gem_id
stringlengths 20
25
| id
stringlengths 24
24
| title
stringlengths 3
59
| context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
270
| target
stringlengths 1
270
| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-103100
|
5ad29af4d7d075001a429bae
|
Multiracial_American
|
In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other." Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among "Other;" in later censuses, they were included as "Free people of color" if they were not living on Indian reservations. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto (which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black.
|
What year was the last federal population census taken in the United States?
|
What year was the last federal population census taken in the United States?
|
[
"What year was the last federal population census taken in the United States?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103101
|
5ad29af4d7d075001a429baf
|
Multiracial_American
|
In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other." Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among "Other;" in later censuses, they were included as "Free people of color" if they were not living on Indian reservations. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto (which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black.
|
What was first taken in England in 1790?
|
What was first taken in England in 1790?
|
[
"What was first taken in England in 1790?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103102
|
5ad29af4d7d075001a429bb0
|
Multiracial_American
|
In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other." Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among "Other;" in later censuses, they were included as "Free people of color" if they were not living on Indian reservations. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto (which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black.
|
What were native Americans classified as if they were living on an Indian reservation?
|
What were native Americans classified as if they were living on an Indian reservation?
|
[
"What were native Americans classified as if they were living on an Indian reservation?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103103
|
5ad29af4d7d075001a429bb1
|
Multiracial_American
|
In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other." Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among "Other;" in later censuses, they were included as "Free people of color" if they were not living on Indian reservations. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto (which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black.
|
Who was identified by name in the federal census after 1850?
|
Who was identified by name in the federal census after 1850?
|
[
"Who was identified by name in the federal census after 1850?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103104
|
5ad29af4d7d075001a429bb2
|
Multiracial_American
|
In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other." Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among "Other;" in later censuses, they were included as "Free people of color" if they were not living on Indian reservations. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto (which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black.
|
How were people of Asian descent classified by in later censuses?
|
How were people of Asian descent classified by in later censuses?
|
[
"How were people of Asian descent classified by in later censuses?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103105
|
571a2b9e4faf5e1900b8a8e2
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
The Census Bureau had gone from two categories to how many by the 1990s?
|
The Census Bureau had gone from two categories to how many by the 1990s?
|
[
"The Census Bureau had gone from two categories to how many by the 1990s?"
] |
{
"text": [
"more than a dozen"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103106
|
571a2b9e4faf5e1900b8a8e3
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
Why were there more immigrants in the US?
|
Why were there more immigrants in the US?
|
[
"Why were there more immigrants in the US?"
] |
{
"text": [
"due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103107
|
571a2b9e4faf5e1900b8a8e4
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
How had the Census Bureau changed its collection of data?
|
How had the Census Bureau changed its collection of data?
|
[
"How had the Census Bureau changed its collection of data?"
] |
{
"text": [
"allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity"
],
"answer_start": [
453
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103108
|
571a2b9e4faf5e1900b8a8e5
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
What is one of the many outcomes of the Census data?
|
What is one of the many outcomes of the Census data?
|
[
"What is one of the many outcomes of the Census data?"
] |
{
"text": [
"federal assistance"
],
"answer_start": [
602
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103109
|
571a2b9e4faf5e1900b8a8e6
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
By 2002, what percent of African Americans had multiracial ancestries?
|
By 2002, what percent of African Americans had multiracial ancestries?
|
[
"By 2002, what percent of African Americans had multiracial ancestries?"
] |
{
"text": [
"over 75%"
],
"answer_start": [
729
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103110
|
571a94a24faf5e1900b8aaba
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
How many different ethnic categories were listed on the modern census?
|
How many different ethnic categories were listed on the modern census?
|
[
"How many different ethnic categories were listed on the modern census?"
] |
{
"text": [
"By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census,"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103111
|
571a94a24faf5e1900b8aabb
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
Can people self identify as more than one ethnicity on the US census currently?
|
Can people self identify as more than one ethnicity on the US census currently?
|
[
"Can people self identify as more than one ethnicity on the US census currently?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103112
|
571a94a24faf5e1900b8aabc
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
About how many African American have multiracial ancestries
|
About how many African American have multiracial ancestries
|
[
"About how many African American have multiracial ancestries"
] |
{
"text": [
"According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries."
],
"answer_start": [
685
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103113
|
571a94a24faf5e1900b8aabd
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
Do some ethnic groups have concerns about census changes?
|
Do some ethnic groups have concerns about census changes?
|
[
"Do some ethnic groups have concerns about census changes?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103114
|
571a94a24faf5e1900b8aabe
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
How is some federal assistance allocated to certain groups?
|
How is some federal assistance allocated to certain groups?
|
[
"How is some federal assistance allocated to certain groups?"
] |
{
"text": [
"federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data"
],
"answer_start": [
602
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103115
|
571dda9db64a571400c71da4
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when?
|
Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when?
|
[
"Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1990"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103116
|
571dda9db64a571400c71da5
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
When did laws allow for more immigrants?
|
When did laws allow for more immigrants?
|
[
"When did laws allow for more immigrants?"
] |
{
"text": [
"in the 1960s"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103117
|
571dda9db64a571400c71da6
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
How many African Americans identify as multiracial on the Census of 2002?
|
How many African Americans identify as multiracial on the Census of 2002?
|
[
"How many African Americans identify as multiracial on the Census of 2002?"
] |
{
"text": [
"over 75%"
],
"answer_start": [
729
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103118
|
571dda9db64a571400c71da7
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
What type of federal assistance depends on Census data?
|
What type of federal assistance depends on Census data?
|
[
"What type of federal assistance depends on Census data?"
] |
{
"text": [
"assistance to historically underserved groups"
],
"answer_start": [
610
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103119
|
5ad2a241d7d075001a429cf6
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
How many ethnic/racial categories were on the census in 1980?
|
How many ethnic/racial categories were on the census in 1980?
|
[
"How many ethnic/racial categories were on the census in 1980?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103120
|
5ad2a241d7d075001a429cf7
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
Who had come to reside in the United States due to new immigration laws in the 1940s?
|
Who had come to reside in the United States due to new immigration laws in the 1940s?
|
[
"Who had come to reside in the United States due to new immigration laws in the 1940s?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103121
|
5ad2a241d7d075001a429cf8
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
When did the United States end the new immigration laws?
|
When did the United States end the new immigration laws?
|
[
"When did the United States end the new immigration laws?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103122
|
5ad2a241d7d075001a429cf9
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
What percentage of white americans had multiracial ancestries?
|
What percentage of white americans had multiracial ancestries?
|
[
"What percentage of white americans had multiracial ancestries?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103123
|
5ad2a241d7d075001a429cfa
|
Multiracial_American
|
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
|
What kind of federal assistance does not depend on census data?
|
What kind of federal assistance does not depend on census data?
|
[
"What kind of federal assistance does not depend on census data?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103124
|
571a2ee410f8ca1400304f3d
|
Multiracial_American
|
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
|
Americans with African ancestry have always been classified as what race?
|
Americans with African ancestry have always been classified as what race?
|
[
"Americans with African ancestry have always been classified as what race?"
] |
{
"text": [
"black (historically) or African American"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103125
|
571a2ee410f8ca1400304f3e
|
Multiracial_American
|
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
|
What were slaves and others of African ancestry classified by what term?
|
What were slaves and others of African ancestry classified by what term?
|
[
"What were slaves and others of African ancestry classified by what term?"
] |
{
"text": [
"hypodescent"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103126
|
571a2ee410f8ca1400304f3f
|
Multiracial_American
|
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
|
Melungeons are generally classified as white but what are they genetically what other races?
|
Melungeons are generally classified as white but what are they genetically what other races?
|
[
"Melungeons are generally classified as white but what are they genetically what other races?"
] |
{
"text": [
"European and sub-Saharan African ancestry"
],
"answer_start": [
775
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103127
|
571a2ee410f8ca1400304f40
|
Multiracial_American
|
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
|
What did many with European ancetry "marry white" and want to be part of the white society?
|
What did many with European ancetry "marry white" and want to be part of the white society?
|
[
"What did many with European ancetry \"marry white\" and want to be part of the white society?"
] |
{
"text": [
"for its social and economic advantages"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103128
|
571a98164faf5e1900b8aafa
|
Multiracial_American
|
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
|
Which Americans have been historically classified as African American or black?
|
Which Americans have been historically classified as African American or black?
|
[
"Which Americans have been historically classified as African American or black?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103129
|
571a98164faf5e1900b8aafb
|
Multiracial_American
|
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
|
What caused lower classification status for African Americans?
|
What caused lower classification status for African Americans?
|
[
"What caused lower classification status for African Americans?"
] |
{
"text": [
"slavery became a racial caste"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103130
|
571a98164faf5e1900b8aafc
|
Multiracial_American
|
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
|
How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages?
|
How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages?
|
[
"How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Many of majority European ancestry and appearance \"married white\" and assimilated into white society"
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103131
|
571a98164faf5e1900b8aafd
|
Multiracial_American
|
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
|
What is the group called who are genetically sub Saharan and European but are classified as white?
|
What is the group called who are genetically sub Saharan and European but are classified as white?
|
[
"What is the group called who are genetically sub Saharan and European but are classified as white?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Melungeons,"
],
"answer_start": [
691
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103132
|
571a98164faf5e1900b8aafe
|
Multiracial_American
|
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
|
What are some historical reasons multiracial Americans have been classified as black?
|
What are some historical reasons multiracial Americans have been classified as black?
|
[
"What are some historical reasons multiracial Americans have been classified as black?"
] |
{
"text": [
"slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103133
|
571ddbf65569731900639074
|
Multiracial_American
|
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
|
What is Melungeon?
|
What is Melungeon?
|
[
"What is Melungeon?"
] |
{
"text": [
"genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry."
],
"answer_start": [
754
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103134
|
571ddbf65569731900639075
|
Multiracial_American
|
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
|
What does it mean to have "marred white"?
|
What does it mean to have "marred white"?
|
[
"What does it mean to have \"marred white\"?"
] |
{
"text": [
"assimilated into white society"
],
"answer_start": [
574
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103135
|
571ddbf65569731900639076
|
Multiracial_American
|
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
|
What were slaves and Africans classified by?
|
What were slaves and Africans classified by?
|
[
"What were slaves and Africans classified by?"
] |
{
"text": [
"hypodescent"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103136
|
571ddbf65569731900639077
|
Multiracial_American
|
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
|
What were those with Sub-Saharan African ancestory classified as?
|
What were those with Sub-Saharan African ancestory classified as?
|
[
"What were those with Sub-Saharan African ancestory classified as?"
] |
{
"text": [
"black (historically) or African American"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103137
|
5ad2b2c0d7d075001a429f86
|
Multiracial_American
|
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
|
Who has frequently been classified as Hispanic?
|
Who has frequently been classified as Hispanic?
|
[
"Who has frequently been classified as Hispanic?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103138
|
5ad2b2c0d7d075001a429f87
|
Multiracial_American
|
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
|
What were people of European ancestry classified by?
|
What were people of European ancestry classified by?
|
[
"What were people of European ancestry classified by?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103139
|
5ad2b2c0d7d075001a429f88
|
Multiracial_American
|
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
|
What kind of people assimilated into black society?
|
What kind of people assimilated into black society?
|
[
"What kind of people assimilated into black society?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103140
|
5ad2b2c0d7d075001a429f89
|
Multiracial_American
|
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
|
Why did people choose not to assimilate into white society?
|
Why did people choose not to assimilate into white society?
|
[
"Why did people choose not to assimilate into white society?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103141
|
5ad2b2c0d7d075001a429f8a
|
Multiracial_American
|
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
|
What families have been demonstrated genetically to be of Asian and African ancestry?
|
What families have been demonstrated genetically to be of Asian and African ancestry?
|
[
"What families have been demonstrated genetically to be of Asian and African ancestry?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103142
|
571a328b4faf5e1900b8a908
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
When was there a period of formal racial segregation?
|
When was there a period of formal racial segregation?
|
[
"When was there a period of formal racial segregation?"
] |
{
"text": [
"in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103143
|
571a328b4faf5e1900b8a909
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
What is the effect of there no longer being a stigma on interracial marriage?
|
What is the effect of there no longer being a stigma on interracial marriage?
|
[
"What is the effect of there no longer being a stigma on interracial marriage?"
] |
{
"text": [
"more people are openly forming interracial unions"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103144
|
571a328b4faf5e1900b8a90a
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
What has caused more people of mixed races to the US?
|
What has caused more people of mixed races to the US?
|
[
"What has caused more people of mixed races to the US?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Diverse immigration"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103145
|
571a328b4faf5e1900b8a90b
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
Why were Americans allowed to start checking more than one box to identify their race in the Census in 200?
|
Why were Americans allowed to start checking more than one box to identify their race in the Census in 200?
|
[
"Why were Americans allowed to start checking more than one box to identify their race in the Census in 200?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins"
],
"answer_start": [
618
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103146
|
571a328b4faf5e1900b8a90c
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
Who was elected and was the first multiracial president of the United States?
|
Who was elected and was the first multiracial president of the United States?
|
[
"Who was elected and was the first multiracial president of the United States?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Barack Obama"
],
"answer_start": [
858
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103147
|
571a9a134faf5e1900b8ab1a
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
Who was the first multiracial president elected in the US
|
Who was the first multiracial president elected in the US
|
[
"Who was the first multiracial president elected in the US"
] |
{
"text": [
"In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States"
],
"answer_start": [
850
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103148
|
571a9a134faf5e1900b8ab1b
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
When did the US begin to experience a growing multiracial identity movement?
|
When did the US begin to experience a growing multiracial identity movement?
|
[
"When did the US begin to experience a growing multiracial identity movement?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement"
],
"answer_start": [
517
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103149
|
571a9a134faf5e1900b8ab1c
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
When did the US census start to allow residents to mark more than one ethno-racial identity on the census form?
|
When did the US census start to allow residents to mark more than one ethno-racial identity on the census form?
|
[
"When did the US census start to allow residents to mark more than one ethno-racial identity on the census form?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial"
],
"answer_start": [
715
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103150
|
571a9a134faf5e1900b8ab1d
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
What has brought more mixed race people to the US?
|
What has brought more mixed race people to the US?
|
[
"What has brought more mixed race people to the US?"
] |
{
"text": [
". Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103151
|
571a9a134faf5e1900b8ab1e
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
Who are "mestizos"?
|
Who are "mestizos"?
|
[
"Who are \"mestizos\"?"
] |
{
"text": [
"large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos"
],
"answer_start": [
462
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103152
|
571ddd93b64a571400c71dac
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
What was it once considered socially advantageous to do?
|
What was it once considered socially advantageous to do?
|
[
"What was it once considered socially advantageous to do?"
] |
{
"text": [
"try to \"pass\" as white"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103153
|
571ddd93b64a571400c71dad
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
What is an example of the multiracial identity movement at work?
|
What is an example of the multiracial identity movement at work?
|
[
"What is an example of the multiracial identity movement at work?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Loving Day"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103154
|
571ddd93b64a571400c71dae
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
What does the first multiracial president identify as?
|
What does the first multiracial president identify as?
|
[
"What does the first multiracial president identify as?"
] |
{
"text": [
"African American"
],
"answer_start": [
999
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103155
|
571ddd93b64a571400c71daf
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
When did the census begin allowing multiple boxes to be checked?
|
When did the census begin allowing multiple boxes to be checked?
|
[
"When did the census begin allowing multiple boxes to be checked?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2000"
],
"answer_start": [
719
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103156
|
571ddd93b64a571400c71db0
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
When was an African American president elected?
|
When was an African American president elected?
|
[
"When was an African American president elected?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2008"
],
"answer_start": [
853
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103157
|
5ad293c4d7d075001a429ae6
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
What are less people openly doing than in the past?
|
What are less people openly doing than in the past?
|
[
"What are less people openly doing than in the past?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103158
|
5ad293c4d7d075001a429ae7
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
What has brought more single-race people into the United States?
|
What has brought more single-race people into the United States?
|
[
"What has brought more single-race people into the United States?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103159
|
5ad293c4d7d075001a429ae8
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
What movement did the United States have before the 1980s?
|
What movement did the United States have before the 1980s?
|
[
"What movement did the United States have before the 1980s?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103160
|
5ad293c4d7d075001a429ae9
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
What year was the last census that allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity?
|
What year was the last census that allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity?
|
[
"What year was the last census that allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103161
|
5ad293c4d7d075001a429aea
|
Multiracial_American
|
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.
|
Who was the last multiracial President of the United States?
|
Who was the last multiracial President of the United States?
|
[
"Who was the last multiracial President of the United States?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103162
|
571a441a10f8ca1400304f93
|
Multiracial_American
|
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
|
What were put in place to prevent the mix of races?
|
What were put in place to prevent the mix of races?
|
[
"What were put in place to prevent the mix of races?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Anti-miscegenation laws"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103163
|
571a441a10f8ca1400304f94
|
Multiracial_American
|
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
|
Why did the anti-miscegenation not insure that there was no interracial mixing?
|
Why did the anti-miscegenation not insure that there was no interracial mixing?
|
[
"Why did the anti-miscegenation not insure that there was no interracial mixing?"
] |
{
"text": [
"white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103164
|
571a441a10f8ca1400304f95
|
Multiracial_American
|
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
|
Where was there greater numbers of Latinos and Asian residents?
|
Where was there greater numbers of Latinos and Asian residents?
|
[
"Where was there greater numbers of Latinos and Asian residents?"
] |
{
"text": [
"In California and the western US"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103165
|
571a441a10f8ca1400304f96
|
Multiracial_American
|
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
|
What races were prohibited from official relationships with whites?
|
What races were prohibited from official relationships with whites?
|
[
"What races were prohibited from official relationships with whites?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Latino and Asian residents"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103166
|
571a441a10f8ca1400304f97
|
Multiracial_American
|
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
|
When were the laws against marriage between Asians and Europeans lifted?
|
When were the laws against marriage between Asians and Europeans lifted?
|
[
"When were the laws against marriage between Asians and Europeans lifted?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1950s"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103167
|
571a9c0e10f8ca14003051a9
|
Multiracial_American
|
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
|
When were anti-miscegenation laws passed?
|
When were anti-miscegenation laws passed?
|
[
"When were anti-miscegenation laws passed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103168
|
571a9c0e10f8ca14003051aa
|
Multiracial_American
|
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
|
Did these laws change behavior of white slaveholders and other powerful white men?
|
Did these laws change behavior of white slaveholders and other powerful white men?
|
[
"Did these laws change behavior of white slaveholders and other powerful white men?"
] |
{
"text": [
"this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103169
|
571a9c0e10f8ca14003051ab
|
Multiracial_American
|
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
|
Which region has greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents?
|
Which region has greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents?
|
[
"Which region has greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents?"
] |
{
"text": [
"In California and the western US,"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103170
|
571a9c0e10f8ca14003051ac
|
Multiracial_American
|
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
|
Were there any laws against marriage between whites and Asians in the US?
|
Were there any laws against marriage between whites and Asians in the US?
|
[
"Were there any laws against marriage between whites and Asians in the US?"
] |
{
"text": [
"White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s."
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103171
|
571a9c0e10f8ca14003051ad
|
Multiracial_American
|
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
|
Were Latino residents also prohibited from marrying whites?
|
Were Latino residents also prohibited from marrying whites?
|
[
"Were Latino residents also prohibited from marrying whites? "
] |
{
"text": [
"were prohibited from official relationships with whites."
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103172
|
571dde31b64a571400c71db6
|
Multiracial_American
|
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
|
In the western US, who were not allowed to have relationships with whites?
|
In the western US, who were not allowed to have relationships with whites?
|
[
"In the western US, who were not allowed to have relationships with whites?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Latino and Asian residents"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103173
|
571dde31b64a571400c71db7
|
Multiracial_American
|
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
|
When did laws stop banning marriage between whites and asians?
|
When did laws stop banning marriage between whites and asians?
|
[
"When did laws stop banning marriage between whites and asians?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the 1950s"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103174
|
571dde31b64a571400c71db8
|
Multiracial_American
|
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
|
Who were taking slaves as concubines?
|
Who were taking slaves as concubines?
|
[
"Who were taking slaves as concubines?"
] |
{
"text": [
"white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103175
|
5ad297a8d7d075001a429b20
|
Multiracial_American
|
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
|
What laws were passed in the 21st century?
|
What laws were passed in the 21st century?
|
[
"What laws were passed in the 21st century?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103176
|
5ad297a8d7d075001a429b21
|
Multiracial_American
|
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
|
Who refused to take slave women as concubines?
|
Who refused to take slave women as concubines?
|
[
"Who refused to take slave women as concubines?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103177
|
5ad297a8d7d075001a429b22
|
Multiracial_American
|
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
|
Where in the US were there smaller numbers of Asian and Latino residents?
|
Where in the US were there smaller numbers of Asian and Latino residents?
|
[
"Where in the US were there smaller numbers of Asian and Latino residents?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103178
|
5ad297a8d7d075001a429b23
|
Multiracial_American
|
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
|
Who was permitted to have official relationships with whites?
|
Who was permitted to have official relationships with whites?
|
[
"Who was permitted to have official relationships with whites?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103179
|
5ad297a8d7d075001a429b24
|
Multiracial_American
|
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
|
What was prohibited after the 1950s?
|
What was prohibited after the 1950s?
|
[
"What was prohibited after the 1950s? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103180
|
571a481910f8ca1400304fb5
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
When did the numbers of free people of color increase dramatically?
|
When did the numbers of free people of color increase dramatically?
|
[
"When did the numbers of free people of color increase dramatically?"
] |
{
"text": [
"After the American Revolutionary War"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103181
|
571a481910f8ca1400304fb6
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
How were the laws in New York abolished?
|
How were the laws in New York abolished?
|
[
"How were the laws in New York abolished?"
] |
{
"text": [
"in programs of gradual emancipation"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103182
|
571a481910f8ca1400304fb7
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
How long did it take for states like New York to abolish all slave laws?
|
How long did it take for states like New York to abolish all slave laws?
|
[
"How long did it take for states like New York to abolish all slave laws?"
] |
{
"text": [
"more than two decades to be completed"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103183
|
571a481910f8ca1400304fb8
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
Who in the south were urging their churches to free their slaves in the south?
|
Who in the south were urging their churches to free their slaves in the south?
|
[
"Who in the south were urging their churches to free their slaves in the south?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Quaker and Methodist preachers"
],
"answer_start": [
409
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103184
|
571a9d964faf5e1900b8ab32
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
When were the last slaves freed in New York state?
|
When were the last slaves freed in New York state?
|
[
"When were the last slaves freed in New York state?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827."
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103185
|
571a9d964faf5e1900b8ab33
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
Who implored slaveholders to free their slaves?
|
Who implored slaveholders to free their slaves?
|
[
"Who implored slaveholders to free their slaves?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves"
],
"answer_start": [
409
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103186
|
571a9d964faf5e1900b8ab34
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
What caused many slaveholder to free their slaves?
|
What caused many slaveholder to free their slaves?
|
[
"What caused many slaveholder to free their slaves?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103187
|
571a9d964faf5e1900b8ab35
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
How much did the percentage of free people in the South change from 1782 to 1810?
|
How much did the percentage of free people in the South change from 1782 to 1810?
|
[
"How much did the percentage of free people in the South change from 1782 to 1810?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South."
],
"answer_start": [
610
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103188
|
571a9d964faf5e1900b8ab36
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
When did the number of free people of color begin to increase in the North and South?
|
When did the number of free people of color begin to increase in the North and South?
|
[
"When did the number of free people of color begin to increase in the North and South?"
] |
{
"text": [
"After the American Revolutionary War"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103189
|
571ddf15556973190063907c
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
What is it called when it takes several years for slaves to be freed in a program?
|
What is it called when it takes several years for slaves to be freed in a program?
|
[
"What is it called when it takes several years for slaves to be freed in a program?"
] |
{
"text": [
"gradual emancipation"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103190
|
571ddf15556973190063907d
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
The last slave in New York was freed when?
|
The last slave in New York was freed when?
|
[
"The last slave in New York was freed when?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1827"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103191
|
571ddf15556973190063907e
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
What caused Quaker and Methodist preachers to want to free slaves?
|
What caused Quaker and Methodist preachers to want to free slaves?
|
[
"What caused Quaker and Methodist preachers to want to free slaves?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Second Great Awakening"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103192
|
571ddf15556973190063907f
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
In 1810, how many black people were considered free?
|
In 1810, how many black people were considered free?
|
[
"In 1810, how many black people were considered free?"
] |
{
"text": [
"nearly 10 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
684
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103193
|
571ddf155569731900639080
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
What caused many men to free slaves from 1782 to 1810?
|
What caused many men to free slaves from 1782 to 1810?
|
[
"What caused many men to free slaves from 1782 to 1810?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Revolutionary ideals"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103194
|
5ad29c2ed7d075001a429bec
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
What happened to the number of free people of color before the Revolutionary War?
|
What happened to the number of free people of color before the Revolutionary War?
|
[
"What happened to the number of free people of color before the Revolutionary War?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103195
|
5ad29c2ed7d075001a429bed
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
What did only a few northern states do?
|
What did only a few northern states do?
|
[
"What did only a few northern states do?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103196
|
5ad29c2ed7d075001a429bee
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
When were the first slaves in New York freed?
|
When were the first slaves in New York freed?
|
[
"When were the first slaves in New York freed?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103197
|
5ad29c2ed7d075001a429bef
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
Who urged slaveholders in the South not to free their slaves?
|
Who urged slaveholders in the South not to free their slaves?
|
[
"Who urged slaveholders in the South not to free their slaves?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103198
|
5ad29c2ed7d075001a429bf0
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
|
What percentage of blacks in the south were free people of color after 1810?
|
What percentage of blacks in the south were free people of color after 1810?
|
[
"What percentage of blacks in the south were free people of color after 1810?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103199
|
571a48dd10f8ca1400304fcd
|
Multiracial_American
|
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
|
What is the one-drop rule?
|
What is the one-drop rule?
|
[
"What is the one-drop rule?"
] |
{
"text": [
"defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
}
|
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