gem_id
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| id
stringlengths 24
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| title
stringlengths 3
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| context
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| question
stringlengths 1
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| target
stringlengths 1
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| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-103300
|
571de760b64a571400c71de1
|
Multiracial_American
|
Population testing is still being done. Some Native American groups that have been sampled may not have shared the pattern of markers being searched for. Geneticists acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations. There is genetic evidence for three major migrations into North America, but not for more recent historic differentiation. In addition, not all Native Americans have been tested, so scientists do not know for sure that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified.
|
What are geneticists looking for?
|
What are geneticists looking for?
|
[
"What are geneticists looking for?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the pattern of markers"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103301
|
571de760b64a571400c71de2
|
Multiracial_American
|
Population testing is still being done. Some Native American groups that have been sampled may not have shared the pattern of markers being searched for. Geneticists acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations. There is genetic evidence for three major migrations into North America, but not for more recent historic differentiation. In addition, not all Native Americans have been tested, so scientists do not know for sure that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified.
|
What is there genetic evidence of?
|
What is there genetic evidence of?
|
[
"What is there genetic evidence of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"three major migrations into North America"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103302
|
5ad2bb34d7d075001a42a076
|
Multiracial_American
|
Population testing is still being done. Some Native American groups that have been sampled may not have shared the pattern of markers being searched for. Geneticists acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations. There is genetic evidence for three major migrations into North America, but not for more recent historic differentiation. In addition, not all Native Americans have been tested, so scientists do not know for sure that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified.
|
What can DNA testing distinguish between?
|
What can DNA testing distinguish between?
|
[
"What can DNA testing distinguish between?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103303
|
5ad2bb34d7d075001a42a077
|
Multiracial_American
|
Population testing is still being done. Some Native American groups that have been sampled may not have shared the pattern of markers being searched for. Geneticists acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations. There is genetic evidence for three major migrations into North America, but not for more recent historic differentiation. In addition, not all Native Americans have been tested, so scientists do not know for sure that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified.
|
What kind of evidence is there for recent historic differentiation?
|
What kind of evidence is there for recent historic differentiation?
|
[
"What kind of evidence is there for recent historic differentiation?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103304
|
5ad2bb34d7d075001a42a078
|
Multiracial_American
|
Population testing is still being done. Some Native American groups that have been sampled may not have shared the pattern of markers being searched for. Geneticists acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations. There is genetic evidence for three major migrations into North America, but not for more recent historic differentiation. In addition, not all Native Americans have been tested, so scientists do not know for sure that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified.
|
How do scientists know that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified?
|
How do scientists know that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified?
|
[
"How do scientists know that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103305
|
5ad2bb34d7d075001a42a079
|
Multiracial_American
|
Population testing is still being done. Some Native American groups that have been sampled may not have shared the pattern of markers being searched for. Geneticists acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations. There is genetic evidence for three major migrations into North America, but not for more recent historic differentiation. In addition, not all Native Americans have been tested, so scientists do not know for sure that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified.
|
Who does not acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations?
|
Who does not acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations?
|
[
"Who does not acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103306
|
5ad2bb34d7d075001a42a07a
|
Multiracial_American
|
Population testing is still being done. Some Native American groups that have been sampled may not have shared the pattern of markers being searched for. Geneticists acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations. There is genetic evidence for three major migrations into North America, but not for more recent historic differentiation. In addition, not all Native Americans have been tested, so scientists do not know for sure that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified.
|
How many minor migrations into North America is there evidence for?
|
How many minor migrations into North America is there evidence for?
|
[
"How many minor migrations into North America is there evidence for?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103307
|
571de7edb64a571400c71de6
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to "check only one." While some surveys offer an "other" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).
|
How do some mixed raced people feel?
|
How do some mixed raced people feel?
|
[
"How do some mixed raced people feel?"
] |
{
"text": [
"marginalized by U.S. society"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103308
|
571de7edb64a571400c71de7
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to "check only one." While some surveys offer an "other" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).
|
How many racial choices are there on standardized tests?
|
How many racial choices are there on standardized tests?
|
[
"How many racial choices are there on standardized tests?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Typically, about five race choices"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103309
|
571de7edb64a571400c71de8
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to "check only one." While some surveys offer an "other" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).
|
How many race choices may someone check?
|
How many race choices may someone check?
|
[
"How many race choices may someone check?"
] |
{
"text": [
"only one"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103310
|
571de7edb64a571400c71de9
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to "check only one." While some surveys offer an "other" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).
|
What does the "other" box do?
|
What does the "other" box do?
|
[
"What does the \"other\" box do?"
] |
{
"text": [
"groups together individuals of many different multiracial types"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103311
|
571de7edb64a571400c71dea
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to "check only one." While some surveys offer an "other" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).
|
When do mixed race individuals feel marginalized?
|
When do mixed race individuals feel marginalized?
|
[
"When do mixed race individuals feel marginalized?"
] |
{
"text": [
"when applying to schools or for a job"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103312
|
5ad2afd7d7d075001a429f10
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to "check only one." While some surveys offer an "other" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).
|
Who feels marginalized by Canadian society?
|
Who feels marginalized by Canadian society?
|
[
"Who feels marginalized by Canadian society?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103313
|
5ad2afd7d7d075001a429f11
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to "check only one." While some surveys offer an "other" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).
|
What usually has about 10 race choices?
|
What usually has about 10 race choices?
|
[
"What usually has about 10 race choices?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103314
|
5ad2afd7d7d075001a429f12
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to "check only one." While some surveys offer an "other" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).
|
What does the "other" box avoid?
|
What does the "other" box avoid?
|
[
"What does the \"other\" box avoid?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103315
|
5ad2afd7d7d075001a429f13
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to "check only one." While some surveys offer an "other" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).
|
When do single race people feel marginalized?
|
When do single race people feel marginalized?
|
[
"When do single race people feel marginalized?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103316
|
5ad2afd7d7d075001a429f14
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to "check only one." While some surveys offer an "other" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).
|
When do multiracial individuals feel important in U.S. society?
|
When do multiracial individuals feel important in U.S. society?
|
[
"When do multiracial individuals feel important in U.S. society?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103317
|
571de890b64a571400c71df0
|
Multiracial_American
|
Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.
|
What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person's race?
|
What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person's race?
|
[
"What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person's race?"
] |
{
"text": [
"social acceptance"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103318
|
571de890b64a571400c71df1
|
Multiracial_American
|
Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.
|
Where did people not ask about racial background?
|
Where did people not ask about racial background?
|
[
"Where did people not ask about racial background?"
] |
{
"text": [
"frontier areas"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103319
|
571de890b64a571400c71df2
|
Multiracial_American
|
Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.
|
What were the hallmarks of free citizens?
|
What were the hallmarks of free citizens?
|
[
"What were the hallmarks of free citizens?"
] |
{
"text": [
"they served in the militia and voted"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103320
|
571de890b64a571400c71df3
|
Multiracial_American
|
Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.
|
Whos acceptance decided inheritance issues?
|
Whos acceptance decided inheritance issues?
|
[
"Whos acceptance decided inheritance issues?"
] |
{
"text": [
"neighbors"
],
"answer_start": [
588
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103321
|
5ad2bf7ed7d075001a42a0d4
|
Multiracial_American
|
Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.
|
What had different laws regarding color after the one-drop rule?
|
What had different laws regarding color after the one-drop rule?
|
[
"What had different laws regarding color after the one-drop rule? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103322
|
5ad2bf7ed7d075001a42a0d5
|
Multiracial_American
|
Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.
|
What played the smallest role in how a person was perceived?
|
What played the smallest role in how a person was perceived?
|
[
"What played the smallest role in how a person was perceived?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103323
|
5ad2bf7ed7d075001a42a0d6
|
Multiracial_American
|
Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.
|
In what areas were there the most questions about origins?
|
In what areas were there the most questions about origins?
|
[
"In what areas were there the most questions about origins?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103324
|
5ad2bf7ed7d075001a42a0d7
|
Multiracial_American
|
Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.
|
What was not a factor in how communities looked at people?
|
What was not a factor in how communities looked at people?
|
[
"What was not a factor in how communities looked at people?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103325
|
5ad2bf7ed7d075001a42a0d8
|
Multiracial_American
|
Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.
|
What was never based on how people were accepted by their neighbors?
|
What was never based on how people were accepted by their neighbors?
|
[
"What was never based on how people were accepted by their neighbors?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103326
|
571de95b55697319006390aa
|
Multiracial_American
|
Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term "African-American" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds.
|
The President's father is from what country?
|
The President's father is from what country?
|
[
"The President's father is from what country?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Kenya"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103327
|
571de95b55697319006390ab
|
Multiracial_American
|
Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term "African-American" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds.
|
What community still has some effects of slavery?
|
What community still has some effects of slavery?
|
[
"What community still has some effects of slavery?"
] |
{
"text": [
"American slave descendant community"
],
"answer_start": [
653
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103328
|
571de95b55697319006390ac
|
Multiracial_American
|
Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term "African-American" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds.
|
What must Africans who recently immigrated do?
|
What must Africans who recently immigrated do?
|
[
"What must Africans who recently immigrated do?"
] |
{
"text": [
"recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds"
],
"answer_start": [
740
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103329
|
571de95b55697319006390ad
|
Multiracial_American
|
Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term "African-American" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds.
|
Who argue for a term other than African American to describe recent immigrants?
|
Who argue for a term other than African American to describe recent immigrants?
|
[
"Who argue for a term other than African American to describe recent immigrants?"
] |
{
"text": [
"some black writers"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103330
|
5ad2c356d7d075001a42a128
|
Multiracial_American
|
Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term "African-American" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds.
|
What happened to the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants before the 20th century?
|
What happened to the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants before the 20th century?
|
[
"What happened to the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants before the 20th century?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103331
|
5ad2c356d7d075001a42a129
|
Multiracial_American
|
Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term "African-American" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds.
|
Who has immigrated more to Canada since the late 20th century?
|
Who has immigrated more to Canada since the late 20th century?
|
[
"Who has immigrated more to Canada since the late 20th century?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103332
|
5ad2c356d7d075001a42a12a
|
Multiracial_American
|
Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term "African-American" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds.
|
Who has argued that new terms for recent immigrants should not be used?
|
Who has argued that new terms for recent immigrants should not be used?
|
[
"Who has argued that new terms for recent immigrants should not be used?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103333
|
5ad2c356d7d075001a42a12b
|
Multiracial_American
|
Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term "African-American" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds.
|
What have white writers argued are needed for recent immigrants?
|
What have white writers argued are needed for recent immigrants?
|
[
"What have white writers argued are needed for recent immigrants?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103334
|
5ad2c356d7d075001a42a12c
|
Multiracial_American
|
Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term "African-American" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds.
|
Who do black writers say should not recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds?
|
Who do black writers say should not recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds?
|
[
"Who do black writers say should not recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103335
|
571dea26b64a571400c71df8
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.
|
When did multiracial people start to organize for more inclusive racial identifiers?
|
When did multiracial people start to organize for more inclusive racial identifiers?
|
[
"When did multiracial people start to organize for more inclusive racial identifiers?"
] |
{
"text": [
"In the 1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103336
|
571dea26b64a571400c71df9
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.
|
What was the response to the idea of identifying people as biracial or multiracial?
|
What was the response to the idea of identifying people as biracial or multiracial?
|
[
"What was the response to the idea of identifying people as biracial or multiracial?"
] |
{
"text": [
"mostly negative"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103337
|
571dea26b64a571400c71dfa
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.
|
What could have cause loss of power via the use of the term biracial and multiracial?
|
What could have cause loss of power via the use of the term biracial and multiracial?
|
[
"What could have cause loss of power via the use of the term biracial and multiracial?"
] |
{
"text": [
"if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification"
],
"answer_start": [
604
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103338
|
571dea26b64a571400c71dfb
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.
|
Who are some of the opponents of biracial and multiracial as identifiers?
|
Who are some of the opponents of biracial and multiracial as identifiers?
|
[
"Who are some of the opponents of biracial and multiracial as identifiers?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103339
|
5ad2b8f4d7d075001a42a04a
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.
|
What did parents of mixed race children lobby for before the 1980s?
|
What did parents of mixed race children lobby for before the 1980s?
|
[
"What did parents of mixed race children lobby for before the 1980s?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103340
|
5ad2b8f4d7d075001a42a04b
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.
|
What was the response from the public like when the U.S. government proposed dropping the category of "bi-racial"?
|
What was the response from the public like when the U.S. government proposed dropping the category of "bi-racial"?
|
[
"What was the response from the public like when the U.S. government proposed dropping the category of \"bi-racial\"?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103341
|
5ad2b8f4d7d075001a42a04c
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.
|
What political leader was vocally in favor of the multiracial category?
|
What political leader was vocally in favor of the multiracial category?
|
[
"What political leader was vocally in favor of the multiracial category?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103342
|
5ad2b8f4d7d075001a42a04d
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.
|
Why was Diane Watson in favor of the multiracial category?
|
Why was Diane Watson in favor of the multiracial category?
|
[
"Why was Diane Watson in favor of the multiracial category?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103343
|
5ad2b8f4d7d075001a42a04e
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.
|
What is a way African Americans could increase their numbers?
|
What is a way African Americans could increase their numbers?
|
[
"What is a way African Americans could increase their numbers?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103344
|
571deae4b64a571400c71e00
|
Multiracial_American
|
The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.
|
What determined a child's social identity?
|
What determined a child's social identity?
|
[
"What determined a child's social identity?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the tribe's kinship system"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103345
|
571deae4b64a571400c71e01
|
Multiracial_American
|
The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.
|
What heritage system do Southeast tribes use?
|
What heritage system do Southeast tribes use?
|
[
"What heritage system do Southeast tribes use?"
] |
{
"text": [
"matrilineal"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103346
|
571deae4b64a571400c71e02
|
Multiracial_American
|
The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.
|
What were multiracial children with a tribal mother considered to be in tribes of the Southeast?
|
What were multiracial children with a tribal mother considered to be in tribes of the Southeast?
|
[
"What were multiracial children with a tribal mother considered to be in tribes of the Southeast?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Indian"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103347
|
571deae4b64a571400c71e03
|
Multiracial_American
|
The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.
|
What race did the Omaha view a multiracial child with a white father to be?
|
What race did the Omaha view a multiracial child with a white father to be?
|
[
"What race did the Omaha view a multiracial child with a white father to be?"
] |
{
"text": [
"white"
],
"answer_start": [
463
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103348
|
5ad2c70ed7d075001a42a1d0
|
Multiracial_American
|
The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.
|
What did not determine the social identity of the children?
|
What did not determine the social identity of the children?
|
[
"What did not determine the social identity of the children?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103349
|
5ad2c70ed7d075001a42a1d1
|
Multiracial_American
|
The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.
|
What was the status of mixed race children in the tribes of the Northwest?
|
What was the status of mixed race children in the tribes of the Northwest?
|
[
"What was the status of mixed race children in the tribes of the Northwest?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103350
|
5ad2c70ed7d075001a42a1d2
|
Multiracial_American
|
The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.
|
What was the child of a white woman and a Omaha man considered?
|
What was the child of a white woman and a Omaha man considered?
|
[
"What was the child of a white woman and a Omaha man considered?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103351
|
5ad2c70ed7d075001a42a1d3
|
Multiracial_American
|
The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.
|
Who would not protect mixed-race children and their mothers?
|
Who would not protect mixed-race children and their mothers?
|
[
"Who would not protect mixed-race children and their mothers?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103352
|
5ad2c70ed7d075001a42a1d4
|
Multiracial_American
|
The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.
|
Who could formally belong to the tribe if they were adopted by a woman?
|
Who could formally belong to the tribe if they were adopted by a woman?
|
[
"Who could formally belong to the tribe if they were adopted by a woman?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103353
|
571debb355697319006390b2
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.
|
Who was a doctor?
|
Who was a doctor?
|
[
"Who was a doctor?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Charles Eastman"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103354
|
571debb355697319006390b3
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.
|
Who was the doctor related to?
|
Who was the doctor related to?
|
[
"Who was the doctor related to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Seth Eastman"
],
"answer_start": [
556
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103355
|
571debb355697319006390b4
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.
|
Who did the relative of the doctor marry?
|
Who did the relative of the doctor marry?
|
[
"Who did the relative of the doctor marry?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Sioux woman"
],
"answer_start": [
633
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103356
|
571debb355697319006390b5
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.
|
Who met their husbands at the Hampton institute?
|
Who met their husbands at the Hampton institute?
|
[
"Who met their husbands at the Hampton institute?"
] |
{
"text": [
"three European-American middle-class female teachers"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103357
|
571debb355697319006390b6
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.
|
What tribe was Eastman related to?
|
What tribe was Eastman related to?
|
[
"What tribe was Eastman related to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Sioux"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103358
|
5ad2cb64d7d075001a42a284
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.
|
How many African-American teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute?
|
How many African-American teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute?
|
[
"How many African-American teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103359
|
5ad2cb64d7d075001a42a285
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.
|
What was the name of the woman Seth Eastman married?
|
What was the name of the woman Seth Eastman married?
|
[
"What was the name of the woman Seth Eastman married?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103360
|
5ad2cb64d7d075001a42a286
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.
|
Who was a lawyer of European and Sioux ancestry?
|
Who was a lawyer of European and Sioux ancestry?
|
[
"Who was a lawyer of European and Sioux ancestry?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103361
|
5ad2cb64d7d075001a42a287
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.
|
Who did Seth Eastman have a son with?
|
Who did Seth Eastman have a son with?
|
[
"Who did Seth Eastman have a son with?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103362
|
5ad2cb64d7d075001a42a288
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.
|
Where was Seth Eastman stationed in South Dakota?
|
Where was Seth Eastman stationed in South Dakota?
|
[
"Where was Seth Eastman stationed in South Dakota?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103363
|
571df107b64a571400c71e14
|
Multiracial_American
|
The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that "most" African Americans have significant Native American heritage, is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected. (Reference is coming)
|
Who said many African Americans have NAtive American heritage?
|
Who said many African Americans have NAtive American heritage?
|
[
"Who said many African Americans have NAtive American heritage?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Sherrel W. Stewart"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103364
|
571df107b64a571400c71e15
|
Multiracial_American
|
The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that "most" African Americans have significant Native American heritage, is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected. (Reference is coming)
|
Who disproved Sherrel's hypothesis?
|
Who disproved Sherrel's hypothesis?
|
[
"Who disproved Sherrel's hypothesis?"
] |
{
"text": [
"genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103365
|
571df107b64a571400c71e16
|
Multiracial_American
|
The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that "most" African Americans have significant Native American heritage, is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected. (Reference is coming)
|
Who hosts a TV series on the genetic history of African Americans?
|
Who hosts a TV series on the genetic history of African Americans?
|
[
"Who hosts a TV series on the genetic history of African Americans?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Henry Louis Gates"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103366
|
5ad2ba2ad7d075001a42a06c
|
Multiracial_American
|
The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that "most" African Americans have significant Native American heritage, is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected. (Reference is coming)
|
What writer asserted that very few African Americans have significant Native American heritage?
|
What writer asserted that very few African Americans have significant Native American heritage?
|
[
"What writer asserted that very few African Americans have significant Native American heritage?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103367
|
5ad2ba2ad7d075001a42a06d
|
Multiracial_American
|
The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that "most" African Americans have significant Native American heritage, is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected. (Reference is coming)
|
Who do genetic researchers claim have significant Native American heritage?
|
Who do genetic researchers claim have significant Native American heritage?
|
[
"Who do genetic researchers claim have significant Native American heritage?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103368
|
5ad2ba2ad7d075001a42a06e
|
Multiracial_American
|
The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that "most" African Americans have significant Native American heritage, is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected. (Reference is coming)
|
Who hosted a TV series on Asian American ancestry?
|
Who hosted a TV series on Asian American ancestry?
|
[
"Who hosted a TV series on Asian American ancestry?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103369
|
5ad2ba2ad7d075001a42a06f
|
Multiracial_American
|
The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that "most" African Americans have significant Native American heritage, is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected. (Reference is coming)
|
What popular belief is supported by the data that has been collected?
|
What popular belief is supported by the data that has been collected?
|
[
"What popular belief is supported by the data that has been collected?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103370
|
5ad2ba2ad7d075001a42a070
|
Multiracial_American
|
The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that "most" African Americans have significant Native American heritage, is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected. (Reference is coming)
|
What do genetic researches believe most African Americans have?
|
What do genetic researches believe most African Americans have?
|
[
"What do genetic researches believe most African Americans have?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103371
|
571df27ab64a571400c71e1a
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years.
|
What jobs did the earliest Europeans who mingled with natives hold?
|
What jobs did the earliest Europeans who mingled with natives hold?
|
[
"What jobs did the earliest Europeans who mingled with natives hold?"
] |
{
"text": [
"explorers and soldiers"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103372
|
571df27ab64a571400c71e1b
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years.
|
Who started marrying or having unions with native women after settlment increased?
|
Who started marrying or having unions with native women after settlment increased?
|
[
"Who started marrying or having unions with native women after settlment increased?"
] |
{
"text": [
"traders and fur trappers"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103373
|
571df27ab64a571400c71e1c
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years.
|
Why did Chesapeake Bay colonists begin to buy slaves?
|
Why did Chesapeake Bay colonists begin to buy slaves?
|
[
"Why did Chesapeake Bay colonists begin to buy slaves?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a continuing, critical labor shortage"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103374
|
571df27ab64a571400c71e1d
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years.
|
Who first imported slaves to New York?
|
Who first imported slaves to New York?
|
[
"Who first imported slaves to New York?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Dutch"
],
"answer_start": [
604
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103375
|
571df27ab64a571400c71e1e
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years.
|
Who freed some of the early slaves?
|
Who freed some of the early slaves?
|
[
"Who freed some of the early slaves?"
] |
{
"text": [
"their masters"
],
"answer_start": [
667
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103376
|
5ad298a2d7d075001a429b4c
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years.
|
What has a long history in Europe?
|
What has a long history in Europe?
|
[
"What has a long history in Europe?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103377
|
5ad298a2d7d075001a429b4d
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years.
|
Who did native men take as companions?
|
Who did native men take as companions?
|
[
"Who did native men take as companions?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103378
|
5ad298a2d7d075001a429b4e
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years.
|
What did traders and fur trappers do before European settlement increased?
|
What did traders and fur trappers do before European settlement increased?
|
[
"What did traders and fur trappers do before European settlement increased?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103379
|
5ad298a2d7d075001a429b4f
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years.
|
What did colonists import in the 16th century?
|
What did colonists import in the 16th century?
|
[
"What did colonists import in the 16th century?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103380
|
5ad298a2d7d075001a429b50
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years.
|
Who was sometimes freed by their masters during the later years?
|
Who was sometimes freed by their masters during the later years?
|
[
"Who was sometimes freed by their masters during the later years?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103381
|
571df34b55697319006390bc
|
Multiracial_American
|
Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings. As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit, Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to "escape" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of Madison Hemings, who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and "married out", while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time.
|
President Thomas Jefferson had a relationship with who?
|
President Thomas Jefferson had a relationship with who?
|
[
"President Thomas Jefferson had a relationship with who?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Sally Hemings"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103382
|
571df34b55697319006390bd
|
Multiracial_American
|
Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings. As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit, Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to "escape" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of Madison Hemings, who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and "married out", while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time.
|
What was the name of the Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit that discussed their relationship?
|
What was the name of the Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit that discussed their relationship?
|
[
"What was the name of the Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit that discussed their relationship?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103383
|
571df34b55697319006390be
|
Multiracial_American
|
Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings. As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit, Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to "escape" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of Madison Hemings, who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and "married out", while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time.
|
How long were Jefferson and Hemmings in a relationship?
|
How long were Jefferson and Hemmings in a relationship?
|
[
"How long were Jefferson and Hemmings in a relationship?"
] |
{
"text": [
"nearly 40 years"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103384
|
571df34b55697319006390bf
|
Multiracial_American
|
Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings. As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit, Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to "escape" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of Madison Hemings, who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and "married out", while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time.
|
Which child of Jefferson identified as black?
|
Which child of Jefferson identified as black?
|
[
"Which child of Jefferson identified as black?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Madison Hemings"
],
"answer_start": [
856
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103385
|
571df34b55697319006390c0
|
Multiracial_American
|
Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings. As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit, Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to "escape" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of Madison Hemings, who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and "married out", while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time.
|
How much of the children of Jefferson and Hemmings were white?
|
How much of the children of Jefferson and Hemmings were white?
|
[
"How much of the children of Jefferson and Hemmings were white?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Seven-eighths"
],
"answer_start": [
638
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103386
|
5ad29db7d7d075001a429c2e
|
Multiracial_American
|
Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings. As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit, Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to "escape" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of Madison Hemings, who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and "married out", while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time.
|
What slave did George Washington have a relationship with?
|
What slave did George Washington have a relationship with?
|
[
"What slave did George Washington have a relationship with?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103387
|
5ad29db7d7d075001a429c2f
|
Multiracial_American
|
Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings. As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit, Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to "escape" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of Madison Hemings, who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and "married out", while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time.
|
How long were Washington and Hemings in a relationship for?
|
How long were Washington and Hemings in a relationship for?
|
[
"How long were Washington and Hemings in a relationship for?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103388
|
5ad29db7d7d075001a429c30
|
Multiracial_American
|
Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings. As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit, Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to "escape" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of Madison Hemings, who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and "married out", while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time.
|
How many of the Hemings children moved to the south?
|
How many of the Hemings children moved to the south?
|
[
"How many of the Hemings children moved to the south?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103389
|
5ad29db7d7d075001a429c31
|
Multiracial_American
|
Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings. As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit, Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to "escape" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of Madison Hemings, who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and "married out", while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time.
|
What was it socially disadvantageous for the Hemings children to do?
|
What was it socially disadvantageous for the Hemings children to do?
|
[
"What was it socially disadvantageous for the Hemings children to do?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103390
|
5ad29db7d7d075001a429c32
|
Multiracial_American
|
Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings. As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit, Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to "escape" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of Madison Hemings, who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and "married out", while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time.
|
Who was legally black under Virginia law at the time?
|
Who was legally black under Virginia law at the time?
|
[
"Who was legally black under Virginia law at the time?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103391
|
571df3d555697319006390c6
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the Civil War, racial segregation forced African Americans to share more of a common lot in society than they might have given widely varying ancestry, educational and economic levels. The binary division altered the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana, for instance, although they maintained a strong Louisiana Créole culture related to French culture and language, and practice of Catholicism. African Americans began to create common cause—regardless of their multiracial admixture or social and economic stratification. In 20th-century changes, during the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the African-American community increased its own pressure for people of any portion of African descent to be claimed by the black community to add to its power.
|
As an example, whose status was downgraded after the civil war?
|
As an example, whose status was downgraded after the civil war?
|
[
"As an example, whose status was downgraded after the civil war?"
] |
{
"text": [
"traditionally free people of color in Louisiana"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103392
|
571df3d555697319006390c7
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the Civil War, racial segregation forced African Americans to share more of a common lot in society than they might have given widely varying ancestry, educational and economic levels. The binary division altered the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana, for instance, although they maintained a strong Louisiana Créole culture related to French culture and language, and practice of Catholicism. African Americans began to create common cause—regardless of their multiracial admixture or social and economic stratification. In 20th-century changes, during the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the African-American community increased its own pressure for people of any portion of African descent to be claimed by the black community to add to its power.
|
Who were increasingly included as African Americans in the 20th century?
|
Who were increasingly included as African Americans in the 20th century?
|
[
"Who were increasingly included as African Americans in the 20th century?"
] |
{
"text": [
"people of any portion of African descent"
],
"answer_start": [
715
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103393
|
5ad2c0f8d7d075001a42a0fa
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the Civil War, racial segregation forced African Americans to share more of a common lot in society than they might have given widely varying ancestry, educational and economic levels. The binary division altered the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana, for instance, although they maintained a strong Louisiana Créole culture related to French culture and language, and practice of Catholicism. African Americans began to create common cause—regardless of their multiracial admixture or social and economic stratification. In 20th-century changes, during the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the African-American community increased its own pressure for people of any portion of African descent to be claimed by the black community to add to its power.
|
What were African Americans forced to share before the Civil War?
|
What were African Americans forced to share before the Civil War?
|
[
"What were African Americans forced to share before the Civil War?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103394
|
5ad2c0f8d7d075001a42a0fb
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the Civil War, racial segregation forced African Americans to share more of a common lot in society than they might have given widely varying ancestry, educational and economic levels. The binary division altered the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana, for instance, although they maintained a strong Louisiana Créole culture related to French culture and language, and practice of Catholicism. African Americans began to create common cause—regardless of their multiracial admixture or social and economic stratification. In 20th-century changes, during the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the African-American community increased its own pressure for people of any portion of African descent to be claimed by the black community to add to its power.
|
What kept the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana the same?
|
What kept the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana the same?
|
[
"What kept the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana the same?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103395
|
5ad2c0f8d7d075001a42a0fc
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the Civil War, racial segregation forced African Americans to share more of a common lot in society than they might have given widely varying ancestry, educational and economic levels. The binary division altered the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana, for instance, although they maintained a strong Louisiana Créole culture related to French culture and language, and practice of Catholicism. African Americans began to create common cause—regardless of their multiracial admixture or social and economic stratification. In 20th-century changes, during the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the African-American community increased its own pressure for people of any portion of African descent to be claimed by the black community to add to its power.
|
Who maintained a strong culture related to Italian culture?
|
Who maintained a strong culture related to Italian culture?
|
[
"Who maintained a strong culture related to Italian culture?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103396
|
5ad2c0f8d7d075001a42a0fd
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the Civil War, racial segregation forced African Americans to share more of a common lot in society than they might have given widely varying ancestry, educational and economic levels. The binary division altered the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana, for instance, although they maintained a strong Louisiana Créole culture related to French culture and language, and practice of Catholicism. African Americans began to create common cause—regardless of their multiracial admixture or social and economic stratification. In 20th-century changes, during the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the African-American community increased its own pressure for people of any portion of African descent to be claimed by the black community to add to its power.
|
What culture was known for practicing Protestantism?
|
What culture was known for practicing Protestantism?
|
[
"What culture was known for practicing Protestantism?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103397
|
5ad2c0f8d7d075001a42a0fe
|
Multiracial_American
|
After the Civil War, racial segregation forced African Americans to share more of a common lot in society than they might have given widely varying ancestry, educational and economic levels. The binary division altered the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana, for instance, although they maintained a strong Louisiana Créole culture related to French culture and language, and practice of Catholicism. African Americans began to create common cause—regardless of their multiracial admixture or social and economic stratification. In 20th-century changes, during the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the African-American community increased its own pressure for people of any portion of African descent to be claimed by the black community to add to its power.
|
What decreased the pressure for people of African descent to be claimed by the black community?
|
What decreased the pressure for people of African descent to be claimed by the black community?
|
[
"What decreased the pressure for people of African descent to be claimed by the black community?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103398
|
571df47eb64a571400c71e24
|
Multiracial_American
|
Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.
|
Where did most Chinese men enter the US?
|
Where did most Chinese men enter the US?
|
[
"Where did most Chinese men enter the US?"
] |
{
"text": [
"primarily on the West Coast and in western territories"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103399
|
571df47eb64a571400c71e25
|
Multiracial_American
|
Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.
|
Who imported Chinese laborers?
|
Who imported Chinese laborers?
|
[
"Who imported Chinese laborers?"
] |
{
"text": [
"white planters"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
}
|
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