest daughter Judith.
Rudolph's attention next turned to the possessions in Austria and the adjacent provinces, which were taken into the royal domain. He spent several years establishing his authority there but found some difficulty in establishing his family as successors to the rule of those provinces. At length the hostility of the princes was overcome. In December 1282, in Augsburg, Rudolph invested his sons, Albert and Rudolph II, with the duchies of Austria and Styria and so laid the foundation of the House of Habsburg. Additionally, he made the twelve-year-old Rudolph Duke of Swabia, a merely titular dignity, as the duchy had been without an actual ruler since Conradin's execution. The 27-year-old Duke Albert (married since 1274 to a daughter of Count Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol (1238â95)) was capable enough to hold some sway in the new patrimony.
In 1286 King Rudolf fully invested the Duchy of Carinthia, one of the provinces conquered from Ottokar, to Albert's father-in-law Count Meinhard. The Princes of the Empire did not allow Rudolf to give everything that was recovered to the royal domain to his own sons, and his allies needed their rewards too. Turning to the west, in 1281 he compelled Count Philip I of Savoy to cede some territory to him, then forced the citizens of Bern to pay the tribute that they had been refusing, and in 1289 marched against Count Philip's successor, Otto IV, compelling him to do homage.
In 1281 his first wife died. On 5 February 1284, he married Isabella, daughter of Duke Hugh IV of Burgundy, the Empire's western neighbor in the Kingdom of France.
Rudolph was not very successful in restoring internal peace. Orders were indeed issued for the establishment of landpeaces in Bavaria, Franconia and Swabia, and afterwards for the whole Empire. But the king lacked the power, resources, or determination, to enforce them, although in December 1289 he led an expedition into Thuringia where he destroyed a number of robber-castles.
In 1291, he attempted to secure the election of his son Albert as German king. However, the electors refused claiming inability to support two kings, but in reality, perhaps, leery of the increasing power of the House of Habsburg. Upon Rudolph's death they elected Count Adolf of Nassau.
[edit] DeathRudolph died in Speyer on 15 July 1291, and was buried in the Speyer Cathedral. Although he had a large family, he was survived by only one son, Albert, afterwards the German king Albert I. Most of his daughters outlived him, apart from Katharina who had died in 1282 during childbirth and Hedwig who had died in 1285/6.
Rudolph's reign is most memorable for his establishment of the House of Habsburg as a powerful dynasty in the southeastern parts of the realm. In the other territories, the centuries-long decline of the Imperial authority since the days of the Investiture Controversy continued, and the princes were largely left to their own devices.
In the Divine Comedy, Dante finds Rudolph sitting outside the gates of Purgatory with his contemporaries, and berates him as "he who neglected that which he ought to have done".
[edit] Family and childrenHe was married twice. First, in 1245, to Gertrude of Hohenberg and second, in 1284, to Isabelle of Burgundy, daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy and Beatrice of Champagne. All children were from the first marriage.
1.Albert I of Germany (July 1255 â 1 May 1308), Duke of Austria and also of Styria.
2.Matilda (ca. 1251/53, Rheinfeldenâ23 December 1304, Munich), married 1273 in Aachen to Louis II, Duke of Bavaria and became mother of Rudolf I, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
3.Katharina (1256â4 April 1282, Landshut), married 1279 in Vienna to Otto III, Duke of Bavaria who later (after her death) became the disputed King Bela V of Hungary and left no surviving issue.
4.Agnes (ca. 1257â11 October 1322, Wittenberg), married 1273 to Albert II, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg and became the mother of Rudolf I, Elector of Saxony.
5.Hedwig (d. 1285/86), married 1270 in Vienna to Otto VI, Margrave of Brandenburg and left no issue.
6.Clementia (ca. 1262âafter 7 February 1293), married 1281 in Vienna to Charles Martel of Anjou, the Papal claimant to the throne of Hungary and mother of king Charles I of Hungary, as well as of queen Clementia of France, herself the mother of the baby king John I of France.
7.Hartmann (1263, Rheinfeldenâ21 December 1281), drowned in Rheinau.
8.Rudolph II, Duke of Austria and Styria (1270â10 May 1290, Prague), titular Duke of Swabia, father of John the Patricide of Austria.
9.Guta (Jutte/Bona) (13 March 1271â18 June 1297, Prague), married 24 January 1285 to King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and became the mother of king Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, of queen Anne of Bohemia (1290â1313), duchess of Carinthia, and of queen Elisabeth of Bohemia (1292â1330), countess of Luxembourg.
Rudolph I's last agnatic descendant was Empress Maria Theresa (d. 1780).
Note on Wife: Gertude of HOHENBERG
Gertrude of Hohenburg (c. 1225 â 16 February 1281, Vienna) was the first Queen consort of Rudolph I of Germany.
She was born to Burchard III, Count of Hohenberg (d. 1253) and his wife Mechtild of Tübingen.
Her paternal grandparents were Burchard IV, Count of Hohenberg and his unnamed wife. Her maternal grandparents were Rudolph II, Count palatine and his wife, a daughter of Henry, Margrave of Ronsberg and Udilhild of Gammertingen.
Burchard IV was a son of Burchard III, Count of Hohenberg.
Burchard III was one of two sons of Burchard II, Count of Hohenberg. He was co-ruler with his brother Frederick, Count of Hohenberg. His brother had no known descendants and the two brothers consequently had a single successor.
Burchard II was one of five known sons of Frederick I, Count of Zollern and his wife Udachild of Urach.
Frederich I was the son of Burchard I, Count of Zollern. He was the founder of the so-called Burchardinger family line, male-line ancestors of the House of Hohenzollern.
Grave in Basel[edit] Marriage and childrenIn 1245, Gertrude married Rudolph IV, Count of Habsburg. They had nine children:
1.Albert I of Germany (July 1255 â 1 May 1308), Duke of Austria and also of Styria.
2.Hartmann (1263, Rheinfeldenâ21 December 1281), drowned in Rheinau.
3.Rudolph II, Duke of Austria and Styria (1270â10 May 1290, Prague), titular Duke of Swabia, father of John the Patricide of Austria.
4.Matilda (ca. 1251/53, Rheinfeldenâ23 December 1304, Munich), married 1273 in Aachen to Louis II, Duke of Bavaria and became mother of Rudolf I, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
5.Katharina (1256â4 April 1282, Landshut), married 1279 in Vienna to Otto III, Duke of Bavaria who later (after her death) became the disputed King Béla V of Hungary and left no surviving issue.
6.Agnes (ca. 1257â11 October 1322, Wittenberg), married 1273 to Albert II, Duke of Saxony and became the mother of Rudolf I, Elector of Saxony.
7.Hedwig (d. 1285/86), married 1270 in Vienna to Otto VI, Margrave of Brandenburg and left no issue.
8.Klementia (ca. 1262âafter 7 February 1293), married 1281 in Vienna to Charles Martel of Anjou, the Papal claimant to the throne of Hungary and mother of king Charles I of Hungary, as well as of queen Clementia of France, herself the mother of the baby king John I of France.
9.Guta (13 March 1271â18 June 1297, Prague), married 24 January 1285 to King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and became the mother of king Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, of queen Anne of Bohemia (1290â1313), duchess of Carinthia, and of queen Elisabeth of Bohemia (1292â1330), countess of Luxembourg.
Her husband was elected King of Germany in Frankfurt on 29 September 1273, largely due to the efforts of her cousin Frederick III, Burgrave of Nuremberg. Rudolph was crowned in Aachen on 24 October 1273. She served as his Queen consort for the following eight years.
She died early in 1281. Rudolph remained a widower for three years and proceeded to marry Isabelle of Burgundy.
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Rudolf I Duke of Saxony Wittenberg
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"Saxony Wittenberg family and ancestry"
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Pedigree report of Rudolf I Duke of Saxony Wittenberg, son of Albrecht II Duke of Saxony Wittenberg and Agnes Gertrude AUSTRIA, born in 1274 in of,Wittenberg,,Sachsen. Rudolf I Duke of had three wives named Jutte Princess Of BRANDENBURG, Malgorzata Or Kunegunda, POLAND, Agnes Countess of Lindau-Ruppin and four children named Beatrix, Princess Of, Wenzel, Elector Of, Agnes Princess of, Elisabeth, Princess of.
| null |
Rudolf I Duke of was born in 1274 in of,Wittenberg,,Sachsen. Rudolf I Duke of's father was Albrecht II Duke of Saxony Wittenberg and his mother was Agnes Gertrude AUSTRIA. His paternal grandparents were Albrecht I Duke of SAXONY and Helene Princess Of Brunswick; his maternal grandparents were Rudolf IV Habsburg Duke of Austria and Gertrude Hohenberg. He had two brothers and two sisters, named Albrecht Burgrave of, Wenzel, Elisabeth Princess of and Anna Princess of. He was the oldest of the five children. He died at the age of 82 on March 2nd, 1356.
General Notes
Ancestral File Number:<AFN> DRM8-HM
Ancestor Pedigree Chart
âRudolf I Duke of and Jutte Princess Of were married in a religious ceremony in 1298 in <Of,Wittenberg,Sachsen>.
âRudolf I Duke of and Malgorzata Or Kunegunda, were married in a religious ceremony after August 10th, 1328 in <Of Wittenberg,Sachsen,Prussia>. They had a daughter named Beatrix, Princess Of.
âRudolf I Duke of and Agnes Countess of were married in a religious ceremony in 1333 in <Of,Wittenberg,Sachsen>. They had a son named Wenzel, Elector Of.
Children
Wenzel, Elector Of SAXONY
Wenzel, Elector Of was born in 1337 in Of,Wittenberg,Sachsen,Prussia. He died at the age of 51 on June 15th, 1388.
He had two biological daughters named Agnes Princess of and Elisabeth, Princess of.
Children
Agnes Princess of Saxony Wittenberg
Agnes Princess of was born about 1309 in of Wittenberg,Sachsen,Prussia. She died on January 4th, 1338.
Elisabeth, Princess of Saxony Wittenberg
Elisabeth, Princess of was born about 1311 in of Wittenberg,Sachsen,Prussia. She died in 1353.
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HAUSBURG'S HOUSE
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The Jewels of the Austrian Empire
The Jewels of the Austrian Empire
In all European monarchies that draw from the beginning form of reality uninazionali is a group of precious objects owned by the state which is used for the coronation of the Sovereign, and that is handed down from one generation to demonstrate the transfer of power universally recognized the Church and the People. In principle, these objects are: -the Crown the Rod--Globe -Sword. These essential elements are also emblems of temporal power made the sacred anointing church, sometimes, as in the case of England, over time you add other complementary objects, which can be armlets (bracelets), rings, collars, all in gold and precious stones, each of which is invested with particular meanings. In the tenth century , Austria was in the hands of Babemberg form of the Duchy , and from them it passed to the Habsburg Archduke first , then monarchs until 1806 . So , with the union of the crowns of Austria and Hungary , it created the Austro-Hungarian Empire .From the ninth to the sixteenth century, the Crown used in Austria to crown the king (it seems that the coronation liturgy had begun in 960 ) was the so-called "Crown Ottonian ," a crown of medieval buildings , preserved in the Schatzkammer Kunsthistoriches Museum in Vienna .It has eight segments , the four largest - the highest of all is the central front - studded with precious stones , and four smaller ones , alternating with them, on which they are made , multicolored enamel , scenes from the Old Testament . On the front panel central gemstones are twelve , how the Apostles , while in the back are engraved with the names of the twelve tribes of Israel. Inside is also engraved with a prayer that the rulers give thanks to God for a long life and victories over their enemies . This crown is the pride of the Ottonian dynasty that boasts membership of a divine right monarchy .In the sixteenth century, King Rudolf II ordered the construction of the new Crown Jewels , in imitation of those of England.The Austro-Hungarian Empire , heir to the Holy Roman Empire by the will of its own sovereign , retained over time the Crown, the Sceptre , the Orb and Sword , which had belonged to the Austrian monarchy and that, although most times properly restored, are reached almost intact to our times, and can be seen in the Schatzkammer KunsthinstorischeMuseum in Vienna. They are, however, represented in the emblem of the Austrian Empire : the Eagle Bicep, which bears the Crown, the Orb , the Sceptre , the Sword and the collar of the Golden Fleece .Crown , orb, scepter and sword hilt are characteristic of the era in which they were created : the gold is shiny ornaments are in pearls and enamels with some precious stones , including sapphires placed on top of the globe , the scepter and hilt of the sword , apparently coeval . It is precious objects made in the sixteenth century , many of which you know the name of the author.The Crown was made in Prague by a master jeweler well known , Jan Vermeyen , for the Emperor Rudolf II of Hapsburg ruler who reigned from 1576 to 1612 , the year he died, almost crazy, and already in 1594 replaced by his brother Matthias ruled in his place as regent . In the early years of the reign of Rudolf II had shown a particular tendency to appreciate the beautiful in art, and , even when his mind had not been attacked by the terrible disease of insanity, he was one of the first sovereigns who had cultivated in his time the taste of collecting special items , unique and rare or for which there was only one specimen , found in nature or produced by skillful interpretations of the jewelers of the time, but also by painters or sculptors who created the design and then avail themselves of ' work of the famous goldsmiths to make them realize gold , pearls often baroque - and - precious stones such as spinel - raw for a long time considered a ruby - that adorns the front of the Crown.Rudolph II , as Ferdinand of Tyrol and Francesco I de ' Medici, was one of the first rulers to collect beautiful objects in their own Wunderkammer or bizarre , unique and refined collected or brought in from far away places of the Earth, alternating the " natural products " to " artificialia . " For a teacher of Prague, Andreas Osenbruck , you should instead Orb and Sceptre , decorated with enamels, precious stones such as rubies, sapphires , diamonds and bearing carrés , pearls, and surmounted by an oval sapphire both .Insignia of investiture was also part of the imperial mantle , which is also in the Schatzkammer .An emblematic image of the insignia of the endowment can be considered the painting depicting the Kaiser Franz I (1768/1835) in the day of his consecration . In the picture are all the elements mentioned above, and also the collar of the Golden Fleece . The Collar of the Golden Fleece The Golden Fleece was an award - the maximum that could be assigned to the monarchs and the Grand Master of the Sovereign Order of Malta - instituted January 10, 1429 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy on the occasion of his marriage to Isabella of Portugal. It consisted of a pendant of gold, which you could hang on a chain or a collar , which represented the mythical Golden Fleece , the same as the Argonauts had tried to help Jason to get his kingdom , according to Greek Mythology . This honor was granted to the sovereign , rehearsed together and based on the criteria of brotherhood and mutual solidarity , defending the Christian religion extolling the Cavalry . And as it was said that the Argonauts were fifty , so the sovereign awarded the Order of the Golden Fleece could not be more than many , and only if someone was dying another could be called to fill his place. The Order had its parallel in the assumptions that are instituted between the mythical search for the Golden Fleece and the Holy Grail . The Duke of Burgundy had therefore chosen a pagan myth to illustrate a Christian Order .The Austrian Emperors were hereditarily awarded the Golden Fleece that was imposed on them at the time of the coronation .Women, too , as a sovereign state not - necessarily - queens or empresses were awarded the Golden Fleece. Other jewelery linked to the imperial office were worn by the Emperors of Austria, including those of the so-called Crown of St. Stephen , which is the crown jewels of Hungary , during the unification of the two kingdoms of Austria and Hungary that gave rise to the Austro -Hungarian Empire.
From the site: http://http://www.unarosadoro.com/gioielliimperoaustria.html
Otto and Regina von Habsburg at their golden wedding anniversary during the celebration in Nancy, France on Mai 10th 2001.
Empress Zita in her 95th Anniversary of her Birthday with her with his eldest son Otto and his wife, the other children and wives; grandchildren
Habsburg Wedding in Bad Ischl : Magdalena Habsburg-Lothringen and Sebastian Bergmann
Habsburg wedding shows: Bad Ischl lives well by the Emperor
BAD ISCHL. In the imperial town of Bad Ischl married on Saturday Magdalena Habsburg-Lothringen her fiancé Sebastian Bergmann. A sentiment report shows: The Ischler know how much they owe to the Emperor Franz Joseph.
Habsburgs in Bad Ischl: Today Magdalena Habsburg-Lothringen and Sebastian Bergmann married. The loyalty to the Emperor of the people in Bad Ischl is legendary - but it has solid reasons.
The Austrian Social Democrats implemented in 1919 by the abolition of titles of nobility. Nevertheless, Markus Habsburg-Lothringen (68), great-grandson of the emperor and owner of the Imperial Villa in Bad Ischl consistently dubbed the "Archduke". Also of SP-Mayor Hannes Heide. The fact that on the birthday of the Emperor Franz Joseph I annually anthem is sung at Mass in the parish church, also understands Republic of itself or not.
In the Salzkammergut Bad Ischl are often denigrated because of these quirks as the "Kaiser-ass". But they are as loyal to the House of Habsburg actually arise?
Ischl owes much to the Emperor
First of all: Monarchist efforts there are not at the headwaters of the River Traun. They would also never have been possible in the rebellious Salzkammergut.
But know the Ischler how much they owe Emperor Franz Joseph. The monarch has its small town transformed by his annual visits to a sophisticated imperial metropolis. In the slipstream of the Emperor came aristocracy, upper middle class and Jewish intelligence and expressed their mark on the place. You can see it Bad Ischl to this day, and that can be touristy still wonderful marketable.
Around 360,000 overnight stays recorded the city annually. More than 50,000 visitors are counted per season Alone in the Imperial Villa. "90 percent of my passengers want to Imperial Villa," says Andreas Hödlmoser, horse-drawn carriage in downtown. From the tensile force of the emperor but not only benefited the tourism itself, but the entire business location. Every third euro that flow to the flourishing retail trade in the Ischler downtown, is from a holiday.
As such, it is understandable that the ratio of the Ischler to the house of Habsburg is less influenced by emotions than by business sense. However, what is true for both sides. "We work closely with the Habsburg family," says mayor Heide. "The Imperial Villa and the Emperor Park will play central functions, for example, at the State Garden Show next year. Benefit even run both sides."
Your most magnificent monument not dedicated Ischler the way to the Emperor, but Dr. Franz Wirer. The Viennese physician, who, in the early 19th century convinced the imperial family from the healing effect of the Ischler brine water. The Carpenter have him be eternally grateful.
Wedding in Bad Ischl
Today, 14 clock, married Magdalena Habsburg-Lothringen (great-granddaughter of Emperor Franz Joseph) and Sebastian Bergmann. The wedding ceremony takes place in the parish church of St. Nicholas in Bad Ischl. At 13.45 clock the bridal couple is expected. After the ceremony we go with the carriage to the Imperial Villa.
From site :http://www.nachrichten.at/nachrichten/society/Habsburg-Hochzeit-zeigt-es-Bad-Ischl-lebt-gut-vom-Kaiser;art411,1446546
The Hungarian branch of Habsburg
The Hungarian branch of Habsburg
After the departure of the Ottomans, the Austrians dominated the Hungarian Kingdom. The Hungarians' renewed desire for an independent Hungary brought about Rákóczi's War for Independence. On of the most important reasons for the war were new and higher taxes. Francis II Rákóczi was a Hungarian noble, son of Ilona Zrínyi the legendary heroine and regent of Transylvania who led a three year anti-Austrian rebellion (Molnár 2001, 131). Rákóczi spent part of his youth in Austrian captivity. His troops were called the Kurucs, or crusaders. Initially, the Kuruc army attained several important victories due to their superior skilled light cavalry. Their weapons were mostly pistols, light saber and fokos (axes). At the Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705), Kuruc general János Bottyán decisively defeated the Austrian army. The famous Hungarian colonel Ádám Balogh nearly captured the Emperor of Austria. In 1708, the Habsburgs finally defeated the main Hungarian army at Battle of Trencin. This weakened the effectiveness of the Kuruc army. While the Hungarians were exhausted by the fighting, the Austrians defeated the French army in the War of the Spanish Succession then sent more and more troops to Hungary against the rebels from West.
The next ruler of Hungary was the Austrian Emperor Charles VI, who settled numerous Vlach ethnic groups in Transylvania. From this time on, the designation Royal Hungary was abandoned, and the area was once again referred to as the Kingdom of Hungary. Throughout the eighteenth century, the Kingdom of Hungary had its own Diet (parliament) and constitution, but the members of the Governor's Council (Helytartótanács, the office of the palatine were appointed by the Habsburg monarch, and the superior economic institution, the Hungarian Chamber, was directly subordinated to the Court Chamber in Vienna. The Hungarian Language reform started under reign of Joseph II. The reform age of Hungary was initiated by István Széchenyi a Hungarian count, who built one of the greatest bridges of Hungary the Széchenyi Chain Bridge, founded the Hungarian Academy of Sciences which he also financed.
The official language of the Kingdom of Hungary remained Latin until 1844. Then, between 1844 and 1849, and from 1867, Hungarian became the official language.
The European revolutions of 1848 swept Hungary as well. The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 sought to redress the long suppressed desire for political change, namely independence. The Hungarian National Guard was created by young Hungarian patriots in 1848. In literature, this was best expressed by the greatest poet of the Revolution, Sándor PetÅfi. One of the most famous battles was on September 29, 1848, at the Battle of Pákozd. When Serbs attacked the Hungarians in the South, a great general called ErnÅ Kiss stopped three Serbian regiments with only 72 hussars.
As war broke out with Austria, Hungarian military successes, which included the brilliant campaigns of the great Hungarian general, Artúr Görgey, forced the Austrians on the defensive. Fearing defeat, the Austrians pleaded for Russian help, which, combined with Austrian forces, quelled the revolution. The desired political changes of 1848 were again suppressed until the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.
Austria-Hungary
Following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Habsburg Empire became the "dual monarchy" of Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
The Austro-Hungarian economy changed dramatically during the existence of the dual monarchy. Technological change accelerated industrialization and urbanization. The capitalist way of production spread throughout the Empire during its fifty-year existence and obsolete medieval institutions continued to disappear. By the early twentieth century, most of the Empire began to experience rapid economic growth. The GNP per capita grew roughly 1.45 percent per year from 1870 to 1913. That level of growth compared very favorably to that of other European nations such as Britain (1.00 percent), France (1.06 percent), and Germany (1.51 percent).
The historic lands of the Hungarian Crown (the Kingdom of Hungary proper, to which Transylvania was soon incorporated, and Croatia-Slavonia, which maintained a distinct identity and a certain internal autonomy), was granted equal status with the rest of the Habsburg monarchy. Each of the two states comprising Austria-Hungary exercised considerable independence, with certain institutions, notably the reigning house, defense, foreign affairs, and finances for common expenditures, remained under joint management. This arrangement lasted until 1918, when the Central Powers were defeated in World War I.
The new borders set in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon, ceded 72 percent of the historically Hungarian territory of the Kingdom of Hungary to the neighboring states. The beneficiaries were Romania, and the newly formed states of Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. This left millions of ethnic Hungarians outside the new borders, contrary to the terms laid out by United States President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, which had honored the ethnic makeup of the territories.
Kingdom of Hungary between 1920-1944
After the pullout of occupation forces in 1920, the country went into civil conflict, with Hungarian anti-communists and monarchists purging the nation of communists, leftists and of others they thought represented a threat. Later in 1920, a coalition of right-wing political forces united, and reinstated Hungary's status as a constitutional monarchy. Selection of the new King was delayed due to civil infighting, and a regent was appointed to represent the monarchy, former Austro-Hungarian navy admiral Miklós Horthy.
The Kingdom of Hungary, which existed from 1920 to 1944, was a de facto regency under Regent Miklós Horthy, who officially represented the abdicated Hungarian monarchy. Attempts by Charles IV King of Hungary (Charles I of Austria, the last Habsburg, to return to the throne, were prevented by threats of war from neighboring countries, and by lack of support from Horthy.
The post-World War I Hungarian state was conceived of as a "kingdom without a king," since there was no consensus on either who should take the throne of Hungary, or what form of government should replace the monarchy. The first ten years of this reinstated kingdom saw increased repression of the Hungarian minorities, uncharacteristic of Hungary's historical legacy. Limits on the number of Jews permitted to go to university were placed, and corporal punishment was legalized. Under the leadership of Prime Minister István Bethlen, democracy dissipated as Bethlen manipulated elections in rural areas which allowed his political party, the Party of Unity to win elections repeatedly. Bethlen pushed for the revision of the Treaty of Trianon, but after the collapse of the Hungarian economy between 1929 to 1931, the national uproar pushed Bethlen to resign. When Gyula Gömbös became Prime Minister in 1932, he allied Hungary with Germany. He was the first head of government to visit Adolf Hitler following Hitler's rise to power. Gömbös introduced anti-Jewish legislation and took Hungary into World War II on the side of the Axis Powers.
In 1944, Horthy appointed an anti-fascist Prime Minister who attempted a defection to the Allied powers. However, the Hungarian army ignored an armistice signed on October 15, 1944 with the Soviets and continued to fight. This resulted in Hungary being occupied and dissolved by Nazi Germany, and replaced by a briefly-existing puppet state. In January 1955, the Soviets entered and occupied Hungary. By 1949 a Soviet-satellite state, the People's Republic of Hungary, had been established. However, during 1956 a revolt took place in favor of democracy and freedom which was crushed when the Soviet sent troops into Hungary. When the Soviet-bloc collapsed in 1989, the democratic Republic of Hungary replaced the communist state. The Republic of Hungary joined the European Union in 2004.
Legacy
In today's Hungary, the Kingdom of Hungary is regarded as one long stage in the development of the state. This sense of continuity is reflected in the republic's national symbols, holidays, official language, and the capital city of the country and in the short form of the country's name in Hungarian, (Magyarország) the same. The millennium of the Hungarian statehood was commemorated in 2000, and codified by the Millennium Act of 2000.
One significant legacy of the Kingdom of Hungary that continues to impact the modern nation-state of Hungary is that Hungary is a bridge between East and West while "International migration has played a crucial role in Hungary's history since its foundation as a state in the 10th century." A key feature of Hungary is that it is "a sending, transit, and destination country for migration." Judit Juhász comments:
Hungary's special characteristics are rooted in this history of fluid borders, as well as the strong migratory tendencies of people of Hungarian ancestry who are citizens of neighboring countries. Today, mainly as a result of these factors, roughly three million ethnic Hungarians live in nearby countries. The country's geographical location, which has placed it in the path of important European events, is also key. Moreover, the current nature of Hungary's economy and society, which are in transition, offers special opportunities to migrants, especially those from eastern Europe.[1]
Although during the period of Habsburg domination many Hungarians of Magyar descent resented what amounted to a Germanization process and despite the anti-Jewish measures introduced under the Fascists, Hungary has a proud and long history of recognizing all who are loyal to the state as Hungarian, regardless of ethnicity. Even during the Soviet period, Hungary maintained a Jewish seminary, the only one East of the Berlin Wall.[2] Situated on the border of East and West, the Hungarian space seen occupation, invasion, foreign rule and civilizational conflict. Yet, Hungary has also served as a cultural bridge, often maintaining relations with both the East and the West. Hungarians have almost always refused to divide the world into "us" and "them" with the former representing good and the latter evil. Hungarians have tended to see humanity as one family, favoring cooperation and unity over conflict, even though their sensitive geo-political location has seen a great deal of the latter.
from site : http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Kingdom_of_Hungary
Rudolf I the first Emperor
Rudolf I the first Emperor
Rudolf I (also known as Rudolf of Habsburg) (German: Rudolf von Habsburg, Latin: Rudolphus, Czech: Rudolf Habsburský) (1 May 1218 – 15 July 1291) was King of the Romans from 1273 until his death. Rudolf was the first of the count-kings, so-called by the historian Bernd Schneidmüller.
He played a vital role in raising the Habsburg dynasty to a leading position among the Imperial feudal dynasties. Originally a Swabian count, he was the first Habsburg to acquire the duchies of Austria and Styria, territories that would remain under Habsburg rule for more than 600 years and would form the core of the Habsburg Monarchy and the present-day country of Austria.
Early life
Rudolf was the son of Count Albert IV of Habsburg and Hedwig, daughter of Count Ulrich of Kyburg, and was born at Limburg Castle near Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl in the Breisgau region. At his father's death in 1239, he inherited large estates from him around the ancestral seat of Habsburg Castle in the Aargau region of present-day Switzerland as well as in Alsace. In 1245 Rudolf married Gertrude, daughter of Count Burkhard III of Hohenberg. As a result, he became an important vassal in Swabia, the former Alemannic German stem duchy.
Rudolf paid frequent visits to the court of his godfather, the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II, and his loyalty to Frederick and his son, King Conrad IV of Germany, was richly rewarded by grants of land. In 1254, he was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV as a supporter of King Conrad, due to ongoing political conflicts between the Emperor, who held the Kingdom of Sicily and wanted to reestablish his power in the Imperial Kingdom of Italy, especially in the Lombardy region, and the Papacy, whose States lay in between and feared being overpowered by the Emperor.
Rise to power
The disorder in Germany during the interregnum after the fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty afforded an opportunity for Count Rudolf to increase his possessions. His wife was a Hohenberg heiress; and on the death of his childless maternal uncle, Count Hartmann IV of Kyburg in 1264, he also seized his valuable estates. Successful feuds with the Bishops of Strasbourg and Basel further augmented his wealth and reputation, including rights over various tracts of land that he purchased from abbots and others.
These various sources of wealth and influence rendered Rudolf the most powerful prince and noble in southwestern Germany (where the tribal Duchy of Swabia had disintegrated, leaving room for its vassals to become quite independent) when, in the autumn of 1273, the prince-electors met to choose a king after Richard of Cornwall had died in England in April 1272. Rudolf's election in Frankfurt on 1 October 1273,[1] when he was 55 years old, was largely due to the efforts of his brother-in-law, the Hohenzollern burgrave Frederick III of Nuremberg. The support of Duke Albert II of Saxony and Elector Palatine Louis II had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolf's daughters.
As a result, within the electoral college, King Ottokar II of Bohemia (1230–1278), himself a candidate for the throne and related to the late Hohenstaufen king Philip of Swabia (being the son of the eldest surviving daughter), was almost alone in opposing Rudolf. Other candidates were Prince Siegfried I of Anhalt and Margrave Frederick I of Meissen (1257–1323), a young grandson of the excommunicated Emperor Frederick II, who however did not yet even have a principality of his own as his father still lived. By the admission of Duke Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria instead of the King of Bohemia as 7th elector,[2] Rudolf gained all seven votes.
King of Germany
Rudolf was crowned in Aachen Cathedral on 24 October 1273. To win the approbation of the Pope, Rudolf renounced all imperial rights in Rome, the papal territory, and Sicily, and promised to lead a new crusade. Pope Gregory X, in spite of Ottokar II of Bohemia's protests, not only recognised Rudolf himself, but persuaded King Alfonso X of Castile (another grandson of Philip of Swabia), who had been chosen German (anti-)king in 1257 as the successor to Count William II of Holland, to do the same. Thus, Rudolf surpassed the two heirs of the Hohenstaufen dynasty that he had earlier served so loyally.
In November 1274 it was decided by the Imperial Diet at Nuremberg that all crown estates seized since the death of the Emperor Frederick II must be restored, and that King Ottokar II must answer to the Diet for not recognising the new king. Ottokar refused to appear or to restore the duchies of Austria, Styria and Carinthia with the March of Carniola, which he had claimed through his first wife, a Babenberg heiress, and which he had seized while disputing them with another Babenberg heir, Margrave Hermann VI of Baden. Rudolf refuted Ottokar's succession to the Babenberg patrimony, declaring that the provinces reverted to the Imperial crown due to the lack of male-line heirs (a position that however conflicted with the provisions of the Austrian Privilegium Minus). King Ottokar was placed under the imperial ban; and in June 1276 war was declared against him.
Having persuaded Ottokar's former ally Duke Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria to switch sides, Rudolf compelled the Bohemian king to cede the four provinces to the control of the royal administration in November 1276. Rudolf then re-invested Ottokar with the Kingdom of Bohemia, betrothed one of his daughters to Ottokar's son Wenceslaus II, and made a triumphal entry into Vienna. Ottokar, however, raised questions about the execution of the treaty, made an alliance with some Piast chiefs of Poland, and procured the support of several German princes, again including Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria. To meet this coalition, Rudolf formed an alliance with King Ladislaus IV of Hungary and gave additional privileges to the Vienna citizens. On 26 August 1278, the rival armies met at the Battle on the Marchfeld, where Ottokar was defeated and killed. The March of Moravia was subdued and its government entrusted to Rudolf's representatives, leaving Ottokar's widow Kunigunda of Slavonia, in control of only the province surrounding Prague, while the young Wenceslaus II was again betrothed to Rudolf's youngest daughter Judith.
Rudolf's attention next turned to the possessions in Austria and the adjacent provinces, which were taken into the royal domain. He spent several years establishing his authority there but found some difficulty in establishing his family as successors to the rule of those provinces. At length the hostility of the princes was overcome. In December 1282, in Augsburg, Rudolf invested his sons, Albert and Rudolf II, with the duchies of Austria and Styria and so laid the foundation of the House of Habsburg. Additionally, he made the twelve-year-old Rudolf Duke of Swabia, a merely titular dignity, as the duchy had been without an actual ruler since Conradin's execution.[citation needed] The 27-year-old Duke Albert, married since 1274 to a daughter of Count Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol (1238–95), was capable enough to hold some sway in the new patrimony.
In 1286 King Rudolf fully invested the Duchy of Carinthia, one of the provinces conquered from Ottokar, to Albert's father-in-law Count Meinhard. The Princes of the Empire did not allow Rudolf to give everything that was recovered to the royal domain to his own sons, and his allies needed their rewards too. Turning to the west, in 1281 he compelled Count Philip I of Savoy to cede some territory to him, then forced the citizens of Bern to pay the tribute that they had been refusing, and in 1289 marched against Count Philip's successor, Otto IV, compelling him to do homage.
In 1281 Rudolf's first wife died. On 5 February 1284, he married Isabella, daughter of Duke Hugh IV of Burgundy, the Empire's western neighbor in the Kingdom of France.
Rudolf was not very successful in restoring internal peace. Orders were indeed issued for the establishment of landpeaces in Bavaria, Franconia and Swabia, and afterwards for the whole Empire. But the king lacked the power, resources, or determination, to enforce them, although in December 1289 he led an expedition into Thuringia where he destroyed a number of robber-castles. In 1291, he attempted to secure the election of his son Albert as German king. However, the electors refused claiming inability to support two kings, but in reality, perhaps, wary of the increasing power of the House of Habsburg. Upon Rudolf's death they elected Count Adolf of Nassau.
Death
Rudolf died in Speyer on 15 July 1291, and was buried in the Speyer Cathedral. Although he had a large family, he was survived by only one son, Albert, afterwards the German king Albert I. Most of his daughters outlived him, apart from Katharina who had died in 1282 during childbirth and Hedwig who had died in 1285/6.
Rudolf's reign is most memorable for his establishment of the House of Habsburg as a powerful dynasty in the southeastern parts of the realm. In the other territories, the centuries-long decline of the Imperial authority since the days of the Investiture Controversy continued, and the princes were largely left to their own devices.
In the Divine Comedy, Dante finds Rudolf sitting outside the gates of Purgatory with his contemporaries, and berates him as "he who neglected that which he ought to have done".
Family and children
Rudolf was married twice. First, in 1245, to Gertrude of Hohenberg and second, in 1284, to Isabelle of Burgundy, daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy. All children were from the first marriage.
Matilda (ca. 1251/53, Rheinfelden – 23 December 1304, Munich), married 1273 in Aachen to Louis II, Duke of Bavaria and became mother of Rudolf I, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
Albert I of Germany (July 1255 – 1 May 1308), Duke of Austria and also of Styria.
Katharina (1256 – 4 April 1282, Landshut), married 1279 in Vienna to Otto III, Duke of Bavaria who later (after her death) became the disputed King Bela V of Hungary and left no surviving issue.
Agnes (ca. 1257 – 11 October 1322, Wittenberg), married 1273 to Albert II, Duke of Saxony and became the mother of Rudolf I, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg.
Hedwig (d. 1285/86), married 1270 in Vienna to Otto VI, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel and left no issue.
Clementia (ca. 1262 – after 7 February 1293), married 1281 in Vienna to Charles Martel of Anjou, the Papal claimant to the throne of Hungary and mother of king Charles I of Hungary, as well as of queen Clementia of France, herself the mother of the baby king John I of France.
Hartmann (1263, Rheinfelden – 21 December 1281), drowned in Rheinau[disambiguation needed].
Rudolf II, Duke of Austria and Styria (1270 – 10 May 1290, Prague), titular Duke of Swabia, father of John the Patricide of Austria.
Guta (Jutte/Bona) (13 March 1271 – 18 June 1297, Prague), married 24 January 1285 to King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and became the mother of king Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, of queen Anne of Bohemia (1290–1313), duchess of Carinthia, and of queen Elisabeth of Bohemia (1292–1330), countess of Luxembourg.
Charles (1276–1276)
Rudolf's last agnatic descendant was Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress (1717–1780), by Albert I of Germany's fourth son Albert II, Duke of Austria.
From site : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany
the Habsburgs last period of the rule
The failed Emperor of Mexico
The failed Emperor of Mexico
Ay dios mio! A Habsburg left Europe to become emperor in Mexico, but it didn’t end muy bien for him.
We are well, thank God, and are becoming more and more accustomed to the local situation and way of life. There is an enormous amount of work to be done, but one does it gladly because one sees that it is appreciated with gratitude. For the moment there can be no talk of constitutional experiments. The good people must first learn to obey before they can be allowed a say in politics. I am trying to proceed calmly and to avoid acting rashly.
— Maximilian in a letter of 10 July 1864 A Habsburg empire in America? Yes, there was such a thing, albeit for only a few years. When in 1863 Emperor Napoleon III offered Franz Joseph’s younger brother Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian the chance to become Emperor of Mexico, the ambitious archduke found it an attractive prospect. However, what he was not in a position to know was that the throne was only being offered him on behalf of a small minority of clerical-conservative Mexicans supported by French troops of occupation. When Maximilian arrived in 1864, he was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico in the face of great popular resistance.
His vision of being welcomed to Mexico by jubilant crowds was to remain an unfulfilled dream – on the contrary, he found himself confronted with a lawfully instituted republican government embroiled in a civil war. This explains why two Mexican flags were used at that time: the republican flag, which is similar to the present-day version, and the imperial flag with a crowned eagle as a symbol of the empire. French withdrawal from Mexico spelled Maximilian’s end: in 1867, as the representatives of unsuccessful French power politics, he and two of his generals were condemned to death by a court martial and shot. However, there were rumours that the short-term Emperor of Mexico was not in fact executed but lived on in El Salvador under the name Justo Armas.
The brief interlude during which Maximilian was Emperor of Mexico was based on an entirely erroneous assessment of international interests and power constellations in America. In order to take part in the experiment, he not only had to renounce all claims to power in Austria but also became the victim of French interference in Mexico’s internal affairs. Maximilian is still commemorated in a statue erected in front of Hietzing parish church by the palace gardens at Schönbrunn shortly after his execution. He had built himself a villa nearby, in the street later named the Maxingstrasse in his memory.
It remains to be noted that Maximilian was not the only Habsburg to have ended up in American for ‘professional’ reasons: an archduchess named Leopoldine became Empress of Brazil.
Stephan Gruber
From site : http://www.habsburger.net/de/node/7263
The failed Emperor of Mexico
Ay dios mio! A Habsburg left Europe to become emperor in Mexico, but it didn’t end muy bien for him.
We are well, thank God, and are becoming more and more accustomed to the local situation and way of life. There is an enormous amount of work to be done, but one does it gladly because one sees that it is appreciated with gratitude. For the moment there can be no talk of constitutional experiments. The good people must first learn to obey before they can be allowed a say in politics. I am trying to proceed calmly and to avoid acting rashly.
— Maximilian in a letter of 10 July 1864 A Habsburg empire in America? Yes, there was such a thing, albeit for only a few years. When in 1863 Emperor Napoleon III offered Franz Joseph’s younger brother Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian the chance to become Emperor of Mexico, the ambitious archduke found it an attractive prospect. However, what he was not in a position to know was that the throne was only being offered him on behalf of a small minority of clerical-conservative Mexicans supported by French troops of occupation. When Maximilian arrived in 1864, he was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico in the face of great popular resistance.
His vision of being welcomed to Mexico by jubilant crowds was to remain an unfulfilled dream – on the contrary, he found himself confronted with a lawfully instituted republican government embroiled in a civil war. This explains why two Mexican flags were used at that time: the republican flag, which is similar to the present-day version, and the imperial flag with a crowned eagle as a symbol of the empire. French withdrawal from Mexico spelled Maximilian’s end: in 1867, as the representatives of unsuccessful French power politics, he and two of his generals were condemned to death by a court martial and shot. However, there were rumours that the short-term Emperor of Mexico was not in fact executed but lived on in El Salvador under the name Justo Armas.
The brief interlude during which Maximilian was Emperor of Mexico was based on an entirely erroneous assessment of international interests and power constellations in America. In order to take part in the experiment, he not only had to renounce all claims to power in Austria but also became the victim of French interference in Mexico’s internal affairs. Maximilian is still commemorated in a statue erected in front of Hietzing parish church by the palace gardens at Schönbrunn shortly after his execution. He had built himself a villa nearby, in the street later named the Maxingstrasse in his memory.
It remains to be noted that Maximilian was not the only Habsburg to have ended up in American for ‘professional’ reasons: an archduchess named Leopoldine became Empress of Brazil.
Stephan Gruber
From site : http://www.habsburger.net/de/node/7263
THE HOUSE OF HABSBURGS ......... where homeless goshawk .
BACKGROUND: It seems to me that now is the momeno albeit certainly not a historian but rather by professional shall amateur admirer we try to trace the origins and the history of this family is very important for European history ..... beyond that was the lineage of the husband of Elizabeth Duchess in Bavaria, Empress of Austria as well. This noble family involved, become once very powerful, and sometimes decided the fate of Europe ...... overwhelmed by the times changed cmq in slow agony of the branch that ruled Austria as well as the foundations were laid the foundation pe ril our world is with regard to the culura, science, medicine, philosophy, etc. .......... Come to think of it seems a paradox that statement because if the last Emperor Franz Joseph locked himself inside the world just did not want to recognize and adapt to the changes that took place, however, without his consent ........... ...... the fact remains that in this melting pot of Death of a world that had had its day and the difficult birth of what was coming at the end of the origins of our company laid their roots in the distant time. (End of the introduction)
THE HOUSE HABSBURGS: The origins ........... where has the house goshawk (from Wikipedia encyclopedia) The House of Habsburg (or Hapsburg Hapsburg or Habsburg Italianization from the German), it is one of the oldest and most important royal houses in Europe. Its members were rulers in Austria as the Dukes (1282-1453), Archduke (1453-1804) and emperors (1804-1918), King of Spain (1516-1700), King of Portugal (1580-1640), and for many centuries the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire (from 1273 to 1291 and from 1298 to 1308, and finally, uninterruptedly, 1438 to 1806). The motto of the dynasty is usually interpreted as AEIOU Austriae east reign orbi universe ("it to Austria to rule the world"). The name comes from Habichtsburg (the "Castle dell'Astore"), Switzerland, which was the seat of the family in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries
ORIGINS The question of the origins of the dynasty is somewhat controversial, since, given its antiquity, is lost in the mists of time and its safe reconstruction is difficult. Nevertheless, with some now as founder of Alsace, Count Guntram the Rich, his ancestors are considered the safest Eticonidi, a powerful dynasty of Merovingian strain, descended from Eticone of Alsace. In support of this thesis, we have the actual possession of various estates in Alsace by the family until the seventeenth century and the almost certain identification of "Guntram dives", a vassal of Otto I and descendant of Eticone with Guntram the Rich, the Acta Murensia
GUTRAM THE RICH Guntram the Rich, German Guntram der Reiche (... - 26 March 973), should have been, according to the family tree compiled in 1160 and contained in the Acta Murensia, the founder of the house of Hapsburg. A native of Alsace, Count of Breisgau and Guntram was the Duke of Muri. It is believed that he was the grandfather of Radbot of Habsburg, the builder of the castle of Habsburg, from which the dynasty is named. The tradition also names a son Guntram, Lanzellino, however, the link between the rich and Guntram Lanzelin is not historically proven: it existed in fact a son named "Kanzelin", but it is uncertain whether these and Lanzellino (also called Landolt) were the same person or not. Guntram was the third son of Hugh, Count of Alsace northern and Hildegard. Belonged to the family of Alsatian Eberharde, a branch of the Etichonen. The domains were in Alsace and Breisgau, before they were stolen, along with the title of count, for high treason. If the bond between him and Lanzellino is true, he is the direct ancestor of the present royal family in Belgium, Denmark, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, as well as the princes of Liechtenstein. He is named after the town of Guntramsdorf, Lower Austria.
RADBOT OF AUSTRIA (the man who built the castle of Habsburg) Descended from Lanzellino dynasty, a vassal of Otto II, was Lord of Walls and Count of Klettgau. He married Ita, grandson of Charlemagne, who gave him Werner I of Habsburg.
The ETICONIDI Eticonidi were an illustrious family that has franca among its ancestors the Merovingian Clotaire I, son of Clovis I, King of Neustria (with capital Soissons) from 511 to 561, and for three years, the king of all the Franks from 558 to 561. The best known member of this family is Eticone (or Adalrico), Duke of Alsace during the second half of the seventh century. Eticone, also called Hetti or Adalric, married Bereswinde, sister of Sigebert III. From this union was born St. Ottilia, the patron saint of Alsace. Among the ancestors of Saint Odile: Branch maternal Fredegonda and Chilperic I, son of Clotaire I and Aregonda. Paternal: Ansbert Ferréol and Blithilde, daughter of Clotaire I and Wultrade / Vulderade. The house of Habsburg descendant of this very prestigious race of Eticonidi. As a female other prestigious European dynasties descended from the ancient Dukes of Alsace. Capetians, the Ottonian dynasty of Saxony, Margraves of Baden (cadet branch of the Habsburg dynasty), as well as the House of the Dukes of Lorraine
ETICONE Eticone-Adalrico of Alsace, also called Eticho Attich or (630 or 635 approx. - 20 February 690), was Duke of Alsazia.Eticone-Adalrico Alsace was the son of Adalrico, Duke of pagus Attoariensis and descendant of Waldelenus Aelia Flavia and her family of rigin: his mother was perhaps Hultrude of Burgundy, the daughter of Guillebaud, patrician, a descendant of several kings Burgundians and Ferréol. Can also be found among the ancestors of the Alamanni, the Romans, the Franks, the Gauls and the Burgundians, sometimes distinguished. His grandfather, the Duke Amalgarde of Dijon and his wife Aquilina Jura were founders of several monasteries and abbeys. His parents were good neighbors of the other principles, faithful allies of the different kingdoms. Jean Turckheim, in his Genealogical Tablets of illustrious houses of the Dukes of Zaeringen, [5] [citation needed]) shows, however, that the hypothesis about its origins are many and the descendants of his children except Adalbert and Etichon II is a mystery Born to the 635 in a village called pagus Attoariensis and died 20 February 690 Castle Hohenbourg. Since descending and ally of royal families and noble, Eticone-Adalrico Alsace was crowned Duke of Alsace and other regions from 662 to 689. He founded the dynasty of Eticonidi. Father of St. Ottilia, holy mistress of Alsace, is probably also the oldest ancestor of the illustrious family of the Hapsburgs. The property of Eticonidi, absolute masters of Alsace in the Middle Ages, in fact, find themselves in the hands of the Habsburgs some centuries later. Adalrico is certainly also the ancestor of Eguisheim-Dabo, the House of Baden, the House of Lorraine as well as the counts of Flanders
DESCENT OF ETICONE Santa Ottilia was born around 662 and died in Obernai to 720 Castle Hohenbourg. Eticone thought in vain to marry her to some powerful lord among his friends. XIth century to be canonized by the Pope Léon IX, and proclaimed mistress of Alsace for Pope Pius XII in 1946. After the death of Eticone, his son Adalbert Duke of Alsace, succeeds to the 655. He was also Count of Sundgau. Adalberto built the royal residence of Koenigshoffen and the abbeys of Saint-Étienne Honau and Strasbourg. Alsace was then a very powerful duchy within all'Austrasia. Gerlinde bride, daughter of Odon. Hugues Alsace was count. Hermentrude married and left three young children, perhaps because he was killed by his father. He was the founder of the monastery of Honau [19]. Eticone II Nordgau, around 670-723, Count of Nordgau, possible ancestor of the houses of Lorraine and Strasbourg, as well as the Pope Léon IX, but without this being a certainty. It is part of the monastery of Honau [20]. Bathicon or Baducon of Alsace, Count of Alsace, who died in 725. It is part of the monastery of Honau and to Wissembourg. [21] Abbey Saint-Pierre-and-Paul was founded on the site in the seventh century to the Holy Pirmin on an island in Lauter (river). The future saint, Roswinde, is the last of the daughters of the Duke Eticone. Imitated his devoted sister dedicating themselves to God in the same monastery Hohenbourg (end of part one)
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Rudolphe I, Comte de Hapsbourg, fils d'Albert le fage & d'Hedwine de Kybourg....
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[
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Engraving, probably a copper engraving, of Rudolf I, also known as Rudolf of Habsburg (1 May 1218 – 15 July 1291), was Count of Habsburg from about 1240 and elected King of Germany (King of the Romans) from 1273 until his death. The first German king of the Habsburg dynasty, he was the son of Count Albert IV of Habsburg and Hedwig, daughter of Count Ulrich of Kyburg. He married Gertrude Anne Countess of Hohenburg in 1245.
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Related Images Media Storehouse Collection (Europe, Germany, Related Images) our beautiful Wall Art and Photo Gifts include Framed Prints, Photo Prints, Poster Prints, Canvas Prints, Jigsaw Puzzles, Metal Prints and so much more
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Rudolph I - Encyclopedia
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https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/r/rudolph_i.html
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GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES
RUDOLPH I. (1218-1291), German king, son of Albert IV. count of Habsburg, and Hedwig, daughter of Ulrich count of Kyburg, was born at Limburg on the 1st of May 1218. At his father's death in 1239 Rudolph inherited the family estates in Alsace, and in 1245 he married Gertrude, daughter of Burkhard III. count of Hohenberg. He paid frequent visits to the court of his godfather the emperor Frederick II., and his loyalty to Frederick and to his son Conrad IV. was richly rewarded by grants of land, but in 1254 was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV. The disorder in Germany after the fall of the Hohenstaufen afforded an opportunity for Rudolph to increase his possessions. His wife was an heiress; and on the death of his childless uncle, Hartmann VI. count of Kyburg, in 1264, he seized his valuable estates. Successful feuds with the bishops of Strassburg and Basel further augmented his wealth and his reputation; rights over various tracts of land were purchased from abbots and others; and he was also the possessor of large estates in the regions now known as Switzerland and Alsace.
These various sources of wealth and influence had rendered Rudolph the most powerful prince in S.W. Germany when, i the autumn of 1273, the princes met to elect a king. His election at Frankfort on the 29th of September 1273 was largely due :, tb ` the efforts of his brother-in-law, Frederick III. of Hohenzollern, burgrave of Nuremberg. The support of Albert duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, and of Louis II. count palatine of the Rhine and duke of upper Bavaria, had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolph's daughters; so that Ottakar II. king of Bohemia, a candidate for the throne, was almost alone in his opposition. Rudolph was crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle on the 24th of October 1273, and the feast which followed has been described by Schiller in Der Graf von Hapsburg. To win the approbation of the pope Rudolph renounced all imperial rights in Rome, the papal territory and Sicily, and promised to lead a new crusade; and Pope Gregory X., in spite of Ottakar's protests, not only recognized Rudolph himself, but persuaded Alphonso X. king of Castile, who had been chosen German king in 1257, to do the same. In November 1274 it was decided by the diet at Nuremberg that all crown estates seized since the death of the emperor Frederick II. must be restored, and that Ottakar of Bohemia must answer to the diet for not recognizing the new king. Ottakar refused to appear or to restore the provinces of Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola which he had seized. He was placed under the ban; and in June 1276 war was declared against him. Having detached Henry I. duke of lower Bavaria from his side, Rudolph compelled the Bohemian king to cede the four provinces in November 1276. Ottakar was then invested with Bohemia by Rudolph, and his son Wenceslaus was betrothed to a daughter of the German king, who made a triumphal entry into Vienna. Ottakar, however, raised questions about the execution of the treaty, made an alliance with some Polish chiefs and procured the support of several German princes, including his [former ally, Henry of lower Bavaria. To meet this combination Rudolph entered into alliance with Ladislaus IV. king of Hungary, and gave additional privileges to the citizens of Vienna. On the 26th of August 1278 the rival armies met on the banks of the river March near Diirnkrut, and Ottakar was defeated and killed. Moravia was subdued and its government entrusted to Rudolph's representatives, while Wenceslaus was again betrothed to one of his daughters.
Rudolph's attention was next turned to his new possessions in Austria and the adjacent countries. He spent several years in establishing his authority there, but found some difficulty in making these provinces hereditary in his family. At length the hostility of the princes was overcome, and in December 1282 Rudolph invested his sons Albert and Rudolph with the duchies of Austria and Styria at Augsburg, and so laid the foundations of the greatness of the house of Habsburg.
Turning to the west he compelled Philip I. count of upper Burgundy to cede some districts to him in 1281, forced the citizens of Berne to pay the tribute which they had previously refused, and in 1289 marched against Philip's successor, Otto IV., and compelled him to do homage. In 1281 his first wife died, and on the 5th of February 1284 he married Isabella, daughter of Hugh IV. duke of Burgundy. Rudolph was not very successful in restoring internal peace to Germany. Orders were indeed issued for the establishment of landpeaces in Bavaria, Franconia and Swabia, and afterwards for the whole of Germany; but the king lacked the power, or the determination, to enforce them, although in December 1289 he led an expedition into Thuringia where he destroyed a number of robber-castles. In 1291 he attempted to secure the election of his son Albert as German king; but the princes refused on the pretext of their inability to support two kings, but perhaps because they feared the increasing power of the Habsburgs. Rudolph died at Spires on the 15th of July 1291 and was buried in the cathedral of that city. He had a large family, but only one of his sons, Albert, afterwards the German king Albert I., survived him. Rudolph was a tall man with pale face and prominent nose. He possessed many excellent qualities, bravery, piety and generosity; but his reign is memorable rather in the history of the house of Habsburg than in that of the kingdom of Germany.
Bibliography. - The original authorities relating to the time and life of Rudolph are found in the Monumenta Germaniae historica. Scriptores, Band xvii. (Hanover and Berlin, 1826 fol.). The following should also be consulted: Acta imperii selecta, Urkunden deutscher Konige and Kaiser, edited by J. F. Biihmer (Innsbruck, 1870); Acta imperii inedita seculi XIII et XIV, Urkunden and Briefe zur Geschichte des Kaiserreichs, edited by E. Winkelmann (Innsbruck, 1885); Aktenstiicke zur Geschichte des deutschen Reiches unter den Konigen Rudolf I. and Albrecht I., edited by F. Kaltenbrunner (Vienna, 1889); M. Gerbert, Codex epistolaris Rudolph I. (Sanblas, 1772); F. J. Bodmann, Codex epistolaris Rudolfi I. Romanorum regis (Leipzig, 1806).
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New York Times Company records. A.M. Rosenthal papers
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A. M. Rosenthal (1922-2006) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning foreign correspondent who became the executive editor of The New York Times and led the paper's global news operations through 17 years of record growth, modernization and major journalistic change. After 19 years as a reporter and correspondent, Rosenthal spent the next 23 years serving successively as metropolitan editor, assistant managing editor, managing editor and executive editor, securing The Times's journalistic significance by pursuing the news aggressively and modernizing the paper while maintaining its strictest standards.
Abraham Michael Rosenthal was born in Sault Ste. Marie, Canada on May 2, 1922, the sixth child of Russian immigrants. The family emigrated to the United States three years later. Growing up in the Bronx during the Great Depression, Abe faced the same poverty as so many of his neighbors, but he had other hardships to endure. His father died when Abe was still very young, as did three of his five sisters. As a teenager, Abe was bedridden for two years by a case of osteomyelitis. Told he would probably never walk again, Abe expected the worst, but help from his surviving sisters allowed him to travel to the Mayo Clinic, where he slowly recovered.
Rosenthal was an eager student, but not a rich one, so he happily attended City College of New York, the academically rigorous, but no-cost, school in Manhattan. Taking particular delight in political discussion there, Rosenthal aspired to the coveted position of The New York Times City College campus correspondent. Attaining the job in his senior year, Rosenthal began a relationship with the paper that continued for over fifty years. He worked on the city staff as a general assignment reporter from his graduation in 1943 until he was named United Nations correspondent in 1945. After nine years covering the U.N., Rosenthal traveled the world as a foreign correspondent, stationed in India, Poland, Switzerland, and Japan from 1954 to 1963. His coverage of the political situation in Poland won him two of his proudest honors: a Pulitzer Prize and forcible expulsion from Poland.
Reluctantly returning to New York, Rosenthal was named Metropolitan Editor (an appellation he disliked, preferring the old title of City Editor). He presided over the expansion of New York coverage, adding more feature stories and social observation to the typical crime beat and press conference summaries common to city desks of the era. In 1967, Rosenthal was promoted to Assistant Managing Editor and, shortly thereafter, to Associate Managing Editor. In 1969, he was named Managing Editor. He took a more hands-on approach to the job than his predecessors, with his first action being to insist on reading selected copy before it appeared in the paper. Rosenthal himself later contrasted his style with that of earlier editors by suggesting that they preferred to be judges, assessing what was good or bad about yesterday's paper, while he preferred to be a participant, guiding what would be in tomorrow's paper.
Rosenthal found ways to enlarge the scope of the paper, adding daily sections on various special subjects, such as business, science, and entertainment. His changes increased circulation and advertising, allowing The New York Times to maintain its profitability as more people turned to television for their daily news consumption, while broadening the definition of news itself in the "paper of record." By 1976, the Sunday paper, previously a separate editorial entity, merged with the daily paper, and Rosenthal was named Executive Editor, responsible for every page of The New York Times, except for the editorial and Op-Ed pages.
In spite of presiding over an era of unprecedented change, Rosenthal's primary editorial goal was always to "keep the paper straight." Eager to keep any bias out of Times news coverage, Rosenthal constantly reminded his reporters and editors of the importance of impartial journalism. Rosenthal generally felt that as long as the Times received criticism from both sides of the political spectrum on a given issue, the reporting had been fair. Ironically, one of the controversies arising during Rosenthal's tenure resulted from one of the very few pieces he wrote as an editor. He was at Columbia University on the night of a particularly violent student protest in 1968 and, after surveying the aftermath, he decided to write an article covering the story. Critics from within The New York Times, as well as from outside, accused Rosenthal of showing his sympathy for the administration and his contempt for the protesters. He denied any bias, but did avoid any subsequent original reporting. Some controversial policy issues arising during Rosenthal's tenure sprang from stylistic choices; until 1986, "Ms." was not a permissible honorific in the Times and "gay" could only be used as a synonym for happy. On the other side of the political coin, the publication of the Pentagon Papers made The Times, and Rosenthal in particular, a target of conservative criticism.
At the helm of a staff of highly regarded editors and writers that included many young stars he had recruited, Rosenthal directed coverage of the major news stories of the era - the war in Vietnam, the Pentagon Papers, the Watergate scandal and successive crises in the Middle East. After 17 years as a principal architect of the modern New York Times, Rosenthal stepped down as the top editor in 1986, having nearly reached the mandatory retirement age set for the editorial staff of the paper. He then began the last phase of his Times career, nearly 13 years as the author of a twice-weekly column, "On My Mind," for the Op-Ed page. The column centered on public affairs in general, with a particular focus on international issues, human rights, and drug policy in America. After publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. ended Rosenthal's tenure as a Times columnist in 1999, Rosenthal continued as a columnist with the New York Daily News, as well as with several online media outlets. He made no secret of his disappointment at being asked to leave his lifelong journalistic home, but he was eager to keep writing on the subjects about which he still had something to say.
Rosenthal was married to Ann Marie Burke from 1949 to 1986, and to Shirley Lord from 1987 until his death. He had three sons with his first wife, one of whom, Andrew Rosenthal, went on to become an editor at The New York Times.
The A.M. Rosenthal papers are comprised of Rosenthal's files at The New York Times dating from the late 1960s to his retirement in 1986. The collection provides an in-depth look at Rosenthal's professional discourse and decision making in his most influential years. The papers comprise an essential part of the paper's history. Rosenthal was a key figure, working at what was then arguably the most important newspaper in the world. With his colleagues, Rosenthal made decisions that influenced how many people perceived current events. The New York Times files represent the correspondence to and from A.M. Rosenthal's office during his tenure as managing editor and executive editor.
The New York Times files consist of Rosenthal's office files from, roughly, 1967 through 1986, covering his roles as Assistant and Associate Managing Editor, Managing Editor, and Executive Editor. It contains mostly memoranda to and from the publisher, Rosenthal's associates and staff members in the News Department, and executives and members of other departments of The Times, as well as business correspondence with staff members abroad, professional acquaintances and organizations, government officials and other persons in the news, and subscribers and readers. Some correspondence with friends and relatives, as well as a few papers postdating his retirement from The Times, are included. The files delineate Rosenthal's relationship with The Times and The Times's relationship with the world.
The collection contains thousands of internal memoranda and correspondence with Times staff that document the deliberations and thought processes behind the management of the paper. Personnel decisions regarding hiring, assignments, and bureau staffing are debated and solved by Rosenthal and his deputies as they worked to find the best talent in journalism and the best use of the talent they had. Editorial policies and questions of tone, style, taste, and subject are settled in these pages. Disagreements are outlined and discussed, providing greater insight into the final outcomes of internal debates. Rosenthal's place at the top of the editorial line allows researchers to see the extent to which the publisher communicated with the day-to-day staff, which questions required an opinion from the publisher, and which did not. The development of Times innovations like the Science Times and the Weekend section are illustrated in these files, showing the planning, and occasional false starts, leading to major changes in the paper's format.
Ongoing in these files is the dialogue between the paper, often represented by Rosenthal, and the newsmakers The Times covered, with some of whom Rosenthal developed more personal relationships. Many significant figures in local, national, international and cultural affairs wrote to Rosenthal; some of these letters are long and revealing, some funny. He replied and/or wrote to someone else at The Times about the letter. Rosenthal also often recorded his meetings with these individuals in long, thoughtful memos to his colleagues.
The papers include files on figures such as Spiro Agnew, Zbigniew Brzezinski, William F. Buckley Jr., George Bush, Truman Capote, Jimmy Carter, Mario Cuomo, Bill Graham, W. Averell Harriman, Hubert Humphrey, Jacob Javits, Alfred Kazin, Ted Kennedy, Alfred A. Knopf, Ed Koch, John Lindsay, Arthur Schlesinger, Robert Moses, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Rupert Murdoch, Ralph Nader, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Nelson Rockefeller, George Steinbrenner, Gloria Steinem, Tom Stoppard, Elie Wiesel, and Tom Wolfe, as well as subject files on topics such as Affirmative Action, the Pentagon Papers, Cambodia, El Salvador, Vietnam, Watergate, the Middle East, and the Moon Landing.
When newsmakers or readers wanted to communicate with The Times, Rosenthal's office was usually part of the conversation. In many cases, Rosenthal was in direct contact with correspondents of the paper; in others, he was brought into the dialogue by the publisher or by another editor. In some cases, Rosenthal and other Times staff members wrote notes directly on incoming letters, indicating their views or planned responses. Rosenthal was always a distinct personality, and his voice was never solely the voice of the paper. Some personal correspondence is included in this series, with colleagues and outsiders alike.
Still, Rosenthal saw himself as a guardian of The Times, and the files reflect that attitude. His principles informed and governed every aspect of the news operation, and they pervade these notes and letters. many of the papers deal with overcoming press restrictions, keeping the news columns free of opinion, separating content from business, and other issues of journalistic ethics.The papers reflect Rosenthal's responses to criticism, varying depending on whether or not he saw it as justified, and his enthusiasm for his work and for the paper on which he performed it.
The files are divided into two subseries: people and subjects. The people files consist of folders labeled by personal names. They contain correspondence with and/or about the individual named. The subject files consist of folders titled by keywords, events, organizational names, or geographic locations. The majority of the material dates from 1967 to 1986, but a few earlier and later exceptions are included. Memoranda and correspondence by Rosenthal's principal associates and assistants that had been in his files, though neither addressed to him nor marked as copies for him, have been retained here. Seven boxes of restricted material will become available in 2026.
Material germane to two or more titles is not, as a rule, duplicated in the relevant folders; instead, it is stored in the one deemed most important by The New York Times and other relevant names or subjects are cross-referenced. Papers dealing with specific subjects are generally stored in their subject folders rather than in the people folders of the persons involved, and their names are covered by cross-references. Cross-references are made from the principal names and the next most important subject titles, but are not exhaustive. Some names and subjects in the finding aid do not represent folders, but exist only as cross-references.
The New York Times Company records. A.M. Rosenthal papers are arranged in two series:
52 boxes
The people files are comprised of folders identified by personal names. The folders contain correspondence between Rosenthal and the subject, between Rosenthal and others regarding the subject, and in some cases, both. People files can be found for newsmakers, Times staff members, and Rosenthal friends, acquaintances, and relatives. Most of the correspondence details New York Times business, but there are letters and segments of letters that touch on more personal matters, including, in many cases, Rosenthal's 1986 retirement as Executive Editor. Some of the more notable names include Spiro Agnew, Zbigniew Brzezinski, William F. Buckley Jr., George Bush, Truman Capote, Jimmy Carter, Mario Cuomo, Bill Graham, W. Averell Harriman, Hubert Humphrey, Jacob Javits, Alfred Kazin, Ted Kennedy, Alfred A. Knopf, Ed Koch, John Lindsay, Arthur Schlesinger, Robert Moses, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Rupert Murdoch, Ralph Nader, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Nelson Rockefeller, George Steinbrenner, Gloria Steinem, Tom Stoppard, Elie Wiesel, and Tom Wolfe. Folders regarding staff members relate to hiring, assignments, editing, leave requests, and all aspects of their work on the paper. Some names in the finding aid do not represent folders, but exist only as cross-references. Five boxes of restricted material will be closed until 2026.
77 boxes
The subject files categorize correspondence relating to news events, geographical areas, companies and organizations, fields of study or interest, and aspects of The New York Times itself. Historical topics include Affirmative Action, the Pentagon Papers, Cambodia, El Salvador, Vietnam, Watergate, the Middle East, and the Moon Landing. Subjects on features of The Times contain internal correspondence relating to the relevant sections of the paper, as well as letters to and from interested readers on the subjects concerned. Historical subjects include internal memoranda, letters from readers, and letters from newsmakers themselves regarding the subjects in question. Some subjects in the finding aid do not represent folders, but exist only as cross-references. Two boxes of restricted material will be closed until 2026.
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Rudolf I: marriages and offspring
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Rudolf’s marriage to Gertrude of Hohenberg resulted in three sons and six daughters who survived into adulthood. Their eldest son Albrecht (1255-1308) was married to Elizabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol, whose family was among the allies of the Habsburgs in the Alpine region. Albrecht further consolidated the position of the emerging dynasty. Hartmann (1263–1281), whom his father had
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en
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Die Welt der Habsburger
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https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/rudolf-i-marriages-and-offspring
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Rudolf’s marriage to Gertrude of Hohenberg resulted in three sons and six daughters who survived into adulthood.
Their eldest son Albrecht (1255-1308) was married to Elizabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol, whose family was among the allies of the Habsburgs in the Alpine region. Albrecht further consolidated the position of the emerging dynasty.
Hartmann (1263–1281), whom his father had also chosen for a dynastic alliance, died in a shipping accident on the Rhine before he could be married.
The marriages of Rudolf II (1270–1290) and Guta (1271–1297), who were betrothed while still children to Agnes and Wenceslas II, the children of King Ottokar II Přemysl who had been killed in the Battle on the Marchfeld, served to reconcile the two ruling dynasties.
Mathilda (c. 1251–1304) and Catherine (d. 1282) married into the Bavarian Wittelsbach dynasty. The elder of the two, Mathilda, was the mother of the later emperor Louis IV the Bavarian, the rival Rudolf’s grandson Frederick for the Roman-German crown.
Hedwig (d. 1286) married Margrave Otto of Brandenburg, who was a nephew of Ottokar II Přemysl on his mother’s side.
Agnes (c. 1257–1322) was married to another of her father’s supporters, Duke Albrecht II of Saxony.
Clementia (d. 1293) was married to Charles Martell, who was from the Angevin dynasty ruling over the kingdom of Naples and descended on his mother’s side from the Hungarian royal dynasty. After the turmoil ensuing from the extinction of the Arpads he sought to claim succession to the Hungarian throne. However, it was to be his son Charles Robert who would finally win the Hungarian crown.
After the death of Gertrude Rudolf remarried in 1284 at the age of sixty-six. His bride was the fourteen-year-old Agnes of Burgundy (1270–1323). The couple’s marriage remained childless.
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BURIAL PLACES OF AUSTRIAN SOVEREIGNS FROM A TO Z
BRNO (CZECH REPUBLIC)
BURIED IN THE CISTERCIAN CONVENT OF AULAE SANCTAE MARIAE (Brno, klášter cisterciaÄek, Mendlovo námestÃ):
Duchess ELIZABETH RYKSA OF POLAND (+1335), consort of Duke Rudolph III
DIJON (FRANCE)
BURIED IN THE DUCAL PALACE
(Dijon, Palais des Ducs, Salle des gardes, Rue de la Liberté):
Duchess CATHERINE OF BURGUNDY (+1425), consort of Duke Leopold IV of Styria and Carinthia
GAMING (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE CARTHUSIAN CONVENT
(Gaming, Kartause, Ãtscherlandstr.):
01. Duke ALBERT II THE LAME (+1358)
02. Duchess JOANNA OF PFIRT (+1351), consort of Duke Albert II
03. Duchess ELIZABETH OF BOHEMIA (+1373), consort of Duke Albert III
GRAZ (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE IMPERIAL MAUSOLEUM
(Graz, Kaiserliches Mausoleum, Bürgergasse):
01. Archduchess ANNA MARIA OF BAVARIA (+1608), consort of Archduke Charles II
02. Archduke FERDINAND III (+1637)
HEILIGENKREUZ (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE CISTERCIAN ABBEY (Stift Heiligenkreuz):
01. Margravine GERTRUDE OF SÃPPLINGENBURG (+1143), consort of Duke Henry II
02. Duke LEOPOLD V (+1194)
03. Duke FREDERICK I THE CATHOLIC (+1198)
04. Duke FREDERICK II THE VALIANT (+1246)
INNSBRUCK (AUSTRIA)
THE COURT CHURCH (Innsbruck, Hofkirche, Universitätsstr.):
Cenotaph to Archduke MAXIMILIAN I (+1519).
Maximilian I was, however, not buried here, but in St George's Chapel in Wiener Neustadt.
KLOSTERNEUBURG (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE AUGUSTINIAN ABBEY
(Stift Klosterneuburg, Stiftsplatz):
Duchess THEODORA OF BYZANTIUM (+1246), consort of Duke Leopold VI.
The tomb has not been preserved.
LILIENFELD (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE CISTERCIAN ABBEY (Stift Lilienfeld, Klosterrotte):
01. Duke LEOPOLD VI THE GLORIOUS (+1230)
02. Duchess MARGARET OF BABENBERG (+1266), consort of Duke Ottokar
03. Duchess CIMBURGIS OF MAZOVIA (+1429), consort of Duke Ernest the Ironside.
The tomb has not been preserved.
MADRID (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF DISCALCED FRANCISCANS (Madrid, Monasterio de las Descalzas Reales, calle de la Misericordia):
Archduchess MARY OF SPAIN (+1603), consort of Archduke Maximilian II
MONTE (MADEIRA-PORTUGAL)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF OUR LADY OF MONTE
(Monte, Igreja Nossa Senhora do Monte, Caminho Das Babosas):
Emperor CHARLES I (+1922).
His heart was buried in Muri Abbey, Switzerland.
NAPLES (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE BASILICA OF SANTISSIMA ANNUNZIATA
(Napoli, Basilica della Santissima Annunziata, Via Annunziata):
Duchess JOAN OF NAPLES (+1435), consort of Duke William of Styria nad Carinthia
NEUBERG AN DER MÃRZ (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY CHURCH
(Neuberg an der Mürz, Münster, Hauptstr.):
01. Duke OTTO THE MERRY (+1339)
02. Duchess ELIZABETH OF LOWER BAVARIA (+1330), consort of Duke Otto the Merry
03. Duchess ANNE OF BOHEMIA (+1338), consort of Duke Otto the Merry
04. Duke LEOPOLD II (+1344)
PARIS (FRANCE)
BURIED IN THE AUGUSTINIAN CONVENT
(Paris, Couvent des Grands-Augustins):
Duchess AGNES OF BURGUNDY (+1323), wife of Duke Rudolph I.
The convent was demolished after 1789.
PRAGUE (CZECH REPUBLIC)
BURIED IN THE CONVENT OF ST AGNES
(Praha, klašter sv. Anežky, Anežská):
01. Duchess KUNIGUNDE OF HALICZ (+1285), consort of Duke Ottokar.
The tomb has not been preserved.
02. Duchess AGNES OF BOHEMIA (+1296), consort of Duke Rudolph II.
The tomb has not been preserved.
PRAGUE (CZECH REPUBLIC)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF ST VITUS (Praha, chram sv. Vita):
01. Duke OTTOKAR (+1278)
02. Duke RUDOLPH II (+1290)
03. Duke RUDOLPH III (+1307)
04. Archduke LADISLAUS THE POSTHUMOUS (+1457)
05. Archduke FERDINAND I (+1564)
06. Archduchess ANNA JAGIELLONIAN OF BOHEMIA (+1547), consort of King Ferdinand I
07. Archduke MAXIMILIAN II (+1576)
08. Archduke RUDOLPH V (+1612
REIN (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN REIN ABBEY (Stift Rein, Pleschstr.):
01. Duke ERNEST THE IRONSIDE (+1424)
02. Duchess MARGARET OF POMERANIA (+1410), consort of Duke Ernest the Ironside.
The tomb has not been preserved.
SAN LORENZO DE EL ESCORIAL (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF SAN LORENZO (El Monasterio de El Escorial, Avenida Juan De Borbón Y Battemberg):
Archduke CHARLES I (+1558)
SECKAU (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE BENEDICTINE ABBEY
(Seckau, Benediktinerabtei, Zellenplatz Weg):
Archduke CHARLES II (+1590)
SPEYER (GERMANY)
BURIED IN SPEYER CATHEDRAL (Speyer Dom, Domplatz):
01. Duke RUDOLPH I (+1291)
02. Duke ALBERT I (+1308)
STAMS (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE CISTERCIAN ABBEY
(Stams, Zisterzienserstift, Stiftshof):
Archduchess BIANCA MARIA SFORZA (+1510), consort of Archduke Maximilian I
ST PAUL IM LAVANTTAL (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE BENEDICTINE ABBEY
(Benediktinerstift St. Paul im Lavanttal, Hauptstr.):
01. Duchess GERTRUDE ANNE (+1281), consort of Duke Rudolph I
02. Duchess ELIZABETH OF CARINTHIA (+1313), consort of Duke Albert I
03. Duke LEOPOLD I (+1326)
04. Duchess CATHERINE ELIZABETH OF SAVOY (+1336), consort of Duke Leopold I
05. Duke LEOPOLD III (+1386)
STIÄNA (SLOVENIA)
BURIED IN THE CISTERCIAN CONVENT
(StiÄna, Cistercijanska opatija):
01. Duchess AGNES OF MERANIA (+1263), consort of Duke Frederick II.
The tomb has not been preserved.
02. Duchess VIRIDIS OF MILAN (+1407/14), consort of Duke Leopold III.
The tomb has not been preserved.
SZÃKESFEHÃRVÃR (HUNGARY)
BURIED IN THE CORONATION BASILICA
(Székesfehérvár, Koronázó-bazilika, Koronázó tér):
01. Duke ALBERT V (+1439)
02. Duchess ELIZABETH OF BOHEMIA (+1442), consort of Duke Albert V.
The basilica and the royal tombs were demolished by the Turks in 1601.
TÃBINGEN (GERMANY)
BURIED IN ST GEORGE'S CHURCH
(Tübingen, Stiftskirche St. Georg, Holzmarkt):
Archduchess MECHTILDE (+1482), consort of Archduke Albert VI
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE CAPUCHIN CHURCH
(Wien, Kapuzinerkirche, Neuer Markt):
01. Archduke MATTHEW (+1619).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
02. Archduchess ANNA OF TYROL (+1618), consort of Archduke Matthew.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
03. Archduke FERDINAND IV (+1654).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
04. Archduchess MARIA ANNA OF SPAIN (+1646), consort of Archduke Ferdinand IV
05. Archduchess MARIA LEOPOLDINA OF TYROL (+1649), consort of Archduke Ferdinand IV
06. Archduchess ELEANOR MAGDALEN OF MANTUA-NEVERS-GONZAGA (+1686), consort of Archduke Ferdinand IV.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
07. Archduke LEOPOLD VI (+1705).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
08. Archduchess MARGARET THERESA OF SPAIN (+1673), consort of Archduke Leopold VI.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
09. Archduchess ELEANOR MAGDALEN OF THE PALATINATE-NEUBURG (+1720), consort of Archduke Leopold VI
10. Archduke JOSEPH I (+1711)
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
11. Archduke CHARLES III (+1740).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
12. Archduchess ELIZABETH CHRISTINA OF BRUNSWICK-WOLFENBÃTTEL (+1750), consort of Archduke Charles III
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
13. Archduchess MARIA THERESA (+1780).
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
14. Emperor FRANCIS I STEPHEN (+1765), consort of Archduchess Maria Theresa.
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
15. Archduke JOSEPH II (+1790)
16. Archduchess MARIA JOSEPHA OF BAVARIA (+1767), consort of Archduke Joseph II
17. Archduke LEOPOLD VII (+1792).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
18. Archduchess MARIA LODOVICA OF SICILY (+1792), consort of Archduke Leopold VII
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
19. Emperor FRANCIS I (+1835).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
20. Empress MARIA THERESA OF NAPLES-SICILY (+1807), consort of Emperor Francis I
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
21. Empress MARIA LODOVICA OF MODENA (+1816), consort of Emperor Francis I.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
22. Empress CAROLINE AUGUSTA OF BAVARIA (+1873), consort of Emperor Francis I
23. Emperor FERDINAND V THE GOOD (+1875).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
24. Empress MARIA ANNA OF SARDINIA (+1884), consort of Emperor Ferdinand V
25. Emperor FRANCIS JOSEPH I (+1916)
26. Empress ELIZABETH OF BAVARIA (+1898), consort of Emperor Francis Joseph I
27. Empress ZITA OF BOURBON-PARMA (+1989), consort of Emperor Charles I.
Her heart was buried in Muri Abbey, Switzerland.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE DOMINICAN CHURCH
(Wien, Dominikanerkirche, Postgasse):
Archduchess CLAUDIA FELICITY OF TIROL (+1676), consort of Archduke Leopold VI.
Her heart was buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE MINORITES CONVENT, CHURCH OF OUR LADY OF THE SNOW (Wien, Minoritenkloster, Kirche Maria Schnee, Minoritenplatz):
01. Duchess BLANCHE OF FRANCE (+1305), consort of Duke Rudolph III.
The tomb has not been preserved.
02. Duchess ELIZABETH OF ARAGON (+1330), consort of Duke Frederick III the Handsome.
The tomb has not been preserved.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE SALESIAN CONVENT
(Wien, Salesianerinnenkloster der Heimsuchung Maria, Rennweg):
Archduchess WILHELMINA AMALIA OF BRUNSWICK-LUNEBURG (+1742), consort of Archduke Joseph I.
Her heart was buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE SCOTTISH CHURCH
(Wien, Schottenkirche, Freyung):
01. Duke HENRY II (+1177)
02. Duchess THEODORA OF BYZANTIUM (+1184), consort of Duke Henry II
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN ST STEPHEN’S CATHEDRAL
(Wien, Stephansdom-Herzogsgruft, Stephansplatz):
01. Duke FREDERICK III THE FAIR (+1330).
His heart was buried in the Ascension Church in Linz.
02. Duke RUDOLPH IV THE FOUNDER (+1365)
03. Duchess CATHERINE OF BOHEMIA (+1386/95), consort of Duke Rudolph IV the Founder
04. Duke ALBERT III (+1395)
05. Duchess BEATRICE OF NUREMBERG (+1414), consort of Duke Albert III.
The tomb has not been preserved.
06. Duke ALBERT IV (+1404)
07. Duchess JOANNA SOPHIA OF BAVARIA (+1410), consort of Duke Albert IV
08. Duke WILLIAM (+1406)
09. Duke LEOPOLD IV (+1411)
10. Archduke ALBERT VI (+1463)
11. Archduke FREDERICK V (+1493).
His heart and viscera were buried in the Ascension Church in Linz.
12. Archduchess ELEANOR OF MANTUA (+1655), consort of Archduke Ferdinand III.
Her heart was buried in the Imperial Mausoleum in Graz.
WIENER NEUSTADT (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN ST GEORGE’S CHAPEL
(Wiener Neustadt, Georgskapelle, Burgplatz):
Archduke MAXIMILIAN I (+1519).
His cenotaph is to be found in the Court Church in Innsbruck. His heart was buried inside the tomb of his first consort Duchess Mary of Burgundy in the Church of Our Lady in Bruges (Belgium).
WIENER NEUSTADT (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE NEUKLOSTERKIRCHE
(Wiener Neustadt, Neuklosterkirche, Neuklostergasse):
Archduchess ELEANOR OF PORTUGAL (+1467), consort of Archduke Frederick V
LIST OF AUSTRIAN SOVEREIGNS 1141-1918
MARGRAVIATE OF AUSTRIA (Ostmark) until 1156:
HOUSE OF BABENBERG (Babenberger)
1141-1156: HENRY II
(Heinrich II. Jasomirgott; Duke of Austria from 1156)
DUCHY OF AUSTRIA 1156-1453:
HOUSE OF BABENBERG (Babenberger)
1156-1177: HENRY II (Heinrich II. Jasomirgott)
Born in 1112.
Father: Margrave Leopold III of Austria. Mother: Margravine Agnes.
Married firstly GERTRUDE of Süpplingenburg (*1115,+1143).
Married secondly in 1148 Princess THEODORA of Byzantium (+1184).
His issue who reigned:
-LEOPOLD V (*1157,+1194; son of Theodora),
-Agnes (*c. 1154,+1182; Queen of Hungary; daughter of Theodora).
Died in c. 1177.
Buried with his second consort Duchess Theodora of Byzantium at the Scottish Church in Vienna.
His first consort Margravine Gertrude was buried in Heiligenkreuz Abbey.
1177-1194: LEOPOLD V
Born in 1157.
Father: Duke Henry II of Austria. Mother: Duchess Theodora of Byzantium.
Married in c. 1174 Princess HELEN (Ilona) of Hungary (*c. 1158,+1199; burial place unknown).
His issue who reigned:
-FREDERICK I (*c. 1175,+1198),
-LEOPOLD VI (*1176/77,+1230).
Died in 1194 in Graz.
Buried in Heiligenkreuz Abbey.
1195-1198: FREDERICK I THE CATHOLIC
(Friedrich I. der Katolische)
Born in c. 1175.
Father: Duke Leopold V of Austria. Mother: Duchess Helen (Ilona) of Hungary.
Unmarried.
Died in 1198 in the Holy Land.
Buried in Heiligenkreuz Abbey.
1198-1230: LEOPOLD VI THE GLORIOUS
(Leopold VI. der Glorreiche)
Born in 1176/77.
Father: Duke Leopold V of Austria. Mother: Duchess Helen of Hungary.
Married in 1203 Princess THEODORA of Byzantium (+1246 Kahlenberg).
His issue who reigned:
-FREDERICK II (*1210,+1246),
-Margaret (+1266; Queen of Bohemia).
Died in 1230 at San Germano, Apulia.
Buried in Lilienfeld Abbey.
His consort Duchess Theodora was buried in Klosterneuburg Abbey (no tomb).
1230-1246: FREDERICK II THE VALIANT
(Friedrich II. der Streitbare)
Born in 1211 in Wiener Neustadt.
Father: Duke Leopold VI of Austria. Mother: Duchess Theodora of Byzantium.
Married firstly Princess Sophia of Byzantium. Repudiated in 1229.
Married secondly in 1229 AGNES of Merania (+1263). Repudiated in 1243.
Died in 1246 in the Battle of the Leitha.
Buried in Heiligenkreuz Abbey. His consort Duchess Agnes of Merania was buried in the Cistercian Convent at StiÄna, now Slovenia (no tomb).
1246-1251: INTERREGNUM
HOUSE OF PÅEMYSLID (PÅemysliden)
1251-1278: OTTOKAR (King of Bohemia as PÅemysl Otakar II)
Born in 1230.
Father: King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia. Mother: Queen Kunigunde of Hohenstaufen.
Married firstly in 1252 Princess MARGARET of Babenberg (+1266). Repudiated in 1260.
Married secondly in 1261 Princess KUNIGUNDA of Halicz (*1245,+1285).
His issue who reigned:
-Wenceslaus II (*1271,+1305; King of Bohemia and Poland; son of Kunigunda).
Died in 1278 in the Battle of Dürnkrut near Vienna.
Buried in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
His first consort Duchess Margaret was buried in the Cistercian Abbey at Lilienfeld, Austria.
His second consort Duchess Kunigunda was buried in the Convent of St Agnes in Prague (no tomb).
HOUSE OF HABSBURG (Habsburger)
1278-1282: RUDOLPH I (Rudolf I.; German King)
Born in 1218 at Limburg/Breisgau.
Father: Count Albert IV of Habsburg. Mother: Countess Hedvig of Kyburg.
Married firstly in 1253 in Alsace Countess GERTRUDE ANNE of Hohenberg (*1225 Swabia,+1281 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1284 at Besançon Duchess AGNES of Burgundy (*1270 Dijon,+1323 Chambly).
His issue who reigned:
-ALBERT I *1255,+1308; son of Gertrude Anna),
-Clementia (*c. 1262,+1293; Queen of Naples; daughter of Gertrude Anna),
-RUDOLPH II (*c. 1270,+1290; son of Gertrude Anna),
-Judith (*1271,+1297; Queen of Bohemia; daughter of Gertrude Anna).
Abdicated in 1282 in favour of his son Albert I.
Died in 1291 in Speyer.
Buried in Speyer Cathedral.
His first consort Duchess Gertrude Anne was firstly buried in the Cathedral of Basel/Switzerland, later reburied in the Benedictine Monastery at St Paul im Lavanttal.
His second consort Duchess Agnes was buried in the Augustinian Convent in Paris (demolished).
1282-1308: ALBERT I (Albrecht I.; German king. Ruled jointly with Rudolph II and Rudolph III)
Born in c. 1255 at Rheinfelden.
Father: Duke Rudolph I of Austria. Mother: Duchess Gertrude Anna of Hohenberg.
Married in c. 1276 in Vienna Princess ELIZABETH of Carinthia (*c. 1262 Munich,+1313 Vienna).
His issue who reigned:
-Agnes (*1281,+1364; Queen of Hungary),
-RUDOLPH III (*c. 1282,+1307),
-FREDERICK THE HANDSOME (*c. 1289,+1330),
-LEOPOLD I (*1290,+1326),
-ALBERT II THE LAME (*1298,+1358),
-OTTO (*1301,+1339).
Died in 1308 at Königsfelden near Brugg (murdered).
Buried in Speyer Cathedral.
His consort Duchess Elizabeth of Carinthia was buried in the Benedictine Abbey at St Paul im Lavanttal.
1282-1290: RUDOLPH II (Rudolf II. Ruled jointly with Albert I)
Born in c. 1270 at Rheinfelden.
Father: Duke Rudolph I of Austria. Mother: Duchess Gertrude Anna of Hohenberg.
Married in 1289 in Prague Princess AGNES of Bohemia (*1269 Prague,+1296 Prague).
Died in 1290 in Prague.
Buried in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
His consort Duchess Agnes of Bohemia was buried in the Church of St Francis/St Agnes in Prague (no tomb).
1298-1307: RUDOLPH III
(Rudolf III.; King of Bohemia. Ruled jointly with Albert I)
Born in c. 1282 in Vienna.
Father: Duke Albert I of Austria. Mother: Duchess Elizabeth of Carinthia.
Married firstly in 1300 in Vienna Princess BLANCHE of France (*1278 Paris,+1305 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1306 in Prague ELIZABETH of Poland, Dowager Queen of Bohemia (*c. 1286 PoznaÅ,+1335 Brno).
Died in 1307 in HoražÄovice, Bohemia.
Buried in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
His first consort Duchess Blanche was buried in the Minorites Convent in Vienna (no tomb).
His second consort Queen and Duchess Elizabeth of Poland was buried at the Cistercian Convent in Brno, Moravia.
1308-1330: FREDERICK III THE FAIR
(Friedrich III. der Schöne; German king. Ruled with Leopold I)
Born in c. 1289 in Vienna.
Father: Duke Albert I of Austria. Mother: Duchess Elizabeth of Carinthia.
Married in 1314 at Castle Gutenstein Princess ELIZABETH of Aragon (*c. 1296 Montpellier,+1330 Vienna).
Died in 1330 at Gutenstein, Lower Austria.
Buried in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
His consort Duchess Elizabeth of Aragon was buried in the Minorites Church in Vienna (no tomb).
1308-1326: LEOPOLD I (Ruled jointly with Frederick III the Fair)
Born in 1290 in Vienna.
Father: Duke Albert I of Austria. Mother: Duchess Elizabeth of Carinthia.
Married in 1315 in Vienna Princess CATHERINE ELIZABETH of Savoy (*c. 1298 Brabant,+1336 Rheinfelden).
Died in 1326 in Strasbourg.
Buried with his consort Duchess Catherine Elizabeth of Savoy in the Benedictine Abbey at St Paul im Lavanttal.
1330-1358: ALBERT II THE LAME (Albrecht II. der Lahme. Ruled jointly with Otto the Merry and Leopold II)
Born in 1298 at Habsburg.
Father: Duke Albert I of Austria. Mother: Duchess Elizabeth of Carinthia.
Married in 1324 in Vienna Countess JOANNA of Pfirt (*c. 1200 Basel,+1351 Vienna).
His issue who reigned:
-RUDOLPH IV THE FOUNDER (*1339,+1365),
-ALBERT III (*1348,+1395),
-LEOPOLD III (*1351,+1386).
Died in 1358 in Vienna.
Buried with his consort Duchess Joanna of Pfirt in the Carthusian Convent at Gaming.
1330-1339: OTTO THE MERRY
(Otto der Fröhlihe. Ruled jointly with Albert II)
Born in 1301 in Vienna.
Father: Duke Albert I of Austria. Mother: Duchess Elizabeth of Carinthia.
Married firstly in 1325 in Vienna ELIZABETH of Lower Bavaria (*c. 1306 Nuremberg,+1330 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1335 in Prague Princess ANNE of Bohemia (*1319 Prague,+1338 Neuberg/Mürz).
His issue who reigned:
-LEOPOLD II (*1328,+1344; son of Elizabeth).
Died in 1339 at Neuberg/Mürz.
Buried with his both consorts in the Monastery Church at Neuberg/Mürz.
1339-1344: LEOPOLD II (Ruled jointly with Albert II)
Born in 1328.
Father: Duke Otto the Merry of Austria. Mother: Duchess Elizabeth Lower Bavaria.
Unmarried.
Died in 1344.
Buried in the Monastery Church at Neuberg/Mürz.
1358-1365: RUDOLPH IV THE FOUNDER (Rudolf IV. der Stifter)
Born in 1339 in Vienna.
Father: Duke Albert II the Lame of Austria. Mother: Duchess Joanna of Pfirt.
Married in 1353 (or 1357) in Vienna Princess CATHERINE of Bohemia (*1342 Prague,+1386/95 Vienna).
Died in 1365 in Milan.
Buried with his consort Duchess Catherine of Bohemia in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
1365-1395: ALBERT III (Albrecht III. Ruled with Leopold III)
Born in 1348 in Vienna.
Father: Duke Albert II the Lame of Austria. Mother: Duchess Joanna of Pfirt.
Married firstly in 1366 in Vienna Princess ELIZABETH of Bohemia (*1358 Prague,+1373 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1375 in Vienna BEATRICE of Nuremberg (*c. 1355 Nuremberg,+1414 Vienna).
Issue of his first marriage: none.
His issue who reigned: ALBERT IV (*1377,+1404; son of Beatrice).
Died in 1395 at Laxenburg near Vienna.
Buried with his second consort Duchess Beatrice in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna (her tomb was lost).
His first consort Duchess Elizabeth of Bohemia was buried in the Carthusian Convent at Gaming.
1365-1386: LEOPOLD III (Duke of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola. Ruled Lower Austria jointly with Albert III)
Born in 1351 in Vienna.
Father: Duke Albert II the Lame of Austria. Mother: Duchess Joanna of Pfirt.
Married in 1365 in Milan Princess VIRIDIS Visconti of Milan (*c. 1350 Milan,+1407/14).
His issue who reigned:
-WILLIAM (*1370,+1406; Duke of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola),
-LEOPOLD IV (*1371,+1411; Duke of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola),
-ERNEST THE IRONSIDE (*1377,+1424; Duke of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola),
-FREDERICK IV (*1382,+1439; Duke of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola).
Died in 1386 in the battle near Sempach.
Buried in the Benedictine Monastery at St Paul im Lavanttal.
His consort Duchess Viridis was buried in the Cistercian Convent at StiÄna, now Slovenia (no tomb).
1379: AUSTRIA DIVIDED INTO LOWER AUSTRIA AND INNER AUSTRIA (STYRIA, CARINTHIA AND CARNIOLA)
DUKES OF INNER AUSTRIA
1386-1406: WILLIAM (Wilhelm. Ruled jointly with Leopold IV)
Born in 1370 in Vienna.
Father: Duke Leopold III. Mother: Duchess Viridis Visconti.
Married in 1401 in Vienna Princess JOAN of Naples (*1373,+1435 Naples; later Queen Joan II of Naples).
Died in 1406 in Vienna.
Buried in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
His consort Duchess Joan of Naples was buried in the Church of Annunziata in Naples.
1386-1411: LEOPOLD IV (Ruled jointly with William)
Born in 1371.
Father: Duke Leopold III. Mother: Duchess Viridis Visconti.
Married in 1393 in Vienna CATHERINE of Burgundy (*1378 Montbard,+1425 Grey-sur-Saône).
Died in 1411 in Vienna.
Buried in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
His consort Duchess Catherine was buried firstly in Champmol Abbey, later reburied in the Ducal Palace in Dijon.
1406-1424: ERNEST THE IRONSIDE (Ernst der Eiserne. Ruled jointly with Frederick IV)
Born in 1377 in Bruck/Mur.
Father: Duke Leopold III. Mother: Duchess Viridis Visconti.
Married firstly in 1392 in Bruck/Mur Princess MARGARET of Pomerania (*1366 Demmin,+1410 Bruck/Mur).
Married secondly in 1412 in Kraków Princess CYMBARKA (Cimburgis) of Mazovia (*1394 Warsaw,+1429 Türnitz).
His issue who reigned:
-FREDERICK V (*1415,+1493),
-ALBERT VI (*1418,+1463).
Died in 1424 in Bruck/Mur.
Buried with his first consort Duchess Margaret of Pomerania in Rein Abbey.
His second consort Duchess Cimburgis of Mazovia was buried in Lilienfeld Abbey (no tomb).
1402-1439: FREDERICK IV (Friedrich IV. Ruled with Ernest)
Born in 1382 in Vienna.
Father: Duke Leopold III. Mother: Duchess Viridis Visconti.
Married firstly in 1407 in Innsbruck ELIZABETH of the Palatinate (*c. 1381,+1408).
Married secondly in 1411 in Innsbruck ANNE of Brunswick (*1390,+1432 Innsbruck).
Died in 1439 in Innsbruck.
Buried with his both consorts in Stams Abbey.
DUKES OF LOWER AUSTRIA
1395-1404: ALBERT IV (Albrecht IV.)
Born in 1377 in Vienna.
Father: Duke Albert III of Austria. Mother: Duchess Beatrice of Nuremberg.
Married in 1390 in Vienna Princess JOANNA SOPHIA of Bavaria (*c. 1373 Munich,+1410 Vienna).
His issue who reigned: ALBERT V (*1397,+1439).
Died in 1404 at Klosterneuburg near Vienna.
Buried with his consort Duchess Joanna Sophia of Bavaria in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna (her tomb was lost).
1404-1439: ALBERT V
(Albrecht V.; German king, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1397 in Vienna.
Father: Duke Albert IV of Austria. Mother: Duchess Joanna Sophia of Bavaria.
Married in 1421 in Prague Princess ELIZABETH of Bohemia and Hungary (*c. 1409 Prague,+1442 Györ, Hungary).
His issue who reigned:
-Elizabeth (*1436,+1505; Queen of Poland),
-LADISLAUS THE POSTHUMOUS (*1440,+1457).
Died in 1439 at Neszmély near Esztergom, Hungary.
Buried with his consort Duchess Elizabeth of Bohemia and Hungary in the Coronation Basilica at Székesfehérvár, Hungary (demolished).
1440-1453: LADISLAUS THE POSTHUMOUS
(Ladislaus Posthumus; King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary; Archduke of Austria from 1453)
LOWER AND INNER AUSTRIA UNITED IN 1493
ARCHDUCHY OF AUSTRIA 1453-1804:
HOUSE OF HABSBURG (Habsburger)
1453-1457: LADISLAUS THE POSTHUMOUS (Ladislaus Posthumus; King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1440 at Komárom, Hungary.
Father: Duke Albert V of Austria. Mother: Duchess Elizabeth of Bohemia and Hungary.
Unmarried.
Died in 1457 in Prague.
Buried in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
1435/57-1493: FREDERICK V (Friedrich V.; Roman Emperor and German king as Frederick III. Ruled jointly with Albert VI)
Born in 1415 at Innsbruck.
Father: Duke Ernest of Austria and Styria. Mother: Duchess Cimburgis (Cymbarka) of Mazovia.
Married in 1452 in Rome Princess ELEANOR of Portugal (*1436 Torres Vedras,+1467 Wiener Neustadt).
His issue who reigned:
-MAXIMILIAN I (*1459,+1519).
Died in 1493 at Linz.
Buried in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
His consort Archduchess Eleanor of Portugal was buried in the Parish Church Neuklosterkirche at Wiener Neustadt.
1457-1463: ALBERT VI (Albrecht VI. Ruled with Frederick V)
Born in 1418 in Vienna.
Father: Duke Ernest the Ironside of Styria and Carinthia. Mother: Duchess Cimburgis (Cymbarka) of Mazovia.
Married in 1452 in Vienna Princess MECHTILDE of the Palatinate (*1419 Amberg,+1482 Tübingen).
Died in 1463 in Vienna.
Buried in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
His consort Archduchess Mechtilde was buried in St George's Church at Tübingen.
1493-1519: MAXIMILIAN I (Roman Emperor, German king)
Born in 1459 at Wiener Neustadt.
Father: Archduke Frederick V of Austria. Mother: Archduchess Eleanor of Portugal.
Married firstly in 1477 at Ghent Duchess Mary of Burgundy (*1457 Brussels,+1482 Bruges).
Married secondly in 1494 at Hall, Tyrol Princess BIANCA MARIA Sforza of Milan (*1472 Milan,+1510 Innsbruck).
His issue who reigned:
-Philip I the Fair (*1478,+1506; King of Castile; son of Mary),
-Margaret (*1480,+1530; Duchess of Savoy; daughter of Mary).
Died in 1519 at Wels.
Buried in St George's Chapel at Wiener Neustadt.
His first consort Mary of Burgundy was buried in Our Lady's Church in Bruges, now Belgium.
His second consort Bianca Maria Sforza of Milan was buried in Cistercian Abbey at Stams, Tyrol.
1519-1522: CHARLES I (Karl I.; Roman Emperor and German king as Charles V, King of Spain, Naples and Sicily)
Born in 1500 at Gent.
Father: King Philip I the Fair of Castile. Mother: Queen Joan the Mad of Castile.
Married in 1526 in Seville Princess Isabella of Portugal (*1503 Lisbon,+1539 Toledo).
His issue who reigned:
-Philip II (*1527,+1598; King of Spain and Portugal),
-Maria (*1528,+1603; German Empress and Queen of Bohemia and Hungary).
Abdicated in 1522.
Died in 1558 at San Jerónimo de Yuste, Spain.
Buried with his consort Archduchess Isabella of Portugal in the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.
1522-1564: FERDINAND I (Roman Emperor, German king, King of Bohemia and Hungary)
Born in 1503 at Alcala de Henares, Spain.
Father: King Philip I the Fair of Castile. Mother: Queen Joan the Mad of Castile.
Married in 1521 at Linz Princess ANNE Jagiellonian of Bohemia and Hungary (*1503 Buda,+1547 Prague).
His issue who reigned:
-Elizabeth (*1526,+1545; Queen of Poland),
-MAXIMILIAN II (*1527,+1576),
-Anne (*1528,+1590; Electress of Bavaria),
-Catherine (*1533,+1572; Queen of Poland),
-CHARLES II (*1540,+1590).
Died in 1564 in Vienna.
Buried with his consort Archduchess Anna Jagiellonian in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
1564-1590: CHARLES II (Karl II. Archduke of Inner Austria: Styria, Carinthia and Carniola)
Born in 1540 in Vienna.
Father: Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria. Mother: Archduchess Anna Jagiellonian of Bohemia and Hungary.
Married in 1571 in Vienna Princess MARIA ANNE of Bavaria (*1551 Munich,+1608 Graz).
His issue who reigned:
-FERDINAND II (*1578,+1637),
-Anna (*1573,+1598; Queen of Poland and Sweden),
-Maria Christina (*1574,+1621; Princess of Transylvania),
-Margaret (*1584,+1611; Queen of Spain),
-Constance (*1588,+1631; Queen of Poland),
-Maria Magdalena (*1589,+1631; Grand Duchess of Tuscany).
Died in 1590 in Graz.
Buried in the Benedictine Abbey at Seckau.
His consort Maria Anna of Bavaria was buried in the Imperial Mausoleum in Graz.
1564-1576: MAXIMILIAN II (Roman Emperor, German king, King of Bohemia and Hungary)
Born in 1527 in Vienna.
Father: Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria. Mother: Archduchess Anna Jagiellonian of Bohemia and Hungary.
Married in 1548 at Valladolid, Spain Princess MARY of Spain (*1528 Madrid,+1603 Villa Monte, Spain).
His issue who reigned:
-Anna (*1549,+1580; Queen of Spain),
-RUDOLPH V (*1552,+1612);
-Elizabeth (*1554,+1592; Queen of France),
-MATTHEW (*1557,+1619).
Died in 1576 in Regensburg.
Buried in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
His consort Archduchess Mary of Spain was buried in the Church of St Clara (Discalced Franciscans) in Madrid.
1576-1608: RUDOLPH V (Rudolf V; Roman Emperor and German king as Rudolph II, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1552 in Vienna.
Father: Archduke Maximilian II of Austria. Mother: Archduchess Mary of Spain.
Unmarried.
Deposed in 1608.
Died in 1612 in Prague.
Buried in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
1608-1619: MATTHEW (Matthias; Roman Emperor, German king, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1557 in Vienna.
Father: Archduke Maximilian II of Austria. Mother: Archduchess Mary of Spain.
Married in 1611 in Vienna Archduchess ANNE of Tyrol (*1585 Innsbruck,+1618 Vienna).
Died in 1619 in Vienna.
Buried with his consort Anna of Tyrol in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1619-1637: FERDINAND III (Roman Emperor and German king as Ferdinand II, King of Bohemia and Hungary)
Born in 1578 in Graz.
Father: Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria. Mother: Archduchess Maria of Bavaria.
Married firstly in 1600 in Graz Dowager Archduchess of Austria Maria Anna of Bavaria (*1574 Munich,+1616 Graz).
Married secondly in 1622 in Innsbruck Princess ELEANOR Gonzaga of Mantua (*1598 Mantua,+1655 Vienna).
His issue who reigned:
-FERDINAND IV (*1608,+1657; son of Maria Anna),
-Maria Anna (*1610,+1665; Electress of Bavaria; daughter of Maria Anna),
-Cecilia Renata (*1611,+1644; Queen of Poland; daughter of Maria Anna).
Died in 1637 in Vienna.
Buried in the Imperial Mausoleum at Graz with his first consort Maria Anna of Bavaria.
His second consort Archduchess Eleanor of Mantua was buried in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
1637-1657: FERDINAND IV (Roman Emperor and German king as Ferdinand III, King of Bohemia and Hungary)
Born in 1608 in Graz.
Father: Archduke Ferdinand III of Austria. Mother: Archduchess Maria Anna of Bavaria.
Married firstly in 1631 in Vienna Princess MARIA ANNE of Spain (*1608 Escorial,+1646 Linz).
Married secondly in 1648 in Linz Archduchess MARIA LEOPOLDINA of Tyrol (*1632 Innsbruck,+1649 Vienna).
Married thirdly in 1651 in Vienna Princess ELEANOR Gonzaga of Mantua (*1630 Mantua,+1686 Vienna).
His issue who reigned:
-Ferdinand IV (*1633,+1654; Emperor, King of Bohemia and Hungary; son of Maria Anna),
-Maria Anna (*1635,+1696; Queen of Spain; daughter of Maria Anna),
-LEOPOLD VI (*1640,+1705; son of Maria Anna),
-Eleanor (*1653,+1697; Queen of Poland; daughter of Eleanor).
Died in 1657 in Vienna.
Buried with his three consorts in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1657-1705: LEOPOLD VI
(Roman Emperor and German king as Leopold I, King of Bohemia and Hungary)
Born in 1640 in Vienna.
Father: Archduke Ferdinand III of Austria. Mother: Archduchess Maria Anna of Spain.
Married firstly in 1666 in Vienna Princess MARGARET THERESA of Spain (*1651 Madrid,+1673 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1673 in Vienna Archduchess CLAUDIA FELICITY of Tyrol (*1653 Innsbruck,+1676 Vienna).
Married thirdly in 1676 in Vienna Princess ELEANOR MAGDALEN of Palatinate-Neuburg (*1655 Düsseldorf,+1720 Vienna).
His issue who reigned:
-Maria Antonia (*1669,+1692; Electress of Bavaria; daughter of Margaret Theresa),
-JOSEPH I (*1678,+1711; son of Eleanor Magdalen),
-Maria Anna (*1683,+1754; Queen of Portugal; daughter of Eleanor Magdalen),
-CHARLES III (*1685,+1740; son of Eleanor Magdalen).
Died in 1705 in Vienna.
Buried with his first and third consort in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
His second consort Archduchess Claudia Felicity was buried in the Dominican Church in Vienna.
1705-1711: JOSEPH I (Roman Emperor, German king, King of Bohemia, Hungary, Naples and Sicily)
Born in 1678 in Vienna.
Father: Archduke Leopold VI of Austria. Mother: Archduchess Eleanor Magdalen of Palatinate-Neuburg.
Married in 1699 in Vienna Princess WILHELMINA AMALIA of Brunswick-Lüneburg (*1673 Lüneburg,+1742 Vienna).
His issue who reigned:
-Maria Josepha (*1699,+1757; Queen of Poland, Electress of Saxony),
-Maria Amalia (*1701,+1756; Electress of Bavaria).
Died in 1711 in Vienna.
Buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
His consort Archduchess Wilhelmina Amalia was buried in the Convent of Salesian Nuns in Vienna.
1711-1740: CHARLES III (Karl III.; Roman Emperor and German king as Charles VI, King of Bohemia, Croatia, Hungary, Naples and Sicily, Duke of Parma)
Born in 1685 in Vienna.
Father: Archduke Leopold VI of Austria. Mother: Archduchess Eleanor Magdalen of Palatinate-Neuburg.
Married in 1708 in Barcelona Princess ELIZABETH CHRISTINA of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (*1691 Wolfenbüttel,+1750 Vienna).
His issue who reigned: MARIA THERESA (*1717,+1780).
Died in 1740 in Vienna.
Buried with his consort Archduchess Elizabeth Christina in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1740-1780: MARIA THERESA (Maria Theresia; Queen of Bohemia and Hungary, Duchess of Parma)
Born in 1717 in Vienna.
Father: Archduke Charles III of Austria. Mother: Archduchess Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
Married in 1736 in Vienna Duke FRANCIS STEPHEN of Lorraine, later Emperor Francis I Stephen (*1708 Luneville,+1765 Innsbruck).
Her issue who reigned:
-JOSEPH II (*1741,+1790),
-Marie Amalie (*1746,+1804; Duchess of Parma),
-LEOPOLD VII (*1747,+1792),
-Marie Caroline (*1752,+1814; Queen of the Two Sicilies),
-Ferdinand (*1754,+1806; Duke of Massa-Carrara),
-Marie Antoinette (*1755,+1793; Queen of France).
Died in 1780 in Vienna.
Buried with her consort Emperor Francis I Stephen in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
HOUSE OF HABSBURG-LORRAINE (Habsburg-Lothringer)
1764/80-1790: JOSEPH II (Roman Emperor, German king, King of Bohemia, Galicia and Hungary)
Born in 1741 in Schönbrunn.
Father: Emperor Francis I Stephen. Mother: Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria.
Married firstly in 1760 in Vienna Princess Isabella of Bourbon-Parma (*1741 Madrid,+1763 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1765 in Vienna Princess MARIA JOSEPHA of Bavaria (*1739 Munich,+1767 Vienna).
Died in 1790 in Vienna.
Buried with his both consorts in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1790-1792: LEOPOLD VII (Roman Emperor and German king as Leopold II, King of Bohemia and Hungary, Grand Duke of Tuscany)
Born in 1747 in Schönbrunn.
Father: Emperor Francis I Stephen. Mother: Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria.
Married in 1765 in Innsbruck Princess MARIA LOUISA of Spain and Sicily (*1745 Portici near Naples,+1792 Vienna).
His issue who reigned:
-Maria Theresa (*1767,+1827; Queen of Saxony),
-FRANCIS II/I (1768,+1835),
-Ferdinand III (1769,+1824; Grand Duke of Tuscany).
Died in 1792 in Vienna.
Buried with his consort Archduchess Maria Louisa in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1792-1804: FRANCIS I (Franz I.; from 1804 Emperor of Austria; Roman Emperor, German king, King of Bohemia, Croatia-Slavonia, Galicia and Hungary)
Born in 1768 in Florence.
Father: Archduke Leopold VII. Mother: Archduchess Maria Louisa of Spain.
Married firstly in 1788 in Vienna Duchess Elizabeth of Württemberg (*1767 Treptow,+1790 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1790 in Vienna Princess MARIA THERESA of Naples-Sicily (*1772 Naples,+1807 Vienna).
Married thirdly in 1808 in Vienna Archduchess MARIA LODOVICA of Modena (*1787 Monza,+1816 Verona).
Married fourthly in 1816 in Vienna Princess CAROLINE AUGUSTA of Bavaria (*1792 Mannheim,+1873 Vienna).
He was never crowned in Austria.
His issue who reigned:
-Marie Louise (*1791,+1847; Empress of the French; daughter of Maria Theresa),
-FERDINAND I (*1793,+1875; son of Maria Theresa),
-Maria Leopoldina (*1797,+1826; Queen of Portugal, Empress of Brazil; daughter of Maria Theresa).
Died in 1835 in Vienna.
Buried with all his consorts in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
AUSTRIAN EMPIRE 1804-1918:
HOUSE OF HABSBURG-LORRAINE
1804-1835: FRANCIS I
(Franz I.; King of Bohemia, Croatia-Slavonia, Dalmatia, Hungary and Lombardo-Venetia)
1835-1848: FERDINAND I THE GOOD (Ferdinand I. der Gute; King of Bohemia, Croatia-Slavonia, Dalmatia, Galicia, Hungary and Lombardo-Venetia)
Born in 1793 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Francis I of Austria. Mother: Empress Maria Theresa of Naples-Sicily.
Married in 1831 in Vienna Princess MARIA ANNA of Sardinia (*1803 Rome,+1884 Prague).
He was never crowned in Austria.
Abdicated in 1848.
Died in 1875 in Prague.
Buried with his consort Empress Maria Anna of Sardinia in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1848-1916: FRANCIS JOSEPH I (Franz Joseph I.; King of Bohemia, Croatia-Slavonia, Dalmatia, Galicia, Hungary and Lombardo-Venetia)
Born in 1848 in Vienna.
Father: Archduke Francis of Austria. Mother: Archduchess Sophia of Bavaria.
Married in 1854 in Vienna Duchess ELIZABETH of Bavaria (*1837 Munich,+1898 Geneva).
He was never crowned in Austria.
Died in 1916 in Vienna.
Buried with his consort Empress Elizabeth of Bavaria in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1916-1918: CHARLES I
(Karl I.; King of Bohemia, Croatia-Slavonia, Dalmatia, Galicia and Hungary)
Born in 1887 in Persenbeug.
Father: Archduke Otto of Austria. Mother: Archduchess Maria of Saxony.
Married in 1911 in Schwarzau am Steinfelde Princess ZITA of Bourbon-Parma (*1892 Villa Pianore,+1989 Zizers, Switzerland).
He was never crowned in Austria.
His issue who reigned:
Otto (*1912,+2011; nominal King of Hungary).
Deposed in 1918 and exiled in Switzerland (1919-21) and on Madeira (1921-22).
Died in 1922 in Monte, Madeira.
Buried in the Church of Our Lady of Monte, Madeira.
His consort Empress Zita was buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIA FROM 1918
TOMBS OF AUSTRIAN SOVEREIGNS
01. The tomb of Duke HENRY II and his consort Duchess THEODORA OF BYZANTIUM in the Scottish Church in Vienna (Austria).
02. The tomb of Margravine GERTRUDE OF SÃPPLINGENBURG, consort of HENRY II, in Heiligenkreuz Abbey (Austria).
The tomb of Duke LEOPOLD V in Heiligenkreuz Abbey (Austria)
The tomb of Duke FREDERICK I THE CATHOLIC in Heiligenkreuz Abbey (Austria)
01. The cenotaph to Duke LEOPOLD VI THE GLORIOUS in Lilienfeld Abbey (Austria).
02. The tomb of Duke LEOPOLD VI THE GLORIOUS in Lilienfeld Abbey (Austria).
The tomb of Duke FREDERICK II THE VALIANT in Heiligenkreuz Abbey (Austria)
01. The tomb of Duke OTTOKAR in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague (Czech Republic).
02. The tomb of Duchess MARGARET OF BABENBERG, consort of Duke Ottokar, in Lilienfeld Abbey (Austria).
01. The tomb of Duke RUDOLPH I in the Cathedral of Speyer (Germany).
02. The cenotaph to Duke RUDOLPH I in the Cathedral of Speyer (Germany).
03. The cenotaph to Duchess GERTRUDE ANNE, consort of Duke Rudolph I, in the Cathedral of Basel (Switzerland).
04. The tomb of Duchess GERTRUDE ANNE, consort of Duke Rudolph I, in the Abbey of St Paul im Lavanttal (Austria).
01. The tomb of Duke ALBERT I in the Cathedral of Speyer (Germany).
02. The tomb of Duchess ELIZABETH OF CARINTHIA, consort of Duke Albert I, in the Abbey of St Paul im Lavanttal (Austria).
01. The tomb of Duke RUDOLPH III in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague (Czech Republic).
02. The tomb of Queen and Duchess ELIZABETH OF POLAND, consort of Duke Rudolph III, in the Cistercian Convent in Brno (Czech Republic).
The tomb of Duke FREDERICK III THE FAIR in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna (Austria)
Photo courtesy of Mr Alexander Krischnig
01. The tomb of Duke LEOPOLD I and his consort Duchess CATHERINE ELIZABETH OF SAVOY in the Abbey of St Paul im Lavanttal (Austria).
02. The tomb of Duke ALBERT II THE LAME and his consort Duchess JOANNA OF PFIRT in Gaming Abbey (Austria).
The tomb of Duke OTTO THE MERRY, his consorts Duchesses ELIZABETH OF LOWER BAVARIA and ANNE OF BOHEMIA, and Duke LEOPOLD II in Neuberg Abbey (Austria)
Tombs of Duke RUDOLPH IV THE FOUNDER (right) and his consort Duchess CATHERINE OF BOHEMIA in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna (Austria)
The tomb of Duke ALBERT III (left) in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna (Austria)
Photo courtesy of Mr Alexander Krischnig
The tomb of Duke LEOPOLD III in the Abbey of St Paul im Lavanttal (Austria)
01. The tomb of Duke WILLIAM in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna (Austria)
02. The tomb of Duchess JOAN OF NAPLES, consort of Duke William, in the Church of Annunziata in Naples (Italy).
Photo nr 01 courtesy of Mr Alexander Krischnig
The tomb of Duke LEOPOLD IV (left) in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna (Austria)
Photo courtesy of Mr Alexander Krischnig
The tomb of Duke ERNEST THE IRONSIDE and his consort Duchess MARGARET OF POMERANIA in Rein Abbey (Austria)
Tombs in Stams Abbey (Austria):
01. Duke FREDERICK IV.
02. The statues of Duke FREDERICK IV and his consort Duchess ANNE OF BRUNSWICK (left) in the Sigismund Vault where they are interred.
The tomb of Duke ALBERT IV (right) in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna (Austria).
Photo courtesy of Mr Alexander Krischnig
01. The tomb of Archduke FREDERICK V in St Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna.
02. The tomb of Archduchess ELEANOR OF PORTUGAL, consort of Archduke Frederick V, in the Parish Church Neuklosterkirche in Wiener Neustadt (Austria).
01. The tomb of ALBERT VI (right) in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna (Austria).
02. The tomb of Archduchess MECHTILDE OF THE PALATINATE, consort of Archduke Albert VI, in St George’s Church in Tübingen (Germany).
Photo nr 01 courtesy of Mr Alexander Krischnig
01. The tomb of Archduke MAXIMILIAN I in St George’s Chapel in Wiener Neustadt (Austria).
02. The cenotaph to Archduke MAXIMILIAN I in the Court Church in Innsbruck (Austria).
03. The statue of Archduchess BIANCA MARIA SFORZA (centre), consort of Archduke Maximilian I, in the place of her burial at the Sigismund Vault, Stams Abbey (Austria).
The tomb of Archduke CHARLES I in the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Spain)
The tomb of Archduke FERDINAND I and his consort Archduchess ANNE JAGIELLONIAN in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague (Czech Republic)
01. The tomb of Archduke CHARLES II in Seckau Abbey (Austria).
02. The tomb of Archduchess MARIA ANNE OF BAVARIA, consort of Archduke Charles II, in the Imperial Mausoleum in Graz (Austria).
01. The tomb of Archduke MAXIMILIAN II in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague (Czech Republic).
02. The tomb of Archduchess MARY OF SPAIN, consort of Archduke Maximilian II, in the Church of St Clara in Madrid (Spain).
03. The tomb of Archduke RUDOLPH V in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague (Czech Republic).
Tombs of Archduke MATTHEW and his consort Archduchess ANNE OF TYROL in the Capuchin Church in Vienna (Austria)
01. The tomb of Archduke FERDINAND III in the Imperial Mausoleum in Graz (Austria).
02. The tomb of Archduchess ELEANOR OF MANTUA, consort of Archduke Ferdinand III, in St Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna (Austria).
Photo nr 02 courtesy of Mr Alexander Krischnig
Tombs in the Capuchin Church in Vienna (Austria):
01. Archduke FERDINAND IV.
02. Archduchesses MARIA LEOPOLDINA OF TYROL (left) and MARIA ANNE OF SPAIN, consorts of Archduke Ferdinand IV.
03. Archduchess ELEANOR OF MANTUA, consort of Archduke Ferdinand IV.
01. The tomb of Archduke LEOPOLD VI in the Capuchin Church in Vienna (Austria).
02. The tomb of Archduchess MARGARET THERESA OF SPAIN, consort of Archduke Leopold VI, in the Capuchin Church in Vienna (Austria).
03. The tomb of Archduchess CLAUDIA FELICITY OF TYROL, consort of Archduke Leopold VI, in the Dominican Church in Vienna (Austria).
04. The tombstone of Archduchess CLAUDIA FELICITY OF TYROL, consort of Archduke Leopold VI, in the Dominican Church in Vienna (Austria).
05. The tomb of Archduchess ELEANOR MAGDALEN OF NEUBURG, consort of Archduke Leopold VI, in the Capuchin Church in Vienna (Austria).
01. The tomb of Archduke JOSEPH I in the Capuchin Church in Vienna (Austria).
02. The tomb of Archduchess WILHELMINA AMALIA OF BRUNSWICK-LÃNEBURG, consort of Archduke Joseph I, in the Convent of Salesian Nuns in Vienna (Austria).
03. The tomb of Archduke CHARLES III in the Capuchin Church in Vienna (Austria).
04. The tomb of Archduchess ELIZABETH CHRISTINA OF BRUNSWICK-WOLFENBÃTTEL, consort of Archduke Charles III, in the Capuchin Church in Vienna (Austria).
Photo nr 02 courtesy of Mr Alexander Krischnig
The tomb of Archduchess MARIA THERESA and her consort Emperor FRANCIS I STEPHEN in the Capuchin Church in Vienna (Austria)
Tombs in the Capuchin Church in Vienna (Austria):
01. Archduke JOSEPH II.
02. Archduchess MARIA JOSEPHA OF BAVARIA, consort of Archduke Joseph II.
Tombs of Archduke LEOPOLD VII (left) and his consort Archduchess MARIA LOUISA OF SPAIN AND SICILY in the Capuchin Church in Vienna (Austria)
Tombs in the Capuchin Church in Vienna (Austria):
01. Emperor FRANCIS I.
02. Empress MARIA THERESA OF NAPLES-SICILY, consort of Emperor Francis I.
03. Empress MARIA LODOVICA OF MODENA, consort of Emperor Francis I.
04. Empress CAROLINE AUGUSTA OF BAVARIA, consort of Emperor Francis I.
Tombs in the Capuchin Church in Vienna (Austria):
01. Emperor FERDINAND I THE GOOD.
02. Empress MARIA ANNA OF SARDINIA, consort of Emperor Ferdinand I the Good.
Tombs of Emperor FRANCIS JOSEPH I (right) and his Empress ELIZABETH OF BAVARIA (left) in the Capuchin Church in Vienna (Austria)
01. The tomb of Emperor CHARLES I in the Church of Our Lady of Monte, Madeira (Portugal).
02. The tomb of Empress ZITA OF BOURBON-PARMA, consort of Emperor Charles I, in the Capuchin Church in Vienna (Austria).
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https://playback.fm/person/rudolf-i-of-germany
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Rudolf I of Germany
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https://playback.fm/share-image?text=Rudolf I of Germany
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https://playback.fm/share-image?text=Rudolf I of Germany
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en
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Playback.fm
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https://playback.fm/person/rudolf-i-of-germany
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Fame Ranking
What does "Most Famous" mean? Unlike other sites which use current mentions, follower counts, etc. that tend to call the most famous people YouTube stars or Reality TV stars, we've decided to mark fame as a persons importance in history. We've conducted research scouring millions of historical references to determine the importance of people in History. That being said, we might have missed a few people here and there. The ranking system is a continuing work in progress - if you happen to feel like someone is misranked or missing, please shoot us a message!
Fame Ranking
What does "Most Famous" mean? Unlike other sites which use current mentions, follower counts, etc. that tend to call the most famous people YouTube stars or Reality TV stars, we've decided to mark fame as a persons importance in history. We've conducted research scouring millions of historical references to determine the importance of people in History. That being said, we might have missed a few people here and there. The ranking system is a continuing work in progress - if you happen to feel like someone is misranked or missing, please shoot us a message!
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21104
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https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LZL6-TXG/countess-gertrud-von-hohenberg-1225-1281
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FamilySearch.org
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Discover your family history. Explore the world’s largest collection of free family trees, genealogy records and resources.
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21104
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https://www.werelate.org/wiki/Person:Gertrude_of_Hohenburg_%25281%2529
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https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Habsburg-15
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Judith (Habsburg) of Bohemia (1271-1297)
|
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1271-03-13T00:00:00
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Is this your ancestor? Explore genealogy for Gutta (Habsburg) of Bohemia born 1271 Habsburg, Argau died 1297 Praha, Bohemia including ancestors + descendants + 1 genealogist comments + more in the free family tree community.
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https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Habsburg-15
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Ancestors Descendants
Profile last modified 26 Oct 2020 | Created 19 Apr 2011
This page has been accessed 3,969 times.
Contents
1 Biography
1.1 Name
1.2 Birth
1.3 Death
1.4 Marriage
1.5 Burial
2 Wikipedia biography
2.1 Marriage
2.2 Children
2.3 Death
2.4 Family
3 Biography (German)
3.1 Notes
4 Sources
Biography
Name
Name: Judith /of HAPSBURG/
Name: Jutte //
Birth
Date: 13 MAR 1271
Place: ,Habsburg,Argau,Switzerland
Date: 1271-03-13
Place: Habsburg, Argau, Switzerland
Date: BET 13 MAR 1270 AND 1271
Place: of Habsburg, Argau, Switzerland
Death
Death:
Date: 1297-06-18
Place: Prague, Bohemia
Date: 18 JUN 1297
Date: 18 JUN 1297
Place: Praha, Bohemia
Marriage
Husband: Václav II
Wife: Jutte
Children:
Premysl Otakar
Anezka
Václav III
Anna
Eliska
Juta
Jan
Jan
Marketa
Marriage:
Date: BET 24 JAN 1284 AND 1285
Place: Jihlava, Jihlava, Czechoslovakia
Burial
Burial:
Place: Royal Crypt in St. Vitus Cathedral, Praha, Bohemia
Wikipedia biography
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[1] Judith of Habsburg (1271 ? May 21, 1297) was the youngest daughter of Rudolph I of Germany and his wife Gertrude of Hohenburg. Judith came from the Habsburg family.
Marriage
When Judith was five, she became the object of her father's political plans. Her father signed the Vienna peace treatie with Premysl Otakar II of Bohemia, they decided that Judith should marry Wenceslaus, son and heir of Premysl Otakar.
Judith's sisters also married powerful Kings and Dukes, her sister Klementia married Charles Martel of Anjou, son of Charles II of Naples, and her sister Matilda married Louis II, Duke of Bavaria.
The formal marriage (engagement) was in 1279 in Jihlava, the second marriage took place in early 1285 in Cheb, and the bride was given a dowry "from the Duchy of Austria, Moravian border to the border of Danube". The wedding in Cheb was followed by "festive" wedding night, but soon after, Rudolph took Judith back to Germany. She came to Prague two years later.
Children
The marriage produced ten children, they were:
Przemysl Otakar (May 6, 1288 - November 19, 1288)
Wenceslaus III (October 6, 1289 ? August 4, 1306); King of Bohemia, King of Hungary and King of Poland
Agnes (October 10, 1290 - after 1292)
Anna I of Bohemia (Anna P?emyslovna) (October 10, 1290 ? September 3, 1313), married in 1306 to Henry of Carinthia
Elisabeth I of Bohemia (Eli?ka P?emyslovna) (January 20, 1292 - September 28, 1330), married in 1310 to John I of Bohemia
Guta (March 3, 1293 - August 3, 1294)
John (February 26, 1294 - March 1, 1295)
John (February 21, 1295 - December 6, 1296)
Margaret of Bohemia (Markéta P?emyslovna) (February 21 1296 - April 8, 1322), married to Boles?aw III the Generous, Duke of Wroc?aw
Guta (*?May 21, 1297)
Death
Judith died 21 May 1297 in Prague, aged only twenty six. She died giving birth to her youngest child, Guta who also died. Her husband went onto marry Elisabeth Richeza of Poland who bore him a daughter, Agnes. Of the ten children only four lived to adulthood and they died rather young: Wenceslaus died aged sixteen, Anna was twenty two, Elisabeth was thirty eight and Margaret was twenty six.
Family
Wenceslaus and then Anna and Elisabeth succeeded their father as rulers of Bohemia. Elisabeth was the mother of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, his son was Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor.
Judith is also an ancestor of Anne of Denmark who married James I of England, her children were Charles I of England and Elizabeth of Bohemia; Elizabeth is one of Judith's successors as Queen of Bohemia.
Biography (German)
Notes
Mittelalter DE.dir\jutta_von_habsburg_koenigin_von_boehmen_+_12972.html
Jutta von Habsburg Königin von Böhmen
13.3.1271-21.6.1297
Rheinfelden Prag
Begraben: Veitsdom zu Prag6. Tochter des Königs RUDOLF I. von Habsburg aus seiner 1. Ehe mit der Gertrud Anna von Hohenberg, Tochter von Graf Burchard III.
Johann Franzl: Seite 179,231
"Rudolf I."Zur Besiegelung des Friedens mit Böhmen wurde 1278 im mährischen Iglau eine Doppelhochzeit gefeiert werden. RUDOLFS jüngster 8-jähriger Sohn Rudolf heiratete die um ein paar Jahre ältere Agnes von Böhmen <agnes_von_boehmen_graefin_von_habsburg_+_12962.html>, und der 7-jährige Wenzel erhält die kleine HABSBURGERIN Guta zur Frau. Im Jänner 1285 kam RUDOLF mit seiner Tochter, die zu einer stattlichen Jungfrau erblüht war und die Wenzel <wenzel_2_koenig_von_boehmen_+_1305.html> 6 Jahre nicht gesehen hatte, nach Eger. Hier sollte endlich das Beilager gefeiert werden. Der Bräutigam erschien zum Fest mit der Blüte der böhmischen Ritterschaft und in Begleitung seiner Mutter Kunigunde. <kunigunde_von_kiew_koenigin_von_boehmen_+_1285.html> In der Nacht vom 25. auf den 26. Jänner 1285 durfte Wenzel <wenzel_2_koenig_von_boehmen_+_1305.html> endlich mit seiner Guta das Hochzeitsbett besteigen, doch die ehelichen Freuden des Paares währten nur kurz. Am folgenden Morgen hörte der junge König mit seinem Schwiegervater die Messe in der neugeweihten Minoritenkirche, dann mußte er von seiner Gemahlin wieder Abschied nehmen. "Physisches Unvermögen" des Brautpaares hat den HABSBURGER angeblich bewogen, seine Tochter mit nach Hause zu nehmen, es könnte aber auch eine bloße Vorsichtsmaßnahme gewesen sein. Er war schlau genug, um Guta nicht gleichsam als Faustpfand in den Händen des verschlagenen Zawisch von Falkenstein zu lassen.Jutta wurde in der Fürstengruft im St.-Veits-Dom in Prag bestattet.
24.1.1285
oo 1. Wenzel II. König von Böhmen
17.9.1271-21.6.1305
Kinder:
Przemysl Ottokar
6.5.1288-19.11.1288
Wenzel
6.10.1289-4.8.1306
Agnes
6.10.1289- 1293
Anna
15.10.1290-3.9.1313
13.2.1306
oo Heinrich VI. Herzog von Kärnten
1265/73-2.4.1335
Elisabeth
20.1.1292-28.9.1330
1310
oo Johann Graf von Luxemburg
10.8.1296-26.8.1346
Judith
4.3.1293-3.8.1294
Johann I.
26.2.1294-1.3.1294
Johann II.
21.3.1295-6.12.1296
Margarete
9.2.1296-7./8.4.1322
1308/10
oo 1. Boleslaw III. Herzog von Schlesien-Liegnitz
23.3.1291-21.4.1352
Agnes
- um 1296
1296
oo Ruprecht V. Graf von Nassau
- 1305
Sources
↑ "Judith of Habsburg", Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_of_Habsburg
Pedigree Resource File CD 49 Publication: (Salt Lake City, UT: Intellectual Reserve, Inc., 2002)
Ancestral File (TM) Abbreviation: Ancestral File (TM) Author: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SAINTS Publication: June 1998 (c), data as of 5 JAN 1998
WikiTree profile Von Habsburg-8 created through the import of export-BloodTree.ged on Aug 19, 2011 by Luiz Sergio Heinzelmann. Quinn Bradlee, firsthand knowledge.
This person was created through the import of Acrossthepond.ged on 21 February 2011. WikiTree profile UNKNOWN-77994 created through the import of FAMILY 6162011.GED on Jun 20, 2011 by Michael Stephenson.
This person was created through the import of ReedevanOudtshoornAdrianaSophiavan.ged on 19 April 2011. Travis Wagner, firsthand knowledge.
This person was created through the import of 104-B.ged on 12 September 2010.
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Wenceslaus II of Bohemia facts for kids
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Learn Wenceslaus II of Bohemia facts for kids
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Wenceslaus II Přemyslid (Czech: Václav II.; Polish: Wacław II Czeski; 27 September 1271 – 21 June 1305) was King of Bohemia (1278–1305), Duke of Cracow (1291–1305), and King of Poland (1300–1305).
He was the only son of King Ottokar II of Bohemia and Ottokar's second wife Kunigunda. He was born in 1271, ten years after the marriage of his parents. Kunigunda was the daughter of Rostislav Mikhailovich, lord of Slavonia, son of a Grand Prince of Kiev, and Anna of Hungary, daughter of Béla IV of Hungary. His great-grandfather was the German king Philip of Swabia. Wenceslaus II was the grandfather of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV. He was a member of the Přemyslid dynasty.
Early years
In 1276 Rudolf I, King of the Romans, placed Ottokar under the ban of the empire and besieged Vienna. This compelled Ottokar in November 1276 to sign a new treaty by which he gave up all claims to Austria and the neighbouring duchies, retaining for himself only Bohemia and Moravia. Ottokar's son Wenceslaus was also betrothed to Rudolph's daughter Judith. It was an uneasy peace. Wenceslaus's father died on 26 August 1278 in the Battle on the Marchfeld shortly before Wenceslaus' seventh birthday.
Before Wenceslaus became of age, the government was handled by Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg, who is said to have held Wenceslaus captive in several locations. He returned to Bohemia in 1283, at the age of twelve. His mother's second husband, Záviš of Falkenštejn, ruled instead of him for a few years.
On 24 January 1285, Wenceslaus married Judith of Habsburg, daughter of Rudolf I, to whom he had been betrothed since 1276. In 1290, Wenceslaus had Záviš executed for alleged treason and began ruling independently.
King of Bohemia and Poland
In 1291, Przemysł II, High Duke of Poland, ceded the sovereign Duchy of Kraków to Wenceslaus. Kraków was associated with the overlordship of Poland, but Przemysł held the other duchies and in 1295 was crowned King of Poland. After Przemysł's death in 1296, Wenceslaus became overlord of Poland and in 1300, and had himself crowned King of Poland.
Silver in Kutná Hora
In 1298, silver was discovered at Kutná Hora in Central Bohemia. Wenceslaus took control of the mine by making silver production a royal monopoly and issued the Prague groschen, which became the most popular of the early Groschen-type coins. Kutná Hora was one of the richest European silver strikes ever: between 1300 and 1340 the mine may have produced as much as 20 tons of silver a year.
In 1300, Wenceslaus issued the new royal mining code Ius regale montanorum. This was a legal document that specified all administrative as well as technical terms and conditions necessary for the operation of mines.
The Crown of Hungary and death
Queen Judith died in 1297. Wenceslaus' second wife was Elisabeth Richeza, daughter of King Przemysl II of Poland (1295–1296).
In 1301, Wenceslaus' kinsman Andrew III of Hungary died and the Árpád dynasty became extinct in the male line. Wenceslaus was one of the relatives who claimed the throne, and he accepted it from a party of Hungarians on behalf of his young son, betrothed to Andrew's only child, Elizabeth. On 27 August 1301, his son was crowned in Székesfehérvár as king of Hungary.
At that time the Kingdom of Hungary was split into several de facto principalities, and young Wenceslaus was only accepted as the King of Hungary by the rulers in Upper Hungary (Matthew III Csák), in modern day Burgenland (the Güssings [Kőszegis]) and on territory around the capital, Buda. But the Abas and Matthew Csák switched sides in 1303 and started to support Wenceslaus' rival Charles Robert of Anjou. Consequently, the young Wenceslaus, in Ofen (Buda), became afraid and wrote to his father in Prague for help. His father took a large army and invaded Buda, but having considered the situation, he took his son and the Hungarian crown and returned to Bohemia (1304). Ivan Kőszegi was named to represent Wenceslaus III in Hungary.
Wenceslaus II died on 21 June 1305, at the age of 33, probably of tuberculosis. He was succeeded by his son, Wenceslaus III, the last of the Přemyslid kings.
Review of government of Wenceslaus II
Wenceslaus II is considered as one of the most important Czech Kings. He built a great empire stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Danube river and established numerous cities, such as Plzeň in 1295. He won for his family three royal crowns (Bohemia, Hungary and Poland). The Kingdom of Bohemia was the largest producer of silver in Europe in his time. He created the penny of Prague, which was an important European currency for centuries.
During his reign, there was great urban development. He planned to build the first university in Central Europe. The power and wealth of the Kingdom of Bohemia gave rise to great respect, but also to the hostility of European royal families. His son King Wenceslaus III was unable to maintain a mighty empire, and soon after the untimely death of Wenceslaus II, his empire began to crumble.
Family
In 1285 in Eger (Cheb), he married Judith of Habsburg (1271–1297), daughter of Rudolf I of Germany and his wife Gertrude of Hohenberg. She died shortly after their 10th child was born:
Přemysl Otakar (6 May 1288 – 19 November 1288).
Wenceslaus III (6 October 1289 – 4 August 1306); King of Bohemia, King of Hungary and King of Poland.
Agnes (6 October 1289 – soon after 6 August 1296), twin of Wenceslaus; married in 1296 to Rupert, eldest surviving son of German King Adolf of Nassau.
Anne (10 October 1290 – 3 September 1313), married in 1306 to Henry of Carinthia.
Elisabeth (20 January 1292 – 28 September 1330), married in 1310 to John of Luxembourg.
Guta (3 March 1293 – 3 August 1294).
John (26 February 1294 – 1 March 1295).
John (21 February 1295 – 6 December 1296).
Margaret (21 February 1296 – 8 April 1322), married in 1308 to Bolesław III the Generous, Duke of Wrocław.
Guta (born and died 21 May 1297).
In 1300, he married Elisabeth Richeza (1286–1335), daughter of Przemysł II. They had one child:
Agnes (25 June 1305 – before 4 January 1337), married to Henry I, Duke of Jawor.
Wenceslaus has also numerous illegitimate children, including Jan Volek (?? – 27 September 1351), bishop of Olomouc
Gallery
Seal of Wenceslaus II
Coat of arms of Wenceslaus II (Kingdom of Bohemia)
Coat of arms of Wenceslaus II (Margraviate of Moravia)
See also
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Habsburg King from 1273 to 1291
"Rudolf I" and "Rudolf of Habsburg" redirect here. For other uses, see Rudolf I (disambiguation) and Rudolf of Habsburg (disambiguation).
Rudolf I (1 May 1218 – 15 July 1291) was the first King of Germany from the House of Habsburg. The first of the count-kings of Germany, he reigned from 1273 until his death in 1291.
Rudolf's election marked the end of the Great Interregnum which had begun after the death of the Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II in 1250. Originally a Swabian count, he was the first Habsburg to acquire the duchies of Austria and Styria in opposition to his mighty rival, the Přemyslid king Ottokar II of Bohemia, whom he defeated in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld. The territories remained under Habsburg rule for more than 600 years, forming the core of the Habsburg monarchy and the present-day country of Austria. Rudolf played a vital role in raising the comital House of Habsburg to the rank of Imperial princes.
Early life
[edit]
Rudolf was born on 1 May 1218 at Limburgh Castle near Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl in the Breisgau region of present-day southwestern Germany. He was the son of Count Albert IV of Habsburg and Hedwig, daughter of Count Ulrich of Kyburg. Around 1232, he was given as a squire to his uncle, Rudolf I, Count of Laufenburg, to train in knightly pursuits.
Count of Habsburg
[edit]
At his father's death in 1239, Rudolf inherited from him large estates around the ancestral seat of Habsburg Castle in the Aargau region of present-day Switzerland as well as in Alsace. Thus, in 1240,[3] in order to quell the rising power of Rudolf and in an attempt to place the important "Devil's Bridge" (Teufelsbrücke) across the Schöllenenschlucht under his direct control, Emperor Frederick II granted Schwyz Reichsfreiheit in the Freibrief von Faenza.
In 1242, Hugh of Tuffenstein provoked Count Rudolf through contumelious expressions.[clarification needed] In turn, the Count of Habsburg had invaded his domains, yet failed to take his seat of power. As the day passed on,[clarification needed] Count Rudolf bribed the sentinels of the city and gained entry, killing Hugh in the process. Then in 1244, to help control Lake Lucerne and restrict the neighboring forest communities of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden, Rudolf built near its shores Neuhabsburg Castle.[3] In 1245 Rudolf married Gertrude, daughter of Count Burkhard III of Hohenberg. He received as her dowry the castles of Oettingen, the valley of Weile, and other places in Alsace, and he became an important vassal in Swabia, the former Alemannic German stem duchy. That same year, Emperor Frederick II was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV at the Council of Lyon. Rudolf sided against the Emperor, while the forest communities sided with Frederick. This gave them a pretext to attack and damage Neuhabsburg. Rudolf successfully defended it and drove them off. As a result, Rudolf, by siding with the Pope, gained more power and influence.[3]
Rudolf paid frequent visits to the court of his godfather, the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II, and his loyalty to Frederick and his son, King Conrad IV of Germany, was richly rewarded by grants of land. In 1254, he engaged with other nobles of the Staufen party against Bertold II, Bishop of Basle. When night fell, he penetrated the suburbs of Basle and burnt down the local nunnery, an act for which Pope Innocent IV excommunicated him and all parties involved.[citation needed] As a penance, he took up the cross and joined Ottokar II, King of Bohemia in the Prussian Crusade of 1254. Whilst there, he oversaw the founding of the city of Königsberg, which was named in memory of King Ottokar.
Rise to power
[edit]
The disorder in Germany during the interregnum after the fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty afforded an opportunity for Count Rudolf to increase his possessions. His wife was a Hohenberg heiress; and on the death of his childless maternal uncle Count Hartmann IV of Kyburg in 1264, Rudolf seized Hartmann's valuable estates. Successful feuds with the Bishops of Strasbourg and Basel further augmented his wealth and reputation, including rights over various tracts of land that he purchased from abbots and others.
These various sources of wealth and influence rendered Rudolf the most powerful prince and noble in southwestern Germany (where the tribal Duchy of Swabia had disintegrated, enabling its vassals to become completely independent). In the autumn of 1273, the prince-electors met to choose a king after Richard of Cornwall had died in England in April 1272. Rudolf's election in Frankfurt on 1 October 1273,[4] when he was 55 years old, was largely due to the efforts of his brother-in-law, the Hohenzollern burgrave Frederick III of Nuremberg. The support of Duke Albert II of Saxony and Elector Palatine Louis II had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolf's daughters.
As a result, within the electoral college, King Ottokar II of Bohemia (1230–1278), himself a candidate for the throne and related to the late Hohenstaufen king Philip of Swabia (being the son of the eldest surviving daughter), was almost alone in opposing Rudolf. Other candidates were Prince Siegfried I of Anhalt and Margrave Frederick I of Meissen (1257–1323), a young grandson of the excommunicated Emperor Frederick II, who did not yet even have a principality of his own as his father was still alive. By the admission of Duke Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria instead of the King of Bohemia as the seventh Elector,[5] Rudolf gained all seven votes.
King of the Germans
[edit]
Rudolf was crowned in Aachen Cathedral on 24 October 1273. To win the approbation of the Pope, Rudolf renounced all imperial rights in Rome, the papal territory, and Sicily, and promised to lead a new crusade by taking the crusader's vow in 1275.[6] Pope Gregory X, despite the protests of Ottokar II of Bohemia, not only recognised Rudolf himself, but persuaded King Alfonso X of Castile (another grandson of Philip of Swabia), who had been chosen German (anti-)king in 1257 as the successor to Count William II of Holland, to do the same. Thus, Rudolf surpassed the two heirs of the Hohenstaufen dynasty whom he had earlier served so loyally.
In November 1274, the Imperial Diet at Nuremberg decided that all Crown estates seized since the death of the Emperor Frederick II must be restored, and that King Ottokar II must answer to the Diet for not recognising the new king. Ottokar refused to appear or to restore the duchies of Austria, Styria and Carinthia together with the March of Carniola, which he had claimed through his first wife, a Babenberg heiress, and which he had seized while disputing them with another Babenberg heir, Margrave Hermann VI of Baden. Rudolf refused to accept Ottokar's succession to the Babenberg patrimony, declaring that the provinces reverted to the Imperial crown due to the lack of male-line heirs. King Ottokar was placed under the imperial ban; and in June 1276 war was declared against him.
Having persuaded Ottokar's former ally Duke Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria to switch sides, Rudolf compelled the Bohemian king to cede the four provinces to the control of the royal administration in November 1276. Rudolf then re-invested Ottokar with the Kingdom of Bohemia, betrothed one of his daughters to Ottokar's son Wenceslaus II, and made a triumphal entry into Vienna. Ottokar, however, raised questions about the execution of the treaty, and procured the support of several German princes, again including Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria. To meet this coalition, Rudolf formed an alliance with King Ladislaus IV of Hungary and gave additional privileges to the Viennese citizens. On 26 August 1278, the rival armies met at the Battle on the Marchfeld, where Ottokar was defeated and killed. The Margraviate of Moravia was subdued and its government entrusted to Rudolf's representatives, leaving Ottokar's widow Kunigunda of Slavonia in control of only the province surrounding Prague, while the young Wenceslaus II was again betrothed to Rudolf's youngest daughter Judith.
Rudolf's attention next turned to the possessions in Austria and the adjacent provinces, which were taken into the royal domain. He spent several years establishing his authority there but found some difficulty in establishing his family as successors to the rule of those provinces. At length, the hostility of the princes was overcome. In December 1282, at the Hoftag (imperial diet) in Augsburg, Rudolf invested his sons, Albert and Rudolf II, with the duchies of Austria and Styria and so laid the foundation of the House of Habsburg. Additionally, he made the twelve-year-old Rudolf Duke of Swabia, a merely titular dignity, as the duchy had been without an actual ruler since Conradin's execution.[citation needed] The 27-year-old Duke Albert, married since 1274 to a daughter of Count Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol (1238–95), was capable enough to hold some sway in the new patrimony.
In 1286, King Rudolf fully invested Albert's father-in-law Count Meinhard with the Duchy of Carinthia, one of the conquered provinces taken from Ottokar.[7] The Princes of the Empire did not allow Rudolf to give everything that was recovered to the royal domain to his own sons, and his allies needed their rewards too. Turning to the west, in 1281 he compelled Count Philip I of Savoy to cede some territory to him, then forced the citizens of Bern to pay the tribute that they had been refusing. After his son Rudolf II defeated Bern at the Battle of Schosshalde, he strengthened his authority in Switzerland. He further expanded his Swiss possessions and granted some ecclesiastical posts to his family. In 1289 he marched against Count Philip's successor, Otto IV, compelling him to do homage.
In 1281, Rudolf's first wife died. On 5 February 1284, he married Isabella, daughter of Duke Hugh IV of Burgundy, the Empire's western neighbor in the Kingdom of France.
Rudolf was not very successful in restoring internal peace. Orders were indeed issued for the establishment of territorial peaces in Bavaria, Franconia and Swabia, and at the Synod of Würzburg in March 1287 for the whole Empire. But the king lacked the power, resources, and determination to enforce them, although in December 1289 he led an expedition into Thuringia, where he destroyed a number of robber castles. In 1291, he attempted to secure the election of his son Albert as German king. The electors refused, however, claiming inability to support two kings, but in reality, perhaps, wary of the increasing power of the House of Habsburg. Upon Rudolf's death they elected Count Adolf of Nassau.
Persecution of the Jews
[edit]
In 1286, Rudolf I instituted a new persecution of the Jews, declaring them servi camerae ("serfs of the treasury"), which had the effect of negating their political freedoms. Along with many others, Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg left Germany with family and followers, but was captured in Lombardy and imprisoned in a fortress in Alsace. Tradition has it that a large ransom of 23,000 marks silver was raised for him (by the Rosh), but Rabbi Meir refused it, for fear of encouraging the imprisonment of other rabbis. He died in prison after seven years. Fourteen years after his death a ransom was paid for his body by Alexander ben Shlomo (Susskind) Wimpfen, who was subsequently laid to rest beside the Maharam.[8]
Death
[edit]
Rudolf died in Speyer on 15 July 1291 and was buried in Speyer Cathedral. Only one of his sons survived him: Albert I. Most of his daughters outlived him, apart from Catherine who had died in 1282 during childbirth and Hedwig who had died in 1285/6.
Rudolf's reign is most memorable for his establishment of the House of Habsburg as a powerful dynasty in the southeastern part of the realm. In the other territories, the centuries-long decline of Imperial authority since the days of the Investiture Controversy continued, and the princes were largely left to their own devices.
In the Divine Comedy, Dante finds Rudolf sitting outside the gates of purgatory with his contemporaries, characterizing him as "he who neglected that which he ought to have done".[9]
Family and children
[edit]
Rudolf was married twice. First, in 1251, to Gertrude of Hohenberg and second, in 1284, to Isabelle of Burgundy. All children were from the first marriage.
Matilda (c. 1253, Rheinfelden – 23 December 1304, Munich), married 1273 in Aachen to Duke Louis II of Bavaria and became mother of Duke Rudolf I of Bavaria and Emperor Louis IV
Albert I of Germany (July 1255 – 1 May 1308), Duke of Austria and also of Styria
Catherine (1256 – 4 April 1282, Landshut), married 1279 in Vienna to Duke Otto III of Bavaria
Agnes [Gertrude] (ca. 1257 – 11 October 1322, Wittenberg), married 1273 to Duke Albert II of Saxony and became the mother of Duke Rudolf I of Saxe-Wittenberg
Hedwig (c. 1259 – 26 January 1285/27 October 1286), married 1279 in Vienna to Margrave Otto VI of Brandenburg-Salzwedel and left no issue
Clementia (c. 1262 – after 7 February 1293), married 1281 in Vienna to Charles Martel of Anjou, the papal claimant to the throne of Hungary
Hartmann (1263, Rheinfelden – 21 December 1281), drowned in Rheinau
Rudolf II, Duke of Austria and Styria (1270 – 10 May 1290, Prague), titular Duke of Swabia, father of John the Parricide of Austria
Judith (13 March 1271 – 18 June 1297, Prague), married 24 January 1285 to King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and became the mother of King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary
Samson (before 19 Oct 1275 – died young)
Charles (14 February 1276 – 16 August 1276)
Male-line family tree
[edit]
House of Habsburg[n 1]
Original line Albert
Count of Habsburg
c. 1188–1239 Rudolf I
of Germany
c. 1218–1291 Albert I
of Germany
1255–1308Hartmann
1263–1281Rudolf II
Duke of Austria
1270–1290 Rudolf I
of Bohemia
1281–1307Frederick
the Fair
c. 1289–1330Leopold I
Duke of Austria
1290–1326Albert II
Duke of Austria
1298–1358Henry
the Friendly
1299–1327Otto
Duke of Austria
1301–1339John
Parricida
c. 1290–1312/1313 Albertinian line Leopoldian line Rudolf IV
Duke of Austria
1339–1365Frederick III
1347–1362Albert III
Duke of Austria
1349–1395Leopold III
Duke of Austria
1351–1386Frederick II
Duke of Austria
1327–1344Leopold II
Duke of Austria
1328–1344 Albert IV
Duke of Austria
1377–1404William
Duke of Austria
c. 1370–1406Leopold IV
Duke of Austria
1371–1411Ernest
Duke of Austria
1377–1424Frederick IV
Duke of Austria
1382–1439 Albert II
of Germany
1397–1439Frederick III
HRE
1415–1493Albert VI
Archduke of Austria
1418–1463Sigismund
Archduke of Austria
1427–1496 Ladislaus
the Posthumous
1440–1457Maximilian I
HRE
1459–1519 Philip I
of Castile
1478–1506 Spanish / Iberian line Austrian / HRE line Charles V
HRE
1500–1558Ferdinand I
HRE
1503–1564 Philip II
of Spain
1527–1598Maximilian II
HRE
1527–1576Ferdinand II
Archduke of Austria
1529–1595Charles II
Archduke of Austria
1540–1590 Carlos
Prince of Asturias
1545–1568Philip III
of Spain
1578–1621Rudolf II
HRE
1552–1612Ernest
of Austria
1553–1595Matthias
HRE
1557–1619Maximilian III
Archduke of Austria
1558–1618Albert VII
Archduke of Austria
1559–1621Wenceslaus
Archduke of Austria
1561–1578Andrew
Margrave of Burgau
1558–1600Charles
Margrave of Burgau
1560–1618Ferdinand II
HRE
1578–1637Maximilian Ernest
of Austria
1583–1616Leopold V
Archduke of Austria
1586–1632Charles
of Austria
1590–1624 Philip IV
of Spain
1605–1665Charles
of Austria
1607–1632Ferdinand
of Austria
1609–1641John-Charles
of Austria
1605–1619Ferdinand III
HRE
1608–1657Leopold Wilhelm
of Austria
1614–1662Ferdinand Charles
Archduke of Austria
1628–1662Sigismund Francis
Archduke of Austria
1630–1665 Balthasar Charles
Prince of Asturias
1629–1646Charles II
of Spain
1661–1700Ferdinand IV
King of the Romans
1633–1654Leopold I
HRE
1640–1705Charles Joseph
of Austria
1649–1664 Joseph I
HRE
1678–1711Charles VI
HRE
1685–1740
Notes:
^ "Habsburg family tree". Habsburg family website. 28 October 2023 .
See also
[edit]
Kings of Germany family tree
References
[edit]
Citations
[edit]
Bibliography
[edit]
Encyclopedia of Austria
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Austria-Hungary in the First World War
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In the First World War, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was Germany’s main ally. Formally, the all-European war began two countries - Austria-Hungary and Serbia. Conflict between Austria-Hungary
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Военное обозрение
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In the First World War, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was Germany’s main ally. Formally, the all-European war began two countries - Austria-Hungary and Serbia. The conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia over the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo, organized by the Serbian nationalist organization Black Hand, caused a chain reaction and led to a world war.
Austria-Hungary was a convenient target for such a provocation. Too tight a knot of geopolitical, national and socio-economic contradictions was tied up in this empire so that it was not used by external forces interested in starting a pan-European war.
Habsburg
By the beginning of the 20th century, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was one of the great European powers, the second largest by area and the third largest European country. The origins of the Habsburg dynasty are rooted in the early Middle Ages. The founder of the dynasty is Guntram the Rich, who lived in the middle of the X century. At the end of the 10th century, the Habsburgs appeared in Switzerland and gradually expanded their possessions, becoming the largest landowners of northern Switzerland and earls, becoming a noble family who were destined to become one of the most famous ruling dynasties stories Europe.
At first, the Habsburgs were, though rather rich and strong, but still second-class in imperial scale, a family. They did not belong to a select circle of imperial elector princes, had no links with the ruling houses of Europe, their land was not a separate principality, but a set of lands scattered in Switzerland and south-west Germany. However, with each generation the social status of the Habsburgs grew, their possessions and wealth increased. The Hapsburgs were pursuing a long-term mating strategy, which became their "chip". Subsequently, it was marked by the slogan: "Let others fight, you, happy Austria, enter into marriages." However, if necessary, the Habsburgs were also able to fight. After all, they won the sword of Austria.
The reign of Rudolph I (1218 — 1291) marked the beginning of the Hapsburg rise to European leadership. The marriage with Gertrude Hohenberg, the former heiress of a vast county in central Swabia, made Rudolph I one of the greatest rulers of southwestern Germany. Rudolph helped the emperor of the holy Roman Empire Frederick II and his son Conrad IV, which further expanded his tenure in Swabia. After the termination of the Hohenstaufen dynasty on the imperial throne, a period of interregnum and war began in Germany, which allowed the Habsburgs to expand their tenure even more. After the death of the last count of Kiburg in 1264, the castle and the possessions of the counts passed to Rudolf I Hapsburg, as his father Albrecht IV entered into a favorable marriage with a representative of the Cyborg family - the most influential heir to the Habsburg family in then-Switzerland and Rudolph became the full heir to the rich kind of. As a result, the Habsburgs became the most influential genus in Swabia.
After the death of German King Richard of Cornish in 1272, the imperial princes chose Rudolf Habsburg as the new king of Germany. Rudolph defeated the Czech king Premysl Ottokar II and robbed him of Austria, Styria, Carinthia and the extreme. Rudolph I transferred these lands hereditary possession to his sons and, in fact, created the state of the Habsburgs. Austria became its foundation. Rudolf Habsburg was not the most prominent of the German emperors and kings, but it was he who laid the foundation for the future power of the Habsburgs, making them the arbiters of Germany and Europe. After Rudolph, the Habsburgs extended their territories by dynastic marriages, diplomacy and weapons.
Image of Rudolph I in the lobby of Speyer Cathedral
The Hapsburg managed to incorporate Carinthia and Tyrol into their monarchy, making Austria the largest state in Central Europe. The Austrian dukes periodically occupied the throne of Germany and the Czech Republic. At the same time, the old core of the Habsburg possessions in northern and central Switzerland was gradually lost and formed an independent Swiss Confederation. Austria became the core of the future Hapsburg Empire. The Archduke of Austria, Frederick V (1424 — 1493), as King of Germany called him Frederick III, managed to arrange the marriage of his son and heir to the possessions of the Burgundian duchy, which ensured the accession of the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Franche-Comte to the Habsburg monarchy. This was an important step towards the creation of the Habsburg Empire.
Maximilian I (1459 - 1519) agreed with the "Catholic kings" - Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, about the marriage of their daughter and heiress Juana with his son Philip of Burgundy. As a legacy of Juan brought the Habsburg Sicilian kingdom in southern Italy and the colony in the New World. The marriage of Ferdinand with Anna Bogemskaya and Hungarian in 1521 brought two more crowns to the Hapsburg - Bohemian and Hungarian. The power of the Habsburgs became "an empire over which the sun never sets."
European ownership of the Habsburgs in 1547
Thus, the Habsburg had for quite a long time - from the beginning of the XVI century until the collapse of the empire in 1918 - to manage a group of lands that were inhabited by peoples belonging to different language groups - German, Romance, Slavic and Finno-Ugric, which had different religions and in many different cultures.
It is clear that such diversity existed not only in the Habsburg Empire. The situation was similar in Russia, as well as in the British and French colonial empires. However, in the Habsburg empire, unlike the colonial empires, there was never a metropolis, and unlike the Russian continental empire, there was not even a predominant, state-forming ethnic group. The embodiment of the metropolis, the only center of power here was the dynasty, and devotion to it over the centuries replaced the Habsburg national with nationality. Being Austrians under the Habsburgs meant being a kind of Central European cosmopolitan. The Hapsburg were served by prominent statesmen and commanders who represented the most diverse peoples. They were Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Italians, Croats, Poles and others.
The Habsburgs themselves did not forget about their Germanic roots, but most of them were alien to the policy of Germanization. Exceptions of course were, such as enhanced Germanization and Catholicization of the Czech Republic after the defeat of the army of Protestant Czechs in the battle of White Mountain in 1620. Even the most zealous Germanizer of all Habsburg monarchs, Joseph II, considered German only as a means of strengthening state unity, but not subordinating the rest of the peoples to the Germans. However, objectively the German beginning of the Habsburgs opposed the national rise of the Slavs, Italians and Hungarians that began at the end of the 18th century. Therefore, the Germanization efforts not only did not lead to success, but also led to the aggravation of the national question, and ultimately to the collapse of the “patchwork empire”. Nevertheless, the very fact of such a long rule of the Habsburg dynasty in so diverse in national composition, religion and culture lands, not to mention the socio-economic and climatic factors between different regions of the empire, is unique.
Habsburg surprisingly long retained their empire. Apparently, if the Habsburgs (like the Romanovs and the Hohenzollerns) did not fit into the First World War, yielding to the game of European masons and Anglo-Saxons, who dreamed of destroying the old people's aristocratic empires, their empire would continue to exist.
Finally formed in the XVI - XVII centuries. the Habsburg Empire in a slightly different form (from the point of view of the territory) existed until 1918, having survived the confrontation with the Ottoman Empire, during the years of its grandeur and prosperity, the Thirty Years War, the wars with Prussia, France and Napoleon, the 1848 revolution. These shocks would be enough for the fall of even less heterogeneous in the internal structure of the state. However, the Habsburg house survived.
A large role in the fact that the power of the Habsburgs survived, played the fact that its rulers knew how to negotiate. Hungary is the most vivid example of such an ability. There, the power of the Habsburgs was held for almost four centuries solely due to the compromises with the recalcitrant Hungarian nobility. The power of the Habsburgs in Central Europe (the Spanish Habsburgs became extinct in 1700 and Spain was transferred to the Bourbons), in fact, became hereditary and contractual, especially after the adoption of the Pragmatic sanction of Emperor Charles VI at the beginning of the 18th century. The estate assemblies of the Habsburg lands approved, "that as long as the Austrian house is the Habsburg dynasty, the Pragmatic sanction remains in force and all the Habsburg lands belong to one sovereign."
Another factor that allowed the Habsburgs throughout the centuries to largely determine the policy of Europe was the sacred aura that surrounded the dynasty and the historical, ideological and political authority of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. This title from 1437 year became hereditary in the Austrian house. The Habsburgs could not unite Germany, but the very ancient crown of state education, which claimed the continuity of the ancient Roman empire and the Frankish empire of Charlemagne, and who tried to unite the whole European Christian world, gave the Habsburg government a sacred role, a kind of supreme legitimacy.
It is also worth remembering that among the European dynasties, the Habsburgs established a special role of "defenders of the Christian world." The Habsburg Empire held back the onslaught of the Ottomans in Central Europe for a long time. The Turkish army twice stormed Vienna. The unfortunate siege of Vienna 1529 of the year marked the end of the rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Central Europe, although the battle had been raging for another half a century. The battle of Vienna 1683 of the year put an end to the conquering wars of the Ottoman Empire in Europe. The Hapsburgs began to win Hungary and Transylvania from the Ottomans. In 1699, at the Karlovytsy Congress, the Turks ceded all of Hungary and Transylvania to Austria. In the 1772 and 1795 years, the Habsburgs took part in the first and third sections of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, receiving Little Poland, the whole of Galicia (Red Russia), Krakow, part of Podlasie and Mazovia.
However, the internal friability of the house of the Habsburgs did not allow them to turn it into the leading military power of Europe in the XVIII century. Moreover, in the middle of this century, the power of the Habsburgs almost collapsed under the blows of external enemies, the most dangerous of which were the empire of Napoleon and Prussia, which began to claim leadership in Germany. Before the Habsburgs there was a choice: either to continue the struggle for leadership in Germany - with unclear prospects, small hopes for success and the possibility of a military-political catastrophe, or strengthening the core of hereditary lands. The House of Habsburg, which almost always was distinguished by pragmatism, preferred the latter, retaining the title of the German emperor until 1806. True, the struggle with Prussia for the championship in Germany, although not so tough, continued until the Austro-Prussian war of the 1866 year. In this war, Austria suffered a crushing defeat, and Prussia became the core of a united Germany.
A major role in the fact that Austria began to yield to Prussia was played by Russia. Austria and Russia were traditional allies, first in the fight against Turkey, and then restraining France and Prussia. Russia saved the house of the Habsburgs from the uprising in Hungary. However, the treacherous policy of Austria during the Eastern (Crimean) War buried the union of St. Petersburg and Vienna. Petersburg began to look at Berlin and Paris. What led to the defeat of Austria in Italy and Germany, and the creation of a unified Italy and Germany.
However, the main enemy of the house of the Habsburgs was the internal enemy - nationalism. In the long struggle with him, the Hapsburg, for all their amazing flexibility, could not take up. The Austro-Hungarian Agreement of 1867 between the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I and representatives of the Hungarian national movement led by Ferenc Deák transformed the Austrian Empire into the dualistic monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Hungary gained complete autonomy in internal affairs, while maintaining unity in foreign, naval and financial policies. From that moment on, the Habsburg emperor turned from the bearer of the highest absolute power only into one of the political institutions of the two-fold state. The empire began to quickly deteriorate.
In the eastern part of Austria-Hungary, the Magyar (Hungarian) political elite tried to create a national state in the territory of historical Hungary. At the same time, the territory of Hungary was also not united nationally, it was inhabited by representatives of a dozen ethnic groups. In the western part of the empire there was a constant struggle for domination between the Germans and the Slavs. Part of the Slavs, not being able to satisfy their potential in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, chose the path of struggle for independence. Vienna failed to resolve these contradictions and approached the First World War in a weakened state.
The unity of the Austro-Hungarian Empire could be preserved only if the Habsburg house could show the advantages of the joint existence of the peoples of Central Europe along with the realization of their desire for independence. These contradictions could be resolved in the form of a federation or a confederation, with broad grassroots self-government. The Slavic part of the empire's population was to become part of an already triune empire. In this case, the monarchical form of government could be preserved, as in the case of Great Britain, when the king reigns but does not rule. The Austrian monarchy could be a symbol of the sacredness of power and historical continuity. However, such a radical restructuring of Austria-Hungary turned out to be impossible due to a number of internal and external reasons. Among the internal causes can be identified conservatism of the Austrian dynasty, which was unable to reform from above. The death of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand finally buried the possibility of modernizing and preserving the Habsburg Empire. The external forces interested in the destruction of the traditional monarchies in Europe, who stood in the way of building the “democratic” New World Order, also put a hand to this tragedy.
To be continued ...
Alexander Samsonov
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2021-12-16T20:31:06-05:00
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On this day, December 2, 1767 - Birth of Leopold I, Prince of Lippe in Detmold, County of Lippe-Detmold
On this day, December 3, 1838 - Birth of Luise of...
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https://www.theroyalforums.com/threads/on-this-day-in-german-royal-imperial-history.46767/page-7
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CyrilVladisla
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On this day, December 2, 1767 - Birth of Leopold I, Prince of Lippe in Detmold, County of Lippe-Detmold
On this day, December 3, 1838 - Birth of Luise of Prussia, Grand Duchess of Baden, wife of Grand Duke Frederick I of Baden, in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, December 5, 1916 - Demise of Augusta of Cambridge, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, spouse of Friedrich Wilhelm, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
On this day, December 8, 1708 - Birth of Francis Stephen, Holy Roman Emperor at the Ducal Palace of Nancy, Duchy of Lorraine
On this day, December 10, 1756 - Birth of Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin in Schwerin, Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
On this day, December 12, 1801 - Birth of King Johann of Saxony in Dresden, Electorate of Saxony
On this day, December 14, 1787 - Birth of Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este, Empress of Austria, spouse of Emperor Francis I of Austria, at the Royal Villa of Monza in Lombardy
On this day, December 15, 1907 - Demise of Carola of Vasa, Queen of Saxony, wife of King Albert of Saxony, at her villa in Strehlen, Kingdom of Saxony
On this day, December 17, 1802 - Birth of Archduke Francis Charles of Austria in Vienna, Austria. He is the father of Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria.
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On this day, December 17, 1802 - Birth of Archduke Francis Charles of Austria in Vienna, Austria. He is the father of Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria.
His name was Franz Karl. And his son Franz Joseph. No need to translate all the names in english.
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On this day, December 18, 1863 - Birth of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Graz, Austria
On this day, December 21, 1800 - Birth of Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, spouse of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in Gotha, Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
On this day, December 24, 1837 - Birth of Elisabeth of Bavaria, Empress of Austria, at the Herzog-Max-Palais in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria
On this day, December 25, 1046 - Pope Clement VI crowned Henry III as Holy Roman Emperor
On this day, December 26, 1777 - Birth of Ludwig II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, in Darmstadt, Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt
On this day, December 31, 1885 - Birth of Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha at the Gut Grunholz in Thumby, Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein
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On this day, January 2, 1784 - Birth of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in Coburg, Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
On this day, January 3, 1754 - Birth of Wilhelm, Grand Duke of Oldenburg at Eutin Castle in the Principality of Holstein-Gottorp
On this day, January 7, 1114 - The Wedding of Matilda of England and Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor at Mainz Cathedral in Mainz, Archbishopric of Mainz, Holy Roman Empire
On this day, January 9, 1907 - Demise of Marie of Saxe-Altenburg, Queen Consort of King George V of Hanover, in Gmunden, Austria
On this day, January 13, 1797 - Demise of Elizabeth Christine of Brunswick-Beverin, Queen of Prussia, wife of King Friedrich II of Prussia, at the Stadtschloss in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, January 17, 1755 - Birth of Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg in Riesenberg, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, January 21, 1705 -Demise of Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, Queen in Prussia, spouse of King Friedrich I of Prussia, in the Electorate of Hanover
On this day, January 24, 1712 - Birth of Friedrich II, King of Prussia in the Berlin City Palace in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, January 25, 1858 - The Wedding of Prince Friedrich of Prussia ( German Emperor Friedrich III) and Victoria, Princess Royal of England
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On this day, January 26, 1997 - Demise of Margaret, Princess of Hesse and by Rhine, wife of Prince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine
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On this day, January 26, 1997 - Demise of Margaret, Princess of Hesse and by Rhine, wife of Prince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine
Margaret was born in Dublin in 1913 and was the daughter of Baron Geddes,
The marriage of Margaret and Louis was marred with tragedy following the Sabena Junkers Ju 52 crash at Ostend in Belgium which killed Prince Louis' mother Grand Duchess Eleonore, brother Hereditary Grand Duke Georg Donatus, sister-in-law Princess Cecilie of Greece , nephews Prince Louis and Prince Alexander and Cecilie's newborn child.
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On this day, January 27, 1859 - Birth of Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany at the Crown Prince's Palace in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, January 30, 1953 - Demise of Ernst August III of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick at Marienburg Castle in Hanover, Germany
Last edited by a moderator: Apr 6, 2023
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On this day, February 1, 1168 - The Wedding of Matilda of England, daughter of King Henry II of England, and Heinrich the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, at Minden Cathedral in the Duchy of Saxony
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On this day, February 1, 1168 - The Wedding of Matilda of England, daughter of King Henry II of England, and Heinrich the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, at Minden Cathedral in the Duchy of Saxony
The Wedding of Henry the Lion and Matilda of England at the Mindener Dom
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On this day, February 3, 1919 - Demise of Maria Theresia of Austria-Este, Queen Consort of King Ludwig III of Bavaria, at Schloss Wildenwart in Wildenwart, Germany
On this day, February 6, 1899 - Demise of Prince Alfred of Edinburgh, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
On this day, February 8, 1792 - Birth of Caroline Augusta of Bavaria, Empress of Austria, spouse of Emperor Franz I of Austria, at Mannheim, Electorate of the Palatinate
On this day, February 9, 1763 - Birth of Ludwig I, Grand Duke of Baden, in Karlsruhe, Grand Duchy of Baden
On this day, February 12, 1768 - Birth of Franz I, the last Holy Roman Emperor and the first Emperor of Austria in Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
On this day, February 13, 1457 - Birth of Mary, Duchess of Burgundy in her own right, wife of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, at the Castle of Coudenberg in Brussels, Duchy of Burgundy
On this day, February 15, 1761 - Birth of Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine, spouse of Grand Duke Ludwig I of Hesse and by Rhine, in Darmstadt, Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt
On this day, February 16, 1679 - Birth of Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen in Ichtershausen, Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
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February 16th ,1281 : Death of Gertrude of Hohenberg
,German Queen.
Gertrude of Hohenberg was the wife of Rudolph I of Germany and died in Vienna. Her remains were however buried at Basel Minster in Switzerland beside her sons Hartmann and Charles.
In 1529 Basel Minister was sacked by Calvinists but the tomb was preserved and the cathedral became Protestant.
In 1770 her tomb was opened and her coffin and those of her 2 sons were moved to Saint Blaise Abbey in the Black Forest.
Her tomb is still at Basel in Switzerland.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_of_Hohenberg
Tomb at Basel.
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On this day, February 18, 1840 - Demise of Elisabeth Christine Ulrike of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, Crown Princess of Prussia, first spouse of the future King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia
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February 18th,1379 : Death of Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg
Albert II was Duke from 1348 and following his death he was buried at Doberan Minster in Germany.The Minster was the Mecklenburg ducal family burial site.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_II,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg
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On this day, February 22, 1921 - Demise of Ernst Gunther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein at Castle Primkenau in Primkenau, Germany
On this day, February 23, 1803 - Birth of Alexandrine of Prussia, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, wife of Grand Duke Paul Friedrich of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, February 25, 1713 - Demise of King Frederick I of Prussia in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, February 27, 1853 - Demise of August I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg in Oldenburg, Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
On this day, March 1, 1792 - Demise of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II in Vienna, Austria
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On this day, March 1, 1792 - Demise of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II in Vienna, Austria
Sadly the reign of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor was brief and less than 2 years when he died suddenly aged just 44.
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On this day, March 2, 1835 - Demise of Emperor Franz I of Austria in Vienna, Austria
On this day, March 3, 1778 - Birth of Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of Hanover at the Altes Palais in Hanover, Kingdom of Hanover
On this day, March 4, 1152 - Election of Friedrich I Barbarosa as King of the Germans
On this day, March 6, 1823 - Birth of King Karl I of Wurttemberg in Stuttgart, Kingdom of Wurttemberg
On this day, March 9, 1888 - Demise of Emperor Wilhelm I of Germany at the Berlin Palace in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, March 10, 1864 - Demise of King Maximilian II of Bavaria in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria
On this day, March 13, 1741 - Birth of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor at Schonbrunn Palace in Vienna, Austria
On this day, March 22, 1797 - Birth of Wilhelm I, German Emperor and King of Prussia at the Crown Prince's Palace in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
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On this day, March 23, 1947 - Demise of Luise of Austria, Crown Princess of Saxony, wife of the future King Friedrich August III of Saxony, in Brussels, Belgium
On this day, March 26, 1687 - Birth of Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, Queen of Prussia, wife of King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia, in Hanover, Principality of Callenberg
On this day, April 1, 1825 - Birth of Auguste of Austria, Princess of Bavaria, wife of Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria, in Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
On this day, April 5, 1674 - Birth of Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen, spouse of Duke Ernst Ludwig I of Saxe-Meiningen, in Electorate of Brandenburg
On this day, April 7, 1816 - Demise of Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este, Empress of Austria, spouse of Emperor Franz I of Austria, at the Palazzo Canossa in Verona, Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
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On this day, April 7, 1816 - Demise of Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este, Empress of Austria, spouse of Emperor Franz I of Austria, at the Palazzo Canossa in Verona, Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
The Empress was just 28 years old when she died at Verona and her remains were taken back to be buried at the Imperial Crypt in Vienna.
Maria Ludovika of Modena, Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary
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On this day, April 11, 1921 - Demise of Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, Empress of Germany, spouse of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, at Huis Doorn in The Netherlands
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On this day, April 11, 1921 - Demise of Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, Empress of Germany, spouse of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, at Huis Doorn in The Netherlands
The Empress died in exile not long after the death from suicide of her son Prince Joachim of Prussia.
The coffin of the Empress was permitted to be taken back to Germany for burial at the Antique Temple mausoleum in Potsdam.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Auguste_victoria_axb02.jpg
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On this day, April 13, 1807 - Demise of Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Empress of Austria, wife of Emperor Franz I of Austria, at Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria
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On this day, April 13, 1807 - Demise of Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Empress of Austria, wife of Emperor Franz I of Austria, at Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria
Maria Theresa was the last Holy Roman Empress and then the 1st Empress consort of Austria as the wife of Franz I.
The Empress was also the mother of Marie Louise, Empress of the French and second wife of Napoleon.
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On this day, April 17, 1838 - Birth of Antoinette of Saxe-Altenburg, Duchess of Anhalt, wife of Friedrich I, Duke of Anhalt, in Bamberg, Kingdom of Bavaria
On this day, April 18, 1861 - Birth of Eduard, Duke of Anhalt in Dessau, Duchy of Anhalt
On this day, April 19, 1793 - Birth of Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia, in Vienna, Austria
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20th of April 1544 : Birth of Renata of Lorraine ,Duchess of Bavaria
Renata was born in Nancy the daughter of François I of Lorraine and Christina of Denmark.In February 1568, Renata married the future William V, Duke of Bavaria.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renata_of_Lorraine
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CyrilVladisla
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On this day, April 21, 1892 - Demise of Alexandrine of Prussia, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in Mecklenburg, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
On this day, April 22, 1868 - Birth of Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria in Buda, Hungary
On this day, May 4, 1471 - Demise of Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha at Callenberg Castle in Grein, Austria
On this day, May 5, 1747 - Birth of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor in Vienna, Austria
On this day, May 6, 1882 - Birth of Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany at the Marmorpalais in Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, May 9, 1892 - Birth of Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Empress of Austria, spouse of Emperor Karl I of Austria, at the Villa Pianore, Tuscany, Italy
On this day, May 13, 1717 - Birth of Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria
On this day, May 15, 1792 - Demise of Maria Luisa of Spain, Holy Roman Empress, spouse of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II, at Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria
On this day, May 21, 1864 ~ Birth of Stephanie of Belgium, Crown Princess of Austria, spouse of Crown Prince Rudolph of Austria, at the Royal Palace of Laeken in Brussels, Belgium
On this day, May 23, 1857 - Birth of Marie of Waldeck-Pyrmont, Princess of Wurttemberg, first wife of the future King Wilhelm II of Wurttemberg, in Arolsen, Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont
On this day, May 28, 1872 - Demise of Sophie of Bavaria, Archduchess of Austria, wife of Archduke Franz Karl, mother of Emperor Franz Joseph I, in Vienna, Austria
On this day, May 31, 1740 ~ Demise of King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia, in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
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An Ard Ri
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On this day, May 31, 1740 ~ Demise of King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia, in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
The king was buried first at the now destroyed Garnisonkirche in Potsdam,that church was destroyed during World War II and later demolished by the Easter German authorities.
The coffin of Friedrich Wilhelm I and his son were removed and were later buried at St. Elisabeth's Church in Marburg in 1946.
In 1953 the coffins were again moved to Burg Hohenzollern until 1991 when again they were moved to the Kaiser Friedrich Mausoleum in the Church of Peace!
The Garrison Church in Potsdam is currently being rebuilt so they could be moved back to the original burial site.
Garnisonkirche Potsdam in 1827
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CyrilVladisla
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On this day, June e, 1941 - Demise of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany at Huis Doorn in Doorn, The Netherlands
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CyrilVladisla
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On this day, June 6, 1772 - Birth of Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Empress of Austria, spouse of Emperor Franz I of Austria, at the Royal Palace of Naples in the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily
On this day, June 7, 1840 - Demise of Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of Prussia in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, June 11, 1914 - Demise of Adolf Friedrich V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, June 12, 1878 - Demise of King George V of Hanover in Paris, France
On this day, June 15, 1888 - Demise of Friedrich III, Emperor of Germany at Neues Palais in Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, June 19, 1902 - Demise of King Albert of Saxony at Sibyllenort Castle in Sibyllenort, Kingdom of Saxony
Last edited by a moderator: Oct 17, 2022
Stefan
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On this day, June 19, 1902 - Demise of King Albert of Saxony at Sibyllenort Castle in Sibyllenort, Kingdom of Saxony
Actually Sibyllenort Castle was not in the Kindom of Saxony but in Oels which was in the Kingdom of Prussia.
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Wenceslaus II of Bohemia facts for kids
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Learn Wenceslaus II of Bohemia facts for kids
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https://kids.kiddle.co/Wenceslaus_II_of_Bohemia
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Wenceslaus II Přemyslid (Czech: Václav II.; Polish: Wacław II Czeski; 27 September 1271 – 21 June 1305) was King of Bohemia (1278–1305), Duke of Cracow (1291–1305), and King of Poland (1300–1305).
He was the only son of King Ottokar II of Bohemia and Ottokar's second wife Kunigunda. He was born in 1271, ten years after the marriage of his parents. Kunigunda was the daughter of Rostislav Mikhailovich, lord of Slavonia, son of a Grand Prince of Kiev, and Anna of Hungary, daughter of Béla IV of Hungary. His great-grandfather was the German king Philip of Swabia. Wenceslaus II was the grandfather of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV. He was a member of the Přemyslid dynasty.
Early years
In 1276 Rudolf I, King of the Romans, placed Ottokar under the ban of the empire and besieged Vienna. This compelled Ottokar in November 1276 to sign a new treaty by which he gave up all claims to Austria and the neighbouring duchies, retaining for himself only Bohemia and Moravia. Ottokar's son Wenceslaus was also betrothed to Rudolph's daughter Judith. It was an uneasy peace. Wenceslaus's father died on 26 August 1278 in the Battle on the Marchfeld shortly before Wenceslaus' seventh birthday.
Before Wenceslaus became of age, the government was handled by Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg, who is said to have held Wenceslaus captive in several locations. He returned to Bohemia in 1283, at the age of twelve. His mother's second husband, Záviš of Falkenštejn, ruled instead of him for a few years.
On 24 January 1285, Wenceslaus married Judith of Habsburg, daughter of Rudolf I, to whom he had been betrothed since 1276. In 1290, Wenceslaus had Záviš executed for alleged treason and began ruling independently.
King of Bohemia and Poland
In 1291, Przemysł II, High Duke of Poland, ceded the sovereign Duchy of Kraków to Wenceslaus. Kraków was associated with the overlordship of Poland, but Przemysł held the other duchies and in 1295 was crowned King of Poland. After Przemysł's death in 1296, Wenceslaus became overlord of Poland and in 1300, and had himself crowned King of Poland.
Silver in Kutná Hora
In 1298, silver was discovered at Kutná Hora in Central Bohemia. Wenceslaus took control of the mine by making silver production a royal monopoly and issued the Prague groschen, which became the most popular of the early Groschen-type coins. Kutná Hora was one of the richest European silver strikes ever: between 1300 and 1340 the mine may have produced as much as 20 tons of silver a year.
In 1300, Wenceslaus issued the new royal mining code Ius regale montanorum. This was a legal document that specified all administrative as well as technical terms and conditions necessary for the operation of mines.
The Crown of Hungary and death
Queen Judith died in 1297. Wenceslaus' second wife was Elisabeth Richeza, daughter of King Przemysl II of Poland (1295–1296).
In 1301, Wenceslaus' kinsman Andrew III of Hungary died and the Árpád dynasty became extinct in the male line. Wenceslaus was one of the relatives who claimed the throne, and he accepted it from a party of Hungarians on behalf of his young son, betrothed to Andrew's only child, Elizabeth. On 27 August 1301, his son was crowned in Székesfehérvár as king of Hungary.
At that time the Kingdom of Hungary was split into several de facto principalities, and young Wenceslaus was only accepted as the King of Hungary by the rulers in Upper Hungary (Matthew III Csák), in modern day Burgenland (the Güssings [Kőszegis]) and on territory around the capital, Buda. But the Abas and Matthew Csák switched sides in 1303 and started to support Wenceslaus' rival Charles Robert of Anjou. Consequently, the young Wenceslaus, in Ofen (Buda), became afraid and wrote to his father in Prague for help. His father took a large army and invaded Buda, but having considered the situation, he took his son and the Hungarian crown and returned to Bohemia (1304). Ivan Kőszegi was named to represent Wenceslaus III in Hungary.
Wenceslaus II died on 21 June 1305, at the age of 33, probably of tuberculosis. He was succeeded by his son, Wenceslaus III, the last of the Přemyslid kings.
Review of government of Wenceslaus II
Wenceslaus II is considered as one of the most important Czech Kings. He built a great empire stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Danube river and established numerous cities, such as Plzeň in 1295. He won for his family three royal crowns (Bohemia, Hungary and Poland). The Kingdom of Bohemia was the largest producer of silver in Europe in his time. He created the penny of Prague, which was an important European currency for centuries.
During his reign, there was great urban development. He planned to build the first university in Central Europe. The power and wealth of the Kingdom of Bohemia gave rise to great respect, but also to the hostility of European royal families. His son King Wenceslaus III was unable to maintain a mighty empire, and soon after the untimely death of Wenceslaus II, his empire began to crumble.
Family
In 1285 in Eger (Cheb), he married Judith of Habsburg (1271–1297), daughter of Rudolf I of Germany and his wife Gertrude of Hohenberg. She died shortly after their 10th child was born:
Přemysl Otakar (6 May 1288 – 19 November 1288).
Wenceslaus III (6 October 1289 – 4 August 1306); King of Bohemia, King of Hungary and King of Poland.
Agnes (6 October 1289 – soon after 6 August 1296), twin of Wenceslaus; married in 1296 to Rupert, eldest surviving son of German King Adolf of Nassau.
Anne (10 October 1290 – 3 September 1313), married in 1306 to Henry of Carinthia.
Elisabeth (20 January 1292 – 28 September 1330), married in 1310 to John of Luxembourg.
Guta (3 March 1293 – 3 August 1294).
John (26 February 1294 – 1 March 1295).
John (21 February 1295 – 6 December 1296).
Margaret (21 February 1296 – 8 April 1322), married in 1308 to Bolesław III the Generous, Duke of Wrocław.
Guta (born and died 21 May 1297).
In 1300, he married Elisabeth Richeza (1286–1335), daughter of Przemysł II. They had one child:
Agnes (25 June 1305 – before 4 January 1337), married to Henry I, Duke of Jawor.
Wenceslaus has also numerous illegitimate children, including Jan Volek (?? – 27 September 1351), bishop of Olomouc
Gallery
Seal of Wenceslaus II
Coat of arms of Wenceslaus II (Kingdom of Bohemia)
Coat of arms of Wenceslaus II (Margraviate of Moravia)
See also
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Epic World History: Early Habsburg Dynasty
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Early Habsburg Dynasty Although the Habsburg dynasty became especially prominent after the election of Rudolf of Habsburg as king of th...
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Expanding the world into first global age
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GERMANY
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BURIAL PLACES OF GERMAN KINGS FROM A TO Z
AACHEN (GERMANY)
BURIED IN AACHEN CATHEDRAL (Aachener Dom, Domhof):
King and Emperor OTTO III (+1002)
His viscera were buried in the Church of St Ulric and St Afra in Augsburg
ALTÃTTING (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF ST PHILIP AND JACOB (Altötting, Wallfahrtskirche Sankt Philipp und Jakob, Tillyplatz/Kapellplatz):
King CARLOMAN OF BAVARIA (+880)
ANDLAU (FRANCE)
BURIED IN THE PARISH CHURCH OF SAINTS PETER AND PAUL (Andlau, L'église paroissiale Saint Pierre-et-Paul, Rue Deharbe):
Queen and Empress RICHARDIS (+c. 894/896), consort of Emperor Charles III the Fat
ANDRIA (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF ANDRIA
(Andria, Duomo di Santa Maria Assunta, Piazza Duomo):
01. Queen and Empress ISABELLA OF JERUSALEM (Yolande of Brienne;+1228), consort of Emperor Frederick II
02. Queen and Empress ISABELLA OF ENGLAND (+1241), consort of Emperor Frederick II
BAMBERG (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF BAMBERG
(Bamberger Dom, Domplatz):
01. King and Emperor HENRY II (+1024)
02. Queen and Empress KUNIGUNDE OF LUXEMBOURG (+1033), consort of Emperor Henry II
03. King CONRAD III (+1152)
BRATISLAVA (SLOVAKIA)
BURIED IN ST MARTIN’S CATHEDRAL
(Bratislava, Dóm sv. Martina, Rudnayovo námeste):
Queen SOPHIA OF BAVARIA (+1425), consort of King Wenceslaus.
The tomb has not been preserved.
BRNO (CZECH REPUBLIC)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF ST THOMAS
(Brno, kostel sv. TomaÅ¡e, Moravské námÄsti):
King JOBST OF MORAVIA (+1411)
BRUNSWICK (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF ST BLASIUS
(Braunschweig, Dom St. Blasii, Domplatz):
01. King and Emperor OTTO IV (+1218)
02. Queen and Empress BEATRICE OF SWABIA (+1212), consort of Emperor Otto IV.
The tomb has not been preserved.
COLOGNE (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE BENEDICTINE ABBEY OF ST PANTALEON
(Köln, Benediktinerabtei St. Pantaleon, Am Pantaleonsberg):
Queen and Empress THEOPHANO OF BYZANTIUM (+991), consort of Emperor Otto II
COSENZA (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF COSENZA
(Cosenza, Cattedrale dell'Assunta, Piazza Duomo):
King HENRY HOHENSTAUF (+1242)
EBRACH (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CISTERCIAN ABBEY CHURCH
(Ebrach, Zisterzienserabteikirche, Marktplatz):
Queen GERTRUDE OF SULZBACH (+1146), wife of King Conrad III
FULDA (GERMANY)
BURIED IN FULDA ABBEY (Fulda Abtei, Domplatz):
King CONRAD I (+918).
The Abbey had been demolished and replaced by the Cathedral of Fulda and the tomb was lost. There is an epitaph only.
GENOA (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF SAN FRANCESCO DI CASTELLETTO (Genova, Chiesa di San Francesco di Castelletto):
Queen MARGARET OF BRABANT (+1311), consort of Emperor Henry VII.
The church and the tomb, by Giovanni Pisano, were demolished in 1798.
GRAZ (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE IMPERIAL MAUSOLEUM
(Graz, Kaiserliches Mausoleum, Bürgergasse):
King and Emperor FERDINAND II (+1637).
His heart was buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
HAILES ABBEY (ENGLAND)
BURIED IN HAILES ABBEY:
01. King RICHARD OF CORNWALL (+1272).
His heart was buried in the Church of the Franciscan Friars Minor in Oxford.
02. Queen SANCHIA OF PROVENCE (+1261), consort of King Richard of Cornwall.
The abbey and the tombs were demolished in c. 1540 and only some ruins have remained.
HEIDELBERG (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY SPIRIT
(Heidelberg, Heilig Geist Kirche, Hauptstr.):
01. King RUPERT (+1410)
02. Queen ELIZABETH OF NUREMBERG (+1411), consort of King Rupert
INNSBRUCK (AUSTRIA)
THE COURT CHURCH (Innsbruck, Hofkirche, Universitätsstr.):
Cenotaph to King and Emperor MAXIMILIAN I (+1519).
Maximilian I was, however, not buried there, but in St George's Chapel in Wiener Neustadt.
KYIV (UKRAINE)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF THE CAVES
(Kyiv, Pecherska Lavra, vul. Sichnevogo Povstannya):
Queen and Empress ADELAIDE PRAXEDIS OF KIEV (+1109), consort of Emperor Henry IV
KÃNIGSLUTTER (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE BENEDICTINE ABBEY
(Königslutter, Kaiserdom, Abt-Fabricius-Weg):
01. King and Emperor LOTHAIR III (+1137)
02. Queen and Empress RICHENZA OF NORTHEIM (+1141), consort of Emperor Lothair III
LILIENFELD (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE CISTERCIAN ABBEY (Stift Lilienfeld, Klosterrotte):
Queen MARGARET OF BABENBERG (+1266), consort of King Henry Hohenstauf
LORCH (GERMANY)
BURIED IN LORCH ABBEY (Kloster Lorch, Klosterstr.):
Queen IRENE OF BYZANTIUM (+1208), consort of King Philip of Swabia
LORSCH (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE BENEDICTINE ABBEY
(Lorsch, Benediktinische Kloster, Nibelungenstr.):
01. King LOUIS I THE GERMAN (+876)
02. King LOUIS II THE YOUNGER(+882)
03. Queen KUNIGUNDE (+after 915), consort of King Conrad I
The abbey was demolished in the 17th century.
LOUVAIN/LEUVEN (BELGIUM)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF ST PETER
(Louvain/Leuven, Sint Pieterskerk, Margarethaplein):
Empress MARY OF BRABANT (+1260), consort of Emperor Otto IV
MADRID (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF DISCALCED FRANCISCANS (Madrid, Monasterio de las Descalzas Reales, calle de la Misericordia):
Queen and Empress MARY OF SPAIN (+1603), consort of Emperor Maximilian II
MAGDEBURG (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF ST MAURICE (Magdeburg, Dom St. Mauritius und St. Katharina, Domplatz):
01. King and Emperor OTTO I THE GREAT (+973)
02. Queen EDITH OF ENGLAND (+947), consort of Emperor Otto I the Great
MESSINA (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE BASILICA OF THE ASSUMPTION OF ST MARY (Messina, Basilica di Santa Maria Assunta, Piazza del Duomo):
King CONRAD IV (+1254).
The tomb was destroyed in the past.
MIDDELBURG (THE NETHERLANDS)
BURIED IN THE ABBEY CHURCH (Middelburg, Abdijkerken-Koorkerk, Groenmarkt/Koorkerkstraat):
01. King WILLIAM OF HOLLAND (+1256)
02. Queen ELIZABETH OF BRUNSWICK (+1266), consort of King William of Holland
MUNICH (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF OUR LADY
(München, Frauenkirche, Frauenplatz):
01. King and Emperor LOUIS IV THE BAVARIAN (+1347).
His heart was buried in the Abbey of Fürstenfeld in Fürstenfeldbruck.
02. Queen BEATRICE OF SILESIA-GÅOGÃW (+1322), consort of Emperor Louis IV the Bavarian
MUNICH (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE THEATINE CHURCH
(München, Theatinerkirche St. Kajetan, Theatinerstrasse):
01. King and Emperor CHARLES VII ALBERT (+1745).
His heart was buried in the Holy Chapel in Altötting.
02. Queen and Empress MARIA AMALIA OF AUSTRIA (+1756), consort of Emperor Charles VII Albert.
Her heart was buried in the Holy Chapel in Altötting.
NAGYVÃRAD/ORADEA (RUMANIA)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF VÃRAD FORTRESS:
King and Emperor SIGISMUND OF LUXEMBOURG (+1437).
The burial church of Várad Fortress and the royal tombs inside it were demolished by the Turks in the 17th c.
OXFORD (ENGLAND)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF THE FRANCISCAN FRIARS MINOR/GREYFRIARS:
Queen BEATRICE OF FALKENBURG (+1277), consort of King Richard of Cornwall.
The church was demolished in the past.
PALERMO (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL (Cattedrale di Palermo, Via dell'Incoronazione/Via Vittorio Emanuele):
01. King and Emperor HENRY VI (+1197)
02. Queen and Empress CONSTANCE (+1198), consort of Emperor Henry VI
03. King and Emperor FREDERICK II (+1250)
04. Queen CONSTANCE OF ARAGON (+1222), consort of Emperor Frederick II
PARIS (FRANCE)
BURIED IN THE AUGUSTINIAN CONVENT
(Paris, Couvent des Grands-Augustins):
Queen AGNES OF BURGUNDY (+1323), consort of King Rudolph I
The convent was demolished after 1789.
PISA (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF PISA
(Pisa, Duomo, Piazza del Duomo):
King and Emperor HENRY VII (+1313)
PRAGUE (CZECH REPUBLIC)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF ST VITUS (Praha, chram sv. Vita):
01. King and Emperor CHARLES IV (+1378)
02. Queen BLANCHE OF VALOIS (+1348), consort of Emperor Charles IV
03. Queen ANNE OF THE PALATINATE (+1353), consort of Emperor Charles IV
04. Queen and Empress ANNE OF ÅWIDNICA (+1362), consort of Emperor Charles IV
05. Queen and Empress ELIZABETH OF POMERANIA (+1393), consort of Emperor Charles IV
06. King WENCESLAUS (+1419)
07. Queen JOANNA OF BAVARIA (+1386), consort of King Wenceslaus
08. Queen and Empress BARBARA OF CILLI (+1451), consort of Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg
09. King and Emperor FERDINAND I (+1564)
10. Queen ANNE JAGIELLONIAN OF BOHEMIA AND HUNGARY (+1547), consort of King (later Emperor) Ferdinand I
11. King and Emperor MAXIMILIAN II (+1576)
12. King and Emperor RUDOLPH II (+1612)
QUEDLINBURG (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF ST SERVATIUS
(Quedlinburg, Stiftskirche St. Servatius, Schlossberg):
01. King HENRY I THE FOWLER (+936)
02. Queen MATILDA (+968), consort of King Henry I the Fowler
REGENSBURG (GERMANY)
BURIED IN ST EMMERAM’S BASILICA
(Regensburg, St. Emmeram Basilika, Emmeramplatz):
01. Queen EMMA (+876), consort of King Louis I the German
02. King and Emperor ARNULF OF CARINTHIA (+899).
The tomb has not been preserved.
03. Queen and Empress ODA (+after 903), consort of Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia.
The tomb has not been preserved.
04. King LOUIS III THE CHILD (+911).
The tomb has not been preserved.
REICHENAU (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY CHURCH OF ST MARY AND MARK (Kloster Reichenau, Münster St. Maria und Markus, Burgstr.):
King and Emperor CHARLES THE FAT (+888)
ROME (THE VATICAN)
BURIED IN ST PETER'S BASILICA
(Roma, Basilica San Pietro, Piazza San Pietro):
01. King and Emperor OTTO II (+983)
02. Queen and Empress AGNES OF POITOU (+1077), consort of Emperor Henry III
ROUEN (FRANCE)
BURIED IN ROUEN CATHEDRAL
(Rouen, Cathédrale Notre-Dame, Rue Saint-Romain):
Queen and Empress MATILDA OF ENGLAND (+1167), consort of Emperor Henry V
SAN LORENZO DE EL ESCORIAL (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF SAN LORENZO (El Monasterio de El Escorial, Avenida Juan De Borbón Y Battemberg):
01. King and Emperor CHARLES V (+1558)
02. Queen and Empress ISABELLA OF PORTUGAL (+1539), consort of Emperor Charles V
SELTZ (FRANCE)
BURIED IN ST STEPHEN'S CHURCH
(Seltz, l'église Saint Ãtienne, Rue Principale):
Queen and Empress ADELAIDE OF BURGUNDY (+999), consort of Emperor Otto I.
The tomb has not been preserved. The relics of Empress Adelaide were mentioned for the last time in 1474.
SPEYER (GERMANY)
BURIED IN SPEYER CATHEDRAL (Speyer Dom, Domplatz):
01. King and Emperor CONRAD II (+1039).
His heart and viscera were buried in St Martin's Cathedral in Utrecht (Holland).
02. Queen and Empress GISELA OF SWABIA (+1043), consort of Emperor Conrad II
03. King and Emperor HENRY III (+1056).
His heart was firstly buried in the Church of Saints Simon and Judas in Goslar, later reburied with his viscera in St Ulric's Chapel in Goslar.
04. King and Emperor HENRY IV (+1106)
05. Queen and Empress BERTHA OF SAVOY (+1087), consort of Emperor Henry IV
06. King and Emperor HENRY V (+1125).
His heart and viscera were buried in St Martin's Cathedral in Utrecht (Holland).
07. Queen and Empress BEATRICE OF BURGUNDY (+1184), consort of Emperor Frederick I
08. King PHILIP OF SWABIA (+1208)
09. King RUDOLPH I (+1291)
10. King ADOLPHUS OF NASSAU (+1298)
11. King ALBERT I HABSBURG (+1308)
STAMS (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE CISTERCIAN ABBEY
(Stams, Zisterzienserstift, Stiftshof):
01. Queen ELIZABETH OF BAVARIA (+1273), consort of King Conrad IV
02. Queen and Empress BIANCA MARIA SFORZA (+1510), consort of Emperor Maximilian I
ST PAUL IM LAVANTTAL (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE BENEDICTINE ABBEY
(Benediktinerstift St. Paul im Lavanttal, Hauptstr.):
01. Queen GERTRUDE ANNE OF HOHENBERG (+1281), consort of King Rudolph I
02. Queen ELIZABETH OF CARINTHIA (+1313), consort of King Albert I Habsburg
SZÃKESFEHÃRVÃR (HUNGARY)
BURIED IN THE CORONATION BASILICA
(Székesfehérvár, Koronazó-bazilika, Koronazó tér):
01. King ALBERT II (+1439)
02. Queen ELIZABETH OF LUXEMBOURG (+1442), consort of King Albert II.
The basilica and the royal tombs were demolished by the Turks in 1601.
TYRE (LEBANON)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF TYRE:
King and Emperor FREDERICK I (+1190).
Only his bones were buried in Tyre Cathedral. His flesh was buried in the Cathedral of St Peter in Antioch (now Turkey). His heart and viscera were buried in the Cathedral of Tarsus (now Turkey).
The Cathedral of Tyre was demolished by the Mamluks following the capture of Tyre in 1291.
VALENCIENNES (FRANCE)
BURIED IN THE FRANCISCAN CONVENT
(Valenciennes, Couvent des Franciscains):
Queen and Empress MARGARET OF HAINAUT (+1356), consort of Emperor Louis IV the Bavarian.
The convent was demolished in the past.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE CAPUCHIN CHURCH
(Wien, Kapuzinerkirche, Neuer Markt):
01. King and Emperor MATTHEW (+1619).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
02. Queen and Empress ANNE OF TYROL (+1618), consort of Emperor Matthew.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
03. King and Emperor FERDINAND IV (+1654)
04. King and Emperor FERDINAND III (+1657)
05. Queen and Empress MARIA ANNA OF SPAIN (+1646), consort of Emperor Ferdinand III
06. Queen and Empress MARIA LEOPOLDINA OF TYROL (+1649), consort of Emperor Ferdinand III
07. Queen and Empress ELEANOR MAGDALEN OF MANTUA-NEVERS-GONZAGA (+1686), consort of Emperor Ferdinand III.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
08. King and Emperor LEOPOLD I (+1705).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
09. Queen and Empress MARGARET THERESA OF SPAIN (+1673), consort of Emperor Leopold I.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
10. Queen and Empress ELEANOR MAGDALEN OF THE PALATINATE-NEUBURG (+1720), consort of Emperor Leopold I
11. King and Emperor JOSEPH I (+1711).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
12. King and Emperor CHARLES VI (+1740).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
13. Queen and Empress ELIZABETH CHRISTINA OF BRUNSWICK-WOLFENBÃTTEL (+1750), consort of Emperor Charles VI.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
14. King and Emperor FRANCIS I STEPHEN (+1765).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
15. Queen and Empress MARIA THERESA (+1780), consort of Emperor Francis I Stephen.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
16. King and Emperor JOSEPH II (+1790)
17. Queen and Empress MARIA JOSEPHA OF BAVARIA (+1767), consort of Emperor Joseph II
18. King and Emperor LEOPOLD II (+1792).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
19. Queen and Empress MARIA LODOVICA OF SICILY (+1792), consort of Emperor Leopold II.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
20. King and Emperor FRANCIS I (+1835).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
21. Queen and Empress MARIA THERESA OF NAPLES-SICILY (+1807), consort of Emperor Francis I.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE DOMINICAN CHURCH
(Wien, Dominikanerkirche, Postgasse):
Queen and Empress CLAUDIA FELICITY OF TIROL (+1676), consort of Emperor Leopold I.
Her heart was buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE MINORITES CONVENT, CHURCH OF OUR LADY OF THE SNOW (Wien, Minoritenkloster, Kirche Maria Schnee, Minoritenplatz):
Queen ELIZABETH OF ARAGON (+1330), consort of King Frederick the Handsome.
The tomb has not been preserved.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE SALESIAN CONVENT
(Wien, Salesianerinnenkloster der Heimsuchung Maria, Rennweg):
Queen and Empress WILHELMINA AMALIA OF BRUNSWICK-LUNEBURG (+1742), consort of Emperor Joseph I.
Her heart was buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN ST STEPHEN’S CATHEDRAL
(Wien, Stephansdom-Herzogsgruft, Stephansplatz):
01. King FREDERICK THE HANDSOME (+1330)
His heart was buried in the Ascension Church in Linz.
02. King and Emperor FREDERICK III (+1493)
His heart and viscera were buried in the Ascension Church in Linz.
03. Queen and Empress ELEANOR OF MANTUA (+1655), consort of Emperor Ferdinand II
Her heart was buried in the Imperial Mausoleum in Graz.
WIENER NEUSTADT (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE NEUKLOSTERKIRCHE
(Wiener Neustadt, Neuklostergasse):
Queen and Empress ELEANOR OF PORTUGAL (+1467), consort of Emperor Frederick III
LIST OF GERMAN KINGS 843-1806
CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY (Karolinger)
843-876: LOUIS I THE GERMAN (Ludwig I. der Deutsche)
Born in 804.
Father: Frankish King Louis I the Debonair. Mother: Queen Ermengarde.
Married in 827 EMMA of Altdorf (+876).
His issue who reigned:
-CARLOMAN OF BAVARIA (*829,+880),
-LOUIS II THE YOUNGER (*c. 830,+882),
-CHARLES III THE FAT (*839,+888).
Died in 876 at Frankfurt/Main.
Buried in the Abbey of Lorsch (demolished).
His Queen Emma was buried in St Emmeram's Basilica at Regensburg.
876-880: CARLOMAN OF BAVARIA (Karlmann von Bayern)
Born in 829.
Father: East Frankish King Louis I the German. Mother: Queen Emma.
Married a daughter of Bavarian duke Ernest.
His issue who reigned:
-ARNULF OF CARINTHIA (*c. 850,+899; illegitimate).
Died in 880 at Oettingen.
Buried in the Church of St St Philip and Jacob at Altötting.
876-882: LOUIS II THE YOUNGER (Ludwig II. der Jüngere)
Born in c. 830.
Father: East Frankish King Louis I the German. Mother: Queen Emma.
Married firstly an unknown woman.
Married secondly in 874 at Aschaffenburg LIUTGARD of Saxony (+885).
Died in 882 at Frankfurt/Main.
Buried in the Abbey of Lorsch (demolished).
876-887: CHARLES III THE FAT (Karl III. der Dicke; Roman Emperor from 881; West Frankish/French King)
Born in 839.
Father: East Frankish King Louis I the German. Mother: Queen Emma.
Married in 862 RICHARDIS (+c. 894/96 Andlau).
He and his consort Richardis were crowned emperor and empress in 881 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Deposed in 887.
Died in 888 at Neudingen.
Buried in the Monastery of Reichenau, Baden.
His consort Queen and Empress Richardis was buried in St St Peter and Paul's Church in Andlau, now France.
887-899: ARNULF OF CARINTHIA
(Arnulf von Kärnten; Roman Emperor from 896)
Born in c. 850.
Father: East Frankish King Carloman. Mother: Liutswind.
Married ODA of Bavaria (+after 903).
He was crowned emperor in 896 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-LOUIS III (*893,+911),
-Glismut (East Frankish Queen).
Died in 899 at Regensburg.
Buried with his Queen and Empress Oda in St Emmeram's Basilica in Regensburg (no tomb).
900-911: LOUIS III THE CHILD (Ludwig III. der Kind)
Born in 893 in Altötting, Bavaria.
Father: East Frankish King and Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia. Mother: Queen and Empress Oda of Bavaria.
Unmarried.
He was crowned in 900 in Forchheim.
Died in 911 in Frankfurt/Main.
Buried in St Emmeram's Basilica at Regensburg (no tomb).
CONRADINE DYNASTY (Konradiner)
911-918: CONRAD I (Konrad I.)
Born in 918 at Weilburg.
Father: Duke Conrad of the Franks. Mother: Princess Glismut.
Married in 913 KUNIGUNDE of Swabia.
Died in 918.
Buried in Fulda Abbey (no tomb, epitaph only).
His consort Queen Kunigunde was buried in Lorsch Abbey (demolished).
SAXON DYNASTY (Ludolfinger)
919-936: HENRY I THE FOWLER (Heinrich I.)
Born in c. 876.
Father: Duke Otto I of Saxony. Mother: Duchess Hedvig.
Married firstly in 906 Hatheburg. Repudiated in 909.
Married secondly in 909 MATILDA of Ringelheim (*c. 895,+968).
He was never crowned.
His issue who reigned:
-OTTO I (*912,+973; son of Matilda),
-Gerberga (+984; Queen of West Franks; daughter of Matilda).
Died in 936 at Memleben (now Saxony-Anhalt).
Buried with his Queen Matilda in the Church of St Servatius in Quedlinburg.
936-973: OTTO I THE GREAT
(Otto I. der Grosse; Roman Emperor from 962)
Born in 912.
Father: King Henry I of Germany. Mother: Queen St Matilda.
Married firstly in c. 930 Princess EDITH of England (*910/13,+946/47).
Married secondly in 951 ADELAIDE of Burgundy (+999).
He and his consort Edith of England were crowned king and queen in 936 in Aachen Cathedral.
He and his consort Adelaide of Burgundy were crowned emperor and empress in 962 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-OTTO II (*955,+983; son of Adelaide).
Died in 973 at Memleben.
Buried with his first consort Queen Edith of England in Magdeburg Cathedral.
His second consort Empress Adelaide was buried in Seltz Abbey (now France). In the 14th c. her remains were translated to St Stephen's Church in Seltz.
973-983: OTTO II (Roman Emperor from 967)
Born in 955.
Father: King and Emperor Otto I of Germany. Mother: Queen and Empress Adelaide of Burgundy.
Married in 972 Princess Theophano of Byzantium (+991).
He was crowned king in 961 in Aachen Cathedral.
He was crowned emperor in 967 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His consort Theophano was crowned empress in 972 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-OTTO III (*980,+1002).
Died in 983 in Rome.
Buried in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His consort Empress Theophano was buried in St Pantaleon's Abbey in Cologne.
983-1002: OTTO III (Roman Emperor from 996)
Born in 980 in Kessel, now the Netherlands.
Father: King and Emperor Otto II of Germany. Mother: Queen and Empress Theophano of Byzantium.
Unmarried.
He was crowned king in 983 in Aachen Cathedral.
He was crowned emperor in 996 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Died in 1002 in Paterno, Italy.
Buried in Aachen Cathedral.
1002-1024: HENRY II (Heinrich II.; Roman Emperor from 1014)
Born in 973 in Abbach.
Father: Duke Henry the Quarrelsome of Bavaria. Mother: Duchess Gisela of Burgundy.
Married Countess KUNIGUNDE of Luxembourg (*c. 975,+1033 Kaufungen).
He was crowned king in 1002 in Mainz Cathedral.
His consort Kunigunde was crowned queen in 1002 in Paderborn Cathedral.
He and his consort Kunigunde were crowned emperor and empress in 1014 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Died in 1024 at Bamberg.
Buried with his Empress and Queen Kunigunde in Bamberg Cathedral.
SALIAN DYNASTY (Salier)
1024-1039: CONRAD II (Konrad II.; Roman Emperor from 1027)
Born in c. 990.
Father: Count Henry of Speyer. Mother: Adele of Metz.
Married in 1016 GISELA of Swabia (*989,+1043 Goslar).
He was crowned king in 1024 in Mainz Cathedral.
He and his consort Gisela were crowned emperor and empress in 1027 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His consort Gisela was crowned in 1024 in Cologne Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-HENRY III (*1017,+1056),
-Matilda (+1034; Queen of France).
Died in 1039 in Utrecht.
Buried with his Empress and Queen Gisela in Speyer Cathedral.
1039-1056: HENRY III (Heinrich III.; Roman Emperor from 1046)
Born in 1017.
Father: Emperor and King Conrad II of Germany. Mother: Empress Gisela of Swabia.
Married firstly in 1036 at Nijmegen Princess Gunhild of Denmark-England (*1019,+1038).
Married secondly in 1043 AGNES of Poitou (*1024,+1077).
He was crowned king in 1028 in Aachen Cathedral.
His second consort Agnes of Poitou was crowned queen in 1043 in Mainz Cathedral.
He and his second consort Agnes were crowned emperor and empress in 1046 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-HENRY IV (*1050,+1106; son of Agnes),
-Judith (*1054,+after 1105; Queen of Hungary and Duchess of Poland; daughter of Agnes).
Died in 1056 at Bodfeld.
Buried in Speyer Cathedral.
His first consort Princess Gunhild of Denmark was buried in Limburg Abbey at Bad Dürkheim.
His second consort Empress Agnes was buried in St Peter's Basilica in Rome (no tomb).
1056-1106: HENRY IV (Heinrich IV.; Roman Emperor from 1084)
Born in 1050.
Father: Emperor and King Henry III of Germany. Mother: Empress Agnes of Poitou.
Married firstly in 1066 BERTHA of Savoy (c. 1051,+1087).
Married secondly in 1089 in Cologne Princes PRAXEDIS-ADELAIDE of Kiev (+1109).
He was crowned king in 1054 in Aachen Cathedral.
His first consort Bertha of Savoy was crowned queen in 1066 at Würzburg.
He and his first consort Bertha were crowned emperor and empress in 1084 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-Agnes (*1072/73,+1143; Margravine of Austria; daughter of Bertha),
-HENRY V (*1086,+1125; son of Bertha).
Died in 1106 at Liège.
Buried with his first consort Empress Bertha in Speyer Cathedral.
His second consort Empress Adelaide was buried in the Monastery of the Caves in Kyiv (no tomb).
1106-1125: HENRY V (Heinrich V.; Roman Emperor from 1111)
Born in 1086.
Father: Emperor and King Henry IV of Germany. Mother: Empress Bertha of Savoy.
Married in 1114 at Mainz Princess MATILDA of England (*1102 Winchester,+1167 Rouen).
He was crowned king in 1099 in Aachen Cathedral.
His consort Matilda of England was crowned queen twice in 1110 and 1114 at Mainz Cathedral.
He and his consort Matilda were crowned emperor and empress in 1117 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Died in 1125 at Utrecht.
Buried in Speyer Cathedral.
His Queen and Empress Matilda of England was buried firstly in Bec Abbey near Rouen, then reburied in Notre Dame of Rouen in 1847.
HOUSE OF SUPPLINBURG (Supplinburger)
1125-1137: LOTHAIR III (Lothar III.; Roman Emperor from 1133)
Born in 1075.
Father: Count Lothar of Supplinburg. Mother: Countess Hedwig von Frombach.
Married in 1100 RICHENZA of Northeim (*c. 1087/89,+1141).
He was crowned king in 1125 in Aachen Cathedral.
He and his consort Richenza were crowned emperor and empress in 1133 in the Basilica of St John Lateran in Rome.
Died in 1137 at Breitenwang, Tyrol.
Buried with his Queen and Empress Richenza at Königslutter Abbey.
HOUSE OF HOHENSTAUFEN (Staufer)
1138-1152: CONRAD III (Konrad III.)
Born in 1093 at Bamberg.
Father: Duke Frederick I of Swabia. Mother: Duchess Agnes von Waiblingen.
Married firstly in c. 1115 Gertrude of Komburg (+1130/31).
Married secondly in 1136 GERTRUDE of Sulzbach (+1146 Hersfeld).
He was crowned in 1138 in Aachen Cathedral.
Died in 1152 at Bamberg.
Buried the Cathedral of Bamberg.
His second consort Queen Gertrude of Sulzbach was buried in Ebrach Abbey.
1152-1190: FREDERICK I BARBAROSSA
(Friedrich I. Barbarossa; Roman Emperor from 1155)
Born in 1122 in Waiblingen or in Weingarten.
Father: Duke Frederick II of Swabia. Mother: Duchess Judith of Bavaria.
Married firstly in c. 1147 in Cheb, Bohemia ADELAIDE of Vohburg (*1122,+c. 1190 Weissenau Abbey). Marriage was annulled in 1153.
Married secondly in 1156 in Würzburg BEATRICE of Burgundy (*c. 1145,+1184 Jouhe near Dole, Burgundy).
He was crowned king in 1152 in Aachen Cathedral.
He was crowned emperor in 1155 (first time) in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
He and his Queen Beatrice were crowned emperor and empress of Germany in 1167 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-HENRY VI (*1165,+1197; son of Beatrice),
-PHILIP (*c. 1177,+1208; son of Beatrice).
Died in 1190 in the Saleph River (Göksu) in Cilicia (drowned).
Buried in the Cathedral of Tyre (now Lebanon; demolished).
His second consort Empress and Queen Beatrice of Burgundy was buried in the Cathedral of Speyer.
1190-1197: HENRY VI
(Heinrich VI.; Roman Emperor from 1191, King of Sicily)
Born in 1165 at Nijmegen.
Father: Emperor and King Frederick I Barbarossa of Germany. Mother: Queen Beatrice of Burgundy.
Married in 1186 in Milan the future Queen CONSTANCE of Sicily (*1154,+1198).
He was crowned king in 1169 in Aachen Cathedral.
He and his Queen Constance were crowned emperor and empress of Germany in 1191 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-FREDERICK II (*1194,+1250).
Died in 1197 at Messina.
Buried with his Empress and Queen Constance in Palermo Cathedral.
1198-1208: PHILIP OF SWABIA (Philipp von Schwaben)
Born in c. 1177.
Father: Emperor and King Frederick I Barbarossa of Germany. Mother: Queen Beatrice of Burgundy.
Married in 1197 Dowager Queen of Sicily, Princess IRENE of Byzantium (+1208 Hohenstaufen).
He was crowned twice: in 1198 in Mainz Cathedral and in 1205 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Beatrice (*1198,+1212; Empress and Queen of Germany),
-Kunigunde (*c. 1200,+1248; Queen of Bohemia),
-Elizabeth (*c. 1203,+1235; Queen of Castile).
Died in 1208 at Bamberg (murdered).
He was buried in the Cathedral of Speyer.
His Queen Irene was buried in the Abbey of Lorch.
HOUSE OF GUELPH (Welfen)
1198-1215: OTTO IV (Roman Emperor from 1209)
Born in c. 1175/77 in Normandy.
Father: Duke Henry the Lion of Saxony. Mother: Duchess Matilda of England.
Married firstly in 1212 at Nordhausen Princess BEATRICE of Hohenstaufen (*1198,+1212 Nordhausen).
Married secondly in 1214 in Maastricht MARY of Brabant (*c. 1190,+1260).
He was crowned king in 1198 in Aachen Cathedral.
He was crowned emperor in 1209 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Deposed in 1215.
Died in 1218 at Harzburg.
Buried with his first consort Empress Beatrice in Brunswick Cathedral.
His second consort Empress Mary was buried in St Peter's Church in Louvain.
HOUSE OF HOHENSTAUFEN (Staufer)
1212-1250: FREDERICK II (Friedrich II.; Roman Emperor from 1220, King of Sicily as Frederick I Roger)
Born in 1194 at Iesi.
Father: Emperor and King Henry VI of Germany. Mother: Queen Constance of Sicily.
Married firstly in 1209 in Messina Dowager Queen of Hungary CONSTANCE of Aragon (*1179,+1222 Catania).
Married secondly in 1225 at Brindisi Queen ISABELLA II of Jerusalem (*1211,+1228 Andria).
Married thirdly in 1235 at Worms Princess ISABELLA Plantagenet of England (*1214,+1241 Foggia).
He was crowned twice as German king: in 1212 in Mainz Cathedral and in 1215 in Aachen Cathedral.
He was crowned as emperor with his first consort Queen Constance of Hungary in 1220 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-CONRAD IV (*1228,+1254; son of Isabella II of Jerusalem),
-HENRY (*1211,+1242).
Died in 1250 at Castel Fiorentino.
Buried with his first consort Queen Constance of Hungary in Palermo Cathedral.
His two other queens Isabella II of Jerusalem and Isabella of England were buried in Andria Cathedral.
1220-1235: HENRY HOHENSTAUF (Heinrich)
Born in 1211 in Sicily.
Father: King Frederick II. Mother: Queen Constance of Aragon.
Married in 1225 in Nuremberg Princess MARGARET of Austria (+1266).
He was crowned in 1222 in Aachen Cathedral.
His consort Margaret of Austria was crowned in 1227 in Aachen Cathedral.
Deposed in 1235 and imprisoned.
Died in 1242 in Martirano (Calabria).
Buried in Cosenza Cathedral, Italy.
His consort Queen Margaret (later Queen of Bohemia) was buried in Lilienfeld Abbey, Austria.
1250-1254: CONRAD IV (Konrad IV.; King of Sicily)
Born in 1228 at Andria.
Father: King Frederick I Roger of Sicily. Mother: Queen Isabella II of Jerusalem.
Married in 1246 at Vohburg Princess ELIZABETH of Wittelsbach (*1227 Landshut,+1273).
His issue who reigned:
-Conradin (*1252,+1268; King of Sicily).
Died in 1254 near Lavello.
Buried in the Cathedral of Messina (no tomb).
His consort Queen Elizabeth was buried in Stams Abbey, Tyrol.
HOUSE OF HOLLAND (Haus von Holland)
1254-1256: WILLIAM OF HOLLAND (Wilhelm von Holland)
Born in 1227.
Father: Count Floris IV of Holland. Mother: Countess Mechtilde of Brabant.
Married in 1252 ELIZABETH of Brunswick-Lüneburg (+1266).
He was crowned in 1248 in Aachen Cathedral.
Died in 1256 in a battle near Hoogwoud (North Holland).
Buried (in 1282) with his Queen Elizabeth in Middelburg Abbey.
HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET (Haus Plantagenet)
1257-1272: RICHARD OF CORNWALL
Born in 1209 at Winchester.
Father: King John Lackland of England. Mother: Queen Isabella of Angoulême.
Married firstly in 1231 at Fawley Isabella of Pembroke (*1200 Pembroke,+1240 Berkhamstead).
Married secondly in 1243 in London SANCHIA of Provence (*c. 1225 Aix-en-Provence,+1261 Berkhamstead).
Married thirdly in 1269 in Kaiserslauten BEATRICE of Falkenburg (*c. 1253 Falkenburg,+1277).
He was crowned with his second consort Sanchia in 1257 at Aachen Cathedral.
Died in 1272 at Berkhamstead.
Buried with his second consort Queen Sanchia in Hailes Abbey, Gloucestershire, England (no tomb).
His first consort Princess Isabella was buried in Beaulieu Abbey, Hampshire (England).
His third consort Queen Beatrice was buried in the Church of Franciscan Friars Minor at Oxford (England).
HOUSE OF HABSBURG (Habsburger)
1273-1291: RUDOLPH I (Rudolf I.; Duke of Austria)
Born in 1218 at Limburg/Breisgau.
Father: Count Albert IV of Habsburg. Mother: Countess Hedvig of Kyburg.
Married firstly in 1253 in Alsace Countess GERTRUDE ANNE of Hohenberg (*1225 Swabia,+1281 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1284 at Besançon Duchess AGNES of Burgundy (*1270 Dijon,+1323 Chambly).
He was crowned with his first consort Gertrude Anne in 1273 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-ALBERT I *1255,+1308; son of Gertrude),
-Clementia (*c. 1262,+1293; Queen of Naples; daughter of Gertrude),
-Rudolph (*c. 1270,+1290; Duke of Austria; son of Gertrude),
-Judith (*1271,+1297; Queen of Bohemia; daughter of Gertrude).
Died in 1291 in Speyer.
Buried in Speyer Cathedral.
His first consort Queen Gertrude Anne was firstly buried in the Minster in Basel/Switzerland, later reburied in the Benedictine Monastery at St Paul im Lavanttal, Austria.
His second consort Queen Agnes was buried in the Augustinian Convent in Paris (demolished).
HOUSE OF NASSAU (Haus Nassau)
1292-1298: ADOLPHUS OF NASSAU (Adolf von Nassau)
Born in c. 1255.
Father: Count Walram II of Nassau. Mother: Countess Adelaide von Katzenelnbogen.
Married in c. 1271 IMAGINA of Isenburg-Limburg (+c. 1313).
He was crowned with his consort Imagina in 1292 in Aachen Cathedral.
Died in 1298 near Göllheim.
Buried in the Cathedral of Speyer.
His Queen Imagina was buried in the Franciscan Convent of Klarenthal near Wiesbaden (demolished).
HOUSE OF HABSBURG (Habsburger)
1298-1308: ALBERT I HABSBURG (Albrecht I.; Duke of Austria)
Born in c. 1255 at Rheinfelden.
Father: Rudolph I, German king. Mother: Queen Gertrude Anna of Hohenberg.
Married in c. 1276 in Vienna Princess ELIZABETH of Carinthia (*c. 1262 Munich,+1313 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1298 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Agnes (*1281,+1364; Queen of Hungary),
-Rudolph I/III (*c. 1282,+1307; King of Bohemia, Duke of Austria),
-FREDERICK THE HANDSOME (*c. 1289,+1330),
-Leopold I (*1290,+1326; Duke of Austria),
-Albert II the Lame (*1298,+1358; Duke of Austria),
-Otto (*1301,+1339; Duke of Austria).
Died in 1308 at Königsfelden near Brugg (murdered).
Buried in Speyer Cathedral.
His consort Queen Elizabeth of Carinthia was buried in the Benedictine Abbey at St Paul im Lavanttal.
HOUSE OF LUXEMBOURG (Luxemburger)
1308-1313: HENRY VII
(Heinrich VII.; Roman Emperor from 1312)
Born in 1274 at Valenciennes.
Father: Count Henry VI of Luxembourg. Mother: Countess Beatrice d'Avesnes.
Married in 1292 at Tervuren MARGARET of Brabant (*1276,+1311 Genoa).
He was crowned with his consort Margaret in 1309 in Aachen Cathedral (royal coronation).
He was crowned emperor in 1312 in the Basilica of St John Lateran in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-John (*1296,+1346; King of Bohemia),
-Mary (*1304,+1324; Queen of France),
-Beatrice (*1305,+1319; Queen of Hungary).
Died in 1313 at Buonconvento near Siena.
Buried in the Cathedral of Pisa.
His Queen Margaret of Brabant was buried in the Church of St Francis di Castelletto in Genoa (demolished).
HOUSE OF HABSBURG (Habsburger)
1314-1330: FREDERICK THE HANDSOME
(Friedrich der Schöne; Duke of Austria. Ruled together with Louis IV the Bavarian)
Born in c. 1289 in Vienna.
Father: Albert I, German king. Mother: Queen Elizabeth of Carinthia.
Married in 1314 at Castle Gutenstein Princess ELIZABETH (Isabella) of Aragon (*c. 1296 Montpellier,+1330 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1314 in the Collegiate Church at Bonn. His Queen Elizabeth of Aragon was crowned in 1315 in the Cathedral of Basel.
Died in 1330 at Gutenstein, Lower Austria.
Buried in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
His consort Queen Elizabeth of Aragon was buried in the Minorites Church in Vienna (no tomb).
HOUSE OF WITTELSBACH (Wittelsbacher)
1314-1347: LOUIS IV THE BAVARIAN
(Ludwig IV. der Bayer; Roman Emperor from 1328. Ruled together with Frederick the Handsome)
Born in 1282 in Munich.
Father: Duke Louis II of Upper Bavaria. Mother: Duchess Mechtild of Habsburg.
Married firstly in c. 1309 Princess BEATRICE of Silesia-GÅogów (*c. 1290,+1322 Munich).
Married secondly in 1324 in Cologne Countess MARGARET of Hainaut (*1311,+1356 Le Quesnoy).
He was crowned German king with his first consort Beatrice of Silesia-GÅogów in 1314 in Aachen Cathedral.
He was crowned emperor in 1328 in the Basilica of St John Lateran in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-Louis the Roman (*1330,+1365; Elector of Brandenburg; son of Margaret),
-Otto the Sluggard (*1340/42,+1379; Elector of Brandenburg; son of Margaret),
-Beatrice (*1344,+1359; Queen of Sweden; daughter of Margaret).
Died in 1347 at Puch near Fürstenfeldbruck.
Buried with his first consort Queen Beatrice of Silesia-GÅogów in the Church of Our Lady in Munich.
His second consort Empress and Queen Margaret of Hainaut was buried in the Franciscan Convent at Valenciennes, France (demolished).
HOUSE OF LUXEMBOURG (Luxemburger)
1346-1378: CHARLES IV
(Karl IV.; Roman Emperor from 1355, King of Bohemia)
Born in 1316 in Prague.
Father: King of Bohemia John of Luxembourg. Mother: Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia.
Married firstly in 1329 in Prague Princess Blanche of Valois (*1316,+1348 Prague).
Married secondly in 1349 Princess Anne of the Palatinate (*1329,+1353 Prague).
Married thirdly in 1353 at Buda Princess Anne of Åwidnica (*1339,+1362).
Married fourthly in 1363 in Cracow Princess Elizabeth of Pomerania (*1347,+1393 Hradec Králové).
He was firstly crowned in 1346 in Bonn Collegiate Church.
He (second coronation) and his second consort Anne of the Palatinate were crowned in 1349 in Aachen Cathedral.
He (third coronation) and his third consort Anne of Åwidnica were crowned in 1355 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His fourth consort Elizabeth of Pomerania was crowned in 1368 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-Margaret (*1335,+1349; Queen of Hungary and Poland; daughter of Blanche),
-Catherine (*1342,+1395; Duchess of Austria; daughter of Blanche),
-Elizabeth (*1358,+1373; Duchess of Austria; daughter of Anne of Åwidnica),
-WENCESLAUS (*1361,+1419; son of Anne of Åwidnica).
-Anne (*1366,+1394; Queen of England; daughter of Elizabeth),
-SIGISMUND (*1368,+143; son of Elizabeth).
Died in 1378 in Prague.
Buried with his four queens in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
1378-1400: WENCESLAUS
(Wenzel; King of Bohemia as Wenceslaus IV, Elector of Brandenburg, Duke of Luxembourg)
Born in 1361 in Nuremberg.
Father: Emperor and King Charles IV of Germany. Mother: Empress and Queen Anne of Åwidnica.
Married firstly in 1370 Joanna of Bavaria (*c. 1356,+1386 Karlštejn).
Married secondly in 1389 in Prague Sophia of Bavaria (*1376,+1425 Bratislava).
He and his first consort Joanna of Bavaria were crowned in 1376 in Aachen Cathedral.
Deposed in 1400.
Died in 1419 at Kunratice near Prague.
Buried with his first consort Queen Joanna of Bavaria in St Vitus' Cathedral in Prague. Earlier buried in the Church of Saints Paul and Peter at Vyšehrad, then in Zbraslav. In 1423 he was reburied in Prague.
His second consort Queen Sophia of Bavaria was buried in St Martin's Cathedral in Bratislava (no tomb).
HOUSE OF WITTELSBACH (Wittelsbacher)
1400-1410: RUPERT (Ruprecht von der Pfalz)
Born in 1352 at Amberg.
Father: Ruprecht II of the Palatinate. Mother: Beatrice of Sicily.
Married in 1374 at Amberg ELIZABETH of Nuremberg (*1358,+1411 Heidelberg).
He was crowned twice: in 1401 in Cologne Cathedral and in 1407 in Aachen Cathedral.
Died in 1410 at Castle Landskron near Oppenheim.
Buried with his Queen Elizabeth in the Church of The Holy Spirit in Heidelberg.
HOUSE OF LUXEMBOURG (Luxemburger)
1410-1411: JOBST OF MORAVIA (Jobst von Mähren; Elector of Brandenburg, Duke of Luxembourg)
Born in c. 1351.
Father: Margrave John Henry of Moravia. Mother: Margaret of Opava.
Married firstly in 1372 Princess Elizabeth of Opole (*1360,+c. 1374).
Married secondly Princess Agnes of Opole (+c. 1409).
He was never crowned as he died prior to his coronation.
Died in 1411 in Brno, Moravia.
Buried in the Church of St Thomas in Brno.
1410-1437: SIGISMUND OF LUXEMBOURG
(Sigismund von Luxemburg; Roman Emperor from 1433, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary, Elector of Brandenburg)
Born in 1368 in Nuremberg.
Father: Emperor Charles IV. Mother: Empress Elizabeth of Pomerania.
Married firstly in 1385 Queen Mary of Hungary (*c. 1371,+1395).
Married secondly in 1408 BARBARA of Cilli (*c. 1390/95,+1451).
Crowned with his second consort Barbara of Cilli in 1414 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Elizabeth (*1409,+1442; Empress of Germany, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; daughter of Barbara).
Died in 1437 at Znojmo, Moravia.
Buried with his first consort Queen Mary of Hungary in the Church of Várad Fortress in Nagyvárad, Transylvania (demolished).
His second consort Empress Barbara of Cilli was buried in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
HOUSE OF HABSBURG (Habsburger)
1438-1439: ALBERT II (Albrecht II.; Duke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1397 in Vienna.
Father: Duke Albert IV of Austria. Mother: Duchess Joanna Sophia of Bavaria.
Married in 1421 in Prague Princess ELIZABETH of Bohemia and Hungary (*c. 1409 Prague,+1442 Györ, Hungary).
He was never crowned in Germany.
His issue who reigned:
-Elizabeth (*1436,+1505; Queen of Poland),
-Ladislaus the Posthumous (*1440,+1457; King of Bohemia and Hungary).
Died in 1439 at Neszmély near Esztergom, Hungary.
Buried with his consort Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia and Hungary in the Coronation Basilica at Székesfehérvár, Hungary (demolished).
1440-1493: FREDERICK III
(Friedrich III.; Roman Emperor from 1452, Archduke of Austria)
Born in 1415 at Innsbruck.
Father: Duke Ernest of Austria and Styria. Mother: Duchess Cimburgis (Cymbarka) of Mazovia.
Married in 1452 in Rome Princess ELEANOR of Portugal (*1436 Torres Vedras,+1467 Wiener Neustadt).
He was crowned in 1442 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-MAXIMILIAN I (*1459,+1519).
Died in 1493 at Linz.
Buried in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
His consort Empress Eleanor of Portugal was buried in the Parish Church Neuklosterkirche at Wiener Neustadt.
1486-1519: MAXIMILIAN I
(Roman Emperor from 1508, Archduke of Austria)
Born in 1459 at Wiener Neustadt.
Father: Emperor Frederick III of Austria. Mother: Empress Eleanor of Portugal.
Married firstly in 1477 at Ghent Duchess Mary of Burgundy and Luxembourg (*1457 Brussels,+1482 Bruges).
Married secondly in 1494 at Hall, Tyrol Princess BIANCA MARIA Sforza of Milan (*1472 Milan,+1510 Innsbruck).
He was crowned in 1486 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Philip I the Fair (*1478,+1506; King of Castile; son of Mary),
-Margaret (*1480;+1530; Duchess of Savoy; daughter of Mary).
Died in 1519 at Wels.
Buried in St George's Chapel at Wiener Neustadt.
His first consort Duchess Mary of Burgundy was buried in Our Lady's Church in Bruges.
His second consort Empress Bianca Maria Sforza of Milan was buried in Cistercian Abbey at Stams, Tyrol.
1519-1556: CHARLES V
(Karl V.; Roman Emperor from 1530, Archduke of Austria, King of Spain, Naples and Sicily)
Born in 1500 at Gent.
Father: King Philip I the Fair of Castile. Mother: Queen Joan the Mad of Castile.
Married in 1526 at Seville Princess ISABELLA of Portugal (*1503 Lisbon,+1539 Toledo).
He was crowned in 1520 in Aachen Catehdral.
His issue who reigned:
-Philip II (*1527,+1598; King of Spain and Portugal),
-Maria (*1528,+1603; Empress and Queen of Bohemia and Hungary).
Abdicated in 1556 in Brussels and left for Spain.
Died in 1558 at San Jerónimo de Yuste, Spain.
Buried with his consort Empress Isabella of Portugal in the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.
1531-1564: FERDINAND I
(Roman Emperor from 1556, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1503 at Alcala de Henares, Spain.
Father: King Philip I the Fair of Castile. Mother: Queen Joan the Mad of Castile.
Married in 1521 at Linz Princess ANNE Jagiellonian of Bohemia and Hungary (*1503 Buda,+1547 Prague).
He was crowned in 1531 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Elizabeth (*1526,+1545; Queen of Poland),
-MAXIMILIAN II (*1527,+1576),
-Anna (*1528,+1590; Electress of Bavaria),
-Catherine (*1533,+1572; Queen of Poland),
-Charles II (*1540,+1590; Archduke of Inner Austria).
Died in 1564 in Vienna.
Buried with his consort Queen Anna Jagiellonian in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
1564-1576: MAXIMILIAN II (Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1527 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Ferdinand I. Mother: Princess Anna Jagiellonian of Bohemia and Hungary.
Married in 1548 at Valladolid, Spain Princess MARY of Spain (*1528 Madrid,+1603 Villa Monte, Spain).
He was crowned in 1562 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Anna (*1549,+1580; Queen of Spain),
-RUDOLPH II (*1552,+1612),
-Elizabeth (*1554,+1592; Queen of France),
-MATTHEW (*1557,+1619).
Died in 1576 in Regensburg.
Buried in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
His consort Empress Mary of Spain was buried in the Church of St Clara (Discalced Franciscans) in Madrid.
1576-1612: RUDOLPH II
(Rudolf II.; Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1552 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Maximilian II. Mother: Empress Mary of Spain.
Unmarried.
He was crowned in 1575 in Regensburg Cathedral.
Died in 1612 in Prague.
Buried in St Vitus' Cathedral in Prague.
1612-1619: MATTHEW (Matthias; Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1557 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Maximilian II. Mother: Empress Mary of Spain.
Married in 1611 in Vienna Archduchess ANNE of Tyrol (*1585 Innsbruck,+1618 Vienna).
He was crowned together with his consort Anne of Tyrol in 1612 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
Died in 1619 in Vienna.
Buried with his consort Empress Anne of Tyrol in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1619-1637: FERDINAND II (Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1578 in Graz.
Father: Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria. Mother: Archduchess Maria of Bavaria.
Married firstly in 1600 in Graz Princess Maria Anna of Bavaria (*1574 Munich,+1616 Graz).
Married secondly in 1622 in Innsbruck Princess ELEANOR Gonzaga of Mantua (*1598 Mantua,+1655 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1619 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-FERDINAND III (*1608,+1657; son of Maria Anna),
-Maria Anna (*1610,+1665; Electress of Bavaria; daughter of Maria Anna),
-Cecilia Renata (*1611,+1644; Queen of Poland; daughter of Maria Anna).
Died in 1637 in Vienna.
Buried in the Imperial Mausoleum at Graz with his first consort Princess Maria Anna of Bavaria.
His second consort Empress Eleanor of Mantua was buried in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
1637-1657: FERDINAND III (Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1608 in Graz.
Father: Emperor Ferdinand II. Mother: Empress Maria Anna of Bavaria.
Married firstly in 1631 in Vienna Princess MARIA ANNA of Spain (*1608 Escorial,+1646 Linz).
Married secondly in 1648 in Linz Archduchess MARIA LEOPOLDINA of Tyrol (*1632 Innsbruck,+1649 Vienna).
Married thirdly in 1651 in Vienna Princess ELEANOR Gonzaga of Mantua (*1630 Mantua,+1686 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1636 at Regensburg Cathedral. His first consort Maria Anna of Spain was crowned in 1637 and his third consort Eleanor Gonzaga was crowned in 1653, both at Regensburg Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-FERDINAND IV (*1633,+1654; son of Maria Anna),
-Maria Anna (*1635,+1696; Queen of Spain; daughter of Maria Anna),
-LEOPOLD I (*1640,+1705; son of Maria Anna),
-Eleanor (*1653,+1697; Queen of Poland; daughter of Eleanor).
Died in 1657 in Vienna.
Buried with his three consorts in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1653-1654: FERDINAND IV (King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1633 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Ferdinand III. Mother: Empress Maria Anna of Spain.
Unmarried.
He was crowned in 1653 at Regensburg Cathedral.
Died in 1654 in Vienna.
Buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1657-1705: LEOPOLD I (Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1640 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Ferdinand III. Mother: Empress Maria Anna of Spain.
Married firstly in 1666 in Vienna Princess MARGARET THERESA of Spain (*1651 Madrid,+1673 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1673 in Vienna Archduchess CLAUDIA FELICITY of Tyrol (*1653 Innsbruck,+1676 Vienna).
Married thirdly in 1676 in Vienna Princess ELEANOR MAGDALEN of Palatinate-Neuburg (*1655 Düsseldorf,+1720 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1658 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Maria Antonia (*1669,+1692; Electress of Bavaria; daughter of Margaret Theresa),
-JOSEPH I (*1678,+1711; son of Eleanor Magdalen),
-Maria Anna (*1683,+1754; Queen of Portugal; daughter of Eleanor Magdalen),
-CHARLES VI (*1685,+1740; son of Eleanor Magdalen).
Died in 1705 in Vienna.
Buried with his first and third consort in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
His second consort Empress Claudia Felicity was buried in the Dominican Church in Vienna.
1705-1711: JOSEPH I (Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia, Hungary, Naples and Sicily)
Born in 1678 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Leopold I. Mother: Empress Eleanor Magdalen of Palatinate-Neuburg.
Married in 1699 in Vienna Princess AMALIA WILHELMINA of Brunswick-Lüneburg (*1673 Lüneburg,+1742 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1690 in St Ulric's Church at Augsburg.
His issue who reigned:
-Maria Josepha (*1699,+1757; Queen of Poland, Electress of Saxony),
-Maria Amalia (*1701,+1756; Electress of Bavaria).
Died in 1711 in Vienna.
Buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
His consort Empress Amalia Wilhelmina was buried in the Salesian Convent in Vienna.
1711-1740: CHARLES VI (Karl VI.; Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1685 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Leopold I. Mother: Empress Eleanor Magdalen of Palatinate-Neuburg.
Married in 1708 in Barcelona Princess ELIZABETH CHRISTINA of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (*1691 Wolfenbüttel,+1750 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1711 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Maria Theresa (*1717,+1780; Queen of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary).
Died in 1740 in Vienna.
Buried with his consort Empress Elizabeth Christina in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1740-1742: INTERREGNUM
HOUSE OF WITTELSBACH (Wittelsbacher)
1742-1745: CHARLES VII ALBERT (Karl VII. Albrecht; Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Elector of Bavaria)
Born in 1697 in Brussels.
Father: Elector Maximilian II Emmanuel of Bavaria. Mother: Electress Theresa Kunigunda Sobieska of Poland.
Married in 1722 in Munich Archduchess MARIA AMALIA of Austria (*1701 Vienna,+1756 Munich).
He was crowned in 1742 in Frankfurt Cathedral with his consort Maria Amalia of Austria.
His issue who reigned:
-Maria Antonia (*1724,+1780; Electress of Saxony),
-Maximilian III Joseph (*1727,+1777; Elector of Bavaria),
-Maria Josepha (*1739,+1767; German Empress).
Died in 1745 in Munich.
Buried with his consort Empress Maria Amalia in the Theatine Church in Munich.
HOUSE OF HABSBURG-LORRAINE (Habsburg-Lothringer)
1745-1765: FRANCIS I STEPHEN
(Franz I. Stefan; Roman Emperor, Grand Duke of Tuscany)
Born in 1708 in Nancy.
Father: Duke Leopold Joseph of Lorraine. Mother: Princess Elizabeth Charlotte of Orléans.
Married in 1736 in Vienna Archduchess MARIA THERESA of Austria (*1717 Vienna,+1780 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1745 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-JOSEPH II (*1741,+1790),
-Marie Amalie (*1746,+1804; Duchess of Parma),
-LEOPOLD II (*1747,+1792),
-Marie Caroline (*1752,+1814; Queen of the Two Sicilies),
-Ferdinand (*1754,+1806; Duke of Massa-Carrara),
-Marie Antoinette (*1755,+1793; Queen of France).
Died in 1765 in Innsbruck.
Buried with his consort Empress Maria Theresa in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1764-1790: JOSEPH II (Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary, Archduke of Austria)
Born in 1741 in Schönbrunn.
Father: Emperor Francis I Stephen. Mother: Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.
Married firstly in 1760 in Vienna Princess Isabella of Bourbon-Parma (*1741 Madrid,+1763 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1765 in Vienna Princess MARIA JOSEPHA of Bavaria (*1739 Munich,+1767 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1764 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
Died in 1790 in Vienna.
Buried with his both consorts in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1790-1792: LEOPOLD II (Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary, Archduke of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany)
Born in 1747 in Schönbrunn.
Father: Emperor Francis I Stephen. Mother: Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.
Married in 1765 in Innsbruck Princess MARIA LOUISE of Spain and Sicily (*1745 Portici near Naples,+1792 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1790 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Maria Theresa (*1767,+1827; Queen of Saxony),
-FRANCIS II (1768,+1835),
-Ferdinand (1769,+1824; Grand Duke of Tuscany).
Died in 1792 in Vienna.
Buried with his consort Empress Maria Louisa in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1792-1806: FRANCIS II (Franz II.; Roman Emperor, Archduke and Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1768 in Florence.
Father: Emperor Leopold II. Mother: Empress Maria Louisa of Spain.
Married firstly in 1788 in Vienna Duchess Elizabeth of Württemberg (*1767 Treptow,+1790 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1790 in Vienna Princess MARIA THERESA of Naples-Sicily (*1772 Naples,+1807 Vienna).
Married thirdly in 1808 in Vienna Archduchess Maria Lodovica of Modena (*1787 Monza,+1816 Verona).
Married fourthly in 1816 in Vienna Princess Caroline Augusta of Bavaria (*1792 Mannheim,+1873 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1792 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Marie Louise (*1791,+1847; Empress of the French; daughter of Maria Theresa),
-Ferdinand I (*1793,+1875; Emperor of Austria; son of Maria Theresa),
-Maria Leopoldina (*1797,+1826; Queen of Portugal and Empress of Brazil; daughter of Maria Theresa).
Abdicated in 1806.
Died in 1835 in Vienna.
Buried with all his consorts in the Capuchin Church in Vienna (Austria).
1806: HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE DISSOLVED.
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Biography of Rudolph Habsburg III Duke Austria 1282
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"Rudolph Habsburg III Duke Austria 1282-1307",
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Biography of Rudolph Habsburg III Duke Austria 1282-1307 including his birth, marriages, death and life events, life events of his siblings, and his ancestry to five generations, royal ancestors and royal descendants.
|
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Around 1282 Rudolph Habsburg III Duke Austria was born to Albert Habsburg I Duke Austria 1255-1308 (age 26) and Elizabeth Carinthia Duchess Austria.
On 08 Sep 1299 King Edward I of England (age 60) and [his future sister-in-law] Margaret of France Queen Consort England (age 20) were married at Canterbury Cathedral [Map]. They were first cousin once removed. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England 1133-1189. She by marriage Queen Consort England. The difference in their ages was 39 years. She the daughter of King Philip III of France and Maria Reginar Queen Consort France (age 43). He the son of King Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence Queen Consort England.
Guy Beauchamp 10th Earl Warwick (age 27) was present.
On 25 May 1300 Rudolph Habsburg III Duke Austria (age 18) and Blanche Capet Duchess Austria (age 22) were married. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England 1133-1189. She by marriage Duchess Austria. She the daughter of King Philip III of France and Maria Reginar Queen Consort France (age 44). He the son of Albert Habsburg I Duke Austria 1255-1308 (age 44) and Elizabeth Carinthia Duchess Austria.
On 16 Oct 1306 Rudolph Habsburg III Duke Austria (age 24) and Elizabeth Richeza Unknown Duchess Austria were married at Prague. She by marriage Duchess Austria. He the son of Albert Habsburg I Duke Austria 1255-1308 (age 51) and Elizabeth Carinthia Duchess Austria.
[his father] Albert Habsburg I Duke Austria 1255-1308 succeeded I Duke Austria.
[his father] Albert Habsburg I Duke Austria 1255-1308 and [his mother] Elizabeth Carinthia Duchess Austria were married. She by marriage Duchess Austria. He the son of Rudolph I King Romans and Gertrude Hohenburg.
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Rudolf I | Holy Roman Emperor & German King
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"Rudolf I",
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[
"The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica"
] |
1998-07-20T00:00:00+00:00
|
Rudolf I was the first German king of the Habsburg dynasty. A son of Albert IV, Count of Habsburg, Rudolf on the occasion of his father’s death (c. 1239) inherited lands in upper Alsace, the Aargau, and Breisgau. A partisan of the Hohenstaufen Holy Roman emperor Frederick II and his son Conrad IV,
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rudolf-I-king-of-Germany
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Rudolf I (born May 1, 1218, Limburg-im-Breisgau [Germany]—died July 15, 1291, Speyer) was the first German king of the Habsburg dynasty.
A son of Albert IV, Count of Habsburg, Rudolf on the occasion of his father’s death (c. 1239) inherited lands in upper Alsace, the Aargau, and Breisgau. A partisan of the Hohenstaufen Holy Roman emperor Frederick II and his son Conrad IV, he increased his territories largely at the expense of his uncle, Count Hartmann of Kyburg, and his cousin, Count Hartmann the Younger, who supported the papal cause against the Hohenstaufens. Rudolf’s first marriage (c. 1245), to Gertrude of Zollern-Hohenberg-Haigerloch, also added considerable property to his domains. In 1254 he assisted the Knights of the Teutonic Order by participating in a crusade in Prussia.
Britannica Quiz
Kings and Emperors (Part III) Quiz
Rudolf ’s election as German king at Frankfurt was hastened by the desire of the electors to exclude an increasingly powerful rival candidate of non-German birth, Otakar II of Bohemia. Crowned at Aachen on Oct. 24, 1273, Rudolf was recognized by Pope Gregory X in September 1274 on the condition that he would renounce all imperial rights in Rome, in the papal territories, and in Italy and to lead a new crusade. In 1275 the pope managed to persuade Alfonso X of Castile (whom some of the German electors had chosen king in April 1257) to abandon his claim to the German crown.
Meanwhile Otakar II of Bohemia had been gaining control of Austria, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola. When in 1274 Otakar refused to appear before an imperial diet to show cause for his actions, Rudolf placed him under the ban of the empire and led an army into Austria, where he defeated Otakar in 1276. In 1278 Otakar, attempting to reconquer the territories he had lost to Rudolf, invaded Austria; he was again defeated and killed at the Battle of Dürnkrut (August 26).
In 1282 Rudolf received permission from the German princes to grant to his sons the territories recovered from Otakar, and in December of that year he granted Austria and Styria to his sons Albert and Rudolf, thus constituting the territorial nucleus of the future Habsburg power.
Rudolf combated the expansionist policy of France on his western frontier by marrying (his first wife having died in 1281) Isabella, daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy, and by compelling Otto IV, Count Palatine of Franche-Comté, to pay homage (1289). French influence at the papal court, however, prevented Rudolf from being crowned Holy Roman emperor by the pope.
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Ancestors & Cousins: Royal, Titled, Noble, and Commoner (over 193,000 names).
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Children
Mathilde von Braunschweig1 d. c 1337
Johann von Braunschweig, Capitular of Minden, Hildesheim, & Verden2 d. bt 8 Sep 1324 - 29 Sep 1324
Ludwig von Braunschweig, Bishop of Minden, Prior of St. Blasii2 d. 18 Jul 1346
Luitgard von Braunschweig, Abbess of Wienhausen2 d. 16 Apr 1338
Jutta von Braunschweig, Abbess of Wienhausen2 d. 16 Aug 1342
Otto III, Graf von Braunschweig-Luneburg+3,4 b. 1296, d. 19 Aug 1352
Wilhelm I "Big Foot", Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg+5 b. c 1300, d. 23 Nov 1369
Children
Agnes of Bavaria2 b. Jan 1254, d. 29 Oct 1315
Agnes of Bavaria3 b. 17 Jul 1255, d. 10 May 1260
Agnes of Bavaria3 b. 29 Oct 1256, d. 16 Nov 1260
Elizabeth of Bavaria2 b. 23 Apr 1258, d. 8 Aug 1314
Otto III, King of Hungary, Duke of Lower Bavaria+2 b. 1 Feb 1261, d. 9 Sep 1312
Heinrich of Bavaria2 b. 23 Feb 1262, d. 16 Sep 1280
Sophie of Bavaria2 b. c 1264, d. 4 Feb 1282
Katharina of Bavaria2 b. 9 Jun 1267, d. c 9 Jan 1310
Ludwig III, Duke of Bavaria2 b. 9 Oct 1269, d. 13 Oct 1296
Stefan I, Duke of Lower Bavaria+2 b. 14 Mar 1271, d. 21 Dec 1310
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Royalty: Childbirth Complications
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2012-11-25T00:38:50+00:00
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by Susan Flantzer Until the advent of modern medicine, childbirth was a danger to women, both royals and commoners. Many women died from puerperal fever or childbed fever, a bacterial infection. Th…
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en
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Unofficial Royalty
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https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/royal-illnesses-and-deaths/royal-women-who-died-due-to-childbirth-complications/
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by Susan Flantzer
Until the advent of modern medicine, childbirth was a danger to women, both royals and commoners. Many women died from puerperal fever or childbed fever, a bacterial infection. The majority of childbed fever cases were caused by the birth attendants themselves. With no knowledge of germs, it was believed that hand washing was unnecessary. Other women died from problems that caesarean sections now prevent. I have always had a soft spot in my heart for those women who died in childbirth. Without the modern caesarean section, my two children, who were both breech babies, and I may not have survived.
Maternal deaths due to childbirth complications, although infrequent, still occur, and I would like to remember an online friend who passed away shortly after giving birth. I was an AOL Royalty Community Leader from 1998-2005 when the Community Leader program ceased to exist. During that time, I met many people on AOL who were interested in royalty via the message boards and chats I hosted. One of them was ALMACKS, whose real name was Dana Sherman. I remember Dana as a person who had strong opinions on royals and was not afraid to express her opinions and defend them. She always wanted to go to London and did so by herself during the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. In February of 2003, after giving birth to her second child, Dana passed away. I dedicate this article to the memory of Dana.
This does not purport to be a complete list. I will be adding to this list and gladly welcome information on those not included. All photos are from Wikipedia.
AUSTRIA
Maria Anna of Spain: 18 August 1606 – 13 May 1646
Parents: King Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria
Married: Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor on 20 February 1631 (first wife)
Maria Anna died at age 39 after giving birth to her sixth child who also died. Supposedly she died of poisoning and her child was born by caesarean section.
Wikipedia: Maria Anna of Spain
************************************************
Maria Leopoldine of Austria: 6 April 1632 – 7 August 1649
Parents: Leopold V, Archduke of Austria and Claudia de’ Medici
Married: Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor on 2 July 1648 in Linz (second wife)
Maria Leopoldine died in childbirth at age 17 after delivering her only child, Karl Josef, who lived until he was 15. Maria Leopoldine was buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna
Wikipedia: Maria Leopoldine of Austria
************************************************
Margarita Teresa of Spain: 12 July 1651 – 12 March 1673
Parents: King Philip IV of Spain and his second wife Mariana of Austria
Married: Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor on 12 December 1666 in Vienna (first wife)
Margarita Teresa died at age 21 while giving birth to her fourth child who died not survive. She was buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna.
Wikipedia: Margarita Teresa of Spain
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Maria Anna of Austria: 18 September 1718 – 16 December 1744
Parents: Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Married: Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine in 1744
Archduchess Maria Anna went into labor in October 1744 and delivered a stillborn baby. She never recovered and died two months later at age 26. Both mother and baby were buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna, Austria.
Wikipedia: Maria Anna of Austria
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Elisabeth of Württemberg: 21 April 1767 – 18 February 1790
Parents: Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg and Sophia Dorothea of Brandenburg-Schwedt
Married: Archduke Franz of Austria (the future Holy Roman Emperor Franz II and Emperor Franz I of Austria) on 6 January 1788 in Vienna (first wife)
Upset by the illness of her husband’s uncle, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, Elisabeth went into premature labor that lasted more than 24 hours and delivered a daughter Ludovika. Elisabeth did not survive and died at age 22. She was buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna. Her daughter died the following year.
Unofficial Royalty: Elisabeth of Württemberg
************************************************
Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia: 9 August 1783 – 16 March 1801
Parents: Tsar Paul I of Russia and his second wife Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg
Married: Archduke Joseph of Austria in 1799 (first wife)
Alexandra Pavlovna died at age 17 from childbed fever after giving birth to a daughter who also died. Her death occurred the same week as her father’s murder.
Wikipedia: Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia
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Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily: 6 June 1772 – 13 April 1807
Parents: King Ferdinand IV & III of Naples and Sicily (later King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies) and Maria Carolina of Austria (daughter of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Theresa of Austria)
Married: Archduke Franz of Austria (the future Holy Roman Emperor Franz II and Emperor Franz I of Austria) 15 September 1790 (second wife)
After giving birth to her twelfth child, Amalia Theresa, Maria Theresa became ill and died within the week. The child died the day after her birth. Maria Theresa is buried in the Imperial Crypt, Vienna.
Unofficial Royalty: Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
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Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym: 2 December 1797 – 14 September 1817
Parents: Victor II, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym and Princess Amelia of Nassau-Weilburg
Married: Archduke Joseph of Austria on 30 August 1815 at Schaumburg Castle in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany (second wife)
Hermine died at age 19 giving birth to fraternal twins, a boy and a girl. Both children survived to adulthood, but neither had children.
Wikipedia: Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym
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BOHEMIA
Judith of Habsburg: 1271 – 21 May 1297
Parents: King Rudolph I of Germany and Gertrude of Hohenburg
Married: King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia in 1285
Judith of Habsburg died at age 26, several weeks after giving birth to her tenth child, a daughter also named Judith who did not survive. She was buried at Saint Vitus’ Cathedral in Prague, now in the Czech Republic.
Wikipedia: Judith of Habsburg
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Kunigunde of Sternberg: 18 November 1425 – 19 November 1449
Parents: Smil of Sternberg and Barbara of Pardubice
Married: George of Poděbrady, King of Bohemia
Kunigunde of Sternberg had already given birth to four children when she died at age 24, several days after giving birth to twin girls, who both survived. One of the twins, Catherine of Poděbrady, also died due to childbirth complications. Kunigunde was buried at the Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross in Poděbrady, now in the Czech Republic.
Wikipedia: Kunigunde of Sternberg
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DENMARK
Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg: 4 May 1679 – 27 June 1704
Parents: Adam Otto von Vieregg til Weitendorff from Mecklenburg,
Married: (morganatic and bigamous) King Frederik IV of Denmark in 1703
Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg died while giving birth to her only child, Frederik Gyldenløve, who survived for less than a year.
Wikipedia: Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg
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ENGLAND/GREAT BRITAIN/UNITED KINGDOM
Elizabeth of Rhuddlan: 7 August 1282 – 5 May 1316
Parents: King Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile
Married: (1) John I, Count of Holland on 8 January 1297 (2) Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford on 14 November 1302 at Westminster Abbey
Elizabeth, who was born at Rhuddlan Castle in Wales, had 11 children with her second husband Humphrey de Bohun. She died at age 33 shortly after giving birth to her 11th child Isabella, who also died. Mother and daughter were buried together at Waltham Abbey.
Wikipedia: Elizabeth of Rhuddlan
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Mary de Bohun: c. 1368 – c. June – July 4, 1394
Parents: Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford and Joan Fitzalan
Married: the future King Henry IV of England in 1380
Mary died at age 26 giving birth to her seventh child at Peterborough Castle and was buried at the Church of St Mary of the Annunciation in The Newarke, Leicester which was destroyed under the Dissolution of the Chantries Act of Edward VI. She was the mother of King Henry V of England. Her seventh child, Philippa, survived and married Eric of Pomerania, King of Denmark and Norway.
Unofficial Royalty: Mary de Bohun
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Elizabeth of York: 11 February 1466 – 11 February 1503
Parents: King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville
Married: King Henry VII of England in 1486
After giving birth to her seventh child Katherine, Elizabeth died of childbed fever on her 37th birthday and was buried in Henry VII’s Chapel, Westminster Abbey. Katherine died the day before her mother. Elizabeth was the daughter of Edward IV, the sister of Edward V, the niece of Richard III, the wife of Henry VII, the mother of Henry VIII and the grandmother of Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I.
Unofficial Royalty: Elizabeth of York
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Jane Seymour: c. 1508 – 24 October 1537
Parents: Sir John Seymour and Margery Wentworth
Married: King Henry VIII of England (third wife) in 1536
After a long and difficult delivery, Jane finally gave Henry VIII his long-awaited son, King Edward VI of England. Nine days later Jane died of childbed fever at Hampton Court Palace and was buried at St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle. Henry VIII decided his final resting place would be next to Jane.
Unofficial Royalty: Jane Seymour
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Catherine Parr: 1512 – 5 September 1548
Parents: Sir Thomas Parr and Maud Green
Married: (1) Sir Edward Borough (2) John Neville, 3rd Baron Latymer (3) King Henry VIII of England (4) Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley
After the death of Henry VIII, Catherine married Thomas Seymour, the brother of Henry’s third wife Jane Seymour. It was during this marriage that Catherine became pregnant for the first time. She gave birth to a daughter Mary but died from childbed fever six days later. After Mary’s father was beheaded, she came under the care of the Dowager Duchess of Suffolk. The last mention of Mary Seymour was when she was two. It is thought she died as a child. Catherine Parr was buried in the chapel of Sudeley Castle, however, in later years the chapel was ruined. Eventually, a proper tomb was built for Queen Catherine.
Unofficial Royalty: Catherine Parr
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Charlotte of Wales: 7 January 1796 – 6 November 1817
Parents: the future King George IV of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Caroline of Brunswick
Married: Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld in 1816; Leopold was the uncle of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and became King of the Belgians in 1831.
Twenty-one year old Princess Charlotte, the only child of George, Prince of Wales, died after delivering a stillborn son at Claremont House, Esher, Surrey. She was mourned by the British people in a manner similar to the mourning of Diana, Princess of Wales. Charlotte’s pregnancy and delivery had been grossly mismanaged and the doctor in charge later committed suicide. Charlotte was buried at St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle with her stillborn son at her feet.
Unofficial Royalty: Charlotte of Wales
Unofficial Royalty: Death of Princess Charlotte of Wales in childbirth and its impact on the succession to the British throne
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FRANCE
Constance, Duchess of Brittany: 12 June 1161 – 5 September 1201
Parents: Conan IV, Duke of Brittany and Earl of Richmond and Margaret of Huntingdon
Married: (1) Geoffrey Plantagenet, son of King Henry II of England in 1181; (2) Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester on 3 February 1188; (3) Guy of Thouars in 1198
Constance had three children with her first husband and two children with her third husband. She died at age 40 shortly after the birth of her last child, Katherine of Thouars, most likely as a result of both leprosy and childbirth. Constance was buried at Villeneuve Abbey in Nantes, France, the same burial place as her daughter Alix of Thourars who also died of childbirth complications.
Wikipedia: Constance, Duchess of Brittany
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Alix of Thouars, Duchess of Brittany: 5 September 1201 – 21 October 1221
Parents: Guy of Thouars and Constance, Duchess of Brittany (whose first husband was Geoffrey, son of King Henry II of England)
Married: Peter of Dreux in 1213
Alix of Thouars, aged 21, died while delivering a son, Arthur who died at age 2. She had a surviving son and a surviving daughter. She was buried at Villeneuve Abbey in Nantes, France.
Wikipedia: Alix of Thouars
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Gabrielle d’Estrées: 1573 – 10 April 1599
Parents: Antoine d’Estrées and Françoise Babou de La Bourdaisière
Mistress of King Henri IV of France
Gabrielle d’Estrées had three children with King Henri IV of France, all of who were recognized and legitimized by their father. While pregnant with her fourth child, she had an attack of eclampsia, which causes seizures in pregnant women, and gave birth to a stillborn son. She died the following day at age 26 and was buried at Notre-Dame-La-Royale de Maubuisson Abbey in Saint-Ouen-l’Aumône, northwest of Paris, France.
Wikipedia: Gabrielle d’Estrées
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Margravine Auguste of Baden-Baden: 10 November 1704 – 8 August 1726
Parents: Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden, and Sibylle of Saxe-Lauenburg
Married: Louis d’Orléans, Duke of Orléans, the grandson of King Louis XIV of France in 1724
Known in France as Auguste de Bade, she died three days after giving birth to her second child who survived for less than two years. She was only 21 years old and was buried at the Val-de-Grâce Convent in Paris. Auguste de Bade was the paternal great-grandmother of Louis-Philippe I, King of the French.
Wikipedia: Auguste of Baden-Baden
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Louise Diane d’Orléans: 27 June 1716 – 26 September 1736
Parents: Philippe d’Orléans, Duke of Orléans and Françoise Marie de Bourbon, legitimized daughter of King Louis XIV of France and his mistress Madame de Montespan
Married: Louis François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti in 1732
In 1734, Louise gave birth to her first child, a son, but died at age 20 while delivering her second son who also died. She was buried at Saint-André-des-Arcs Church in L’Isle d’Adam, France.
Wikipedia: Louise Diane d’Orleans
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Anne Thérèse of Savoy: 1 November 1717 – 5 April 1745
Parents: Victor Amadeus, Prince of Carignano and Maria Vittoria Francesca of Savoy
Married: Charles de Rohan, Prince of Soubise in 1741
Anne Thérèse gave birth to a daughter in 1743, but two years later died in childbirth at age 27 along with her second child. Her daughter, Victoire Armande Josèphe de Rohan, was the governess of the children of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.
Wikipedia: Anne Thérèse of Savoy
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Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain: 11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746
Parents: King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese
Married: Louis, Dauphin of France, son of King Louis XV of France in 1745
Marie Thérèse Raphaëlle d’Espagne, as she was known in France, died at age 20, three days after giving birth to her first child, a daughter who died less than two years later. The Dauphine was buried at the Basilica of St Denis outside Paris.
Wikipedia: Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain
************************************************
Maria Teresa Felicitas d’Este of Modena: October 6, 1726 – April 30, 1754
Parents: Francesco III, Duke of Modena and Reggio and Charlotte Aglaé d’Orléans, granddaughter of King Louis XIV of France and his mistress, Françoise-Athénaïs, Marquise de Montespan
Married: Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre, grandson of King Louis XIV and his mistress, Françoise-Athénaïs, Marquise de Montespan, in 1744
Maria Teresa gave birth to six children before she died in childbirth at age 27 along with her seventh child. She was originally buried at the Château de Rambouillet chapel, but was moved to the Chapelle Royale de Dreux by her surviving daughter. Maria Teresa is the maternal grandmother of Louis-Philippe I, King of the French.
Wikipedia: Maria Teresa Felicitas d’Este
************************************************
HUNGARY
Catherine of Poděbrady: 11 November 1449 – 8 March 1464
Parents: George of Poděbrady, King of Bohemia and Kunigunde of Šternberk
Married: Matthias Corvinus, King Matthias I of Hungary in 1463
Catherine of Poděbrady, aged 14, and her baby died a few days after the birth.
Wikipedia: Catherine of Poděbrady
************************************************
INDIA
Mumtaz Mahal: April 1593 – 17 June 1631
Married: Prince Khurram, known as Shah Jahan in 1612
Mumtaz died while giving birth to her fourteenth child, Gauhara Begum who lived for 75 years. She was originally buried at Burhanpur. Her distraught husband planned a suitable mausoleum in Agra for his wife…the Taj Mahal.
Wikipedia: Mumtaz Mahal
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MECKELNBERG – STRELITZ (Germany)
Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt: 20 August 1752 – 22 May 1782
Parents: Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt and Countess Maria Louise Albertine of Leiningen-Falkenburg-Dagsburg
Married: Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in 1768
Friederike died while giving birth to her tenth child who also died.
Unofficial Royalty: Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt
************************************************
Charlotte of Hesse-Darmstadt: 5 November 1755 – 12 December 1785
Parents: Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt and Countess Maria Louise Albertine of Leiningen-Falkenburg-Dagsburg
Married: Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg in 1784. Her sister Friederike was Charles’ first wife and had died in childbirth two years earlier.
Charlotte died at age 30 after giving birth to her only child, a son, Duke Charles of Mecklenburg. Charles served in the Prussian army during Napoleonic Wars and later served as President of the Prussian State Council.
Unofficial Royalty: Charlotte of Hesse-Darmstadt
************************************************
MODENA (Italy)
Charlotte of Brunswick-Lüneburg: 8 March 1671–29 September 1710
Parents: John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Benedicta Henrietta of the Palatinate
Married: Rinaldo d’Este, Duke of Modena in 1696
Charlotte died at age 39, at the Ducal Palace of Modena, while giving birth to her third child who also died. She was buried at the Church of San Vincenzo in Modena (Italy).
Wikipedia: Charlotte of Brunswick-Lüneburg
************************************************
NASSAU (Germany)
Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia: 26 May 1826 – 28 January 1845
Parents: Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich of Russia and Princess Charlotte of Württemberg
Married: Adolf, Duke of Nassau (the future Adolphe I, Grand Duke of Luxembourg) on 31 January 1844 in St. Petersburg, Russia
Elizabeth Mikhailovna was the granddaughter of Paul I, Emperor of All Russia and the great-granddaughter of Catherine the Great. She died at age 18 while giving birth to her first child, a daughter who did not survive. Her marriage had been a love match and her grieving husband had a Russian Orthodox church built around her grave in Wiesbaden (Germany). The church was dedicated to St. Elizabeth, the mother of John the Baptist, who had been Elizabeth Mikhailovna’s patron saint.
Wikipedia: Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia
************************************************
NORWAY
Christina Sverresdottir of Norway: c. 1190s – 1213
Parents: King Sverre Sigurdsson of Norway and Margaret of Sweden
Married: Philip Simonsson, a Norwegian aristocrat and the Bagler party pretender to the throne of Norway, in 1209
Christina died giving birth to her first child, a son, who also died.
Wikipedia: Christina Sverresdottir of Norway
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Margaret of Scotland: 28 February 1261 – 9 April 1283
Parents: King Alexander III of Scotland and his first wife, Margaret of England, daughter of King Henry III of England
Married: King Eric II of Norway in 1281
Queen Margaret died in Tønsberg, shortly after giving birth to Margaret, Maid of Norway, who would become Queen of the Scots upon the death of her grandfather, King Alexander III in 1286. Margaret, Maid of Norway died in 1290 while traveling to Scotland. She never set foot in Scotland and some do not consider her a Queen of Scots. Her death set off a battle for the Scottish succession.
Wikipedia: Margaret of Scotland
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PARMA (Italy)
Margaret Yolande of Savoy: 15 November 1635 – 29 April 1663
Parents: Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy and Christine Marie of France, daughter of King Henri IV of France and Marie de’ Medici
Married: Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma in 1660
Margaret Yolande died at age 27 at the Ducal Palace of Colorno giving birth to her second child. Her first child had been a stillborn son and her second child, also a son, died two days after his birth. She was buried at the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata in Parma.
Wikipedia: Margaret Yolande of Savoy
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Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies: 2 August 1849 – 29 September 1882
Parents: King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and Maria Theresa of Austria
Married: Robert I, Duke of Parma on 5 April 1869 in Rome
Maria Pia and her husband had 12 children, six of whom were mentally disabled. At age 33, she died after giving birth to a stillborn child and was buried at the Villa Borbone near Viareggio, Italy.
Wikipedia: Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies
************************************************
POLAND
Jadwiga, King of Poland: 1373/4 – 17 July 1399
Parents: Louis I of Hungary and of Elizabeth of Bosnia
Married: Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania
Jadwiga was monarch of Poland from 1384 until her death and used the title King. She gave birth to her only child, a daughter Elizabeth Bonifacia. Within a month, both mother and daughter died due to childbirth complications. Jadwiga and her daughter were buried together at the Cathedral Basilica of Sts. Stanislaus and Wenceslaus in Kraków, Poland.
Wikipedia: Jadwiga of Poland
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PORTUGAL
Isabella, Princess of Asturias: 2 October 1470 – 23 August 1498
Parents: King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile
Married: (1) Afonso, Prince of Portugal in 1490 (2) King Manuel I of Portugal in 1497
Isabella died while giving birth to Miguel da Paz, who was heir to the thrones of Castile and Portugal until his death two years later.
Wikipedia: Isabella, Princess of Asturias
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Maria Leopoldina of Austria: 22 January 1797 – 11 December 1826
Parents: Franz II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Teresa of the Two Sicilies
Married: King Pedro VI of Portugal (also Emperor Pedro I of Brazil) on 13 May 1817
After giving birth to seven children, Maria Leopoldina died following a miscarriage at age 29. She was buried first in the Ajuda Abbey in Rio de Janeiro and was re-buried in 1954 in the Ipiranga Monument in São Paulo, Brazil.
Unofficial Royalty: Maria Leopoldina of Austria
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Maria II, Queen Regnant of Portugal: 4 April 1819 – November 1853
Parents: Pedro IV and I, King of Portugal and first Emperor of Brazil and Maria Leopoldina, Archduchess of Austria
Married: (1) Auguste Charles, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg, son of Eugène de Beauharnais, grandson of Empress Josephine in 1835 (2) Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1836
Queen Maria II died while giving birth to her eleventh child, Infante Eugénio, who died several hours after his mother. Maria had been warned by her doctors about her constant pregnancies. She was buried at the Royal Pantheon of the Braganza Dynasty at the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora in Lisbon, Portugal.
Unofficial Royalty: Maria II of Portugal
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RUSSIA
Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg: 28 August 1694 – 2 November 1715
Parents: Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen
Married: Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia, son of Peter I ( the Great), in 1711
Charlotte Christine died at age 21, a few days after delivering her second child, a son. Her son, Peter II, ruled Russia for three years until his death from smallpox at age 14.
Wikipedia: Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg
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Anna Petrovna of Russia: 27 January 1708, Moscow – 4 March 1728
Parents: Peter I (the Great) of Russia and Catherine I of Russia
Married: Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp in 1724
Anna Petrovna died a few days after giving birth to her only child, the future Peter III, in Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Peter was emperor for only six months. He was deposed by his wife who succeeded him on the throne as Catherine II (the Great). Anna Petrovna was buried near her parents at the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.
Unofficial Royalty: Anna Petrovna of Russia
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Anna Leopoldovna of Russia: 18 December 1718 – 19 March 1746
Parents: Tsarevna Catherine Ivanovna of Russia, daughter of Tsar Ivan V and Charles Leopold, the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Married: Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick in 1739
Anna Leopoldovna died at age 27 while giving birth to her sixth child Alexei who survived. She was buried at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in St. Petersburg.
Wikipedia: Anna Leopoldovna of Russia
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Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt: 25 June 1755 – 15 April 1776
Parents: Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt and Caroline of Zweibrücken
Married: The future Tsar Paul I of Russia
Known as Natalia Alexeievna after her marriage, she died at age 20 after giving birth to her first child, a stillborn son.
Unofficial Royalty: Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt
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Alexandra of Greece and Denmark: 30 August 1870 – 24 September 1891
Parents: King George I of Greece and Olga Konstantinovna of Russia
Married: Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia, son of Emperor Alexander II of Russia, in 1889
Known as Grand Duchess Alexandra Georgievna after her marriage, she died at age 21. In her seventh month of pregnancy, she suffered a fall, had violent labor pains, gave premature birth to her second child Dmitri Pavlovich, went into a coma, and died six days later. She was buried at the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg, but in 1939 her remains were transferred to the Greek Royal Cemetery at Tatoi in Greece. Her son Dmitri Pavlovich was one of the conspirators in the murder of Grigori Rasputin.
Unofficial Royalty: Alexandra of Greece and Denmark
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SCOTLAND
Isabella of Mar: c. 1277 – 12 December 1296
Parents: Domhnall I, Earl of Mar and Helen
Married: Robert the Bruce in 1295
Isabella died at age 19 after giving birth to her only child, Marjorie Bruce. Marjorie married Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland, and their son became Robert II of Scotland, the first Stewart monarch. Isabella was buried at buried at Paisley Abbey, Renfrewshire
Unofficial Royalty: Isabella of Mar
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Marjorie Bruce: 1296 – 2 March 1316
Parents: Robert the Bruce, King of Scots and his first wife Isabella of Mar
Married: Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland in 1314
Like her mother Isabella of Mar, Marjorie also died in childbirth at age 19. She was thrown from her horse and went into premature labor and died soon after delivering a son. Her son became Robert II, King of Scots, the first monarch of the Stewart dynasty. Marjorie’s descendants include the House of Stuart and all their successors on the thrones of Scotland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom.
Wikipedia: Marjorie Bruce
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SERBIA
Zorka of Montenegro: 23 December 1864 – 16 March 1890
Parents: King Nicholas I of Montenegro and Milena Vukotić
Married: Peter Karađorđević, who became King Peter I of Serbia in 1903, after her death
Zorka died at age 25 giving birth to her fifth child who also died. She is buried at Church of St. George in Topola, Serbia.
Unofficial Royalty: Zorka of Montenegro
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SICILY (Italy)
Isabella of England: 1214 – 1 December 1241
Parents: King John of England and Isabella of Angouleme
Married: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily in July of 1235
Isabella died after giving birth to her fourth child, Margaret, at age 27 at Foggia, Italy. She is buried at the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Andria, Italy
Wikipedia: Isabella of England
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SPAIN
Maria Manuela of Portugal: 15 October 1527 – 12 August 1545
Parents: King John III of Portugal and Catherine of Austria
Married: Philip II of Spain (first wife, before he became king) in 1543
Maria Manuela died at age 17 after giving birth to Carlos, Prince of Asturias, who was born with both physical and psychological issues and predeceased his father.
Wikipedia: Maria Manuela of Portugal
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Elisabeth of Valois: 2 April 1545 – 3 October 1568
Parents: King Henri II of France and Catherine de’ Medici
Married: King Philip II of Spain (third wife) in 1559
Elisabeth’s first pregnancy ended in the miscarriage of twin girls. This was followed by two successful births of two daughters. During her fourth pregnancy, Elisabeth, age 23, suffered another miscarriage and died the same day. She was buried at El Escorial.
Wikipedia: Elisabeth of Valois
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Anna of Austria: 1 November 1549 – 26 October 1580
Parents: Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II and Maria of Spain
Married: King Philip II of Spain (fourth wife) in 1570
Anna gave birth to five children, only one of which, King Philip III, survived to adulthood. Anna became ill during her fifth pregnancy and was bled. This may have caused anemia. At age 30, she died of heart failure soon after the birth of her fifth child Maria and was buried at El Escorial.
Wikipedia: Anna of Austria
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TUSCANY (Italy)
Maria Luisa of Naples and Sicily: 27 July 1773 – 19 September 1802
Parents: The future King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Maria Carolina of Austria, a sister of Marie Antoinette
Married: Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1790
Maria Luisa died at age 29 while giving birth to her sixth child, a stillborn son, at the Hofburg Imperial Palace in Vienna. She was buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna with her stillborn son in her arms.
Wikipedia: Maria Luisa of Naples and Sicily
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WALES
Eleanor de Montfort: 1258 – 19 June 1282
Parents: Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester and Eleanor of England, a daughter of King John of England
Married: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales in 1275
Eleanor died in childbirth at age 24 giving birth to her only child Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn and was buried at the Franciscan Friary of Llanfaes, Wales. A few months after Gwenllian’s birth, her father and uncle were put to death by the English army under King Edward I. The infant Gwenllian was sent to Gilbertine Priory at Sempringham, England to prevent her from marrying and having sons who could claim to be Prince of Wales. She died at the priory 54 years later.
Wikipedia: Eleanor de Montfort
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WÜRTTEMBERG (Germany)
Marie of Waldeck and Pyrmont: 23 May 1857 – 30 April 1882
Parents: George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont and Helena of Nassau
Married: the future King Wilhelm II of Württemberg in 1877
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Descendants of Rudolf II Count of Habsburg, abt 1158 - ; Outline Format
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Descendants of Rudolf II Count of Habsburg, abt 1158 - ; Outline Format
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8 Gertrude of hohenberg Images: PICRYL
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Download Images of - Free for commercial use, no attribution required. From: Grabkrone der Königin Anna KGM, to Gertrude of Hohenberg - public domain postal stamp scan. Find images dated from 1000 to 2016.
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PICRYL - Public Domain Media Search Engine
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https://jenikirbyhistory.getarchive.net/topics/gertrude%2Bof%2Bhohenberg
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Gertrud Anna Habsburg Basel Muenster pano
Deutsch: Königin Gertrud Anna, Gemahlin Rudolfs v. Habsburg, geb. Gräfin v. Hohenberg. (1281 gestorben). Graf Karl v. Habsburg, deren Söhnlein (1276 gestorben). English: Panoramic view of Queen Gertrude of Ho ... More
Gertrude-of-Hohenberg - A black and white drawing of a statue
Gertrude of Hohenberg Public domain photograph decorative panel, decor, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description Public domain photograph of sculpture relief, decorative panel, free t ... More
Anna (Gertrud) of Hohenburg
Anna (Gertrud) of Hohenburg, 1st wife of Rudolph I Public domain photograph of French painting, 15th-16th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Photo of Posse Band 1 b 0076 - Public domain dedication
Public domain photograph of 3d object, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl Description.
Gertruda Hohenberg - A black and white photo of a stone with a man on ...
Gertrude of Hohenberg Čeština: Gertruda z Hohenbergu Public domain photograph of 13th-14th-century medieval seal, object, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
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Gertrude of Hohenburg (1225-16 February 1281) was Queen of Germany from 1273 to 1281 with Rudolf I of Germany. The daughter of Burchard V of Hohenburg and Matilda of Tubingen, she was from the Hohenzollern dynasty, and she married a Habsburg. Their children would be Matilda of Habsburg, Albert I...
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Historica Wiki
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Gertrude of Hohenburg (1225-16 February 1281) was Queen of Germany from 1273 to 1281 with Rudolf I of Germany. The daughter of Burchard V of Hohenburg and Matilda of Tubingen, she was from the Hohenzollern dynasty, and she married a Habsburg. Their children would be Matilda of Habsburg, Albert I of Germany, Agnes of Habsburg, Hedwig of Habsburg, Klementia of Habsburg, Rudolf II, Duke of Austria, and Judith of Habsburg, and she died in 1281.
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European Royal History
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Posts about Gertrude of Hohenberg written by liamfoley63
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Jutta (Bonne) of Luxemburg (May 20, 1315 – September 11, 1349), was born Jutta (Judith), the second daughter of King John of Bohemia, and his first wife, Elisabeth of Bohemia, daughter of King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and Judith of Habsburg, the youngest daughter of King Rudolph I of the Romans/Germany and Gertrude of Hohenberg.
John the Blind or John of Luxembourg was the Count of Luxembourg from 1313 and King of Bohemia from 1310 and titular King of Poland. He is well known for having died while fighting in the Battle of Crécy at age 50, after having been blind for a decade. In his home country of Luxembourg he is considered a national hero.
Comparatively, in the Czech Republic (the Kingdom of Bohemia), is often recognized for his role as the father of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, one of the more significant Kings of Bohemia and one of the leading Holy Roman Emperors.
In June or July 1315, Jutta was betrothed to the future King Casimir the Great of Poland, son of Władysław Łokietek., but he married Aldona of Lithuania in 1325 instead.
In 1326, Jutta was next betrothed to Henri of Bar. This arrangement was broken, however, and she stayed at the abbey of Saint-Esprit until her marriage to Jean, Duke of Normandy and future King Jean II of France.
She was 17 years old, and the future king was 13. Her name Jutta (or Guta), translatable into English as Good (in the feminine case), was changed by the time of her marriage to Bonne (French) or Bona (Latin). Upon marriage, Bonne was the wife of the heir to the French throne, becoming Duchess of Normandy and Countess of Anjou and Maine.
The wedding was celebrated in the presence of six thousand guests. The festivities were prolonged by a further two months when the young groom was finally knighted at the cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris. John was solemnly granted the arms of a knight in front of a prestigious audience bringing together the kings of Bohemia and Navarre, and the dukes of Burgundy, Lorraine and the Brabant.
Bonne was a patron of the arts, the composer Guillaume de Machaut being one of her favorites.
She died on September 11, 1349 of the bubonic plague in Maubuisson, France at the age of thirty-four. She was buried in the Abbey of Maubuisson. however, as she died a year prior to his accession, she was never a French queen.
Among her children were King Charles V of France, Philippe II, Duke of Burgundy, and Joan, Queen of Navarre as the wife of King Charles II of Navarre.
Less than six months after Bonne’s death, Prince Jean married Joan I, Countess of Auvergne.
Rudolf I, also known as Rudolf of Habsburg (May 1, 1218 – July 15, 1291), was Count of Habsburg from about 1240 and King of Germany from 1273 until his death.
Rudolf was born on May 1, 1218 at Limburgh Castle near Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl in the Breisgau region of present-day southwestern Germany. He was the son of Count Albrecht IV of Habsburg and of Hedwig, daughter of Count Ulrich of Kyburg. Around 1232, he was given as a squire to his uncle, Rudolf I, Count of Laufenburg, to train in knightly pursuits.
Count of Habsburg
At his father’s death in 1239, Rudolf inherited from him large estates around the ancestral seat of Habsburg Castle in the Aargau region of present-day Switzerland as well as in Alsace. Thus, in 1240 in order to quell the rising power of Rudolf and in an attempt to place the important “Devil’s Bridge” (Teufelsbrücke) across the Schöllenenschlucht under his direct control, Emperor Friedrich II, granted Schwyz Reichsfreiheit in the Freibrief von Faenza.
Rudolf I, Count of Habsburg and King of Germany
In 1242, Hugh of Tuffenstein provoked Count Rudolf through contumelious expressions. In turn, the Count of Habsburg had invaded his domains, yet failed to take his seat of power. As the day passed on, Count Rudolf bribed the sentinels of the city and gained entry, killing Hugh in the process. Then in 1244, to help control Lake Lucerne and restrict the neighboring forest communities of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden, Rudolf built near its shores Neuhabsburg Castle.
In 1245 Rudolf married Gertrude, daughter of Count Burkhard III of Hohenberg. He received as her dowry the castles of Oettingen, the valley of Weile, and other places in Alsace, and he became an important vassal in Swabia, the former Alemannic German stem duchy. That same year, Emperor Friedrich II was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV at the Council of Lyon.
Rudolf sided against the Emperor, while the forest communities sided with Friedrich II. This gave them a pretext to attack and damage Neuhabsburg. Rudolf successfully defended it and drove them off. As a result, Rudolf, by siding with the Pope, gained more power and influence.
Rudolf paid frequent visits to the court of his godfather, the Hohenstaufen emperor Friedrich II, and his loyalty to Friedrich and his son, King Conrad IV of Germany, was richly rewarded by grants of land.
In 1254, he engaged with other nobles of the Staufen party against Bertold II, Bishop of Basle. When night fell, he penetrated the suburbs of Basle and burnt down the local nunnery, an act for which Pope Innocent IV excommunicated him and all parties involved. As a penance, he took up the cross and joined Ottokar II, King of Bohemia in the Prussian Crusade of 1254. Whilst there, he oversaw the founding of the city of Königsberg, which was named in memory of King Ottokar.
Rise to power
The disorder in Germany during the interregnum after the fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty afforded an opportunity for Count Rudolf to increase his possessions. His wife was a Hohenberg heiress; and on the death of his childless maternal uncle Count Hartmann IV of Kyburg in 1264, Rudolf seized Hartmann’s valuable estates. Successful feuds with the Bishops of Strasbourg and Basel further augmented his wealth and reputation, including rights over various tracts of land that he purchased from abbots and others.
Arms of the Counts of Habsbourg.
These various sources of wealth and influence rendered Rudolf the most powerful prince and noble in southwestern Germany (where the tribal Duchy of Swabia had disintegrated, enabling its vassals to become completely independent). In the autumn of 1273, the prince-electors met to choose a king after Richard of Cornwall had died in England in April 1272.
Rudolf’s election in Frankfurt on October 1, 1273, when he was 55 years old, was largely due to the efforts of his brother-in-law, the Hohenzollern burgrave Friedrich III of Nuremberg. The support of Duke Albrecht II of Saxony and Elector Palatine Ludwig II had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolf’s daughters.
As a result, within the electoral college, King Ottokar II of Bohemia (1230–1278), himself a candidate for the throne and related to the late Hohenstaufen King Philip of Swabia (being the son of the eldest surviving daughter), was almost alone in opposing Rudolf. Other candidates were Prince Siegfried I of Anhalt and Margrave Friedrich I of Meissen (1257–1323), a young grandson of the excommunicated Emperor Friedrich II, who did not yet even have a principality of his own as his father was still alive. By the admission of Duke Heinrich XIII of Lower Bavaria instead of the King of Bohemia as the seventh Elector, Rudolf gained all seven votes.
The interregnum of the Holy Roman Empire is taken to have lasted from the deposition of Friedrich II by Pope Innocent IV (1245, alternatively from the death of Friedrich II in 1250 or the death of Conrad IV 1254) to the election of Rudolf I of Germany (1273). Rudolf was not crowned emperor, nor were his successors Adolf and Albrecht. The next emperor was Henry VII, crowned on 29 June 1312 by Pope Clement V.
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"David P Ruckser",
"independent.academia.edu"
] |
2016-04-12T00:00:00
|
A look at the Medieval coins of Bavaria that a collector is likely to come in contact with!
|
https://www.academia.edu/24323600/Medieval_Coins_of_Bavaria
|
Medieval Hungarian coins appear mainly in auctions of Hungarian and German dealers. Except for a few rarities, they are surprisingly affordable. The standard reference in English is Frynas (2015), but catalog references invariably cite Huszar (1979) in German or the monumental two-volume Corpus Nummorum Hungariae (1899-1907) by Laszlo Réthy in Hungarian. A valuable resource for collectors interested in this period is the booklet Reading Medieval Coins (2009) by Ralph Walker. Shields of arms appear frequently on medieval coins, so a good book on heraldry such as Slater (2013) is helpful.
The introduction of money in the form of standardised objects of value made of metal and bearing images marked a new phenomenon in the pre-Roman societies of Western and Central Europe. In the Late Iron Age, the Lower Rhine region formed part of the northern peripheral zone of the La Tene culture, whose influence in this region has emerged as stronger than was previously thought. This is reflected among other things in the large numbers of ‘Celtic’ coins from this region. Although very little was known about these coins until about , the number of coins in the archaeological record, as well as what we know about them, has increased dramatically in recent decades. This study seeks to survey these earliest coinages in the Lower Rhine region. We start with a few introductory remarks about the development of Celtic numismatics, and follow with a discussion of the research potential of coins from the Lower Rhine region. We then survey the evolution of coinage and coin production in t...
Since 1982 thirty - one bronze cast coins of Selinus have been kept in the Martin-von-Wagner Museum, the University Museum in Wurzburg. The coins offer an important addition to the study of the fifth century coinage of Selinus since specimens of cast bronze coins from this mint are still relatively rare in collections and auction sale catalogues. The publication of these particular specimens invites us to revisit scholarship on this coinage to date and to explore what might be added by these coins.
This essay surveys the political historiography of the early medieval principality of Bavaria, particularly in three periods; that of the Bavarians’ emergence in the sixth century, the time of a complex interrelationship between Bavarians and Franks and their Agilolfing and Carolingian ruling houses in the eighth century, and the transitions of power from Charlemagne’s takeover of Bavaria in 788 and the transfer to a new Luitpolding duchy in 907. The Bavarian case serves as a useful counternarrative to those of larger peoples like the Franks or Lombards, and illustrates that the inheritance of Roman tradition, the relationship between rulers and ruled, and the creation and maintenance of ethnic identities could be flexible and complex in the early Middle Ages.
At an auction of the A.E. Cahn company in Frankfurt am Main in 1933, the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum (Mainz) bought about 150 Celtic coins that belonged to the great French collector F. de Saulcy. Some of the lots that entered the RGZM collection were fragments of treasures discovered in France in the 19th century. The article presents five small unpublished sets from the hoards of Avranches (7 coins), Moncontour (6), Morlaix (2), Tourdan (4) and Moirans (3).
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21104
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_of_Hohenberg
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en
|
Gertrude of Hohenberg
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
] |
2007-03-28T09:58:50+00:00
|
en
|
/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_of_Hohenberg
|
Queen consort of Germany
Gertrude Anne of Hohenberg (c. 1225 – 16 February 1281) was German queen from 1273 until her death, by her marriage with King Rudolf I of Germany.[1] As queen consort, she became progenitor of the Austrian House of Habsburg.
Gertrude was born in Deilingen, Swabia[citation needed] to Count Burkhard V of Hohenberg (died 1253) and his wife Matilda (Mechtild),[2] daughter of Count Palatine Rudolf II of Tübingen. The comital Hohenberg dynasty, a cadet branch of the Swabian House of Hohenzollern, then ruled over extended estates in southwestern Germany. Citing contemporary sources, Gertrude's descent was questioned by the Swiss historian Aegidius Tschudi (1505–1572), who postulated a Frohburg lineage; nevertheless, his objections have been disproved.
About 1253/4, Gertrude married Rudolf (1218–1291),[2] son of Count Albert IV of Habsburg and Heilwig of Kyburg. She went on to live with her husband as a comital couple in Rheinfelden. They had eleven children.
Gertrude's husband was elected King of the Romans (as Rudolf I) in Frankfurt on 29 September 1273. The election was largely due to the efforts of her cousin Burgrave Frederick III of Nuremberg. Rudolf was crowned in Aachen Cathedral on 24 October 1273. After the coronation of the noble couple, she called herself Queen Anne.[2] As "Queen Anne" (Anna Regina) she served as his consort for the following eight years. Reluctant to interfere in politics, she witnessed Rudolf's struggles to secure his rule against the rivalling King Ottokar II of Bohemia, as well as his fruitless efforts to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
Gertrude died on 16 February 1281 at her husband's residence in Vienna. According to her will, she was buried in Basel Minster, alongside her youngest son Charles.[2] King Rudolf had been engaged in lengthy conflicts with the Prince-Bishops of Basel before his coronation, and Queen Anne wish to be buried in Basel provided him with an opportunity to mend ties with the citizens of Basel.[2] He gave his consent to the funeral in Basel which took place on 20 March.[2] Her entrails were taken out and her body was filled with sand before the burial. Centuries later, her mortal remains were solemnly transferred to Saint Blaise Abbey in 1770; today they rest at Saint Paul's Abbey in Carinthia.
King Rudolf remained a widower for three years and proceeded to marry Isabella of Burgundy.
Matilda (c. 1253, Rheinfelden – 23 December 1304, Munich), married 1273 in Aachen to Louis II, Duke of Bavaria and became mother of Rudolf I, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
Albert I of Germany (July 1255 – 1 May 1308), Duke of Austria and also of Styria.
Catherine (1256 – 4 April 1282, Landshut), married 1279 in Vienna to Otto III, Duke of Bavaria who later (after her death) became the disputed King Bela V of Hungary and left no surviving issue.
Agnes [Gertrude] (c. 1257 – 11 October 1322, Wittenberg), married 1282 to Albert II, Duke of Saxony and became the mother of Rudolf I, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg.
Hedwig (c. 1259 – 26 January 1285/27 October 1286), married 1279 in Vienna to Otto VI, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel and left no issue.
Clementia (c. 1262 – after 7 February 1293), married 1281 in Vienna to Charles Martel of Anjou, the Papal claimant to the throne of Hungary and mother of king Charles I of Hungary, as well as of queen Clementia of France, herself the mother of the baby king John I of France.
Hartmann (1263, Rheinfelden – 21 December 1281), drowned in Rheinau.
Rudolf II, Duke of Austria and Styria (1270 – 10 May 1290, Prague), titular Duke of Swabia, father of John the Patricide of Austria.
Judith of Habsburg (Jutte/Bona) (13 March 1271 – 18 June 1297, Prague), married 24 January 1285 to King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and became the mother of king Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, of queen Anne of Bohemia (1290–1313), duchess of Carinthia, and of queen Elisabeth of Bohemia (1292–1330), countess of Luxembourg.
Charles (14 February 1276 – 16 August 1276).
Her profile at Royalty Pages Archived 24 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine
A listing of descendants of Rudolph I of Germany.
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https://www.theroyalforums.com/threads/on-this-day-in-german-royal-imperial-history.46767/page-7
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en
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On this Day in German Royal/Imperial History
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2021-12-16T20:31:06-05:00
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On this day, December 2, 1767 - Birth of Leopold I, Prince of Lippe in Detmold, County of Lippe-Detmold
On this day, December 3, 1838 - Birth of Luise of...
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On this day, December 2, 1767 - Birth of Leopold I, Prince of Lippe in Detmold, County of Lippe-Detmold
On this day, December 3, 1838 - Birth of Luise of Prussia, Grand Duchess of Baden, wife of Grand Duke Frederick I of Baden, in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, December 5, 1916 - Demise of Augusta of Cambridge, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, spouse of Friedrich Wilhelm, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
On this day, December 8, 1708 - Birth of Francis Stephen, Holy Roman Emperor at the Ducal Palace of Nancy, Duchy of Lorraine
On this day, December 10, 1756 - Birth of Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin in Schwerin, Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
On this day, December 12, 1801 - Birth of King Johann of Saxony in Dresden, Electorate of Saxony
On this day, December 14, 1787 - Birth of Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este, Empress of Austria, spouse of Emperor Francis I of Austria, at the Royal Villa of Monza in Lombardy
On this day, December 15, 1907 - Demise of Carola of Vasa, Queen of Saxony, wife of King Albert of Saxony, at her villa in Strehlen, Kingdom of Saxony
On this day, December 17, 1802 - Birth of Archduke Francis Charles of Austria in Vienna, Austria. He is the father of Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria.
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On this day, December 17, 1802 - Birth of Archduke Francis Charles of Austria in Vienna, Austria. He is the father of Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria.
His name was Franz Karl. And his son Franz Joseph. No need to translate all the names in english.
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On this day, December 18, 1863 - Birth of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Graz, Austria
On this day, December 21, 1800 - Birth of Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, spouse of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in Gotha, Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
On this day, December 24, 1837 - Birth of Elisabeth of Bavaria, Empress of Austria, at the Herzog-Max-Palais in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria
On this day, December 25, 1046 - Pope Clement VI crowned Henry III as Holy Roman Emperor
On this day, December 26, 1777 - Birth of Ludwig II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, in Darmstadt, Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt
On this day, December 31, 1885 - Birth of Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha at the Gut Grunholz in Thumby, Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein
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On this day, January 2, 1784 - Birth of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in Coburg, Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
On this day, January 3, 1754 - Birth of Wilhelm, Grand Duke of Oldenburg at Eutin Castle in the Principality of Holstein-Gottorp
On this day, January 7, 1114 - The Wedding of Matilda of England and Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor at Mainz Cathedral in Mainz, Archbishopric of Mainz, Holy Roman Empire
On this day, January 9, 1907 - Demise of Marie of Saxe-Altenburg, Queen Consort of King George V of Hanover, in Gmunden, Austria
On this day, January 13, 1797 - Demise of Elizabeth Christine of Brunswick-Beverin, Queen of Prussia, wife of King Friedrich II of Prussia, at the Stadtschloss in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, January 17, 1755 - Birth of Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg in Riesenberg, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, January 21, 1705 -Demise of Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, Queen in Prussia, spouse of King Friedrich I of Prussia, in the Electorate of Hanover
On this day, January 24, 1712 - Birth of Friedrich II, King of Prussia in the Berlin City Palace in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, January 25, 1858 - The Wedding of Prince Friedrich of Prussia ( German Emperor Friedrich III) and Victoria, Princess Royal of England
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On this day, January 26, 1997 - Demise of Margaret, Princess of Hesse and by Rhine, wife of Prince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine
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On this day, January 26, 1997 - Demise of Margaret, Princess of Hesse and by Rhine, wife of Prince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine
Margaret was born in Dublin in 1913 and was the daughter of Baron Geddes,
The marriage of Margaret and Louis was marred with tragedy following the Sabena Junkers Ju 52 crash at Ostend in Belgium which killed Prince Louis' mother Grand Duchess Eleonore, brother Hereditary Grand Duke Georg Donatus, sister-in-law Princess Cecilie of Greece , nephews Prince Louis and Prince Alexander and Cecilie's newborn child.
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On this day, January 27, 1859 - Birth of Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany at the Crown Prince's Palace in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, January 30, 1953 - Demise of Ernst August III of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick at Marienburg Castle in Hanover, Germany
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On this day, February 1, 1168 - The Wedding of Matilda of England, daughter of King Henry II of England, and Heinrich the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, at Minden Cathedral in the Duchy of Saxony
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On this day, February 1, 1168 - The Wedding of Matilda of England, daughter of King Henry II of England, and Heinrich the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, at Minden Cathedral in the Duchy of Saxony
The Wedding of Henry the Lion and Matilda of England at the Mindener Dom
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On this day, February 3, 1919 - Demise of Maria Theresia of Austria-Este, Queen Consort of King Ludwig III of Bavaria, at Schloss Wildenwart in Wildenwart, Germany
On this day, February 6, 1899 - Demise of Prince Alfred of Edinburgh, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
On this day, February 8, 1792 - Birth of Caroline Augusta of Bavaria, Empress of Austria, spouse of Emperor Franz I of Austria, at Mannheim, Electorate of the Palatinate
On this day, February 9, 1763 - Birth of Ludwig I, Grand Duke of Baden, in Karlsruhe, Grand Duchy of Baden
On this day, February 12, 1768 - Birth of Franz I, the last Holy Roman Emperor and the first Emperor of Austria in Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
On this day, February 13, 1457 - Birth of Mary, Duchess of Burgundy in her own right, wife of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, at the Castle of Coudenberg in Brussels, Duchy of Burgundy
On this day, February 15, 1761 - Birth of Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine, spouse of Grand Duke Ludwig I of Hesse and by Rhine, in Darmstadt, Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt
On this day, February 16, 1679 - Birth of Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen in Ichtershausen, Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
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February 16th ,1281 : Death of Gertrude of Hohenberg
,German Queen.
Gertrude of Hohenberg was the wife of Rudolph I of Germany and died in Vienna. Her remains were however buried at Basel Minster in Switzerland beside her sons Hartmann and Charles.
In 1529 Basel Minister was sacked by Calvinists but the tomb was preserved and the cathedral became Protestant.
In 1770 her tomb was opened and her coffin and those of her 2 sons were moved to Saint Blaise Abbey in the Black Forest.
Her tomb is still at Basel in Switzerland.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_of_Hohenberg
Tomb at Basel.
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On this day, February 18, 1840 - Demise of Elisabeth Christine Ulrike of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, Crown Princess of Prussia, first spouse of the future King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia
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February 18th,1379 : Death of Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg
Albert II was Duke from 1348 and following his death he was buried at Doberan Minster in Germany.The Minster was the Mecklenburg ducal family burial site.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_II,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg
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On this day, February 22, 1921 - Demise of Ernst Gunther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein at Castle Primkenau in Primkenau, Germany
On this day, February 23, 1803 - Birth of Alexandrine of Prussia, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, wife of Grand Duke Paul Friedrich of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, February 25, 1713 - Demise of King Frederick I of Prussia in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, February 27, 1853 - Demise of August I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg in Oldenburg, Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
On this day, March 1, 1792 - Demise of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II in Vienna, Austria
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On this day, March 1, 1792 - Demise of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II in Vienna, Austria
Sadly the reign of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor was brief and less than 2 years when he died suddenly aged just 44.
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On this day, March 2, 1835 - Demise of Emperor Franz I of Austria in Vienna, Austria
On this day, March 3, 1778 - Birth of Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of Hanover at the Altes Palais in Hanover, Kingdom of Hanover
On this day, March 4, 1152 - Election of Friedrich I Barbarosa as King of the Germans
On this day, March 6, 1823 - Birth of King Karl I of Wurttemberg in Stuttgart, Kingdom of Wurttemberg
On this day, March 9, 1888 - Demise of Emperor Wilhelm I of Germany at the Berlin Palace in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, March 10, 1864 - Demise of King Maximilian II of Bavaria in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria
On this day, March 13, 1741 - Birth of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor at Schonbrunn Palace in Vienna, Austria
On this day, March 22, 1797 - Birth of Wilhelm I, German Emperor and King of Prussia at the Crown Prince's Palace in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
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On this day, March 23, 1947 - Demise of Luise of Austria, Crown Princess of Saxony, wife of the future King Friedrich August III of Saxony, in Brussels, Belgium
On this day, March 26, 1687 - Birth of Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, Queen of Prussia, wife of King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia, in Hanover, Principality of Callenberg
On this day, April 1, 1825 - Birth of Auguste of Austria, Princess of Bavaria, wife of Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria, in Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
On this day, April 5, 1674 - Birth of Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen, spouse of Duke Ernst Ludwig I of Saxe-Meiningen, in Electorate of Brandenburg
On this day, April 7, 1816 - Demise of Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este, Empress of Austria, spouse of Emperor Franz I of Austria, at the Palazzo Canossa in Verona, Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
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On this day, April 7, 1816 - Demise of Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este, Empress of Austria, spouse of Emperor Franz I of Austria, at the Palazzo Canossa in Verona, Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
The Empress was just 28 years old when she died at Verona and her remains were taken back to be buried at the Imperial Crypt in Vienna.
Maria Ludovika of Modena, Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary
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On this day, April 11, 1921 - Demise of Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, Empress of Germany, spouse of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, at Huis Doorn in The Netherlands
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On this day, April 11, 1921 - Demise of Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, Empress of Germany, spouse of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, at Huis Doorn in The Netherlands
The Empress died in exile not long after the death from suicide of her son Prince Joachim of Prussia.
The coffin of the Empress was permitted to be taken back to Germany for burial at the Antique Temple mausoleum in Potsdam.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Auguste_victoria_axb02.jpg
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On this day, April 13, 1807 - Demise of Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Empress of Austria, wife of Emperor Franz I of Austria, at Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria
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On this day, April 13, 1807 - Demise of Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Empress of Austria, wife of Emperor Franz I of Austria, at Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria
Maria Theresa was the last Holy Roman Empress and then the 1st Empress consort of Austria as the wife of Franz I.
The Empress was also the mother of Marie Louise, Empress of the French and second wife of Napoleon.
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On this day, April 17, 1838 - Birth of Antoinette of Saxe-Altenburg, Duchess of Anhalt, wife of Friedrich I, Duke of Anhalt, in Bamberg, Kingdom of Bavaria
On this day, April 18, 1861 - Birth of Eduard, Duke of Anhalt in Dessau, Duchy of Anhalt
On this day, April 19, 1793 - Birth of Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia, in Vienna, Austria
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20th of April 1544 : Birth of Renata of Lorraine ,Duchess of Bavaria
Renata was born in Nancy the daughter of François I of Lorraine and Christina of Denmark.In February 1568, Renata married the future William V, Duke of Bavaria.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renata_of_Lorraine
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On this day, April 21, 1892 - Demise of Alexandrine of Prussia, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in Mecklenburg, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
On this day, April 22, 1868 - Birth of Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria in Buda, Hungary
On this day, May 4, 1471 - Demise of Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha at Callenberg Castle in Grein, Austria
On this day, May 5, 1747 - Birth of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor in Vienna, Austria
On this day, May 6, 1882 - Birth of Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany at the Marmorpalais in Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, May 9, 1892 - Birth of Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Empress of Austria, spouse of Emperor Karl I of Austria, at the Villa Pianore, Tuscany, Italy
On this day, May 13, 1717 - Birth of Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria
On this day, May 15, 1792 - Demise of Maria Luisa of Spain, Holy Roman Empress, spouse of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II, at Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria
On this day, May 21, 1864 ~ Birth of Stephanie of Belgium, Crown Princess of Austria, spouse of Crown Prince Rudolph of Austria, at the Royal Palace of Laeken in Brussels, Belgium
On this day, May 23, 1857 - Birth of Marie of Waldeck-Pyrmont, Princess of Wurttemberg, first wife of the future King Wilhelm II of Wurttemberg, in Arolsen, Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont
On this day, May 28, 1872 - Demise of Sophie of Bavaria, Archduchess of Austria, wife of Archduke Franz Karl, mother of Emperor Franz Joseph I, in Vienna, Austria
On this day, May 31, 1740 ~ Demise of King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia, in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
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On this day, May 31, 1740 ~ Demise of King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia, in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
The king was buried first at the now destroyed Garnisonkirche in Potsdam,that church was destroyed during World War II and later demolished by the Easter German authorities.
The coffin of Friedrich Wilhelm I and his son were removed and were later buried at St. Elisabeth's Church in Marburg in 1946.
In 1953 the coffins were again moved to Burg Hohenzollern until 1991 when again they were moved to the Kaiser Friedrich Mausoleum in the Church of Peace!
The Garrison Church in Potsdam is currently being rebuilt so they could be moved back to the original burial site.
Garnisonkirche Potsdam in 1827
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On this day, June e, 1941 - Demise of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany at Huis Doorn in Doorn, The Netherlands
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On this day, June 6, 1772 - Birth of Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Empress of Austria, spouse of Emperor Franz I of Austria, at the Royal Palace of Naples in the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily
On this day, June 7, 1840 - Demise of Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of Prussia in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, June 11, 1914 - Demise of Adolf Friedrich V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, June 12, 1878 - Demise of King George V of Hanover in Paris, France
On this day, June 15, 1888 - Demise of Friedrich III, Emperor of Germany at Neues Palais in Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia
On this day, June 19, 1902 - Demise of King Albert of Saxony at Sibyllenort Castle in Sibyllenort, Kingdom of Saxony
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On this day, June 19, 1902 - Demise of King Albert of Saxony at Sibyllenort Castle in Sibyllenort, Kingdom of Saxony
Actually Sibyllenort Castle was not in the Kindom of Saxony but in Oels which was in the Kingdom of Prussia.
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July 15, 1291: Death of Rudolf I, German King
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2021-07-15T00:00:00
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On this date in history cam the death of Rudolf I, King of the Germans, King of the Romans.."Holy Roman Emperor," Although technically he did not hold the imperial title he is counted as one of the Holy Roman Emperors. In this blog entry I will examine his rise to power and title as German…
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On this date in history cam the death of Rudolf I, King of the Germans, King of the Romans..”Holy Roman Emperor,” Although technically he did not hold the imperial title he is counted as one of the Holy Roman Emperors.
In this blog entry I will examine his rise to power and title as German King.
Rudolf I (May 1, 1218 – July 15, 1291) was the first German King from the House of Habsburg. The first of the count-kings of Germany, he reigned from 1273 until his death.
Rudolf’s election marked the end of the Great Interregnum which had begun after the death of the Hohenstaufen Emperor Friedrich II in 1250. Originally a Swabian count, he was the first Habsburg to acquire the duchies of Austria and Styria in opposition to his mighty rival, the Přemyslid King Ottokar II of Bohemia, whom he defeated in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld. The territories remained under Habsburg rule for more than 600 years, forming the core of the Habsburg Monarchy and the present-day country of Austria. Rudolf played a vital role in raising the comital House of Habsburg to the rank of Imperial princes.
Early life
Rudolf was born on May 1, 1218 at Limburgh Castle near Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl in the Breisgau region of present-day southwestern Germany. He was the son of Count Albert IV of Habsburg and of Hedwig of Kyburg, daughter of Count Ulrich of Kyburg. Around 1232, he was given as a squire to his uncle, Rudolf I, Count of Laufenburg, to train in knightly pursuits.
Count of Habsburg
At his father’s death in 1239, Rudolf inherited from him large estates around the ancestral seat of Habsburg Castle in the Aargau region of present-day Switzerland as well as in Alsace.
Great Interregnum
The term Great Interregnum is used for the period between 1250 (the death of Friedrich II) and 1273 (the accession of Rudolf I).
After the deposition of Emperor Friedrich II by Pope Innocent IV in 1245, Heinrich Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia was set up as anti-king to Friedrich’s son Conrad IV (d. 1254). Heinrich Raspe was killed in 1247 and succeeded as anti-king by Willem II of Holland (died 1256). After 1257, the crown was contested between Richard of Cornwall, who was supported by the Guelph party, and Alfonso X of Castile, who was recognized by the Hohenstaufen party but never set foot on German soil. Richard of Cornwall was the second son of John, King of England, and one of the wealthiest men in Europe. After Richard’s death in 1273, Rudolf I of Germany, a minor pro-Staufen count, was elected. He was the first of the Habsburgs to hold a royal title, but he was never crowned emperor. After Rudolf’s death in 1291, Adolf and Albert were two further weak kings who were never crowned emperor.
As mentioned, Rudolf was not crowned emperor, nor were his successors Adolf and Albert. The next emperor was Heinrich VII, crowned on June 29, 1312 by Pope Clement V. Not receiving the imperial title was unusual bot not unprecedented. Several rulers were crowned king of the Romans (king of Germany) but not emperor, although they styled themselves thus, and are counted among the Holy Roman Emperors, among whom were: Conrad I and Hienrich I the Fowler in the 10th century, and Conrad IV, Rudolf I, Adolf and Albert I during the aforementioned Great Interregnum of the late 13th century.
The disorder in Germany during the interregnum after the fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty afforded an opportunity for Count Rudolf to increase his possessions. His wife was a Hohenberg heiress. Rudolf was married twice. First, in 1251, to Gertrude of Hohenberg and second, in 1284, to Isabelle of Burgundy. All children were from the first marriage.
Gertrude was born in Deilingen, Swabia to Count Burkhard V of Hohenberg (died 1253) and his wife Matilda (Mechtild), daughter of Count Palatine Rudolf II of Tübingen. The comital Hohenberg dynasty, a cadet branch of the Swabian House of Hohenzollern, then ruled over extended estates in southwestern Germany. Isabella of Burgundy (1270 – August 1323), Lady of Vieux-Château, was the second and last Queen consort of Rudolf I of Germany.
On the death of his childless maternal uncle Count Hartmann IV of Kyburg in 1264, Rudolf seized Hartmann’s valuable estates. Successful feuds with the Bishops of Strasbourg and Basel further augmented his wealth and reputation, including rights over various tracts of land that he purchased from abbots and others.
These various sources of wealth and influence rendered Rudolf the most powerful prince and noble in southwestern Germany (where the tribal Duchy of Swabia had disintegrated, enabling its vassals to become completely independent). In the autumn of 1273, the prince-electors met to choose a king after Richard of Cornwall had died in England in April 1272. Rudolf’s election in Frankfurt on October 1, 1273, when he was 55 years old, was largely due to the efforts of his brother-in-law, the Hohenzollern burgrave Friedrich III of Nuremberg. The support of Duke Albert II of Saxony and Elector Palatine Ludwig II had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolf’s daughters.
As a result, within the electoral college, King Ottokar II of Bohemia (1230–1278), himself a candidate for the throne and related to the late Hohenstaufen king Philipp of Swabia (being the son of the eldest surviving daughter), was almost alone in opposing Rudolf. Other candidates were Prince Siegfried I of Anhalt and Margrave Friedrich I of Meissen (1257–1323), a young grandson of the excommunicated Emperor Friedrich II, who did not yet even have a principality of his own as his father was still alive. By the admission of Duke Hienrich XIII of Lower Bavaria instead of the King of Bohemia as the seventh Elector, Rudolf gained all seven votes.
King of the Germans
Rudolf was crowned in Aachen Cathedral on October 24, 1273. To win the approbation of the Pope, Rudolf renounced all imperial rights in Rome, the papal territory, and Sicily, and promised to lead a new crusade. Pope Gregory X, despite the protests of Ottokar II of Bohemia, not only recognised Rudolf himself, but persuaded King Alfonso X of Castile (another grandson of Philipp of Swabia), who had been chosen German (anti-)king in 1257 as the successor to Count Willem II of Holland, to do the same. Thus, Rudolf surpassed the two heirs of the Hohenstaufen dynasty whom he had earlier served so loyally.
Rudolf died in Speyer on 15 July 1291 and was buried in Speyer Cathedral. Although he had a large family, he was survived by only one son, Albert I. Most of his daughters outlived him, apart from Catherine who had died in 1282 during childbirth and Hedwig who had died in 1285/6.
Rudolf’s reign is most memorable for his establishment of the House of Habsburg as a powerful dynasty in the southeastern part of the realm. In the other territories, the centuries-long decline of Imperial authority since the days of the Investiture Controversy continued, and the princes were largely left to their own devices.
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https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/gertrude-of-hohenberg.html
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en
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res stock photography and images
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[
"https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg",
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Alamy Limited"
] | null |
Find the perfect gertrude of hohenberg stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.
|
en
|
Alamy
|
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/gertrude-of-hohenberg.html
|
Alamy and its logo are trademarks of Alamy Ltd. and are registered in certain countries. Copyright © 23/08/2024 Alamy Ltd. All rights reserved.
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https://www.scribd.com/document/117699485/becsi-fillerek
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en
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European Royal Families
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https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/117699485/original/65c526575d/1724215770?v=1
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https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/117699485/original/65c526575d/1724215770?v=1
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[
"https://s-f.scribdassets.com/webpack/assets/images/shared/gr_table_reading.9f6101a1.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"bekastsz"
] | null |
bécsi fillérek - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free. This document provides background information on silver coins and coinage in Austria during the Middle Ages. It discusses the various ruling margraves and dukes of Austria from 976 to 1177, including Leopold I, the first margrave of the Babenberg dynasty, and Henry II who elevated Austria to a duchy in 1156 and moved his residence to Vienna, establishing it as the capital. The document also notes some territorial expansions and founding of monasteries during the rules of various margraves.
|
en
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https://s-f.scribdassets.com/scribd.ico?38fe7dbaa?v=5
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Scribd
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https://www.scribd.com/document/117699485/becsi-fillerek
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https://fluentwords.net/en/collocations/gertrude/en
|
en
|
Typical usage patterns for 'gertrude'
|
[
"https://fluentwords.net/assets/flag_es-1b5565b1d04bfdc7ad52a07f81b2f21a1913dfa629fec1405bb757fc8fc28401.webp",
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
English collocations and co-occurrences for 'gertrude' : Which words (nouns, verbs, adjectives) are characteristic in the neighbourhood of 'gertrude'?
|
en
|
/assets/favicon-c0a890985765c760769fd37e7913201772f49beafd3fbd35768dbe74df7847f7.ico
|
https://fluentwords.net/en/collocations/gertrude/en
|
Find typical usage patterns (collocations) for English words.
Enter a verb, a noun or an adjective.
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https://www.aimlexchange.com/search/wiki/page/Rudolph_II_of_Austria
|
en
|
AIMLExchange Search
|
[
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
AIMLExchange Search
| null |
Duke of Austria and Styria
Rudolf II (c. 1270 – 10 May 1290), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Duke of Austria and Styria from 1282 to 1283, jointly with his elder brother Albert I, who succeeded him.
Rudolf II was born in Rheinfelden, Swabia, the youngest son of Count Rudolf of Habsburg and his first wife Gertrude of Hohenberg to survive infancy. In 1273 his father was elected king of Germany, the first of the Habsburg dynasty, whereafter he seized the "princeless" duchies of Austria, Styria and Carinthia from the Bohemian king Ottokar II. After King Ottokar was defeated and killed in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld, King Rudolf in December 1282 vested his sons Albert and Rudolf II with the Austrian and Styrian duchies. However, in the Treaty of Rheinfelden on 1 June 1283 Rudolf II had to relinquish his share in favour of his elder brother Albert.
In compensation Rudolf II was designated as future king and his father appointed him a "duke of Swabia" - more or less an honorific title, as the former stem duchy had been in long-term disarray after the last Hohenstaufen duke, the underage Conradin, was killed in 1268. In Swabia the former counts of Habsburg only held various smaller home territories, later summed up as Further Austria, of which Rudolf II never got hold.
In the course of the reconciliation process with the Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty, Rudolf II in 1289 married Agnes (1269-1296), daughter of the late King Ottokar II. Rudolf II died suddenly at the age of 20 in Prague, where he stayed at the court of his brother-in-law King Wenceslaus II. In the same year his son, John Parricida, was born. His brother's failure to ensure that Rudolf II would be adequately compensated for relinquishing his claim on the throne caused strife in the Habsburg dynasty, leading to the assassination of Albert I by Rudolph's son, John, in 1308.
Rudolf II, Duke of Austria
Born: 1270 Died: 10 May 1290 Preceded by Duke of Austria and Styria
with Albert I
1282-1283 Succeeded by
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https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/rudolf-i-progenitor
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en
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Rudolf I: The progenitor
|
[
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[] |
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[
""
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The lineage can be traced back to the late tenth century: Guntram the Rich is the first verifiable ancestor. His son Ratbod (died before 1054) was the founder of the family abbey of Muri in the Aargau, whose chronicles are the most important source for the history of the ‘original’ Habsburgs. Ratbod’s grandson Otto was the first to call himself von Habsburg, after the castle
|
en
|
Die Welt der Habsburger
|
https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/rudolf-i-progenitor
|
The lineage can be traced back to the late tenth century: Guntram the Rich is the first verifiable ancestor. His son Ratbod (died before 1054) was the founder of the family abbey of Muri in the Aargau, whose chronicles are the most important source for the history of the ‘original’ Habsburgs. Ratbod’s grandson Otto was the first to call himself von Habsburg, after the castle near Brugg on the lower reaches of the River Aare.
The main domains of the family lay along the Rhine in the border area between present-day Switzerland, France and Germany. The dynasty probably originated in Upper Alsace, where the Habsburgs were lord protectors of the see of Strasbourg. Later the family concentrated on developing their dynastic power in the areas to the east of this territory, their eventual possessions extending from the Vosges along the Upper Rhine right into the regions around Zurich.
The family maintained relations with the imperial Hohenstaufen dynasty, numbering among their supporters. It is however unlikely that there were any relationships of kinship between the two dynasties. Rudolf’s father Count Albrecht IV was captain of the city of Strasbourg in the service of the Hohenstaufens. From his mother, Heilwig of Kyburg, Rudolf had within his grasp the domains of the Counts of Kyburg, a lineage on the verge of extinction which possessed extensive areas of the Thurgau south of Lake Constance. Rudolf’s brother Hartmann died a prisoner in Lombardy as a liegeman of the Hohenstaufens. Another brother, Albrecht (V), was a canon in Basel whose diocesan lands overlapped with the possessions of the early Habsburgs.
Rudolf focused on expanding the family holdings of territory. Besides the lands he had inherited from his mother, his marriage to Gertrude of Hohenberg brought additional possessions in Alsace. Rudolf was thus an important feudal lord with considerable influence in the Alemannic area.
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https://gw.geneanet.org/comrade28%3Flang%3Den%26n%3Dhohenberg%26p%3Dgertrude%2Bof
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en
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Navigation inhabituelle
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[
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Leader de la généalogie en France et en Europe : publiez votre arbre généalogique et recherchez vos ancêtres dans la première base de données généalogique.
|
fr
|
https://geneacdn.net/favicon.ico
|
Geneanet
|
https://gw.geneanet.org/bots/firewall?cause=suspicious_ip
|
Nous observons une navigation inhabituelle sur notre réseau. Merci de bien vouloir remplir le formulaire ci-dessous afin de nous assurer que vous n'êtes pas un robot.
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https://www.travelwriticus.com/ankeruhr-vienna/
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Ankeruhr in Vienna
|
[
"https://www.travelwriticus.com/wp-content/uploads/vienna-ankeruhr.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Amadeus"
] |
2024-08-07T23:00:05+00:00
|
The Ankeruhr in Vienna tells about personalities who played and important role in the history of Austria's capital.
|
en
|
Travelwriticus.com
|
https://www.travelwriticus.com/ankeruhr-vienna/
|
The Ankeruhr in Vienna is a clock in a gangway between two buildings on the Hoher Markt Square (1. District). It displays every hour a different personality who has played a role in the history of Vienna. [German]
The displayed historical figures
The clock shows 15 historical figures in 12 hours. The amount of 15 is a result of displaying married couples three times. The featured personalities start to run in front of the clock face with the mentioned hour below:
01: Marcus Aurelius (Roman emperor)
02: Charlemagne (Emperor of the Romans)
03: Leopold VI (Duke of Austria) and Theodora Angelina
04: Walther von der Vogelweide (Minnesänger)
05: Rudolf I (King of Germany) and Gertrude of Hohenberg
06: Hans Puchsbaum (Gothic architect)
07: Maximilian I (“the last knight”)
08: Johann Andreas von Liebenberg (Mayor of Vienna)
09: Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg (Field marshal)
10: Prince Eugene of Savoy (Field marshal)
11: Maria Theresa (Holy Roman Empress) and Francis I
12: Joseph Haydn (Composer)
Each figure is accompanied by a melody related to its period and historical role. The best time to visit the Ankeruhr is noon. At this time, the clockwork performs a parade of all figures and plays all music pieces accordingly.
Romans and basilisks
An old inscription below the Ankeruhr mentions a Roman praetorium nearby. Actually, the Roman ruins are under your feet. The Roman Museum opposite the Ankeruhr let you step down to the ancient layer of Vienna.
The snake-like figure below the clock’s face symbolizes a Basilisk. You find another depiction of such a creature on the facade of the Basiliskenhaus in a lane named Schönlaterngasse.
Sources / More info
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http://www.royaltombs.dk/germany.html
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GERMANY
|
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BURIAL PLACES OF GERMAN KINGS FROM A TO Z
AACHEN (GERMANY)
BURIED IN AACHEN CATHEDRAL (Aachener Dom, Domhof):
King and Emperor OTTO III (+1002)
His viscera were buried in the Church of St Ulric and St Afra in Augsburg
ALTÃTTING (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF ST PHILIP AND JACOB (Altötting, Wallfahrtskirche Sankt Philipp und Jakob, Tillyplatz/Kapellplatz):
King CARLOMAN OF BAVARIA (+880)
ANDLAU (FRANCE)
BURIED IN THE PARISH CHURCH OF SAINTS PETER AND PAUL (Andlau, L'église paroissiale Saint Pierre-et-Paul, Rue Deharbe):
Queen and Empress RICHARDIS (+c. 894/896), consort of Emperor Charles III the Fat
ANDRIA (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF ANDRIA
(Andria, Duomo di Santa Maria Assunta, Piazza Duomo):
01. Queen and Empress ISABELLA OF JERUSALEM (Yolande of Brienne;+1228), consort of Emperor Frederick II
02. Queen and Empress ISABELLA OF ENGLAND (+1241), consort of Emperor Frederick II
BAMBERG (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF BAMBERG
(Bamberger Dom, Domplatz):
01. King and Emperor HENRY II (+1024)
02. Queen and Empress KUNIGUNDE OF LUXEMBOURG (+1033), consort of Emperor Henry II
03. King CONRAD III (+1152)
BRATISLAVA (SLOVAKIA)
BURIED IN ST MARTIN’S CATHEDRAL
(Bratislava, Dóm sv. Martina, Rudnayovo námeste):
Queen SOPHIA OF BAVARIA (+1425), consort of King Wenceslaus.
The tomb has not been preserved.
BRNO (CZECH REPUBLIC)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF ST THOMAS
(Brno, kostel sv. TomaÅ¡e, Moravské námÄsti):
King JOBST OF MORAVIA (+1411)
BRUNSWICK (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF ST BLASIUS
(Braunschweig, Dom St. Blasii, Domplatz):
01. King and Emperor OTTO IV (+1218)
02. Queen and Empress BEATRICE OF SWABIA (+1212), consort of Emperor Otto IV.
The tomb has not been preserved.
COLOGNE (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE BENEDICTINE ABBEY OF ST PANTALEON
(Köln, Benediktinerabtei St. Pantaleon, Am Pantaleonsberg):
Queen and Empress THEOPHANO OF BYZANTIUM (+991), consort of Emperor Otto II
COSENZA (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF COSENZA
(Cosenza, Cattedrale dell'Assunta, Piazza Duomo):
King HENRY HOHENSTAUF (+1242)
EBRACH (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CISTERCIAN ABBEY CHURCH
(Ebrach, Zisterzienserabteikirche, Marktplatz):
Queen GERTRUDE OF SULZBACH (+1146), wife of King Conrad III
FULDA (GERMANY)
BURIED IN FULDA ABBEY (Fulda Abtei, Domplatz):
King CONRAD I (+918).
The Abbey had been demolished and replaced by the Cathedral of Fulda and the tomb was lost. There is an epitaph only.
GENOA (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF SAN FRANCESCO DI CASTELLETTO (Genova, Chiesa di San Francesco di Castelletto):
Queen MARGARET OF BRABANT (+1311), consort of Emperor Henry VII.
The church and the tomb, by Giovanni Pisano, were demolished in 1798.
GRAZ (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE IMPERIAL MAUSOLEUM
(Graz, Kaiserliches Mausoleum, Bürgergasse):
King and Emperor FERDINAND II (+1637).
His heart was buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
HAILES ABBEY (ENGLAND)
BURIED IN HAILES ABBEY:
01. King RICHARD OF CORNWALL (+1272).
His heart was buried in the Church of the Franciscan Friars Minor in Oxford.
02. Queen SANCHIA OF PROVENCE (+1261), consort of King Richard of Cornwall.
The abbey and the tombs were demolished in c. 1540 and only some ruins have remained.
HEIDELBERG (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY SPIRIT
(Heidelberg, Heilig Geist Kirche, Hauptstr.):
01. King RUPERT (+1410)
02. Queen ELIZABETH OF NUREMBERG (+1411), consort of King Rupert
INNSBRUCK (AUSTRIA)
THE COURT CHURCH (Innsbruck, Hofkirche, Universitätsstr.):
Cenotaph to King and Emperor MAXIMILIAN I (+1519).
Maximilian I was, however, not buried there, but in St George's Chapel in Wiener Neustadt.
KYIV (UKRAINE)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF THE CAVES
(Kyiv, Pecherska Lavra, vul. Sichnevogo Povstannya):
Queen and Empress ADELAIDE PRAXEDIS OF KIEV (+1109), consort of Emperor Henry IV
KÃNIGSLUTTER (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE BENEDICTINE ABBEY
(Königslutter, Kaiserdom, Abt-Fabricius-Weg):
01. King and Emperor LOTHAIR III (+1137)
02. Queen and Empress RICHENZA OF NORTHEIM (+1141), consort of Emperor Lothair III
LILIENFELD (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE CISTERCIAN ABBEY (Stift Lilienfeld, Klosterrotte):
Queen MARGARET OF BABENBERG (+1266), consort of King Henry Hohenstauf
LORCH (GERMANY)
BURIED IN LORCH ABBEY (Kloster Lorch, Klosterstr.):
Queen IRENE OF BYZANTIUM (+1208), consort of King Philip of Swabia
LORSCH (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE BENEDICTINE ABBEY
(Lorsch, Benediktinische Kloster, Nibelungenstr.):
01. King LOUIS I THE GERMAN (+876)
02. King LOUIS II THE YOUNGER(+882)
03. Queen KUNIGUNDE (+after 915), consort of King Conrad I
The abbey was demolished in the 17th century.
LOUVAIN/LEUVEN (BELGIUM)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF ST PETER
(Louvain/Leuven, Sint Pieterskerk, Margarethaplein):
Empress MARY OF BRABANT (+1260), consort of Emperor Otto IV
MADRID (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF DISCALCED FRANCISCANS (Madrid, Monasterio de las Descalzas Reales, calle de la Misericordia):
Queen and Empress MARY OF SPAIN (+1603), consort of Emperor Maximilian II
MAGDEBURG (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF ST MAURICE (Magdeburg, Dom St. Mauritius und St. Katharina, Domplatz):
01. King and Emperor OTTO I THE GREAT (+973)
02. Queen EDITH OF ENGLAND (+947), consort of Emperor Otto I the Great
MESSINA (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE BASILICA OF THE ASSUMPTION OF ST MARY (Messina, Basilica di Santa Maria Assunta, Piazza del Duomo):
King CONRAD IV (+1254).
The tomb was destroyed in the past.
MIDDELBURG (THE NETHERLANDS)
BURIED IN THE ABBEY CHURCH (Middelburg, Abdijkerken-Koorkerk, Groenmarkt/Koorkerkstraat):
01. King WILLIAM OF HOLLAND (+1256)
02. Queen ELIZABETH OF BRUNSWICK (+1266), consort of King William of Holland
MUNICH (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF OUR LADY
(München, Frauenkirche, Frauenplatz):
01. King and Emperor LOUIS IV THE BAVARIAN (+1347).
His heart was buried in the Abbey of Fürstenfeld in Fürstenfeldbruck.
02. Queen BEATRICE OF SILESIA-GÅOGÃW (+1322), consort of Emperor Louis IV the Bavarian
MUNICH (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE THEATINE CHURCH
(München, Theatinerkirche St. Kajetan, Theatinerstrasse):
01. King and Emperor CHARLES VII ALBERT (+1745).
His heart was buried in the Holy Chapel in Altötting.
02. Queen and Empress MARIA AMALIA OF AUSTRIA (+1756), consort of Emperor Charles VII Albert.
Her heart was buried in the Holy Chapel in Altötting.
NAGYVÃRAD/ORADEA (RUMANIA)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF VÃRAD FORTRESS:
King and Emperor SIGISMUND OF LUXEMBOURG (+1437).
The burial church of Várad Fortress and the royal tombs inside it were demolished by the Turks in the 17th c.
OXFORD (ENGLAND)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF THE FRANCISCAN FRIARS MINOR/GREYFRIARS:
Queen BEATRICE OF FALKENBURG (+1277), consort of King Richard of Cornwall.
The church was demolished in the past.
PALERMO (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL (Cattedrale di Palermo, Via dell'Incoronazione/Via Vittorio Emanuele):
01. King and Emperor HENRY VI (+1197)
02. Queen and Empress CONSTANCE (+1198), consort of Emperor Henry VI
03. King and Emperor FREDERICK II (+1250)
04. Queen CONSTANCE OF ARAGON (+1222), consort of Emperor Frederick II
PARIS (FRANCE)
BURIED IN THE AUGUSTINIAN CONVENT
(Paris, Couvent des Grands-Augustins):
Queen AGNES OF BURGUNDY (+1323), consort of King Rudolph I
The convent was demolished after 1789.
PISA (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF PISA
(Pisa, Duomo, Piazza del Duomo):
King and Emperor HENRY VII (+1313)
PRAGUE (CZECH REPUBLIC)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF ST VITUS (Praha, chram sv. Vita):
01. King and Emperor CHARLES IV (+1378)
02. Queen BLANCHE OF VALOIS (+1348), consort of Emperor Charles IV
03. Queen ANNE OF THE PALATINATE (+1353), consort of Emperor Charles IV
04. Queen and Empress ANNE OF ÅWIDNICA (+1362), consort of Emperor Charles IV
05. Queen and Empress ELIZABETH OF POMERANIA (+1393), consort of Emperor Charles IV
06. King WENCESLAUS (+1419)
07. Queen JOANNA OF BAVARIA (+1386), consort of King Wenceslaus
08. Queen and Empress BARBARA OF CILLI (+1451), consort of Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg
09. King and Emperor FERDINAND I (+1564)
10. Queen ANNE JAGIELLONIAN OF BOHEMIA AND HUNGARY (+1547), consort of King (later Emperor) Ferdinand I
11. King and Emperor MAXIMILIAN II (+1576)
12. King and Emperor RUDOLPH II (+1612)
QUEDLINBURG (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF ST SERVATIUS
(Quedlinburg, Stiftskirche St. Servatius, Schlossberg):
01. King HENRY I THE FOWLER (+936)
02. Queen MATILDA (+968), consort of King Henry I the Fowler
REGENSBURG (GERMANY)
BURIED IN ST EMMERAM’S BASILICA
(Regensburg, St. Emmeram Basilika, Emmeramplatz):
01. Queen EMMA (+876), consort of King Louis I the German
02. King and Emperor ARNULF OF CARINTHIA (+899).
The tomb has not been preserved.
03. Queen and Empress ODA (+after 903), consort of Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia.
The tomb has not been preserved.
04. King LOUIS III THE CHILD (+911).
The tomb has not been preserved.
REICHENAU (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY CHURCH OF ST MARY AND MARK (Kloster Reichenau, Münster St. Maria und Markus, Burgstr.):
King and Emperor CHARLES THE FAT (+888)
ROME (THE VATICAN)
BURIED IN ST PETER'S BASILICA
(Roma, Basilica San Pietro, Piazza San Pietro):
01. King and Emperor OTTO II (+983)
02. Queen and Empress AGNES OF POITOU (+1077), consort of Emperor Henry III
ROUEN (FRANCE)
BURIED IN ROUEN CATHEDRAL
(Rouen, Cathédrale Notre-Dame, Rue Saint-Romain):
Queen and Empress MATILDA OF ENGLAND (+1167), consort of Emperor Henry V
SAN LORENZO DE EL ESCORIAL (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF SAN LORENZO (El Monasterio de El Escorial, Avenida Juan De Borbón Y Battemberg):
01. King and Emperor CHARLES V (+1558)
02. Queen and Empress ISABELLA OF PORTUGAL (+1539), consort of Emperor Charles V
SELTZ (FRANCE)
BURIED IN ST STEPHEN'S CHURCH
(Seltz, l'église Saint Ãtienne, Rue Principale):
Queen and Empress ADELAIDE OF BURGUNDY (+999), consort of Emperor Otto I.
The tomb has not been preserved. The relics of Empress Adelaide were mentioned for the last time in 1474.
SPEYER (GERMANY)
BURIED IN SPEYER CATHEDRAL (Speyer Dom, Domplatz):
01. King and Emperor CONRAD II (+1039).
His heart and viscera were buried in St Martin's Cathedral in Utrecht (Holland).
02. Queen and Empress GISELA OF SWABIA (+1043), consort of Emperor Conrad II
03. King and Emperor HENRY III (+1056).
His heart was firstly buried in the Church of Saints Simon and Judas in Goslar, later reburied with his viscera in St Ulric's Chapel in Goslar.
04. King and Emperor HENRY IV (+1106)
05. Queen and Empress BERTHA OF SAVOY (+1087), consort of Emperor Henry IV
06. King and Emperor HENRY V (+1125).
His heart and viscera were buried in St Martin's Cathedral in Utrecht (Holland).
07. Queen and Empress BEATRICE OF BURGUNDY (+1184), consort of Emperor Frederick I
08. King PHILIP OF SWABIA (+1208)
09. King RUDOLPH I (+1291)
10. King ADOLPHUS OF NASSAU (+1298)
11. King ALBERT I HABSBURG (+1308)
STAMS (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE CISTERCIAN ABBEY
(Stams, Zisterzienserstift, Stiftshof):
01. Queen ELIZABETH OF BAVARIA (+1273), consort of King Conrad IV
02. Queen and Empress BIANCA MARIA SFORZA (+1510), consort of Emperor Maximilian I
ST PAUL IM LAVANTTAL (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE BENEDICTINE ABBEY
(Benediktinerstift St. Paul im Lavanttal, Hauptstr.):
01. Queen GERTRUDE ANNE OF HOHENBERG (+1281), consort of King Rudolph I
02. Queen ELIZABETH OF CARINTHIA (+1313), consort of King Albert I Habsburg
SZÃKESFEHÃRVÃR (HUNGARY)
BURIED IN THE CORONATION BASILICA
(Székesfehérvár, Koronazó-bazilika, Koronazó tér):
01. King ALBERT II (+1439)
02. Queen ELIZABETH OF LUXEMBOURG (+1442), consort of King Albert II.
The basilica and the royal tombs were demolished by the Turks in 1601.
TYRE (LEBANON)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF TYRE:
King and Emperor FREDERICK I (+1190).
Only his bones were buried in Tyre Cathedral. His flesh was buried in the Cathedral of St Peter in Antioch (now Turkey). His heart and viscera were buried in the Cathedral of Tarsus (now Turkey).
The Cathedral of Tyre was demolished by the Mamluks following the capture of Tyre in 1291.
VALENCIENNES (FRANCE)
BURIED IN THE FRANCISCAN CONVENT
(Valenciennes, Couvent des Franciscains):
Queen and Empress MARGARET OF HAINAUT (+1356), consort of Emperor Louis IV the Bavarian.
The convent was demolished in the past.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE CAPUCHIN CHURCH
(Wien, Kapuzinerkirche, Neuer Markt):
01. King and Emperor MATTHEW (+1619).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
02. Queen and Empress ANNE OF TYROL (+1618), consort of Emperor Matthew.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
03. King and Emperor FERDINAND IV (+1654)
04. King and Emperor FERDINAND III (+1657)
05. Queen and Empress MARIA ANNA OF SPAIN (+1646), consort of Emperor Ferdinand III
06. Queen and Empress MARIA LEOPOLDINA OF TYROL (+1649), consort of Emperor Ferdinand III
07. Queen and Empress ELEANOR MAGDALEN OF MANTUA-NEVERS-GONZAGA (+1686), consort of Emperor Ferdinand III.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
08. King and Emperor LEOPOLD I (+1705).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
09. Queen and Empress MARGARET THERESA OF SPAIN (+1673), consort of Emperor Leopold I.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
10. Queen and Empress ELEANOR MAGDALEN OF THE PALATINATE-NEUBURG (+1720), consort of Emperor Leopold I
11. King and Emperor JOSEPH I (+1711).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
12. King and Emperor CHARLES VI (+1740).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
13. Queen and Empress ELIZABETH CHRISTINA OF BRUNSWICK-WOLFENBÃTTEL (+1750), consort of Emperor Charles VI.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
14. King and Emperor FRANCIS I STEPHEN (+1765).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
15. Queen and Empress MARIA THERESA (+1780), consort of Emperor Francis I Stephen.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
16. King and Emperor JOSEPH II (+1790)
17. Queen and Empress MARIA JOSEPHA OF BAVARIA (+1767), consort of Emperor Joseph II
18. King and Emperor LEOPOLD II (+1792).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
19. Queen and Empress MARIA LODOVICA OF SICILY (+1792), consort of Emperor Leopold II.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
20. King and Emperor FRANCIS I (+1835).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
21. Queen and Empress MARIA THERESA OF NAPLES-SICILY (+1807), consort of Emperor Francis I.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE DOMINICAN CHURCH
(Wien, Dominikanerkirche, Postgasse):
Queen and Empress CLAUDIA FELICITY OF TIROL (+1676), consort of Emperor Leopold I.
Her heart was buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE MINORITES CONVENT, CHURCH OF OUR LADY OF THE SNOW (Wien, Minoritenkloster, Kirche Maria Schnee, Minoritenplatz):
Queen ELIZABETH OF ARAGON (+1330), consort of King Frederick the Handsome.
The tomb has not been preserved.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE SALESIAN CONVENT
(Wien, Salesianerinnenkloster der Heimsuchung Maria, Rennweg):
Queen and Empress WILHELMINA AMALIA OF BRUNSWICK-LUNEBURG (+1742), consort of Emperor Joseph I.
Her heart was buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN ST STEPHEN’S CATHEDRAL
(Wien, Stephansdom-Herzogsgruft, Stephansplatz):
01. King FREDERICK THE HANDSOME (+1330)
His heart was buried in the Ascension Church in Linz.
02. King and Emperor FREDERICK III (+1493)
His heart and viscera were buried in the Ascension Church in Linz.
03. Queen and Empress ELEANOR OF MANTUA (+1655), consort of Emperor Ferdinand II
Her heart was buried in the Imperial Mausoleum in Graz.
WIENER NEUSTADT (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE NEUKLOSTERKIRCHE
(Wiener Neustadt, Neuklostergasse):
Queen and Empress ELEANOR OF PORTUGAL (+1467), consort of Emperor Frederick III
LIST OF GERMAN KINGS 843-1806
CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY (Karolinger)
843-876: LOUIS I THE GERMAN (Ludwig I. der Deutsche)
Born in 804.
Father: Frankish King Louis I the Debonair. Mother: Queen Ermengarde.
Married in 827 EMMA of Altdorf (+876).
His issue who reigned:
-CARLOMAN OF BAVARIA (*829,+880),
-LOUIS II THE YOUNGER (*c. 830,+882),
-CHARLES III THE FAT (*839,+888).
Died in 876 at Frankfurt/Main.
Buried in the Abbey of Lorsch (demolished).
His Queen Emma was buried in St Emmeram's Basilica at Regensburg.
876-880: CARLOMAN OF BAVARIA (Karlmann von Bayern)
Born in 829.
Father: East Frankish King Louis I the German. Mother: Queen Emma.
Married a daughter of Bavarian duke Ernest.
His issue who reigned:
-ARNULF OF CARINTHIA (*c. 850,+899; illegitimate).
Died in 880 at Oettingen.
Buried in the Church of St St Philip and Jacob at Altötting.
876-882: LOUIS II THE YOUNGER (Ludwig II. der Jüngere)
Born in c. 830.
Father: East Frankish King Louis I the German. Mother: Queen Emma.
Married firstly an unknown woman.
Married secondly in 874 at Aschaffenburg LIUTGARD of Saxony (+885).
Died in 882 at Frankfurt/Main.
Buried in the Abbey of Lorsch (demolished).
876-887: CHARLES III THE FAT (Karl III. der Dicke; Roman Emperor from 881; West Frankish/French King)
Born in 839.
Father: East Frankish King Louis I the German. Mother: Queen Emma.
Married in 862 RICHARDIS (+c. 894/96 Andlau).
He and his consort Richardis were crowned emperor and empress in 881 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Deposed in 887.
Died in 888 at Neudingen.
Buried in the Monastery of Reichenau, Baden.
His consort Queen and Empress Richardis was buried in St St Peter and Paul's Church in Andlau, now France.
887-899: ARNULF OF CARINTHIA
(Arnulf von Kärnten; Roman Emperor from 896)
Born in c. 850.
Father: East Frankish King Carloman. Mother: Liutswind.
Married ODA of Bavaria (+after 903).
He was crowned emperor in 896 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-LOUIS III (*893,+911),
-Glismut (East Frankish Queen).
Died in 899 at Regensburg.
Buried with his Queen and Empress Oda in St Emmeram's Basilica in Regensburg (no tomb).
900-911: LOUIS III THE CHILD (Ludwig III. der Kind)
Born in 893 in Altötting, Bavaria.
Father: East Frankish King and Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia. Mother: Queen and Empress Oda of Bavaria.
Unmarried.
He was crowned in 900 in Forchheim.
Died in 911 in Frankfurt/Main.
Buried in St Emmeram's Basilica at Regensburg (no tomb).
CONRADINE DYNASTY (Konradiner)
911-918: CONRAD I (Konrad I.)
Born in 918 at Weilburg.
Father: Duke Conrad of the Franks. Mother: Princess Glismut.
Married in 913 KUNIGUNDE of Swabia.
Died in 918.
Buried in Fulda Abbey (no tomb, epitaph only).
His consort Queen Kunigunde was buried in Lorsch Abbey (demolished).
SAXON DYNASTY (Ludolfinger)
919-936: HENRY I THE FOWLER (Heinrich I.)
Born in c. 876.
Father: Duke Otto I of Saxony. Mother: Duchess Hedvig.
Married firstly in 906 Hatheburg. Repudiated in 909.
Married secondly in 909 MATILDA of Ringelheim (*c. 895,+968).
He was never crowned.
His issue who reigned:
-OTTO I (*912,+973; son of Matilda),
-Gerberga (+984; Queen of West Franks; daughter of Matilda).
Died in 936 at Memleben (now Saxony-Anhalt).
Buried with his Queen Matilda in the Church of St Servatius in Quedlinburg.
936-973: OTTO I THE GREAT
(Otto I. der Grosse; Roman Emperor from 962)
Born in 912.
Father: King Henry I of Germany. Mother: Queen St Matilda.
Married firstly in c. 930 Princess EDITH of England (*910/13,+946/47).
Married secondly in 951 ADELAIDE of Burgundy (+999).
He and his consort Edith of England were crowned king and queen in 936 in Aachen Cathedral.
He and his consort Adelaide of Burgundy were crowned emperor and empress in 962 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-OTTO II (*955,+983; son of Adelaide).
Died in 973 at Memleben.
Buried with his first consort Queen Edith of England in Magdeburg Cathedral.
His second consort Empress Adelaide was buried in Seltz Abbey (now France). In the 14th c. her remains were translated to St Stephen's Church in Seltz.
973-983: OTTO II (Roman Emperor from 967)
Born in 955.
Father: King and Emperor Otto I of Germany. Mother: Queen and Empress Adelaide of Burgundy.
Married in 972 Princess Theophano of Byzantium (+991).
He was crowned king in 961 in Aachen Cathedral.
He was crowned emperor in 967 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His consort Theophano was crowned empress in 972 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-OTTO III (*980,+1002).
Died in 983 in Rome.
Buried in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His consort Empress Theophano was buried in St Pantaleon's Abbey in Cologne.
983-1002: OTTO III (Roman Emperor from 996)
Born in 980 in Kessel, now the Netherlands.
Father: King and Emperor Otto II of Germany. Mother: Queen and Empress Theophano of Byzantium.
Unmarried.
He was crowned king in 983 in Aachen Cathedral.
He was crowned emperor in 996 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Died in 1002 in Paterno, Italy.
Buried in Aachen Cathedral.
1002-1024: HENRY II (Heinrich II.; Roman Emperor from 1014)
Born in 973 in Abbach.
Father: Duke Henry the Quarrelsome of Bavaria. Mother: Duchess Gisela of Burgundy.
Married Countess KUNIGUNDE of Luxembourg (*c. 975,+1033 Kaufungen).
He was crowned king in 1002 in Mainz Cathedral.
His consort Kunigunde was crowned queen in 1002 in Paderborn Cathedral.
He and his consort Kunigunde were crowned emperor and empress in 1014 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Died in 1024 at Bamberg.
Buried with his Empress and Queen Kunigunde in Bamberg Cathedral.
SALIAN DYNASTY (Salier)
1024-1039: CONRAD II (Konrad II.; Roman Emperor from 1027)
Born in c. 990.
Father: Count Henry of Speyer. Mother: Adele of Metz.
Married in 1016 GISELA of Swabia (*989,+1043 Goslar).
He was crowned king in 1024 in Mainz Cathedral.
He and his consort Gisela were crowned emperor and empress in 1027 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His consort Gisela was crowned in 1024 in Cologne Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-HENRY III (*1017,+1056),
-Matilda (+1034; Queen of France).
Died in 1039 in Utrecht.
Buried with his Empress and Queen Gisela in Speyer Cathedral.
1039-1056: HENRY III (Heinrich III.; Roman Emperor from 1046)
Born in 1017.
Father: Emperor and King Conrad II of Germany. Mother: Empress Gisela of Swabia.
Married firstly in 1036 at Nijmegen Princess Gunhild of Denmark-England (*1019,+1038).
Married secondly in 1043 AGNES of Poitou (*1024,+1077).
He was crowned king in 1028 in Aachen Cathedral.
His second consort Agnes of Poitou was crowned queen in 1043 in Mainz Cathedral.
He and his second consort Agnes were crowned emperor and empress in 1046 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-HENRY IV (*1050,+1106; son of Agnes),
-Judith (*1054,+after 1105; Queen of Hungary and Duchess of Poland; daughter of Agnes).
Died in 1056 at Bodfeld.
Buried in Speyer Cathedral.
His first consort Princess Gunhild of Denmark was buried in Limburg Abbey at Bad Dürkheim.
His second consort Empress Agnes was buried in St Peter's Basilica in Rome (no tomb).
1056-1106: HENRY IV (Heinrich IV.; Roman Emperor from 1084)
Born in 1050.
Father: Emperor and King Henry III of Germany. Mother: Empress Agnes of Poitou.
Married firstly in 1066 BERTHA of Savoy (c. 1051,+1087).
Married secondly in 1089 in Cologne Princes PRAXEDIS-ADELAIDE of Kiev (+1109).
He was crowned king in 1054 in Aachen Cathedral.
His first consort Bertha of Savoy was crowned queen in 1066 at Würzburg.
He and his first consort Bertha were crowned emperor and empress in 1084 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-Agnes (*1072/73,+1143; Margravine of Austria; daughter of Bertha),
-HENRY V (*1086,+1125; son of Bertha).
Died in 1106 at Liège.
Buried with his first consort Empress Bertha in Speyer Cathedral.
His second consort Empress Adelaide was buried in the Monastery of the Caves in Kyiv (no tomb).
1106-1125: HENRY V (Heinrich V.; Roman Emperor from 1111)
Born in 1086.
Father: Emperor and King Henry IV of Germany. Mother: Empress Bertha of Savoy.
Married in 1114 at Mainz Princess MATILDA of England (*1102 Winchester,+1167 Rouen).
He was crowned king in 1099 in Aachen Cathedral.
His consort Matilda of England was crowned queen twice in 1110 and 1114 at Mainz Cathedral.
He and his consort Matilda were crowned emperor and empress in 1117 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Died in 1125 at Utrecht.
Buried in Speyer Cathedral.
His Queen and Empress Matilda of England was buried firstly in Bec Abbey near Rouen, then reburied in Notre Dame of Rouen in 1847.
HOUSE OF SUPPLINBURG (Supplinburger)
1125-1137: LOTHAIR III (Lothar III.; Roman Emperor from 1133)
Born in 1075.
Father: Count Lothar of Supplinburg. Mother: Countess Hedwig von Frombach.
Married in 1100 RICHENZA of Northeim (*c. 1087/89,+1141).
He was crowned king in 1125 in Aachen Cathedral.
He and his consort Richenza were crowned emperor and empress in 1133 in the Basilica of St John Lateran in Rome.
Died in 1137 at Breitenwang, Tyrol.
Buried with his Queen and Empress Richenza at Königslutter Abbey.
HOUSE OF HOHENSTAUFEN (Staufer)
1138-1152: CONRAD III (Konrad III.)
Born in 1093 at Bamberg.
Father: Duke Frederick I of Swabia. Mother: Duchess Agnes von Waiblingen.
Married firstly in c. 1115 Gertrude of Komburg (+1130/31).
Married secondly in 1136 GERTRUDE of Sulzbach (+1146 Hersfeld).
He was crowned in 1138 in Aachen Cathedral.
Died in 1152 at Bamberg.
Buried the Cathedral of Bamberg.
His second consort Queen Gertrude of Sulzbach was buried in Ebrach Abbey.
1152-1190: FREDERICK I BARBAROSSA
(Friedrich I. Barbarossa; Roman Emperor from 1155)
Born in 1122 in Waiblingen or in Weingarten.
Father: Duke Frederick II of Swabia. Mother: Duchess Judith of Bavaria.
Married firstly in c. 1147 in Cheb, Bohemia ADELAIDE of Vohburg (*1122,+c. 1190 Weissenau Abbey). Marriage was annulled in 1153.
Married secondly in 1156 in Würzburg BEATRICE of Burgundy (*c. 1145,+1184 Jouhe near Dole, Burgundy).
He was crowned king in 1152 in Aachen Cathedral.
He was crowned emperor in 1155 (first time) in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
He and his Queen Beatrice were crowned emperor and empress of Germany in 1167 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-HENRY VI (*1165,+1197; son of Beatrice),
-PHILIP (*c. 1177,+1208; son of Beatrice).
Died in 1190 in the Saleph River (Göksu) in Cilicia (drowned).
Buried in the Cathedral of Tyre (now Lebanon; demolished).
His second consort Empress and Queen Beatrice of Burgundy was buried in the Cathedral of Speyer.
1190-1197: HENRY VI
(Heinrich VI.; Roman Emperor from 1191, King of Sicily)
Born in 1165 at Nijmegen.
Father: Emperor and King Frederick I Barbarossa of Germany. Mother: Queen Beatrice of Burgundy.
Married in 1186 in Milan the future Queen CONSTANCE of Sicily (*1154,+1198).
He was crowned king in 1169 in Aachen Cathedral.
He and his Queen Constance were crowned emperor and empress of Germany in 1191 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-FREDERICK II (*1194,+1250).
Died in 1197 at Messina.
Buried with his Empress and Queen Constance in Palermo Cathedral.
1198-1208: PHILIP OF SWABIA (Philipp von Schwaben)
Born in c. 1177.
Father: Emperor and King Frederick I Barbarossa of Germany. Mother: Queen Beatrice of Burgundy.
Married in 1197 Dowager Queen of Sicily, Princess IRENE of Byzantium (+1208 Hohenstaufen).
He was crowned twice: in 1198 in Mainz Cathedral and in 1205 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Beatrice (*1198,+1212; Empress and Queen of Germany),
-Kunigunde (*c. 1200,+1248; Queen of Bohemia),
-Elizabeth (*c. 1203,+1235; Queen of Castile).
Died in 1208 at Bamberg (murdered).
He was buried in the Cathedral of Speyer.
His Queen Irene was buried in the Abbey of Lorch.
HOUSE OF GUELPH (Welfen)
1198-1215: OTTO IV (Roman Emperor from 1209)
Born in c. 1175/77 in Normandy.
Father: Duke Henry the Lion of Saxony. Mother: Duchess Matilda of England.
Married firstly in 1212 at Nordhausen Princess BEATRICE of Hohenstaufen (*1198,+1212 Nordhausen).
Married secondly in 1214 in Maastricht MARY of Brabant (*c. 1190,+1260).
He was crowned king in 1198 in Aachen Cathedral.
He was crowned emperor in 1209 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Deposed in 1215.
Died in 1218 at Harzburg.
Buried with his first consort Empress Beatrice in Brunswick Cathedral.
His second consort Empress Mary was buried in St Peter's Church in Louvain.
HOUSE OF HOHENSTAUFEN (Staufer)
1212-1250: FREDERICK II (Friedrich II.; Roman Emperor from 1220, King of Sicily as Frederick I Roger)
Born in 1194 at Iesi.
Father: Emperor and King Henry VI of Germany. Mother: Queen Constance of Sicily.
Married firstly in 1209 in Messina Dowager Queen of Hungary CONSTANCE of Aragon (*1179,+1222 Catania).
Married secondly in 1225 at Brindisi Queen ISABELLA II of Jerusalem (*1211,+1228 Andria).
Married thirdly in 1235 at Worms Princess ISABELLA Plantagenet of England (*1214,+1241 Foggia).
He was crowned twice as German king: in 1212 in Mainz Cathedral and in 1215 in Aachen Cathedral.
He was crowned as emperor with his first consort Queen Constance of Hungary in 1220 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-CONRAD IV (*1228,+1254; son of Isabella II of Jerusalem),
-HENRY (*1211,+1242).
Died in 1250 at Castel Fiorentino.
Buried with his first consort Queen Constance of Hungary in Palermo Cathedral.
His two other queens Isabella II of Jerusalem and Isabella of England were buried in Andria Cathedral.
1220-1235: HENRY HOHENSTAUF (Heinrich)
Born in 1211 in Sicily.
Father: King Frederick II. Mother: Queen Constance of Aragon.
Married in 1225 in Nuremberg Princess MARGARET of Austria (+1266).
He was crowned in 1222 in Aachen Cathedral.
His consort Margaret of Austria was crowned in 1227 in Aachen Cathedral.
Deposed in 1235 and imprisoned.
Died in 1242 in Martirano (Calabria).
Buried in Cosenza Cathedral, Italy.
His consort Queen Margaret (later Queen of Bohemia) was buried in Lilienfeld Abbey, Austria.
1250-1254: CONRAD IV (Konrad IV.; King of Sicily)
Born in 1228 at Andria.
Father: King Frederick I Roger of Sicily. Mother: Queen Isabella II of Jerusalem.
Married in 1246 at Vohburg Princess ELIZABETH of Wittelsbach (*1227 Landshut,+1273).
His issue who reigned:
-Conradin (*1252,+1268; King of Sicily).
Died in 1254 near Lavello.
Buried in the Cathedral of Messina (no tomb).
His consort Queen Elizabeth was buried in Stams Abbey, Tyrol.
HOUSE OF HOLLAND (Haus von Holland)
1254-1256: WILLIAM OF HOLLAND (Wilhelm von Holland)
Born in 1227.
Father: Count Floris IV of Holland. Mother: Countess Mechtilde of Brabant.
Married in 1252 ELIZABETH of Brunswick-Lüneburg (+1266).
He was crowned in 1248 in Aachen Cathedral.
Died in 1256 in a battle near Hoogwoud (North Holland).
Buried (in 1282) with his Queen Elizabeth in Middelburg Abbey.
HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET (Haus Plantagenet)
1257-1272: RICHARD OF CORNWALL
Born in 1209 at Winchester.
Father: King John Lackland of England. Mother: Queen Isabella of Angoulême.
Married firstly in 1231 at Fawley Isabella of Pembroke (*1200 Pembroke,+1240 Berkhamstead).
Married secondly in 1243 in London SANCHIA of Provence (*c. 1225 Aix-en-Provence,+1261 Berkhamstead).
Married thirdly in 1269 in Kaiserslauten BEATRICE of Falkenburg (*c. 1253 Falkenburg,+1277).
He was crowned with his second consort Sanchia in 1257 at Aachen Cathedral.
Died in 1272 at Berkhamstead.
Buried with his second consort Queen Sanchia in Hailes Abbey, Gloucestershire, England (no tomb).
His first consort Princess Isabella was buried in Beaulieu Abbey, Hampshire (England).
His third consort Queen Beatrice was buried in the Church of Franciscan Friars Minor at Oxford (England).
HOUSE OF HABSBURG (Habsburger)
1273-1291: RUDOLPH I (Rudolf I.; Duke of Austria)
Born in 1218 at Limburg/Breisgau.
Father: Count Albert IV of Habsburg. Mother: Countess Hedvig of Kyburg.
Married firstly in 1253 in Alsace Countess GERTRUDE ANNE of Hohenberg (*1225 Swabia,+1281 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1284 at Besançon Duchess AGNES of Burgundy (*1270 Dijon,+1323 Chambly).
He was crowned with his first consort Gertrude Anne in 1273 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-ALBERT I *1255,+1308; son of Gertrude),
-Clementia (*c. 1262,+1293; Queen of Naples; daughter of Gertrude),
-Rudolph (*c. 1270,+1290; Duke of Austria; son of Gertrude),
-Judith (*1271,+1297; Queen of Bohemia; daughter of Gertrude).
Died in 1291 in Speyer.
Buried in Speyer Cathedral.
His first consort Queen Gertrude Anne was firstly buried in the Minster in Basel/Switzerland, later reburied in the Benedictine Monastery at St Paul im Lavanttal, Austria.
His second consort Queen Agnes was buried in the Augustinian Convent in Paris (demolished).
HOUSE OF NASSAU (Haus Nassau)
1292-1298: ADOLPHUS OF NASSAU (Adolf von Nassau)
Born in c. 1255.
Father: Count Walram II of Nassau. Mother: Countess Adelaide von Katzenelnbogen.
Married in c. 1271 IMAGINA of Isenburg-Limburg (+c. 1313).
He was crowned with his consort Imagina in 1292 in Aachen Cathedral.
Died in 1298 near Göllheim.
Buried in the Cathedral of Speyer.
His Queen Imagina was buried in the Franciscan Convent of Klarenthal near Wiesbaden (demolished).
HOUSE OF HABSBURG (Habsburger)
1298-1308: ALBERT I HABSBURG (Albrecht I.; Duke of Austria)
Born in c. 1255 at Rheinfelden.
Father: Rudolph I, German king. Mother: Queen Gertrude Anna of Hohenberg.
Married in c. 1276 in Vienna Princess ELIZABETH of Carinthia (*c. 1262 Munich,+1313 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1298 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Agnes (*1281,+1364; Queen of Hungary),
-Rudolph I/III (*c. 1282,+1307; King of Bohemia, Duke of Austria),
-FREDERICK THE HANDSOME (*c. 1289,+1330),
-Leopold I (*1290,+1326; Duke of Austria),
-Albert II the Lame (*1298,+1358; Duke of Austria),
-Otto (*1301,+1339; Duke of Austria).
Died in 1308 at Königsfelden near Brugg (murdered).
Buried in Speyer Cathedral.
His consort Queen Elizabeth of Carinthia was buried in the Benedictine Abbey at St Paul im Lavanttal.
HOUSE OF LUXEMBOURG (Luxemburger)
1308-1313: HENRY VII
(Heinrich VII.; Roman Emperor from 1312)
Born in 1274 at Valenciennes.
Father: Count Henry VI of Luxembourg. Mother: Countess Beatrice d'Avesnes.
Married in 1292 at Tervuren MARGARET of Brabant (*1276,+1311 Genoa).
He was crowned with his consort Margaret in 1309 in Aachen Cathedral (royal coronation).
He was crowned emperor in 1312 in the Basilica of St John Lateran in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-John (*1296,+1346; King of Bohemia),
-Mary (*1304,+1324; Queen of France),
-Beatrice (*1305,+1319; Queen of Hungary).
Died in 1313 at Buonconvento near Siena.
Buried in the Cathedral of Pisa.
His Queen Margaret of Brabant was buried in the Church of St Francis di Castelletto in Genoa (demolished).
HOUSE OF HABSBURG (Habsburger)
1314-1330: FREDERICK THE HANDSOME
(Friedrich der Schöne; Duke of Austria. Ruled together with Louis IV the Bavarian)
Born in c. 1289 in Vienna.
Father: Albert I, German king. Mother: Queen Elizabeth of Carinthia.
Married in 1314 at Castle Gutenstein Princess ELIZABETH (Isabella) of Aragon (*c. 1296 Montpellier,+1330 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1314 in the Collegiate Church at Bonn. His Queen Elizabeth of Aragon was crowned in 1315 in the Cathedral of Basel.
Died in 1330 at Gutenstein, Lower Austria.
Buried in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
His consort Queen Elizabeth of Aragon was buried in the Minorites Church in Vienna (no tomb).
HOUSE OF WITTELSBACH (Wittelsbacher)
1314-1347: LOUIS IV THE BAVARIAN
(Ludwig IV. der Bayer; Roman Emperor from 1328. Ruled together with Frederick the Handsome)
Born in 1282 in Munich.
Father: Duke Louis II of Upper Bavaria. Mother: Duchess Mechtild of Habsburg.
Married firstly in c. 1309 Princess BEATRICE of Silesia-GÅogów (*c. 1290,+1322 Munich).
Married secondly in 1324 in Cologne Countess MARGARET of Hainaut (*1311,+1356 Le Quesnoy).
He was crowned German king with his first consort Beatrice of Silesia-GÅogów in 1314 in Aachen Cathedral.
He was crowned emperor in 1328 in the Basilica of St John Lateran in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-Louis the Roman (*1330,+1365; Elector of Brandenburg; son of Margaret),
-Otto the Sluggard (*1340/42,+1379; Elector of Brandenburg; son of Margaret),
-Beatrice (*1344,+1359; Queen of Sweden; daughter of Margaret).
Died in 1347 at Puch near Fürstenfeldbruck.
Buried with his first consort Queen Beatrice of Silesia-GÅogów in the Church of Our Lady in Munich.
His second consort Empress and Queen Margaret of Hainaut was buried in the Franciscan Convent at Valenciennes, France (demolished).
HOUSE OF LUXEMBOURG (Luxemburger)
1346-1378: CHARLES IV
(Karl IV.; Roman Emperor from 1355, King of Bohemia)
Born in 1316 in Prague.
Father: King of Bohemia John of Luxembourg. Mother: Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia.
Married firstly in 1329 in Prague Princess Blanche of Valois (*1316,+1348 Prague).
Married secondly in 1349 Princess Anne of the Palatinate (*1329,+1353 Prague).
Married thirdly in 1353 at Buda Princess Anne of Åwidnica (*1339,+1362).
Married fourthly in 1363 in Cracow Princess Elizabeth of Pomerania (*1347,+1393 Hradec Králové).
He was firstly crowned in 1346 in Bonn Collegiate Church.
He (second coronation) and his second consort Anne of the Palatinate were crowned in 1349 in Aachen Cathedral.
He (third coronation) and his third consort Anne of Åwidnica were crowned in 1355 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His fourth consort Elizabeth of Pomerania was crowned in 1368 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-Margaret (*1335,+1349; Queen of Hungary and Poland; daughter of Blanche),
-Catherine (*1342,+1395; Duchess of Austria; daughter of Blanche),
-Elizabeth (*1358,+1373; Duchess of Austria; daughter of Anne of Åwidnica),
-WENCESLAUS (*1361,+1419; son of Anne of Åwidnica).
-Anne (*1366,+1394; Queen of England; daughter of Elizabeth),
-SIGISMUND (*1368,+143; son of Elizabeth).
Died in 1378 in Prague.
Buried with his four queens in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
1378-1400: WENCESLAUS
(Wenzel; King of Bohemia as Wenceslaus IV, Elector of Brandenburg, Duke of Luxembourg)
Born in 1361 in Nuremberg.
Father: Emperor and King Charles IV of Germany. Mother: Empress and Queen Anne of Åwidnica.
Married firstly in 1370 Joanna of Bavaria (*c. 1356,+1386 Karlštejn).
Married secondly in 1389 in Prague Sophia of Bavaria (*1376,+1425 Bratislava).
He and his first consort Joanna of Bavaria were crowned in 1376 in Aachen Cathedral.
Deposed in 1400.
Died in 1419 at Kunratice near Prague.
Buried with his first consort Queen Joanna of Bavaria in St Vitus' Cathedral in Prague. Earlier buried in the Church of Saints Paul and Peter at Vyšehrad, then in Zbraslav. In 1423 he was reburied in Prague.
His second consort Queen Sophia of Bavaria was buried in St Martin's Cathedral in Bratislava (no tomb).
HOUSE OF WITTELSBACH (Wittelsbacher)
1400-1410: RUPERT (Ruprecht von der Pfalz)
Born in 1352 at Amberg.
Father: Ruprecht II of the Palatinate. Mother: Beatrice of Sicily.
Married in 1374 at Amberg ELIZABETH of Nuremberg (*1358,+1411 Heidelberg).
He was crowned twice: in 1401 in Cologne Cathedral and in 1407 in Aachen Cathedral.
Died in 1410 at Castle Landskron near Oppenheim.
Buried with his Queen Elizabeth in the Church of The Holy Spirit in Heidelberg.
HOUSE OF LUXEMBOURG (Luxemburger)
1410-1411: JOBST OF MORAVIA (Jobst von Mähren; Elector of Brandenburg, Duke of Luxembourg)
Born in c. 1351.
Father: Margrave John Henry of Moravia. Mother: Margaret of Opava.
Married firstly in 1372 Princess Elizabeth of Opole (*1360,+c. 1374).
Married secondly Princess Agnes of Opole (+c. 1409).
He was never crowned as he died prior to his coronation.
Died in 1411 in Brno, Moravia.
Buried in the Church of St Thomas in Brno.
1410-1437: SIGISMUND OF LUXEMBOURG
(Sigismund von Luxemburg; Roman Emperor from 1433, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary, Elector of Brandenburg)
Born in 1368 in Nuremberg.
Father: Emperor Charles IV. Mother: Empress Elizabeth of Pomerania.
Married firstly in 1385 Queen Mary of Hungary (*c. 1371,+1395).
Married secondly in 1408 BARBARA of Cilli (*c. 1390/95,+1451).
Crowned with his second consort Barbara of Cilli in 1414 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Elizabeth (*1409,+1442; Empress of Germany, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; daughter of Barbara).
Died in 1437 at Znojmo, Moravia.
Buried with his first consort Queen Mary of Hungary in the Church of Várad Fortress in Nagyvárad, Transylvania (demolished).
His second consort Empress Barbara of Cilli was buried in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
HOUSE OF HABSBURG (Habsburger)
1438-1439: ALBERT II (Albrecht II.; Duke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1397 in Vienna.
Father: Duke Albert IV of Austria. Mother: Duchess Joanna Sophia of Bavaria.
Married in 1421 in Prague Princess ELIZABETH of Bohemia and Hungary (*c. 1409 Prague,+1442 Györ, Hungary).
He was never crowned in Germany.
His issue who reigned:
-Elizabeth (*1436,+1505; Queen of Poland),
-Ladislaus the Posthumous (*1440,+1457; King of Bohemia and Hungary).
Died in 1439 at Neszmély near Esztergom, Hungary.
Buried with his consort Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia and Hungary in the Coronation Basilica at Székesfehérvár, Hungary (demolished).
1440-1493: FREDERICK III
(Friedrich III.; Roman Emperor from 1452, Archduke of Austria)
Born in 1415 at Innsbruck.
Father: Duke Ernest of Austria and Styria. Mother: Duchess Cimburgis (Cymbarka) of Mazovia.
Married in 1452 in Rome Princess ELEANOR of Portugal (*1436 Torres Vedras,+1467 Wiener Neustadt).
He was crowned in 1442 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-MAXIMILIAN I (*1459,+1519).
Died in 1493 at Linz.
Buried in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
His consort Empress Eleanor of Portugal was buried in the Parish Church Neuklosterkirche at Wiener Neustadt.
1486-1519: MAXIMILIAN I
(Roman Emperor from 1508, Archduke of Austria)
Born in 1459 at Wiener Neustadt.
Father: Emperor Frederick III of Austria. Mother: Empress Eleanor of Portugal.
Married firstly in 1477 at Ghent Duchess Mary of Burgundy and Luxembourg (*1457 Brussels,+1482 Bruges).
Married secondly in 1494 at Hall, Tyrol Princess BIANCA MARIA Sforza of Milan (*1472 Milan,+1510 Innsbruck).
He was crowned in 1486 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Philip I the Fair (*1478,+1506; King of Castile; son of Mary),
-Margaret (*1480;+1530; Duchess of Savoy; daughter of Mary).
Died in 1519 at Wels.
Buried in St George's Chapel at Wiener Neustadt.
His first consort Duchess Mary of Burgundy was buried in Our Lady's Church in Bruges.
His second consort Empress Bianca Maria Sforza of Milan was buried in Cistercian Abbey at Stams, Tyrol.
1519-1556: CHARLES V
(Karl V.; Roman Emperor from 1530, Archduke of Austria, King of Spain, Naples and Sicily)
Born in 1500 at Gent.
Father: King Philip I the Fair of Castile. Mother: Queen Joan the Mad of Castile.
Married in 1526 at Seville Princess ISABELLA of Portugal (*1503 Lisbon,+1539 Toledo).
He was crowned in 1520 in Aachen Catehdral.
His issue who reigned:
-Philip II (*1527,+1598; King of Spain and Portugal),
-Maria (*1528,+1603; Empress and Queen of Bohemia and Hungary).
Abdicated in 1556 in Brussels and left for Spain.
Died in 1558 at San Jerónimo de Yuste, Spain.
Buried with his consort Empress Isabella of Portugal in the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.
1531-1564: FERDINAND I
(Roman Emperor from 1556, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1503 at Alcala de Henares, Spain.
Father: King Philip I the Fair of Castile. Mother: Queen Joan the Mad of Castile.
Married in 1521 at Linz Princess ANNE Jagiellonian of Bohemia and Hungary (*1503 Buda,+1547 Prague).
He was crowned in 1531 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Elizabeth (*1526,+1545; Queen of Poland),
-MAXIMILIAN II (*1527,+1576),
-Anna (*1528,+1590; Electress of Bavaria),
-Catherine (*1533,+1572; Queen of Poland),
-Charles II (*1540,+1590; Archduke of Inner Austria).
Died in 1564 in Vienna.
Buried with his consort Queen Anna Jagiellonian in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
1564-1576: MAXIMILIAN II (Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1527 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Ferdinand I. Mother: Princess Anna Jagiellonian of Bohemia and Hungary.
Married in 1548 at Valladolid, Spain Princess MARY of Spain (*1528 Madrid,+1603 Villa Monte, Spain).
He was crowned in 1562 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Anna (*1549,+1580; Queen of Spain),
-RUDOLPH II (*1552,+1612),
-Elizabeth (*1554,+1592; Queen of France),
-MATTHEW (*1557,+1619).
Died in 1576 in Regensburg.
Buried in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
His consort Empress Mary of Spain was buried in the Church of St Clara (Discalced Franciscans) in Madrid.
1576-1612: RUDOLPH II
(Rudolf II.; Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1552 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Maximilian II. Mother: Empress Mary of Spain.
Unmarried.
He was crowned in 1575 in Regensburg Cathedral.
Died in 1612 in Prague.
Buried in St Vitus' Cathedral in Prague.
1612-1619: MATTHEW (Matthias; Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1557 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Maximilian II. Mother: Empress Mary of Spain.
Married in 1611 in Vienna Archduchess ANNE of Tyrol (*1585 Innsbruck,+1618 Vienna).
He was crowned together with his consort Anne of Tyrol in 1612 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
Died in 1619 in Vienna.
Buried with his consort Empress Anne of Tyrol in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1619-1637: FERDINAND II (Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1578 in Graz.
Father: Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria. Mother: Archduchess Maria of Bavaria.
Married firstly in 1600 in Graz Princess Maria Anna of Bavaria (*1574 Munich,+1616 Graz).
Married secondly in 1622 in Innsbruck Princess ELEANOR Gonzaga of Mantua (*1598 Mantua,+1655 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1619 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-FERDINAND III (*1608,+1657; son of Maria Anna),
-Maria Anna (*1610,+1665; Electress of Bavaria; daughter of Maria Anna),
-Cecilia Renata (*1611,+1644; Queen of Poland; daughter of Maria Anna).
Died in 1637 in Vienna.
Buried in the Imperial Mausoleum at Graz with his first consort Princess Maria Anna of Bavaria.
His second consort Empress Eleanor of Mantua was buried in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
1637-1657: FERDINAND III (Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1608 in Graz.
Father: Emperor Ferdinand II. Mother: Empress Maria Anna of Bavaria.
Married firstly in 1631 in Vienna Princess MARIA ANNA of Spain (*1608 Escorial,+1646 Linz).
Married secondly in 1648 in Linz Archduchess MARIA LEOPOLDINA of Tyrol (*1632 Innsbruck,+1649 Vienna).
Married thirdly in 1651 in Vienna Princess ELEANOR Gonzaga of Mantua (*1630 Mantua,+1686 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1636 at Regensburg Cathedral. His first consort Maria Anna of Spain was crowned in 1637 and his third consort Eleanor Gonzaga was crowned in 1653, both at Regensburg Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-FERDINAND IV (*1633,+1654; son of Maria Anna),
-Maria Anna (*1635,+1696; Queen of Spain; daughter of Maria Anna),
-LEOPOLD I (*1640,+1705; son of Maria Anna),
-Eleanor (*1653,+1697; Queen of Poland; daughter of Eleanor).
Died in 1657 in Vienna.
Buried with his three consorts in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1653-1654: FERDINAND IV (King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1633 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Ferdinand III. Mother: Empress Maria Anna of Spain.
Unmarried.
He was crowned in 1653 at Regensburg Cathedral.
Died in 1654 in Vienna.
Buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1657-1705: LEOPOLD I (Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1640 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Ferdinand III. Mother: Empress Maria Anna of Spain.
Married firstly in 1666 in Vienna Princess MARGARET THERESA of Spain (*1651 Madrid,+1673 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1673 in Vienna Archduchess CLAUDIA FELICITY of Tyrol (*1653 Innsbruck,+1676 Vienna).
Married thirdly in 1676 in Vienna Princess ELEANOR MAGDALEN of Palatinate-Neuburg (*1655 Düsseldorf,+1720 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1658 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Maria Antonia (*1669,+1692; Electress of Bavaria; daughter of Margaret Theresa),
-JOSEPH I (*1678,+1711; son of Eleanor Magdalen),
-Maria Anna (*1683,+1754; Queen of Portugal; daughter of Eleanor Magdalen),
-CHARLES VI (*1685,+1740; son of Eleanor Magdalen).
Died in 1705 in Vienna.
Buried with his first and third consort in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
His second consort Empress Claudia Felicity was buried in the Dominican Church in Vienna.
1705-1711: JOSEPH I (Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia, Hungary, Naples and Sicily)
Born in 1678 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Leopold I. Mother: Empress Eleanor Magdalen of Palatinate-Neuburg.
Married in 1699 in Vienna Princess AMALIA WILHELMINA of Brunswick-Lüneburg (*1673 Lüneburg,+1742 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1690 in St Ulric's Church at Augsburg.
His issue who reigned:
-Maria Josepha (*1699,+1757; Queen of Poland, Electress of Saxony),
-Maria Amalia (*1701,+1756; Electress of Bavaria).
Died in 1711 in Vienna.
Buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
His consort Empress Amalia Wilhelmina was buried in the Salesian Convent in Vienna.
1711-1740: CHARLES VI (Karl VI.; Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1685 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Leopold I. Mother: Empress Eleanor Magdalen of Palatinate-Neuburg.
Married in 1708 in Barcelona Princess ELIZABETH CHRISTINA of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (*1691 Wolfenbüttel,+1750 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1711 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Maria Theresa (*1717,+1780; Queen of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary).
Died in 1740 in Vienna.
Buried with his consort Empress Elizabeth Christina in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1740-1742: INTERREGNUM
HOUSE OF WITTELSBACH (Wittelsbacher)
1742-1745: CHARLES VII ALBERT (Karl VII. Albrecht; Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Elector of Bavaria)
Born in 1697 in Brussels.
Father: Elector Maximilian II Emmanuel of Bavaria. Mother: Electress Theresa Kunigunda Sobieska of Poland.
Married in 1722 in Munich Archduchess MARIA AMALIA of Austria (*1701 Vienna,+1756 Munich).
He was crowned in 1742 in Frankfurt Cathedral with his consort Maria Amalia of Austria.
His issue who reigned:
-Maria Antonia (*1724,+1780; Electress of Saxony),
-Maximilian III Joseph (*1727,+1777; Elector of Bavaria),
-Maria Josepha (*1739,+1767; German Empress).
Died in 1745 in Munich.
Buried with his consort Empress Maria Amalia in the Theatine Church in Munich.
HOUSE OF HABSBURG-LORRAINE (Habsburg-Lothringer)
1745-1765: FRANCIS I STEPHEN
(Franz I. Stefan; Roman Emperor, Grand Duke of Tuscany)
Born in 1708 in Nancy.
Father: Duke Leopold Joseph of Lorraine. Mother: Princess Elizabeth Charlotte of Orléans.
Married in 1736 in Vienna Archduchess MARIA THERESA of Austria (*1717 Vienna,+1780 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1745 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-JOSEPH II (*1741,+1790),
-Marie Amalie (*1746,+1804; Duchess of Parma),
-LEOPOLD II (*1747,+1792),
-Marie Caroline (*1752,+1814; Queen of the Two Sicilies),
-Ferdinand (*1754,+1806; Duke of Massa-Carrara),
-Marie Antoinette (*1755,+1793; Queen of France).
Died in 1765 in Innsbruck.
Buried with his consort Empress Maria Theresa in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1764-1790: JOSEPH II (Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary, Archduke of Austria)
Born in 1741 in Schönbrunn.
Father: Emperor Francis I Stephen. Mother: Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.
Married firstly in 1760 in Vienna Princess Isabella of Bourbon-Parma (*1741 Madrid,+1763 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1765 in Vienna Princess MARIA JOSEPHA of Bavaria (*1739 Munich,+1767 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1764 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
Died in 1790 in Vienna.
Buried with his both consorts in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1790-1792: LEOPOLD II (Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary, Archduke of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany)
Born in 1747 in Schönbrunn.
Father: Emperor Francis I Stephen. Mother: Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.
Married in 1765 in Innsbruck Princess MARIA LOUISE of Spain and Sicily (*1745 Portici near Naples,+1792 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1790 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Maria Theresa (*1767,+1827; Queen of Saxony),
-FRANCIS II (1768,+1835),
-Ferdinand (1769,+1824; Grand Duke of Tuscany).
Died in 1792 in Vienna.
Buried with his consort Empress Maria Louisa in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1792-1806: FRANCIS II (Franz II.; Roman Emperor, Archduke and Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1768 in Florence.
Father: Emperor Leopold II. Mother: Empress Maria Louisa of Spain.
Married firstly in 1788 in Vienna Duchess Elizabeth of Württemberg (*1767 Treptow,+1790 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1790 in Vienna Princess MARIA THERESA of Naples-Sicily (*1772 Naples,+1807 Vienna).
Married thirdly in 1808 in Vienna Archduchess Maria Lodovica of Modena (*1787 Monza,+1816 Verona).
Married fourthly in 1816 in Vienna Princess Caroline Augusta of Bavaria (*1792 Mannheim,+1873 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1792 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Marie Louise (*1791,+1847; Empress of the French; daughter of Maria Theresa),
-Ferdinand I (*1793,+1875; Emperor of Austria; son of Maria Theresa),
-Maria Leopoldina (*1797,+1826; Queen of Portugal and Empress of Brazil; daughter of Maria Theresa).
Abdicated in 1806.
Died in 1835 in Vienna.
Buried with all his consorts in the Capuchin Church in Vienna (Austria).
1806: HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE DISSOLVED.
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Friedrich Barbarossa <= https://de.pinterest.com/gregordijkhuis/hohenstaufen/ => KOMM : Krone !
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Pinterest
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https://www.pinterest.com/pin/friedrich-barbarossa-httpsdepinterestcomgregordijkhuishohenstaufen-komm-krone--436989970080928016/
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Agnes of Habsburg (c. 1257–1322)
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[
"Agnes of Habsburg (c. 1257–1322)Electress of Saxony. Name variations: Gertrud. Born around 1257; died on October 11",
"1322",
"in Wittenberg; daughter of Anna of Hohenberg (c. 1230–1281) and Rudolph or Rudolf I of Habsburg (1218–1291)",
"king of Germany (r. 1273)",
"Holy Roman emperor (r."
] | null |
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Agnes of Habsburg (c. 1257–1322)Electress of Saxony. Name variations: Gertrud. Born around 1257; died on October 11, 1322, in Wittenberg; daughter of Anna of Hohenberg (c. 1230–1281) and Rudolph or Rudolf I of Habsburg (1218–1291), king of Germany (r. 1273), Holy Roman emperor (r. Source for information on Agnes of Habsburg (c. 1257–1322): Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia dictionary.
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/sites/default/files/favicon.ico
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/agnes-habsburg-c-1257-1322
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Citation styles
Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).
Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.
Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites:
Notes:
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Biography of Isabella Burgundy Queen Consort Germany
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Biography of Isabella Burgundy Queen Consort Germany including her birth, marriages, death and life events, life events of her siblings, and her ancestry to five generations, royal ancestors and royal descendants.
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Isabella Burgundy Queen Consort Germany was born to Hugh IV Duke Burgundy 1213-1272.
Isabella Burgundy Queen Consort Germany was crowned Queen Consort Germany.
In 1245 [her future husband] Rudolph I King Romans (age 26) and Gertrude Hohenburg (age 20) were married.
In 1284 Rudolph I King Romans (age 65) and Isabella Burgundy Queen Consort Germany were married. She the daughter of Hugh IV Duke Burgundy 1213-1272. She a great x 5 granddaughter of King William "Conqueror" I of England.
On 15 Jul 1291 [her husband] Rudolph I King Romans (age 73) died at Speyer. He was buried at Speyer Cathedral.
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July 15, 1291: Death of Rudolf I, German King
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On this date in history cam the death of Rudolf I, King of the Germans, King of the Romans.."Holy Roman Emperor," Although technically he did not hold the imperial title he is counted as one of the Holy Roman Emperors. In this blog entry I will examine his rise to power and title as German…
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European Royal History
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https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/2021/07/15/july-15-1291-death-of-rudolf-i-german-king/
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On this date in history cam the death of Rudolf I, King of the Germans, King of the Romans..”Holy Roman Emperor,” Although technically he did not hold the imperial title he is counted as one of the Holy Roman Emperors.
In this blog entry I will examine his rise to power and title as German King.
Rudolf I (May 1, 1218 – July 15, 1291) was the first German King from the House of Habsburg. The first of the count-kings of Germany, he reigned from 1273 until his death.
Rudolf’s election marked the end of the Great Interregnum which had begun after the death of the Hohenstaufen Emperor Friedrich II in 1250. Originally a Swabian count, he was the first Habsburg to acquire the duchies of Austria and Styria in opposition to his mighty rival, the Přemyslid King Ottokar II of Bohemia, whom he defeated in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld. The territories remained under Habsburg rule for more than 600 years, forming the core of the Habsburg Monarchy and the present-day country of Austria. Rudolf played a vital role in raising the comital House of Habsburg to the rank of Imperial princes.
Early life
Rudolf was born on May 1, 1218 at Limburgh Castle near Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl in the Breisgau region of present-day southwestern Germany. He was the son of Count Albert IV of Habsburg and of Hedwig of Kyburg, daughter of Count Ulrich of Kyburg. Around 1232, he was given as a squire to his uncle, Rudolf I, Count of Laufenburg, to train in knightly pursuits.
Count of Habsburg
At his father’s death in 1239, Rudolf inherited from him large estates around the ancestral seat of Habsburg Castle in the Aargau region of present-day Switzerland as well as in Alsace.
Great Interregnum
The term Great Interregnum is used for the period between 1250 (the death of Friedrich II) and 1273 (the accession of Rudolf I).
After the deposition of Emperor Friedrich II by Pope Innocent IV in 1245, Heinrich Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia was set up as anti-king to Friedrich’s son Conrad IV (d. 1254). Heinrich Raspe was killed in 1247 and succeeded as anti-king by Willem II of Holland (died 1256). After 1257, the crown was contested between Richard of Cornwall, who was supported by the Guelph party, and Alfonso X of Castile, who was recognized by the Hohenstaufen party but never set foot on German soil. Richard of Cornwall was the second son of John, King of England, and one of the wealthiest men in Europe. After Richard’s death in 1273, Rudolf I of Germany, a minor pro-Staufen count, was elected. He was the first of the Habsburgs to hold a royal title, but he was never crowned emperor. After Rudolf’s death in 1291, Adolf and Albert were two further weak kings who were never crowned emperor.
As mentioned, Rudolf was not crowned emperor, nor were his successors Adolf and Albert. The next emperor was Heinrich VII, crowned on June 29, 1312 by Pope Clement V. Not receiving the imperial title was unusual bot not unprecedented. Several rulers were crowned king of the Romans (king of Germany) but not emperor, although they styled themselves thus, and are counted among the Holy Roman Emperors, among whom were: Conrad I and Hienrich I the Fowler in the 10th century, and Conrad IV, Rudolf I, Adolf and Albert I during the aforementioned Great Interregnum of the late 13th century.
The disorder in Germany during the interregnum after the fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty afforded an opportunity for Count Rudolf to increase his possessions. His wife was a Hohenberg heiress. Rudolf was married twice. First, in 1251, to Gertrude of Hohenberg and second, in 1284, to Isabelle of Burgundy. All children were from the first marriage.
Gertrude was born in Deilingen, Swabia to Count Burkhard V of Hohenberg (died 1253) and his wife Matilda (Mechtild), daughter of Count Palatine Rudolf II of Tübingen. The comital Hohenberg dynasty, a cadet branch of the Swabian House of Hohenzollern, then ruled over extended estates in southwestern Germany. Isabella of Burgundy (1270 – August 1323), Lady of Vieux-Château, was the second and last Queen consort of Rudolf I of Germany.
On the death of his childless maternal uncle Count Hartmann IV of Kyburg in 1264, Rudolf seized Hartmann’s valuable estates. Successful feuds with the Bishops of Strasbourg and Basel further augmented his wealth and reputation, including rights over various tracts of land that he purchased from abbots and others.
These various sources of wealth and influence rendered Rudolf the most powerful prince and noble in southwestern Germany (where the tribal Duchy of Swabia had disintegrated, enabling its vassals to become completely independent). In the autumn of 1273, the prince-electors met to choose a king after Richard of Cornwall had died in England in April 1272. Rudolf’s election in Frankfurt on October 1, 1273, when he was 55 years old, was largely due to the efforts of his brother-in-law, the Hohenzollern burgrave Friedrich III of Nuremberg. The support of Duke Albert II of Saxony and Elector Palatine Ludwig II had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolf’s daughters.
As a result, within the electoral college, King Ottokar II of Bohemia (1230–1278), himself a candidate for the throne and related to the late Hohenstaufen king Philipp of Swabia (being the son of the eldest surviving daughter), was almost alone in opposing Rudolf. Other candidates were Prince Siegfried I of Anhalt and Margrave Friedrich I of Meissen (1257–1323), a young grandson of the excommunicated Emperor Friedrich II, who did not yet even have a principality of his own as his father was still alive. By the admission of Duke Hienrich XIII of Lower Bavaria instead of the King of Bohemia as the seventh Elector, Rudolf gained all seven votes.
King of the Germans
Rudolf was crowned in Aachen Cathedral on October 24, 1273. To win the approbation of the Pope, Rudolf renounced all imperial rights in Rome, the papal territory, and Sicily, and promised to lead a new crusade. Pope Gregory X, despite the protests of Ottokar II of Bohemia, not only recognised Rudolf himself, but persuaded King Alfonso X of Castile (another grandson of Philipp of Swabia), who had been chosen German (anti-)king in 1257 as the successor to Count Willem II of Holland, to do the same. Thus, Rudolf surpassed the two heirs of the Hohenstaufen dynasty whom he had earlier served so loyally.
Rudolf died in Speyer on 15 July 1291 and was buried in Speyer Cathedral. Although he had a large family, he was survived by only one son, Albert I. Most of his daughters outlived him, apart from Catherine who had died in 1282 during childbirth and Hedwig who had died in 1285/6.
Rudolf’s reign is most memorable for his establishment of the House of Habsburg as a powerful dynasty in the southeastern part of the realm. In the other territories, the centuries-long decline of Imperial authority since the days of the Investiture Controversy continued, and the princes were largely left to their own devices.
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July 15, 1291: Death of Rudolph I, Count of Habsburg, King of the Romans
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Rudolph I (1 May 1218 – 15 July 1291) was the first King of the Romans (King of the Germans) from the House of Habsburg. The first of the Count-Kings of the Germans, he reigned from 1273 until his death. Rudolph was born on May 1, 1218 at Limburgh Castle near Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl in…
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European Royal History
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https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/2022/07/15/july-15-1291-death-of-rudolph-i-count-of-habsburg-king-of-the-romans/
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Rudolph I (1 May 1218 – 15 July 1291) was the first King of the Romans (King of the Germans) from the House of Habsburg. The first of the Count-Kings of the Germans, he reigned from 1273 until his death.
Rudolph was born on May 1, 1218 at Limburgh Castle near Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl in the Breisgau region of present-day southwestern Germany. He was the son of Count Albrecht IV of Habsburg and of Hedwig, daughter of Count Ulrich of Kyburg. Around 1232, he was given as a squire to his uncle, Rudolph I, Count of Laufenburg, to train in knightly pursuits.
Count of Habsburg
At his father’s death in 1239, Rudolph inherited from him large estates around the ancestral seat of Habsburg Castle in the Aargau region of present-day Switzerland as well as in Alsace.
In 1245 Rudolph married Gertrude, daughter of Count Burkhard III of Hohenberg. He received as her dowry the castles of Oettingen, the valley of Weile, and other places in Alsace, and he became an important vassal in Swabia, the former Alemannic German stem duchy.
That same year, Emperor Friedrich II was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV at the Council of Lyon. Rudolph sided against the Emperor, while the forest communities sided with Friedrich II. This gave them a pretext to attack and damage Neuhabsburg. Rudolph successfully defended it and drove them off. As a result, Rudolph, by siding with the Pope Innocent IV, gained more power and influence.
Rudolph paid frequent visits to the court of his godfather, the Hohenstaufen Emperor Friedrich II, and his loyalty to Friedrich and his son, King Conrad IV of the Germans, was richly rewarded by grants of land. In 1254, he engaged with other nobles of the Staufen party against Bertold II, Bishop of Basle.
When night fell, he penetrated the suburbs of Basle and burnt down the local nunnery, an act for which Pope Innocent IV excommunicated him and all parties involved. As a penance, he took up the cross and joined Ottokar II, King of Bohemia in the Prussian Crusade of 1254. Whilst there, he oversaw the founding of the city of Königsberg, which was named in memory of King Ottokar II.
Rise to Power
The disorder in Germany during the interregnum after the fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty afforded an opportunity for Count Rudolph to increase his possessions.
His wife was a Hohenberg heiress; and on the death of his childless maternal uncle Count Hartmann IV of Kyburg in 1264, Rudolph seized Hartmann’s valuable estates. Successful feuds with the Bishops of Strasbourg and Basel further augmented his wealth and reputation, including rights over various tracts of land that he purchased from abbots and others.
These various sources of wealth and influence rendered Rudolph the most powerful prince and noble in southwestern Germany (where the tribal Duchy of Swabia had disintegrated, enabling its vassals to become completely independent).
In the autumn of 1273, the prince-electors met to choose a king after Richard of Cornwall had died in England in April 1272. Rudolph’s election in Frankfurt on October 1, 1273, when he was 55 years old, was largely due to the efforts of his brother-in-law, the Hohenzollern burgrave Frederick III of Nuremberg. The support of Duke Albrecht II of Saxony and Elector Palatine Ludwig II had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolph’s daughters.
As a result, within the electoral college, King Ottokar II of Bohemia (1230–1278), himself a candidate for the throne and related to the late Hohenstaufen king Philipp of Swabia (being the son of the eldest surviving daughter), was almost alone in opposing Rudolph
Other candidates were Prince Siegfried I of Anhalt and Margrave Friedrich I of Meissen (1257–1323), a young grandson of the excommunicated Emperor Friedrich II, who did not yet even have a principality of his own as his father was still alive. By the admission of Duke Heinrich XIII of Lower Bavaria instead of the King of Bohemia as the seventh Elector, Rudolph gained all seven votes.
King of the Germans
Rudolph was crowned King of the Germans in Aachen Cathedral on October 24, 1273. To win the approbation of the Pope, Rudolf renounced all imperial rights in Rome, the papal territory, and Sicily, and promised to lead a new crusade.
Pope Gregory X, despite the protests of Ottokar II of Bohemia, not only recognised Rudolph himself, but persuaded King Alfonso X of Castile (another grandson of Philipp of Swabia), who had been chosen German (anti-King) in 1257 as the successor to Count Willem II of Holland, to do the same. Thus, Rudolph surpassed the two heirs of the Hohenstaufen dynasty whom he had earlier served so loyally.
Rudolph I, was among several rulers were crowned King of the Romans (King of Germans) but not emperor, although they styled themselves thus, among whom were: Conrad I and Heinrich I the Fowler in the 10th century, and Conrad IV, Adolph and Albrecht I during the interregnum of the late 13th century.
Rudolph’s election marked the end of the Great Interregnum which had begun after the death of the Hohenstaufen Emperor Friedrich II in 1250. Originally a Swabian count, he was the first Habsburg to acquire the duchies of Austria and Styria in opposition to his mighty rival, the Přemyslid king Ottokar II of Bohemia, whom he defeated in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld.
In 1281, Rudolph’s first wife died. On February 5, 1284, he married Isabella of Burgundy, daughter of Duke Hugh IV of Burgundy, the Empire’s western neighbor in the Kingdom of France.
In 1291, he attempted to secure the election of his son Albrecht as German king. The electors refused, however, claiming inability to support two kings, but in reality, perhaps, wary of the increasing power of the House of Habsburg. Upon Rudolph death they elected Count Adolf of Nassau.
Rudolph died in Speyer on July 15, 1291 and was buried in Speyer Cathedral. Only one of his sons survived him: Albrecht I. Most of his daughters outlived him, apart from Catherine who had died in 1282 during childbirth and Hedwig who had died in 1285/6.
Rudolph’s reign is most memorable for his establishment of the House of Habsburg as a powerful dynasty in the southeastern part of the realm. In the other territories, the centuries-long decline of Imperial authority since the days of the Investiture Controversy continued, and the princes were largely left to their own devices.
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Находите и прикалывайте свои пины в Pinterest!
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It's good to be Emperor
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The blood of emperors runs in my veins, genetically speaking. No, really. Albert IV, Count of Hapsburg and Landgrave of Alsace had a son in 1218, (though technically his wife, Hedwig, daughter of Ulrich, Count of Kyburg, had the son he just helped). This was his eldest son, Rudolph I of…
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https://clif-davis.livejournal.com/50158.html
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The blood of emperors runs in my veins, genetically speaking. No, really.
Albert IV, Count of Hapsburg and Landgrave of Alsace had a son in 1218, (though technically his wife, Hedwig, daughter of Ulrich, Count of Kyburg, had the son – he just helped). This was his eldest son, Rudolph I of Hapsburg (1218-1291) Emperor of Germany, founder of the Imperial House of Austria, who was elected Emperor in 1273.
This was not exactly your familiar democratic election, it was an election of the new emperor by the princes after the death of Emperor Richard of Cornwall. Rudolph came into the election at 55 as something of a front-runner. He was related to every king Germany ever had. He had spent a good deal of time at the court of his godfather, Emperor Frederick II and had been richly rewarded by grants of land for his time there. This played out when Emperor Frederick was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV as a supporter of King Conrad. Then Rudolph inherited large estates from his father, Albert. But probably the best thing he did for his career was to marry Gertrude, daughter of Burkhard III, Count of Hohenberg, back in 1245. Not only was she a heiress, the marriage made him an important vassal in Swabia. It also gave him a valuable ally in the form of her brother, Frederick III of Hohenzollern, Burgrave of Nuremberg. Not least, she gave him two sons, Albert and Rudolph II, and seven beautiful daughters that were as good as money in the bank.
His money may not have been in the bank but there was a lot of it and Rudolph invested it by buying more land mostly from various abbots. His mother's brother, Hartmann IV, Count of Kyburg, died childless in 1264, and Rudolph seized Hartmann's valuable estate, the County of Kyburg. Then he got into a feud with the bishops of Strassburg and Basel which he won, which further augmented his wealth and reputation. It's likely that his wealth and power wouldn't have been enough to secure the title of Emperor for himself, but his success largely came through the efforts of his brother-in-law, Fredeick. But then he bought off Albert II, Duke of Saxony (Wittenberg) and Louis II, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Duke of Upper Bavaria by betrothing them two of his beautiful daughters.
This left his main competitor, Ottokar II, King of Bohemia, and grandson of Philip of Swabia, King of Germany, twisting in the wind. Immediately after his election, Emperor Rudolph bought off the Pope by renouncing all imperial rights in Rome, the papal territory, and Sicily, and promised to lead a new crusade. Pope Gregory X, in spite of Otakar's protests, not only recognized Rudolph himself, but persuaded Alfonso X, King of Castile, who had been chosen German king in 1257, to do the same. Then things got even better, or worse depending on your point of view. In November 1274 it was decided by the Imperial Diet in Nuremberg that all crown estates seized since the death of the Emperor Frederick II must be restored, and that Otakar must answer to the Diet for not recognizing the new king. Otakar refused to appear or to restore the provinces of Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, which he had claimed through his first wife, a Babenberg heiress, and which he had seized while disputing them with another Babenberg heir, Hermann VI, Margrave of Baden. Rudolf refuted Otakar's succession to the Babenberg patrimony, declaring that the provinces reverted to the crown due to the lack of male-line heirs (This actually wasn't legal since that was a position that conflicted with the provisions of Privilegium Minus, but who's going to argue with the Emperor?). King Otakar was placed under the state ban; and in June 1276 war was declared against him. Having persuaded Otakar's ally Henry I, Duke of Lower Bavaria, to switch sides (using money instead of one of his daughters for a change), Rudolph compelled the Bohemian king to cede the four provinces to the control of the royal administration in November 1276. Rudolf then attempted to buy off Otakar by investing Otakar with Bohemia, betrothed another one of his daughters to Otakar's son Wenceslaus, and made a triumphal entry into Vienna. Otakar, however, raised questions about the execution of the treaty, made an alliance with some Polish chiefs, and procured the support of several German princes, including his former ally, Henry of Lower Bavaria who didn't stay bought. To meet this coalition, Rudolph formed an alliance with Ladislaus IV, King of Hungary, and bought off Vienna by giving additional privileges to its citizens. On 26 August 1278, the rival armies met on the banks of the River March in the Battle of Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen where Otakar was defeated and killed. Moravia was subdued and its government entrusted to Rudolph's representatives. Young Wenceslaus was again bought off using one of Rudolph's daughters.
To the victor go the spoils and Otakar's defeat left Emperor Rudolph with a lot of spoils to distribute. Some went to his allies, but in December 1282 Rudolph invested his sons, Albert and Rudolph, with the duchies of Austria and Styria and so laid the foundation of the House of Habsburg. Additionally, he made the twelve-year-old Rudolph Duke of Swabia. In 1291, he attempted to secure the election of his son Albert as German king. However, the princes refused claiming inability to support two kings, but in reality were probably leery of the increasing power of the Habsburgs. There was good reason for worry. Emperor Rudolph had lots of tricks up his sleeve besides using his daughters for increasing his wealth and power. For example, he declared the Jews to be serfs of the treasury, essentially stripping them of any rights. The Habsburgs, following his example, ruled Germany for centuries, had lots of daughters, and married themselves into every royal line around, providing the Queen consort for 6 successive rulers of France.
Rudolph II's line didn't do so well. He lost his share of Austria and Styria in Treaty of Rheinfelden where he had to relinquish his share as part of his father's attempt to clear the path for making Albert King. In 1289 he married Agnes of Bohemia, daughter of Otakar II of Bohemia and Kunigunda of Slavonia. They had one son John. He died in the same year his son was born, at the age of 20. His brother's eventual success at becoming the German King and failure to ensure that Rudolf II would be adequately compensated for relinquishing his claim on the throne caused strife in the Habsburg family, leading to the assassination of Albert by Rudolph's son, John the Parricide in 1308.
By the time of his death Albert had six children and the House of Habsburg was off and running. You can trace the House of Habsburg family tree (at least on the male side) in any good encyclopedia. Emperor Rudolph's male descendants through the male side included Dukes, Archdukes, Kings of Germany, Spain, and a full dozen Emperors. The last was Emperor Charles VI who died in 1740, but the Rudolph family continued to rule Germany until 1830 thanks to Emperess Maria Theresa. She was was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma, Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, German Queen and Holy Roman Empress. She continued Rudolph's policy of marrying off her daughters as political capital and named every one of them Marie after herself. In her time she was known as the great-grandmother of Europe. You probably recognize her better as the mother of Marie Antoinette.
Our interest is not really with Empress Maria, it's with Sarah Rudolph who was born into the ruling family in Hamburg Germany in 1705 (the year Emperor Leopold I (something like a 5th cousin once removed) died). She was a direct descendant of Emperor Rudolph but far enough out of the line of succession she was able to marry beneath her family for love instead of politics. And in 1729 she did, to Michael Böhm, also of Hamburg, Germany. He was four years older than she was. The name Böhm in German meant, "bauman," a man who cut beams from timber in the Black Forest. Michael Böhm, was however, no woodcutter, logger or carpenter. He was a farmer, tanner and merchandiser with a large farm or plantation on the river Elbe. This was a good place for merchandising and for his tanning and farming business. The North Sea seldom freezes in winter, consequently, ships can sail in and out of Hamburg all winter long. They had two sons, the older being Johann Dietrich Böhm, born in 1732 on the Elbe river near Hamburg, Germany.
At that time and place, it was the tradition that every male child would learn a trade, and not being overly enamored of farming, Johann elected to become a weaver which he learned as a child and then as a young adult left for Geneva, Switzerland to pursue his career. In some ways he did well in Geneva, meeting and marrying Rebecca Reynolds, niece of an eminent writer who died in 1778 and may or may not have been Jean Jacques Rousseau, the Geneva-born political philosopher whose writings were an inspiration to the French revolutionaries of the late 18th century. (Later generations (Johann's grandson) recorded the name as John James Rassaw.) The weaving career didn't work out as well and 1767 Johann, Rebecca and their two children returned home to Hamburg. It wasn't a good time to return.
The Elbe River had a great flood, overflowing its banks, and it took Michael Böhm's home and business with it. Totally wiped out, Michael and Sarah started over with almost nothing and Johann and Rebecca joined the immigration to America, land of opportunity. Michael died followed by Sarah in 1792; both are buried near the Elbe River in Hamburg.
Johann and Rebecca with their two small children landed at Charleston, South Carolina sometimes in November, 1767. Not being able to pay his passage, Johann went looking for someone to advance the money and let him pay it out. Finally he sold himself and his family into servitude, contracting with Mr. Christopher Eaker of Lincoln County to serve him seven years for paying his passage to the immigration commission. In the paperwork, Johann Dietrich Böhm became John Teter Beam, a name he used ever after. Christopher Eaker was happy with his service and declared the debt settled after six years, giving him his freedom and providing a horse and other necessities for housekeeping. By this time John and Rebecca had three boys and three girls, and shortly after, in 1779, Rebecca died.
This left John alone and with 6 kids in the wilds of America. The next wave of immigrants included a family of Germans headed by Aaron Rudolph, a distant relative of his mother, and two years after his first wife's death, John married Aaron's daughter, Elizabeth. The Rudolph family moved on west and soon lost touch. John and Elizabeth had nine more children. Legal records show that he he soon became a considerable land owner on Beaver Dam creek, in Lincoln county; Land Grant No. 72 for 200 acres in Lincoln County on October 9, 1783, and Land Grant No. 79 for an additional 250 acres. There he ran a farm in connection with his trade until about the year 1794, when he purchased the lands of William Killian on Buffalo creek. He built a corn and saw mill at this place where he was successful and continued to add to his means.
The first slave he ever bought was in Charleston in the year 1800 when an African trading vessel landed there, and he bought Bristow, then a boy of about twelve years of age. The boy knew nothing of the English language and when one of Johns daughter's commanded him to do something, not understanding her, he made an attempt to kill her with an ax. One of her brothers knocked him down. After that things worked much better, at least from the Beam perspective and Bristow became an obedient servant and lived to be a ripe old age, still owned by the Beam family.
In the year 1801 John Beam built a small house of worship on the hill erected for his own denomination-- Lutheran-- but as he was not religiously prejudiced he always opened it to other denominations. He became an elder of the Lutheran church. In time the church he help start evolved from Lutheran to Baptist and he is buried in what is now New Prospect Baptist Church in Cleveland County.
John lived through the American Revolutionary War, certainly on the American side, but did not fight; his trade being worth more at home to the soldiers than his service in the army. This may sound like a cop out, but his contributions to the war are well documented by the Daughter's of the Revolutionary War (DAR) and if you are a descendant of John Teeter Beam, to qualify for the DAR, all you have to do is prove the line of descent, not that he was a patriot.
Peter Beam was the second child of John and Elizabeth. Peter was born on January 15, 1787 in Lincoln County, North Carolina. Peter manufactured cotton seed and flax seed oil in connection with the cotton gin and mill, which was a very profitable business during the 1840's and 50's. Peter Beam and Annie Long were married in 1809 in Lincoln County, North Carolina. Annie (daughter of Captain John Long and Ann Graham) was born in 1788. Capt. John Long was one of the heroes of the McEntire's Branch in Mecklenburg, distinguishing themselves in suppressing Cornwallis's foraging party of 450 men. Annie was the a niece of Col. William Graham.
Peter and Annie named their first child John Teeter Beam after his grandfather. Their 12th and youngest child was Letitia Ann Beam, universally known as "Letty." Annie died on March 20, 1850 in Cleveland County, North Carolina. She was buried in New Prospect Baptist Church Cemetery.
Peter Beam and his second wife Elizabeth Houser were married on May 10, 1851 in Cleveland County, North Carolina. Elizabeth Houser was born in 1818 in Lincoln County, North Carolina. She gave birth to Isaac Alexander Beam on May 28, 1852. She died on June 9, 1853 in Cleveland County, North Carolina. She was buried in New Prospect Baptist Church Cemetery.
Peter Beam and his third wife, Susan Lattimore were married on February 11, 1854 in Cleveland County, North Carolina. Peter Beam died on July 29, 1879 in Cleveland County, North Carolina and was buried in New Prospect Baptist Church Cemetery.
Letty married George V. Cabaniss IV on November 5, 1850 in Shelby, Cleveland County, North Carolina. Letty and George had nine children, seven of whom were girls (keeping with the Habsburg tradition, you notice). Letty died April 9, 1885 and was buried in Hagwood Cemetery, Jackson County Alabama, survived by children in North Carolina, Alabama, Arkansas and Texas.
Her middle child (and middle daughter) was Martha Virginia Cabaniss, born on June 21, 1860 in Langston, Jackson Cty, Alabama. Martha married David Elias Welborn in September of 1861 in Langston Alabama where he was born. By the time their first child, Dovie was born in 1843 they had moved to Cookeville, Texas. September 19, 1891 they had their sixth and seventh children, Ella and Della, twin girls.
Della, the second of the twins married Jim Grayson and moved to New Mexico, but Ella stayed in Cookeville and married Robert Ashberry Davies, a cotton farmer, on December 2, 1911. Robert dropped the e from his last name somewhere along the way and his nine children were brought into the world with the last name of Davis.
The Davis family was doing pretty well, though the lands they farmed were heavily mortgaged, up until the great depression at which time the banks came in and took everything. This was a traumatic enough event that my father, then a child, was to find as an adult the process of going into debt to the bank to build a house deeply disturbing. Robert and Ella started over with next to nothing and Robert was soon farming other crops. Disaster struck again when a tree being felled hit Robert in the head and the resulting injury robbed him of the power of speech. He was never quite right again, but his bachelor brother, Colonel Davies moved in and kept the farm a going concern.
World War II took Robert and Ella's sons away to various parts of the world and her daughters worked as welder's or otherwise supported the war effort and scattered also. They had nine children in all, Lorena, Robert, Jesse, George, Clifton, Vernon, Margie, Jack, and Virgie Marie.
My father, Clifton Berry Davis, the middle child, served in the Army Air Corp, what later became the Air Force. Stationed in New Jersey, he and a buddy dated twins Caroline and Elizabeth Layton, however he found himself more interested in their older sister, Mae Clifton Layton, a school teacher. They were married and moved back to Texas once Clifton was out of the service. I was born in Hughes Springs, Texas, Clifton Boyd Davis, in June 17, 1949.
So there you have it, from Emperor of everything in sight to Povert in about 20 generations.
Only in America. :-)
Now mind you, that's technology enhanced Povert who probably lives better than any of those emperors ever did.
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Leader de la généalogie en France et en Europe : publiez votre arbre généalogique et recherchez vos ancêtres dans la première base de données généalogique.
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https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/r/rudolph_i.html
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Rudolph I - Encyclopedia
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https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/r/rudolph_i.html
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GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES
RUDOLPH I. (1218-1291), German king, son of Albert IV. count of Habsburg, and Hedwig, daughter of Ulrich count of Kyburg, was born at Limburg on the 1st of May 1218. At his father's death in 1239 Rudolph inherited the family estates in Alsace, and in 1245 he married Gertrude, daughter of Burkhard III. count of Hohenberg. He paid frequent visits to the court of his godfather the emperor Frederick II., and his loyalty to Frederick and to his son Conrad IV. was richly rewarded by grants of land, but in 1254 was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV. The disorder in Germany after the fall of the Hohenstaufen afforded an opportunity for Rudolph to increase his possessions. His wife was an heiress; and on the death of his childless uncle, Hartmann VI. count of Kyburg, in 1264, he seized his valuable estates. Successful feuds with the bishops of Strassburg and Basel further augmented his wealth and his reputation; rights over various tracts of land were purchased from abbots and others; and he was also the possessor of large estates in the regions now known as Switzerland and Alsace.
These various sources of wealth and influence had rendered Rudolph the most powerful prince in S.W. Germany when, i the autumn of 1273, the princes met to elect a king. His election at Frankfort on the 29th of September 1273 was largely due :, tb ` the efforts of his brother-in-law, Frederick III. of Hohenzollern, burgrave of Nuremberg. The support of Albert duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, and of Louis II. count palatine of the Rhine and duke of upper Bavaria, had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolph's daughters; so that Ottakar II. king of Bohemia, a candidate for the throne, was almost alone in his opposition. Rudolph was crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle on the 24th of October 1273, and the feast which followed has been described by Schiller in Der Graf von Hapsburg. To win the approbation of the pope Rudolph renounced all imperial rights in Rome, the papal territory and Sicily, and promised to lead a new crusade; and Pope Gregory X., in spite of Ottakar's protests, not only recognized Rudolph himself, but persuaded Alphonso X. king of Castile, who had been chosen German king in 1257, to do the same. In November 1274 it was decided by the diet at Nuremberg that all crown estates seized since the death of the emperor Frederick II. must be restored, and that Ottakar of Bohemia must answer to the diet for not recognizing the new king. Ottakar refused to appear or to restore the provinces of Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola which he had seized. He was placed under the ban; and in June 1276 war was declared against him. Having detached Henry I. duke of lower Bavaria from his side, Rudolph compelled the Bohemian king to cede the four provinces in November 1276. Ottakar was then invested with Bohemia by Rudolph, and his son Wenceslaus was betrothed to a daughter of the German king, who made a triumphal entry into Vienna. Ottakar, however, raised questions about the execution of the treaty, made an alliance with some Polish chiefs and procured the support of several German princes, including his [former ally, Henry of lower Bavaria. To meet this combination Rudolph entered into alliance with Ladislaus IV. king of Hungary, and gave additional privileges to the citizens of Vienna. On the 26th of August 1278 the rival armies met on the banks of the river March near Diirnkrut, and Ottakar was defeated and killed. Moravia was subdued and its government entrusted to Rudolph's representatives, while Wenceslaus was again betrothed to one of his daughters.
Rudolph's attention was next turned to his new possessions in Austria and the adjacent countries. He spent several years in establishing his authority there, but found some difficulty in making these provinces hereditary in his family. At length the hostility of the princes was overcome, and in December 1282 Rudolph invested his sons Albert and Rudolph with the duchies of Austria and Styria at Augsburg, and so laid the foundations of the greatness of the house of Habsburg.
Turning to the west he compelled Philip I. count of upper Burgundy to cede some districts to him in 1281, forced the citizens of Berne to pay the tribute which they had previously refused, and in 1289 marched against Philip's successor, Otto IV., and compelled him to do homage. In 1281 his first wife died, and on the 5th of February 1284 he married Isabella, daughter of Hugh IV. duke of Burgundy. Rudolph was not very successful in restoring internal peace to Germany. Orders were indeed issued for the establishment of landpeaces in Bavaria, Franconia and Swabia, and afterwards for the whole of Germany; but the king lacked the power, or the determination, to enforce them, although in December 1289 he led an expedition into Thuringia where he destroyed a number of robber-castles. In 1291 he attempted to secure the election of his son Albert as German king; but the princes refused on the pretext of their inability to support two kings, but perhaps because they feared the increasing power of the Habsburgs. Rudolph died at Spires on the 15th of July 1291 and was buried in the cathedral of that city. He had a large family, but only one of his sons, Albert, afterwards the German king Albert I., survived him. Rudolph was a tall man with pale face and prominent nose. He possessed many excellent qualities, bravery, piety and generosity; but his reign is memorable rather in the history of the house of Habsburg than in that of the kingdom of Germany.
Bibliography. - The original authorities relating to the time and life of Rudolph are found in the Monumenta Germaniae historica. Scriptores, Band xvii. (Hanover and Berlin, 1826 fol.). The following should also be consulted: Acta imperii selecta, Urkunden deutscher Konige and Kaiser, edited by J. F. Biihmer (Innsbruck, 1870); Acta imperii inedita seculi XIII et XIV, Urkunden and Briefe zur Geschichte des Kaiserreichs, edited by E. Winkelmann (Innsbruck, 1885); Aktenstiicke zur Geschichte des deutschen Reiches unter den Konigen Rudolf I. and Albrecht I., edited by F. Kaltenbrunner (Vienna, 1889); M. Gerbert, Codex epistolaris Rudolph I. (Sanblas, 1772); F. J. Bodmann, Codex epistolaris Rudolfi I. Romanorum regis (Leipzig, 1806).
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Family of Louis II and Matilda of HABSBURG
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Husband: Louis II (1229-1294) Wife: Matilda of HABSBURG (1253-1304) Children: Agnes (1267- ) Rudolf I (1274- ) Mechtild (1275- ) Ludwig IV (1282- ) Marriage 27 Oct 1273
Husband: Louis II
Name: Louis II Sex: Male Father: Otto II (1206-1253) Mother: Agnes of PALATINATE (1201-1267) Birth 13 Apr 1229 Occupation Duke of Upper Bavaria Death 2 Feb 1294 (age 64)
Wife: Matilda of HABSBURG
Name: Matilda of HABSBURG Sex: Female Father: Rudolph I of GERMANY (1218-1291) Mother: Gertude of HOHENBERG (1225-1281) Birth 1253 Rheinfelden Occupation Duchess Consort of Bavaria Death 23 Dec 1304 (age 50-51) Munich, Bavaria
Child 1: Agnes
Name: Agnes Sex: Female Birth 1267
Child 2: Rudolf I
Name: Rudolf I Sex: Male Birth 4 Oct 1274
Child 3: Mechtild
Name: Mechtild Sex: Female Birth 1275
Child 4: Ludwig IV
Name: Ludwig IV Sex: Male Birth 1 Apr 1282
Note on Husband: Louis II
Duke Louis II of Bavaria (German: Ludwig II der Strenge, Herzog von Bayern, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein) (13 April 1229 â 2 February 1294) was Duke of Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1253. Born in Heidelberg, he was a son of duke Otto II and Agnes of Palatinate. She was a daughter of the Welf Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine, her grandfathers were Henry XII the Lion and Conrad of Hohenstaufen.
The young Louis supported in 1246 his brother-in-law King Conrad IV of Germany against the usurpation of Heinrich Raspe. In 1251 Louis was at war again against the bishop of Regensburg.
Louis succeeded his father Otto as Duke of Bavaria in 1253. When the Wittelsbach country was divided in 1255 among Otto's sons, Louis received the Palatinate and Upper Bavaria, while his brother duke Henry XIII of Bavaria received Lower Bavaria. This partition was against the law and therefore caused the anger of the bishops in Bavaria who allied themselves with king Otakar II of Bohemia in 1257. In August 1257 Ottokar invaded Bavaria, but Louis and Henry managed to repulse the attack. It was one of the rare concerted and harmonious actions of the two brothers, who often argued.
Louis resided in Munich and Heidelberg Castle. As one of the Prince-electors of the empire he was strongly involved in the royal elections for forty years. During the German interregnum after King William's death in 1256 Louis supported King Richard of Cornwall. Together with his brother, Louis also aided his young Hohenstaufen nephew Conradin in his duchy of Swabia, but it was not possible to enforce Conradin's election as German king. As a result of his support for the Hohenstaufen, Louis was banned by the pope in 1266. In 1267 when his nephew crossed the Alps with an army, Louis accompanied Conradin only to Verona. After the young prince's execution in Naples in 1268, Louis inherited some of Conradin's possessions in Swabia and supported the election of the Habsburg Rudolph I against Ottokar II in 1273. On 26 August 1278 the armies of Rudolph and Louis met Otakar's forces on the banks of the River March in the Battle of Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen where Otakar was defeated and killed. In 1289 the electoral dignity of Bavaria passed to Bohemia again, but Louis remained an elector as Count Palatine of the Rhine. After Rudolph's death in 1291 Louis could not enforce the election of his Habsburg brother-in-law Albert I against Adolf of Nassau.
Louis died at Heidelberg. His eldest surviving son Rudolf succeeded him, with Adolf of Nassau becoming his father-in-law a few months later. Louis was buried in the crypt of Fürstenfeld Abbey.
[edit] Family and children
Louis II with his first two wives Marie of Brabant (middle) and Anna of Glogau (right), 16th centuryLouis II was married three times.
[edit] The execution of Marie of BrabantHe had his first wife Marie of Brabant âa daughter of Henry II, Duke of Brabant and Marie of Hohenstaufenâ executed in Donauwörth in 1256 due to mistaken suspicion of adultery; back in those days the punishment for an adulterous wife was beheading. Any actual guilt on her part could never be validated. As expiation Louis founded the Cistercian friary Fürstenfeld Abbey (Fürstenfeldbruck) near Munich.
Different sources tell varying tales about how this terrible mistake could happen in the first place: In 1256 Louis had been away from home for an extended time, due to his responsibilities as a sovereign in the area of the Rhine. His wife wrote two letters, one to her husband, and another to the earl of Kyburg at Hunsrück, a vassal of Louis. Details about the actual content of the second letter vary, but according to the chroniclers the messenger who carried the letter to Ludwig had been given the wrong one, and Louis came to the conclusion that his wife had a secret love affair.
Over time a great many tales of folklore sprang up around Louis' bloody deed, most of them written long after his death: Ballad-mongers embellished the tale into a murderous frenzy, during which Louis allegedly not only killed his wife after having ridden home for five days and nights, but also stabbed the messenger who brought him the wrong letter, then upon entering his castle stabbed his own castellan and a court lady and threw his wife's maid from the battlements, before he massacred his wife either by stabbing her or cutting off her head.
Several more restrained chronicles support the account of Marie's execution on January 18, 1256 in Donauwörth at castle Mangoldstein by ducal decree for alleged adultery, but nothing beyond that.
[edit] Later marriages
Louis' third wife, Matilda of HabsburgIn 1260 Louis married his second wife Anna of Glogau. They had the following children:
1.Maria (b. 1261), a nun in Marienburg abbey.
2.Ludwig (13 September 1267â23 November 1290, killed at a tournament at Nuremberg.
He married his third wife Matilda of Habsburg, one of king Rudolph's daughters, on 27 October 1273. Their children were:
1.Agnes (ca. 1267/77â1345), married to:
1.1290 in Donauwörth Landgrave Henry II of Hesse;
2.1298/1303 Heinrich I "Ohneland" ("Lackland"), Margrave of Brandenburg.
2.Rudolf I (4 October 1274, Basleâ12 August 1319).
3.Mechthild (1275â28 March 1319, Lüneburg), married 1288 to Duke Otto II of Braunschweig-Lüneburg.
4.Ludwig IV (1 April 1282, Munichâ11 October 1347, Puch bei Fürstenfeldbruck).
Louis II was succeeded by his oldest son Rudolf.
Note on Wife: Matilda of HABSBURG
Matilda of Habsburg or Melchilde (Rheinfelden, 1253[1]-Munich, Bavaria, 23 December 1304) was the eldest daughter of Rudolph I of Germany and Gertrude of Hohenburg. She was regent of Bavaria in the minority of her son.
Matilda was the fourth of nine children, her younger sister, Judith married Wenceslaus II of Bohemia was the mother of ten children, among them were Wenceslaus III of Bohemia and Elisabeth, Queen of Bohemia. Her sister Clementia married Charles Martel of Anjou and was mother of Charles I of Hungary.
Matilda's maternal grandparents were Burchard V, Count of Hohenberg and his wife Mechtild of Tübingen. Her paternal grandparents were Albert IV, Count of Habsburg and his wife Hedwig of Kyburg.
[edit] Biography[edit] MarriageOn the 24 October 1273, Matilda married Louis II, Duke of Bavaria in Aachen, she was his third and final wife. There was a large age difference, Louis was twenty three years older than Matilda.
Matilda and Louis had the following children:
1.Agnes (d.1345), married to:
1.1290 in Donauwörth Landgrave Henry II of Hesse;
2.1298/1303 Heinrich I "Ohneland" ("Lackland"), Margrave of Brandenburg.
2.Rudolf I (4 October 1274, Basleâ12 August 1319).
3.Mechthild (1275â28 March 1319, Lüneburg), married 1288 to Duke Otto II of Braunschweig-Lüneburg.
4.Ludwig IV (1 April 1282, Munichâ11 October 1347, Puch bei Fürstenfeldbruck).
[edit] Widowhood and RegencyOn her husband's death in 1294, Matilda acted as regent for her young son Rudolf. A decision was made for Matilda to take part of the duchy and her son to take the other part. Matilda took a large part of Upper Bavaria while her son took the cities such as: Ingolstadt, Neuberg, Langenfeld and Rietberg. Within a couple of years her son came of age and ruled the kingdom by himself.
Though Matilda had her younger son, Louis partly educated in Vienna and became co-regent of his brother Rudolf I in Upper Bavaria in 1301 with the support of Matilda and her brother King Albert I, he quarrelled with the Habsburgs from 1307 over possessions in Lower Bavaria. A civil war against his brother Rudolf due to new disputes on the partition of their lands was ended in 1313, when peace was made at Munich.
Matilda and Rudolf continued to be at odds and in 1302 Matilda was arrested by Rudolf and brought to München, where she signed an agreement promising never to interfere in the government again, but as soon as she was outside the boarders of Bavaria, Matilda declared the agreement null and void, and got the support of her brother, Albert, Louis the Bavarian and others.[2]
Matilda's son, Louis defeated his Habsburg cousin Frederick the Handsome. Originally, he was a friend of Frederick, with whom he had been raised. However, armed conflict arose when the tutelage over the young Dukes of Lower Bavaria (Henry XIV, Otto IV and Henry XV) was entrusted to Frederick. On November 9, 1313, Frederick was beaten by Louis in the Battle of Gamelsdorf and had to renounce the tutelage.[3][4]
Matilda died on 23 December 1304 at Munich, Bavaria.
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https://prabook.com/web/judith.habsburg/2287937
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Judith Habsburg
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Judith of Habsburg was the youngest daughter of Rudolph I of Germany and his wife Gertrude of Hohenburg.
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https://prabook.com/web/judith.habsburg/2287937
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Career
The formal marriage (engagement) was in 1279 in Jihlava, the second marriage took place in early 1285 in Cheb, and the bride was given a dowry "from the Duchy of Austria, Moravian border to the border of Danube". The wedding in Cheb was followed by a "festive" wedding night, but soon after, Rudolph took Judith back to Germany, since she was still of a young age. Wenceslaus" coronation had to be canceled because Judith was not present.
Judith helped bring Zavish to trial and he was eventually executed in 1290, five years after the death of Queen Kunigunda.
She also brought German influences to the Prague court, like the introduction of knights at court. She made Prague a cultural centre
They were crowned King and Queen of Bohemia in 1297.
She died weeks later. According to the family chronicles, Judith was described as beautiful, noble and virtuous.
She supported her husband"s claim on Poland.
Judith died 21 May 1297 in Prague, aged only twenty six. She was having constant pregnancies over the twelve years of marriage, almost one child per year. Wenceslaus and Judith had ten children:
Přemysl Otakar ( 6 May 1288 – 19 November 1288).
Wenceslaus III ( 6 October 1289 – 4 August 1306).
King of Bohemia, King of Hungary and King of Poland. Agnes ( 6 October 1289 - after 1292 before 1306), twin of Wenceslaus, betrothed to Rupert, son of Adolf, King of Germany but died young.
Anna ( 10 October 1290 – 3 September 1313), married in 1306 to Henry of Carinthia. Elisabeth ( 20 January 1292 – 28 September 1330), married in 1310 to John I of Bohemia
Judith ( 3 March 1293 – 3 August 1294).
John ( 26 February 1294 – 1 March 1295).
John ( 21 February 1295 – 6 December 1296). Margareta ( 21 February 1296 – 8 April 1322), married to Bolesław III the Generous, Duke of Wrocław. Judith (born and died 21 May 1297).
Of the ten children only four lived to adulthood.
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Leopold III of AUSTRIA
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Father: Albert II of AUSTRIA
Mother: Joan Or Johanna Countess of PFIRT
Birth: 1 Nov 1351, Vienna, Austria
Aka (Facts Pg): Duke of Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola & Istria; Count of Tyrol
Death: 9 Jul 1386, Sempach, Lucerne, Switzerland
Partnership with: (Unknown)
Child: William 'The Ambitious' of Further AUSTRIA
Child: Leopold IV of Further AUSTRIA
Child: Frederick IV of Further AUSTRIA
Child: Ernest 'The Iron' of Inner AUSTRIA
Ancestors of Leopold III of AUSTRIA
/-Rudolf I (IV) Count of HABSBURG /-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE | \-Gertrude of HOHENBERG /-Albert II of AUSTRIA | | /-Meinhard Ii Count of Gorizia & TYROL | \-Elizabeth of TYROL Leopold III of AUSTRIA | /-Ulrich Iii Count of PFIRT \-Joan Or Johanna Countess of PFIRT
Descendants of Leopold III of AUSTRIA
1 Leopold III of AUSTRIA =(Unknown) 2 William 'The Ambitious' of Further AUSTRIA 2 Leopold IV of Further AUSTRIA 2 Frederick IV of Further AUSTRIA =(Unknown) 3 Sigismund of Further AUSTRIA 2 Ernest 'The Iron' of Inner AUSTRIA =(Unknown) 3 Frederick Iii Emperor of HR EMPIRE 3 Albert VI of AUSTRIA
Go To List Of Surnames
Leopold IV of Further AUSTRIA
Father: Leopold III of AUSTRIA
Aka (Facts Pg): Duke of Further Austria
Ancestors of Leopold IV of Further AUSTRIA
/-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE /-Albert II of AUSTRIA | \-Elizabeth of TYROL /-Leopold III of AUSTRIA | | /-Ulrich Iii Count of PFIRT | \-Joan Or Johanna Countess of PFIRT Leopold IV of Further AUSTRIA
Go To List Of Surnames
Leopold of AUSTRIA
Father: Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA
Mother: UNK Mistresses of Otto "The Merry" of AUSTRIA
Ancestors of Leopold of AUSTRIA
/-Rudolf I (IV) Count of HABSBURG /-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE | \-Gertrude of HOHENBERG /-Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA | | /-Meinhard Ii Count of Gorizia & TYROL | \-Elizabeth of TYROL Leopold of AUSTRIA \-UNK Mistresses of Otto "The Merry" of AUSTRIA
Go To List Of Surnames
Leopold VI of AUSTRIA
Partnership with: (Unknown)
Child: Margaret of Babenburg OR BRANDENBURG Birth: Abt 1204
Descendants of Leopold VI of AUSTRIA
1 Leopold VI of AUSTRIA =(Unknown) 2 Margaret of Babenburg OR BRANDENBURG =Henry Ii (VII) of Hohenstaufen King of GERMANY Marriage: 1225, Nuremberg, Germany 3 Henry of Hohenstaufen of GERMANY
Go To List Of Surnames
Margaret of AUSTRIA
Partnership with: John of ASTURIAS
Marriage: (Date and Place unknown)
Descendants of Margaret of AUSTRIA
1 Margaret of AUSTRIA =John of ASTURIAS
Go To List Of Surnames
Margarete of AUSTRIA
Father: Albert II of AUSTRIA
Mother: Joan Or Johanna Countess of PFIRT
Birth: 1346, Vienna, Wien, Duchy of Austria
Also known as: Margarete of Austria
Alt. Birth: 1346, Vienna, Austria
Alt. Death: 14 Jan 1366, Brno, Bohemia
Death: 14 Jan 1366, Brno, South Moravia, Kingdom of Bohemia
Partnership with: Meinhard Iii Count of Gorizia & TYROL
Marriage: 4 Sep 1359, Passau, Bayern, Germany
Partnership with: Johann Heinrich Margrave of MORAVIA
Marriage: 1364, Vienna, Austria
Child: Jobst Margrave of MORAVIA Birth: 1351
Child: Eliska of MORAVIA Birth: 1352, Brno, South Moravia, Moravia
Ancestors of Margarete of AUSTRIA
/-Rudolf I (IV) Count of HABSBURG /-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE | \-Gertrude of HOHENBERG /-Albert II of AUSTRIA | | /-Meinhard Ii Count of Gorizia & TYROL | \-Elizabeth of TYROL Margarete of AUSTRIA | /-Ulrich Iii Count of PFIRT \-Joan Or Johanna Countess of PFIRT
Descendants of Margarete of AUSTRIA
1 Margarete of AUSTRIA =Meinhard Iii Count of Gorizia & TYROL Marriage: 4 Sep 1359, Passau, Bayern, Germany =Johann Heinrich Margrave of MORAVIA Marriage: 1364, Vienna, Austria 2 Jobst Margrave of MORAVIA 2 Eliska of MORAVIA
Go To List Of Surnames
Meinhard of AUSTRIA
Father: Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE
Mother: Elizabeth of TYROL
Birth: 1300
Death: (Date and Place unknown)
Ancestors of Meinhard of AUSTRIA
/-Albert Iv Count of HABSBURG /-Rudolf I (IV) Count of HABSBURG | \-Hedwig of KYBURG /-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE | | /-Burkhard Iii Count of HOHENBERG | \-Gertrude of HOHENBERG Meinhard of AUSTRIA | /-Meinhard Ii Count of Gorizia & TYROL \-Elizabeth of TYROL
Go To List Of Surnames
Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA
Father: Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE
Mother: Elizabeth of TYROL
Birth: 23 Jul 1301, Vienna, Austria
Fact: Founded Chapel of Saint George in the Augustine Church in Vienna
Aka (Facts Pg): Duke of Austria & Styria
Fact: Founded Neuberg Abbey at Neuberg an der Murz in Styria
Aka (Facts Pg): Duke of Carinthia & Carniola; Count of Tyron
Death: Vienna, Austria
Partnership with: UNK Mistresses of Otto "The Merry" of AUSTRIA
Marriage: (Date and Place unknown)
Child: Otto of AUSTRIA
Child: Johann of AUSTRIA
Child: Leopold of AUSTRIA
Partnership with: Elizabeth of BAVARIA
Marriage: 15 May 1325
Child: Frederick II of Habsburg of AUSTRIA Birth: 10 Feb 1327
Child: Leopold II of AUSTRIA Birth: 1328
Partnership with: Anna of BOHEMIA
Marriage: 16 Feb 1335
Ancestors of Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA
/-Albert Iv Count of HABSBURG /-Rudolf I (IV) Count of HABSBURG | \-Hedwig of KYBURG /-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE | | /-Burkhard Iii Count of HOHENBERG | \-Gertrude of HOHENBERG Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA | /-Meinhard Ii Count of Gorizia & TYROL \-Elizabeth of TYROL
Descendants of Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA
1 Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA =UNK Mistresses of Otto "The Merry" of AUSTRIA 2 Otto of AUSTRIA 2 Johann of AUSTRIA 2 Leopold of AUSTRIA =Elizabeth of BAVARIA Marriage: 15 May 1325 2 Frederick II of Habsburg of AUSTRIA 2 Leopold II of AUSTRIA =Anna of BOHEMIA Marriage: 16 Feb 1335
Go To List Of Surnames
Otto of AUSTRIA
Father: Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA
Mother: UNK Mistresses of Otto "The Merry" of AUSTRIA
Ancestors of Otto of AUSTRIA
/-Rudolf I (IV) Count of HABSBURG /-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE | \-Gertrude of HOHENBERG /-Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA | | /-Meinhard Ii Count of Gorizia & TYROL | \-Elizabeth of TYROL Otto of AUSTRIA \-UNK Mistresses of Otto "The Merry" of AUSTRIA
Go To List Of Surnames
Rudolf IV 'The Founder' of AUSTRIA
Father: Albert II of AUSTRIA
Mother: Joan Or Johanna Countess of PFIRT
Birth: 1 Nov 1339, Vienna, Austria
Aka (Facts Pg): Duke of Styria, Carniola & Carinthia
Aka (Facts Pg): Duke of Austria
Aka (Facts Pg): Archduke of Austria; Count of Tyrol
Death: 27 Jul 1365, Milan, Italy
Ancestors of Rudolf IV 'The Founder' of AUSTRIA
/-Rudolf I (IV) Count of HABSBURG /-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE | \-Gertrude of HOHENBERG /-Albert II of AUSTRIA | | /-Meinhard Ii Count of Gorizia & TYROL | \-Elizabeth of TYROL Rudolf IV 'The Founder' of AUSTRIA | /-Ulrich Iii Count of PFIRT \-Joan Or Johanna Countess of PFIRT
Go To List Of Surnames
Sigismund of Further AUSTRIA
Father: Frederick IV of Further AUSTRIA
Aka (Facts Pg): Duke of Further Austria
Ancestors of Sigismund of Further AUSTRIA
/-Albert II of AUSTRIA /-Leopold III of AUSTRIA | \-Joan Or Johanna Countess of PFIRT /-Frederick IV of Further AUSTRIA Sigismund of Further AUSTRIA
Go To List Of Surnames
UNK Daughter of AUSTRIA
Father: Rudolph Iii King of BOHEMIA
Mother: Blanche of FRANCE
Ancestors of UNK Daughter of AUSTRIA
/-Rudolf I (IV) Count of HABSBURG /-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE | \-Gertrude of HOHENBERG /-Rudolph Iii King of BOHEMIA | | /-Meinhard Ii Count of Gorizia & TYROL | \-Elizabeth of TYROL UNK Daughter of AUSTRIA | /-St. Louis IX Capet King of FRANCE | /-Philip III Hardi 'The Bold' King of FRANCE | | \-Margaret Berenger of PROVENCE \-Blanche of FRANCE \-Maria of BRABANT
Go To List Of Surnames
UNK Mistresses of Otto "The Merry" of AUSTRIA
Partnership with: Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA
Marriage: (Date and Place unknown)
Child: Otto of AUSTRIA
Child: Johann of AUSTRIA
Child: Leopold of AUSTRIA
Descendants of UNK Mistresses of Otto "The Merry" of AUSTRIA
1 UNK Mistresses of Otto "The Merry" of AUSTRIA =Otto 'The Merry' of AUSTRIA 2 Otto of AUSTRIA 2 Johann of AUSTRIA 2 Leopold of AUSTRIA
Go To List Of Surnames
William 'The Ambitious' of Further AUSTRIA
Father: Leopold III of AUSTRIA
Aka (Facts Pg): Ruler of the Tirol & Further Austria
Aka (Facts Pg): Duke of Styria, Carinthia & Cariola
Ancestors of William 'The Ambitious' of Further AUSTRIA
/-Albert I of Habsburg King of Germany Emp of Holy Roman EMPIRE /-Albert II of AUSTRIA | \-Elizabeth of TYROL /-Leopold III of AUSTRIA | | /-Ulrich Iii Count of PFIRT | \-Joan Or Johanna Countess of PFIRT William 'The Ambitious' of Further AUSTRIA
Go To List Of Surnames
Buwin of AUTUN
Aka (Facts Pg): Lay abbott of Gorze
Partnership with: (Unknown)
Child: Boso King of PROVENCE
Child: Richard 'The Justiciar' 1st Duke of BURGUNDY Birth: Abt 867, France
Child: Richildis of AUTUN
Descendants of Buwin of AUTUN
1 Buwin of AUTUN =(Unknown) 2 Boso King of PROVENCE =(Unknown) 3 Louis Iii 'The Blind' of Provence King of ITALY =Anna of BYZANTIUM 2 Richard 'The Justiciar' 1st Duke of BURGUNDY =Adelheid Or Adelaide of Auxerre Princess of BURGUNDY 3 Rudolph Duke of Burgundy King of FRANCE =Emma of Paris Princess of FRANCE 3 Hugh "The Black" Duke of BURGUNDY 3 Willa of BURGUNDY =Boso of ARLES =Hugh Count of VIENNA 3 Adelaide (Alice) of BURGUNDY =Ranier Ii OR Reginar Count of HAINAUT 3 Richilda of BURGUNDY =Litaud I Count of MACON 3 Ermengarde of BURGUNDY =Gilbert Or Gislebert of Chalon Duke of BURGUNDY Marriage: Bef 956 2 Richildis of AUTUN =Charles Ii "the Bald" 3rd Emp. of HRE King of FRANCE Marriage: 869 3 Rothild of the FRANKS =Rotger Count of MAINE 3 Charles of the FRANKS
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Dunne of AUTUN
Birth: 770, Vexin, Normandy, France
Death: 865
Partnership with: Childebrand DE PERRACY
Marriage: (Date and Place unknown)
Child: Thierry of AUTUN Birth: 730, Narbonne, France
Descendants of Dunne of AUTUN
1 Dunne of AUTUN =Childebrand DE PERRACY 2 Thierry of AUTUN =Aude Aldane of the FRANKS 3 William I of Autun of the FRANKS 3 Redburga Or Redburh of Carolingians Q. of WESSEX =Egbert Or Ecgbert III OR Alkmund Eggberht of Kent King of WESSEX Marriage: 800, Wessex, England
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Henry of AUTUN
Father: Hugh Ii Duke of BURGUNDY
Mother: Matilda of MAYENNE
Birth: 1124
Death: 1170
Ancestors of Henry of AUTUN
/-Henri Capet Duke of BURGUNDY /-Eudes I OR Odo 'The Red' Duke of BURGUNDY | \-Sybilla of BARCELONA /-Hugh Ii Duke of BURGUNDY | \-Sybille of BURGUNDY Henry of AUTUN \-Matilda of MAYENNE
Go To List Of Surnames
Ingeltrude of AUTUN
Birth: Abt 900, Autun, SaoÌne-et-Loire, Bourgogne, France
Death: (Date and Place unknown)
Partnership with: Robert of AUTUN
Marriage: (Date and Place unknown)
Child: Lambert of AUTUN Birth: Abt 950, Autun, SaoÌne-et-Loire, Bourgogne, France
Descendants of Ingeltrude of AUTUN
1 Ingeltrude of AUTUN =Robert of AUTUN 2 Lambert of AUTUN =Adelaide Or Adele DE VERMANDOIS Marriage: Abt 948, France 3 Maude Or Mathilda DE CHALON =Geoffroy I Count of SEMUR Marriage: Abt 967, France
Go To List Of Surnames
Ingeltrude of AUTUN
Father: Bernard of the FRANKS
Birth: Abt 775, Autun, SaoÌne-et-Loire, Bourgogne, France
Death: (Date and Place unknown)
Partnership with: Pepin Or Carloman King of Italy of Holy Roman EMPIRE
Marriage: (Date and Place unknown)
Child: Bernard King of ITALY Birth: 797, Vermandois, Austrasia
Child: Adelahide Or Adelheid Princess of ITALY Birth: Abt 798, Aix-La-Chapelle, Austrasia
Child: Adaele Or Atala Princess of ITALY Birth: Abt 799, Aix-La-Chapelle, Austrasia
Child: Gundrade Or Gundrada Princess of ITALY Birth: Abt 801, Aix-La-Chapelle, Austrasia
Child: Bertraide Or Berthais Princess of ITALY Birth: Abt 803, Aix-La-Chapelle, Austrasia
Child: Theodrate Or Tetrada Princess of ITALY Birth: Abt 805, Aix-La-Chapelle, Austrasia
Ancestors of Ingeltrude of AUTUN
/-Bernard of the FRANKS Ingeltrude of AUTUN
Descendants of Ingeltrude of AUTUN
1 Ingeltrude of AUTUN =Pepin Or Carloman King of Italy of Holy Roman EMPIRE 2 Bernard King of ITALY =Cunigunde(a) Queen of ITALY 3 Pepin I Quentin Count DE VERMANDOIS =UNK Mrs. Pepin Countess DE VERMANDOIS 2 Adelahide Or Adelheid Princess of ITALY 2 Adaele Or Atala Princess of ITALY 2 Gundrade Or Gundrada Princess of ITALY 2 Bertraide Or Berthais Princess of ITALY 2 Theodrate Or Tetrada Princess of ITALY
Go To List Of Surnames
Lambert of AUTUN
Father: Robert of AUTUN
Mother: Ingeltrude of AUTUN
Birth: Abt 950, Autun, SaoÌne-et-Loire, Bourgogne, France
Death: 22 Feb 978
Partnership with: Adelaide Or Adele DE VERMANDOIS
Marriage: Abt 948, France
Child: Maude Or Mathilda DE CHALON Birth: Abt 970, Chalons, Champagne, France
Ancestors of Lambert of AUTUN
/-Robert of AUTUN Lambert of AUTUN \-Ingeltrude of AUTUN
Descendants of Lambert of AUTUN
1 Lambert of AUTUN =Adelaide Or Adele DE VERMANDOIS Marriage: Abt 948, France 2 Maude Or Mathilda DE CHALON =Geoffroy I Count of SEMUR Marriage: Abt 967, France 3 Dalmace I Count of SEMUR =Aremburge DE VERGY Marriage: 1015, France 3 Thibault DE CHALON
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Family of Rudolph I of GERMANY and Gertude of HOHENBERG
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Husband: Rudolph I of GERMANY (1218-1291) Wife: Gertude of HOHENBERG (1225-1281) Children: Matilda of HABSBURG (1253-1304) Albert I of GERMANY (1255- ) Katharina (1256- ) Agnes (1257- ) Klementia (1262- ) Hartmann (1263- ) Rudolph II (1270- ) Hedwig ( -1285) Guta (1271- )
Husband: Rudolph I of GERMANY
Wife: Gertude of HOHENBERG
Child 1: Matilda of HABSBURG
Name: Matilda of HABSBURG Sex: Female Spouse: Louis II (1229-1294) Birth 1253 Rheinfelden Occupation Duchess Consort of Bavaria Death 23 Dec 1304 (age 50-51) Munich, Bavaria
Child 2: Albert I of GERMANY
Name: Albert I of GERMANY Sex: Male Birth 1255
Child 3: Katharina
Name: Katharina Sex: Female Birth 1256
Child 4: Agnes
Name: Agnes Sex: Female Birth 1257
Child 5: Klementia
Name: Klementia Sex: Female Birth 1262
Child 6: Hartmann
Name: Hartmann Sex: Male Birth 1263
Child 7: Rudolph II
Name: Rudolph II Sex: Male Birth 1270
Child 8: Hedwig
Name: Hedwig Sex: Female Death 1285
Child 9: Guta
Name: Guta Sex: Female Birth 1271
Note on Husband: Rudolph I of GERMANY
Rudolph I (also known as Rudolph of Habsburg) (German: Rudolf von Habsburg, Latin: Rudolphus) (1 May 1218(1218-05-01) â 15 July 1291(1291-07-15)) was King of the Romans from 1273 until his death. He played a vital role in raising the Habsburg dynasty to a leading position among the Imperial feudal dynasties. Originally a Swabian count, he was the first Habsburg to acquire the duchies of Austria and Styria, territories that would remain under Habsburg rule for more than 600 years and would form the core of the Habsburg Monarchy and the present-day country of Austria.
Rudolph was the son of Count Albert IV of Habsburg and Hedwig, daughter of Count Ulrich of Kyburg, and was born at Limburg Castle near Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl in the Breisgau region. At his father's death in 1239, he inherited large estates from his father around the ancestral seat of Habsburg Castle in the Aargau region of present-day Switzerland as well as in Alsace. In 1245 Rudolph married Gertrude, daughter of Count Burkhard III of Hohenberg. As a result, he became an important vassal in Swabia, the former Alemannic German stem duchy.
Rudolph paid frequent visits to the court of his godfather, the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II, and his loyalty to Frederick and his son, King Conrad IV of Germany, was richly rewarded by grants of land. In 1254, he was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV as a supporter of King Conrad, due to ongoing political conflicts between the Emperor, who held the Kingdom of Sicily and wanted to reestablish his power in the Imperial Kingdom of Italy, especially in the Lombardy region, and the Papacy, whose States lay in between and feared being overpowered by the Emperor.
[edit] Rise to powerThe disorder in Germany during the interregnum after the fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty afforded an opportunity for Count Rudolph to increase his possessions. His wife was a Hohenberg heiress; and on the death of his childless maternal uncle, Count Hartmann IV of Kyburg in 1264, he also seized his valuable estates. Successful feuds with the Bishops of Strasbourg and Basel further augmented his wealth and reputation, including rights over various tracts of land that he purchased from abbots and others.
These various sources of wealth and influence rendered Rudolph the most powerful prince and noble in southwestern Germany (where the tribal Duchy of Swabia had disintegrated, leaving room for its vassals to become quite independent) when, in the autumn of 1273, the prince-electors met to choose a king after Richard of Cornwall had died in England the year before. Rudolph's election in Frankfurt on 29 September, when he was 55 years old, was largely due to the efforts of his brother-in-law, the Hohenzollern burgrave Frederick III of Nuremberg. The support of Duke Albert II of Saxony and Elector Palatine Louis II had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolph's daughters.
As a result, within the electoral college, King Ottokar II of Bohemia (1230â1278), himself a candidate for the throne and related to the late Hohenstaufen king Philip of Swabia (being the son of the eldest surviving daughter), was almost alone in opposing Rudolph. Other candidates were Prince Siegfried I of Anhalt and Margrave Frederick I of Meissen (1257â1323), a young grandson of the excommunicated Emperor Frederick II, who however did not yet even have a principality of his own as his father still lived. With the consent of the other electors, Ottokar's dissent was neglected, and by the admission of Duke Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria, Rudolph gained all seven votes.
[edit] King of GermanyRudolph was crowned in Aachen Cathedral on 24 October 1273. To win the approbation of the Pope, Rudolph renounced all imperial rights in Rome, the papal territory, and Sicily, and promised to lead a new crusade. Pope Gregory X, in spite of Otakar's protests, not only recognized Rudolph himself, but persuaded King Alfonso X of Castile (another grandson of Philip of Swabia), who had been chosen German (anti-)king in 1257 as the successor to Count William II of Holland, to do the same. Thus, Rudolph surpassed the two heirs of the Hohenstaufen dynasty that he had earlier served so loyally.
In November 1274 it was decided by the Imperial Diet at Nuremberg that all crown estates seized since the death of the Emperor Frederick II must be restored, and that King Ottokar II must answer to the Diet for not recognizing the new king. Ottokar refused to appear or to restore the duchies of Austria, Styria and Carinthia with the March of Carniola, which he had claimed through his first wife, a Babenberg heiress, and which he had seized while disputing them with another Babenberg heir, Margrave Hermann VI of Baden. Rudolph refuted Ottokar's succession to the Babenberg patrimony, declaring that the provinces reverted to the Imperial crown due to the lack of male-line heirs (a position that however conflicted with the provisions of the Austrian Privilegium Minus). King Ottokar was placed under the imperial ban; and in June 1276 war was declared against him.
Having persuaded Ottokar's former ally Duke Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria to switch sides, Rudolph compelled the Bohemian king to cede the four provinces to the control of the royal administration in November 1276. Rudolf then re-invested Ottokar with the Kingdom of Bohemia, betrothed one of his daughters to Ottokar's son Wenceslaus II, and made a triumphal entry into Vienna. Ottokar, however, raised questions about the execution of the treaty, made an alliance with some Piast chiefs of Poland, and procured the support of several German princes, again including Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria. To meet this coalition, Rudolph formed an alliance with King Ladislaus IV of Hungary and gave additional privileges to the Vienna citizens. On 26 August 1278, the rival armies met at the Battle on the Marchfeld, where Ottokar was defeated and killed. The March of Moravia was subdued and its government entrusted to Rudolph's representatives, leaving Ottokar's widow Kunigunda of Slavonia, in control of only the province surrounding Prague, while the young Wenceslaus II was again betrothed to Rudolph's youngest daughter Judith.
Rudolph's attention next turned to the possessions in Austria and the adjacent provinces, which were taken into the royal domain. He spent several years establishing his authority there but found some difficulty in establishing his family as successors to the rule of those provinces. At length the hostility of the princes was overcome. In December 1282, in Augsburg, Rudolph invested his sons, Albert and Rudolph II, with the duchies of Austria and Styria and so laid the foundation of the House of Habsburg. Additionally, he made the twelve-year-old Rudolph Duke of Swabia, a merely titular dignity, as the duchy had been without an actual ruler since Conradin's execution. The 27-year-old Duke Albert (married since 1274 to a daughter of Count Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol (1238â95)) was capable enough to hold some sway in the new patrimony.
In 1286 King Rudolf fully invested the Duchy of Carinthia, one of the provinces conquered from Ottokar, to Albert's father-in-law Count Meinhard. The Princes of the Empire did not allow Rudolf to give everything that was recovered to the royal domain to his own sons, and his allies needed their rewards too. Turning to the west, in 1281 he compelled Count Philip I of Savoy to cede some territory to him, then forced the citizens of Bern to pay the tribute that they had been refusing, and in 1289 marched against Count Philip's successor, Otto IV, compelling him to do homage.
In 1281 his first wife died. On 5 February 1284, he married Isabella, daughter of Duke Hugh IV of Burgundy, the Empire's western neighbor in the Kingdom of France.
Rudolph was not very successful in restoring internal peace. Orders were indeed issued for the establishment of landpeaces in Bavaria, Franconia and Swabia, and afterwards for the whole Empire. But the king lacked the power, resources, or determination, to enforce them, although in December 1289 he led an expedition into Thuringia where he destroyed a number of robber-castles.
In 1291, he attempted to secure the election of his son Albert as German king. However, the electors refused claiming inability to support two kings, but in reality, perhaps, leery of the increasing power of the House of Habsburg. Upon Rudolph's death they elected Count Adolf of Nassau.
[edit] DeathRudolph died in Speyer on 15 July 1291, and was buried in the Speyer Cathedral. Although he had a large family, he was survived by only one son, Albert, afterwards the German king Albert I. Most of his daughters outlived him, apart from Katharina who had died in 1282 during childbirth and Hedwig who had died in 1285/6.
Rudolph's reign is most memorable for his establishment of the House of Habsburg as a powerful dynasty in the southeastern parts of the realm. In the other territories, the centuries-long decline of the Imperial authority since the days of the Investiture Controversy continued, and the princes were largely left to their own devices.
In the Divine Comedy, Dante finds Rudolph sitting outside the gates of Purgatory with his contemporaries, and berates him as "he who neglected that which he ought to have done".
[edit] Family and childrenHe was married twice. First, in 1245, to Gertrude of Hohenberg and second, in 1284, to Isabelle of Burgundy, daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy and Beatrice of Champagne. All children were from the first marriage.
1.Albert I of Germany (July 1255 â 1 May 1308), Duke of Austria and also of Styria.
2.Matilda (ca. 1251/53, Rheinfeldenâ23 December 1304, Munich), married 1273 in Aachen to Louis II, Duke of Bavaria and became mother of Rudolf I, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
3.Katharina (1256â4 April 1282, Landshut), married 1279 in Vienna to Otto III, Duke of Bavaria who later (after her death) became the disputed King Bela V of Hungary and left no surviving issue.
4.Agnes (ca. 1257â11 October 1322, Wittenberg), married 1273 to Albert II, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg and became the mother of Rudolf I, Elector of Saxony.
5.Hedwig (d. 1285/86), married 1270 in Vienna to Otto VI, Margrave of Brandenburg and left no issue.
6.Clementia (ca. 1262âafter 7 February 1293), married 1281 in Vienna to Charles Martel of Anjou, the Papal claimant to the throne of Hungary and mother of king Charles I of Hungary, as well as of queen Clementia of France, herself the mother of the baby king John I of France.
7.Hartmann (1263, Rheinfeldenâ21 December 1281), drowned in Rheinau.
8.Rudolph II, Duke of Austria and Styria (1270â10 May 1290, Prague), titular Duke of Swabia, father of John the Patricide of Austria.
9.Guta (Jutte/Bona) (13 March 1271â18 June 1297, Prague), married 24 January 1285 to King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and became the mother of king Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, of queen Anne of Bohemia (1290â1313), duchess of Carinthia, and of queen Elisabeth of Bohemia (1292â1330), countess of Luxembourg.
Rudolph I's last agnatic descendant was Empress Maria Theresa (d. 1780).
Note on Wife: Gertude of HOHENBERG
Gertrude of Hohenburg (c. 1225 â 16 February 1281, Vienna) was the first Queen consort of Rudolph I of Germany.
She was born to Burchard III, Count of Hohenberg (d. 1253) and his wife Mechtild of Tübingen.
Her paternal grandparents were Burchard IV, Count of Hohenberg and his unnamed wife. Her maternal grandparents were Rudolph II, Count palatine and his wife, a daughter of Henry, Margrave of Ronsberg and Udilhild of Gammertingen.
Burchard IV was a son of Burchard III, Count of Hohenberg.
Burchard III was one of two sons of Burchard II, Count of Hohenberg. He was co-ruler with his brother Frederick, Count of Hohenberg. His brother had no known descendants and the two brothers consequently had a single successor.
Burchard II was one of five known sons of Frederick I, Count of Zollern and his wife Udachild of Urach.
Frederich I was the son of Burchard I, Count of Zollern. He was the founder of the so-called Burchardinger family line, male-line ancestors of the House of Hohenzollern.
Grave in Basel[edit] Marriage and childrenIn 1245, Gertrude married Rudolph IV, Count of Habsburg. They had nine children:
1.Albert I of Germany (July 1255 â 1 May 1308), Duke of Austria and also of Styria.
2.Hartmann (1263, Rheinfeldenâ21 December 1281), drowned in Rheinau.
3.Rudolph II, Duke of Austria and Styria (1270â10 May 1290, Prague), titular Duke of Swabia, father of John the Patricide of Austria.
4.Matilda (ca. 1251/53, Rheinfeldenâ23 December 1304, Munich), married 1273 in Aachen to Louis II, Duke of Bavaria and became mother of Rudolf I, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
5.Katharina (1256â4 April 1282, Landshut), married 1279 in Vienna to Otto III, Duke of Bavaria who later (after her death) became the disputed King Béla V of Hungary and left no surviving issue.
6.Agnes (ca. 1257â11 October 1322, Wittenberg), married 1273 to Albert II, Duke of Saxony and became the mother of Rudolf I, Elector of Saxony.
7.Hedwig (d. 1285/86), married 1270 in Vienna to Otto VI, Margrave of Brandenburg and left no issue.
8.Klementia (ca. 1262âafter 7 February 1293), married 1281 in Vienna to Charles Martel of Anjou, the Papal claimant to the throne of Hungary and mother of king Charles I of Hungary, as well as of queen Clementia of France, herself the mother of the baby king John I of France.
9.Guta (13 March 1271â18 June 1297, Prague), married 24 January 1285 to King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and became the mother of king Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, of queen Anne of Bohemia (1290â1313), duchess of Carinthia, and of queen Elisabeth of Bohemia (1292â1330), countess of Luxembourg.
Her husband was elected King of Germany in Frankfurt on 29 September 1273, largely due to the efforts of her cousin Frederick III, Burgrave of Nuremberg. Rudolph was crowned in Aachen on 24 October 1273. She served as his Queen consort for the following eight years.
She died early in 1281. Rudolph remained a widower for three years and proceeded to marry Isabelle of Burgundy.
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Rudolph I of Habsburg King of the Romans/Germans, Duke of Austria and Styria, Duke of Carinthia - 22nd Maternal Great Grandfather. Father of Agnes of Habsburg, husband of Gertrude of Hohenburg.
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Pedigree: Rudolf IV (of AUSTRIA) von HABSBURG
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A
Aahhotep       see    Ahhopte I    or    Ahhopte II
Aaliyah â (1979 â 2001)
American actress and rhythmn and blues vocalist
Born Aaliyah Haughton in Brooklyn, New York, she was raised in Detroit, Michigan from 1984. She appeared on the stage from the age of six years, and began singing professionally from the age of eleven, but was later influenced by the singing style of R. Kelly, formerly a producer for vocalist Michael Jackson. Kelly produced her debut album with the popular sons âBack & Forth,â and âAt Your Bestâ (You Are Love).
These hits were followed by âOne in a Millionâ (1996) and âIf Your Girl Only Knew,â whilst her third album entitled simply âAaliyahâ (2001) reached no 2 on the charts. Her popular blend of rhythmn and blues and hip-hop styles, together with her sexily provocative film videos (in one she wrestled with a python) made Aaliyah an extremely popular performer. Before her early death (Aug 25, 2001) in a plane crash in the Bahamas, she made two films Romeo Must Die (2000) which featured her song âTry Againâ and the title role in Queen of the Damned (2001) based on the vampire novel of Anne Rice.
Aames, Angela â (1956 â 1988)
American film and television actress
Born (Feb 27, 1956) in Pierre, South Dakota, she attended university there prior to the beginning of her movie career in Hollywood, California. Her first appearances were in the films, Fairy Tales (1979) in which she played Little Bo-Peep, the nursery character, and H.O.T.S. (1979). Blonde, attractive, and curvily sexy, Aames appeared in such well known films as Scarface (1983), the fantasy adventure The Lost Empire (1983) directed by Jim Wynorski, Bachelor Party (1984) in which she appeared with Tom Hanks and is considered her most memorable role, and Basic Training (1985).
Aames also appeared in the B-grade horror flick Chopping Mall (1986). Her career mainly consisted of comic, sexy bit parts. Her television career included appearances in Cheers (1982), Night Court (1984) and The Dom DeLuise Show (1987) in which she played a physical fitness instructor. Angela Aames died (Nov 27, 1988) aged thirty-two, at West Hills, in the San Fernando Valley, California.
Aardema, Verna â (1911 â 2000)
American childrenâs author
Verna Norberg Aardema Vugteven was born (June 6, 1911) in New Era, Michigan. She studied journalism at the University of Michigan and was then employed as a school teacher for four decades (1934 â 1973). During this time she was a correspondent for the Muskegon Chronicle publication for two decades (1951 â 1972). Aardema was married and had children. Her first published work was the collection of stories for juveniles entitled Tales from the Story Hat (1960), and Aardema adapted childrenâs tales from variously folk-lores around the globe, such as Mexico and Bantu people of the African continent, some of which appeared in Behind the Back of a Mountain: Black Folktales from Southern Africa (1973).
Her work Why Mosquitoes Buzz in Peopleâs Ears (1975) received both the Caldecott Medal (1976) and the Brooklyn Art Books Children Award (1977) whilst Whoâs in Rabbitâs House? (1977) was the winner of the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award (1978). Aardema was the recipient of the Childrenâs Rading Round Table Award (1981). Her later work included Oh Kojo! How Could You! : An Ashanti Tale (1984), Bimwili & the Zimwi: A Tale from Zanzibar (1985), Traveling to Tondo : A Tale of the Knundo of Zaire (1991), and Anansi Does the Impossible! : An Ashanti Tale (1997). Verna Aardema died (May 11, 2000) aged eighty-seven.
Aarlof Aarbot â (c875 â 935)
Viking princess
Aarlof Aarbot was the daughter of Harald I Haarfarger, the Yngling King of Norway and his second wife Gyda of Hardaland. Her marriage (894) with Jarl (earl) Thorir the Silent, the elder half-brother brother of Duke Rollo of Normandy is recorded by the authors of the Orkneyinga Saga. Aarbotâs father gave her in marriage (894) to Thorir as compensation for a murder committed against Thorirâs family by King Haraldâs sons, the brothers of Aarbot.
Harald also returned to Thorir the patrimony of his earldom of More. The saga refers to Aarlof as âAlof the Fecundâ a poetical allusion to the future fertility of this marriage, but in fact she bore her husband only one child, a daughter Bergliot Thorirsdotter, later the wife of Sigurd Hakonssen (died 962), Jarl of Lade by whom she left issue.
Aarons, Ruth Hughes â (1910 â 1980)
American sportswoman
Ruth Aarons was born in Stamford, Connecticut. Renowned as the best table tennis player of either sex to be produced in American, she had the distinction of never having lost a tournament match. Aarons remains the only American woman to win a World Championship singles title (1936), and she then helped the win the world team championship for America. She also won four national singles titles over a twenty-three years period (1934 â 1957).
Aaronsohn, Sarah â (1890 â 1917)
Jewish espionage agent
Sarah Aaronsohn was born in Zichron Yaakov in Palestine. She was sister to the famous botanist, Aaron Aaronsohn (1876 â 1919). She was raised in Constantinople from an early age and later returned to Palestine in order to escape an unwanted and unhappy marriage. Aaronsohn became disgusted by the mass murder instigated by the Turks against the Armenians, and became involved with the Jewish spy network known as the Nili, which was headed by her two brothers.
Sarah traveled the country and sent information to British agents via Egypt. She was finally arrested by the Ottoman government, which suspected her of spying for the British. She was apprehended with a code message, and was then tortured, before managing to commit suicide, in order to protect others. Sarah Aaronsohn shot herself with her own gun (Oct 9, 1917) aged twenty-seven, at Zichron Yaakov.
Aas Kaur â (c1776 â 1823)
Sikh princess
Aas Kaur was the daughter of Durdas Singh, ruler of Chattah in the Punjab, and became the wife (1792) of Sahib Singh, ruler of Patiala. Ambitious and manipulative, Aas Kaur managed to insinuate herself into her husbandâs favour, after bearing him a son (1797), and succeeded in removing her powerful sister-in-law from the court. However, the princess became involved in a bitter property dispute with her husband, and eventually betrayed him to the British authorities, who removed Sahib Singh from power and placed Aas Kaur as regent for their son (1812).
With her husbandâs death in 1813, her son requested that she remain at the head of the government of Patiala, and the British consented to this arrangement. However, just prior to her death, Aas Kaur quarrelled with her son, and was banished from the court to her dower estates.
Aasta Gronske â (c971 â 1020)Â
Scandinavian queen
Aasta Gudbrandsdotter was the daughter of the nobleman Gudbrand. Sometimes called Astrid, she married firstly (c988) Harald Gronske, King of Vestfold (died 995) and secondly (c996) Sigurd Styr, King of Ringerike (c965 â 1018). By her first marriage, Aasta was the mother of King Olaf II Haraldsson (995 â 1030) (St Olaf), who was born posthumously.
Queen Aasta was ambitious for her son to become the supreme ruler of Norway, and she and her second husband managed to achieve this ambition for him in 1015. By her second marriage she left several other children, including the famous Norwegian king Harald III Hardraada (1015 â 1066).
Aâat â (fl. c1850 â c1830 BC)Â
Egyptian queen consort
Aâat probably belonged to the family of King Amenemhet III (c1797 â c1870 BC). Her tomb was discovered during the re-examination of Amenemhetâs tomb, conducted by the Egyptologist D. Arnold (1976 â 1983). Queen Aâat died aged around thirty-five, and her coffin, which resembled that of the king, was found in a newly uncovered adjoining chamber, together with that of another unidentified queen.
The chamber had been robbed, but some relics were recovered, including two mace-heads, one of rock crystal, the other of limestone, seven alabaster duck-boxes filled with meat and bones, an alabaster unguent jar, and some pieces of jewellery. Also discovered was the queenâs broken limestone canopic chest as well as one of her canopic jars.
Ab, Abb   see  Aebbe
Aba of Cilicia â (fl. c100 BC)
Greek queen of Olba
Aba was the daughter of Zenophantes, tyrant of Cilicia in Asia Minor. She became the wife of the king of Olba, and may have ruled independently, under the protection of Rome, for a period after her husbandâs death. She was mentioned by the Greek writer Strabo in his Geographia and her tomb has survived at Canytella in Turkey. The Azerbaijani composer Farhang Huseinov produced the opera Queen Aba (2005) in her honour and the queenâs role was performed by Ozlem Shenormanlilar.
Aba of Auvergne (Ava) â (c865 â after 893)
Carolingian nun
Aba was the daughter of Bernard II Plantvelue (841 â 886), Count of Autun and Auvergne, and his wife Ermengarde of Chalons. She was either the sister or more probably the wife of Hector dâAuvergne, a powerful Carolingian vassal. Before her death Aba became a nun and was appointed as abbess of Sauxillanges.
Hector was an ancestor of the US President George Washington, of Charles VI the Mad of France (1380 â 1422), of Louis XVII, King of France (1793 â 1795) and many other notable historical persons. Their daughter (or her niece) Ava dâAuvergne (c890 â 942) was the wife of Count Geoffrey I of the Gatinais, Viscount of Orleans, and left descendants.
Aba of Hamelant    see    Ava of Hamelant
Abahai â (1590 â 1626)
Chinese Manchu empress consort
Abahai was the daughter of Mantai, the ruling Hulan prince of the Ula Nara tribe, and the granddaughter of Wangtai, Khan of the Hada. She became fourth wife (1601) to the Emperor Nurhaci (1559 â 1626) of the Jin Dynasty, and was mother to three of his sons Dorgon (1612 â 1650), Dodo (1514 â 1649), and Ajige (1605 â 1651). Abahai was married when she only eleven, but two years later with the death of the Empress Xiao Cigao, mother of emperor Hong Taiji, she received the title of Da Fei (1603).
Abahai was granted the title of Ta Fujin (1620), but with the death of Nurhaci (Sept 30) of wounds received at the battle of Ningyuan, Abahai was forced to commit suicide (Oct 1, 1626) by her stepsons, who feared her interference with the the Imperial succession. Abahai was posthumously granted the rank of empress twenty-five years later with the official title Xiao Lieh Wu Huang Hou (1650) by decree of her son Dorgon, who was regent for the young Emperor Shun-chih (1543 â 1661). This decree was rescinded by the emperor shortly after the death of Dorgon (Dec 31, 1650) when he assumed full Imperial power.
Abar â (fl. c750 â c730 BC)
Queen consort of Egypt
According to a surviving stela inscription discovered at Kawa, her unidentified mother was a sister of the Kushite ruler of Egypt, King Alara. The same inscription reveals that her father dedicated her to the temple at Kawa as a sistrum-player, and she is also mentioned on a stela from the city of Tanis.
Abar later became the second wife of King Piye (Piankhy) (c770 â 730 BC), to whom she may have been a sister or sibling of the half-blood. She was the mother of the Ethiopian ruler of Egypt, Tarhaka of Napata (c732 â 663 BC), and was probably the grandmother of King Atlanersa.
Abarca de Bolea, Ana Francisca â (1623 â after 1680)
Spanish religious author
Ana Abarca de Bolea was born at Casbas, and entered the Cistercian order as a novice at the age of three. She later served the community as abbess (1672 â 1676). Ana Francisca was the author of the pastoral novel, Vigilia y Ocataviano de San Ivan Baptista (Vigil and Octave Celebration of St John the Baptist) (1679), and also left poems and personal letters.
Abba â (d. c303 AD)
Graeco-Roman Christian martyr
Abba, or perhaps Alla, was killed in Africa, probably during the persecutions initiated by the emperors Maximian Daia and Diocletian. She perished with a great number of other Christians who refused to make the obligatory sacrifice to the pagan gods. Venerated as a saint her feast (May 7) is recorded in the Acta Sanctorum and the Martyrology of St Jerome.
Abba of Autun   see   Albana of Autun
Abba, Marta â (1900 â 1988)
Italian stage and film actress
Marta Abba was born in Milan, Lombardy (June 25, 1900), and was the elder sister to actress Cele Abba. Her film roles included the the role of La Rossa in Il Caso Haller (1933), directed by Alessandro Blasetti, and the lead in Teresa Confalonieri (1934), directed by Guido Brignone. Abba was particularly famous for her personal relationship with the famous Nobel Prize winning writer Luigi Pirandello (1867 â 1936) whose artistic muse she became.
Abba often played the lead role in several of his works. After his death she resided in Cleveland, Ohio, in the USA for fifteen years (1938 â 1952), where she married an American manufacturer, whom she ultimately divorced. She then returned to Italy. She conducted a lengthy correspondence with Pirandello, much of which has survived, including over 550 letters from Pirandello to her, and nearly three hundred of Abbaâs return letters. With her death in Milan, at the age of eight-eight (June 24, 1988) they were bequeathed to the University of Princeton, which caused them to be published (1994).
Abbadia, Luigia (Louisa) â (1821 â 1896)
Italian mezzo-soprano
Luigia Abbadia was born in Genoa, the daughter of the composer and teacher Natale Abbadia, under whom she studied. Abbadia made her stage debut at Sassari in 1836, and in Vienna in 1840, she appeared in the role of Corilla in Donizettiâs Le convenienze ed inconvenienze teatrali. Luigia created the roles of Giulietta in Verdiâs Un giorno di regno (1840) and Inez in Donizettiâs Maria Padilla (1841). After retiring she became a vocal trainer and teacher in Milan. Luigia Abbadia died in Milan.
Abbadie, Marie dâ â (1657 â 1707)
French dynastic figure
Marie was born at Sireix, the daughter of Doumenge IV dâAbbadie (died c1670) and his cousin wife Marie dâAbbadie, the daughter of Doumenge III dâAbbadie. Marie was married (1671) at Sireix to Doumenge Habas dâArrens (c1651 â c1698) to whom she bore several children. As a widow Dame Marie became the lay abbess of the convent of Sireix held by the Abbadie family, a position filled by her widowed mother and maternal grandmother before her.
Dame Marie died (Dec, 1707) at Sireix aged fifty. Her daughter Marie dâAbbadie de Sireix (1694 â 1752) became the wife of Jean de Saint-Vincent of Pau in Navarre. Through this daughter Marie dâAbbadie became the maternal great-grandmother of the famous Napoleonic general, Jean Baptiste Bernadotte (1763 â 1844) who became King of Sweden as Karl XIV (1818 â 1844) who left descendants.
Abbaka Rani â (c1515 â 1568)
Indian ruler and heroine
Abbaka Rani was a member of the Chowta dynasty of Mudabidri, and personally led the resistance against encroaching Portugese interests in her kingdom of Tulu Nadu in Karnataka. She was later captured by her enemies, and was taken into captivity, dying soon afterwards. Abbaka Rani was revered to the present day as a warrior heroine.
Abbasa â (fl. c770 â c790)
Abbasid princess
Princess Abbasa was the daughter of Al-Mahdi, Caliph of Baghdad (775 â 785) and was sister to Harun al-Rashid. She maintained her own household in a villa within the grounds of her fatherâs palace in Baghdad. Abbasa was said to have conducted an illicit liasion with the Barmakid prince Jafar, which had serious political overtones, and led to the downfall of that prominent clan. The story of Abbasaâs relationship with Jafar was often recounted by later writers who added their own elaborations and details.
Some versions relate that Abbasa gave birth to an illegitimate child which was sent to Mecca to be raised, but that the whole story was revealed to her brother Rashid by a maidservant. Rashid tracked down the child, confirmed the truth, and had Jafar executed.
Abbatissa â (fl. c1070 â c1100)
Spanish virgin saint
Abbatissa became a nun and was appointed as the first abbess of the convent of the Order of the Holy Ghost in Salamanca, Castile, after the Moors were driven from the region (1055). Regarded as a saint, she was worshipped locally though the date of her veneration is now lost.
Abbema, Louisa â (1858 â 1927)
French painter and portraitist
Louise Abbema she claimed illegitimate descent from King Louis XV (1715 â 1774) and dressed in the uniform of a dragoon captain, complete with tricorne hat. She was the long time friend to the actress Sarah Bernhardt, whom she painted (1876) and (1922). Though her early works were not without artistic talent, Abbema was known more for her colourful lifestyle and appearance. Despite this fact, her work was recognized by many awards, and she was made a chevalier of the Legion dâHonneur. Her work, Lunch in the Hothouse, is preserved at the Museum of Pau, in Navarre.
Abbie, Ruth Heighway â (1907 â 1963)
Australian gynaecologist
Born Frieda Ruth Heighway, in Sydney, New South Wales, she was educated at the Methodist Ladiesâ College, at Burwood, and at the University of Sydney, where she eventually graduated as a physician (1939). Ruth travelled to England, spent two years at St Maryâs Hospital, in Lancashire, as resident physician, and then married (1934) the British anatomist and anthropologist, Andrew Smith Abbir (1905 â 1976).
Returning to Australia after her marriage, Abbie set up her own practice at Burwood, and Macquarie Street, in Sydney. She gained honorary appointments with the Rachel Forster Hospital for Women and Children in Crown Street, Sydney. Abbie removed to Adelaide, in South Australia, after her husband was appointed to the Elder chair of anatomy and histology at the University of Adelaide (1944). There she set herself up in practice and worked at the Queen Victoria Maternity Hospital, whilst holding appointments at the Royal Adelaide and Queen Elizabeth hospitals. Abbie was later appointed a fellow of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (1958). Ruth Abbie died (Dec 30, 1963) aged fifty-seven, of ovarian cancer, at North Adelaide.
Abbot, Ellen â (fl. 1869 â after 1885)
British mountaineer
Born Ellen Pigeon, in south London, together with her sister Anna Pigeon she was a fearless and intrepid mountaineer for seven years (1869 â 1876). Abbot and her sister completed over sixty major climbing feats, including the Matterhorn, which climbed twice, Dom, Mont Blanc, and seventy other Alpine passes. The sisters were the first women to climb the Matterhorn from Breuil to Zermatt (1873) and the only the second female team to cover the notoriously dangerous Sesia Joch from Zermatt to Alagna (1869). They co-wrote the basic and unaffected Peaks and Passes (1885), which was written for private circulation.
Abbott, Berenice â (1898 â 1991)Â
American photographer
Berenice Abbott was born in Springfield, Ohio (July 17, 1898), the daughter of Charles E. Abbott. Berenice studied firstly at Ohio State University with the intention of becoming a journalist, before moving to New York (1918) and from there to Europe (1921) where she studied sculpture under Brancusi and Bourdelle. Employed from 1923 â 1925 as the assistant to the American photographer Man Ray in Paris, she opened her own portrait studio there (1926).
Her work was firstly exhibited at the Au Sacre du Printemps gallery in Paris (1926) and has had wide distribution throughout the world, including exhibitions at the Art Institute of Chicago (1951) and at the Smithsonian Institution (1969). Berenice returned to the United States (1929) becoming a professional photopgrapher until 1934 when she gave up practice for teaching. The lifetime companion of art historian Elizabeth McCausland, Berenice settled eventually in Main (1968).
Berenice Abbott was well known and admired for the diversity of her work, notably her project Changing New York (1929 â 1939) and also for her promotion and curatorship of the work of the French photopgrapher Rugene Atget (1856 â 1927), most of whose work she managed to purchase (1928) and place in the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Her other written works include, The View Camera Made Simple (1948), The World of Atget (1964) and Photographs (1970). Berenice Abbott died in Monson, Maine.
Abbott, Edith â (1876 â 1957)
American social reformer and author
Edith Abbott was the elder sister of Grace Abbott, and was born in Grand Island, Nebraska. She was edcuated at Brownell Hall, Omaha, the universities of Nebraska and Chicago, from which she graduated (1905) follwed by further study abroad in England at the London School of Economics. Edith joined the staff of the Chicago School of Civics and Anthropology (1908), and then resided for the next decade with her sister at the Hull House project, fully involved with social reform for young adults.
Abbott herself founded the Social Services review (1927) which she edited until her death. Her best known works were, Women in Industry (1910), The Delinquent Child and the Home (1912), and she co-wrote The Tenements of Chicago (1936) with her sister. Edith Abbott died (July 28, 1957) aged eighty, at her home in Grand Island aged eighty.
Abbott, Eleanor Hallowell â (1872 â 1958)
American romantic novelist and memoirist
Eleanor Abbott was born (Sept 22, 1872) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the daughter of an editor. She was granddaughter of the childrenâw writer, Jacob Abbott (1803 â 1879). She attended Radcliffe College and was employed as a schoolteacher. She was married (1908) to Fordyce Coburn, a physician. Her most important work was Molly Make-Believe (1910), and the reminiscences, Being Little in Cambridge When Everyone Else Was Big (1936). She wrote articles for the Ladiesâ Home Journal and the Harperâs Monthly Magazine.
Her other works included The White Linen Nurse (1913), The Indiscreet Letter (1915), Peace on Earth, Good-will to Dogs (1920), and the collection, But Once A Year: Christmas Stories (1928). Eleanor Hallowell Abbott died in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
Abbott, Emma â (1850 â 1891)
American soprano
Emma Abbott was born in Chicago, Illinois. Emma studied singing in New York before travelling to Europe in 1872. There she trained under Mathilde Marchesi and Delle Sedie in Paris. Emma made her debut in London (1876) and in New York in (1877). Later she formed a touring opera company which helped popularize opera in America and Canada. Her favourite role was said to have been that of Margeurite in Theodore Gounodâs Faust. Emma Abbott died in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Abbott, Gertrude â (1846 â 1934)
Australian founder and reformer
Born Mary Jane OâBrien in Sydney, New South Wales, she was the daughter of schoolmaster Thomas OâBrien and his wife Rebecca Matthews. The family lived in Dry creek, South Australia from 1848, and twenty years later Mary Jane entered the Order of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart (1868) founded by Mary Mackillop, taking the religious name of Sister Ignatius of Jesus.
Forced to leave the order when a fellow nun was accused of faking visions (1872), she left the convent and came to Sydney, where she took the name of Gertrude Abbott. She gathered around her in Surry Hills a community of women who made their living by dressmaking, and desired to establish an order of contemplative nuns.
Her organization of St Margaretâs Maternity Home in Elizabeth St, Surry Hills (1894) stemmed from her experience of caring for a deserted pregnant girl who was brought to her by a concerned policeman. The home cared for both married and unmarried women, and trained nurses in obstetrics and was run by Gertrude for forty years. The home began treating specifically female diseases from 1904, and an outpatients department was established. She later brought property in Bourke Street, Surry Hills and transferred the hospital there, where it remains. At the time of her death it was the third largest obstetrics hospital in Sydney.
Abbott, Grace â (1878 â 1939)Â
American social reformer and author
The younger sister to Edith Abbott, she was born in Grand Island, Nebraska. Grace graduated from Grand Island College (1898), and took her masterâs at the University of Chicago (1909).
In 1908 she joined her sister at the Hull House social development organized by Jane Addams, and was appointed the director of the newly established Immigrantsâ Protective League, where from 1917 â 1919 she was served as director of the child labour division, the US Childrenâs Bureau.
Her later appointments included secretary of the Illinois State Immigrantsâ Commission (1919 â 1921), and chief of the US Childrenâs Bureau (1921 â 1934), being particularly involved with the administration of the Maternity and Infancy Act (1922 â 1929). Appointed as the American delegate to the International Labour Organization (1935 and 1937), Grace Abbott was also professor of public welfare at the University of Chicago from 1934 until her death. Her written works include The Immigrant of Massachusetts (1915), The Immigrant and the Community (1917), The Child and the State (2 vols, 1938), and From Relief to Social Security (1940). She co-wrote, The Tenements of Chicago (1936) with her sister. Grace Abbott died (June 19, 1939) in Chicago.
Abbott, Inez â (1896 â 1957)
Australian painter
Inez Abbott studied art under Woodward in Bendigo, Victoria, before travelling abroad to complete her studies at Marseilles, in Provence, France. Most of her working career was spent in France, where she spent most of her working career, and examples of her work are preserved at the Jeu de Paume in Paris. Abbot held several exhibitions of her work in Paris, notably of watercolours and nudes, and successfully represented the Australian section of the Paris Spring Salon (1932).
Abbott, Joan Stevenson â (1899 â 1975)
Australian nursing sister
Joan Abbott was born at Normanby Hill, Queensland, the daughter of an engine driver. She began her nursing career at Brisbane General Hospital in 1920, and obtained her midwifeâs certificate, working in infant clinics and private hospitals before travelling to Britain in 1937. Joan saw active service during WW II, being appointed matron of the 2nd/6th Australian General Hospital, after she joined the Royal Australian Nursing Service.
Abbott took fifty nurses to Greece in 1941, but the German advance forced the group to evacuate to Alexandria, Egypt. Joan Abbott and her nurses remained in Gaza and Jerusaalem from 1941 â 1942, running a hospital with 1500 beds, being awarded the Royal Red Cross for her service. Finishing her war service in 1944, and after further study in London, Joan was appointed principal matron of the Citizen Military Forces, and from 1954 â 1956 she as president of the Australasian Trained Nursesâs Association. Awarded the Florence Nightingale medal (1957), in 1962 she was appointed honorary colonel of the Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps. Joan Abbott died (Nov 27, 1975) aged seventy-five, at Corinda, Queensland.
Abbott, Margaret (1) â (fl. c1620 â 1659)
English polemicist
For more than thirty years of her life she remained an adherent of the Roman Catholic faith. However, her conversion to Protestantism by Baptist preachers is best expressed in her Testimony Against the False Teacher (c1659), in which she celebrates the freedom allowed her in worship by the Protestants.
Abbott, Margaret (2) â (1878 â 1955)
American golfer
Margaret Abbott was born in Calcutta, India to an upper class family. She studied art in Paris, where her interest in golf began as an amusement, and where she entered a nine-hole tournament being held there (1900). Upon her subsequent return to the USA, Abbott married the political satirist, Finley Peter Dunne (1867 â 1936) and continued her interest in golf, obtaining coaching from male amateur players. Â Known for her personal style and extremely effective backswing, she was posthumously awarded a gold medal for her previously unknown participation in the Olympic Games (1900). Margaret Abbott died (June 10, 1955) aged seventy-six.
Abbott, Margaret Evans â (1896 â 1976)
American educator and poet
Margaret Evans was born in Galesburg, Illinois, and married author O. Lawrence Abbott. Awarded numerous prizes for her poetry, her work was widely published in newspapers and periodicals such as the Chicago Tribune, the Diplomat and the Denver Post. Abbott was employed for a decade as editorial consultant to Peninsula Poets, which was published by the Poetry Society of Michigan, and co-wrote two novels with her husband Matched Pair and Beyond Now. Margaret Evans Abbott died aged seventy-nine.
Abbott, Maude Elizabeth Seymour â (1869 â 1940)Â
Canadian cardiologist and promoter of medical education for women
At first refused entry to the medical school at McGill University in Montreal, from which she had gained her degree, on the grounds of her sex, she was admitted instead to Bishopâs College, where her training continued. Maude spent three years travelling, training, and observing medical procedures in Europe, and, upon her return to Canada, was eventually appointed assistant curator (1898) of the medical museum at McGill, her old alma mater.
It was while she was at McGill that Maude developed the Osler Catalogue of the Circulatory System, and she later both organized and edited the Bulletin of the International Association of Medical Museums (1907). From 1923 â 1925, Maude Abbott served as a visiting professor of pathology and bacteriology to the Womenâs Medical College in Pennsylvania, and was later a lecturer on the subjects at McGill, which granted her honorary degrees in belated recognition of her vitally important contributions to medicine. She was also the author of the Atlas of Congenital Cardiac Disease.
Abbott, Wenonah Stevens â (1865 â 1950)
American novelist
Wenonah Abbott was born in Tionesta, Pennsylvania, and produced several highly popular novels over a four decade period. Her published works included Loveâs Legacy (1892), A Jealous Father (1894) and From Pilgrimage to Pilgrimage (1934). Wenonah Stevens Abbott died (March 16, 1950) aged eighty-four.
Abda â (d. c303 AD)
Graeco-Roman Christian martyr
Abda was killed in Africa, probably during the persecutions arranged by the Emperors Diocletian and Maximian Daia. Her feast (March 31) is recorded in the Acta Sanctorum. Abda was mentioned in the Martyrologium Rhinoviense.
Abda of Navarre â (fl. c980 â c990)
Spanish royal
Abda was the illegitimate daughter of King Sancho II of Navarre, and of a mistress and was surnamed âLas Vasconaâ (the Magpie), which was possibly an allusion to a dark complexion.
Her father caused Abda to be married to the Moslem ruler, the Amir Al-Mansur Inb Abi, the vizier of Cordoba. King Sancho could not overthrow Al-Mansur with military might, so he visited the Cordova laden with gifts, and granted him Abda in marriage to seal the alliance.
Abda was the mother of Abd-al-Rahman Sanchuelo (983 â 1009), the heir to the caliphate of Cordova, who was born and died a Christian, due to the influence of his mother and grandfather. After the birth of her son, Princess Abda separated from her husband and entered a convent where she was veiled as a nun.
Abdila â (1879 â 1930)
Queen consort of Iraq (1916 â 1924)
Abdila was the daughter of Salih Bey, and became the the second wife (1894) of King Husain ibn Ali (1853 â 1931).Abdiya accompanied her husband into exile to the island of Cyprus (1924 â 1930), where she died. She was the mother of Prince Zeid (1898 â 1970) the official Head of the Royal House of Iraq (1958 â 1970) after the assassination of King Faisal II. Her younger daughter Princess Sara bint Husain became the wife of of Atta Beg Amin, the Turkish governor of the Sanjak of Iskenderun.
Abdiya â (1907 â 1958)
Hashemite princess of the Hijaz
Abdiya was born in Constantinople, Turkey, the eldest daughter of Ali ibn Husain (1879 â 1935), King of the Hijaz and the Grand Sharif of Mecca (1924 â 1925) and his wife Nefissa, the daughter of Abd al-Ilah Pasha, the Great Sharif of Mecca. She was sister to Abd al-Ilah, the Regent of Iraq for his nephew, King Faisal II (1939 â 1953).
Abdiya never married and remained a member of the Iraqi court. Princess Abdiya was murdered in Baghdad (July 14, 1958) with King Faisal II, her mother Queen Nefissa, and several other members of the royal family, in a military coup which saw the end of the monarchy in Iraq and the establishment of a republican government.
Abdy, Maria â (1788 â 1867)Â
British poet
Maria Smith was born in London, the daughter of Richard Smith, a solicitor to the Board of Ordinance, and and was the younger sister of the poet Horace Smith (1779 â 1849). Maria was married the Reverend J. Channing Abdy. She began writing poetry in childhood, and was encouraged to contribute poetry to the New Monthly Magazine and the Metropolitan. She also contributed work to periodicals such as The Keepsake and the Book of Beauty.
Her first volume, Poetry, was published privately in 1834 and this was followed by seven others, written during a twenty-four year period (1838 â 1862). Her longest poem, An Appeal on Behalf of Governesses, appeared before 1856. Her poetry is characterized by a slight feminist slant, and witty sardonic humour.
aâBeckett, Ada Mary â (1872 â 1948)
Australian biologist and university lecturer
Born Ada Mary Lambert, in Adelaide, South Australia, she attended the Advanced School for Girls in Adelaide, and graduated from the University of Adelaide (1897), having taught science whilst completing her degree. She lectured in biology at Melbourne University (1898 â 1901) then married and produced a family. Two decades later, with her children grown aâBeckett resumed her former career as a teacher and was appointed to head the biology department at Scotch College, in Melbourne (1921 â 1937).
Interested in the education of young children, aâBeckett also served as the president of the Victorian Free Kindergarten Union for over twenty years (1916 â 1939). She was also the president of the Kindergarten Training College at Kew, in Melbourne, which she had helped to found. Ada aâBeckett died (May 20, 1948) aged seventy-six, in Melbourne.
Abel, Sherry Goldman â (1904 â 1992)
American editor
Sherry Goldman was born in Chicago, Illinois, and graduated from the University of Chicago. She married twice, her second husband being the dramatist and author Lionel Abel, from whom she was divorced (1964). Abel held various literary jobs, including compiling a Yiddish encyclopedia, working for Time magazine, and editing a volume on the cinema, before joined Commentary magazine as an editorial manager (1950). She was eventually appointed managing editor and retired not long after her divorce. Sherry Abel died (May 28, 1992) in Manhattan, New York.
Abell, Lydia â (1872 â 1959)
Australian nurse
Lydia Abella was born in Wallsend, New South Wales, the daughter of Elijah Abell. After completing her nursing training at Newcastle Hospital, NSW, Lydia became a foundation member of the Australian Trained Nurses Association in 1915. She also worked as a volunteer with Queen Alexandraâs Imperial Nursing Service and the Royal Red Cross during WW I. From 1921 until her retirement in 1933, Lydia was a staff member at Lady Davidson Hospital at Turramurra, in Sydney. She remained unmarried. Lydia Abell died at Concord, in Sydney.
Abella of Salerno â (c1330 â c1380)
Italian medical writer
Abella was a teacher at Salerno in Sicily, and her areas of expertise were insanity and childbirth. She wrote medical treatises on both these subjects which have survived De atra bile is on madness (which Abella terms âblack bileâ) and the other on childbirth De Natura seminis.
Abel Smith, Henrietta Alice Cadogan, Lady â (1914 â 2005)
British courtier
Henrietta Cadogan was the daughter of Commander Francis Charles Cadogan of the Royal Navy, and his wife Ruth Evelyn Howard, the widow of Captain Gardner Bazley. She was married firstly (1939) to Sir Anthony Frederick Palmer, to whom she bore two children. Palmer was killed in action during WW II (1941) and Henrietta remarried (1953) to Sir Alexander Abel Smith, KCVO (1904 â 1980) to whom she also bore two children.
Lady Abel Smith served at court as lady-in-waiting to the Princess Elizabeth (1949) and continued in that capacity after her acession to the throne (1953). She served the queen for almost forty years and was made a Commander of the Victorian Order (CVO) (1964) and a Dame Commander of the Victorian Order (DCVO) (1977). She retired from full time service in 1987, but the queen retained her services as an extra lady-in-waiting for several years afterwards. Apart from her court duties, Lady Abel Smith served the community as a Justice of the Peace, being appointed as such for Tunbridge Wells in Kent (1955) and later for the county of Gloucestershire (1971). Lady Abel Smith died (May 3, 2005) aged ninety.
Abel Smith, May Helen Cambridge, Lady â (1906 â 1994)
British royal and courtier
Princess May of Teck was born (Jan 23, 1906) at Claremont, in Esher, Surrey, the daughter of Prince Alexander of Teck, the brother-in-law to King George V (1910 â 1936) whose family took the surname of Cambridge and the earldom of Athlone in lieu of their former princely titles becoming Lady May Cambridge (1917). Â Her mother was Princess Alice of Albany, the daughter to Prince Leopold, and granddaughter to Queen Victoria.
Lady May was bridesmaid at the wedding of the future George VI and Elizabeth Bowes-Lyons (1923). May was married (1931) at Balcombe in Sussex to Colonel Sir Henry Abel Smith (1900 â 1993), who served as governor of Queensland in Australia, to whom she bore three children. She was the first royal bride to omit the word âobeyâ from the marriage service. Due to her work with the establishment and organization of military hospitals during World War II, she was appointed a Commander of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (CStJ).
Throughout her later years she formed a trusted member of the court that surrounded Queen Elizabeth, the widow of King George VI and resided at Barton Lodge at Winkfield, near Windsor in Berkshire, and in London. Lady Abel Smith died (May 29, 1994) aged eighy-eight at Barton Lodge. She was the last surviving great-grandchild of King George III (1760 â 1820).
Abenberg, Stilla von â (c1110 â c1140)
German virgin saint
Stilla was born at Abenberg, Bavaria, the daughter of Count Wolfgang II von Abenberg. Stilla built the church of St Peter near her home (1136), and then took a vow of virginity in the prescence of Otto, Bishop of Bamberg, living a life of prayer and meditation in her fatherâs home. When Stilla died, her brothers wanted to bury her at Heilsbronn, but the two horses drawing her funeral cortege refused to pull in that direction, turning always towards the church of St Peter, where they finally allowed her to be interred. Her tomb became a centre for pilgrimage and in 1897 the Bishop of Eichstatt was able to establish that the veneration of Stilla had been prominent in the region for well over three hundred years since (c1534). Her cult as a beata was confirmed (1927) and her feast was observed (July 19).
Abendroth, Irene â (1872 â 1932)
Austrian soprano
Irene Abendroth was born in Lemberg. A child prodigy, she entered the Vienna Conservatory in 1885, and then studied at Milan. Possessing a very powerful voice, Irene made her debut in Vienna in 1889. Before retiring in 1908, she had a repertoire of over seventy operatic roles, including coloratura and dramatic parts. Some recordings of her voice made in 1902 survive. Irene Abendroth died at Weidling, Vienna.
Aberconway, Laura Elizabeth Pochin, Lady â (1852 â 1933)
British political activist, feminist, and writer
Laura Elizabeth Pochin was the daughter of the noted industrialist, Henry Davis Pochin. She was married (1877) in Westminster, London, to Sir Charles Bright MacLaren (1850 â 1934), who was later created the first Baron Aberconway, whereupon she became the Baroness Aberconway (1911 â 1933). Lady Aberconway founded the Liberal Womenâs Suffrage Union, and performed valuable volunteer work for the war effort, organizing comforts and hospital units for the troops. She also turned her house in London into a hospital for servicemen. In recognition of this work was created D.G.St.J (Daughter of Grace of St John of Jerusalem) and CBE (Commander of the British Empire) by King George V (1918).
Her published works included, The Womenâs Charter or Rights and Liberties (1909), and, The Prime Minister and Womenâs Suffrage (1913). Lady Aberconway was a friend to the noted American painter, James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834 â 1903), who resided for some years at Chelsea in London, and was herself a talented horticulturalist, organizing additions to the Bodnant Garden, which had been established by her father. Lady Aberconway died (Jan 4, 1933) aged eighty, at Antibes, France. Her children were,
Hon. (Honourable) Henry Duncan McLaren (1879 â 1953). He succeeded his father as the second Baron Aberconway (1934 â 1953). He was married and left descendants.
Hon. Elsie Dorothea McLaren (1880 â 1973). She became the wife of Colonel Sir Edward Alexander James Johnson-Ferguson (died 1953), second Baronet, and left issue.
Hon. Florence Priscilla McLaren (1883 â 1964). She was married to Sir Henry Norman (1858 â 1939), first Baronet, and left issue.
Hon. Francis Walter Stopford McLaren (1886 â 1917). He was married and left issue, but was killed in action during WW I.
Abercorn, Mary Kathleen Crichton, Duchess of â (1905 â 1990)
British courtier
Mary Kathleen Crichton was the only child of Henry William, Viscount Crichton, who was the eldest son and heir of John Henry Crichton, fourth Earl of Erne. Her mother was Lady Mary Cavendish Grosvenor, the daughter of Hugh Grosvenor, first Duke of Westminster, who remarried to Hon. (Honourable) Algernon Stanley. Queen Mary, the consort of George V (1910 â 1936) stood as sponsor at her christening.
Lady Mary Crichton was married (1928) to James Edward Hamilton (1904 â 1979), the fourth Duke of Abercorn, to whom she bore three children, including James Hamilton (born 1934), the fifth Duke. The Duchess served as Mistress of the Robes to HM Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, the widow of George VI, from 1964 and was appointed a Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO). The Duchess of Abercorn died (Feb 2, 1990) aged eighty-four.
Aberdeen, Ishbel Maria Majoribanks, Marchioness of â (1857 â 1939)
British campaigner for womenâs rights
Ishbel Majoribanks was the daughter of Sir Dudley Coutts Majoribanks, Lord Tweedmouth, and his wife Isabella Weir-Hogg. Educated privately, she married (1877) John Campbell Gordon, first marquess of Aberdeen and Temair, to whom she bore five children. Lady Aberdeen was devoted to religious and philanthropic causes, her interest in liberalism having been fostered by her mother and the influence of William Gladstone. She set up cottage and village industry in Ireland under the Irish Industries Association, and also founded the Womenâs National Health Association (1907), which did valuable pioneer work in the field of mother and child welfare.
Whilst Lord Aberdeen served as governor-general of Canada (1893 â 1898), Lady Aberdeen became interested in the work of the National Council of Women, and was appointed president of the International Council of Women (1893). She introduced the Onward and Upward Association, and in Canada she founded the Victorian Order of Nurses (1898). Her work was acknowledged by George V when she was appointed Dame Grand Cross of the British Empire (GBE) (1931) and she received honorary doctorates from Aberdeen University and the Queenâs University, in Kingston, Ontario. Lady Aberdeen died (April 18, 1939) aged eighty-one, in Aberdeen, Scotland.
Abergavenny, Elizabeth de Beauchamp, Lady â (1415 â 1448)
English Plantaganet heiress and peeress
Lady Elizabeth de Beauchamp was born (Sept 16, 1415) at Hanley Castle, Worcestershire, the daughter and co-heiress of Richard de Beauchamp, second Baron Abergavenny, and his wife Isabel le Despenser, the daughter of Thomas le Despenser, fifth Baron le Despenser and his wife Constance of York, the granddaughter of King Edward III (1327 â 1377). Through both her parents was Elizabeth descended from King Edward I (1272 â 1307) and his first wife Eleanor of Castile, and thus a descendant of the the Emperor Charlemagne (800 â 814) and of the Merovingian kings.
Elizabeth was married (1424) to Sir Edward Neville (died 1476), the grandson of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and his third wife Katherine Swynford. Elizabeth became the third holder of the feudal barony of Abergavenny (1424 â 1448) and after her death her husband was summoned to Parliament as Baron Abergavenny in her right until his death. Their marriage was not apparently a contented one as during her lifetime Lord William cohabited with his mistress Katherine Howard, the granddaughter of Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, and who later became his second wife. Lady Abergavenny died (June 18, 1448) aged thirty-two, and was interred within the convent of the Carmelites in Coventry. Her children included Sir George Neville (1435 â 1492) who succeeded his father as fourth Baron Abergavenny (1476 â 1492) and her descendants included Kellemn Throckmorton who went on the first expedition to Jamestown, Virginia, and died there (1607).
Abergavenny, Frances Manners, Lady â (c1530 â 1576)
English devotional writer
Lady Frances Manners was the daughter of Thomas Manners, first Earl of Rutland and his second wife Eleanor Paston, the daughter of Sir William Paston (c1479 â 1554) of Norfolk. She became the wife of Henry Neville (c1525 â 1587), sixth Baron Abergavenny. Their daughter Mary Neville (1554 â 1626) became suo jure Baroness le Despenser and by her marriage with Sir Thomas Fane (died 1611), Lady Frances was ancestress of the Earls of Westmorland.
Lady Abergavenny wrote religious prose and composed the collection entitled Prayers made by the Right Honorable Lady Frances Aburgavennie (1572) several years before her death, which was dedicated to her daughter and later appeared in Thomas Bentleyâs work Monument of Matrones (1582).
Abergavenny, Mary Patricia Harrison, Marchioness of â (1915 â 2005)
British courtier
Mary Harrison was the daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel John Fenwick Harrison, and his wife Margery Olive Edith Lawson, the daughter of the third Baron Burnham. She was married (1938) to John Henry Guy Nevill, the fifth Marquess of Abergavenny to whom she bore five children. Lady Abergavenny served at court as an extra lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth II (1960 â 1966), and then as a more permanent lady-in-waiting for two decades (1966 â 1987). Finally, aged over seventy, she retired and took on the less onerous duties of an extra lady again. When not engaged with her court duties, she resided between her apartment in central London and her estate of Eridge Park, in Tunbridge Wells, East Sussex. Lady Abergavenny died (Feb 22, 2005) aged eighty-nine.
Abergavenny, Rachel Lennard, Lady â (c1565 â 1616)
English music patron
Rachel Lennard was the daughter of John Lennard, of Knoll, Kent. She became the wife of Sir Edward Neville, later the eighth Lord Abergavenny (1604 â 1622), and was the mother of Henry Neville, ninth Baron Abergavenny (1622 â 1641). Lady Abergavenny has been identified as the âLady Nevillâ who was the original owner of âMy Lady Nevells Booke,â a collection of forty-two virginal pieces by William Byrd, the choirmaster and organist of Lincoln Cathedral from 1575, which was transcribed in 1591 by John Baldwin, of Windsor, for Lady Abergavennyâs personal use.
Abernon, Helen Venetia Duncombe, Lady dâ â (1866 â 1954)
British diplomatic hostess and diarist
Lady Helen Duncombe was the daughter of William Duncombe, first earl of Faversham, and his wife Mabel Violet Graham. A famous society beauty, the younger sister of Hermione, Duchess of Leinster, she married (1890) Sir Edgar Vincent (1857 â 1941), who was later created baron (1920) and viscount dâAbernon (1926). The marriage remained childless. Lady Vincent entertained regularly at her residences of Stoke DâAbernon and Esher Place, in Surrey, and was a friend to Margot Asquith, Lady Desborough, and Consuelo Vanderbilt, Duchess of Marlborough. Her portrait was painted by John Singer Sargent, and her exquisite beauty was much admired abroad, notably in France, where her photograph appeared in the stylish Parisian edition of Les Modes (1900).
During World War I, Lady Vincent became involved in hospital work with the Red Cross, was trained as an anaesthetist, and cared for some thirteen hundred patients. After the war, Lady dâAbernon (as she had become) accompanied her husband to his posting in Germany, becoming the official diplomatic hostess at the British Embassy in Berlin, in Prussia (1920 â 1926).
Fluent in German, her re-organisation of the embassy was highly praised by Lady Curzon. During her widowhood she published her diary, Red Cross and Berlin Embassy 1915 â 1926. Extracts from the Diaries of Viscountess dâAbernon (1946). She survived her husband twelve years as the Dowager Viscountess dâAbernon (1941 â 1954). Lady dâAbernon died (May 16, 1954) aged eighty-seven.
Abhaya â (fl. c500 â c480 BC)
Indian poet
Abhaya was raised in the Ujjeni region and followed her friend Padumavati, when she joined an order of Buddhist nuns. One of her poems is preserved in the Therigatha. She received spiritual enlightenment whilst meditating over the remains of a corpse.
Abhirupa-Nanda â (fl. c500 â c480 BC)Â
Indian poet
Abhirupa-Nanda was born into a noble Sakyan family in Kapilavatthu, the daughter of the local leader Khema, and his chief wife. Permitted to choose her own husband, she chose Carabhuta, who inexplicably died on the same day. Because of this her parents forced her to become a Buddhist nun against her will. Finally converted from her recalcitrant attitude to true religious faith by the example of Gautama Buddha himself, Abhirupa-Nanada devoted herself to the practice of pious meditation. One of her poems survives in the Therigatha, and deals with the various stages of religious meditation.
Abiata â (d. c343 AD)
Persian Christian virgin martyr
Abiata was a native of Beth-Germana. She had been converted by Narses, Bishop of Sciaharcadat, with two other Persian women, Hates and Mamlacha. Abiata and her compnaions were members of a larger group of Christians who were arrested and condemned by order of King Sapor I. All were executed togther with Bishop Narses at Beth-Germana and the widow Bahuta.
All were collectively honoured by the church as saints (Nov 20).
Abida Sultan â (1913 â 2002)
Infian princess of Bhopal
Princess Abida Sultan was the eldest daughter of Hamidullah Khan, the last Nawab of Bhopal, and was heiress presumptive to the throne of Bhopal. She had married and produced a son and later renounced her rights to the throne (1950) and became a resident of the newly formed state of Pakistan where she was employed with the foreign service. This move for personal independence resulted in Abida being removed from the succession in favour of a younger sister. She died in Karachi. Her son Shaharyar Khan became the Foreign Secretary of Pakistan.
Abiertas, Josepha â (1894 â 1929)
Philippino feminist and lawyer
Josepha Abiertas was bon in Capiz, and orphaned during her youth. Educated in Capiz, she later enrolled to study law in the Philippine Law School. Abiertas became the first Philippino woman to graduate as a lawyer, and she was the author of the lecture entitled âThe New Age for Women,â in which she advocated the right to vote be granted to all women. Abiertas campaigned continually for the acceptance of female suffrage, for the betterment of the lives of the working classes, and worked hard to gain better conditions for the poor and oppressed Philippino farmers. She died young, of tuberculosis.
Abigail â (fl. c1030 â c990 BC)
Hebrew princess
Abigaill was one of the sisters of King David, being children of Jesse of Bethlehem. Her sister was named Zeruiah, these facts being recorded in the Bible (Chronicles II. 2: 16). In another verse (Chronicles I. 2: 17) Abigail is called the daughter of Nahash, who was an obscure relative of King David. He was perhaps their stepfather. Princess Abigail became the wife of Ithra the Ishmaelite (elsewhere called Jether the Ishmaelite), and according to (Samuel II. 17: 25) she was the mother of the kingâs nephew Amasa, whom his cousin Absalom appointed military commander in the place of Joab, the son of Abigailâs sister Zeruiah.
Abigail of Carmel â (c1020 â c990 BC)Â
Hebrew queen consort
Abigail was married firstly to Nabal, a wealthy goat and sheep farmer of Carmel. Beautiful and intelligent, King David desired her as his wife. When Nabal refused to feed some of the kingâs soldiers, Abigail herself took the provisions to them, and thus appeased the kingâs anger. With Nabalâs death ten days later from a surfeit of wine, David married Abigail. Later, when David sought refuge from King Saul, in the Philistine territories, Abigail and Ahinoam, another of Davidâs wives, accompanied him. The two women were captured during an Amalekite raid, but David tracked down the raiders and rescued them. Her son Chileab long resided at the court of Aschish, king of Gath.
Abijah â (fl. c755 BC)
Hebrew queen consort of Judah
Abijah was the daughter of Zachariah, and became the wife of Jotham (c770 â c734 BC), King of Judah. She was the mother of his son and successor, King Ahaz (c755 â c727 BC). These details are recorded in the Bible (Kings II. 18: 2).
Abingdon, Eleonora Lee, Countess of â (1655 â 1691)
English literary patron
Eleonora Lee was the daughter of Sir Henry Lee, of Quarendon, Essex, and was the elder sister of the poet Anne Wharton. The heiress of the ancient county family of Danvers, she married (1672) James Bertie, first Earl of Abingdon, to whom she bore six children. Lady Abingdon was a patron of the poet John Dryden who wrote the panegyric Eleonora to commemorate her.
Abinger, Jeanne Japy, Lady    see   Steinheil, Margeurite Jeanne
Abington, Frances (Fanny) â (1737 â 1815)
British actress
Born Frances Barton, in London, she was the daughter of a soldier turned cobbler. She spent her early years in various lowly professions, and was in turns a flower girl, a street singer, and a kitchenmaid, before being trained as a milliner in Paris, which later accounted for the popularity of her âAbington cap.â She made her first stage appearance at the Haymarket Theatre in 1755, and rose to fame in 1759 in Dublin. That same year she married her music teacher, James Abington, but the match proved uncongenial and the couple seperated after several scandals. Fanny returned to Drury Lane Theatre in London and placed herself under the direction of David Garrick, who admired her acting, but disliked her tantrums.
Extremely versatile as a performer, she excelled in Shakespearean heroic and romantic roles, such as Portia, Desdemona, and Ophelia, and shone in comic roles such as Lady Teazle in School for Scandal, and Polly Peachum in The Beggarâs Opera. Fanny retired in 1797 and was painted by Zoffany and Sir Joshua Reynolds, who produced his Mrs Abington as the Comic Muse, which is now owned by the National Trust. Richard Coswayâs portrait of her as Thalia was engraved by Francesco Bartolozzi. Her estranged husband died in 1806, and Abington survived him nine years. Frances Abington died (March 4, 1815) aged seventy-seven, in Pall Mall, London.
Abirhilt â (fl. c750)
Merovingian scribe
Abirhilt was a nun attached to the Abbey of Wurzburg in Franconia. She worked in the scriptorium there illuminating books and parchments. Her name appears on a surviving copy of the Homiliae in Evangila, a work of Gregorius.
Abishag â (fl. c970 â c966 BC)Â
Hebrew queen
Abishag was a member of the Shunamite tribe, and became the companion wife of King Davidâs old age (c970 â 966 BC), though the union supposedly remained unconsummated. When her stepson Adonijah, requested to marry her, his half-brother Solomon chose to view this as treason, and had the prince executed, thus successfully disposing of a potential rival for the throne. Her story was recorded in the Bible in, Kings I (4: 15) and (13: 25). Abishagâs fate is unrecorded, though she most probably passed into the harem of Solomon, her younger stepson, which thus rendered her politically inactive.
Abish Khatun â (c1259 â 1287)
Salghurid ruler of Fars, in Shiraz
Abish Khatun was the daughter of Saâd II bint Abi Bakr bint saâd bint Zangi, the ruler of Fars, and his wife Terken Khatun. In 1264 whilst still an infant she was installed as ruler of Fars by order of the Mongol Ilkhan Hulegu, and her name appeared on the coinage. In 1274 Abish married the mongol prince Mengu-Temur, a younger son of Hulegu, to whom she had been betrothed since infancy. This marriage between a Muslim and a Mongol prince was forbidden by Islamic law, but the dynastic considerations prevailed. Abish Khatun bore two daughters, but in 1284 the Ilkhan Ahmad Teguder sent her to Fars as governor, as replacement to her husband. Her rule was a period of gross financial mismanagement and civil disorder, and in 1286 she was ordered to appear before the Ilkhan and answer for her incompetence. Abish insulted the Ilkhanâs representatives in a highly objectionable manner, but was brought to heel, and died in disfavour soon afterwards.
Abisimti â (c2105 â c2025 BC)Â
Sumerian queen consort
Abisimti was the sister of Babati, military governor of Maskan-sarrum and of Awal, and became the wife of Shulgi, King of Ur (reigned c2095 â c2048 BC). A woman of some strength of character, Abisimti long survived her husband and was honoured as queen mother during the successive reigns of three of her sons, Amar-Sin (c2047 â c2039 BC), Shu-Sin (c2038 â c2030 BC), and Ibbi-Sin (c2029 â c2006 BC). The surviving seal of her brother specifically refers to Abisimti as King Shu-Sinâs âbeloved mother.â Queen Abisimti died aged about eighty.
Abney, Elizabeth â (1704 â 1782)Â
British heiress and philanthropist
Elizabeth Abney was the youngest, but only surviving daughter and heiress of Sir Thomas Abney, Lord Mayor of London, and his second wife Mary, the daughter of John Gunston. With her fatherâs death (Feb, 1722) Elizabeth and her two sisters, together with their widowed mother, inherited the bulk of Sir Thomasâs impressive fortune and estates. However, by the time of her motherâs death (1750) Elizabeth was the only surviving daughter, and she inherited all the estates.
Miss Abney never married and was known as the âlady of tha manor of Stoke Newington.â She directed in her will that the lease of the estates of Abney Park, together with her property of Stoke Newington, should be sold, and the proceeds distributed to the poor or to respected charitable organisations. Abney House was eventually demolished (1815). Elizabeth Abney died (Aug, 1782), aged seventy-eight.
Abott, Bessie Pickens â (1878 â 1919)
American soprano
Bessie Abott was born at Riverside, New York. Having appeared firstly in vaudeville and operetta, Jean de Reszke enabled Bessie to study in Paris with Mathilde Marchesi, the teacher of Nellie Melba, and Victor Capoul. In 1901 she made her debut in France, and she was performing in San Francisco on the night of the great earthquake (1906). Bessie retired in 1911. Bessie Pickens Abott died in New York.
Abra â (c90 â 62 BC)Â
Roman conspirator
Abra was the personal slave to Pompeia, the wife of Julius Caesar. Abra became involved in the plot to allow Publius Clodius to meet Pompeia secretly, in her own house dressed as a woman during the sacred Orphic rituals performed in her home, for the Mother goddess, the Bona Dea. Abra arranged for the doors to be left open so Clodius could gain admittance, but he was detected by servants of Aurelia, the mother of Caesar, and was later found hiding in Abraâs room. Clodius was arraigned for religious sacrilege, but was acquitted to gratify the plebs, with whom he was immensely popular. Abra, as a slave, had no such protection, and was quickly put to death.
Abra of Poitiers (Afra) â (342 â 360 AD)Â
Gallo-Roman nun
Abra was the daughter of Hilarius (Hilary), Bishop of Poitiers (c300 â 367 AD), who came from an old patrician family. Following the written advice of her father, sent to her during her childhood, Abra never married, dedicated herself as a virgin nun, and died aged seventeen, without pain or disease. Her fatherâs letter survives, as does one of the two hymns he wrote and sent to her at the same time, Lucis Largitor splendide. The early church regarded her as a saint, her feast being celebrated (Dec 13).
Abra, Catherine dâ â (1581 â 1641)
French nun
Catherine dâAbra de Raconis was the younger daughter of Francois dâAbra de Raconis, and his third wife Rachel Bochart, who remarried to Antoine de Cormont, sieur de Villeneuve. She was the aunt of Charles Francois dâAbra de Raconis, Bishop of Lavaur (1590 â 1646). She was the half-sister was Louise dâAbra. Remaining unmarried and having a religious vocation, Catherine founded convent for Franciscan Carmelites in the rue Chapon in Paris, of which she was first prioress. Her elder sister of the full-blood, Judith dâAbra (living 1592), became a Clarissan nun in Verdun as Sister Florence. Catherine dâAbra died there (Feb 12, 1641).
Abra, Louise dâ â (1566 â 1666)
French nun
Louise dâAbra de Raconis was the elder daughter of Francois dâAbra de Raconis and his second wife Marie Coignet, and was the elder half-sister to Catherine and Judith dâAbra. She was the full-sister to Olivier dâAbra de Raconis, Seigneur de Perderauville, and was the aunt of Charles dâAbra de Raconis, Bishop of Lavaur. She embraced the religious life, and took the veil at Pontoise in Normandy, where she resided as a nun for over eighty years of her life. Louise dâAbra died aged one hundred.
Abrahams, Caroline Harriet â (1809 â 1877)Â
New Zealand painter
Caroline Hudson was born at Wanlip Hall, Leicestershire, England, the daughter of Charles Thomas Hudson (later Palmer) and his wife Harriet Pepperell. The first forty years of her life were spent resentfully nursing her invalid mother, but at her death (1848) Caroline was freed from familial restraint, and she quickly married (1850) the Anglican clergyman Charles John Abraham (1814 â 1903) to whom she bore an only son Charles (1857) who was himself to become a bishop. The couple immigrated to New Zealand, where Caroline had relatives in Auckland. Charles Abraham was appointed chaplain to St Johnâs College, Auckland.
A talented water colour painter, Caroline produced many sketches of the fledgling colony in Auckland, which have survived and remain a visible record of the period. She also produced details sketches of St Johnâs College (1851) as well as water colour views of North Head, Howick and Taurara (Judges Bay) around Auckland, and Porirua Harbour in the Wellington district. Togther with her husband, her cousin Bishop Selwyn, and Sir William and Lady Martin, Caroline helped produce Extracts of letters from New Zeland on the war question (1861), which was printed in London for private circulation, and presented the real position of the Maori people. Abrahams later returned to England with her husband (1870). Examples of her works survive in the Auckland City Art Gallery, and the Alexander Turnbull Library in Wellington. Caroline Harriet Abrahams died (June 17, 1877) in Bournemouth.
Abrahams, Elsie â (1910 â 2000)
Australian pathologist
Elsie Abrahams was born in Warrnambool, Victoria, the daughter of William Abrahams, and attended Essendon High School, Melbourne. There she obtained a scholarship to pursue further scientific studies. Deciding instead to study medicine she graduated with honours (1935) and was appointed official resident and medical officer of the Royal Melbourne Hospital, the Royal Childrenâs Hospital, and the Austin hospital in Melbourne.
Elsie later joined the Royal Army Medical Corps, where she studied pathology and established herself as Australiaâs first female morbid anatomist.After service in World War II she was appointed chief pathologist at the Queen Victoria Hospital (1948) where she remained for nearly thirty years until her eventual retirement (1975). Elsie Abrahams died (Jan 22, 2000) aged eighty-nine, in Melbourne.
Abrahams, Esther â (1771 â 1846)
Jewish-Australian convict and colonial wife
Esther Abrahams was convicted a stealing several yeards of black lace from a London shop, and was confined to Newgate Prison (1786). Despite pleading pregnancy, she was transported to Australia, arriving with the First Fleet, aboard the Lady Penrhyn (1788). During the voyage she formed a liasion with George Johnston, the future leader of the New South Wales Corps, and aide-de-camp to Governors Arthur Philip and Hunter. She bore Johnston seven children, and was known as Mrs Esther Julian. She received a grant of nearly six hundred acres of land for herself (1809), and Johnston finally married her (1814).
However, her convict and Jewish origins, and the knowledge of her relationship with Johnston beofre their marriage prevented Abrahams from ever maintining a social position of any king in the colony. With her husbandâs death (1823), Abrahams inherited the 2,500 acre estate of Annandale, which her second son Robert tried to wrest from her, eventually proceeding to have her declared insane, and therefore incompetent of managing her affairs (1831). She spent the last fifteen years of her life on her sonâs estate on the Georgeâs River.
Abrams, Harriet â (1760 â 1825)
British vocalist and composer
Harriet Abrams was the daughter of John Abrams, and was sister to contralto, Theodosia Abrams. The most celebrated of five talented sisters, she was taught by Thomas Augustine Arne, and David Garrick sponsored her first public appearance at the Drury Lane Theatre (1775). Abrams appeared as Leonora in The Padlock (1775) and then appeared with her sister Theodosia in the Concerts of Ancient Music (1776), organized by Joah Bates.
Miss Abrams sang as a soloist and sang in the Handel Memorial Concerts at Westminster Abbey and at the Pantheon (1784). She never married and long resided with her sister Theodosia. Abrams composed popular songs, and sixteen of her works survive in the British Museum catalogue of printed music, including, âA Smile and a Tear,â âThe Friend of My Heart,â and âThe Orphanâs Prayer,â but her best remembered work was the popular âCrazy Jane.â
Abrams, Theodosia â (1761 â 1849)
British contralto
Theodosia Abrams was the daughter of John Abrams, and the younger sister of Harriet Abrams. She was married firstly Captain Thomas Fisher and secondly (1812) Joseph Garrow. Established in her youth as a popular vocalist, Abrams appeared with her sister Harriet in the Concerts of Ancient Music (1776) and in 1784 performed at the Handel Memorial Concert in Westminster Abbey, and at the Pantheon. Her aria, âThou shalt bring him in,â from The Israelite in Egypt, brought her critical acclaim. Towards 1800 Theodosia retired, and survived her fame by fifty years.
Theodosia Abrams died (Nov 4, 1849) aged eighty-eight, at Braddons in Torquay, Devon.
Abranches, Adelina â (1866 â 1945)
Portugese stage and film actress
Adelina Abranches was the mother of actress Aura Abranches. She appeared with her daughter in the classic Portugese film Lisboa (Lisbon) (1930), sometimes called by its full title of Cronica Anedotica Lisboa.
Abranches, Aura â (1896 â 1962)
Portugese actress
Aura Abranches was the daughter of veteran actress Adelina Abranches. Though best known for her stage work, Abranches appeared with her mother in the classic Portugese film Lisboa (Lisbon) (1930), which is known by the alternative title Cronica Anedotica Lisboa. Other film roles included Mariana in Rosa de Alfama (1953), and the aunt in Dois Dias no Paraiso (1958). Her last film appearance was in O Primo Basilio (1959). Aura Abranches died (March 22, 1962) aged sixty-five, in Lisbon, Estramadura.
Abrantes, Laure Saint-Martin de Permon, Duchesse dâ â (1784 â 1838)
French memoirist
Laure de Permond was born at Montpellier, in Languedoc. A friend of the Bonaparte family, she became the wife (1800) of Andoche Junot, Duc dâAbrantes (1771 â 1813) French general and aide-de-camp to the Emperor Napoleon, who provided her dowry and trousseau. Madame dâAbrantes entertained on a grand scale in Paris, and accompanied her husband to Portugal in 1805, but her marriage was not happy, and her relations with Prince Metternich aroused much scandal.
With her husbandâs suicide (1813), her relationship with the emperor became strained, and finally Napoleon ordered her out of Paris, but her husbandâs debts left her in a financially strained condition. Madame dâAbrantes was the author of, Memoires historiques sur Napoleon, la Revolution, let Directoire, lâEmpire et la Restauration (1831 â 1834), consisting of eighteen volumes, the Histoires de Salons de Paris (1836 â 1838), and, Souvenirs dâune ambassade et dâune sejour en Espagne et en Portugal, de 1808 â 1811 (1837, 2 vols.). After the Second Restoration in 1815, the duchess was forced to write her memoirs, simply to exist, and in this she was encouraged by Honore de Balzac. After 1831, she settled at the Abbaye-aux-Bois in Paris. Despite her famous literary endeavours the duchess died in poverty in Paris.
Abundantia â (c750 â 804)Â
Italian nun and saint
Abundantia was born in Spoleto to parents who had long been childless, and was educated by Niccolo, abbot of St Mark at Spoleto. She accompanied the abbot on a visit to Palestine, and remained there for several years, living as a recluse. Finally, at her fatherâs insistent request, she returned to Spoleto, where she remained until his death, whereupon she gave away her entire inheritance to the poor. Abundantia died aged in her mid-fifties (Jan 19, 804) and her death was popularly said to have been heralded by the ringing of bells, whilst the singing of angels was said to have accompanied her funeral cortege. Abundantia was said to have performed miracles, and the church honoured her on (Jan 19) and (July 15).
Abutsu â (1209 â 1283)
Japanese nun and diarist
Abutsu was the wife of the poet Fujiwara Tamie. Her work consists of a poetic travel diary covering a journaey from Kyoto to Kamakura, with poems written for her children. She also corresponded with personal friends with whom she also exchanged verses. In later life she became a Buddhist nun. Her diary was popularly known as The Diary of the Waning Moon or The Travels of Abutsu.
Abuza, Sophia   see  Tucker, Sophie
Abzug, Bella Savitzky â (1920 â 1998)
American feminist and politician
Bella Abzug was born (July 24, 1920) in the Bronx, New York. Educated at Hunter College, New York and Columbia University, after graduation she managed to establish herself as a lawyer in New York for twenty-five years 1944 â 1970, and gained for herself a reputation as a willing defender of persons accused of activities considered âun-American.â Achieving prominence as a peace campaigner, she founded Women Strike for Peace (1961) and the National Womenâs Political Caucus, to promote both women in political life and causes for women.
Bella was elected to Congress (1971) but failed in her attempts to win both a Senate seat (1976) and to become mayor of New York (1977). Returning to practice law in 1980, she nevertheless remained a prominent and vigorous campaigner for political, welfare and feminist issues, and was officially inducted into the National Womenâs Hall of Fame (1994). Famous for her trade mark large flowery hats, Bella was the author of, Gender Gap: Bella Abzugâs Guide to Political Power for Women (1984), and also left political memoirs, Bella: Ms Abzug Goes to Washington (1972). Bella Abzug died (March 31, 1998) aged seventy-seven.
Acacia â (d. c303 AD)
Graeco-Roman Christian martyr
Acacia, whose name is also given as Achartia or Acatia, refused to abjure her faith and perished at Antioch with over two hunded other Christians, probably during the persecutions organized by the emperors Diocletian and Maximian Daia. Her feast (March 29) in recorded in the Acta Sanctorum.
Acarie, Barbe Jeanne â (1566 â 1618)
French religious founder
Known in religion as Marie de lâIncarnation, she married Jean Pierre Acarie, Vicomte de Villemore, in order to keep her parents happy. Prompted through visions and reading the works of Teresa dâAvila, Barbe established the Carmelites of the Reform in France in 1603. She also assisted with the foundation of the Paris Ursulines and Berulleâs Oratory. With her husbandâs death, Barbe entered the Carmelite house at Amiens in 1613, but later removed to the house at Pontoise. She was beatified in 1794. Her daughters Marie (1585 â 1641), Margeurite (1590 â 1660) and Genevieve Acarie all became nuns.
Acarie, Genevieve â (1592 â 1644)
French nun
Born in Paris, she was the third daughter of Jean Pierre Acarie, Vicomte de Villemore, and his wife Barbe Jeanne Avrillot Acarie, and the sister of Pierre Acarie, Vicar-General of Eu (1587 â 1637). Genevieve never married and, like her two elder sisters Marie and Margeurite she became a Carmelite nun in June, 1607, at the Faubourg St Jacques, in Paris, and later became prioress of the convent in the rue Chapon. As âMere Genevieveâ (Mother Genevieve) de Saint-Bernard, she was Carmelite prioress of the convent of Chartres from 1620, and corresponded with St Francois de Sales, figuring prominently in his own surviving letters. Genevieve Acarie died at Sens, Champagne.
Acca Larentia â (fl. c770 BC)
Roman semi-legendary foster mother of Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome
Acca Larentia was originally the wife of a shepherd named Faustulus, who found the two boys being suckled by a wolf, and brought them home to his wife who supervised their upbringing.
Rome held an ancient festival annually (Feb 15), the Lupercalia, in honour of Acca Larentia, who according to one version of the legend, later became the first great benefactress of ancient Rome, to which she bequeathed her great welath for the public benefit, and was the first ancestress of the Tarquinian kings.
There are several other versions of this well-known story, including the one in which she was a prostitute (lupa, which also meant she-wolf), who inherited great wealth after the death of a rich, but anonymous husband. Another version, repeated by Virgil and Ovid, made her the ancestress of the Arval priesthood. The feast of Lupercalia would later evolve into the modern festival of St Valentineâs Day.
Acciaiuoli, Andreuccia â (c1356 â c1411)
Italian patron
Andreuccia Acciauoli was a courtier to Queen Joanna I of Naples. She was the sister of Cardinal Angelo Acciaiuoli. Andreuccia was married firstly (1372), to Count Francesco di Baltifolle, and secondly, to Mainardo Cavalcanti. Andreuccia commissioned the rebuilding of the choir of the church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, to form a sacristy and chapel dedicated to the Annunciation. This was completed c1390 and the altarpiece is attributed to Giovanni del Bondo. Both her sons predeceased her. Andreuccia Acciaiuoli made her will in 1411.
Accoramboni, Vittoria â (1557 â 1585)
Italian tragedy figure and poet
Vittoria Accoramboni was born in Rome, the daughter of a minor nobleman from Gubbio. She was betrothed and married by her father to Francesco Peretti, nephew to Cardinal Montalto, and became prominent in Roman society because of her intelligence and beauty. Admired by Paolo Orsini, Duke di Bracciano, her brother Marcello, wishing to see the family elevated by a more suitable marriage, had Vittoriaâs husband murdered (1581). Vittoria and the duke married soon afterwards, but his complicity in the murder was suspected as he had murdered his first wife Isabella de Medici (1576).
Attempts to have the marriage annulled failed, and eventually Vittoria was released from imprisonment through the intervention of Cardinal Carlo Borromeo. With the election of Cardinal Montalto as Pope Sixtus V (1585) he vowed vengeance for his nephewâs death. The couple fled firstly to Venice, and thence to Salo where the duke died (Nov, 1585), bequeathing all his possessions to Vittoria. Shatterred by her grief, the duchess removed to Padua, but was there assasinated (Dec 22, 1585) by Ludovico Orsini, who was supposed to be overseeing the disposition of her property.
Ace, Jane Sherwood â (1897 â 1974)
American commedienne and radio personality
Jane Sherwood Epstein was born (Oct 12, 1897) in Kansas City, Missouri, and was raised an educated there. She was married (1922) to Goodman Ace (1899 â 1982), the noted television and radio comedy writer. Goodman hosted an evening review on the KMBC radio in Kansas, and one night Jane filled in for an absent guest (1930). This proved successful and led to the show, Easy Aces (1930 â 1945), which was written by Gooodman Ace, and in which they both appeared, to great comic effect, Jane being famous for her rather strangely apt malapropisms such as â Time wounds all heels,â â Iâm completely uninhabited,â and â Up at the crank of dawn,â amongst hundreds of others. Apart from her appearances on this program, Jane Ace lived a quiet and retired private life. Jane and her husband were both inducted into The Radio Hall of Fame (1990). Jane Ace died (Nov 11, 1974) aged seventy-seven, in New York.
Acerenza, Jeanne Catherine Biron de Kurland, Duchesse de â (1783 â 1876)
German-Italian society figure
Jeanne Biron de Kurland was the third daughter of Peter Biron, Duke of Kurland, and his third wife Dorothea von Medem. She was married to the Italian patrician Francisco, Prince Pignatelli di Belmonte, Duke de Acerenza, but their union remained childless and ended in divorce after she bore an illegitimate daughter, fathered by Louis Victor Meriadec de Rohan, Prince de Rohan-Guemenee (1766 â 1846). The child was named Marie Wilson von Steinach (1805 â 1893) and she was married to Fabian, Burgrave and Count von Dohna-Schlodien (1802 â 1871).
Because of the scandal and divorce, the duchess did not inherit the duchy of Sagan from her elder sister Pauline, Princess von Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1845), and it passed instead to her youngest sister Dorothea, the Duchesse de Dino. The Duchess de Acerenza died aged ninety-three.
Acerronia Pollia â (c13 â 59 AD)
Roman Imperial courtier
Acerronia Pollia was probably the daughter of Gnaeus Acerronius Proculus, consul (37 AD). She was the close friend and confidante of Agrippina, mother of the Emperor Nero. Tacitus recorded in his Annales that Acerronia and another courtier, Crepereius Gallus, accompanied the empress to Baiae by Imperial galley, to meet her son. By pre-arranged plan, the boat capsized. Crepereius was killed, but the two women were saved by the large carved ends of the wooden couch on which they had beem reclining. Both fell unharmed into the water. Thinking to save her own life, Acerronia screamed out that she was the empress, and pleaded for help, and was promptly batterred to death in the water by the sailors. Agrippina kept quiet, swam to shore, and met a worse fate later on.
Acevedo, Angela de â (c1595 â 1644)
Spanish dramatist
Angela de Acevedo was born in Lisbon, Estramadura, Portugal, into a patrician family. Her father was a favourite of Queen Isabel (Elisabeth de Bourbon) wife of King Philip IV. Angela wrote several works but is best remebered for her plays, El muerto disimilado (The Hidden Corpse), La Margarita del Tajo (The Pearl of the Tagus), Dicha y desdicha del juego (The Joys and Sorrows of Gambling), and Devocion de la Virgen (Devotion to Our Lady) all of which were performed on the stage before 1700.
Acha of Deira â (c583 â after 617)
Anglo-Saxon queen consort
Acha was the daughter of Aella, king of Deira. Her importance was chiefly dynastic, and she married three kings, leaving issue by all three marriages. Acha married firstly (c599) Eadbert, king of Kent (c579 â 640), as his first wife. He divorced her after the birth of a daughter Aebbe (Ebba), later wife of Cwichelm, under king of Wessex, but who died as abbess of Coldingham. Acha married secondly (c604), Aethelfrith, king of Northumbria, as his second wife.
To him she bore seven sons, including St Oswald (605 â 642) and King Osiu (Oswy) (died 670). With Aethelfrithâs death (617) Acha and her children fled to the court of her brother Edwin of Deira. Edwin arranged her third and last marriage with Cadfan, King of Gwynedd whose third wife she became. She was the stepmother of King Cadwallon II of Gwynedd (625 â 634).
Achantia â (fl. 388 â 389 AD)
Roman patrician
Achantia was the wife of Maternus Cynegius, praetorian prefect (384 â 388 AD) and consul (388 AD). Achantia is believed to be identical with the unnamed Christian lady mentioned by the orator and rhetorician Libanius (314 â 393 AD) in his, Autobiography, who, under the influence of Christian monks, persuaded her husband to destroy a pagan temple in Osrhoene, without the permission of Emperor Theodosius I.
Cynegius died in 388 AD, his corpse being placed in the Church of the Apostles in Constantinople. In the following year Achantia accompanied her husbandâs funeral cortege on foot for final internment there. Achantia and Cynegius were the parents of Antonia Cassia and of Materna Cynegia, who left a daughter named Herennia.
Achartia   see  Acacia
Achenback, Abbie Bright   see   Bright, Abbie
Acheson, Anne Crawford â (1882 â 1962)
Irish sculptor
Anne Acheson was born in Portadown. She studied art at the Victoria College in Belfast, and at the Royal College of Art, in London. Acheson exhibited her work annually at the Royal Academy, in Glasgow, Liverpool, and in Paris. Her works included figures, portraits and architectural subjects. Otihginally favouring the use of wood, in later years she developed her craft to work in metal and stone. She received the Feodora Gleichen memorial Award (1938), and had been created CBE (Commander of the British Empire) (1919) for her work with the Surgical Requisites Association during WW I. Anne Acheson died (March 13, 1962) aged seventy-nine.
Acheson, Dame Louisa   see    Gosford, Louisa Augusta Beatrice Montagu, Countess of
Achladiotou, Despina â (1889 â 1982)
Greek patriot and folk heroine
She was born into an ordinary family in Kastellorizo in the Dodecanese chain of islands, but later with her mother and her husband she removed to reside on the island of Ro, three miles distant (1927). When a local Turkish group hoisted the Turkish flag Madame Achladiotou formally complained to the Italian government and the flag was ordered removed. For over three decades she was the only inhabitant of the tiny island remaining so that the Turks could not annexe the island if there were no longer a native population.
Despina Achladiotou remained there during WW II and as as a gesture of native patriotism she hoisted the Greek flag everyday and lit fires to signal passing Allied ships. At the aged of ninety (1979) the Greek media made her a national celebrity by drawing attention to her patriotic vigil on Ro. She died (May 14, 1982) and a memorial was erected on Ro to her memory. Madame Achaldiotou was honoured by the Greek government who placed her portrait on a stamp.
Achler, Elisabeth Maria â (1386 â 1420)
German mystic and author
Elisabeth Achler was born at Reute, near Waldsee, in Wurttemburg, the daughter of a cloth weaver, and is sometimes referred to as Elisabeth of Reute. Her religious vocation was stimulated by the preaching of the Augustinian canon Konrad Kugelin, and eventually became a tertiary of the Franciscan order at a young age (1400). Elisabeth then resided as an ascetic in Reute, where she experienced mystical visions and the stigmata.
Elisabeth Achler was the mentor and teacher of Ursula Haider, who was later appointed as Franciscan abbess in Villingen, and died at Reute on her thirty-fourth birthday (Nov 25, 1420). Kugelin wrote her vitae (1421). Elisabeth Achler was beatified three hundred years later by Pope Benedict XIV (1766). The church venerated her memory (Nov 17).
Achmet, Catherine â (1766 â after 1791)
British actress
Born Catherine Ann Egan, in Kilkenny, Ireland, she was the daughter of a surgeon, whose early death (1777) left his family dependent on the charity of relatives. Much admired for her beauty, natural elegance, and considerate temperament. She lived with the actor William Cairns, who also adopted the professional name of Achmet, and who married her when she became pregnant (1784). Her first recorded stage appearances were as Indiana in The Conscious Lovers, and Estifania in Rule a Wife and Have a Wife.
Other popular roles included Euphrasia, in The Grecian Daughter, Polly Peachum, in The Beggarâs Opera, Sigismunda in Tancred and Sigismunda, Monimia in The Orphan, and the male roles of Sir Harry Wildair in The Constant Couple, and Jessamy in Lionel and Clarissa. She may have later abandoned her husband, and eloped with a lover, performing in York and Shrewsbury, but thereafter disappears from available records.
Achte, Emmy â (1850 â 1924)
Finnish soprano
Emma Charlotte Stroer was born (Nov 15, 1850) in Oulu. She studied singing in Stockholm, Paris, and Dresden in Saxony. Emmy performed with the Helsinki Opera (1875 â 1881), appearing as Norma, Lucia di Lammermoor, Marguerite in Gounodâs Faust, and Leonora in Il trovatore. She was married to the Finnish conductor Lorenz Achte (1838 â 1900), and was mother of the soprano Aino Ackte.
Achurch, Janet â (1864 â 1916)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
British stage actress
Janet Achurch was born in Lancashire, of a theatrical family. She first appeared with Genevieve Ward in Betsy Baker, at the Olympic Theatre, London in 1883. In 1885 she joined Frank Bensonâs company and played various Shakespearean heroines, and was particularly admired in the roles of Lady Macbeth, Desdemona and Queen Gertrude. Janet toured America with Beerbohm Treeâs company in 1895, and also toured Australia, India, and even appeared on stage in Egypt.
Janet Achurchâs chief success was in the role of Nora Helmer, in Henrik Ibsenâs A Dollâs House. Indeed, she is particularly remembered as one of the first English actresses to appear in roles written by Ibsen. She was married to Charles Barrington. Her retirement from the stage (1913) was partly due to alcoholism.
Achy, Marie Catherine Jeanne Jubert de Bouville, Marquise de â (1736 â 1780)
French courtier
Marie Catherine Jubert de Bouville was married (1757) Jacques Francois de Carvoisin, marquis dâAchy. Togther with her husband the marquise attended the court of Louis XV, and became a member of the political coterie that was allied with the kingâs minister, the Duc de Choiseul and his sister the Duchesse de Gramont. Madame dâAchy accompanied the duc and duchesse de Choiseul to their estate at Chanteloup, after the duc was dismissed from the palace of Versailles (1770), but she was denied permission by Louis XV to visit them there later because of her public display of loyalty.
Acilia (Atilia) â (c15 â after 65 AD)
Roman patrician
Acilia was the daughter of the noted orator, Aelius Lucanus, of Cordoba in Lusitania. She became the wife of Mela Annaeus, a younger son of Seneca the Elder, and was by him the mother of the famous epic poet, Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus) (39 â 65 AD). When the extent of her sonâs involvement in the Pisonian conspiracy against the Emperor Nero became known (65 AD), he denounced his mother, whilst his two partners implicated his two closest friends, Glitius Gallus and Annius Pollio. Acilia was arrested, but after her son committed suicide, she was released unacquitted, but was spared punishment.
Acilla â (c1175 â c1240)
Anglo-Norman nun and religious leader
Acilla was the first prioress of the convent St Stephenâs Thimbleby at Foukeholme in Yorkshire, which was founded by William de Coleville and his family during the early part of the reign of King John (1203 â 1204). She was listed as the first head of Foukeholme in the Victoria History of the Counties of England (1913).
Acker, Jean â (1893 â 1978)
American stage and film actress
Jean Acker was more notorious as the first wife (1919) of film star Rudolph Valentino (1895 â 1926). She locked him out of their bridal suite on their wedding night, and the union was never consummated. Acker and Valentino divorced after only two years (1921), amongst great media hype. Ackerâs silent film credits included, Are You a Mason?(1915), Arabian Knight (1920), Brewsterâs Millions (1921), and, The Woman in Chains (1923).
With the advent of talkies, she made several more films over the next twenty or so years, such as The Girl Habit (1931), No More Ladies (1935), My Favourite Wife (1940), The Thin Man Goes Home (1944), Spellbound (1945), the thriller produced by Alfred Hitchcock, and starring Gregory Peck and Ingrid Bergman, and Something to Live For (1952).
Acker, Kathy â (1944 â 1997)
American novelist and performance artist
Kathy Acker was born in New York and was heavily influenced by the work of writer William Burroughs.Having published her own early books and been employed as a stripper, she also devoted herself to body-building, tattooing, and piercing, conidering her own body a work of art. The author of many essays, stories and screenplays, her work was known for its abrasive tone, distinguishing violence and nihilistic cynicism.
Her work Blood and Guts in High school (1984) was banned in South Africa and Germany. Her other works included, Don Quixote (1986), Literal Madness (1987), My Mother: Demonology (1993), and, Pussy, King of the Pirates (1995). Acker also composed the opera libretto Birth of a Poet (1985), first performed at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. She left New York to reside in London (1984), but later returned to San Francisco in California, where her last years were spent battling breast cancer. Kathy Acker died in Tijuana, Mexico where she had been receiving medical treatment.
Ackermann, Louise Victorine â (1813 â 1890)
French poet
Born Louise Choquet in Paris and educated by her father in the philosophy of the encyclopaedists. She travelled to Prussia to study German at Berlin (1838) and there she married (1843) Paul Ackermann, the noted philologist. Widowed within two years (1845) she removes to reside at Nice in France, and wrote Contes en vers (1855), followed by, Contes et poesies (1862). Ackermann is best remebered for her powerful collection of verse Poesies, premieres poesies, poesies philosophiques (1874) which was penned in response to her horror at the human suffering existent in the world. Soon after the publication of this work she removed to Paris where she established her own salon and produced the prose work Pensees dâune solitaire (1883). Louise Ackermann died (Aug 2, 1890) at Nice.
Ackland, Essie Adele â (1896 â 1975)
Australian vocalist
Essie Ackland was born in Woollahra, Sydney, the granddaughter of tenor Harry Ackland. She studied music at the New South Wales Conservatory of Music under Roland Foster, receiving further tuition from Emily Marks and Joseph Bradley. With the encouragement of composer, HenriVerbrugghen and soprano Dame Clara Butt, she was picked to accompany the Belgian cellist Jean Gherardy on his tour of Australasia (1923), and performed to universal acclaim.
After further study in Italy, she married the baritone Reginald Joseph Morphew (1925). A friend and admirer of Ada Crossley, Ackland became a successful oratorio and concert vocalist, both live and on radio, but was best remembered as a singer of ballads, which made her a household name. During World War II, Ackland performed in more than thirteen hundred concerts for the troops and civilian population throughout Britain, including hospitals and air-raid shelters, and entertained Australian troops at her home in Edgeware, London. Returning to Australia with her husband (1947), Ackland retired two years later (1949). Essie Ackland died (Feb 14, 1975) aged seventy-nine, at Gosford.
Ackland, Valentine â (1906 â 1968)
British poet and short story writer
Valentine Ackland was a friend to Nancy Cunard, and later the lover of the novelist and poet Sylvia Townsend Warner (1893 â 1978), the two women originally brought together by their personal commitment to the resistance of European fascism. Ackland and Warner reamined together for the rest of Valentineâs life, and they lived together in Dorset, jointly publishing a collection of their poetry Whether a Dove or Seagull (1934). Her own collections of poetic works, The Nature of the Moment (1973) and Further Poems (1978) were published posthumously.
Ackman, Amy Vera â (1886 â 1966)
Australian nun and founder
Amy Ackman was born in Randwick in Sydney, New South Wales, the daughter of a Jewish businessman. Though educated in a Catholic convent her mother would not allow her to receive Catholic catechism. She was prevented from following her religious vocation until her motherâs death. Having trained and practised as an optometrist in Melbourne, she joined the Sisters of Charity (1914) taking the religious name of Sister Mary Giovanni. She then trained as a nurse at St Vincentâs Hospital in Darlinghurst, Sydney.
Appointed nursing administrator at Bathurst and Lismore in New South Wales, she then removed to Brisbane in Queensland (1953) where she founded and organized the Mt Olivet hospice for the inurably ill (1957). Mother Giovanni spent a further three years in Bundi, New Guinea (1963 â 1966) where her order were administrators of a local school, and responsible for the care of over three hundred children, but increasing ill-health facilitated her return to Mt Olivet. Mother Ackmann died (Aug 23, 1966) at Mt Olivet.
Ackroyd, Joyce Irene â (1918 â 1991)
Australian academic
Joyce Ackrody was born in Newcastle, New South Wales. She graduated from the universities of Sydney, and Cambridge in England. She became a researcher and lecturer at the Australian National University (ANU) (1925 â 1962) before being appointed associate professor of Japanese language and literature at the University of Queensland, a post she held for almost two decades (1965 â 1983). She was awarded the Japanese Order of the Precious Crown (1983) in recognition of her work in promoting the Japanese culture and literature in Australia. Joyce Ackroyd died (Aug 30, 1991) aged seventy-two.
Ackte, Aino â (1876 â 1944)
Finnish soprano
Aino Ackte was born (April 23, 1876) in Helsinki, the daughter of the noted tenor and sonductor, Lorenz Ackte (1838 â 1900), and of the soprano Emmy Achte (nee Stroer). She received her vocal training in Paris. She made her stage debut as Margeurite in Faust at the Paris Grand Opera (1897). Ackte became the principal soprano at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, USA (1904 â 1906) she then sang at Covent Garden on London (1907 â 1910).
There she achieved her greatest public acclaim in the title role of Richard Straussâs opera Salome (1910), and performed that role in Germany, Dresden in Saxony, and in Paris at Straussâs explicit request. Aino founded the annual Finnish Opera festival held at Savonlinna (1911) and was later appointed general manager of the Finnish National Opera. Ackte published two volumes of memoirs, Muistojeni kirja (The Book of My Recollections) (1925), and, Taiteeni taipaleelta (My Life as an Artist) (1935). Aino Ackte died (Aug 8, 1944) aged sixty-eight, at Nummela, Helsinki.
Acland, Harriet Fox-Strangways, Lady â (1750 â 1815)
British traveller and heroine
Born Lady Christian Henrietta Caroline Fox-Strangways, she was the daughter of Stephen, first Earl of Ilchester, and his wife Elizabeth Strangways. Lady Harriet was married (1770) to John Dyke Acland (1746 â 1778) to whom she bore two children. Lady Harriet accompanied her husband to Canada in 1776 when he was ordered there with his regiment, and she wrote a narrative of the sufferrings of the campaign, which was printed both in England and America.
Lady Harriet hastened to her husbandâs side when her was injured at the first battle of Ticonderoga, but when he was captured after the second battle of Ticonderoga (Oct 7, 1777) Lady Harriet gained a letter of protection from General Burgoyne and travelled through enemy lines in order to reach him, nearly being fired upon by the Americans as she sat in an open boat on the Hudson river. The couple returned to England, and John died at Pixton Park, near Dulverton (Nov, 1778).
Gossip that Lady Harriet then became insane and remarried has no factual basis. She survived her husband nearly forty years, and died at Tetton, near Taunton, being interred at Broad Clyst. Her daughter Elizabeth Kitty Acland (1772 â 1813) became the wife of Henry George Herbert, Lord Carnarvon, and brought the Acland property near Dulverton and Taunton to that family.
Acland, Sarah Angelina â (1849 â 1930)
British photographer
Sarah Acland was born (June 26, 1849) at Oxford, the only daughter of Sir Henry Wentworth Acland (1815 â 1900), first Baronet, of Oxford, and his wife Sarah, the daughter of William Cotton, of Walwood, near Leystone, Essex, a civil law specialist. She remained unmarried. Acland was a fellow of the Royal Photographic Society, where she held exhibitions of her work, the Royal Society of the Arts, and the Meterological Society.Â
Four of her own photograph albums, together with four of her fatherâs, are preserved in the Bodleian Library at Oxford University. Her own portrait photograph (1893) of the art critic and writer, John Ruskin (1819 â 1900), is preserved in the National Portrait Gallery. Sarah Acland died (Dec 2, 1930) aged eighty-one.
Acme â (c40 â 4 BC)Â
Roman Imperial slave and court intriguer
Acme was involved in a conspiracy with Antipater, the eldest son of Herod the Great. Of Jewish birth, she had been a servant to Livia, the wife of Augustus, and kept her former mistress informed of developments in Herodâs household. Acme allied herself with Antipater after he bribed her, and agreed to assist him in plotting against his father, and his aunt, Princess Salome. Acme wrote letters in her own name, an
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8 Gertrude of hohenberg Images: PICRYL
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Download Images of - Free for commercial use, no attribution required. From: Grabkrone der Königin Anna KGM, to Gertrude of Hohenberg - public domain postal stamp scan. Find images dated from 1000 to 2016.
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/favicon.ico
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PICRYL - Public Domain Media Search Engine
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https://jenikirbyhistory.getarchive.net/topics/gertrude%2Bof%2Bhohenberg
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Gertrud Anna Habsburg Basel Muenster pano
Deutsch: Königin Gertrud Anna, Gemahlin Rudolfs v. Habsburg, geb. Gräfin v. Hohenberg. (1281 gestorben). Graf Karl v. Habsburg, deren Söhnlein (1276 gestorben). English: Panoramic view of Queen Gertrude of Ho ... More
Gertrude-of-Hohenberg - A black and white drawing of a statue
Gertrude of Hohenberg Public domain photograph decorative panel, decor, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description Public domain photograph of sculpture relief, decorative panel, free t ... More
Anna (Gertrud) of Hohenburg
Anna (Gertrud) of Hohenburg, 1st wife of Rudolph I Public domain photograph of French painting, 15th-16th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Photo of Posse Band 1 b 0076 - Public domain dedication
Public domain photograph of 3d object, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl Description.
Gertruda Hohenberg - A black and white photo of a stone with a man on ...
Gertrude of Hohenberg Čeština: Gertruda z Hohenbergu Public domain photograph of 13th-14th-century medieval seal, object, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
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Albert I of Germany facts for kids
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Learn Albert I of Germany facts for kids
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https://kids.kiddle.co/Albert_I_of_Germany
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Albert I of Habsburg (German: Albrecht I.) (July 1255 – 1 May 1308) was a Duke of Austria and Styria from 1282 and King of Germany from 1298 until his assassination. He was the eldest son of King Rudolf I of Germany and his first wife Gertrude of Hohenberg. Sometimes referred to as 'Albert the One-eyed' because of a battle injury that left him with a hollow eye socket and a permanent snarl.
Biography
From 1273 Albert ruled as a landgrave over his father's Swabian (Further Austrian) possessions in Alsace. In 1282 his father, the first German monarch from the House of Habsburg, invested him and his younger brother Rudolf II with the duchies of Austria and Styria, which he had seized from late King Ottokar II of Bohemia and defended in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld. By the 1283 Treaty of Rheinfelden his father entrusted Albert with their sole government, while Rudolf II ought to be compensated by the Further Austrian Habsburg home territories – which, however, never happened until his death in 1290. Albert and his Swabian ministeriales appear to have ruled the Austrian and Styrian duchies with conspicuous success, overcoming the resistance by local nobles.
King Rudolf I was unable to secure the succession to the German throne for his son, especially due to the objections raised by Ottokar's son King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, and the plans to install Albert as successor of the assassinated King Ladislaus IV of Hungary in 1290 also failed. Upon Rudolf's death in 1291, the Prince-electors, fearing Albert's power and the implementation of a hereditary monarchy, chose Count Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg as King of the Romans. An uprising among his Styrian dependents compelled Albert to recognize the sovereignty of his rival and to confine himself for a time to the government of the Habsburg lands at Vienna.
He did not abandon his hopes of the throne, however, which were eventually realised: In 1298, he was chosen German king by some of the princes, who were bothered about Adolf's attempts to gain his own power bases in the lands of Thuringia and Meissen, again led by the Bohemian king Wenceslaus II. The armies of the rival kings met at the Battle of Göllheim near Worms, where Adolf was defeated and slain. Submitting to a new election but securing the support of several influential princes by making extensive promises, he was chosen at the Imperial City of Frankfurt on 27 July 1298, and crowned at Aachen Cathedral on 24 August.
Although a hard, stern man, Albert had a keen sense of justice when his own interests were not involved, and few of the German kings possessed so practical an intelligence. He encouraged the cities, and not content with issuing proclamations against private war, formed alliances with the princes in order to enforce his decrees. The serfs, whose wrongs seldom attracted notice in an age indifferent to the claims of common humanity, found a friend in this severe monarch, and he protected even the despised and persecuted Jews. Stories of his cruelty and oppression in the Swiss cantons (cf. William Tell) did not appear until the 16th century, and are now regarded as legendary.
Albert sought to play an important part in European affairs. He seemed at first inclined to press a quarrel with the Kingdom of France over the Burgundian frontier, but the refusal of Pope Boniface VIII to recognize his election led him to change his policy, and, in 1299, he made a treaty with King Philip IV, by which his son Rudolph was to marry Blanche, a daughter of the French king. He afterwards became estranged from Philip, but in 1303, Boniface recognized him as German king and future emperor; in return, Albert recognized the authority of the pope alone to bestow the Imperial crown, and promised that none of his sons should be elected German king without papal consent.
Albert had failed in his attempt to seize the counties of Holland and Zeeland, as vacant fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire, on the death of Count John I in 1299, but in 1306 he secured the crown of Bohemia for his son Rudolph III on the death of King Wenceslaus III. He also renewed the claim made by his predecessor, Adolf, on Thuringia, and interfered in a quarrel over the succession to the Hungarian throne. The Thuringian attack ended in Albert's defeat at the Battle of Lucka in 1307 and, in the same year, the death of his son Rudolph weakened his position in eastern Europe. His action in abolishing all tolls established on the Rhine since 1250 led the Rhenish prince-archbishops and the Elector of the Palatinate to form a league against him. Aided by the Imperial cities, however, he soon crushed the rising.
He was on the way to suppress a revolt in Swabia when he was murdered on 1 May 1308, at Windisch on the Reuss, by his nephew Duke John, afterwards called "the Parricide" or "John Parricida".
Titles
Albert, by the grace of God, King of the Romans, Duke of Austria and Styria, Lord of Carniola, over the Wendish Mark and of Port Naon, Count of Habsburg and Kyburg, Landgrave of Alsace
Marriage and children
In 1274, Albert had married Elizabeth, daughter of Count Meinhard II of Tyrol, who was a descendant of the Babenberg margraves of Austria who predated the Habsburgs' rule. The baptismal name Leopold, patron saint margrave of Austria, was given to one of their sons. Queen Elizabeth was in fact better connected to mighty German rulers than her husband: she was a descendant of earlier German kings, including Emperor Henry IV; she was also a niece of the Wittelsbach dukes of Bavaria, Austria's important neighbor.
Albert and Elizabeth had twelve children:
Anna (1275, Vienna – 19 March 1327, Breslau), married:
in Graz c. 1295 to Herman, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel;
in Breslau 1310 to Henry VI the Good, Duke of Wrocław.
Agnes (18 May 1281 – 10 June 1364, Königsfelden), married in Vienna 13 February 1296 King Andrew III of Hungary.
Rudolph III (c. 1282 – 4 July 1307, Horažďovice) married but line extinct and predeceased his father.
Elizabeth (1285 – 19 May 1353), married 1304 Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine.
Frederick I (1289 – 13 January 1330, Gutenstein) married but line extinct.
Leopold I (4 August 1290 – 28 February 1326, Strassburg) married, had issue.
Catherine (1295 – 18 January 1323, Naples), married Charles, Duke of Calabria in 1316.
Albert II (12 December 1298, Vienna – 20 July 1358, Vienna).
Henry the Gentle (1299 – 3 February 1327, Bruck an der Mur) married but line extinct.
Meinhard (1300 – 1301), died in infancy.
Otto (23 July 1301, Vienna – 26 February 1339, Vienna) married but line extinct.
Jutta (1302 – 5 March 1329), married Ludwig V, Count of Öttingen in Baden, 26 March 1319.
Sources
Citations:
Albert I of Germany
Born: 1255 Died: 1308 Regnal titles Preceded by
Rudolph IV Count of Habsburg
1291–1308
with Rudolph VI (1298–1307) Succeeded by
Leopold I Preceded by
Adolf King of Germany
1298–1308 Succeeded by
Henry VII Margrave of Meissen
1298–1307
with Theodoric II (1291–1307)
Frederick I (1291–1323) Succeeded by
Frederick II Preceded by
Rudolph I Duke of Austria and Styria
1282–1308
with Rudolph II (1282–83)
Rudolph III (1298–1307) Succeeded by
Frederick the Fair
See also
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Rudolf I
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(1218–91). Rudolf I, also known as Rudolf of Hapsburg, was the first German king of the Hapsburg (or Habsburg) dynasty. Rudolf was born on May 1, 1218, in Limburg-im-Breisgau…
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Britannica Kids
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https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Rudolf-I/335085
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(1218–91). Rudolf I, also known as Rudolf of Hapsburg, was the first German king of the Hapsburg (or Habsburg) dynasty.
Rudolf was born on May 1, 1218, in Limburg-im-Breisgau (Germany). A son of a count, he inherited lands in Alsace, the Aargau, and Breisgau and later considerably extended his territory, in part through his first marriage (about 1245) to Gertrude of Zollern-Hohenberg-Haigerloch. In 1254 he assisted the Knights of the Teutonic Order by participating in a Crusade in Prussia.
Rudolf’s election as German king at Frankfurt was hastened by the desire of the electors to exclude an increasingly powerful rival candidate of non-German birth, Otakar II of Bohemia. Crowned king in 1273, Rudolf was recognized by Pope Gregory X only after promising to renounce imperial rights in Rome, the papal territories, and Italy. Rudolf twice defeated his rival Otakar II—in 1276 and 1278—and gained lands in Austria, which he granted to his sons.
Rudolf combated the expansionist policy of France on his western frontier by marrying (his first wife having died in 1281) Isabella, daughter of Hugh IV, duke of Burgundy, and by compelling Otto IV, count palatine of Franche-Comté, to pay homage (1289). French influence at the papal court, however, prevented Rudolf from being crowned Holy Roman emperor by the pope.
Although he created the territorial core of later Hapsburg power, Rudolf was unable to make the German throne a hereditary possession of his family, because the German electors would not raise his elder son to the kingship. Rudolf died in the German city of Speyer on July 15, 1291.
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King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia (1271
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Royalty. King of Bohemia and Poland. He was the only surviving son of Přemysl Ottokar II and Kunigunde von Halicz. ∼Wenceslaus II was King of Bohemia, Duke of Cracow and King of Poland. He was the only son of King Ottokar II of Bohemia and Ottokar's second wife Kunigunda. He was born in 1271, ten years after the...
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https://de.findagrave.com/memorial/96242691/wenceslaus_ii-of_bohemia
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Gertrud von Hohenberg
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Genealogy for Herzogin Gertrud Anna Gertrude von Hohenberg, Queen Consort of Germany (1238 - 1281) family tree on Geni, with over 260 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives.
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https://www.geni.com/people/Gertrud-von-Hohenberg/6000000003827355907
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Gertrud von Hohenberg - Wikipedia:
https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/LZL6-TXG
aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie
Wechseln zu: Navigation, Suche
Skulptur Annas von Habsburg im Basler Münster
Gertrud von Hohenberg (* um 1225; † 16. Februar 1281) war als Gemahlin Rudolfs von Habsburg ab 1253 Gräfin von Habsburg, Kyburg und Löwenstein und ab 1273 als Anna von Habsburg römisch-deutsche Königin.
Anna von Habsburg gilt als Stammmutter der Dynastie der Habsburger in Österreich.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
[Anzeigen]
* 1 Leben
* 2 Ehe und Nachkommen
* 3 Grabstätte
* 4 Literatur
* 5 Weblinks
* 6 Siehe auch
Leben [Bearbeiten]
Gertrud von Hohenberg war die älteste Tochter des Grafen Burkhard V. von Hohenberg und dessen Ehefrau Pfalzgräfin Mechthild von Tübingen, Tochter von Pfalzgraf Rudolf II. von Tübingen.
Ehe und Nachkommen [Bearbeiten]
Gertrud heiratete um 1253 im Elsass Graf Rudolf von Habsburg, Sohn des Grafen Albrecht IV. von Habsburg und dessen Gemahlin Gräfin Heilwig von Kyburg.
Zwanzig Jahre lang war Gertrud von Hohenberg eine brave Burggräfin und hielt das Hauswesen zusammen. Am 1. Oktober 1273 wählten die Kurfürsten ihren Mann, den Grafen Rudolf IV. von Habsburg, in Frankfurt am Main einstimmig zum deutschen König. Nach der Krönung in Aachen nannte sie sich Königin Anna.
Aus dieser Ehe gingen vierzehn Kinder hervor (sechs Söhne, acht Töchter), unter anderem:
* Mathilde (1253–1304) ∞ 1273 in Heidelberg mit Ludwig II., dem Strengen, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein und Herzog in Bayern
* Albrecht I. (1255–1308) ∞ 1276 in Wien mit Elisabeth von Kärnten, Görz und Tirol
* Katharina (1256–1282) ∞ 1279 in Wien mit Otto III., Herzog von Niederbayern
* Agnes Gertrud (1257–1322) ∞ 1273 in Wittenberg mit Albrecht II. von Anhalt, Herzog von Sachsen-Wittenberg
* Hedwig (1259–1303) ∞ 1279 in Lehnin mit Otto IV., Markgraf von Brandenburg
* Klementia (1262–1293) ∞ 1281 in Neapel mit Karl Martell, Titularkönig von Ungarn. Sohn von Karl II. von Neapel aus dem Haus Anjou.
* Hartmann (1263–1281 ertrunken) verlobt mit Prinzessin Johanna, Tochter König Eduard I. von England
* Rudolf II. (1270–1290) ∞ 1289 in Prag mit Agnes von Böhmen, Tochter König Ottokar II. Přemysl
* Guta (Jutta) (1271–1297) ∞ 1285 in Prag mit Wenzel II., König von Böhmen
* Karl (*/† 1276)
Grabstätte [Bearbeiten]
Im Chorgang des Basler Münsters befindet sich ihr Sarkophag und der ihres jüngsten Sohns Karl. Ihre Gebeine wurden 1770 ins Kloster St. Blasien verlegt; heute ruhen sie im Stift St. Paul im Lavanttal in Kärnten.
Grabmal im Basler Münster
Heutige Grabstätte in St. Paul
Literatur [Bearbeiten]
* Richard Reifenscheid: Die Habsburger.
* Hellmut Andics: Die Frauen der Habsburger.
* Constantin von Wurzbach: Anna, nach Anderen Gertrude von Hohenberg. Nr. 18. In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich. Bd 6. Verlag L. C. Zamarski, Wien 1856–1891, S. 149 (auf Wikisource).
Weblinks [Bearbeiten]
Commons Commons: Gertrud von Hohenberg – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
Siehe auch [Bearbeiten]
* Liste der Ehefrauen der römisch-deutschen Herrscher
* Stammliste der Habsburger
Normdaten: Personennamendatei (PND): 123579783
Gertrude of Hohenburg
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Gertrude of Hohenberg)
Gertrude of Hohenburg (c. 1225 – 16 February 1281, Vienna) was the first Queen consort of Rudolph I of Germany.
[edit]Family
She was born to Burchard V, Count of Hohenberg (d. 1253) and his wife Mechtild of Tübingen.
Her paternal grandparents were Burchard IV, Count of Hohenberg and his unnamed wife. Her maternal grandparents were Rudolph II, Count palatine and his wife, a daughter of Henry, Margrave of Ronsberg and Udilhild of Gammertingen.
Burchard IV was a son of Burchard III, Count of Hohenberg.
Burchard III was one of two sons of Burchard II, Count of Hohenberg. He was co-ruler with his brother Frederick, Count of Hohenberg. His brother had no known descendants and the two brothers consequently had a single successor.
Burchard II was one of five known sons of Frederick I, Count of Zollern and his wife Udachild of Urach.
Frederich I was the son of Burchard I, Count of Zollern. He was the founder of the so-called Burchardinger family line, male-line ancestors of the House of Hohenzollern.
[edit]Marriage and children
In 1245, Gertrude married Rudolph IV, Count of Habsburg. They had nine children:
Albert I of Germany (July 1255 – 1 May 1308), Duke of Austria and also of Styria.
Hartmann (1263, Rheinfelden–21 December 1281), drowned in Rheinau.
Rudolph II, Duke of Austria and Styria (1270–10 May 1290, Prague), titular Duke of Swabia, father of John the Patricide of Austria.
Matilda (ca. 1251/53, Rheinfelden–23 December 1304, Munich), married 1273 in Aachen to Louis II, Duke of Bavaria and became mother of Rudolf I, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
Katharina (1256–4 April 1282, Landshut), married 1279 in Vienna to Otto III, Duke of Bavaria who later (after her death) became the disputed King Bela V of Hungary and left no surviving issue.
Agnes (ca. 1257–11 October 1322, Wittenberg), married 1273 to Albert II, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg and became the mother of Rudolf I, Elector of Saxony.
Hedwig (d. 1285/86), married 1270 in Vienna to Otto VI, Margrave of Brandenburg and left no issue.
Klementia (ca. 1262–after 7 February 1293), married 1281 in Vienna to Charles Martel of Anjou, the Papal claimant to the throne of Hungary and mother of king Charles I of Hungary, as well as of queen Clementia of France, herself the mother of the baby king John I of France.
Guta (13 March 1271–18 June 1297, Prague), married 24 January 1285 to King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and became the mother of king Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, of queen Anna I of Bohemia, duchess of Carinthia, and of queen Elisabeth I of Bohemia, countess of Luxembourg.
Her husband was elected King of Germany in Frankfurt on 29 September 1273, largely due to the efforts of her cousin Frederick III, Burgrave of Nuremberg. Rudolph was crowned in Aachen on 24 October 1273. She served as his Queen consort for the following eight years.
She died early in 1281. Rudolph remained a widower for three years and proceeded to marry Isabelle of Burgundy.
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Judith of Habsburg was the youngest daughter of Rudolph I of Germany and his wife Gertrude of Hohenburg.
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Career
The formal marriage (engagement) was in 1279 in Jihlava, the second marriage took place in early 1285 in Cheb, and the bride was given a dowry "from the Duchy of Austria, Moravian border to the border of Danube". The wedding in Cheb was followed by a "festive" wedding night, but soon after, Rudolph took Judith back to Germany, since she was still of a young age. Wenceslaus" coronation had to be canceled because Judith was not present.
Judith helped bring Zavish to trial and he was eventually executed in 1290, five years after the death of Queen Kunigunda.
She also brought German influences to the Prague court, like the introduction of knights at court. She made Prague a cultural centre
They were crowned King and Queen of Bohemia in 1297.
She died weeks later. According to the family chronicles, Judith was described as beautiful, noble and virtuous.
She supported her husband"s claim on Poland.
Judith died 21 May 1297 in Prague, aged only twenty six. She was having constant pregnancies over the twelve years of marriage, almost one child per year. Wenceslaus and Judith had ten children:
Přemysl Otakar ( 6 May 1288 – 19 November 1288).
Wenceslaus III ( 6 October 1289 – 4 August 1306).
King of Bohemia, King of Hungary and King of Poland. Agnes ( 6 October 1289 - after 1292 before 1306), twin of Wenceslaus, betrothed to Rupert, son of Adolf, King of Germany but died young.
Anna ( 10 October 1290 – 3 September 1313), married in 1306 to Henry of Carinthia. Elisabeth ( 20 January 1292 – 28 September 1330), married in 1310 to John I of Bohemia
Judith ( 3 March 1293 – 3 August 1294).
John ( 26 February 1294 – 1 March 1295).
John ( 21 February 1295 – 6 December 1296). Margareta ( 21 February 1296 – 8 April 1322), married to Bolesław III the Generous, Duke of Wrocław. Judith (born and died 21 May 1297).
Of the ten children only four lived to adulthood.
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BURIAL PLACES OF GERMAN KINGS FROM A TO Z
AACHEN (GERMANY)
BURIED IN AACHEN CATHEDRAL (Aachener Dom, Domhof):
King and Emperor OTTO III (+1002)
His viscera were buried in the Church of St Ulric and St Afra in Augsburg
ALTÃTTING (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF ST PHILIP AND JACOB (Altötting, Wallfahrtskirche Sankt Philipp und Jakob, Tillyplatz/Kapellplatz):
King CARLOMAN OF BAVARIA (+880)
ANDLAU (FRANCE)
BURIED IN THE PARISH CHURCH OF SAINTS PETER AND PAUL (Andlau, L'église paroissiale Saint Pierre-et-Paul, Rue Deharbe):
Queen and Empress RICHARDIS (+c. 894/896), consort of Emperor Charles III the Fat
ANDRIA (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF ANDRIA
(Andria, Duomo di Santa Maria Assunta, Piazza Duomo):
01. Queen and Empress ISABELLA OF JERUSALEM (Yolande of Brienne;+1228), consort of Emperor Frederick II
02. Queen and Empress ISABELLA OF ENGLAND (+1241), consort of Emperor Frederick II
BAMBERG (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF BAMBERG
(Bamberger Dom, Domplatz):
01. King and Emperor HENRY II (+1024)
02. Queen and Empress KUNIGUNDE OF LUXEMBOURG (+1033), consort of Emperor Henry II
03. King CONRAD III (+1152)
BRATISLAVA (SLOVAKIA)
BURIED IN ST MARTIN’S CATHEDRAL
(Bratislava, Dóm sv. Martina, Rudnayovo námeste):
Queen SOPHIA OF BAVARIA (+1425), consort of King Wenceslaus.
The tomb has not been preserved.
BRNO (CZECH REPUBLIC)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF ST THOMAS
(Brno, kostel sv. TomaÅ¡e, Moravské námÄsti):
King JOBST OF MORAVIA (+1411)
BRUNSWICK (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF ST BLASIUS
(Braunschweig, Dom St. Blasii, Domplatz):
01. King and Emperor OTTO IV (+1218)
02. Queen and Empress BEATRICE OF SWABIA (+1212), consort of Emperor Otto IV.
The tomb has not been preserved.
COLOGNE (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE BENEDICTINE ABBEY OF ST PANTALEON
(Köln, Benediktinerabtei St. Pantaleon, Am Pantaleonsberg):
Queen and Empress THEOPHANO OF BYZANTIUM (+991), consort of Emperor Otto II
COSENZA (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF COSENZA
(Cosenza, Cattedrale dell'Assunta, Piazza Duomo):
King HENRY HOHENSTAUF (+1242)
EBRACH (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CISTERCIAN ABBEY CHURCH
(Ebrach, Zisterzienserabteikirche, Marktplatz):
Queen GERTRUDE OF SULZBACH (+1146), wife of King Conrad III
FULDA (GERMANY)
BURIED IN FULDA ABBEY (Fulda Abtei, Domplatz):
King CONRAD I (+918).
The Abbey had been demolished and replaced by the Cathedral of Fulda and the tomb was lost. There is an epitaph only.
GENOA (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF SAN FRANCESCO DI CASTELLETTO (Genova, Chiesa di San Francesco di Castelletto):
Queen MARGARET OF BRABANT (+1311), consort of Emperor Henry VII.
The church and the tomb, by Giovanni Pisano, were demolished in 1798.
GRAZ (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE IMPERIAL MAUSOLEUM
(Graz, Kaiserliches Mausoleum, Bürgergasse):
King and Emperor FERDINAND II (+1637).
His heart was buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
HAILES ABBEY (ENGLAND)
BURIED IN HAILES ABBEY:
01. King RICHARD OF CORNWALL (+1272).
His heart was buried in the Church of the Franciscan Friars Minor in Oxford.
02. Queen SANCHIA OF PROVENCE (+1261), consort of King Richard of Cornwall.
The abbey and the tombs were demolished in c. 1540 and only some ruins have remained.
HEIDELBERG (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY SPIRIT
(Heidelberg, Heilig Geist Kirche, Hauptstr.):
01. King RUPERT (+1410)
02. Queen ELIZABETH OF NUREMBERG (+1411), consort of King Rupert
INNSBRUCK (AUSTRIA)
THE COURT CHURCH (Innsbruck, Hofkirche, Universitätsstr.):
Cenotaph to King and Emperor MAXIMILIAN I (+1519).
Maximilian I was, however, not buried there, but in St George's Chapel in Wiener Neustadt.
KYIV (UKRAINE)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF THE CAVES
(Kyiv, Pecherska Lavra, vul. Sichnevogo Povstannya):
Queen and Empress ADELAIDE PRAXEDIS OF KIEV (+1109), consort of Emperor Henry IV
KÃNIGSLUTTER (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE BENEDICTINE ABBEY
(Königslutter, Kaiserdom, Abt-Fabricius-Weg):
01. King and Emperor LOTHAIR III (+1137)
02. Queen and Empress RICHENZA OF NORTHEIM (+1141), consort of Emperor Lothair III
LILIENFELD (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE CISTERCIAN ABBEY (Stift Lilienfeld, Klosterrotte):
Queen MARGARET OF BABENBERG (+1266), consort of King Henry Hohenstauf
LORCH (GERMANY)
BURIED IN LORCH ABBEY (Kloster Lorch, Klosterstr.):
Queen IRENE OF BYZANTIUM (+1208), consort of King Philip of Swabia
LORSCH (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE BENEDICTINE ABBEY
(Lorsch, Benediktinische Kloster, Nibelungenstr.):
01. King LOUIS I THE GERMAN (+876)
02. King LOUIS II THE YOUNGER(+882)
03. Queen KUNIGUNDE (+after 915), consort of King Conrad I
The abbey was demolished in the 17th century.
LOUVAIN/LEUVEN (BELGIUM)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF ST PETER
(Louvain/Leuven, Sint Pieterskerk, Margarethaplein):
Empress MARY OF BRABANT (+1260), consort of Emperor Otto IV
MADRID (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF DISCALCED FRANCISCANS (Madrid, Monasterio de las Descalzas Reales, calle de la Misericordia):
Queen and Empress MARY OF SPAIN (+1603), consort of Emperor Maximilian II
MAGDEBURG (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF ST MAURICE (Magdeburg, Dom St. Mauritius und St. Katharina, Domplatz):
01. King and Emperor OTTO I THE GREAT (+973)
02. Queen EDITH OF ENGLAND (+947), consort of Emperor Otto I the Great
MESSINA (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE BASILICA OF THE ASSUMPTION OF ST MARY (Messina, Basilica di Santa Maria Assunta, Piazza del Duomo):
King CONRAD IV (+1254).
The tomb was destroyed in the past.
MIDDELBURG (THE NETHERLANDS)
BURIED IN THE ABBEY CHURCH (Middelburg, Abdijkerken-Koorkerk, Groenmarkt/Koorkerkstraat):
01. King WILLIAM OF HOLLAND (+1256)
02. Queen ELIZABETH OF BRUNSWICK (+1266), consort of King William of Holland
MUNICH (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF OUR LADY
(München, Frauenkirche, Frauenplatz):
01. King and Emperor LOUIS IV THE BAVARIAN (+1347).
His heart was buried in the Abbey of Fürstenfeld in Fürstenfeldbruck.
02. Queen BEATRICE OF SILESIA-GÅOGÃW (+1322), consort of Emperor Louis IV the Bavarian
MUNICH (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE THEATINE CHURCH
(München, Theatinerkirche St. Kajetan, Theatinerstrasse):
01. King and Emperor CHARLES VII ALBERT (+1745).
His heart was buried in the Holy Chapel in Altötting.
02. Queen and Empress MARIA AMALIA OF AUSTRIA (+1756), consort of Emperor Charles VII Albert.
Her heart was buried in the Holy Chapel in Altötting.
NAGYVÃRAD/ORADEA (RUMANIA)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF VÃRAD FORTRESS:
King and Emperor SIGISMUND OF LUXEMBOURG (+1437).
The burial church of Várad Fortress and the royal tombs inside it were demolished by the Turks in the 17th c.
OXFORD (ENGLAND)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF THE FRANCISCAN FRIARS MINOR/GREYFRIARS:
Queen BEATRICE OF FALKENBURG (+1277), consort of King Richard of Cornwall.
The church was demolished in the past.
PALERMO (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL (Cattedrale di Palermo, Via dell'Incoronazione/Via Vittorio Emanuele):
01. King and Emperor HENRY VI (+1197)
02. Queen and Empress CONSTANCE (+1198), consort of Emperor Henry VI
03. King and Emperor FREDERICK II (+1250)
04. Queen CONSTANCE OF ARAGON (+1222), consort of Emperor Frederick II
PARIS (FRANCE)
BURIED IN THE AUGUSTINIAN CONVENT
(Paris, Couvent des Grands-Augustins):
Queen AGNES OF BURGUNDY (+1323), consort of King Rudolph I
The convent was demolished after 1789.
PISA (ITALY)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF PISA
(Pisa, Duomo, Piazza del Duomo):
King and Emperor HENRY VII (+1313)
PRAGUE (CZECH REPUBLIC)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF ST VITUS (Praha, chram sv. Vita):
01. King and Emperor CHARLES IV (+1378)
02. Queen BLANCHE OF VALOIS (+1348), consort of Emperor Charles IV
03. Queen ANNE OF THE PALATINATE (+1353), consort of Emperor Charles IV
04. Queen and Empress ANNE OF ÅWIDNICA (+1362), consort of Emperor Charles IV
05. Queen and Empress ELIZABETH OF POMERANIA (+1393), consort of Emperor Charles IV
06. King WENCESLAUS (+1419)
07. Queen JOANNA OF BAVARIA (+1386), consort of King Wenceslaus
08. Queen and Empress BARBARA OF CILLI (+1451), consort of Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg
09. King and Emperor FERDINAND I (+1564)
10. Queen ANNE JAGIELLONIAN OF BOHEMIA AND HUNGARY (+1547), consort of King (later Emperor) Ferdinand I
11. King and Emperor MAXIMILIAN II (+1576)
12. King and Emperor RUDOLPH II (+1612)
QUEDLINBURG (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF ST SERVATIUS
(Quedlinburg, Stiftskirche St. Servatius, Schlossberg):
01. King HENRY I THE FOWLER (+936)
02. Queen MATILDA (+968), consort of King Henry I the Fowler
REGENSBURG (GERMANY)
BURIED IN ST EMMERAM’S BASILICA
(Regensburg, St. Emmeram Basilika, Emmeramplatz):
01. Queen EMMA (+876), consort of King Louis I the German
02. King and Emperor ARNULF OF CARINTHIA (+899).
The tomb has not been preserved.
03. Queen and Empress ODA (+after 903), consort of Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia.
The tomb has not been preserved.
04. King LOUIS III THE CHILD (+911).
The tomb has not been preserved.
REICHENAU (GERMANY)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY CHURCH OF ST MARY AND MARK (Kloster Reichenau, Münster St. Maria und Markus, Burgstr.):
King and Emperor CHARLES THE FAT (+888)
ROME (THE VATICAN)
BURIED IN ST PETER'S BASILICA
(Roma, Basilica San Pietro, Piazza San Pietro):
01. King and Emperor OTTO II (+983)
02. Queen and Empress AGNES OF POITOU (+1077), consort of Emperor Henry III
ROUEN (FRANCE)
BURIED IN ROUEN CATHEDRAL
(Rouen, Cathédrale Notre-Dame, Rue Saint-Romain):
Queen and Empress MATILDA OF ENGLAND (+1167), consort of Emperor Henry V
SAN LORENZO DE EL ESCORIAL (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF SAN LORENZO (El Monasterio de El Escorial, Avenida Juan De Borbón Y Battemberg):
01. King and Emperor CHARLES V (+1558)
02. Queen and Empress ISABELLA OF PORTUGAL (+1539), consort of Emperor Charles V
SELTZ (FRANCE)
BURIED IN ST STEPHEN'S CHURCH
(Seltz, l'église Saint Ãtienne, Rue Principale):
Queen and Empress ADELAIDE OF BURGUNDY (+999), consort of Emperor Otto I.
The tomb has not been preserved. The relics of Empress Adelaide were mentioned for the last time in 1474.
SPEYER (GERMANY)
BURIED IN SPEYER CATHEDRAL (Speyer Dom, Domplatz):
01. King and Emperor CONRAD II (+1039).
His heart and viscera were buried in St Martin's Cathedral in Utrecht (Holland).
02. Queen and Empress GISELA OF SWABIA (+1043), consort of Emperor Conrad II
03. King and Emperor HENRY III (+1056).
His heart was firstly buried in the Church of Saints Simon and Judas in Goslar, later reburied with his viscera in St Ulric's Chapel in Goslar.
04. King and Emperor HENRY IV (+1106)
05. Queen and Empress BERTHA OF SAVOY (+1087), consort of Emperor Henry IV
06. King and Emperor HENRY V (+1125).
His heart and viscera were buried in St Martin's Cathedral in Utrecht (Holland).
07. Queen and Empress BEATRICE OF BURGUNDY (+1184), consort of Emperor Frederick I
08. King PHILIP OF SWABIA (+1208)
09. King RUDOLPH I (+1291)
10. King ADOLPHUS OF NASSAU (+1298)
11. King ALBERT I HABSBURG (+1308)
STAMS (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE CISTERCIAN ABBEY
(Stams, Zisterzienserstift, Stiftshof):
01. Queen ELIZABETH OF BAVARIA (+1273), consort of King Conrad IV
02. Queen and Empress BIANCA MARIA SFORZA (+1510), consort of Emperor Maximilian I
ST PAUL IM LAVANTTAL (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE BENEDICTINE ABBEY
(Benediktinerstift St. Paul im Lavanttal, Hauptstr.):
01. Queen GERTRUDE ANNE OF HOHENBERG (+1281), consort of King Rudolph I
02. Queen ELIZABETH OF CARINTHIA (+1313), consort of King Albert I Habsburg
SZÃKESFEHÃRVÃR (HUNGARY)
BURIED IN THE CORONATION BASILICA
(Székesfehérvár, Koronazó-bazilika, Koronazó tér):
01. King ALBERT II (+1439)
02. Queen ELIZABETH OF LUXEMBOURG (+1442), consort of King Albert II.
The basilica and the royal tombs were demolished by the Turks in 1601.
TYRE (LEBANON)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF TYRE:
King and Emperor FREDERICK I (+1190).
Only his bones were buried in Tyre Cathedral. His flesh was buried in the Cathedral of St Peter in Antioch (now Turkey). His heart and viscera were buried in the Cathedral of Tarsus (now Turkey).
The Cathedral of Tyre was demolished by the Mamluks following the capture of Tyre in 1291.
VALENCIENNES (FRANCE)
BURIED IN THE FRANCISCAN CONVENT
(Valenciennes, Couvent des Franciscains):
Queen and Empress MARGARET OF HAINAUT (+1356), consort of Emperor Louis IV the Bavarian.
The convent was demolished in the past.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE CAPUCHIN CHURCH
(Wien, Kapuzinerkirche, Neuer Markt):
01. King and Emperor MATTHEW (+1619).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
02. Queen and Empress ANNE OF TYROL (+1618), consort of Emperor Matthew.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
03. King and Emperor FERDINAND IV (+1654)
04. King and Emperor FERDINAND III (+1657)
05. Queen and Empress MARIA ANNA OF SPAIN (+1646), consort of Emperor Ferdinand III
06. Queen and Empress MARIA LEOPOLDINA OF TYROL (+1649), consort of Emperor Ferdinand III
07. Queen and Empress ELEANOR MAGDALEN OF MANTUA-NEVERS-GONZAGA (+1686), consort of Emperor Ferdinand III.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
08. King and Emperor LEOPOLD I (+1705).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
09. Queen and Empress MARGARET THERESA OF SPAIN (+1673), consort of Emperor Leopold I.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
10. Queen and Empress ELEANOR MAGDALEN OF THE PALATINATE-NEUBURG (+1720), consort of Emperor Leopold I
11. King and Emperor JOSEPH I (+1711).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
12. King and Emperor CHARLES VI (+1740).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
13. Queen and Empress ELIZABETH CHRISTINA OF BRUNSWICK-WOLFENBÃTTEL (+1750), consort of Emperor Charles VI.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
14. King and Emperor FRANCIS I STEPHEN (+1765).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
15. Queen and Empress MARIA THERESA (+1780), consort of Emperor Francis I Stephen.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
16. King and Emperor JOSEPH II (+1790)
17. Queen and Empress MARIA JOSEPHA OF BAVARIA (+1767), consort of Emperor Joseph II
18. King and Emperor LEOPOLD II (+1792).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
19. Queen and Empress MARIA LODOVICA OF SICILY (+1792), consort of Emperor Leopold II.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
20. King and Emperor FRANCIS I (+1835).
His heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
21. Queen and Empress MARIA THERESA OF NAPLES-SICILY (+1807), consort of Emperor Francis I.
Her heart was buried in the Augustinian Church in Vienna.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE DOMINICAN CHURCH
(Wien, Dominikanerkirche, Postgasse):
Queen and Empress CLAUDIA FELICITY OF TIROL (+1676), consort of Emperor Leopold I.
Her heart was buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE MINORITES CONVENT, CHURCH OF OUR LADY OF THE SNOW (Wien, Minoritenkloster, Kirche Maria Schnee, Minoritenplatz):
Queen ELIZABETH OF ARAGON (+1330), consort of King Frederick the Handsome.
The tomb has not been preserved.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE SALESIAN CONVENT
(Wien, Salesianerinnenkloster der Heimsuchung Maria, Rennweg):
Queen and Empress WILHELMINA AMALIA OF BRUNSWICK-LUNEBURG (+1742), consort of Emperor Joseph I.
Her heart was buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN ST STEPHEN’S CATHEDRAL
(Wien, Stephansdom-Herzogsgruft, Stephansplatz):
01. King FREDERICK THE HANDSOME (+1330)
His heart was buried in the Ascension Church in Linz.
02. King and Emperor FREDERICK III (+1493)
His heart and viscera were buried in the Ascension Church in Linz.
03. Queen and Empress ELEANOR OF MANTUA (+1655), consort of Emperor Ferdinand II
Her heart was buried in the Imperial Mausoleum in Graz.
WIENER NEUSTADT (AUSTRIA)
BURIED IN THE NEUKLOSTERKIRCHE
(Wiener Neustadt, Neuklostergasse):
Queen and Empress ELEANOR OF PORTUGAL (+1467), consort of Emperor Frederick III
LIST OF GERMAN KINGS 843-1806
CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY (Karolinger)
843-876: LOUIS I THE GERMAN (Ludwig I. der Deutsche)
Born in 804.
Father: Frankish King Louis I the Debonair. Mother: Queen Ermengarde.
Married in 827 EMMA of Altdorf (+876).
His issue who reigned:
-CARLOMAN OF BAVARIA (*829,+880),
-LOUIS II THE YOUNGER (*c. 830,+882),
-CHARLES III THE FAT (*839,+888).
Died in 876 at Frankfurt/Main.
Buried in the Abbey of Lorsch (demolished).
His Queen Emma was buried in St Emmeram's Basilica at Regensburg.
876-880: CARLOMAN OF BAVARIA (Karlmann von Bayern)
Born in 829.
Father: East Frankish King Louis I the German. Mother: Queen Emma.
Married a daughter of Bavarian duke Ernest.
His issue who reigned:
-ARNULF OF CARINTHIA (*c. 850,+899; illegitimate).
Died in 880 at Oettingen.
Buried in the Church of St St Philip and Jacob at Altötting.
876-882: LOUIS II THE YOUNGER (Ludwig II. der Jüngere)
Born in c. 830.
Father: East Frankish King Louis I the German. Mother: Queen Emma.
Married firstly an unknown woman.
Married secondly in 874 at Aschaffenburg LIUTGARD of Saxony (+885).
Died in 882 at Frankfurt/Main.
Buried in the Abbey of Lorsch (demolished).
876-887: CHARLES III THE FAT (Karl III. der Dicke; Roman Emperor from 881; West Frankish/French King)
Born in 839.
Father: East Frankish King Louis I the German. Mother: Queen Emma.
Married in 862 RICHARDIS (+c. 894/96 Andlau).
He and his consort Richardis were crowned emperor and empress in 881 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Deposed in 887.
Died in 888 at Neudingen.
Buried in the Monastery of Reichenau, Baden.
His consort Queen and Empress Richardis was buried in St St Peter and Paul's Church in Andlau, now France.
887-899: ARNULF OF CARINTHIA
(Arnulf von Kärnten; Roman Emperor from 896)
Born in c. 850.
Father: East Frankish King Carloman. Mother: Liutswind.
Married ODA of Bavaria (+after 903).
He was crowned emperor in 896 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-LOUIS III (*893,+911),
-Glismut (East Frankish Queen).
Died in 899 at Regensburg.
Buried with his Queen and Empress Oda in St Emmeram's Basilica in Regensburg (no tomb).
900-911: LOUIS III THE CHILD (Ludwig III. der Kind)
Born in 893 in Altötting, Bavaria.
Father: East Frankish King and Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia. Mother: Queen and Empress Oda of Bavaria.
Unmarried.
He was crowned in 900 in Forchheim.
Died in 911 in Frankfurt/Main.
Buried in St Emmeram's Basilica at Regensburg (no tomb).
CONRADINE DYNASTY (Konradiner)
911-918: CONRAD I (Konrad I.)
Born in 918 at Weilburg.
Father: Duke Conrad of the Franks. Mother: Princess Glismut.
Married in 913 KUNIGUNDE of Swabia.
Died in 918.
Buried in Fulda Abbey (no tomb, epitaph only).
His consort Queen Kunigunde was buried in Lorsch Abbey (demolished).
SAXON DYNASTY (Ludolfinger)
919-936: HENRY I THE FOWLER (Heinrich I.)
Born in c. 876.
Father: Duke Otto I of Saxony. Mother: Duchess Hedvig.
Married firstly in 906 Hatheburg. Repudiated in 909.
Married secondly in 909 MATILDA of Ringelheim (*c. 895,+968).
He was never crowned.
His issue who reigned:
-OTTO I (*912,+973; son of Matilda),
-Gerberga (+984; Queen of West Franks; daughter of Matilda).
Died in 936 at Memleben (now Saxony-Anhalt).
Buried with his Queen Matilda in the Church of St Servatius in Quedlinburg.
936-973: OTTO I THE GREAT
(Otto I. der Grosse; Roman Emperor from 962)
Born in 912.
Father: King Henry I of Germany. Mother: Queen St Matilda.
Married firstly in c. 930 Princess EDITH of England (*910/13,+946/47).
Married secondly in 951 ADELAIDE of Burgundy (+999).
He and his consort Edith of England were crowned king and queen in 936 in Aachen Cathedral.
He and his consort Adelaide of Burgundy were crowned emperor and empress in 962 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-OTTO II (*955,+983; son of Adelaide).
Died in 973 at Memleben.
Buried with his first consort Queen Edith of England in Magdeburg Cathedral.
His second consort Empress Adelaide was buried in Seltz Abbey (now France). In the 14th c. her remains were translated to St Stephen's Church in Seltz.
973-983: OTTO II (Roman Emperor from 967)
Born in 955.
Father: King and Emperor Otto I of Germany. Mother: Queen and Empress Adelaide of Burgundy.
Married in 972 Princess Theophano of Byzantium (+991).
He was crowned king in 961 in Aachen Cathedral.
He was crowned emperor in 967 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His consort Theophano was crowned empress in 972 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-OTTO III (*980,+1002).
Died in 983 in Rome.
Buried in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His consort Empress Theophano was buried in St Pantaleon's Abbey in Cologne.
983-1002: OTTO III (Roman Emperor from 996)
Born in 980 in Kessel, now the Netherlands.
Father: King and Emperor Otto II of Germany. Mother: Queen and Empress Theophano of Byzantium.
Unmarried.
He was crowned king in 983 in Aachen Cathedral.
He was crowned emperor in 996 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Died in 1002 in Paterno, Italy.
Buried in Aachen Cathedral.
1002-1024: HENRY II (Heinrich II.; Roman Emperor from 1014)
Born in 973 in Abbach.
Father: Duke Henry the Quarrelsome of Bavaria. Mother: Duchess Gisela of Burgundy.
Married Countess KUNIGUNDE of Luxembourg (*c. 975,+1033 Kaufungen).
He was crowned king in 1002 in Mainz Cathedral.
His consort Kunigunde was crowned queen in 1002 in Paderborn Cathedral.
He and his consort Kunigunde were crowned emperor and empress in 1014 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Died in 1024 at Bamberg.
Buried with his Empress and Queen Kunigunde in Bamberg Cathedral.
SALIAN DYNASTY (Salier)
1024-1039: CONRAD II (Konrad II.; Roman Emperor from 1027)
Born in c. 990.
Father: Count Henry of Speyer. Mother: Adele of Metz.
Married in 1016 GISELA of Swabia (*989,+1043 Goslar).
He was crowned king in 1024 in Mainz Cathedral.
He and his consort Gisela were crowned emperor and empress in 1027 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His consort Gisela was crowned in 1024 in Cologne Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-HENRY III (*1017,+1056),
-Matilda (+1034; Queen of France).
Died in 1039 in Utrecht.
Buried with his Empress and Queen Gisela in Speyer Cathedral.
1039-1056: HENRY III (Heinrich III.; Roman Emperor from 1046)
Born in 1017.
Father: Emperor and King Conrad II of Germany. Mother: Empress Gisela of Swabia.
Married firstly in 1036 at Nijmegen Princess Gunhild of Denmark-England (*1019,+1038).
Married secondly in 1043 AGNES of Poitou (*1024,+1077).
He was crowned king in 1028 in Aachen Cathedral.
His second consort Agnes of Poitou was crowned queen in 1043 in Mainz Cathedral.
He and his second consort Agnes were crowned emperor and empress in 1046 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-HENRY IV (*1050,+1106; son of Agnes),
-Judith (*1054,+after 1105; Queen of Hungary and Duchess of Poland; daughter of Agnes).
Died in 1056 at Bodfeld.
Buried in Speyer Cathedral.
His first consort Princess Gunhild of Denmark was buried in Limburg Abbey at Bad Dürkheim.
His second consort Empress Agnes was buried in St Peter's Basilica in Rome (no tomb).
1056-1106: HENRY IV (Heinrich IV.; Roman Emperor from 1084)
Born in 1050.
Father: Emperor and King Henry III of Germany. Mother: Empress Agnes of Poitou.
Married firstly in 1066 BERTHA of Savoy (c. 1051,+1087).
Married secondly in 1089 in Cologne Princes PRAXEDIS-ADELAIDE of Kiev (+1109).
He was crowned king in 1054 in Aachen Cathedral.
His first consort Bertha of Savoy was crowned queen in 1066 at Würzburg.
He and his first consort Bertha were crowned emperor and empress in 1084 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-Agnes (*1072/73,+1143; Margravine of Austria; daughter of Bertha),
-HENRY V (*1086,+1125; son of Bertha).
Died in 1106 at Liège.
Buried with his first consort Empress Bertha in Speyer Cathedral.
His second consort Empress Adelaide was buried in the Monastery of the Caves in Kyiv (no tomb).
1106-1125: HENRY V (Heinrich V.; Roman Emperor from 1111)
Born in 1086.
Father: Emperor and King Henry IV of Germany. Mother: Empress Bertha of Savoy.
Married in 1114 at Mainz Princess MATILDA of England (*1102 Winchester,+1167 Rouen).
He was crowned king in 1099 in Aachen Cathedral.
His consort Matilda of England was crowned queen twice in 1110 and 1114 at Mainz Cathedral.
He and his consort Matilda were crowned emperor and empress in 1117 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Died in 1125 at Utrecht.
Buried in Speyer Cathedral.
His Queen and Empress Matilda of England was buried firstly in Bec Abbey near Rouen, then reburied in Notre Dame of Rouen in 1847.
HOUSE OF SUPPLINBURG (Supplinburger)
1125-1137: LOTHAIR III (Lothar III.; Roman Emperor from 1133)
Born in 1075.
Father: Count Lothar of Supplinburg. Mother: Countess Hedwig von Frombach.
Married in 1100 RICHENZA of Northeim (*c. 1087/89,+1141).
He was crowned king in 1125 in Aachen Cathedral.
He and his consort Richenza were crowned emperor and empress in 1133 in the Basilica of St John Lateran in Rome.
Died in 1137 at Breitenwang, Tyrol.
Buried with his Queen and Empress Richenza at Königslutter Abbey.
HOUSE OF HOHENSTAUFEN (Staufer)
1138-1152: CONRAD III (Konrad III.)
Born in 1093 at Bamberg.
Father: Duke Frederick I of Swabia. Mother: Duchess Agnes von Waiblingen.
Married firstly in c. 1115 Gertrude of Komburg (+1130/31).
Married secondly in 1136 GERTRUDE of Sulzbach (+1146 Hersfeld).
He was crowned in 1138 in Aachen Cathedral.
Died in 1152 at Bamberg.
Buried the Cathedral of Bamberg.
His second consort Queen Gertrude of Sulzbach was buried in Ebrach Abbey.
1152-1190: FREDERICK I BARBAROSSA
(Friedrich I. Barbarossa; Roman Emperor from 1155)
Born in 1122 in Waiblingen or in Weingarten.
Father: Duke Frederick II of Swabia. Mother: Duchess Judith of Bavaria.
Married firstly in c. 1147 in Cheb, Bohemia ADELAIDE of Vohburg (*1122,+c. 1190 Weissenau Abbey). Marriage was annulled in 1153.
Married secondly in 1156 in Würzburg BEATRICE of Burgundy (*c. 1145,+1184 Jouhe near Dole, Burgundy).
He was crowned king in 1152 in Aachen Cathedral.
He was crowned emperor in 1155 (first time) in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
He and his Queen Beatrice were crowned emperor and empress of Germany in 1167 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-HENRY VI (*1165,+1197; son of Beatrice),
-PHILIP (*c. 1177,+1208; son of Beatrice).
Died in 1190 in the Saleph River (Göksu) in Cilicia (drowned).
Buried in the Cathedral of Tyre (now Lebanon; demolished).
His second consort Empress and Queen Beatrice of Burgundy was buried in the Cathedral of Speyer.
1190-1197: HENRY VI
(Heinrich VI.; Roman Emperor from 1191, King of Sicily)
Born in 1165 at Nijmegen.
Father: Emperor and King Frederick I Barbarossa of Germany. Mother: Queen Beatrice of Burgundy.
Married in 1186 in Milan the future Queen CONSTANCE of Sicily (*1154,+1198).
He was crowned king in 1169 in Aachen Cathedral.
He and his Queen Constance were crowned emperor and empress of Germany in 1191 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-FREDERICK II (*1194,+1250).
Died in 1197 at Messina.
Buried with his Empress and Queen Constance in Palermo Cathedral.
1198-1208: PHILIP OF SWABIA (Philipp von Schwaben)
Born in c. 1177.
Father: Emperor and King Frederick I Barbarossa of Germany. Mother: Queen Beatrice of Burgundy.
Married in 1197 Dowager Queen of Sicily, Princess IRENE of Byzantium (+1208 Hohenstaufen).
He was crowned twice: in 1198 in Mainz Cathedral and in 1205 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Beatrice (*1198,+1212; Empress and Queen of Germany),
-Kunigunde (*c. 1200,+1248; Queen of Bohemia),
-Elizabeth (*c. 1203,+1235; Queen of Castile).
Died in 1208 at Bamberg (murdered).
He was buried in the Cathedral of Speyer.
His Queen Irene was buried in the Abbey of Lorch.
HOUSE OF GUELPH (Welfen)
1198-1215: OTTO IV (Roman Emperor from 1209)
Born in c. 1175/77 in Normandy.
Father: Duke Henry the Lion of Saxony. Mother: Duchess Matilda of England.
Married firstly in 1212 at Nordhausen Princess BEATRICE of Hohenstaufen (*1198,+1212 Nordhausen).
Married secondly in 1214 in Maastricht MARY of Brabant (*c. 1190,+1260).
He was crowned king in 1198 in Aachen Cathedral.
He was crowned emperor in 1209 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Deposed in 1215.
Died in 1218 at Harzburg.
Buried with his first consort Empress Beatrice in Brunswick Cathedral.
His second consort Empress Mary was buried in St Peter's Church in Louvain.
HOUSE OF HOHENSTAUFEN (Staufer)
1212-1250: FREDERICK II (Friedrich II.; Roman Emperor from 1220, King of Sicily as Frederick I Roger)
Born in 1194 at Iesi.
Father: Emperor and King Henry VI of Germany. Mother: Queen Constance of Sicily.
Married firstly in 1209 in Messina Dowager Queen of Hungary CONSTANCE of Aragon (*1179,+1222 Catania).
Married secondly in 1225 at Brindisi Queen ISABELLA II of Jerusalem (*1211,+1228 Andria).
Married thirdly in 1235 at Worms Princess ISABELLA Plantagenet of England (*1214,+1241 Foggia).
He was crowned twice as German king: in 1212 in Mainz Cathedral and in 1215 in Aachen Cathedral.
He was crowned as emperor with his first consort Queen Constance of Hungary in 1220 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-CONRAD IV (*1228,+1254; son of Isabella II of Jerusalem),
-HENRY (*1211,+1242).
Died in 1250 at Castel Fiorentino.
Buried with his first consort Queen Constance of Hungary in Palermo Cathedral.
His two other queens Isabella II of Jerusalem and Isabella of England were buried in Andria Cathedral.
1220-1235: HENRY HOHENSTAUF (Heinrich)
Born in 1211 in Sicily.
Father: King Frederick II. Mother: Queen Constance of Aragon.
Married in 1225 in Nuremberg Princess MARGARET of Austria (+1266).
He was crowned in 1222 in Aachen Cathedral.
His consort Margaret of Austria was crowned in 1227 in Aachen Cathedral.
Deposed in 1235 and imprisoned.
Died in 1242 in Martirano (Calabria).
Buried in Cosenza Cathedral, Italy.
His consort Queen Margaret (later Queen of Bohemia) was buried in Lilienfeld Abbey, Austria.
1250-1254: CONRAD IV (Konrad IV.; King of Sicily)
Born in 1228 at Andria.
Father: King Frederick I Roger of Sicily. Mother: Queen Isabella II of Jerusalem.
Married in 1246 at Vohburg Princess ELIZABETH of Wittelsbach (*1227 Landshut,+1273).
His issue who reigned:
-Conradin (*1252,+1268; King of Sicily).
Died in 1254 near Lavello.
Buried in the Cathedral of Messina (no tomb).
His consort Queen Elizabeth was buried in Stams Abbey, Tyrol.
HOUSE OF HOLLAND (Haus von Holland)
1254-1256: WILLIAM OF HOLLAND (Wilhelm von Holland)
Born in 1227.
Father: Count Floris IV of Holland. Mother: Countess Mechtilde of Brabant.
Married in 1252 ELIZABETH of Brunswick-Lüneburg (+1266).
He was crowned in 1248 in Aachen Cathedral.
Died in 1256 in a battle near Hoogwoud (North Holland).
Buried (in 1282) with his Queen Elizabeth in Middelburg Abbey.
HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET (Haus Plantagenet)
1257-1272: RICHARD OF CORNWALL
Born in 1209 at Winchester.
Father: King John Lackland of England. Mother: Queen Isabella of Angoulême.
Married firstly in 1231 at Fawley Isabella of Pembroke (*1200 Pembroke,+1240 Berkhamstead).
Married secondly in 1243 in London SANCHIA of Provence (*c. 1225 Aix-en-Provence,+1261 Berkhamstead).
Married thirdly in 1269 in Kaiserslauten BEATRICE of Falkenburg (*c. 1253 Falkenburg,+1277).
He was crowned with his second consort Sanchia in 1257 at Aachen Cathedral.
Died in 1272 at Berkhamstead.
Buried with his second consort Queen Sanchia in Hailes Abbey, Gloucestershire, England (no tomb).
His first consort Princess Isabella was buried in Beaulieu Abbey, Hampshire (England).
His third consort Queen Beatrice was buried in the Church of Franciscan Friars Minor at Oxford (England).
HOUSE OF HABSBURG (Habsburger)
1273-1291: RUDOLPH I (Rudolf I.; Duke of Austria)
Born in 1218 at Limburg/Breisgau.
Father: Count Albert IV of Habsburg. Mother: Countess Hedvig of Kyburg.
Married firstly in 1253 in Alsace Countess GERTRUDE ANNE of Hohenberg (*1225 Swabia,+1281 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1284 at Besançon Duchess AGNES of Burgundy (*1270 Dijon,+1323 Chambly).
He was crowned with his first consort Gertrude Anne in 1273 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-ALBERT I *1255,+1308; son of Gertrude),
-Clementia (*c. 1262,+1293; Queen of Naples; daughter of Gertrude),
-Rudolph (*c. 1270,+1290; Duke of Austria; son of Gertrude),
-Judith (*1271,+1297; Queen of Bohemia; daughter of Gertrude).
Died in 1291 in Speyer.
Buried in Speyer Cathedral.
His first consort Queen Gertrude Anne was firstly buried in the Minster in Basel/Switzerland, later reburied in the Benedictine Monastery at St Paul im Lavanttal, Austria.
His second consort Queen Agnes was buried in the Augustinian Convent in Paris (demolished).
HOUSE OF NASSAU (Haus Nassau)
1292-1298: ADOLPHUS OF NASSAU (Adolf von Nassau)
Born in c. 1255.
Father: Count Walram II of Nassau. Mother: Countess Adelaide von Katzenelnbogen.
Married in c. 1271 IMAGINA of Isenburg-Limburg (+c. 1313).
He was crowned with his consort Imagina in 1292 in Aachen Cathedral.
Died in 1298 near Göllheim.
Buried in the Cathedral of Speyer.
His Queen Imagina was buried in the Franciscan Convent of Klarenthal near Wiesbaden (demolished).
HOUSE OF HABSBURG (Habsburger)
1298-1308: ALBERT I HABSBURG (Albrecht I.; Duke of Austria)
Born in c. 1255 at Rheinfelden.
Father: Rudolph I, German king. Mother: Queen Gertrude Anna of Hohenberg.
Married in c. 1276 in Vienna Princess ELIZABETH of Carinthia (*c. 1262 Munich,+1313 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1298 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Agnes (*1281,+1364; Queen of Hungary),
-Rudolph I/III (*c. 1282,+1307; King of Bohemia, Duke of Austria),
-FREDERICK THE HANDSOME (*c. 1289,+1330),
-Leopold I (*1290,+1326; Duke of Austria),
-Albert II the Lame (*1298,+1358; Duke of Austria),
-Otto (*1301,+1339; Duke of Austria).
Died in 1308 at Königsfelden near Brugg (murdered).
Buried in Speyer Cathedral.
His consort Queen Elizabeth of Carinthia was buried in the Benedictine Abbey at St Paul im Lavanttal.
HOUSE OF LUXEMBOURG (Luxemburger)
1308-1313: HENRY VII
(Heinrich VII.; Roman Emperor from 1312)
Born in 1274 at Valenciennes.
Father: Count Henry VI of Luxembourg. Mother: Countess Beatrice d'Avesnes.
Married in 1292 at Tervuren MARGARET of Brabant (*1276,+1311 Genoa).
He was crowned with his consort Margaret in 1309 in Aachen Cathedral (royal coronation).
He was crowned emperor in 1312 in the Basilica of St John Lateran in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-John (*1296,+1346; King of Bohemia),
-Mary (*1304,+1324; Queen of France),
-Beatrice (*1305,+1319; Queen of Hungary).
Died in 1313 at Buonconvento near Siena.
Buried in the Cathedral of Pisa.
His Queen Margaret of Brabant was buried in the Church of St Francis di Castelletto in Genoa (demolished).
HOUSE OF HABSBURG (Habsburger)
1314-1330: FREDERICK THE HANDSOME
(Friedrich der Schöne; Duke of Austria. Ruled together with Louis IV the Bavarian)
Born in c. 1289 in Vienna.
Father: Albert I, German king. Mother: Queen Elizabeth of Carinthia.
Married in 1314 at Castle Gutenstein Princess ELIZABETH (Isabella) of Aragon (*c. 1296 Montpellier,+1330 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1314 in the Collegiate Church at Bonn. His Queen Elizabeth of Aragon was crowned in 1315 in the Cathedral of Basel.
Died in 1330 at Gutenstein, Lower Austria.
Buried in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
His consort Queen Elizabeth of Aragon was buried in the Minorites Church in Vienna (no tomb).
HOUSE OF WITTELSBACH (Wittelsbacher)
1314-1347: LOUIS IV THE BAVARIAN
(Ludwig IV. der Bayer; Roman Emperor from 1328. Ruled together with Frederick the Handsome)
Born in 1282 in Munich.
Father: Duke Louis II of Upper Bavaria. Mother: Duchess Mechtild of Habsburg.
Married firstly in c. 1309 Princess BEATRICE of Silesia-GÅogów (*c. 1290,+1322 Munich).
Married secondly in 1324 in Cologne Countess MARGARET of Hainaut (*1311,+1356 Le Quesnoy).
He was crowned German king with his first consort Beatrice of Silesia-GÅogów in 1314 in Aachen Cathedral.
He was crowned emperor in 1328 in the Basilica of St John Lateran in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-Louis the Roman (*1330,+1365; Elector of Brandenburg; son of Margaret),
-Otto the Sluggard (*1340/42,+1379; Elector of Brandenburg; son of Margaret),
-Beatrice (*1344,+1359; Queen of Sweden; daughter of Margaret).
Died in 1347 at Puch near Fürstenfeldbruck.
Buried with his first consort Queen Beatrice of Silesia-GÅogów in the Church of Our Lady in Munich.
His second consort Empress and Queen Margaret of Hainaut was buried in the Franciscan Convent at Valenciennes, France (demolished).
HOUSE OF LUXEMBOURG (Luxemburger)
1346-1378: CHARLES IV
(Karl IV.; Roman Emperor from 1355, King of Bohemia)
Born in 1316 in Prague.
Father: King of Bohemia John of Luxembourg. Mother: Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia.
Married firstly in 1329 in Prague Princess Blanche of Valois (*1316,+1348 Prague).
Married secondly in 1349 Princess Anne of the Palatinate (*1329,+1353 Prague).
Married thirdly in 1353 at Buda Princess Anne of Åwidnica (*1339,+1362).
Married fourthly in 1363 in Cracow Princess Elizabeth of Pomerania (*1347,+1393 Hradec Králové).
He was firstly crowned in 1346 in Bonn Collegiate Church.
He (second coronation) and his second consort Anne of the Palatinate were crowned in 1349 in Aachen Cathedral.
He (third coronation) and his third consort Anne of Åwidnica were crowned in 1355 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His fourth consort Elizabeth of Pomerania was crowned in 1368 in St Peter's Basilica in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-Margaret (*1335,+1349; Queen of Hungary and Poland; daughter of Blanche),
-Catherine (*1342,+1395; Duchess of Austria; daughter of Blanche),
-Elizabeth (*1358,+1373; Duchess of Austria; daughter of Anne of Åwidnica),
-WENCESLAUS (*1361,+1419; son of Anne of Åwidnica).
-Anne (*1366,+1394; Queen of England; daughter of Elizabeth),
-SIGISMUND (*1368,+143; son of Elizabeth).
Died in 1378 in Prague.
Buried with his four queens in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
1378-1400: WENCESLAUS
(Wenzel; King of Bohemia as Wenceslaus IV, Elector of Brandenburg, Duke of Luxembourg)
Born in 1361 in Nuremberg.
Father: Emperor and King Charles IV of Germany. Mother: Empress and Queen Anne of Åwidnica.
Married firstly in 1370 Joanna of Bavaria (*c. 1356,+1386 Karlštejn).
Married secondly in 1389 in Prague Sophia of Bavaria (*1376,+1425 Bratislava).
He and his first consort Joanna of Bavaria were crowned in 1376 in Aachen Cathedral.
Deposed in 1400.
Died in 1419 at Kunratice near Prague.
Buried with his first consort Queen Joanna of Bavaria in St Vitus' Cathedral in Prague. Earlier buried in the Church of Saints Paul and Peter at Vyšehrad, then in Zbraslav. In 1423 he was reburied in Prague.
His second consort Queen Sophia of Bavaria was buried in St Martin's Cathedral in Bratislava (no tomb).
HOUSE OF WITTELSBACH (Wittelsbacher)
1400-1410: RUPERT (Ruprecht von der Pfalz)
Born in 1352 at Amberg.
Father: Ruprecht II of the Palatinate. Mother: Beatrice of Sicily.
Married in 1374 at Amberg ELIZABETH of Nuremberg (*1358,+1411 Heidelberg).
He was crowned twice: in 1401 in Cologne Cathedral and in 1407 in Aachen Cathedral.
Died in 1410 at Castle Landskron near Oppenheim.
Buried with his Queen Elizabeth in the Church of The Holy Spirit in Heidelberg.
HOUSE OF LUXEMBOURG (Luxemburger)
1410-1411: JOBST OF MORAVIA (Jobst von Mähren; Elector of Brandenburg, Duke of Luxembourg)
Born in c. 1351.
Father: Margrave John Henry of Moravia. Mother: Margaret of Opava.
Married firstly in 1372 Princess Elizabeth of Opole (*1360,+c. 1374).
Married secondly Princess Agnes of Opole (+c. 1409).
He was never crowned as he died prior to his coronation.
Died in 1411 in Brno, Moravia.
Buried in the Church of St Thomas in Brno.
1410-1437: SIGISMUND OF LUXEMBOURG
(Sigismund von Luxemburg; Roman Emperor from 1433, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary, Elector of Brandenburg)
Born in 1368 in Nuremberg.
Father: Emperor Charles IV. Mother: Empress Elizabeth of Pomerania.
Married firstly in 1385 Queen Mary of Hungary (*c. 1371,+1395).
Married secondly in 1408 BARBARA of Cilli (*c. 1390/95,+1451).
Crowned with his second consort Barbara of Cilli in 1414 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Elizabeth (*1409,+1442; Empress of Germany, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; daughter of Barbara).
Died in 1437 at Znojmo, Moravia.
Buried with his first consort Queen Mary of Hungary in the Church of Várad Fortress in Nagyvárad, Transylvania (demolished).
His second consort Empress Barbara of Cilli was buried in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
HOUSE OF HABSBURG (Habsburger)
1438-1439: ALBERT II (Albrecht II.; Duke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1397 in Vienna.
Father: Duke Albert IV of Austria. Mother: Duchess Joanna Sophia of Bavaria.
Married in 1421 in Prague Princess ELIZABETH of Bohemia and Hungary (*c. 1409 Prague,+1442 Györ, Hungary).
He was never crowned in Germany.
His issue who reigned:
-Elizabeth (*1436,+1505; Queen of Poland),
-Ladislaus the Posthumous (*1440,+1457; King of Bohemia and Hungary).
Died in 1439 at Neszmély near Esztergom, Hungary.
Buried with his consort Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia and Hungary in the Coronation Basilica at Székesfehérvár, Hungary (demolished).
1440-1493: FREDERICK III
(Friedrich III.; Roman Emperor from 1452, Archduke of Austria)
Born in 1415 at Innsbruck.
Father: Duke Ernest of Austria and Styria. Mother: Duchess Cimburgis (Cymbarka) of Mazovia.
Married in 1452 in Rome Princess ELEANOR of Portugal (*1436 Torres Vedras,+1467 Wiener Neustadt).
He was crowned in 1442 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-MAXIMILIAN I (*1459,+1519).
Died in 1493 at Linz.
Buried in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
His consort Empress Eleanor of Portugal was buried in the Parish Church Neuklosterkirche at Wiener Neustadt.
1486-1519: MAXIMILIAN I
(Roman Emperor from 1508, Archduke of Austria)
Born in 1459 at Wiener Neustadt.
Father: Emperor Frederick III of Austria. Mother: Empress Eleanor of Portugal.
Married firstly in 1477 at Ghent Duchess Mary of Burgundy and Luxembourg (*1457 Brussels,+1482 Bruges).
Married secondly in 1494 at Hall, Tyrol Princess BIANCA MARIA Sforza of Milan (*1472 Milan,+1510 Innsbruck).
He was crowned in 1486 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Philip I the Fair (*1478,+1506; King of Castile; son of Mary),
-Margaret (*1480;+1530; Duchess of Savoy; daughter of Mary).
Died in 1519 at Wels.
Buried in St George's Chapel at Wiener Neustadt.
His first consort Duchess Mary of Burgundy was buried in Our Lady's Church in Bruges.
His second consort Empress Bianca Maria Sforza of Milan was buried in Cistercian Abbey at Stams, Tyrol.
1519-1556: CHARLES V
(Karl V.; Roman Emperor from 1530, Archduke of Austria, King of Spain, Naples and Sicily)
Born in 1500 at Gent.
Father: King Philip I the Fair of Castile. Mother: Queen Joan the Mad of Castile.
Married in 1526 at Seville Princess ISABELLA of Portugal (*1503 Lisbon,+1539 Toledo).
He was crowned in 1520 in Aachen Catehdral.
His issue who reigned:
-Philip II (*1527,+1598; King of Spain and Portugal),
-Maria (*1528,+1603; Empress and Queen of Bohemia and Hungary).
Abdicated in 1556 in Brussels and left for Spain.
Died in 1558 at San Jerónimo de Yuste, Spain.
Buried with his consort Empress Isabella of Portugal in the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.
1531-1564: FERDINAND I
(Roman Emperor from 1556, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1503 at Alcala de Henares, Spain.
Father: King Philip I the Fair of Castile. Mother: Queen Joan the Mad of Castile.
Married in 1521 at Linz Princess ANNE Jagiellonian of Bohemia and Hungary (*1503 Buda,+1547 Prague).
He was crowned in 1531 in Aachen Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Elizabeth (*1526,+1545; Queen of Poland),
-MAXIMILIAN II (*1527,+1576),
-Anna (*1528,+1590; Electress of Bavaria),
-Catherine (*1533,+1572; Queen of Poland),
-Charles II (*1540,+1590; Archduke of Inner Austria).
Died in 1564 in Vienna.
Buried with his consort Queen Anna Jagiellonian in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
1564-1576: MAXIMILIAN II (Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1527 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Ferdinand I. Mother: Princess Anna Jagiellonian of Bohemia and Hungary.
Married in 1548 at Valladolid, Spain Princess MARY of Spain (*1528 Madrid,+1603 Villa Monte, Spain).
He was crowned in 1562 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Anna (*1549,+1580; Queen of Spain),
-RUDOLPH II (*1552,+1612),
-Elizabeth (*1554,+1592; Queen of France),
-MATTHEW (*1557,+1619).
Died in 1576 in Regensburg.
Buried in the Cathedral of St Vitus in Prague.
His consort Empress Mary of Spain was buried in the Church of St Clara (Discalced Franciscans) in Madrid.
1576-1612: RUDOLPH II
(Rudolf II.; Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1552 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Maximilian II. Mother: Empress Mary of Spain.
Unmarried.
He was crowned in 1575 in Regensburg Cathedral.
Died in 1612 in Prague.
Buried in St Vitus' Cathedral in Prague.
1612-1619: MATTHEW (Matthias; Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1557 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Maximilian II. Mother: Empress Mary of Spain.
Married in 1611 in Vienna Archduchess ANNE of Tyrol (*1585 Innsbruck,+1618 Vienna).
He was crowned together with his consort Anne of Tyrol in 1612 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
Died in 1619 in Vienna.
Buried with his consort Empress Anne of Tyrol in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1619-1637: FERDINAND II (Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1578 in Graz.
Father: Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria. Mother: Archduchess Maria of Bavaria.
Married firstly in 1600 in Graz Princess Maria Anna of Bavaria (*1574 Munich,+1616 Graz).
Married secondly in 1622 in Innsbruck Princess ELEANOR Gonzaga of Mantua (*1598 Mantua,+1655 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1619 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-FERDINAND III (*1608,+1657; son of Maria Anna),
-Maria Anna (*1610,+1665; Electress of Bavaria; daughter of Maria Anna),
-Cecilia Renata (*1611,+1644; Queen of Poland; daughter of Maria Anna).
Died in 1637 in Vienna.
Buried in the Imperial Mausoleum at Graz with his first consort Princess Maria Anna of Bavaria.
His second consort Empress Eleanor of Mantua was buried in St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
1637-1657: FERDINAND III (Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1608 in Graz.
Father: Emperor Ferdinand II. Mother: Empress Maria Anna of Bavaria.
Married firstly in 1631 in Vienna Princess MARIA ANNA of Spain (*1608 Escorial,+1646 Linz).
Married secondly in 1648 in Linz Archduchess MARIA LEOPOLDINA of Tyrol (*1632 Innsbruck,+1649 Vienna).
Married thirdly in 1651 in Vienna Princess ELEANOR Gonzaga of Mantua (*1630 Mantua,+1686 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1636 at Regensburg Cathedral. His first consort Maria Anna of Spain was crowned in 1637 and his third consort Eleanor Gonzaga was crowned in 1653, both at Regensburg Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-FERDINAND IV (*1633,+1654; son of Maria Anna),
-Maria Anna (*1635,+1696; Queen of Spain; daughter of Maria Anna),
-LEOPOLD I (*1640,+1705; son of Maria Anna),
-Eleanor (*1653,+1697; Queen of Poland; daughter of Eleanor).
Died in 1657 in Vienna.
Buried with his three consorts in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1653-1654: FERDINAND IV (King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1633 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Ferdinand III. Mother: Empress Maria Anna of Spain.
Unmarried.
He was crowned in 1653 at Regensburg Cathedral.
Died in 1654 in Vienna.
Buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1657-1705: LEOPOLD I (Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1640 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Ferdinand III. Mother: Empress Maria Anna of Spain.
Married firstly in 1666 in Vienna Princess MARGARET THERESA of Spain (*1651 Madrid,+1673 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1673 in Vienna Archduchess CLAUDIA FELICITY of Tyrol (*1653 Innsbruck,+1676 Vienna).
Married thirdly in 1676 in Vienna Princess ELEANOR MAGDALEN of Palatinate-Neuburg (*1655 Düsseldorf,+1720 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1658 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Maria Antonia (*1669,+1692; Electress of Bavaria; daughter of Margaret Theresa),
-JOSEPH I (*1678,+1711; son of Eleanor Magdalen),
-Maria Anna (*1683,+1754; Queen of Portugal; daughter of Eleanor Magdalen),
-CHARLES VI (*1685,+1740; son of Eleanor Magdalen).
Died in 1705 in Vienna.
Buried with his first and third consort in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
His second consort Empress Claudia Felicity was buried in the Dominican Church in Vienna.
1705-1711: JOSEPH I (Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia, Hungary, Naples and Sicily)
Born in 1678 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Leopold I. Mother: Empress Eleanor Magdalen of Palatinate-Neuburg.
Married in 1699 in Vienna Princess AMALIA WILHELMINA of Brunswick-Lüneburg (*1673 Lüneburg,+1742 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1690 in St Ulric's Church at Augsburg.
His issue who reigned:
-Maria Josepha (*1699,+1757; Queen of Poland, Electress of Saxony),
-Maria Amalia (*1701,+1756; Electress of Bavaria).
Died in 1711 in Vienna.
Buried in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
His consort Empress Amalia Wilhelmina was buried in the Salesian Convent in Vienna.
1711-1740: CHARLES VI (Karl VI.; Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1685 in Vienna.
Father: Emperor Leopold I. Mother: Empress Eleanor Magdalen of Palatinate-Neuburg.
Married in 1708 in Barcelona Princess ELIZABETH CHRISTINA of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (*1691 Wolfenbüttel,+1750 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1711 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Maria Theresa (*1717,+1780; Queen of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary).
Died in 1740 in Vienna.
Buried with his consort Empress Elizabeth Christina in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1740-1742: INTERREGNUM
HOUSE OF WITTELSBACH (Wittelsbacher)
1742-1745: CHARLES VII ALBERT (Karl VII. Albrecht; Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Elector of Bavaria)
Born in 1697 in Brussels.
Father: Elector Maximilian II Emmanuel of Bavaria. Mother: Electress Theresa Kunigunda Sobieska of Poland.
Married in 1722 in Munich Archduchess MARIA AMALIA of Austria (*1701 Vienna,+1756 Munich).
He was crowned in 1742 in Frankfurt Cathedral with his consort Maria Amalia of Austria.
His issue who reigned:
-Maria Antonia (*1724,+1780; Electress of Saxony),
-Maximilian III Joseph (*1727,+1777; Elector of Bavaria),
-Maria Josepha (*1739,+1767; German Empress).
Died in 1745 in Munich.
Buried with his consort Empress Maria Amalia in the Theatine Church in Munich.
HOUSE OF HABSBURG-LORRAINE (Habsburg-Lothringer)
1745-1765: FRANCIS I STEPHEN
(Franz I. Stefan; Roman Emperor, Grand Duke of Tuscany)
Born in 1708 in Nancy.
Father: Duke Leopold Joseph of Lorraine. Mother: Princess Elizabeth Charlotte of Orléans.
Married in 1736 in Vienna Archduchess MARIA THERESA of Austria (*1717 Vienna,+1780 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1745 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-JOSEPH II (*1741,+1790),
-Marie Amalie (*1746,+1804; Duchess of Parma),
-LEOPOLD II (*1747,+1792),
-Marie Caroline (*1752,+1814; Queen of the Two Sicilies),
-Ferdinand (*1754,+1806; Duke of Massa-Carrara),
-Marie Antoinette (*1755,+1793; Queen of France).
Died in 1765 in Innsbruck.
Buried with his consort Empress Maria Theresa in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1764-1790: JOSEPH II (Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary, Archduke of Austria)
Born in 1741 in Schönbrunn.
Father: Emperor Francis I Stephen. Mother: Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.
Married firstly in 1760 in Vienna Princess Isabella of Bourbon-Parma (*1741 Madrid,+1763 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1765 in Vienna Princess MARIA JOSEPHA of Bavaria (*1739 Munich,+1767 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1764 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
Died in 1790 in Vienna.
Buried with his both consorts in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1790-1792: LEOPOLD II (Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary, Archduke of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany)
Born in 1747 in Schönbrunn.
Father: Emperor Francis I Stephen. Mother: Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.
Married in 1765 in Innsbruck Princess MARIA LOUISE of Spain and Sicily (*1745 Portici near Naples,+1792 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1790 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Maria Theresa (*1767,+1827; Queen of Saxony),
-FRANCIS II (1768,+1835),
-Ferdinand (1769,+1824; Grand Duke of Tuscany).
Died in 1792 in Vienna.
Buried with his consort Empress Maria Louisa in the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
1792-1806: FRANCIS II (Franz II.; Roman Emperor, Archduke and Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, Croatia and Hungary)
Born in 1768 in Florence.
Father: Emperor Leopold II. Mother: Empress Maria Louisa of Spain.
Married firstly in 1788 in Vienna Duchess Elizabeth of Württemberg (*1767 Treptow,+1790 Vienna).
Married secondly in 1790 in Vienna Princess MARIA THERESA of Naples-Sicily (*1772 Naples,+1807 Vienna).
Married thirdly in 1808 in Vienna Archduchess Maria Lodovica of Modena (*1787 Monza,+1816 Verona).
Married fourthly in 1816 in Vienna Princess Caroline Augusta of Bavaria (*1792 Mannheim,+1873 Vienna).
He was crowned in 1792 in Frankfurt Cathedral.
His issue who reigned:
-Marie Louise (*1791,+1847; Empress of the French; daughter of Maria Theresa),
-Ferdinand I (*1793,+1875; Emperor of Austria; son of Maria Theresa),
-Maria Leopoldina (*1797,+1826; Queen of Portugal and Empress of Brazil; daughter of Maria Theresa).
Abdicated in 1806.
Died in 1835 in Vienna.
Buried with all his consorts in the Capuchin Church in Vienna (Austria).
1806: HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE DISSOLVED.
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Gertrude of Hohenberg Biography
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Gertrude of Hohenberg
Gertrude Anne of Hohenberg (c. 1225 – 16 February 1281) was German queen from 1273 until her death, by her marriage with King Rudolf I of Germany . Read more on Wikipedia
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Tombstone of Judith of Habsburg (died 1297), Convent of St Agnes of Bohemia, Prague. Judith of Habsburg (1271-97) was the youngest daughter of Rudolph I of Germany and his wife Gertrude of Hohenburg and member of the Habsburg family. She was the first Queen consort of Wenceslaus II of Bohemia.
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Rudolf I | Holy Roman Emperor & German King
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1998-07-20T00:00:00+00:00
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Rudolf I was the first German king of the Habsburg dynasty. A son of Albert IV, Count of Habsburg, Rudolf on the occasion of his father’s death (c. 1239) inherited lands in upper Alsace, the Aargau, and Breisgau. A partisan of the Hohenstaufen Holy Roman emperor Frederick II and his son Conrad IV,
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rudolf-I-king-of-Germany
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Rudolf I (born May 1, 1218, Limburg-im-Breisgau [Germany]—died July 15, 1291, Speyer) was the first German king of the Habsburg dynasty.
A son of Albert IV, Count of Habsburg, Rudolf on the occasion of his father’s death (c. 1239) inherited lands in upper Alsace, the Aargau, and Breisgau. A partisan of the Hohenstaufen Holy Roman emperor Frederick II and his son Conrad IV, he increased his territories largely at the expense of his uncle, Count Hartmann of Kyburg, and his cousin, Count Hartmann the Younger, who supported the papal cause against the Hohenstaufens. Rudolf’s first marriage (c. 1245), to Gertrude of Zollern-Hohenberg-Haigerloch, also added considerable property to his domains. In 1254 he assisted the Knights of the Teutonic Order by participating in a crusade in Prussia.
Britannica Quiz
Kings and Emperors (Part III) Quiz
Rudolf ’s election as German king at Frankfurt was hastened by the desire of the electors to exclude an increasingly powerful rival candidate of non-German birth, Otakar II of Bohemia. Crowned at Aachen on Oct. 24, 1273, Rudolf was recognized by Pope Gregory X in September 1274 on the condition that he would renounce all imperial rights in Rome, in the papal territories, and in Italy and to lead a new crusade. In 1275 the pope managed to persuade Alfonso X of Castile (whom some of the German electors had chosen king in April 1257) to abandon his claim to the German crown.
Meanwhile Otakar II of Bohemia had been gaining control of Austria, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola. When in 1274 Otakar refused to appear before an imperial diet to show cause for his actions, Rudolf placed him under the ban of the empire and led an army into Austria, where he defeated Otakar in 1276. In 1278 Otakar, attempting to reconquer the territories he had lost to Rudolf, invaded Austria; he was again defeated and killed at the Battle of Dürnkrut (August 26).
In 1282 Rudolf received permission from the German princes to grant to his sons the territories recovered from Otakar, and in December of that year he granted Austria and Styria to his sons Albert and Rudolf, thus constituting the territorial nucleus of the future Habsburg power.
Rudolf combated the expansionist policy of France on his western frontier by marrying (his first wife having died in 1281) Isabella, daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy, and by compelling Otto IV, Count Palatine of Franche-Comté, to pay homage (1289). French influence at the papal court, however, prevented Rudolf from being crowned Holy Roman emperor by the pope.
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Full text of Rand McNally Bankers Directory : Final 1942 Edition : Directors of National and State Banks, Savings Banks and Trust Companies
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DIRECTORS OF NATIONAL AND STATE BANKS, SAVINGS BANKS AND TRUST COMPANIES OF THE CITIES AND TOWNS IN THE UNITED STATES AND DOMINION OF CANADA A L P H A B E T IC A L L Y A R R A N G E D B Y S T A T E S, C IT IE S, A N D B A N K S ALABAMA ABBEVILLE B ank of Abbeville G. C. Arnold. O. L. Bland. C. W. Bland. J. M. Fincher. ASHFORD BESSEMER F arm ers & M erch an ts R. J. Taylor. W. U. Wells. W. E. Wells. J. T. Rodney. W. C. Wells. F irst N ational M.L.Cummins. C. Glass. F. L. Fellows. J. S. Radney. J. R. Dawsey. R. D. Wright. F irst N ational I. Rosen. R. G. Wilson. Lee Moody. BIRMINGHAM ALBERTVILLE ASHLAND Albertville N ational D. K. Searcy. W. W. Jackson. H. Jackson. C. J. Walker. U. V. Gipson. J. B. H.Lumpkin. J. B. Brown. F irst N ational E. J. Garrison. L. T. Campbell. C. M. Pruet. H. W. Sims. H. L. Wynn. W. L . Runyan. A. L. Hardegree. ALEXANDER CITY Asbville Savings J. L. Herring. C. D. Adkins. J. C. Dubois. Sam High. F a rm ers & M e rch a n ts B. M. Teague. Jerry L. Henry. M. Frank Jones. J. W. L. Jones. Willie Steinkopf. Ernest B. Sullivan. A lexander City H. Herzfeld. J. L. Denny. O. L. Harlan. J. B. Ford. L. M. Willis. Joe Herzfeld. Ralph Frohsin. E. J. Duncan. Sam Herzfeld. C. A. Kohn, Jr. J. O. Colvin. F irst N ational B. C. Rossell. T. 0 . Russell. R. Thomas S. R. Thomas. J. L. Willis. C. J. Coley. ALICEVILLE AllcevlUe B ank & T ru st Co. R. J. Kirksey. W. E. Barrett. J. D. Sanders. H. S. Summerville. J. M. Summerville, Jr. J. A. Somerville. Jr. ALTOONA F irs t S ta te J. F. Thompson. Esther Phillips. J. T. Nichols. C. E. Shelton. Mrs. T. R. Bynum. B.M.Thompson ANDALUSIA C om m ercial W. H. Beall. E. R. Merrill. J. G. Dunn. J. B. Simmons. E. D. Loraine. ANDERSON F a rm ers L.A.MçConnell. Owen Sewell. E. H. Byram. L. E. Hammond. S. D. Howard. W.O.Hammond. L. E. Bayles. L. A. McGraw. W.R.Howard, J. W. Hamilton. ANNISTON A nniston N ational Edw. S. Perkins J. F. Williams. J. H. Killebrew. W. P. Acker. Thos. T. Butler. Robt. E. Noble. F. L. Blackmon. S. L. Galbraith. L. B. Liles. P. A. Quinn. S. E. Boozer. Hugh Gray. J. R. Hamilton. ASHVILLE ATHENS L im estone C ounty A. B. Crutcher. Allen Beasley. W. Van Gilbert. A.M.McConnell. T. E. Williams. Bruce Nelson. C. H. Lindsay. U. G. White. G. B. Phillips. J. E. Horton. ATMORE B ank of A tm ore E.F.Goldsmith. W.E.Dunnaway. L. B. McCoy. R. L. Jones. W. R. Maxwell. H. H. Dees. J. B. Swift. F irst N ational M urray Greer. Lonnie Greer. H H. Patterson. G.R. Swift. T.A. Graham. J. M. Jones. ATTALLA E xchange Jas. A. Simpson. Mark Hodo. W. B. Perry. R. D. Russell. C. S. Doster. R. L. Lange. W. 8. Edwards. Jr. T he F irs t N a tio n a l Erskine Ramsay. Robert I. Ingalls. P. G. Shook. John F. Fleteher. CrawfordJohnson.Temple Tutwiler. Oscar Wells. John C. Persons. J. Warner Shook.Forney Johnston. T. J. Kidd. Robert R. Meyer. G. W. Connors. LindleyC.Morton. Donald Comer. Wm. J. Rushton. HerbertTutwiler.W. R. J. Dunn. Victor H. Hanson. David Roberts, Jr. Hugh Kaul. S te in e r B ro th ers, A C o rporation H. E. Steiner. L. K. Steiner, Jr. Carl Steiner. J. M. Levine. L. K. Steiner. B. S. Steiner. BOAZ AUBURN B ank of A u b u rn S. L. Toomer. C. L. Hare. O. A. Jones. C. S. Yarbrough Emil F. Wright. C. F. Little. Emm ett Sizemore F irs t N atio n al Homer Wright. A. Meadows. P. O. Davis. W. W. Hill. J. C. Grimes. R. E. Hudson. A. L. Thomas. W. L. Long. John Huguley. BAY MINETTE F irst N ational W. H. Deyo. A. J. Goodwin. E. L. Turner. C. M. Jesperson, H. A. Young. R. E. Jones. M.B.Wellborn. J. F. King. J. R. Morgan. W. W. Weaver. W .H. Weatherly.F. O. Tyler. Walker Reynolds. Peoples Exchange P . S. Jackson. A. A. Nettles. Minnie Robbins. G. L. Nettles. J. F. Nettles. J. L. Finklea. B. F. Stallworth. Mrs. M. E. Massey. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis B irm in g h a m T r. A Sav. Co. T. H. Benners. P. W. Brower. S. L. Earle. Eugene Munger. J. B. Hill. F. M. Jackson. A. W. Smith. W. E. Henley J. A. Vann. John S. Coleman. J. O. Smith. A. R. Long. John S. Pearson Wm. B. White. Lee C. Bradley. Jr. B ank of B lountsvlllo Byron G. Pass. J. B. Pennington. J. W. Carter. V. Ratliff. R. R. Hendrix. T. L. Cox. E. E. Shelton. - B aldw in C ounty J. C. Burns. A. D. Stapleton. S. F. Holmes. Y. A. Cox. C. A.Thompson. J. B. Blackburn. B ank of Arab Hogan Jackson. C. B. McClure. J. Knight. W. W. Jackson. B an k for Savings a n d T ru sts W. E. Willett. R. H. Woodrow. J. M. Bradley. A. J. Brown. F. B. Yielding. W. M. Grant. A. G. Overton. Holden Naff. Vivien Stanford. BLOUNTSVILLE A ttalla C. B. Forman. E. G. Lee R. H. Forman. C. H. Moody. Nell J. Reagan. J. E. Prince. M e rch a n ts & F a rm ers E. G. Norton J. E. Norton. C. W. Burke. W. G. Gross. Mrs.O.R.Shepherd. C om m ercial N ational O. R. Bell. Hillyer Robinson. H. D. Merrill. M. G. Christian. T. F. Huey. Arthur Wellborn. M. A. Howze C.Hal. Cleveland ARAB Bk. a t Bessem er T. T. Huey. J. O. Perry. F. Y. Vann; BEATRICE N ational B ank of Boas Hogan Jackson. D. K. Searcy J. W. Elenburg. W. W. Jackson. Edith Searcy. Sand M o u n ta in J. E. Snead. C. E. Snead, Jr. W. T. Jackson. H. O. Murphree. E.W.Bufflngton. W. H. Jackson. S. E. Jackson. BRENT B rent B anking Co. H. R. Faucett. G. J. Patridge. F. W. Faucett. J. T. Martin. J. W. Mason. H. P. Ward. B ank of Berry J. C. Shepherd. J. H. Shepherd. F. W. Johnson. V. G. Hall. Essie Johnson. 2322 oK U lN D lD G E B rundldge B a nking Co. J. B. Parks. H. F. Hightower. H.O.Hendrick. W. B. Wallace. J. W. Hightower. F irst N ational Dick Fryer. Gus Pierson John Fryer. D. E. Marley. W. G. Gilmore, Mrs. Julia W. Gilmore. BUTLER C hoctaw J. T. Allen. M. Slay. A. H. Evans, Jr. W. C. Tillman. G. C. Pittard. M. E. Ward. J. L. McPherson. CALERA C entral S ta te Sol Baer. Max Baer. Gordon Du Bose. CAMDEN Bank of Cam den W. W. Primm. S. C. Godbold. S. McConnico. W. R. Alford. W. P. Agee. Jr. B. H. Matthews. John L. Godbold. C am den N ational E. W. Berry R. H. Liddell P. D. Burford. J. R. Liddell. J. M. Moore. J. Paul Jones. L. B. Sessions. John Miller. G. D. Liddell. CARBON HILL B ank of C arbon H ill D. H.Covington. S. A. Threadgill E. W. Long. C. R. Wiggins. J. C. Shepherd. A. E. Williams. J. A. Strickland. W. S. Thornton. CARROLLTON F irs t S ta te John T. Abrams G. W. Lyles. L. H. Beasley. G. B. Pate. Mrs. A, M. Grimsley. CEDAR BLUFF C edar Bluff E. S. Cobia. Quinn Money. M. H.Copeland. W. R.Westbrook. G. E. W. Smith. A. H. Trotter Thelma Slone. CENTERVILLE Peoples 8. C. Meigs. J. T. Fuller, Jr. C. E. Hornsby. J. S. Ward. Nelson O. Fuller. CENTRE B ank of B rsw ton H.S.Denniston. J. F. Smith. H. M. Caffey. R. A. Smith. Flournoy Lovelace. C herokee C ounty G. A. Smith. Roscoe Smith. Glen Williamson. Hugh Reed F a rm ers & M e rch a n ts J. O. Jordan. J. M. Watson. H. B. Starling. J. M. Davis. T. A. Young. W. P. Jordan. C itizens John R. Miller. David B. Miller. J. R. Downing. E. L. McMillan. O. M. Colley. Thos. E. McMillan. C hatom S ta te ' G. D. Cotton. Pugh Granade. J.N.Granade.Jr. Irving Adams. James N. Granade, Sr. BREWTON F a rm ers & M e rch a n ts B ank, In c . J. E. Finlay. W. F. Wilson. W. E. Brooks. G. W. L. Smith. J. W. Adkisson. B. S. McMillan. F. H. Mason. A. P. Downing. R. M. Jernigan. BERRY BRIDGEPORT A m erican N ational R. Stephenson. L. H. Hughes. J. J. Williams. J. R. Loyd. J. T. Boyd. J. U. Blackshers L. R. Lea. T. B. Stewart. E. L. Lee. D. T. Crownover O .F.J. Hartung. J. P. Lasater. CHATOM CITRON ELLE C ltronelle S ta te J.H.Riedmann. C. V. Tanner. 8. H. Andrews, Jr. A. B. Jeffries. Audrey Malone DIRECTORS OF NATIONAL. STATE. SAVINGS BANKS AND TRUST COS. CLANTON DOTHAN FLORENCE F irst N ational G. O. Walker. O. O.'Jones. J. O. Page. E. E. Upchurch. A. M. Grimsley. Peoples Savings F. J. Oallen. G. C. Harris. H 8. Shaw. W. L. Popwell. H. G. Heflin. D o th a n B ank £ T ru s t Co. E. R. Porter. J. J. Whiddon. E. F. Moody J. J. Flowers. F. A. Flowers. F irst N ational R. M. Martin. Sam C. Harlan. J. M. Southall. W. H. Mitchell. R. S. Dabney. C. L. Haley, Jr. F irst N ational R. H. Malone. J. W. Malone. M. B. Malone. W. D. Malone. G. Ÿ Malone. A. A. Morris. B. S. Slinglufl. CLAYTON B ank of C om m erce O. Johnston. W. H. Robertson. S. F. Yen tress. Mrs.H.E.Peach. Mrs. J. W. Robertson. C layton B anking Co. T. R. Parish. E. W. Norton. T. W. Parish. T. D. Grubbs. E. W. Parish. COLLINSVILLE W. W. E. B. Peoples Vi Graves. J. D. Jordan. L. Mitchell. J. W. Blackwell. M. Box. W. 8. Ward. W. White. COLUMBIA Bank of C olum bia L.W.Armstrong. Mrs.W.F.Oakley. W. F. Oakley, Jr. Lawrence T. Oakley. COLUMBIANA C o lu m b ian a Savings W. L. Christian. N. P. Davis. P. H. Christian. L. C. Walker. E. A. Camp, Jr. Robert M . Cleckler. CORDOVA Cordova-C itizens' J. R. Shepherd. A. S. Cotton. B. F. Nuttall. COTTONWOOD B ank of C ottonw ood D. M. Hicks. W. F. Hughes. E. E. Ray. F. P. Snell. W. M. Lewis, Sr. W. M. Lewis, Jr. T. M. Tucker. CULLMAN L eeth N ational J. A. Dunlap. J. W. Arnold. G. W. Bledsoe. Cal. Leeth. W. 8. Leeth. H. F. Mitchell. J. C. Martin. W. E. James. J. P. Young. P a rk e r B a n k * T ru st Co. G. W. Ponder. Joe Spitznagel. M.L.Robertson. F. E. St. John. D. C. Fuller. H. L. Fuller. R. E. Lee. J. R. Tucker. O. A. Stiefelmeyer. DADEVILLE B ank of DadevUle T. C. Acree. S. M. Whatley. R. W. Craddock.W. R. Sheeley. S. W. Oliver. S. S. Wilbanks. R. B. Kelso. F. J. Whatley. Roy C. Oliver. A. H. Wilder. C. E. Oliver. DECATUR M organ C ounty N ational H. B. Beard. E. W. McLeod. A. H. Hoff. S. H. Malone. L. A. Neill. E. W. Strother. H. R. Davis. L. C. Henkel. S ta te N ational D. F. Green. J. M. Snodgrass. J. D. Rather, Jr. E. D. Fennel. S. H.Richardson. T. F. Adams. T. J.Cottingham.J. W. Wyker, Jr. Ray Walker. DEMOPOLIS C om m ercial N ational G. R. Smith. E. H. O. Bailey. N. C. Floyd. S. E. Neilson. J. H. Spight. B obertson B an k in g Co. G. T. Breitling. L. C. Lowe. D. F. Jacob. H. J. Whitfield. W.M.Spencer, Jr.M.H.Long. Jas. C. Webb. F. G. Spurlin. ELBA E lba Exchange J. F. Brunson. J. C. Fleming. E. G. Bragg. C. E. Dorsey, Jr. T. B. Bryan. T. T. Rhodes. E. T. Brunson. Fountain Lee. ELBERTA S ta te B ank of E lberta A. M. Neumann.L. Lindoerfer. Paul Kaiser. Paul Haupt. John Kiefer. M. F. Villar Sr. L. Schaff. ELKMONT F a rm ers & M e rch a n ts David A. Smith. G. R. Smith. H. L. Morris, Jr. C. Y. Mayhall. Carl Robison. W. D. Jones. ENTERPRISE J. H. B. W. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis E nterp rise B a n k in g Ce. B. Byrd. J. W. Henderson B. Burdeshaw. B. Henderson. A. Brown, Jr. EUFAULA E ufaula B ank A T ru s t Co. A. E. King. L. M. Moore. L. Y. Dean, III. H. C. Sparks. Chauncey Sparks. EUTAW M e rch a n ts A F a rm ers B ank of G reene Co. W. C. Banks - R. R. Banks. N.L.Davenport. L. N. Grubbs. W.J.Meriwether. E. F. Hildreth. EVERGREEN B ank of Evergreen O. C. McGehee. C. P. Doming. Mrs. H. N. McGehee. W. K. Horton, Jr. L. T. Rutland. FAIRHOPE B ank of F alrhope M. Dyson. Kirby Wharton. O. C. Baldwin. J. E. Gaston. A. O. Berglin. T. J. Klumpp. FAUNSDALE W atkins B anking Co. Herbert Fitts. S. R. Bethea. J. F. Watkins. S. Stollenwerck. G. L. Stollenwerck. FORT DEPOSIT GUNTERSVILLE F o rt D eposit O. P. Edwards. W. H. Golson. C. B. Haigier . W. E. Lee. M. R. Norman. J. S. Golson. J. M. Black. R. R. Norman. T. F. Golson. H. R. Ellis. FORT PAYNE F irst N ational B ank in F o rt Payne G. I. Weatherly B. E. Driskill. C. A. Wolfes. W. D. Gilbreath. J. A. Davis. J. A. Davis, Jr. C. M. T. Sawyer. ' FRISCO CITY Peoples J. B. Barnett. O. McNeil. W. A. Giddens. L. L. Dees. J.J.McWilliams. W.M.Williams. C. A. Florey. John T. Lee. J. A. Hayles. C itizens J.O.Robertson. T. L. Lindsey. T. H. Robertson, Jr. F irst N ational J. C. Grimsley E. M. Grimsley. W. C. Bragg. G. L. Smith. A. M. Grimsley FLOMATON E scam bia C ounty Thos. F. Rickert.Leon B. Jones. J. H. Jones. J. D. McCurdy. FLORALA E. A. G. B ank of F ioraia P. Rodwell. E.P.Rodwell, Jr. M . Pearson. A. G. Williams. G. H art. C itizens E. H. Couch. W. L. Segers. D. C. Jordan. C. W. Woodall. J. D. Fletcher. C. D. Scruggs. F irst N ational J. T. Sulzby. R. F. Fennell. David Jordan. Oscar Horton. P. W. Stockton. J. P. Willis. W. C. Lusk. J. E. Ogletree. W. H. Ross. HACKLEBURG B an k of H ackleburg E . B. Fite. A.L.Wlginton. O. P. Lunsford. J. L. Wilson. HALEYVILLE T raders A F a rm ers Guy Ray. R. H. M cNutt. Wallace Haley. W. A, Walker. GADSDEN HANCEVILLE A labam a City J. B. Allen. A. P. Hamilton. O. H. Moody. T. C. Cousins. L. A. Clayton. J. I. Smith. F. F. Beckert. Allan Little. A. L. Morton. W. D. McNair. K. Thompson. L. E. Lokey. F. A. Bloodworth, Jr. Jas.B. Little. M erch an ts Geo. Ashwander. Ed. Ashwander. O. H. Gray. S. V. Warren. J, M. Kilpatrick. A m erican N ational D. Adams. J. O. Morgan. G. L. Faucett. B. L. Noojin. W. Ü. Paschal. C. A. East. O. S. Wilkinson. E. G. Parr. J. C. Inzer. O. L. Guice. G. A. Nelson. R. M. Wilbanks. Esther W. Gillam. D. G. Wadsworth. E ast G adsden G. E. Silvey. Paul Landers. E. R. Perdue. E. L. Darden. J. J. Landers. A. L. Gwin. L. L. Thigpen. E. L. Bellenger. F irst N ational E. L. Goodhue. Hugh Agricola. O. W. Vance. { O. D. Du Pre. John L. Ray. Lee Freibaum. Sam Pollock A. L. Dickson. Everett Lay. GENEVA C itizens J. E. Johnson. D. H. Morris, Jr. Jim Johnson, Jr. GEORGIANA C itizens G. H. Tatum. W. M. McGowin. Park Smith. Oscar Riley. A. C. Smith. GOOD WATER F irs t N ational T. E. M cElrath.E. L. Crew. W. L. Crew. T. J. Holmes. W. R. Dean. Peoples T ru st A Savings G. D. Gosdin. J. S. Gilliland. D. T. Rozelle. GORDO FAYETTE GUIN M arion C ounty B anking Co. J. M. Allman. E. B. Fite. K. V. Fite. M. Pearce. Mrs. Mary E. Reese. ECLECTIC B ank of Eclectic D. M. Avant. H. N. Harrison. Roberts Blount. J.W.Castleberry. A. J. Noble. GROVE HILL F irs t B ank of Grove H ill J. R¿ Bell. P. S. Jones. C. Garrett, Jr. A. L. Hanson. O. C. Helms. S. C. Gordon. C. B. Gillmore. F a rm ers A M erchants D> H. Gaar. E. F. Sanders. J. J. Lewis. C. J. Ebert. Gus Schultz. C. J. Mortenson. DOZIER F irst N ational Jas. T. Merrill. W. C. Grant. R. G. Tyner. J. I. Merrill B. D. Rowell. W . A. Merrill. J, R. McGhee. G. A. Henderson. F. Henderson. DORA Dora B anking A T ru s t Co. Linn Palmer. E. W. Long. C. I. Jones. Ike May. J. M. McCutcheon. FOLEY ALABAMA 2323 H. J. G. A. B ank D. Davis. K. Owens. L. Price. N. Pate. of Gordo Lon Alexander. J.W.Howell,Jr. J. T. Geer. GREENSBORO Peoples W. G. Miller. ' L. J. Lawson, Jr. L. J. Lawson. T. J. Anderson. W. C. Christian. Jr. GREENVILLE F irst N ational W. J. Beeland. Oscar Riley. C. E. Hamilton. G. H. Tatum. W.M.McGowin. Park Smith. Calvin Poole. A. C. Smith. O. H. Beeland. J. F. McGowin. J. P. Beeland. D. M. Powell. HARTFORD F irst N ational J. A. Hughes. Q. J. Borland. T. G. Hughes. F. R. Borland. Mrs. G. C. Houston. Mrs. J. W. Hatcher. HARTSELLE C itizens J. E. Peck. F. A. Bennett. W. T. Stewart. A. D. Sample. J. L. Roberts. M. H. Broom. Norman Harris. D. W. McNeil. HEADLAND H eadland N ational D. G. Solomon. W. L. Shelly. M. W. Espy. L. T. Solomon. L. L. Griffin. R. S. Solomon. HEFLIN B ank of Heflin J. A. Owens. L. R. Wright. H. A. McMurray. H. H. McMurray J. L. Atkins. HUNTSVILLE F irst N ational J.T.Williams. R.J.Lowe. J. E. Williams. R. L. Spragins. M. B. Spragins. T. G. Melson. C. H. Dublin. A. H. Butler. Robert Lowry. H enderson 'N ational Robt.Murphree. T. M. Jones. J.E.Humphrey. A. J. Moore. W. R. Stobaugh. B ison B a nking Co. J. F. Chambers. Ashford Todd. M. H. Lanier. A. W. White. H. M. Rhett. Geo. S. Elliott. G. W. Yarbrough. HURTSBORO B ank of H u rtsb o ro Alice B. Rutherford. H. J. Rutherford. H. M. Rutherford. P. M. Rutherford. Carolyn R. Hollingsworth. F a rm ers A M erch an ts 8. B. Williams. L. J. Upshaw. E. E. Lloyd. J. D. Brooks. M artha Whitman. JACKSON Jackson B ank A T ru st Co. J. G. Bedsole. D. F. Stanley. W. W. Clarke. S. C. Fendley. H. M. McLeod. G. W. Fleming. F. S. Nichols. J. C. Stewart, Jr. O. McCorquodaie. E . D. McCorquodaie. 2324 ALABAMA JACKSONVILLE F irst N atio n al E. H. West. A. J. Kitchens. O. W. Daugette. A. C. Shelton. A. D. Edwards. A. Wellborn. J. H. Fryar. J. M. Wood. Dean Edwards. E. J.' Landers. O. W. Daugette. Jr. JASPER F irst N ational O. R. Wiggins. 8. N. Monis. W.W. Bankhead. J.M.McCutcheon. Roy N. Hare. R. Y. Long. L. M. Walker. E. W. Long. J. S. Camp. W alker C ounty G.B.Hooper,Sr. W. H. Ward. B. M. Richards. A. M. Grimsley. Mrs. A. M. Grimsley. LaFAYETTE Farm ers & M erchants Geo. P. Allen. C. L. Torbert. Lewis Schuessler.W. H. Tucker. R. A. Germany. LEXINGTON B ank of Lexington D.T.Wilcoxson. G. H. Smith, ï. H. Belew. L. M. Foster. 0. P. McMeans E. G. Hammond. 1. R. Mabe. Luther King. LINDEN F irs t B ank of L inden L. R. Scott. J. E. Williams. H. E. Scott. Cosmo Roberts. LINEVILLE F arm ers A M erchants T. R. Bell. J. F. Carter. O. Smith.. w. E. Carpenter. 0. T. Stewart. Llnevllle N ational J. H. Ingram. H. M. Brittain. C. B. M artin. Ivilyn Ingram. B. H. Haynes. LIVINGSTON M cM illan & Co. H. L. Mellen. A. M. T artt. T. M. T artt, Jr. LUVERNE L uverne B ank A T r. Co.. G. B. Partridge. J. D. Yates. E. R. Partridge. R. S. Beall. Ira B.Thompson.C. T. King. E. R. Partridge, Jr. DIRECTORS OF NATIONAL. STATE. SAVINGS BANKS AND TRUST COS. F irst N ational J. L. Bedsole. M ark Lyons. J. A. McGowin. G. O. Outlaw. Lee Robinson. J. E. Toomey. L. L. Lyons. H. A. Pharr. E. J. McAuley. A. F. Delchamps F. H. Inge. B. L. Strauss. W.D.BelUngrath. M e rch a n ts N ational Gordon Smith. D. R. Dunlap. J. F. McRae. Thos. J. Taylor. G. R. Ladd. E. A. Roberts. F. M. Hicks. B. F. Campbell. . N. F. McGowin. N. G. Nicolson. John T. Cochrane, Jr. H. S. Turner. MONROEVILLE F irs t N ational J. B. Barnett. L. L. Dees. W.E.Broughton.E. M. Salter. C. W. Locklin. E. M. Deer. L. J. Rutherford, M . D. M onroe C ounty L. L. Dees. W. W. Garrett. J. B. Barnett. O. J. Jackson. Charles Floyd. E. M. Salter. W. E. Broughton. O. H. McCall. MONTEVALLO M e rch a n ts A P la n te rs L. O. Walker. J. P. Kelly. T. H. Napier. F. H. Frost. W. P. McConaughy. F a rm ers A M erch an ts J. A. Kyser. J. H. Cain. W. B. Humphrey.J. L. Brewer. Clyde Hendrix. L. E .Collier, Jr. MAPLESVILLE Bank of MaplesvUle W. L. Hampton.H. G. Herrod. H. M. Nix. O. C. Cobern. J. J. Hayes. John Maples. MARION. M arlon B ank A T ru s t Co. J. M. Dozier. L. B. Sprott. D. K. Mason. W. H. Stewart. W. P. Nichols. A labam a N ational B. P. Crum. J. H. Blue. J. D. Flowers. A. H. Arrington. C. W.Moulthrop. J. E. Britt. V. B. Murray. F irst J o in t Stock L and R.E.Stelner.Jr. Algernon Blair. W. O. Baldwin. Arthur Pelzer. W. C. Bowman. J. T. Upchurch. F. MacPherson. P. M. Nier osi. Stanhope Elmore. F irst N ational W. O. Baldwin. F. MacPherson. Algernon Blair. W. C. Bowman. R. E. Steiner. Jr. Arthur Pelzer. S. E. Elmore. P. M. Nicrosi. Union B a n k A T ru s t Co. Sylvain Baum. T. B. Hill, Jr. M. L. Greil. J. F. Hill. Grover Keyton. R. B. Wilby. A. H. Johnson. W. B. Jones. H. O. Davis. F. A. Duran. Marjorie H. Kohn. B ank of M oulton W. G. Burch. N. 3E. Delashaw. R. B. Henderson.W. Shelton. R. M. Byars. R. P. Irwin. H. G. Cowan. C itizens A. B. Young. W. Shelton. A. H. Turner. H. C. Long. W. R. Taylor. L. W. Gentry. J. P. Dyar. M arlon J u n c tio n S ta te H. P. Randall. J. G. Milligan. W. J. Gilmer. J. M. Gilmer. L. F. Summers. OZARK B ank of O zark S. Y. Carroll. H. H. Hodges. S. N. Crosby. G. L. Dunn. R. C. Joiner. L. M. Moore. S. J. Carroll. S. S. Dominey. PARRISH B ank of P a rrish a.a .Jtuigore. u Ld. Lockwood. J. O. Shepherd. B. M. Odom. D. H. Chilton. L. C. Garrison. T. D. Key. E. P. Randle. W. M. Douglas. M. L. Redfern. Mrs. J. T. Foreman. O. M. Stephenson. PELL CITY U nion S ta te P. Roberson. S. Cogswell. J. F. Roberson. F. E. Hines. O. B. Alverson. P e te rm a n State P. S. Jackson. E. W. Colgin. O. N Nettles. J. L. Tatum. M . N . Jackson. J. F. Nettles. G. L. Nettles. C. J. Jackson. PHENIX CITY P henlx-G irard S. R. Muffin. R. L. Smith. O. L. Muffin. H. L. Garrett. PHIL CAMPBELL F irst S ta te L. Z. Steel. F. N. Parrish. O. H. Phillips. A. A. Smith. Mrs. A. M. Grimsley. S. P. Allman. PIEDMONT F a rm ers A M e rch a n ts , G.W.Thompson. W. A. Woods. O. T. Wallace. J. S. Towle. ' C. B. Bemett. S. H. Harris. F irst N ational G. P. Haslam. M. J. Knight. Hoyt Garner. P. H. Savage. Mrs. Allie W.Davis. PINE APPLE B ank of F in e Apple J. T. Adams. Bertha Adams. W. J. Jones. Sam N. Stanford. E . L. Williamson. MOUNDVILLE B ank of E. L. Griffin F. M. Barnes. B. C. Griffin. M oundvllie T. P. Abernathy. I. H. Griffin. VirtU Davis. NOTASULGA MARION JUNCTION OPP First. N ational W. B. Benton. F. J. Mizell, Jr. G. O. Pierce. C. W. Mizell. PETERMAN MONTGOMERY MOULTON MADISON O pelika N a tio n a l T.L.Dickson. R. L. Samford. J. A. Jones. F. A. Vernon. J. H. Morgan. L. M. Trawick. A. S. Hollingsworth. F. J. Whatley. F irst B ank of N otasulga Jack Hope. W. S. Parker. C. M. Hayes. Roy J. Akin. A. B. Hope. PRATTVILLE F. R. A. P. B ank of L. Gaddis. E. Charlton. K. Cooper. W. Faulk. P ra ttv ille W. H. Moncrief. Carlie G. Smith. J. W. Thomas. D. L. Yarbrough PRICHARD P ric h a rd N atio n al W. P. Lewis. E. B. Peebles. J. F. Lyle. J.B. McDonough Marion R. Vickers. ONEONTA McCu l l o u g h F arm ers Exchange J. H. Day. W. H. Wise. L. H. Driskell. Leon Prestwood . W. E. Ward. Mid w a y Ja m e s A M idway B anking Co H. L. King. Sr. H. L. King, Jr. A. E. King. S. M. King. MOBILE A m erican N a tio n a l B ank A T ru st Co. H. S. Denniston. M. P. Goldstein. S. P. Gaillard. Roger Brady. A. L. Staples. H. K. Baker. C. W. Foreman. G. H. Denniston. G. P. Brock. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . C itizens S. T. Jenkins. E. N. Vandegrift. J. R. Copeland. J. P. Brittain. Jos. J. Bain. R.L. Fowler. OPELIKA F arm ers N ational G. G. Mitchell. J. J. Banks. 0 . S. Shealy. H. B. Peacock. 1. J. Dorsey, Jr. J. S. Hagedorn. W. C. Davis. I. J. Dorsey, Sr. J. Z. Fuller. Y etta G. Samford H. A. Bedell. G. O. Roberts, Jr. Homer Carter. F irst N ational F. B. Smith, T. C. H. Brown. E. F. Jackson. R. W. Williams. H. L. Hall. WinstonSmith.T. W. S. Duke. ROANOKE C ity B ank A T ru s t Co. B. C. Jones. J, H. Owens I. W. Wright. D. B. Long. W. J. Mann. C om m ercial M. Schuessler. W. A. Pool J. S. Hunter. J. M. Schuessler. C. E. Hones. W. R. Adamson. Wesley Schuessler. ROBERTSDALE C e n tra l W.L.Hammond. W. P. Baldwin. Emery Johnson. J. J. Jurkiewicz. B aldw in H. E. Marker. Joseph Novotny. J. N. Sawyer. G. H. Buley. ROGERSVILLE E ast L auderdale B a nking Co. J. R. Waddell. J. C. Belue. B. K. Warmack. C. C. Davis. T. O. Rose. W. R. Rousseau. Herbert Bailey. RUSSELLVILLE C itizens B ank A Savings Co. Lula T. Wilson. Jas. ScharnagelI. M Richeson. W. A. Gresham. W. H. Key, Sr. F. Gavin. M. C. Hester. W. H. Quillin. O. T. Underwood. F irst N ational R. B. Dunbar. N. J. Sibley. J. F. Hester. W. B. Mahan. J. O. Hardin. J. V. Turbyflll. J. F. Guin. SAMSON S am son B anking Co., Inc* D. L. Watson. C. L. Watson. W. B. Watson. SCOTTSBORO F irst N ational W. B. Hunt. Jas. Gay. J. W. Gay. C.P.Hutcheson. J. W. Woodall. C. D. Smith. Ben H unt. J . C. Jacobs Bkg. Co. lu e. H. G. Jacobs.. R. A. Jacobs. J. O. Jacobs. E. P. Jacobs. Rachel Gold. SELMA C ity N ational Law Lamar. H. G Boyd V. B. Atkins. ; C.M.Hohenberg. J. A. Fuller. T. H. Miller. Peonies B a n k A T ru st Us. J. E. Wilkinson. J. P. Day. W. H. Plant. S. R. Grice. E. B. Kayser. Selm a N ational E. C. Melvin. Rap C. Jones. J. E. Siegel. J. G. Melvin. R. B. McKenzie. Selm a T ru s t A. Savings E. O. Melvin. J. G. Melvin P. O. Thomas. Roger C. Jones Albert Thalheimer. J. E. Siegel. SLOCOMB Slocom b N ational M atha Segrest. J. H. Griffin. D. W. Baker. F. C. Segrest O. M. Segrest. SPRINGVILLE B ank of Sprlngvllle J. W. Cosby. M. W. Forman. L. V. Coupland. Margaret Forman. O. W. Allison. RED BAY STEVENSON B ank of Red Bay S. G. Berry. S. D. Wren, M. P. Tinsley. F. R. Underwood E. J. Gober. R. V. Waldrep. Z. L. Weatherford. F irst N ational G. W. Allison. W. R. Bogart. C. H. Woodall. I. P. Russell. G.H.McMahan. G. H. Caperton. J. H. McMahan. RED LEVEL Peoples J. L. Foshee. J. T. Huggins S. D. Foshee. G. H. Smith. R. H. Foshee. REPTON Union Riley Kelly. A. R. Knight. A. E. Kelly N. Allen. J. E. Kelly, Jr. J. E. Nettles. SULLIGENT B ank of S ulllgent F. M. Sizemore. W. L. Ogden.. Fred Ogden. SWEET WATER Sw eet W ater S ta te J. E. Vice. R. E. Boozer.. N. A. Lewis. S. T. Lewis. S .G. Whitley. DIRECTORS OF NATIONAL, STATE, SAVINGS BANKS AND TRUST COS, SYLACAUQA C ity N ational L. J. Smith. J. F. Smith. T. W. Bell. T. M. Roberts. L. L. Smith. J. W. McKinnon T he F irs t N a tio n a l B ank in S ylacauga L. M. Veazey. J. W. Brown, Jr. W. E. Cooper. T. V. Knight. J. F. Golson. T. B. Brown. M. A. Thurman. TALLADEGA Isbell N ational W. N. Boynton. J. L. Chambers. C. W. Stringer. W.P. Armstrong. C. L. Salter. H. O. McConnell, Jr. T alladega N ational W. L. Dumas. G. W. Jones. S. B. Wilson. J. K. Dixon. A. Abrams. Brewer Dixon. Mrs. Lera J. Graham. Mrs. Ruth V. McElderry. TALLASSEE B ank of T allassee A. S. Noble. H. M. Dobbs. Robt. Blount. R. L. Hebson. A. J. Noble. B. G. Stumberg. THOMASTON P la n te rs B ank A T ru st Co. H. H. Hill. O.C.Pritchett.Jr. T. A. Moseley. H. R. Hale. L. O. Pritchett. THOMAS VILLE T hom asvllle B ank A T ru st Co. S. C. Dickinson. Wm. McNider. Alex Gunn. W. J. Miller. R. W.Kimbrough. W. A. Kimbrough. THORSBY_ B ank of T borsby E. R. Piper. À. J. Robinson. S. M. Pate. S. J. Davenport. Mrs. A. M. Grimsley TROY F irst F a rm ers A M e rch a n ts N ational O. N. Edge. M. H. Carter. P. C. Black. W. A. Jones. E. L. Boatner. W. L. Perkins. B. M. Owens. E. F. Dunbar. Herbert McLeod.E. E. Anthony. J. D. Murphree. J. K. Brantley. Fdk. Henderson. T roy B a n k A T ru s t Co. Key Murphree. Alex Henderson. Lane Enzor. L. C. Powell. M. G. Rose. J. H. Wilkerson. TUSCALOOSA C ity N ational J. O. Austin. T. W. Christian. J. F. Alston, Jr. J. F. Alston. D. O. Parker. R. H. Cochrane. R. H. Wright. Frank Fitts. J. J. D oster. E. H. Alston. De Vane K. Jones. W. M. Manderson G. O. Spigener. F irst N ational V. H. Friedman. D. I. Purser, Jr. J. M. Franklin. J. D. McQueen. J. V. Lary. A. O. Cade. Gordon D. Palmer. H oyt Winslett. C. N. Maxwell, Jr. F. McCorkle Moody. TUSCUMBIA F irst N ational B. R. Howard. A. H. Carmichael E. S. Gregory. L. E. Hamlet. W. R. Trapp. Marshall Dugger John Fennel. TUSKEGEE A labam a E xchange J. W. Rushing. F. H. Carr. A. W. Hurst. R. H. Powell, Jr. L. M. Alley. Allan Parker. L.W.Wilkerson. H. G. Taylor. R. W. Lightfoot, Jr. City E. C. Laslie. J: W. Andrews. F. F. Blount. Mrs. C. C. Laslie W. M. Blount. UNION SPRINGS A m erican N ational F. M. Moseley. G. L. McMillan. J. R. Morgan. H. H. Morgan. J. W. Chappell, Jr. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis F irst N ational G. M. Edwards. C. H. Norton. J. A. Crook. W. J. Lee. E. W. Dykes. UNIONTOWN O anebrake Loan A T ru st Os. W. H. Tayloe. V. Taylor. W. Munford. W. M. Buck P la n te rs A M erchants W.H.Langhorne.O. P. Johnston. S. T. Whitfield. V. W. Coleman. W. H. Tayloe. A. E. Spldle. G. D. Stollenwerck. VALLEY HEAD C. E. Bell. E. N. Jones. C itizens A. Maxwell. VERNON B ank of V ernon O. E . Young. W.B.Clearman. S. G. Johnson. J. O. Milner. J. T. Maddox. J. R. Pennington. W. O. Box. VINA V ina B a nking C om pany J. W. Rogers. J . H. M artin. V. H. Gary. N ute Massey. C. R. Weatherford. J. T. Weatherford. WAD LEY B ank of W adley J. T. Gibson. V. L. Carter. H. L. Simpson. J. T. Clack. Eunice Clegg. W. A. Clardy. R. W. Phillips. WATERLOO F a rm ers A M erch an ts O. B. Murphy. J. H. McCorkle Buck Sharp. A. D. Ray, Jr. Joe W. McCorkle. WEDOWEE Bank of Wedowee T. M. Swann. O, S. Prescott. J. O. Swann. WETUMPKA F irs t N atio n al W. F. Little. R. T. Milner. A.E.Hohenberg. J. L. Law. A.S.Hohenberg. Mrs. G. G. Me Irving Hohenberg. Morris. WINFIELD C itizens J, D. Vickery. R. L. Hill. O. M. Hubbert. R. F. Hill. Ivan Hill. W infield S ta te R. W. Harris. J. E. Guln. M. C. Hollis. W. W. Gray. J. G. Stalcup. YORK B ank of Y ork R. L. Adams. H. L. Hoot. A. E. Grubbs. George Price. O. B. Hightower, Jr. ALASKA TER. ANCHORAGE F irst N ation al Winfield Ervin. M. M. Skrivan. J. J. Meyer. D. E. Hewitt. C. L. Cadwallader. CORDOVA T he F irs t B ank of Cordova A. McN. Field. W. H. Liebe. A. E. Lathrop. J. V. Lydick. J. H. Rosswog. E. F. Medley. JohnH.Clawson. O. A. Craft. FAIRBANKS B a n k of F a irb a n k s A. E. Lathrop. B. H. Howard. Edward F. Medley. F irst N ational L. O. Hess. E. H. Stroecker. Davis Runyan. Gem, Preston. F. P. De Wree. A. C. Visca. A. Norland. FLAT M iners A M e rch a n ts of Id lta ro d T. D. Jensen. R. S. Acheson. M. B. Roper. H. Donnelley. JUNEAU B. M . B eh ren d r B. B. Mullen. J. F. Mullen. J. W. McNaughton. Geo. E. Cleveland. F irst N ational G. A. Parks. E. McClain. P. R. Bradley. John Reck. A. M. Mill. W. S. George. Wm. Bosch. KETCHIKAN First. N ational John Monslon. W. B. King. Henry Erwick. H. F. Sprague. W. E. Peterson. A. H. Ziegler. M iners A M erch an ts M. J. Heneghan.P. J. GilmoreA. W. Brindle. H. C. Nunan. W. A. Bates. W. F. Schlothan. Mrs. I. G. Pruell.L. O. Gore. KODIAK B a n k of K odiak W. J. Erskine. O. A. Torgerson. F. A. Hansen. J. N. Steffgen. Ben Kraft. NOME M iners A M e rch a n ts B ank of Alaska G. R. Jackson. I. D. Orton. H. G. Gabrielson. PETERSBURG B ank of P e tersb u rg Ed. Locken. F. Nelson. R. H. Campbell. Chas. Norberg. Knud Stenslid. SEWARD B ank of Sew ard J. G. Lyons. W. R. Bell, Jr. H.S.Balderston. K. A. Balderston. Elwyn Swetmann. SITKA F irs t W. O. Oharteris. T. Kettleson. J. J. Conway. T. Tilson. P. S. Ganty. H. J. Hodgins. W. A. Bates. SKAGWAY B ank of A laska P. H. Ganty. E. A. Rasmuson. G. F. Mumford. Normal Haley. VALDEZ F irst B ank of Vaides J. W. Gilson. G. W. Robbins. J. W. Gilson, Jr. W. J. Whalen. Mrs. G. W. Fawcett. Chas. Fischer, Estate. B. H. Smith, Estate. WRANGELL B ank of W rangell E.A.Rasmuson. H.B.Thornquist. Mrs. E. A. Rasmuson. ARKANSAS 2325 PHOENIX A rizona T itle G u a ran te e A T ru s t Co. O.E.Van Ness. E. T. Hazelett. F irst N ational B ank of A rizona, P hoenix H. J. Coerver. R. Wm. Kramer. W. K. Humbert. G. Mi McClerkin H.M.Fennemore J. T. Melczer. S. C. Ganz. John H. Page. E. E. EUinwood. ' Phoenix Sav. B a n k A T r. Co. H. J. Coerver. W.K.Humbert. J. H. Page. E. E. EUinwood. G.M.McClerkin.H.M.Fennemore, S. C. Ganz. R. Wm. Kramer. J. T. Melczer. P hoenix T itle A T ru s t Co. J. M. Clements. W. G. Hartranft. G.W . Mickle. F.M . Stahl. L. J. Taylor. J. L. Gust. M. L. Hartley. Valley N ational W. R. Wayland. J. M. Procter. T. H, O’Brien. W. R. BImson F. E. Coles. E. Ray Oowden. G. O. Taylor. A. P. Martin. J. L. Gust. J. P. Boyle. C. W. Bond. C. A. BImson. H. L. Dunham. E. C. Barrett. T. C. McReynolds. PRESCOTT T he Bank: of A rizona M.B.Hazeltine. A. L. Favour. Bonsall Hazeltine. Sherman Hazeltine. O. S. White. Y avapai Co. Savings M. L. Lynch. M. B. Hazeltine. D. W. Russen. G. H. Stack. G. E. Yount. R. N. Looney. Dixon Fagerberg. Jr. H. Brinkmeyer, Jr. BonsaU Hazeltine. TUCSON A rizona T ru s t Co. G. N. Burcham. H. R. Talmage. W. E. Lovejoy. W. T. Pyott. T. Ed Litt. S o u th ern A rizona B k.A T r. Co. F . M. Welch. L. J. Felix. G. H. Sawyer. F. J. Steward. H. H. d ’Autremont. WINSLOW F irs t N ational R. O. Kaufman. C. D. Chase. J. L. Curry. Geo. H. Sutherland. George Hammond ARKANSAS ALMA C om m ercial W H. Cole. E. Bradley. W. E. Byars. T. H. Kibler J. F. Alexander, R. L. Bolling. C. R. Starbird. AMITY ARIZONA B ank of Am ity W. H. Olds. G. W Tolleson. Cleda Olds. J. F. Brown. O. T. Hays. BISBEB ARKADELPHIA M iners A M erchants N. C. Bledsoe. J. M. Muheim. S. S. Shattuck. J. H. Watson. I. F. Burgess. E. Beyer. BUCKEYE Buckeye Valley H. M. Watson. G. P. Brown. H. M. Nelson. J. G. Schwerkart. C. W. Peterson. DOUGLAS B ank of D ouglas FrankC. Brophy.C.S.Thompson. H. W. Williams. J. B. Crowell. M. J. Cunningham. John P. Cull. HOLBROOK F irst N atio n al J. C. Paulsell. Fred Schuster. L. C. Henning. J. R. McEvoy. J. C. Wetzler. C itizen s N ational W. B. East. , Joseph Callaway. C. C. Tobey. Howard East. C. W. Cupp. B. W. Fincher. Howard Abraham. Elk H orn B ank A T ru s t Co. W. E. Barkman. E. E. Meador. A. J. Vestal. A. P. Greene. J. P. Sturgis. A. O. Stone. J. B. Wingfield. Clarence Hardin. J. H. Lookadoo, Jr. M erch an ts a n d P la n te rs B ank A T ru s t Co. J. H. Crawfctrd. J. C. Hobgood. R. F. Golden. Ralph Williams. J. W. Bethea. D. W. McMillan. H. A. Daugherty. E. N. McElhannon. ASHDOWN F irs t N ational Guy Chappelle. W. B. Frith. A. E. Hale. C. E. Hendrix. E. C. Chappelle. NOGALES A*SH FLAT F irst N ational W. W. Barbee. W. G. Bowman O. H. Herold. Eva L. Wheeler. Theron Richardson. B ank of Ash F lat J. M. Causbie. Willene Brawley. V. McJunkins. Odus Carpenter. H. Martin. DIRECTORS OF NATIONAL, STATE, SAVINGS BANKS AND TRUST COS 2326 ARKANSAS CAMDEN ATKINS Bank of Atkin* J. M. Barker. C. A. Barker. J. M. Barker, Jr. AUGUSTA Bank of A ugusta Geo. L. Beard. C. R. Stacy. W. B. Conner. W. M. Sale. J. H. Snapp. R. E. Gregory. C itizens J. D. Reynolds. S. A. Doyle. B.T. Laney, Jr. Garland Hurt. N ational Howard East. F. A, Laney. J. E. Gaughan. S. T. Tyson. M erchants A P la n te rs O. 8. Early. J. C. Watts. H. T. Patton. Mike Berg. E. W. Copeland.C. I. Grayson. J. W. Coan. W.'F. Patton. Loomis Newcomb. BATESVILLE Citizens B ank A T ru st Co. C. W. Wasson. H. M. Kannerly. O. W. Barnett. I. N. Barnett. O. F. Cole. BEEBE Citizens E. H. Abington. H. M. Dodds. J. P . Williams. J. R. Sloan. T. S. Dabney. C. C. Abington. T. E Abington. CARLISLE Citizens M. B. Moore. E. L. Crandall. E. A. Callahan. A. W. Birdsong. J. M. Johnson. E. L. Morris. F. E. Downs, Jr. CAVE CITY Bank of Cave City J. M. Street. J. A. Carpenter. Eagle Street. J. L. Lewsaw. BELLEVILLE Belleville J. O. Woodson. Mrs. J. C. Woodson. Carl Woodson, Jr. ' BENTON B enton S ta te A. J. Johnson. G. O. Raper. H. J. Gingles. C. E. Fish. L. B. White. W.R.Alsobrook. CHARLESTON Am erican S ta te Clyde H iatt. B.H.McDonald. L. E. Jetton. C. H. Hiatt. McCloud Sicard. S. B. Stevinson. CHERRY VALLEY B ank of Cherry Talley J. K. Maddox. R. E. Halk. H. P. Maddox. W. M. Smith. BENTONVILLE Bank of Bentonvllle S. B. Stevinson. E. P. Knott. J. S. Tetley. Ross Martin. McCloud Sicard. BERRYVILLE F irst N ational O. D. Grigg. D. C. West. ChesterM.Baker.Cal Goforth. Helene Ii. George. BLEVINS Bank of Blevins H. M. Stephens. H. M. Stephens, Jr. P. O. Stephens. BLYTHEVILLE F arm ers B ank & T ru st Co. C. A. Richards. J. L. Cherry. B. A. Lynch. F. E. Warren. 0 . A. Cunningham. 1. R. Johnson. F irst N ational W. L. Taylor. S. H. Williams. O. H. Wilson. Chas. Rose. J. F. Hall. E. M. Regenold. G. G. Caudill. D. M. Barton. J. M. Stevens BOONEVILLE Citizens J. K. Edwards. W. W. Parker. L. J. Williams. Mattie Edwards Abe Williams. O. X. Williams. G. R. Edwards. BRADFORD Citizens U. L. Hickmon. L. E. Ray. W.B.Hammond. H. A. Whitley. R. L. Hammond. CHIDESTER Bank of C hidester J. T. Walker. Thos. H. Benton. C. B. Clingan. W. G. Rushing. Mollie R. Purifoy. Beulah R. Taylor. W. C. Stinnett. CLARENDON M erchants A P lan ters Sol Bondi. J. T. Bateman. W. H. Brown. H. B. Bateman. W. W. Bateman.C. A. Wilburn. CLARKSVILLE F arm ers N ational R. A. Morgan. F. A.Blackburn. J. T. White. J. W. Hopson. F. A.' Morgan. F. Q. Poynor. CONWAY F irst N ational Sam Adkisson. M. F .Gates. Joseph Enderlin. J. I. Summers. H. C. Couch, Jr.G. E. Smith. J. Wendell Henry. CORNING T he C orning B ank E. Vandover. L. G. Black. M. G. Hoffman. G. A. Lamb W. M. Fowler. H. H. Ratcliffe. Joseph Sellmeyer. Mrs. F. B. Sprague. S. Talkingcou. CROSSETT Bank of C rossett E. O. Crossett. G. H. Norman. Roy Dooley. L J. Arnold P. F. Watzek. L. R. Wilcoxon DANVILLE BRADLEY B ank of Bradley W. A. McGee. J. W. Meek J. B. Edwards. L. B. Hamner. Margaret R. Meek. BRINKLEY Bank of W. W. Sharp. A. Rusher. Frank Andrews. Brinkley E. D. McKnight Andrew Flora. I. Scholem. CABOT Bank of Cabot J. E. Gregory. J. W. Lowman. O. H. Davis. J. M. Park. J. O. Alexander. F. B. Garlington. CALICO ROCK S ta te Bank of Calico Bock S. E. McNeill. J. T. Garner. E. O. Rodman. R. H. Wayland. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J. S. J. J. Danville S ta te E. Chambers. Neil Sims. Bondi. J. W. Hull. B. Gatlin. E. Chambers, Jr. DERMOTT D e rm o tt S tate John Baxter. W. E. Lephiew. G. C. Johnston. DES ARC F arm ers A M erchants Henry Nichols. L. R. Brown. A. L. Erwin. DE WITT De W itt B ank A T ru st Co. R. H. Maddox. C. L. Whitmore. A. G. Bauer. W.F. Schallhorn. G. W. Hall. F irst N ational L. A. Black. B. Latimer. P. J. Garot. O. P. Chaney. J. M. Henderson. Jr. J. W. Shackelford. DIERKS Bank of Dlerks T.F. Westbrook. M. G. Bock. L. M. Layer. R. D. Henry. W. T. Dodgen. DOVER Bank of Dover W. J. Brown J. M. Wait J. E. Moore. Odess Lynch. S. F. McCain. L. J. Churchill. T. O. Campbell. Leonard Hurley. J. M. Llewellyn. DUMAS M erchants A F arm ers J. E. Allmon. Ohas. Dante. R. F. Cox. Ray Maxwell. O. L. Puryear. D.O.Porter, Jr. J.L.McKennon. B. V. Causey. Lamar Williamson. Walton H. Rice. R. A Pickens. EL DORADO Exchange B ank A T ru st Co. T. H. Barton. J. H. Ellis. C. N. Barton. R. M. Martin. D. R. James. L. E. Hurley. F irst N ational J. A. Rowland. J. D. Trimble. O. H. Murphy. M. G. Wade. J. K. Mahony. H. Alphin. H. S. Yocum. R. N. Benson. O. G. Murphy. H. O. McKinney. H. C. McKinney, Jr. R. N. Garrett, Jr. N ational B ank of Com m erce Albert Rowell. . D. McDonald. T. H. Norris. H. B. Reeves. J. A. Moore. J. A. Reeves. S. E. Babb. B. R. McClanahan. Randolph Murphy. ELKINS B ank of Elkins J. O. Reed. O. West. RoeStokenbury.J. E. Bunch. J. P. Stokenbury. ENGLAND B ank of E ngland E. A. Carl Lee. O. E. Hankins. O. L. Merritt. B. F. Murchison D. P. Mashburn, Jr. C itizens L. Rutherford. J. E. Swain. Ben B. Morris. W. G. Cunning. Oscar Kochtitgby. EUDORA E udora E. T. Cashion. A. G. Anderson. W. W. Grubbs. O. B. Bowman, H. F. Scott. J. M. McLeod. R. T. Stephenson. EUREKA SPRINGS DARDANELLE B ank of D ardanelle T. V. Jones. A. S. McCray. Garrett Jones. O. R. George. DELIGHT Bank of Delight C. E. Johnson. Frank Reid. J. M. May D. O. Humphry O. E. Reid. DE QUEEN F irst N ational R. P. Mitchell. F. W. Park. Abe Collins. Ollie L. Collins. Slay Johnson. Bank of Eureka Springs D. Simpson. L. G. Roark. Ray Freeman. J. F. John. O. A. Fuller. R. R. Thompson. EVENING SHADE Bank of Evening Shade Otto Cathey. J. M. Causbie. W. T. McJunkins. O. 8. Westmoreland, E. B. Metcalf. FAYETTEVILLE Citizens Allen W. Dowell.Jobelle Holcomb H. E. Page. E. Shook. J. R. Bates. Wm.J.Fulbrlght. Roberta Fulbright. F irst N ational Berry Vaughan. A. T. Lewis. H. A. Lewis. Hal Douglas. J. E. Dowell. V. O. Lesh. L. L. Baggett. I. W. Guisinger. Bert Levris. E. F. Ellis. M cllroy B ank A T ru st Co. H. Mcllroy. E. P. Pyeatt. R D. Bogart. G. C. Swanson. Clifton Wade. Marion Wasson. H. L. Thomas. J. H. Kays. Mrs. A. M. Johnson. FORDYCE F irst N ational H. H. Cooper. J. E. McCoy. P. W. Dedman. J. C. Knight. O.M.Wilkinson. C. L. Talbot. H. G. Hearnsberger. W. P. Sturgis. Fordyce B ank A T ru st Co. L. L, Trussed. O. F. Sturgis. E. O. Benton. S. A. Williams. H. E. Dedman. W. D. Stell, Jr. H. B. Benton. B. A. Mayhew. E. Anthony. FORREST CITY N ational B ank of E astern Arkansas O. W. Norton. A. O. Bridewell. J. W. Alderson. W. W. Campbell. Eldridge Butler. A. G. Sweet. James Fussell. H. K. Becker. Wm. Campbell. Wm. Alderson. P lanters B ank J. B. Fletcher. C. T. Doss. C. N. Haven. W. A. Arthurs. E. B. Belshe. O O. Fogg. A T ru st Co. S. J. Dean. Sam Sharpe. Jas. P. Wolfe S. M. Bush. L. F. Haven. H. W. Gregory. FORT SMITH A rkansas T alley T ru st Co. Ronald Gardner. H. Moulton. S. B. Harper. Byron Williams. H. P. Daily. R. J- Speer. Jerome Ney. F. W. Youmans. E. C. Moulton. City N ational H. 8. Nakdimen. A. F. Hoge. John A.England.H. Cooper. I. H. Nakdimen. C. C. Davis. A. F. Blair. F irst N ational Charles T. Orr. Walter W. Ayers J. S. Parks. McLoud Sicard. O. A. Lick. Jr. A. Y. Berry. Nell Sims. S. B. Stevinson. W. M. Eads. H. O. Morrison. Raymond Orr. M erchants N ational Mont Echols. R. J. Ross. P. W. Sheridan. W. J. Echols. A. C. Dunklin. C. S. Smart. O. N. Geren. W. H. Johnson. FRANKLIN B ank of F ranklin W. A. Gaston. W. L. Gaston. S. M. Simpson. J. S. Box. R. M. Standerford. GLENWOOD Bank of Glenwood John Golden. J, L. Pinkerton. R. W. Brakefleld.R. B. Sigman. W. A. O’Neal. C. R. Cantrell. O. B. Edge. GRAVETTE B ank of G ravett Philo Rodgers. Alfred Austin. J. T. Powell. J. T. Edmondson. F irst N ational F. H. Hilboldt. James Banks. J. D. Leonard. J. M. McAllister. GREEN FOREST F irst N ational B ank In G reen Forest Lum Anderson. J. R. Anderson. H. S. Shibley. J. H. Collier. F. H. Wells. J. C. Stafford. C. E. Miller. GREENWOOD Farm ers J. L. Johnson. M. Wilkinson. Alice Holland. W.N.Wilkinson. Dr. B. L. Ware. C. E. Osborn. I. M. McClendon. Mrs. W.Lee Been. F. P. Holland. DIRECTORS OF NATIONAL. STATE. SAVINGS BANKS AND TRUST COS, GRIFFITH VILLE T be F irst Bank N. B. Smith. A. H. Hudgins. Claudia L. Grissom. Jas. A. Neaville. GURDON C lark C ounty Jesse McMillan. W. R. Abbott. H. T. Ross. D. W. McMillan. F. H. Rudolph. J. O. Hobgood. F irst N ational A. D. Agee. R. A. Stuart. J. E. Allen. O. K. Barringer. J. H. Lookedoo. Dr. W. D. Davisson. HAMBURG F arm ers W. E. Foote. F. N. Pugh. Leslie J. Serrett. B. R. Smith. S. A. Wilcoxon. L. Higginbotham Murphy Jones. V. W. Walker. HAMPTON B, B. A. E. C alhoun C ounty W. Harrell. I. O. Strickland. H. Wood. Searcy Harrell. B. Garrett. L. G. Hampton. C. Johnston. HARRISBURG B ank of H arrisburg W. S. Martin. T. T. Mardis. D. M. Mardis. HORATIO H oratio S ta te O. T. Brinkley. O. Hooper. F. R. Ethridge. L. O. Shull. C. E. Hendrix. HOT SPRINGS NATIONAL PARK A rkansas N ational B ank of H ot Springs J. G. Higgins. M. A. Eisele. D. O. Sims. W.M.Anderson. Ohas.E.Garratt. T. K. Martin. Thos. W. Stone. B. L. Neimeyer. A rkansas T ru st Co. C. J. Horner. E. F. Woodcock E. M.Thrasb.Jr. D. Burgauer. Dewell Jackson. F. L. Thompson. G. H. Sexton. W. W. Wilson. C. E. Miles. HUGHES P lan ters N ational J. E. Cooper. C. W. Martin. J. E. Allen. J.O.E.Beck.Jr. R. B. Wise. Wooten Anderson. Bert O. Pouncey, Jr. HUNTSVILLE F irst N ational A. B. Bunch. Tom Hargis. O. W. Basham. W. A. Boatright. D. W. Anderson. Adry Gaskill. JASPER HARRISON Security Bank C C. Alexander. W. O. Newton. R. W. Milum. L. A. Watkins. T. C. Heuer. R. L. Baker. J. M. Bullock. D. E. Fitton. HAVANA Bank of Havana A. M. Mitchell. J. E. Mitchell. E. B. Mitchell. HEBER SPRINGS Arkansas N ational Odie Barnett. W. C. Casey. S. B. Rector. N. B. DeLoach. J. L. Mullens. C leburne C ounty S. B. Russell. Louis Stecker. O. O. Dickson. O. B. Robbins. W. R. Griffin. W. L. Deal. E. O. Sherlock. L. E. Robbins. Opie Rogers. HELENA G u a ran ty Loan A T ru st So. Dewey Moore. J. P. Swift. M. R. Ready. ft. G. Stephens. S. H. Hurst. E. C. Nelson. B. T. Doughtie, Jr. H elena N ational B ank T. E. Wooten. E. R. Crum. E. T. Hornor. J. F. Hunt. Al Haraway. J. T. Franklin. Abe Goldsmith. L. P. Keeshan. H. G. Stephens. Phillips N ational D .A . Blanton. J. H. Pillow. D. T. Hargraves.O M. Young. B. L. Ross. HINDSVILLE Talley J. N. Phillips. L.A.Linebarger. H. L. Mayfield. Adry Gaskill. Tom Hargis. Jas. R. Hargis. Wm. B. Bunch. HOLLY GROVE Bank of Holly Grovo P. C. Mayo. \ J. W. Mayo. B. J. Lambert. O.M. Washington M. P. Walls. J. I. Matthews. HOPE Newton C ounty W. W. Moore. O. A. Moore. W. J. Pruitt. 8. L. Nance. J. W. Moore. JONESBORO C itizens S.V.McKinney. R. H. Wall. M. L. McKinney. M ercantile Alex Berger. B. H. Berger. C. D. Frierson. Nathan Deutsch G. G. Smith. JUDSONIA F arm ers k M erchants W. R. Felts. J. H. Graves. O. O. Waller. R. E. Waller. John A. Henson. J. C. Rhew. W. H. L. Woodyard. Edgar Wright. JUNCTION CITY U nion S ta te P. E. Murphy. I. A. Brinker H. E. Kinard. H. J. Williams. H. M. Kinard. O. H. Goodwin. KENSETT B ank of K en sett A. P. Mills. J. W. Sloan. J. H. Johnston. KEO Bank of Keo J. D. Cobb. W. F. Coleman. A. B. Cobb. J. F. Coffman. S. O. Cobb. KINGSTON B ank of K ingston H.R.McCracken.A. B. Bunch. Tom Hargis. W. B. Bunch. Wilson Bunch. LAKE VILLAGE B ank of Lake Village B. O. Clark. R. H. Meyer. W. C. Lovette. E. T. Cashion. J. B. Gillison. Jas. Hammond. Ben Angel. LAVACA C itizens N ational R.M.LaGrone. R. M. Brlant. A. L. Black. S. L. Reed. O. O. Spragins. J. A. Haynes. Albert Graves. N. T. Jewell. O. A. Graves. J. D. Barlow. R. M. LaGrone, Jr. C itizens W. D. West, Jr. J. S. Coffman. Warren West. S. E. West. F. H. Fielder. . F irst N ational J. R. Henry. N. P. O’Neal. W. K. Lemley. Lloyd Spencer. Syd McMath. E. P. Stewart. Roy Stephenson. L ittle River Oscar Weems. B. H. Murphy. A. T. Bell. J. C. Portis. D. F. Portis. E. P. Burton. Wayne Eason. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LEPANTO LEWISVILLE F irst N ational R. L. Searcy. D. W. Gladney. J. W. Velvin. G.M.McKnight. H. L. Lester. R. L. Searcy, Jr. Peoples B ank A Loan Co W. D. Stewart. T. P. Le May P. D. Burton. J. O. Landes J. B. Burton. LINCOLN Bank of Lincoln T. N. English. J. A. English. E. W. Baugh. W. T. Shannon. Herbert A. Lewis. LITTLE ROCK T he C om m ercial N ational Bk. of L ittle Rock W. H. McLean. E. E. Beaumont. H. H. Conley. C.N.Bellingrath. W. Townsend. C. E. Crossland. A. E. McLean. C. A. Franke. W. A. McDonnell. W. C. Chamberlin. Peoples N ational W. A. Hicks. C. E. Smith, Jr. Hardin Bale. W. E. Lenon. J.F.Weinmann. O. D. Hadfleld. W.'H. Donham. Ben M. Hogan. R. H. Sutton. Lee Miles. H. W. Trigg. Vaughn Winston M. S. McCord. H. T. “ Will” Terry. Southw est Jo in t Stock Land H. G. Miller. W. H. Holmes. W. E. Wheeler. M. Maxwell. J. M. Davis. Union N ational Arthur Phillips. Nat. Dyke, Jr. J. M. Moore. Carroll Thibault. J. R. Hampton. Z. T. Wood. A. G. Kahn. H. C. Couch, Jr. Moorehead Wright. R. H. Dickenhorst. Elmo Walker. C. L. Thompson. W. B. W orthen Co., B ankers Booker Worthen. J. H. Penick. G. D. HendersonG. G. Worthen. W. C. Allsopp. Emmet Morris. W. R. Crow. Alfred Leymer. J. G. Potts. L. E. Dishongh. LOCKESBURG B ank of Lockesburg M. L. Norwood. Hugh Latimer. M. F. Hampson.R. C. Norwood. A. P. Boyce. ARKANSAS 2327 MARIANNA F arm ers A M. F. Apple. N. C. Hodge. J. A. Kinard, Jr. Ike Panich. M erchants C. A. Pederson. H. L. Petty. Harvey Wilson. F irst N ational P. B. Benham. C. E. Dozier. W. G. Hoyle. J. H. Payne. J. L. Isaacs. E.C.Robertson. J. A. Kinard, Sr. C. C. Mitchener. R. S. McClintock. Leon C. Castling W. T. Gerrard. Dan Felton. John W. Mann. MARION C itizens Perry Barton. J. F. Fogleman. W. P. Barton. Ed Talbott. L. H. Carruth. MARKED TREE M arked Tree W. B. Chapman. L. V. Ritter. H. C. Dewey. John Brunner. Milton Craft. MARSHALL T he C itizens Mary Massey. M. F. Cash. Aud Massey. D. L. Massey. Joe Mats. Leonard Coffman J. C. Baker. MARVELL Bank of Marvell WeldonJackson. J. B. Swift. E. Hirsch. F. H. Webster. Guy Robinson. McCRORY Bank of McCrory John E. Bryan. J. F. Morgan. R. D. Campbell.I. N. Arnof. V. M. Thompson. McGEHEE M cGehee R. B. Stone. E. S. Terral. C. B. Bowman. G. H. Linaker. W.E.Thompson. B. F. Selman. J. L. Parker. R. G. Verser. MELBOURNE B ank of M elbourne G. H. Miller. J. C. Ashley. C. O. Aylor. R. L. Blair. MENA LONOKE F irst S ta te J. J. Fletcher. G.E.Williams. Neill Fletcher. M. E. Lyons. W. H. Bransford.H. E. Benton. W. W. McCrary, Jr. O. G. Miller. MAGNOLIA C itizens Jim Keith. B. B. Gunnels. W. A. Boyd. R.C.McDaniel. J. E. Bass. W. R. Gantt. Joe F. Rushton. C. R. Hutcheson. W. C. Blewster. R. A. Roberson. F arm ers B ank A T ru st Co. J. A. W. Souter. H. A. Reid. T. S. Grayson. J. G. Langston. R. S. Foster, J. B. Lee. W. N. Paschal. T. H.Reeves. R. S. Wamock, Jr. W. L. Jameson, Jr. MALVERN Bank of M alvern Robert Smith. Jr. C. S. Smith. J. E. Young. Ray Boyle. R. R. Chamberlain. W. H. Cooper, Jr. W. S. Richardson. M alvern N ational H. L. Heard. J. M. Smith. A. J. Kight. Ray Morrow. Cathleen G. Morrow. H. M. McWhorter. MAMMOTH SPRING Peoples Dell Brown. J. F. Martin. I. M. Plumlee. J. R. Martin. O. H. Culver. MANSFIELD B ank of M ansfield C. O. Graves. J. R. Hunter. G. G. Woods. G. R. Holbrook. Gilmer Dixon. P la n te rs N ational M. P. Olney. F. C. Embry. G. W. Petty. W. I. McKinney. J. W. Harper. U nion B ank of M ena Wm. L. Boyd. W. J. Lauck. Alvin Terry. MONETTE M onette S ta te J. W. Buzick. R. E. Jacobs. Eric Rogers MONTICELLO Com m ercial Loan A Tr. Co. J. B. Posey. M. L. Sigman. J. i). Me< toy. L. D. McQuiston L. W. Dillard J. A- Baxter. V. J. Trotter, Jr. B. A. Hardy. E. R, Lambert. J. F. Brann. Lamer Williamson. Union Bank V. J. Trotter. E. A. Lambert. A. Williamson. W. R. McOloy. M. Y. Pope. Geo. Campster. A T ru st Co. H. F. Trotter. C. W. Daniel. M. F. Wright. A. T Gotham. W. H. Nunn. MORRILTON F irst S ta te L. T. Oates. J. L. Williams. S. R. McKinley. R. M. Hule. T. M. McReynolds. R. H.Dlckenhorst. S. J. Laux. MOUNTAIN HOME Peoples Lon Jones. M. E. Curlee. J. P. Morgan. N. T. Dyer. J. W. Bennett. MOUNTAIN VIEW Bank of M o u n ta in View A. A. Lancaster. J. T. Smith. G. R. Clark. J. W. Webb. N. C. Maxey. 2328 ARKANSAS DIRECTORS OF NATIONAL. STATE» SAVINGS BANKS AND TRUST COS. MOUNT HOLLY B ank of M o u n t Holly W. J. Cox. Rob’t Freeman. R. D. Junkin. H. T. Patton. J . B. Wells. MOUNT IDA B ank of M ontgom ery C ounty L. L. Beavers. W.G.Whittinarton, A. Standridge. John Beavera. MULBERRY B ank of J. M. Farmer. H. Wagner. C. R. Counts. M ulberry J. D. Jackson. S.B.Stevlnson. T. J. House. MURFREESBORO Pike C ounty J. C. Pinnix. M. G. Terrell. T. F. Alford. J. N. Hlpp PARIS F a rm ers A M e rch a n ts E. L. Dickson. H. Simpson. F. E. Belford. M. J. Belford. Carl Dickson. PARKDALE T he B ank of R lson J. L. Sadler. R. O. Searcy. J. E. McCoy. J. E. Goggans. victor Moore. C. E. Boyd. B.W.Thomasson.Jo. Nichol. J. L. Moore. Van Sadler, B ank of P arkdale J* H. Caldwell. J. A. Williams. R. G. Williams. F irs t N ational A. E. Alford. R. M. Stuart. J. O. Davis. Forrest Wilson. R. Dickinson. L, Dickinson. J . B, Dill. NETTLETON NEWARK F irst N ational Ç. M. Edwards. M aud Edwards. R. B. Adams. J. W. Adams. Salile Edwards. NEW EDINBURG B ank of New E din b u rg E. M. Attwood. O. B. Attwood. W. F. Attwood. E. T. Attwood. G. E. Marks. P lggott S ta te P? M. Pfeiffer. F. H. Thornton. H. C. Robbins. J. W. Hamilton. H. P. Leggett. G. W. Reves. V. O. Wright. NEWPORT NORTH LITTLE ROCK Tw in C ity T . F. Digby. R. J. Rice. H. O. Topf. OSCEOLA M ississippi C ounty A. Liverant. S. G. Lockhart. O. B. Wood. G. H. Florida. H. F. Ohlendorf. OZARK PARAGOULD N ational B ank of C o m m o n S. S. Lipscomb. A. W. Jackson. J. G. Meiser. W. T. btedman. T. L. Payne. A. H. Wrape. G. S. Self. J. C. Ford. H. W. Woosley. L. U. Stedman. R.W.Meriwether. W. F. Kirsch. R. R. Meriwether New F irs t N a tio n a l *E. N. Beisei. R. C. Mitchell. W. L. Gatz. L. J. Sellmeyer. J H. Farrell. S ecurity B ank & T ru s t Co. R. W» Cupp. J. W. Alexander. R. V. McCoy. J. C. Honey. E. R. Browning. L. V. Rhine. W. E. Ellington. J. E. Winn. S. P. McHaney. Ike Wilcockson. L. G. Staub. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Peoples Exchange E. A. Shinn. E. F. Walthall. J. M. White. C. E. Lemley. L. B. McClure. J. W. Leonard. E. O. Bradley. SALEM B ank of Salem Rex Oastleberry.Lannis Ashley. Fay Gastleberry.H. J. Humphries. Sim m ons N ational Wm. Nichol. Leo M. Andrews. Jo Nichol. O. O. Fulbrlght. J. T. Lloyd. L.F. H utt. O. A. Gordon. J. O. Fox. W. J. Miller. Logan C ounty B ank F. L. Ahne. J. D. Baker. J. D. Knight. PLAINVIEW F irst S ta te L.C.Breashears. W. G. Caviness. Ç - B. Law. R. L. Elliott. w « A i ) ai!ian. M. A. Vandover, W. B. Clement. S. W. Lofland. Willie Caviness. B ank of P o c a h o n ta s Tom Bigger. E. L. Dickson. F. E. Belford. J. W. Brown. A. L. Wright. R. R. Hosey. PORTLAND Peoples A. J. Gregory. J. W. Brown. 8. J. Wilson. H. H. Naff. E. J . Camak. J. W. Pugh. , Felix Pugh. Gus Pugh. P o rtla n d H.E.Cockerham. Joe W. Pugh, Jr. POTTSVILLE C itizens G. C. Owens. D. H. Rackley. W H. Rankin. PRAIRIE GROVE B ank of Ozark F. N. Johnston. W. A. Hudspeth. Romie Wilson. Jeta Taylor. RUSSELLVILLE B a n k of R ussellville A. J. Mathews. M. J. Hickey. G. S. Neal. R. L. Jenkins. T. R. Rye. N ational Bk. of C om m erce Wendell D. Lee. Harvey Hogg. C. S. McNew.Jr. F. G. Bridges. Jr. W. N. Trulock. Paul Finkbeiner. C. C. Willey. E. P. Mahafly. POCAHONTAS F irst N ational T . Hutson. S . J. Grn.ha.TTiT . N. Graham. W. E. Forbes. ' J . Collison. W. a . Billingsley A. M. Elton. B * ROGERS A m erican N ational T. E. Harris. T. S. Wilks. J. H. Buttram . L. W. Harris. L. LInebarger. PEA RIDGE B ank of Pea Ridge R. B. Patterson. Loyd Patterson. W. T. Patterson. PINE BLUFF B ank of N e ttle to n H. O. Kiech. L. D. Kiech. Fred Shauver. E. O. Kiech. E. E. Hale. RISON STAMPS Bodcaw F. E. Baker. J. O. Oabe W. R. Boney. O. L. Cabe. A. P. Beasley. R. T. Boulware. STAR CITY B ank of S ta r City. J. D. Oogbill. Paul Offutt. W.R.Alsobrook. O. E. Fish. G. D. Smith.' Isaac Chambers. A. J. Johnson. PARKIN F irst S ta te F. E , Brenner. N. E. Thomas. H. L. Coldren. R. M. Lake. Mrs. G. D. Baker. PIGGOTT NASHVILLE REYNO F irst N ational L. J. Arnett. H. T. Fite. ? ' £• L- P- Jacobs. L. B. Crenshaw. Lewis O. Sadler. Mamie M. Crenshaw. F a rm e rs & M e rch a n ts E. C. Carl. D. E. Rieff. J. C. Parks. E. P. Pyeatt. R. D. Bogart. W. H. Mock. PRESCOTT wB a n k of P re s c o tt Wren Scott. W. V. Tompkins. Thos. M. Bemis. C. D. McSwain. D.L. McRae,Jr.' T.O.McRae, Jr. D. K- Bemis. C. H. Tompkins. Sam T. White. F irst S ta te O. G. Gordon. J. B. Hesterly. W. F. Denman. J. M. Stripling. G. H. Christopher. RECTOR B ank of R ector T. C. Justus. E. M. Purcell. J. G. Hardin. Ollie Bearden. J. A. Marlar. STRONG C itizens O. B. Bird. Z. McClendon. R. A. Burgess. A. P. Kirby. O. B. Clark. STUTTGART Peoples N ational P. R. McCoy. John Erstine. R. J. Diekhoff. W. B. Pfeiffer. P. K. McCoy. TEXARKANA (Also listed at Texarkana, Tex.) SCRANTON SEARCY H. B a n k of Searcy K. Wood. T. A. Watkins. Security 8. W. Sanford. B.C.Huddleston. J. L. Walker. A. J. Stephens. H.M.Thompson.K. B. Rand. G. O. Yingling. J. W. Sanford. Geo. D. Booth, Jr. SHERIDAN G ra n t C ounty O. R. Kelly. O. P. Cearley. A. L. Blakely. J. A. McCoy O. A. Mitchell. S. R. Reid. O. A. McCoy. SHERRILL B ank of Sherrill J. M. Barrett. Moody Barrett. A. R. M erritt. W. I. Payne. J. G. Ford. SIDNEY B ank of Sidney Thos. A. Bone. J. W. McGee. U. O. Pounders. S tate N ational I. L. Smith. Stuart Wilson. E. A. Frost. V. E. Florence. E. L. Beck. A. C. Stuart. 8. H. Vance. L. C. Cargile. E. A. Vance. T e x a rk an a . N ational A. L. Burford. J. K. Wadley. T. E. Fuller. C. L. Cabe. S. J. Seeger. H. T. Wiegel. J. A. Pondrom. J. G. Boyce. TILLAR C itizens L. Wolfe. O. H Kimbro E. 8. Terral. W. S. Wood. H. B. White. TRUMANN B ank of T ru m a n n J. A. Cash. G. O. Campbell. N. C. Taylor. M. T. Bym. Geo. B. Cash. TUCKERMAN B ank of T u ck erm an D. C. Dowell. A. S. Riegler. F. L. Penlx. R. O. Norris. O. B. Armstrong. F irs t N a t’l Bk. in T u ck e rm a n S. J. Graham. H. E. James. W. M. Tims. W. F. Smith. H. G. Graham. L. F. Farmer. SILOAM SPRINGS B ratt-W asson Tom Whiteside. Sadie Monroe. Vol Wasson. Marion Wasson. G. K. Wasson. SMACKOVER Sm ackover S ta te B ank J. E. Berry. H. T. Rogers. H. L. Berg. Mike Berg. L. E. Tennyson, Jr. SMITHVILLE C itizens Oleo Holt. G. W. Perkins. J. M. Street. Luke Johnston. SPARKMAN M e rch a n ts & P la n te rs S. B. Horne. P. H. Taylor. W. P. Sturgis C. E. Hays. O. F. Sturgis. QUITMAN B ank of Q u itm a n W. H. McNair. Corine Clark. B. F. Clark. J. A. Bailey. N. H. Tarver. STEPHENS B ank of S tephens J- B. Morgan. P. O. Grayson. C. Whaley. . J.S.Thompson. W. Kitchens. W. E. Dixon. F. H. Farrar. J. E. Morgan. W. H. Hogg. SPRINGDALE F irs t N ational Art. T. Lewis. Lee Sanders. John H. Myers. Bert Lewis. E.B.Cummings. J. L. Stafford. F irs t Tom Hargis. Elmer Johnson O. P. Sisco. J. R. Joyce. S ta te T. L. Fowler. J. S. W atts. 8. R. Wilson. Shelby Ford. TUPELO B ank of Tupelo H. C. Giles. Tom J. Looney. J. H. Snapp. VAN BUREN C itizen s’ B ank & T ru st Co. Robt.W.Gelly. H. W. Bryan. D. T. Bryan. F. D. Pape. J. O. McKinney. Peoples B a n k & T ru s t Co. C. J. Franklin. Hal Brown. A. W. Meier. G. O. Neal. W. H. Phillips. Dell Miller. J. J. Izard. WALDO B ank of W aldo I. E. Howell. W. S. McKissack J. T. Howell. Peoples W. O. Fincher. J. E. O’Daniels. H. A. Fincher. G. L. Fincher. E. F. Fincher. WALDRON B ank of W aldron O. E. Forrester. W. B. Piles. W. S. Mitchell. W. A. Bates. J. K. May. M. C. Bird. Miles Dozier. . / DIRECTORS OF NATIONAL, STATE. SAVINGS BANKS AND TRUST COS. WALNUT RIDGE F irs t N a tio n a l Bk. of L aw rence Co. J. E. Krone. J. H. Myers. E. L. Moore. J. F. Sloan. Larry Sloan. N. F. Sloan. A. W. Williams. WARREN M e rch a n ts & P la n te rs ■G. B. Colvin. J. E. Stewart. J. P. Lambert. O. W. Wheless. Carl Hollis. Arthur Weiss. Bryan Martin. J. C. Thompson. S’. M. Holt. W arren O. L. Tarleton. Louis Ederington J.T.Ederington. B. W. Martin. J . R. Gannaway. Baldwin Meek. W.T.Thompson .Karl Neal. WEINER B ank of W einer L. Hogue. O. Huffman. Albert Huber. Wm. Knanple. Mrs.J.B.Huber. E. E. Hogue. W EST MEMPHIS ANDERSON BEAUMONT CAMP ROBERTS Bk. of A m . N. T r. SC Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) B ank of B e au m o n t E. J. Gillls. E. F. Nolting. Clara S. Beasley. H. W. Morrison. E. D. Stahl. Laura Stewart. Emma S. Nolting. Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) ANGELS CAMP Bk. of A m . N. T r. SC Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) BELL ANTIOCH Bk. of Am. N. T r. SC Sav. A ssn. (See Son Francisco) A ntioch B a n k of Savings V. A. Parachlni. H. A. West. Mary Irwin. A. W. Flaherty. B. B. Horr. John McAravy. J. Frederickson. Bk. of A m . N. T r. SC Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) F irst N ational V. A. Parachlni. H. A. West. J. Frederickson. John McAravy. B. B. Hoir. Mary Irwin. A. W. Flaherty. ARBUCKLE Bk. of A m . N. T r. SC Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) B ank of W est M em phis G. M. Coleman. E. J. White. Arthur Russell. Cecil Oliver. Wm. H. Hundhausen. Harvey E. Thompson. D. B. Woollard. A r c a d ia Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) M e rch a n ts a n d P la n te rs L uther Wallin. J. M. Smith. W. L. McKee. J. C. McCaa. Blair Lowrance. R .E . Robertson. J . A. Cooper. Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) WHEATLEY Rice Grow ers S. P. Brownlee, Jr. H. K. Smith. H. K. Smith, Jr. WILMOT W ilm ot S ta te M. C. Crandall. J.B.Shackelford. E. H. Dunning. G. B. Stovall. M rs. W. B. de Yampert. W. N. Wilhite. WILSON B ank of W ilson J . W. Nelson. W. F. Wilson. J. H. Crain. J. E. Crain. Benton Garret. C.J.Lowrance.Jr. R. E. L. Wilson, III. WYNNE Cross Dave Block. David Drexler J. O. Hilliard. H. Steinberg. C ounty D. M. Hamrick. H.K. Barwick.Jr. J. W. Lipscomb. F irst N ational T. B. Murray. J. E. Hollan. J. H. Harris. Albert Horner. T . M. Ellis. R. J. Jackson. M. G. Gardner. A. G. Stamps. CALIFORNIA ALAMEDA Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) C om m ercial N ational H. D. Schultz. J. A. Powell. R. J. Powell. J. L. Delanoy. •M. Stafford. E. J. Silver. M . Wehr. ALHAMBRA Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) ALTURAS Bk. of Am. N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) ANAHEIM Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) S o u th e rn C ounty H. A. Hawley. H. W. Thienes. A. Nagel. Wm. Toomey. Wm. H. Forbes. Wm. Abplanalp. I. D. Jaynes. Emma J. Nagel. J. W. Phelps. Wilson W. Phelps. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CALIFORNIA 2329 ARCATA ARROYO GRANDE BELLFLOWER F irs t N ational L. R. Peck. L. E. Funk. M. O. Banowetz. Win. E. G. Chalmers P. H. Van Horsen. BENICIA Bk. of Am. N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San,Francisco) BERKELEY Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) BEVERLY HILLS Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn Beverly H ills B ranch (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) BIEBER ATASCADERO B k. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) B k. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) BIGGS ATWATER Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) Bk. of A m . N. T r. SC Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) BISHOP AUBURN Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) Placer C ounty N. J. Cohen. W. H. Wilson. O. A. Keena. W. A. Reynolds. G. McAulay. W. M. Miller. T. L. Chamberlain. AVENAL BRAWLEY Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) BREA Oilfields N atio n al B ank In Brea W. E. Fanning. J. E. Witten. J. B. Reilly. E. W. Curtis. F. G. Smith. M. G. Luddy. Bk. of A m . N . T r. SC Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) BRENTWOOD AZUSA Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) A zusa T alley Savings Herman Allison. T. F. Heth. A. Hummell. E. H. Philleo. O. S. Powell. O. O. Wright. R. B. Bidwell. Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) F irst N ational O. S. Powell. A. Hummel. H. Allison. C. O. Wright. C. F. Gordon. C. A. Griffith. R. B. Bidwell. E. B. Griffith. Henry Damerel. T. F. Heth. E. H. Philleo. BURBANK Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) B u rb a n k S ta te J. D. Baer. T. D. Buffington. Val. A. Bonney. E. A. Pendarvis. W. H. Butterfield. BURLINGAME Bk. of Am. N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. B urlingam e B ran ch (See Son Francisco) BAKERSFIELD Bk. of A m . N. T r. SC Sav. Assn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) BALBOA Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) CARUTHERS F irs t N ational E. B. Clark. A. Clevenger. H. L. Smith. W. O. Freeland. Jacob Hansen. H. O. Kofoid. H. C. V. Hansen. CEDARVILLE Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn.' (See San Francisco) CENTERVILLE Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) CERES B ank W. R. Service. T. E. Wilson. A. L. Harris. of Ceres F. W. Moffet. H. B. Service. W. W. Glddlngs, CHICO Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. A ssn. (See Son Francisco) CHINO Beverly H ills N atio n al B ank SC T ru s t Co. O. N. Beasley. E. A. Poe. R. S. Beasley. G. J. Brooks. H. D. MacKinnon. Bk. of A m . N. T r. SC Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) CARMEL B ank of C arm el T. A. Work. Silas W. Mack. T. A. Work, Jr. C. L. Berkey. A.G.E.Hanke. S. A. T rew e tt. CALEXICO Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) CALISTOGA Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) BALDWIN PARK CAMARILLO Bk. of Am. N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See Son Francisco) BARSTOW CAMBRIA Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) CHOWCHILLA Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) CHULA VISTA Bk. of Am . N. T r. SC Sav. A ssn. (See Son Francisco) CLAREMONT Bk. of A m . N .T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) C itizens N atio n al E. H. Warner. H. E. Robbins. H. T. Belcher. ' J. G. Zorn. R. J . Benard. A. J. Carter. Lee C. Pitzer. F. H. Warner. Raymond C, Brooks. CLOVERDALE Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) F irs t N ational Ruby R. Shaw. Geo. CavallL O. W. Jones. C. B. Shaw, O. L. Sedgley. CLOVIS F irst N ational R.IJ. Garberson. L. M. Garberson. W, Riley, Jr. J. S. Garberson. MyrnaGarbersonAileen Elliott. COACHELLA F irs t N atio n al A.M.Westerfield.Ralpb S. Bliss. J. A. Moss. H. A. Westerfleld Leonhardt Swingle. COLFAX Bk. of A m . N, T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) COLMA Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See Son Francisco) COLTON Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) COLUSA Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) F irst Savings T. Rutledge. Clara O. Packer. H. H. Baldson. G. E. Zoller. R. C, Gather. 2330 CALIFORNIA COMPTON DIRECTORS OF NATIONAL, STATE, SAVINGS BANKS AND TRUST COS. DAVIS Bk. of Am . N. T r. SC Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) , C om pton N atio n al R. E. Robson. W. J. Stockwell. K. T. Hubbell. Mrs. N. D. Reed. A. R. Kerr. D. G. McDonald. G. F. Whitaker. Morgan S. Ralls. R. W. McGovney. B ank of Davis V. S. Dixon. W. L. Warner. W. W. Wilson. W. Kleespie. F. P. Wray. G. J. Haussler. L. K. Wilson. CONCORD Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) CORCORAN F irs t N ational J. W. Guiberson. Claire Guiberson L. A. Hansen. J. M. Hansen. E. J. Harp. B. G. Crary. Helen G. Boyett. DELANO F irst N ational R. A. Hobler. J. E. Regan. L. R. Billings. A. S. Cole. Earl Stacy. DEL REY Bk. of A m . N. T r. SC Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) DINUBA CORNING Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Say. Assn. (See San Francisco) B ank of C orning W. N. Woodson.L. L. Million J. Le Roy Donnovan. John Saldubehere. O. D. Hill. CORONA Bk. of A m . N. T r. SC Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) C itizens T. O. Jameson. L. L. Andrews. R. L. Willits. R. B. Snedecor. P. T. Glass. F. E. Snedecor. W. S. Clayson. F irs t N ational A. M. Root, Jr. F. B.W are. F. E. Snedecor. G. E. Snldecor. W. S. Clayson. T. O. Jameson. L. L. Andrews. R. L. Willits. CORONADO Bk. of A m . N. T r. A;. Say. A ssn. (See San Francisco) COVELQ B ank of Coyelo E. A. Gravier. G. M. Blggar. D. P. English. J. D. Rohrbough. T. J. Lowry. COVINA Bk. of A m . N. T r. SC Say. Assn. (See San Francisco) C ovina N ational T . B. Reed. J. D. Reed. T. McHann. B- B. Jenks. V. O. English. CRESCENT CITY Bk. of A m . N. T r. SC Say. Assn. (See San Francisco) CROCKETT B an k of Pinole M.L.Fernandez. A. E. Connick. J. Mahoney. E. D. Armstrong. W. A. Davis. F. W. Collins. Alice Ellerhorst. S. S. MacKinley. Hazel D. Thornton. S. J. Claeys. CROWS LANDING R. W. H. C. F irs t N ational L. Crow. Lloyd McAulay O. Crow. G. W. Fink. A. Kricke. M. B. Azevedo. A. Filippini. CULVER CITY Bk. of A m . N. T r. SC Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) DALY CITY EUREKA Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) B a n k of E u rek a Rudolph Ohman. J. F. Walsh. N. Thogensen. Coll Deane. G. E. Hanson. C. F. Edson. W. J. Wrigley. R. D. Porter. O. H. Palmtag. EXETER DIXON Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) Bk. of Am . N. T r. SC Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) FAIRFAX F irst N ational R.E.L.Stephens. J. L. Kilkenny. W. R. Madden. J. J. Clark. W. J. Weyand. O. Eggert. 8. Grady. P, M. Doyle. Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See Son Francisco) N o rth e rn Solano Sav. W. R. Madden. J. J. Clark. R.E.L.Stephens. J. D. Grady. P. M. Doyle. J. P. Thomsen. Otto Eggert. J.L.Kilkenny. F irst N ational W. O. Robbins. G. R. Turner. G. O. Miller. D. Oereda. J. R. Ohadboume, Jr. DORRIS B n tte Yalley S ta te H. Lang. Earl F. Ager. Enock Israelson. G. R. Pheneger. Wm. G. Hagelstein. DOS PALOS Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) DOWNEY Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) DUNSMUIR Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn.' (See Son Francisco) EAGLE ROCK Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) EL CAJON C u yam aca S ta te O. S. Judson. W. D. Hall. H. H. Hill. A. C. Sears. A. Rossburg. EL CENTRO Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See Son Francisco) ELK GROVE Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) EL MONTE Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. EMERYVILLE Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See Son Francisco) DANVILLE ENCINITAS B k. of A m . N. T r. Sc Say. A ssn. (See San Francisco) Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) FORTUNA Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) FOWLER Bk. of Am . N. T r. SC Sav. A ssn. (See Son Francisco) FRESNO Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn, (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) FULLERTON Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) F irs t N atio n al W. L. Hale. E. E. Beazley. S J. Tufifree. A. H. Beazley. T ru s t Sc Savings J. H. Lang. T. P. Corcoran. M. D. Smiley. GALT B ank of G alt W. O. Anderson.W. B. Sawyer. O. L. Genasci. M.B.Anderson. W. E. Holmes. GARDENA FAIRFIELD Solano C ounty F. O. Mclnnis. E. L. Dearborn. W. B. Sheldon. Claus Mangels. J. K. Lambie. D. E. Pyle. John E. Freitas. FALL BROOK Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) FALL RIVER MILLS Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) FELLOWS Bk. of Am . N. T r. SC Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) FERNDALE Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See Son Francisco) FILLMORE Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Say. A ssn. (See San Francisco) FIREBAUGH Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) FLORENCE Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See Son Francisco) Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) , GARDEN GROVE F irst N ational F. A. Monroe. H. O. Head. H. H. Benjamin. P. Brady. Wm. Schumacher. GEYSERVILLE Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) GILROY Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See Son Fr ancisco) GLENDALE Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) F irst N at. Bk. a t G lendale B. F. Lyttle. Glenn Whitney. Dan Campbell. Michael G. Luddy. Mark G. McMahon. W. C. Seal. GLENDORA Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See Son Francisco) GOLETA Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) GRASS VALLEY Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) FOLSOM Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) GREENVILLE In d ia n Yalley W. B. Perry. Florence B. Short C. M. Chamberlain. FONTANA Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) ELSINORE F irst N ational G. R. Gough. C. F. B. Klarer. Eugene Best. T. H. Wilks. A. IS. Gustafson. F. H. Smith. W. R. Horton. Fred. B. Klarer. Bk. of A m . N. T r. & Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ESCONDIDO Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) CUCAMONGA Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) ESC A LON E scalon S ta te C. M. Carlson. C. T. Brayton. Otto Peterson. M. H. Irwin. B. Bonelli. A. F. Adrian. R. L. Eberhardt. GRIDLEY Bk. of Am. N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See Son Francisco) FORT BRAGG Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) C oast N atio n al i n F t. Bragg Chas. E. Fee. H. T. Bolden. O. M. Mannon. P. J. Bowman. M. D. Gray. FORT JONES S c o tt Yalley G. W. Smith. W. T. Young. A. A. Bills. C. H. Green. R. A. Walker. GUSTINE Bk. of Am . N. T r. SC Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) HALF MOON BAY Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See Son Francisco) HAMILTON FIELD Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See Son Francisco) DIRECTORS OF NATIONAL. STATE. SAVINGS BANKS AND TRUST COS. HANFORD ISLETON LIVE OAK Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn; (See San Francisco) Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) HAWTHORNE Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) HAYWARD Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) B ank of H ayw ards N. P. Nielsen. I. B. Parsons. Temple Orane. R. A. Kolze. W. H. Meek. J. H. Gansberger A. E. Manter. M. W. Haley. Jacob Harder, Jr. HEALDSBURG Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) HEMET F a rm ers A M erch an ts O. B. OoveU. W. G Stevenson. J. G. Nelson. Jack Hopkins. H. H. Spauldmg.T. J. Fletcher. I. B. Gibbel HERMOSA BEACH Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) JACKSON B ank of A m ador C ounty .Jas. Ohichizola. P. L. Gassinelli. O. Ii. Culberi C. R. Downs George Allen. J. B. Levaggi. Ralph McGee. F. N. Belgrano. A. S. Brignole. Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) KELSEYVILLE Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) KERMAN Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) KING CITY Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) KNIGHTS LANDING Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) LAGUNA BEACH Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) HILMAR Bk. of Am . 1^. T r. A Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) LA HABRA Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn* (See San Francisco) HOLLISTER Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) H ollister N ational John Oorotto. I. A. Morris. H. J. Baughman. Jas. Kelly. H.J.S.Leonard. R. G. Winn. Ramon Somavia. Jr. LA JOLLA Bk. of Am. N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) LAKEPORT^ Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) HOLLYWOOD Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) Hollywood S ta te E. F. Scarborough. C. A. Adams. Wade E. Bennett.J. A. Bertelsen. W. W. Kerrigan. L. A. Ohudacoff. Harry M. Bennet.W. H. George. Geo. McLagan. HOLTV1LLE F irst N ational Joel Anderson. Dave Venclll. F. R. Thompson. H. P, Meyer. O P. Denny. HUGHSON B ank of H ughson C. E. Bigelow. J. T. Halford. O. L. Galt. S. C. Galt. M. A. Galt. HUNTINGTON PARK Bk. of A m . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) HYNES LAKESIDE Lakeside C om m ercial A Sav. B. H. Smith. A. W. Hall. G. W. Gibson. L. G. Scott. H. Bacon. Peoples O. H. Ady. L. O. Hossom. C. J. Bonner. R. O. Lewis. R. H. Clock. E. B. Martin. W altsrEverts.Jr.E. W. Pauley. J. S. Griffith. W. W. Werner. C. B. Hopper. LA MESA Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) LANCASTER Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) LATON F irst N ational K. E.Garberson. R. U. Garberson. J.S.Garberson. L. M. Garberson. N. F. Densmore. Aileen Elliott. LA VERNE INDIO F irst N ational R. J. Arbuthnot. R. S. Brydon. H. E. Belcher. R. L. Reynolds. G. H. Herr. W. S. Romlck. Arthur Durward. INGLEWOOD LINCOLN Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn; (See San Francisco) IONE LINDSAY Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LODI Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. A ssn. Lodi B ranch (See San Francisco) T. E. O. Lot F arm ers A M erch an ts O. Bender. H. O. Lange. J. Mettler. E. F. Mills A. Wishek. W.H. Thompson. Lachenmaier. LOLETA B ank of L oleta R. O. Dickson. W. F. Dickson. G. D. Herrick. A. W. Stewart. O.S.Rasmussen. H. C. Hansen. LOMPOC B k. of Am. N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) LONE PINE Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) LONG BEACH Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) F a rm ers A M erch an ts E. F. Hahn. G. A. Walker. E. B. Miller. V. W. Sylvester. D. B. Williams. O. Z. Walker. H. V. Ketcherside. F a rm ers A M e rch a n ts T ru stC o . G. A. Walker. Melvin Neel. E. F. Hahn. C. Z. Walker. H. V. Ketcherside. W estern W. A. Harlan. J. L. Reed. J. G. Clock. Geo. L. Merrill. J. G. Craig. LOOMIS Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) LOS ALTOS LAKEWOOD VILLAGE Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. ' (See San Francisco) Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) LIVINGSTON Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) KINGSBURG Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) HIGHLAND Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) LIVERMORE Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) F irst N ational Paul Shoup. T. V. Halsey. W.T.Clements. A. E. Fowls. Guy V. Shoup. Irving Randall. LOS ANGELES Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) Broadw ay S ta te P. H. Simon. Joseph Lynn. C. A. Adams. C alifornia A. W. Anderson. H. M ; Gorham. B. J. Badham. Allan Hancock. O. A. Barker, Jr. T. E. Ivey, Jr. H. J. Bauer. A. N. Kemp. G. M. Breslin. Elvon Mustek. Asa V. Call. E. A. Olson. L. S. Chandler. R. W. Stephens C. C. De Pledge. J. O. Sword. O. E. Donnelly. I. M. Walker. A. M. Gibbs. C alifornia T ru s t Co. A. W. Anderson. Wallace Moir. J. P. Chandler. A. E. Morphy. C. E. Donnelly. F. H. Schmidt. W. R. Fraser. B. L. Smith. Allan Hancock.' Randolph Smith. Preston HotchkisG. C. Young. T. E. Ivey, Jr. C itizens N at; T ru s t A Savings J. B. Alexander, H. D. Ivey. C. J. Bonner R. J. Chandler. L.J.Christopher. J. G. M ott. E. P. Clark. E. T. Pettigrew W. J. Boyle, J r E. O. Wilson. L. O. Ivey. S. K. Rlndge. W. A. Paris. M. W. Bekins. F. A. G arbutt. T. B. Cosgrove. J.A.Gibson.Jr. W. A. Innes. Roger Goodan. G. W. Walker. W. H. Butler. Geo. W. Hall. Geo. H. Treide. CALIFORNIA 2331 F a rm ers A M e rch a n ts Bk. of W atts S. M. Allison. R. E. Kraabel. W. W. Stevens. M. F. Settle. ' W. J. Church. F arm ers A M erch an ts N at. V. H. Rossetti. Roy Lacy. I. W. Heilman. F. S. Coates M.O.Haldeman. Oscar Lawler. S. M. Griffith. D. A. Hamburger. E. D. Lyman. Burkett Newton. C. R. Gallagher. Frank N. Rush. D. W. Pierce. D. W. Douglas. R. E. Naftzger. F. H. Powell. J. B. Van Nuys. N. Chandler. J. Y. Baruh. F. H. Merrill. J. W. Schneider. J.M.Hutchison. Ralph R. Huesman. L. W. Dinkelspiel. Edward H. McLaughlin. F irs t In d u stria l L oan Co. Philip G. Cottle. Fred M. Keller. RichardJ.Dillon.HarryLeeMartin. Henry Duque. Paul M. Gregg. Thomas A. J. Dockweiler. George G. Lamoreaux. Lawrence L. Rogers. William H. Workman. Andrew W. Christopher. M e tro p o litan T ru s t Co. W. S. Porter. J. R. Ford R. S. Padget J. B. Webber. H. H. Rolapp. F. J. Carr. W. H. B. Haymond. S ecurity F irst N ational F. W. Cowlin. G. E. Newlin. S. Crandall. J. O’Melveny. J. S. Cravens. J. F. Sartori. I. B. Dockweiler.J. E. Shelton. G. C. Duque. C. C. Teague. T. Q. Hall. C. H. Toll. S. M. Haskins. E. R. Valentine. R. H. Lacy. G. M. Wallace. R. B. Lloyd J. G. Warren. M aynard McFie.V. B. Wood. W. B. Munro. T itle G u a ra n te e A T ru st R. F. Ingold. D. F. Smith. L. B. Slosson. R. M. Clarke. Albert Schuck. Geo. A. Reimers. Ben W. Utter. T itle In su ra n c e A T ru s t C om pany W. H erbert Allen Paul Fuss ell. William ArnoldD. Haskell H. Allen. Jr. John O. MacHarry J. Bauer. farland. Harold Bayly. Elvon Mustek. Robert A. Brant.Stuart Porter Brack. O’Melveny. F. G. Craickshank. Union B ank A T ru s t Co I. O. Levy. J. C. Lipman. Joseph P. Loeb. Ben R. Meyer. M. E. Getz. A. L. Lathrop. A. B. Macbeth. H .F .H ahn. G. B. Kaufmann. H. J. Schoder. A. J. Bayer. G. F. Burke. G. A. Beckett. Tom May. J. L. Beebe. F. S. Wade. Olin Wellborn III. LOS BANOS Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) LOS GATOS Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) F irs t N atio n al A. L. Cilker. S. S. Brown. S. D. Balch. L. H. Walker. P. E . Curtis. Bruce Kennedy. LOYALTON Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) MADERA Bk. of Am. N. T r. A Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) F irst N ational Guy Crow. C. J. Stanley. J. E. Saterstad. R. S. Jay. C. B. Swift. J. E. Kirkman. MANHATTAN BEACH Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) MANTECA Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) B ank of M an teca J. G. Hain. R. L. Eberhardt. L. L. Henry. Howard Bartlett. Arbor Barth. J. M. Luck. L. E. Tretheway. 2332 CALIFORNIA MARICOPA Bk. of A m . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) MARIPOSA ,Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) MARTINEZ Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) B an k of M artlnoz Geo. P. Keller. W. A. Hale. A. B. Tinning T. B. Fernandes. Edw. Merrithew. MARYSVILLE Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. R id eo u t B ra n ch (See San Francisco) McCLOUD DIRECTORS OF NATIONAL. STATE. SAVINGS BANKS AND TRUST COS. MOORPARK A m erican C om m ercial A Sav. A. N. Phelps. J. Birkenshaw. H. D. McCoy. R. P. Strathearn. MORGAN HILL Bk. of Am . N. T r. St Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) MOUNTAIN VIEW Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) F irs t N ational O. H. Segur. W. P. Wright. F. L. Campen. R. Sherman. A. H. McFarlane. MOUNT SHASTA B ank of M t. S h a sta Louis Solari. L. M. Beatty. L. N. Lorenzen. Bob Casalta. G. F. Windsor. Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) NAPA MENDOCINO Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) Bk. of A m . N. T r. St Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) MENLO PARK B ank of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav.Assn. (See San Francisco) S ta n isla o s C ounty Savings W. Rodden. A. E. Schell. R. D. Rodden. P. Brichetto. L. F. Brichetto. J. D. Rodden. V. A. Rodden. OAKLAND Bk. of Am. N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) B ank of C om m erce K. K. Bechtel. A. J. Mount. C.W.Gompertz. C. M. Putnam. G. H. Hagar. E. I. Veitch. F. C. Kracaw. A. S. Weaver. Geo. R. Borrmann. C e n tra l B ank T. A. Crellin. W. E. Hyde. C. P. Howard. G. G. Reinle. W. A. Starr. Kernan Robson. L. E. Hardy. Carl F. Wente. E. J. Brown. Henry H. Patterson. Crellin Fitzgerald. F a rm ers Sc M e rch a n ts 8av. O. D. Bates. R. \ . Leet. A. H. Breed,, Jr. E. F. Adams. F. C. Martens. G. S. Meredith. G. B. Trayner. OCEAN BEACH N apa B ank of C om m erce T. J. Hetland. E. A. Chaix. W. Bamburg. Ralph Trower. " Howard E. Roper, Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) NATIONAL CITY OCEAN PARK Bk. of A m . N. T r. St Sav. Assn1. (See San Francisco) Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) MERCED Bk. of Am . N. T r. St Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) F irst N ational B ank In M erced F . E . Braucht. J.E.McNamara. V. G. Preston. Wm. J. George. W R. Ford. NEEDLES OCEANSIDE Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) NEVADA CITY MILLBRAE Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) B k. of A m . N. T r. St Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) NEWCASTLE MILL VALLEY Bk. of Am . N. Tr. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) M ill Talley D. A. Nye. C. J. Gardner. Tbos. J. Sewell. John Burt. E. K. Little. W. J. Swenson. O. O. Cappelmann. Adolph Eberhart. MILPITAS Bk. of Am . N . T r. St Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) NEWHALL Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) NEWMAN B ank of N ew m an E. B. Beall. J., H. Yancey. N. E. Welty. Ray Klopping. L. J. Newman. F. M. Soares. A.D.Davenport. Wm. Pfitzer. A. M. Roscoe. MODESTO NEWPORT BEACH Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) MONROVIA NORTH HOLLYWOOD Bk. of A m . N. T r. St Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See Son Francisco) C itizens O. A. Smith. W. H. McCune. Robt. L. Smith. Paul F. Garber. O. H. Anson. NORTH SACRAMENTO Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) MONTEREY NORWALK Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) F irs t N ational T. A. Work. R. McKever, Jr. J. K. Oliver. Silas W. Mack. C. A. Metz. C. W. Keeley. P. J. Dougherty. M. W. McMenamin. M onterey H. A. Hansen. Geo. Harper. B. O. Marble. E. E. James J. P. Pryor. * M. R. Flause. W. E. Martin. MONTEREY PARK Bk. of A m . N. T r. St Sav. Assn. (See' San Francisco) MONTROSE B k. of Am . N. T r. St Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis OJAI Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn O jal Valley B ran ch (See San Francisco) ONTARIO Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) F irst N ational G. B. Harding. F. G. Falli». Chas. Latimer. Oscar Arnold. Francis J. Dysart. ORANGE Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) F irst N ational J. F. Craemer. E. W. Bolinger. K. E. Watson. N. T. Edward». Willard Smith. Herman Struck. W. F. Kogler. Osman Pixley. W. H. Flippen. W. W. Perry. F. C. Drumm. ORANGE COVE F irs t N ational J. F. Wright. G.F.Hackett.Sr. E. M. Sheridan. F. C. Stltser. S. M. Peet. ORLAND Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See Son Francisco) Norw alk C om m ercial St Sav’gs E. G. Paddison. L. T. Myer. E. J. Baker. W. H. Worley . A. O. Siverson. NOVATO Novato A. D. Corda. F. J. Silva. A. D. Scott. W. P. Murray. P. Magetti, Jr. N. O. Brusatorl Hermann Rudolfl. OAKDALE Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) . F irst N ational J. D. Rodden. S. Mondo. J. L. Sawyer. L. F. Brichetto. Y. A. Rodden. W. Rodden. B ank of A. Levy, Ine. A. Camarillo. A. O. Petit. Alpha Adam». C. J. Daily. F. C. Snodgrass. J. P. Levy. Fred M. Aggen. C.F.Blackstock. Robert Maulhardt. PACIFIC GROVE Bk. of A m . N. T r. St Sav. A ssn. (Ses San Francisco) F irst N ational T. A. Work. F. B. Mendoza. S. W. Mack. . S. A, Work W. R. Holman. Security S ta te E. C. Smith. A. O. Gates. P. H, Smith. E. S. Mathison. C. L. Trine. PALMDALE Bk. óf Am . N. T r. St Sav. A ssn. : (See San Francisco) PALM SPRINGS Bk. of Am. N. T r. Sc Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) PALO ALTO Bk. of Am. N. T r. St Sav, A ssn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) Palo A lto N atio n al W. B. Allen. C. E. Jordan. Leon Sloss, Jr. T. C. Christy. O. F. Campbell. Geo. E. Gamble. O., J. Crary. H. B. Reynold». T. J. Hoover. J. Hugh Jackson. Alfred R. Masters. FrankF. Walker. PARLIER F irst N ational H. B. Quick. L. N. Hayhurst. E. R. Eymann. Edward Jepsen. H. P. Higginbotham. PASADENA Bk. of Am . N. T r. St Sav. A ssn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) C itizens C om m ercial T ru s t St Savings M. V. Hubbard. John C. Coy. H. J. Forbes; H. D. Machin. R. R. Munger. H. L. Wheeler. Robert Fullerton, Jr. F irst N at.B k. of L a m an d a Parle R. D. H art. E. Grimes. H. B. Rickard. J. L. Schweikert. E. R. Nevins. F irst T ru s t Sc Savings W. F. Prisk. D. C. Porter. J. J. Caulfield. Cyril Bennett. H. C. Hotaling. J.E . Whitehouse. G. R. McComb. T. W. Smith. J. H. Breyer. Leet W. Bissell. L. W. Brooke. H. I. Stuart. Ron Stever.. J. H. Biggar. P a sa d e n a-F irst N ational E. F. Nolting. W. T. Nolting. G. D. Brown. F. H. Bothell. W. M. Eason. J. M. Taft. J. D. Rinehart. U nion N a tio n a l Eric A. Douglas. Leroy B. Sherry. Herbert B. Holt. H arry A. Tubbs. John W. Roach. John H. Simpson Charles W. Paddock. Charles L. Wright. Collis H. Holladay Bk. of A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) PASO ROBLES OROSI Bk. of Am. N. T r. St Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) F irs t N a tio n a l B ank In OrosI G. C. Brooks. G. T. Jadwin. Verna A. Brooks.R. L. Perkins. LeRoy McCormick. QROVILLE Bk. of. A m . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) F irs t N ational C. W. Putnam. I. L. Tucker. Carleton Gray. H. W. Douglass. S. S. Openshaw. PATTERSON C om m ercial W. W. Cox. J. D. Olson. W.W.Zacharias. W. W. Giddlnga. C. P. Peterson. J. L. Jessen. C. L. Hensel. F. E. Douty. H. V. Bridgford. PERRIS B ank of P erris Harry Hughes. W. W. Stewart. O. R. Stewart. W. G. Stewart. F. O. Stewart. OXNARD PESCADERO Bk. of Am . N. T r. Sc Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) Bk. of A m . N. T r. St Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) DIRECTORS OF NATIONAL, STATE, SAVINGS BANKS AND TRUST COS. PETALUMA REDONDO BEACH ST. HELENA Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) B k. of Am. N. T r. & Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) Bk. of Am. N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) REDWOOD CITY PIRU SALINAS Bk. of A m . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See Sari Francisco) Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) F irst N ational B ank of S an M ateo C ounty a t Redwood City L. A. Behrens. H. C. Ross. J. E. Morrish. Lee T. Ross. Z. T. Thorning. C. G. Lambert. H. A. Beeger. Edmund Scott. M onterey C o u n ty T r. & Sav. H. F. Cozzens. H. E. Abbott, A. C. Hughes. E. B. Gross. G, P. Henry. C. B. Outhier. E. H. Tickle. W. T. Bramers. O. B. Rosendale. C. O. Salmina. L. Vidoroni. Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. {See San Francisco) PISMO BEACH Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) PITTSBURG Bk. of A m . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) PLACENTIA REEDLEY Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) RICHMOND Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) Bk. of A m . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) PLACERVILLE F irst N ational In R ich m o n d C. R. Alexander. W. B. Trull. C. P. Partridge. T. A. Gallagher. H. A. Linthicum. Bk. of A m . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) M echanics E.M.Downer,Jr. N. M. Tucker. W. 8. Poage. J. F. Galvin. T. M. Carlson. W. A. Hislop. M. R. Hays. Kaho Daily. H. D. Thornton. F irst N atio n al A. B. Pickard Adolph Banke. H. J. Harding. W. T. Nilson. Cecile M. Cope. Bk. of A m . N. T r. &, Sav. Assn. (.See San Francisco) PLEASANTON POINT ARENA Bk. of A m . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) . RIO VISTA B ank of Bio Vista A. Anderson. W. McCormack. T. McCormack. H. J. Dirr. Arthur Larsen. A. C. Harvie. D. McCormack. POINT REYES STATION RIPON Bk. of Am. N. T r. & Sav. A ssn. P o in t Reyes B ranch (See San Francisco) Bk. of Am. N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) RIVERDALE POMONA Bk. of A m . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) F irst N ational A. P. Nichols. A. M. Dole. B. T. Smith. R. E. Smith. Geo. G. Stone. R. K. Pitzer. W. L. Wright. E. W. Reynolds. W. A. Kennedy. PORTERVILLE Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) PORT HUENEME B an k of H uenem e H. G. Lyttle. E. O. Green. Richard Bard. J. P. Levy. Beryl B. Bard. PORTOLA Bk. of A m . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) PUENTE Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) QUINCY Bk. of A m . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) RAMONA Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) RED BLUFP Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) REDDING Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. Assn, (See San Francisco) , REDLANDS Bk. of Am . N, T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis F irst N ational D. B. Badasci. G. O. Aydelott. L. P. Ipsen. E. L. Julien. F. Lee Aydelott. RIVERSIDE Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) C itizens N atio n al T ru s t & Savings H.W.Hammond.O. E. Brouse. A. S. Holden. W. A. Johnson. A. M. Lewis. J. W. Wells D. S. Bell. B. O. Adams. R. B. Hampson. F. O. Dolson. T. E. Gore. ROSEMEAD F irs t S ta te F. A. Wyman. A. E. Hart. G. B. Kellogg. R. A. Battles. J. J. Geib. Salinas N ational O. P. Bardin. AlbertCiHansen. J.A.Armstrong. L. B. W yatt. L. J. Mortensen. T. A. Work. SAN ANDREAS C en tral B ank of Caiaveras A.Domenghini. C. J. Tiscornla. T E. McSorley. J. F. Tower. G. A. Stewart. G. Oneto. J. A. Smith. V. M. Airola. Wm. W. Ellingwood. F. A. Meyer. Gus G. Vogelgesang. SAN ANSELMO Bk. of Am. N. T r. & Sav. Assn, (See San Francisco) SAN BERNARDINO A m erican N ational Jos. Rich. F. B. Mack. W.S.Shepardson.R. D. McCook. Chas. Gabriel. P. M. Savage. Earnest McCook. Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) Pioneer T itle In su ra n c e & T ru s t Co. J. L. Mack. W. W. McEuen. R. M. Light. W. N. Glasscock. C. K. Cooper. R. L. Horine. M. M. Sweeney. S an B ernardino T h rift-L o a n C om pany Cloyes Collins. F. B. Mack. A. M. Nye. D. C. Mock. H. F. Puthoff, Sr. H. F, Puthoff, Jr. Howard Holcomb. Gladys O. Johnson. SAN BRUNO Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) SAN CARLOS B k, of Am . N. T r. & Sav, Assn. (See San Francisco) SAN CLEMENTE Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) ROSEVILLE Bk. of A m . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) C itizens H. A. Crockärd. A. P. Clark, jj M. J. Royer., J. L. Seawell. E.B.Huskinson. I. L. Burns W. E. Purdy. F. L. Forlow. Eugene Garbolino. SACRAMENTO Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) C ap ital N ational D. S.Wasserman J. B. Harris. Fred Boitano. G. C. Bassett. J. T. Doyle. C. H. Brand. G. E. Zoller. E. O. Schnetz. Alden Anderson. H. B. Drescher. Jessie E. Muddox. C itizens G. E. Zoller. E. O. Schnetz. David Hill, Sr. H. Stuckstede. G. O. Bassett. Geo. L. Muddox. E . F.Christophel. M e rch a n ts N a tio n a l R. H. Black. J. H. Stephens. E. L. Adams. H. H. Robinson. Gustave Wilson. G. C. Conover. SAN DIEGO Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sav. Assn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) F irst N a tio n a l T ru s t & Savings W. C. Crandall. F. G. Belcher. Eugene Daney F. J. Belcher. Jr. G. H. Whitney. E. W. Goodwin. L, D. Webber. H. H. Jones. C. S. Judson. G. H. Schmidt. Maurice James. San Diego T ru st Sp Savings J. W. Sefton, Jr. R. E. Bach. E. B. Gould. Et A. Luce. O. W. Wilson. A. A. Frost T.C.Hammond. ,H. E. Callaway. J. Sullivan. Jr. N at Rogan. Hal Hotchkiss. S ecurity T ru s t & Savings B ank of San Diego F. E. Lindley. Lou M. Arey. C. W. Brown. G. H. Martin. Claude Woolman. , P. C. Kelley. Don O. Dickinson. S o u th e rn T itle £ T ru s t Co, L. A. Wright. R. E; Hegg. E. E. Cooke. A. Klauber. R. S. Reed, H E.-Crane. W. E. Kier. John T, Hon. G. Heyneman. J. Wangenheim. CALIFORNIA 2333 Union T itle Insiirance and T ru st Co. J. D. Forward. Thos. J. Senn. Geo. Sawday. N. J. Martin. F. G. Forward. B. C. Wohlford. C. H. Forward. A. G. Reader. George B. Harrison. U nited S ta te s N ational O. J. Wittmer. Jas. G. Pfanstiel. J. C. Evenson. Lawrence Oliver, C.ArnholtSmith.C. B. Grove. M . N. Wilson. SAN DIMAS Bk. of Am . N. T r. & Sàv. A ssn, (See San Francisco) SAN FERNANDO Bk. of Am . N. T r. & S av. A ssn, (See San Francisco) SAN FRANCISCO A m erican T ru st Co. Frazer 2L Bailey.J. B. McCargar. Wakefield Baker.John D. McKee, EdwardH.Clark.C. O. G. Miller. Colbert Coldwell. Robert W. Miller. Peter Cook, Jr. George G. Paul L. Davies. Montgomery. Charles Elsey. Thos. W. Norris. B. R. Funsten. Herman Phleger. Henry Q Hawes.Ben F. Woolner. J. R. Knowland. Daniel E. Koshland. Roger D.Lapham. R. A. Lewin. James K. Lochead. J. W. Mailliard, Jr. J. M. Mannon, Jr. Anglo C alifornia N atio n al F. W. Ackerman.P. E. Hoover. Othmar Berry. S. H. Husbands. R. D. Brigham. Samuel Kahn. A. A. Calkins. Berkley N eustadt H. D. Collier. W. B. Reis. A. J. Falk. W. H. Thomson. M. E. Harrison. W. O. Wayman. B an k of Am . N a tio n a l T rust. & Savings Assn. S. Andriano. A. J. Gock. W. E. Blauer. Marshal Hale. Leon Bocqueraz C. N. Hawkins. G. E. Caglieri. J. E. Marble. J. Cereghino. H. A. Mazzera. J. A. Corotto. W. W. Mein. F.A.Ferroggiaro. Angelo Petri. F. W. Flint, Jr. C. J. Sullivan. A. P. GianninL E. R. Thurber. L. M. Giannini. J. Zentner. B an k of C alifornia N at. Ass’n J. J. Hunter. G. P. McNear. Louis Bloch. I. F. Moulton. G. A. Pope. L. E. Wood R. C. Force. J. E. Cushing. M. P. Madison. C. K. M cIntosh. A. D. McBryde. C. W. Slack. S. H. Palmer. M. H. Robbins. B ank of C an to n T. A. Soong. Peter S. Sommer. M. Y. Tang. Pinfang Hsia. G. B. Lau. J. L. McNab. K. L. Wwong. Y. C. Woo. James H. Hall. B ank of M o n tre al (San Francisco) L. J. Reger. G. T. Eaton. A. E. Jolly. C an ad ian B ank of C om m erce (California) W. A. Finlay. P. J. Hallisey. S. H. Logan. A. O. Steven. C. R., Kranz. C rocker F irs t N atio n al Starr Bruce. N. B. Livermore. G. T. Cameron. W. S.Martin. Templeton Atholl McBean. Crocker. J. K. Moffltt. W. W. Crocker. J. A. Moore. R. E. Easton. S. F. B. Morse. Arthur Goodall. D. J. Murphy. A. G. Griffin. G. A. Pope, Jr. F. P. Hooper. Mre.H.P.Russell. C. S. Howard. J. F. Shuman. G. J. Kern. M. J. Sullivan. R. W. Kinney. W. H. Sullivan. C. H. Kroll. F. G. Willis. H ibernia Sav. A Loan Society R.Raoul-Duval. J. O. Tobin. O. J. Barry. R. M . Tobin. L. O’Grady. C. R. Tobin, , E. O. McCormick, Jrs'- • Sheldon G. Cooper. M orris M. A. Barr. F. A. Coliman. E. B. Brower. E. L. Harms. J. F. Hancock R. J. Miedel. P lan Co. J. B. White. A. J. Watson. W. L. Shaw. R. E. Fisher. A. M. Brown, Jr, H. A. Strong 2334 CALIFORNIA Pacific N atio n al B ank of San F rancisco H. R. Gaither. E. P. Hickman. H. K. McKevitt Peter Bereut. F. W.Heggblade. D. W. Holgate. M. Mallei. R. C. Lee. S an F rancisco E. T. Kruse. Edgar Sinton. P. S. Maddux. W. E. Buck. W. A. Haas. H. H. Herzer. O. W. Doane. L. O. Koster. A. B. Cahill. ffm . H. Orrick. A. G. Rosenthal. T itle In su ra n c e a n d G u a ra n ty Co. G. P. Placke. O. H. Davis. W. O. Clark. T. G. Morton. D. Stoney. T. E. Palmer. M. E. La Rue. O. A. Rouleau. E. G. Schwarzmann. W ells Fargo Bk. A U nion T ru st Co. S. M. Ehrman. Dr.HartlandLaw James Flood. Sam. Lilienthal. J. A. Folger. E. C. Lipman. W. P. Fuller, Jr F. L. Lipman. W. L. Gerstle. Wilson Meyer. Clara H. Heller. R.B.Motherwell. F. J. Heilman. H. D. Nichols. I. W. Heilman. Henry Rosenfeld. A. D. King. R. S. Shainwald. F. B. King. G. Y. Shoup. H. G. Larsh. F. E. Sullivan. J. D. Zellerbach. SANGER Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. CSee San Francisco) SAN JACINTO DIRECTORS OF NATIONAL, STATE, SAVINGS BANKS AND TRUST COS. F ish e rm en A M e rch a n ts R. L. Heustis. M. Phister. A. B. Jaconi. Pietro Di Carlo. V. Karmelich. P. Yugovlch. S. H. Mitchell. Nikola Pericic. John Sulentor. SAN RAFAEL Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) B ank of San Rafael W. P. Murray. J. F. Forbers. G. S. Arnold. R. H. Thayer. M. T. Freitas. E. B. McNear. F irst N ational B ank in San R afael E. B. McNear. M. T. Freitas. W. P. Murray. R. H. Thayer. J. F. Forbes. G. S. Arnold. Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. S a n ta A na B ranch (See San Francisco) C om m ercial N ational J. O. Horton.. C. E. U tt. A. M. Drumm. H. J. Seba J. P. Baumgartner. A.O.Hasenjaeger. F irst N ational W. B. Williams. G. S. Smith. R. M. Simon. O. H. Barr. A.I.Mellenthin. R. B. Newcom. H. A. Gardner. Fred Forgy. G. S. Briggs. SANTA BARBARA Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) F irs t Savings B. H. Crow. Earl H. Ingalls. E. O. Ingalls. H. C. Dane. M ark Worden. C ounty N ational B ank A T ru st Co. Benj. Bakewell. J. D. Paxton. P. S. Belford. Chas. E. Perkins. H. P. Drake. E. B. Starbuck. H. H. Eddy. H. W. How. E. S. Pillsbury, 2d. Archie M. Edwards. Wm. R. Dickinson. Laselle Thornburgh. 1 SAN JOSE T h e F irs t N a tio n a l L. L. Madland. F. O. Reed. A. E. Holmes. Louis Oneal. A. J. Hart. O. H. Wall. W. C. Losse. G. H. Osen. R. O. Leib. F. A. Parton. R. I. Bentley. J. D. Chace. A. D. Ourtner. J. B. Clayton. W. S. Clayton, Jr. SAN JUAN BAUTISTA Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. San J u a n B ran ch {See San Francisco) SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO SOUTH PASADENA Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) C itizens S ta te , B. O. Hedrick. D. Shively. H. I. Q. Brown. H. E. Reddick. Wm. Boosey. A. L. Drown. J.D.Culbertson. F. H. Crone. O. E. Whipple. Otis S. Smith. SANTA ROSA Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. A ssn. (See San Francisco) E xchange F. P. Doyle. R. D. Fry, Jr. J. H. Williams. E. D. H iatt. Henry Laws. SAN YSIDRO SANTA ANA F irs t N ational E. O. Ingalls. B. H. Crow W. E. Gilman. E. H. Ingalls. Mark Worden. H. C. Dane. Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. A ssn. {.Branches of San Francisco) {See San Francisco) SANTA PAULA 8 k . of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) F irs t N a tio n a l T ru s t A Savings J.M . Rutherford.W. H. Wyles. J. D. Lowsley. O. B. Raymond.. J. W. Heaney. E. A. Gilbert. C. W. Hague. K. W. Watters, A. E. Ogilvy. W. H. Yule. John A. Parma. Harry B. Breland. SANTA CLARA Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. S a n ta C lara B ranch (See San Francisco) SANTA CRUZ Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (Branches of San Francisco) (See San Francisco) B order Baron Long. E. S. Neidhart. H. A. Williams. E. Martinez. O.J.L.Arsenault.H. V. Lozano. F. B. Cota. SARATOGA Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) SAUSALITO Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) SCOTIA F irst N ational E. E. Yoder. E. P. McKenzie. W. M. Nelson. G. J. Manary. A. 8. Murphy. SEBASTOPOL Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) B ank of Sonom a C ounty A. F. Cochran. H. L. Hotle. J. P. De Gariy. Thomas Silk. F. P. Doyle. F. J. Schneider H. B. Fuller. Letitia Swain. S. R. Frizelle. SELMA Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) SHAFTER Bk. of Am . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) SIERRA MADRE Sierra M adré Savings W. S. Hull. O. A. Allen. F. H. Hartman. Arnold Praeger. Preston Schwartz. R. O. Lewis. C o u n ty F irs t N ational B. L. Sharpe. S. F. Gilman. W. A. Horton. L. Polettl. Porter Sesnon. Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) SAN LEANDRO C ounty F irst Savings L. Polettl. B. L. Sharpe. S. F. Gilman. Porter Sesnon. W. A. Horton. Bk. of A m . N. T r. A Sav. Assn. (See San Francisco) F a rm ers A M erch an ts N ational A. L. Phillips. L. F. Hinds. O. E. T
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yago
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q454769
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en
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Gertrude of Hohenberg
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German queen
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en
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q454769
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Vista de la tumba de la reina Gertrudis de Hohenzollern en la [[catedral de Basilea]] (Spanish)
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