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| title
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| question
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| references
list | answers
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-103200
|
571a48dd10f8ca1400304fce
|
Multiracial_American
|
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
|
What did some courts call the one-drop rule?
|
What did some courts call the one-drop rule?
|
[
"What did some courts call the one-drop rule?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"the traceable amount rule.\""
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103201
|
571a48dd10f8ca1400304fcf
|
Multiracial_American
|
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
|
What is a hypodesecnt rule?
|
What is a hypodesecnt rule?
|
[
"What is a hypodesecnt rule?"
] |
{
"text": [
"meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group"
],
"answer_start": [
558
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103202
|
571a48dd10f8ca1400304fd0
|
Multiracial_American
|
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
|
When was the one-drop rule in effect?
|
When was the one-drop rule in effect?
|
[
"When was the one-drop rule in effect?"
] |
{
"text": [
"in the early 20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103203
|
571aa01210f8ca14003051d3
|
Multiracial_American
|
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
|
What is the one-drop rule?
|
What is the one-drop rule?
|
[
"What is the one-drop rule?"
] |
{
"text": [
"black, persons with any known African ancestry."
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103204
|
571aa01210f8ca14003051d4
|
Multiracial_American
|
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
|
What is the hypodescent rule?
|
What is the hypodescent rule?
|
[
"What is the hypodescent rule?"
] |
{
"text": [
"racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group."
],
"answer_start": [
571
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103205
|
571aa01210f8ca14003051d5
|
Multiracial_American
|
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
|
Why were laws like the one drop rule enacted?
|
Why were laws like the one drop rule enacted?
|
[
"Why were laws like the one drop rule enacted?"
] |
{
"text": [
"In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103206
|
571aa01210f8ca14003051d6
|
Multiracial_American
|
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
|
What made the one drop rule stricter than rules in the 19th century?
|
What made the one drop rule stricter than rules in the 19th century?
|
[
"What made the one drop rule stricter than rules in the 19th century?"
] |
{
"text": [
"it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association."
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103207
|
571ddffdb64a571400c71dbc
|
Multiracial_American
|
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
|
In the early 1900s, what was did black mean in southern states?
|
In the early 1900s, what was did black mean in southern states?
|
[
"In the early 1900s, what was did black mean in southern states?"
] |
{
"text": [
"persons with any known African ancestry"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103208
|
571ddffdb64a571400c71dbd
|
Multiracial_American
|
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
|
Prior to the 1900s, what was the socially accepted rule for racial interpretation?
|
Prior to the 1900s, what was the socially accepted rule for racial interpretation?
|
[
"Prior to the 1900s, what was the socially accepted rule for racial interpretation?"
] |
{
"text": [
"judging a person by appearance and association."
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103209
|
571ddffdb64a571400c71dbe
|
Multiracial_American
|
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
|
What rule means multiracial people are given status of the socially subordinate group?
|
What rule means multiracial people are given status of the socially subordinate group?
|
[
"What rule means multiracial people are given status of the socially subordinate group?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a hypodescent rule"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103210
|
571ddffdb64a571400c71dbf
|
Multiracial_American
|
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
|
What was the rule used in law in the 1900s called?
|
What was the rule used in law in the 1900s called?
|
[
"What was the rule used in law in the 1900s called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the one-drop rule"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103211
|
571ddffdb64a571400c71dc0
|
Multiracial_American
|
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
|
What was the rule in the 1800s called?
|
What was the rule in the 1800s called?
|
[
"What was the rule in the 1800s called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the traceable amount rule"
],
"answer_start": [
470
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103212
|
5ad2bec5d7d075001a42a0ca
|
Multiracial_American
|
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
|
What did southern states do to stop white supremacy?
|
What did southern states do to stop white supremacy?
|
[
"What did southern states do to stop white supremacy?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103213
|
5ad2bec5d7d075001a42a0cb
|
Multiracial_American
|
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
|
What laws did the northern states create in the early 20th century?
|
What laws did the northern states create in the early 20th century?
|
[
"What laws did the northern states create in the early 20th century?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103214
|
5ad2bec5d7d075001a42a0cc
|
Multiracial_American
|
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
|
What did the one-drop rule define as white?
|
What did the one-drop rule define as white?
|
[
"What did the one-drop rule define as white?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103215
|
5ad2bec5d7d075001a42a0cd
|
Multiracial_American
|
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
|
What was not a name that was used for the one-drop rule?
|
What was not a name that was used for the one-drop rule?
|
[
"What was not a name that was used for the one-drop rule?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103216
|
5ad2bec5d7d075001a42a0ce
|
Multiracial_American
|
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
|
What kind of rule did lawyers say the one-drop rule was an example of?
|
What kind of rule did lawyers say the one-drop rule was an example of?
|
[
"What kind of rule did lawyers say the one-drop rule was an example of?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103217
|
571a8c4810f8ca140030510e
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.
|
Before the mid-20th century were people open about their muticultural heritage and why or why not?
|
Before the mid-20th century were people open about their muticultural heritage and why or why not?
|
[
"Before the mid-20th century were people open about their muticultural heritage and why or why not?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities."
],
"answer_start": [
754
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103218
|
571a8c4810f8ca140030510f
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.
|
Are all muticultural Americans aware of their cultural heritage?
|
Are all muticultural Americans aware of their cultural heritage?
|
[
"Are all muticultural Americans aware of their cultural heritage?"
] |
{
"text": [
"While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it"
],
"answer_start": [
881
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103219
|
571a94b04faf5e1900b8aac4
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.
|
Approximentally how many Americans identified themselves as multiracial in the 2010 US census?
|
Approximentally how many Americans identified themselves as multiracial in the 2010 US census?
|
[
"Approximentally how many Americans identified themselves as multiracial in the 2010 US census?"
] |
{
"text": [
"In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial."
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103220
|
571a94b04faf5e1900b8aac5
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.
|
What is the accepted definition of "multicultural" ancestry?
|
What is the accepted definition of "multicultural" ancestry?
|
[
"What is the accepted definition of \"multicultural\" ancestry?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of \"two or more races\"."
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103221
|
571a94b04faf5e1900b8aac6
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.
|
Why did muticultural Americans hid their heritage?
|
Why did muticultural Americans hid their heritage?
|
[
"Why did muticultural Americans hid their heritage?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities"
],
"answer_start": [
754
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103222
|
571a94b04faf5e1900b8aac7
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.
|
Are all multicultural Americans aware of their heritage?
|
Are all multicultural Americans aware of their heritage?
|
[
"Are all multicultural Americans aware of their heritage?"
] |
{
"text": [
"While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it"
],
"answer_start": [
881
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103223
|
571a94b04faf5e1900b8aac8
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.
|
Which cultural do multicultural people usually identify with?
|
Which cultural do multicultural people usually identify with?
|
[
"Which cultural do multicultural people usually identify with?"
] |
{
"text": [
", generally that of the culture in which they were raised."
],
"answer_start": [
695
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103224
|
571da1b05569731900639059
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.
|
What are people most likely to identify themselves as?
|
What are people most likely to identify themselves as?
|
[
"What are people most likely to identify themselves as?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the culture in which they were raised"
],
"answer_start": [
715
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103225
|
571da1b0556973190063905a
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.
|
Would DNA show a higher number or lower number of mutliracial people than those reported in the census?
|
Would DNA show a higher number or lower number of mutliracial people than those reported in the census?
|
[
"Would DNA show a higher number or lower number of mutliracial people than those reported in the census?"
] |
{
"text": [
"higher number"
],
"answer_start": [
422
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103226
|
571dd9035569731900639060
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.
|
What does it mean to be a mutliracial?
|
What does it mean to be a mutliracial?
|
[
"What does it mean to be a mutliracial?"
] |
{
"text": [
"two or more races"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103227
|
571dd9035569731900639061
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.
|
How many multiracial people in the US were there in 2010?
|
How many multiracial people in the US were there in 2010?
|
[
"How many multiracial people in the US were there in 2010?"
] |
{
"text": [
"approximately 9 million individuals"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103228
|
571dd9035569731900639063
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.
|
When did people stop hiding mutliracial heritage?
|
When did people stop hiding mutliracial heritage?
|
[
"When did people stop hiding mutliracial heritage?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the mid-20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
763
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103229
|
5ad292abd7d075001a429ac2
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.
|
How many individuals identified as multiracial in the 2000 US census?
|
How many individuals identified as multiracial in the 2000 US census?
|
[
"How many individuals identified as multiracial in the 2000 US census?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103230
|
5ad292abd7d075001a429ac3
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.
|
What percentage of the population did not identify as multiracial?
|
What percentage of the population did not identify as multiracial?
|
[
"What percentage of the population did not identify as multiracial?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103231
|
5ad292abd7d075001a429ac4
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.
|
What would most likely produce a lower number of multiracial people?
|
What would most likely produce a lower number of multiracial people?
|
[
"What would most likely produce a lower number of multiracial people?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103232
|
5ad292abd7d075001a429ac5
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.
|
What often led to people identifying or being classified by multiple ethnicities?
|
What often led to people identifying or being classified by multiple ethnicities?
|
[
"What often led to people identifying or being classified by multiple ethnicities?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103233
|
5ad292abd7d075001a429ac6
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.
|
What did many people do with their multiracial identities after the mid-20th century?
|
What did many people do with their multiracial identities after the mid-20th century?
|
[
"What did many people do with their multiracial identities after the mid-20th century?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103234
|
571de14eb64a571400c71dc6
|
Multiracial_American
|
The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.
|
What occured from 1955 to 1968?
|
What occured from 1955 to 1968?
|
[
"What occured from 1955 to 1968?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The African-American Civil Rights Movement"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103235
|
571de14eb64a571400c71dc7
|
Multiracial_American
|
The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.
|
How much of the population identified as mixed race in the 2000s?
|
How much of the population identified as mixed race in the 2000s?
|
[
"How much of the population identified as mixed race in the 2000s?"
] |
{
"text": [
"less than 5%"
],
"answer_start": [
551
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103236
|
571de14eb64a571400c71dc8
|
Multiracial_American
|
The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.
|
What is race sometimes seen as?
|
What is race sometimes seen as?
|
[
"What is race sometimes seen as?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a social construct"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103237
|
571de14eb64a571400c71dc9
|
Multiracial_American
|
The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.
|
Who are descendents of various culturally distinct groups?
|
Who are descendents of various culturally distinct groups?
|
[
"Who are descendents of various culturally distinct groups?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The American people"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103238
|
571de14eb64a571400c71dca
|
Multiracial_American
|
The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.
|
What does affect recent identification in many cases?
|
What does affect recent identification in many cases?
|
[
"What does affect recent identification in many cases?"
] |
{
"text": [
"mixed racial ancestry"
],
"answer_start": [
628
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103239
|
5ad29605d7d075001a429b04
|
Multiracial_American
|
The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.
|
What are the English people mostly descendants of?
|
What are the English people mostly descendants of?
|
[
"What are the English people mostly descendants of?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103240
|
5ad29605d7d075001a429b05
|
Multiracial_American
|
The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.
|
When did the Hispanic Civil Rights Movement occur?
|
When did the Hispanic Civil Rights Movement occur?
|
[
"When did the Hispanic Civil Rights Movement occur?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103241
|
5ad29605d7d075001a429b06
|
Multiracial_American
|
The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.
|
How much of the population identified as multiracial before the 2000s?
|
How much of the population identified as multiracial before the 2000s?
|
[
"How much of the population identified as multiracial before the 2000s?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103242
|
5ad29605d7d075001a429b07
|
Multiracial_American
|
The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.
|
What is race not acknowledged as?
|
What is race not acknowledged as?
|
[
"What is race not acknowledged as?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103243
|
5ad29605d7d075001a429b08
|
Multiracial_American
|
The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.
|
What did social movements from before the mid-twentieth century work to achieve?
|
What did social movements from before the mid-twentieth century work to achieve?
|
[
"What did social movements from before the mid-twentieth century work to achieve?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103244
|
571de2575569731900639086
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called "white Indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions." More numerous and typical were traders and trappers, who married Indigenous American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called "country wives" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their "natural" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education.
|
Who were considered "white Indians"?
|
Who were considered "white Indians"?
|
[
"Who were considered \"white Indians\"?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Europeans living among Indigenous Americans"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103245
|
571de2575569731900639087
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called "white Indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions." More numerous and typical were traders and trappers, who married Indigenous American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called "country wives" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their "natural" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education.
|
Who had Indigenous "Country wives"?
|
Who had Indigenous "Country wives"?
|
[
"Who had Indigenous \"Country wives\"?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Some traders"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103246
|
571de2575569731900639088
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called "white Indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions." More numerous and typical were traders and trappers, who married Indigenous American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called "country wives" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their "natural" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education.
|
Who lived in native communities, speaking the language and participating in the affairs of tribes?
|
Who lived in native communities, speaking the language and participating in the affairs of tribes?
|
[
"Who lived in native communities, speaking the language and participating in the affairs of tribes?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"white Indians\""
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103247
|
571de2575569731900639089
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called "white Indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions." More numerous and typical were traders and trappers, who married Indigenous American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called "country wives" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their "natural" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education.
|
Why were some multiracial children sent to Europe?
|
Why were some multiracial children sent to Europe?
|
[
"Why were some multiracial children sent to Europe?"
] |
{
"text": [
"for their education"
],
"answer_start": [
680
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103248
|
571de257556973190063908a
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called "white Indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions." More numerous and typical were traders and trappers, who married Indigenous American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called "country wives" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their "natural" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education.
|
Where were legal wives usually kept?
|
Where were legal wives usually kept?
|
[
"Where were legal wives usually kept?"
] |
{
"text": [
"in the city"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103249
|
5ad2c640d7d075001a42a1b2
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called "white Indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions." More numerous and typical were traders and trappers, who married Indigenous American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called "country wives" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their "natural" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education.
|
What were Indigenous Americans living among Europeans called?
|
What were Indigenous Americans living among Europeans called?
|
[
"What were Indigenous Americans living among Europeans called?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103250
|
5ad2c640d7d075001a42a1b3
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called "white Indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions." More numerous and typical were traders and trappers, who married Indigenous American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called "country wives" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their "natural" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education.
|
Who was less numerous than "white indians"?
|
Who was less numerous than "white indians"?
|
[
"Who was less numerous than \"white indians\"?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103251
|
5ad2c640d7d075001a42a1b4
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called "white Indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions." More numerous and typical were traders and trappers, who married Indigenous American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called "country wives" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their "natural" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education.
|
Who married Indigenous American men?
|
Who married Indigenous American men?
|
[
"Who married Indigenous American men?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103252
|
5ad2c640d7d075001a42a1b5
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called "white Indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions." More numerous and typical were traders and trappers, who married Indigenous American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called "country wives" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their "natural" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education.
|
Where did Indigenous Americans keep bases?
|
Where did Indigenous Americans keep bases?
|
[
"Where did Indigenous Americans keep bases?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103253
|
5ad2c640d7d075001a42a1b6
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called "white Indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions." More numerous and typical were traders and trappers, who married Indigenous American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called "country wives" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their "natural" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education.
|
Who was sent to Indigenous American schools for their education?
|
Who was sent to Indigenous American schools for their education?
|
[
"Who was sent to Indigenous American schools for their education?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103254
|
571de30db64a571400c71dd0
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.
|
When could white women and black men be in a union?
|
When could white women and black men be in a union?
|
[
"When could white women and black men be in a union?"
] |
{
"text": [
"In the colonial years"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103255
|
571de30db64a571400c71dd1
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.
|
Where did 80% of free people of color in NC come from?
|
Where did 80% of free people of color in NC come from?
|
[
"Where did 80% of free people of color in NC come from?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Virginia in colonial years"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103256
|
571de30db64a571400c71dd2
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.
|
What is Paul Heinegg?
|
What is Paul Heinegg?
|
[
"What is Paul Heinegg?"
] |
{
"text": [
"scholar"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103257
|
571de30db64a571400c71dd3
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.
|
What censuses did he study?
|
What censuses did he study?
|
[
"What censuses did he study?"
] |
{
"text": [
"from 1790–1810"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103258
|
5ad299e9d7d075001a429b8a
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.
|
Who made unions with African women during the colonial years?
|
Who made unions with African women during the colonial years?
|
[
"Who made unions with African women during the colonial years?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103259
|
5ad299e9d7d075001a429b8b
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.
|
What happened to mixed-race children from mothers who were enslaved?
|
What happened to mixed-race children from mothers who were enslaved?
|
[
"What happened to mixed-race children from mothers who were enslaved?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103260
|
5ad299e9d7d075001a429b8c
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.
|
What can eighty percent of enslaved people of color in North Carolina be traced to?
|
What can eighty percent of enslaved people of color in North Carolina be traced to?
|
[
"What can eighty percent of enslaved people of color in North Carolina be traced to?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103261
|
5ad299e9d7d075001a429b8d
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.
|
What percentage of free people of color in Virginia can be traced to families in North Carolina?
|
What percentage of free people of color in Virginia can be traced to families in North Carolina?
|
[
"What percentage of free people of color in Virginia can be traced to families in North Carolina?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103262
|
5ad299e9d7d075001a429b8e
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.
|
Who made unions with African men after the colonial years?
|
Who made unions with African men after the colonial years?
|
[
"Who made unions with African men after the colonial years?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103263
|
571de3ebb64a571400c71dd8
|
Multiracial_American
|
Sometimes people of mixed African-American and Native American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American Civil War, meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records. In addition, many white fathers who used slave women sexually, even those in long-term relationships like Thomas Jefferson's with Sally Hemings, did not acknowledge their mixed-race slave children in records, so paternity was lost.
|
Who were not identified by name on the census before the civil war?
|
Who were not identified by name on the census before the civil war?
|
[
"Who were not identified by name on the census before the civil war?"
] |
{
"text": [
"slaves"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103264
|
571de3ebb64a571400c71dd9
|
Multiracial_American
|
Sometimes people of mixed African-American and Native American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American Civil War, meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records. In addition, many white fathers who used slave women sexually, even those in long-term relationships like Thomas Jefferson's with Sally Hemings, did not acknowledge their mixed-race slave children in records, so paternity was lost.
|
Who was Thomas Jefferson in a relationship with?
|
Who was Thomas Jefferson in a relationship with?
|
[
"Who was Thomas Jefferson in a relationship with?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Sally Hemings"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103265
|
571de3ebb64a571400c71dda
|
Multiracial_American
|
Sometimes people of mixed African-American and Native American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American Civil War, meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records. In addition, many white fathers who used slave women sexually, even those in long-term relationships like Thomas Jefferson's with Sally Hemings, did not acknowledge their mixed-race slave children in records, so paternity was lost.
|
Not recognizing white fatherhood for multiracial slave children cause what to be lost?
|
Not recognizing white fatherhood for multiracial slave children cause what to be lost?
|
[
"Not recognizing white fatherhood for multiracial slave children cause what to be lost?"
] |
{
"text": [
"paternity"
],
"answer_start": [
598
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103266
|
571de3ebb64a571400c71ddb
|
Multiracial_American
|
Sometimes people of mixed African-American and Native American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American Civil War, meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records. In addition, many white fathers who used slave women sexually, even those in long-term relationships like Thomas Jefferson's with Sally Hemings, did not acknowledge their mixed-race slave children in records, so paternity was lost.
|
Who will not reveal full ancestral data to mixed race people?
|
Who will not reveal full ancestral data to mixed race people?
|
[
"Who will not reveal full ancestral data to mixed race people?"
] |
{
"text": [
"elder family members"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103267
|
5ad2b36bd7d075001a429f90
|
Multiracial_American
|
Sometimes people of mixed African-American and Native American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American Civil War, meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records. In addition, many white fathers who used slave women sexually, even those in long-term relationships like Thomas Jefferson's with Sally Hemings, did not acknowledge their mixed-race slave children in records, so paternity was lost.
|
What people report having elder family members who were open with genealogical information?
|
What people report having elder family members who were open with genealogical information?
|
[
"What people report having elder family members who were open with genealogical information?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103268
|
5ad2b36bd7d075001a429f91
|
Multiracial_American
|
Sometimes people of mixed African-American and Native American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American Civil War, meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records. In addition, many white fathers who used slave women sexually, even those in long-term relationships like Thomas Jefferson's with Sally Hemings, did not acknowledge their mixed-race slave children in records, so paternity was lost.
|
What is usually a very easy process?
|
What is usually a very easy process?
|
[
"What is usually a very easy process?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103269
|
5ad2b36bd7d075001a429f92
|
Multiracial_American
|
Sometimes people of mixed African-American and Native American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American Civil War, meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records. In addition, many white fathers who used slave women sexually, even those in long-term relationships like Thomas Jefferson's with Sally Hemings, did not acknowledge their mixed-race slave children in records, so paternity was lost.
|
What identified slaves by name before the American Civil War?
|
What identified slaves by name before the American Civil War?
|
[
"What identified slaves by name before the American Civil War?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103270
|
5ad2b36bd7d075001a429f93
|
Multiracial_American
|
Sometimes people of mixed African-American and Native American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American Civil War, meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records. In addition, many white fathers who used slave women sexually, even those in long-term relationships like Thomas Jefferson's with Sally Hemings, did not acknowledge their mixed-race slave children in records, so paternity was lost.
|
Who acknowledged their mixed-race slave children in records?
|
Who acknowledged their mixed-race slave children in records?
|
[
"Who acknowledged their mixed-race slave children in records?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103271
|
5ad2b36bd7d075001a429f94
|
Multiracial_American
|
Sometimes people of mixed African-American and Native American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American Civil War, meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records. In addition, many white fathers who used slave women sexually, even those in long-term relationships like Thomas Jefferson's with Sally Hemings, did not acknowledge their mixed-race slave children in records, so paternity was lost.
|
Who was John Adams in a relationship with?
|
Who was John Adams in a relationship with?
|
[
"Who was John Adams in a relationship with?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103272
|
571de4b45569731900639090
|
Multiracial_American
|
During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation Hawaiian aesthetics, such as dark skin and ample bodies, had been considered signs of nobility. No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard, some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as "Hawaiian squaws." By the last half of the 19th century, some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic. The men, however, selected Hawaiian women who were thinner and paler in complexion.
|
Who brought Christian missionaries to Hawaii?
|
Who brought Christian missionaries to Hawaii?
|
[
"Who brought Christian missionaries to Hawaii?"
] |
{
"text": [
"traders"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103273
|
571de4b45569731900639091
|
Multiracial_American
|
During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation Hawaiian aesthetics, such as dark skin and ample bodies, had been considered signs of nobility. No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard, some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as "Hawaiian squaws." By the last half of the 19th century, some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic. The men, however, selected Hawaiian women who were thinner and paler in complexion.
|
What cause royal Hawaiian females to find themselves ugly?
|
What cause royal Hawaiian females to find themselves ugly?
|
[
"What cause royal Hawaiian females to find themselves ugly?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Anglo-Saxon presence"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103274
|
571de4b45569731900639092
|
Multiracial_American
|
During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation Hawaiian aesthetics, such as dark skin and ample bodies, had been considered signs of nobility. No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard, some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as "Hawaiian squaws." By the last half of the 19th century, some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic. The men, however, selected Hawaiian women who were thinner and paler in complexion.
|
What are some examples of how a noble person should look before Christians came?
|
What are some examples of how a noble person should look before Christians came?
|
[
"What are some examples of how a noble person should look before Christians came?"
] |
{
"text": [
"dark skin and ample bodies"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103275
|
571de4b45569731900639093
|
Multiracial_American
|
During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation Hawaiian aesthetics, such as dark skin and ample bodies, had been considered signs of nobility. No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard, some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as "Hawaiian squaws." By the last half of the 19th century, some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic. The men, however, selected Hawaiian women who were thinner and paler in complexion.
|
What did westerners call the women of Hawaii?
|
What did westerners call the women of Hawaii?
|
[
"What did westerners call the women of Hawaii?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Hawaiian squaws"
],
"answer_start": [
579
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103276
|
571de4b45569731900639094
|
Multiracial_American
|
During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation Hawaiian aesthetics, such as dark skin and ample bodies, had been considered signs of nobility. No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard, some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as "Hawaiian squaws." By the last half of the 19th century, some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic. The men, however, selected Hawaiian women who were thinner and paler in complexion.
|
When would white men marry the paler and thinner Hawaiian ladies?
|
When would white men marry the paler and thinner Hawaiian ladies?
|
[
"When would white men marry the paler and thinner Hawaiian ladies?"
] |
{
"text": [
"By the last half of the 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
597
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103277
|
5ad2d11ed7d075001a42a34c
|
Multiracial_American
|
During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation Hawaiian aesthetics, such as dark skin and ample bodies, had been considered signs of nobility. No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard, some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as "Hawaiian squaws." By the last half of the 19th century, some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic. The men, however, selected Hawaiian women who were thinner and paler in complexion.
|
Where did Christian missionaries follow traders before the 1800s?
|
Where did Christian missionaries follow traders before the 1800s?
|
[
"Where did Christian missionaries follow traders before the 1800s?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103278
|
5ad2d11ed7d075001a42a34d
|
Multiracial_American
|
During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation Hawaiian aesthetics, such as dark skin and ample bodies, had been considered signs of nobility. No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard, some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as "Hawaiian squaws." By the last half of the 19th century, some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic. The men, however, selected Hawaiian women who were thinner and paler in complexion.
|
Who followed Christian missionaries to the Hawaiian Islands?
|
Who followed Christian missionaries to the Hawaiian Islands?
|
[
"Who followed Christian missionaries to the Hawaiian Islands?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103279
|
5ad2d11ed7d075001a42a34e
|
Multiracial_American
|
During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation Hawaiian aesthetics, such as dark skin and ample bodies, had been considered signs of nobility. No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard, some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as "Hawaiian squaws." By the last half of the 19th century, some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic. The men, however, selected Hawaiian women who were thinner and paler in complexion.
|
What positively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks?
|
What positively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks?
|
[
"What positively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103280
|
5ad2d11ed7d075001a42a34f
|
Multiracial_American
|
During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation Hawaiian aesthetics, such as dark skin and ample bodies, had been considered signs of nobility. No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard, some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as "Hawaiian squaws." By the last half of the 19th century, some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic. The men, however, selected Hawaiian women who were thinner and paler in complexion.
|
What was dark skin no longer considered a sign of nobility?
|
What was dark skin no longer considered a sign of nobility?
|
[
"What was dark skin no longer considered a sign of nobility?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103281
|
5ad2d11ed7d075001a42a350
|
Multiracial_American
|
During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation Hawaiian aesthetics, such as dark skin and ample bodies, had been considered signs of nobility. No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard, some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as "Hawaiian squaws." By the last half of the 19th century, some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic. The men, however, selected Hawaiian women who were thinner and paler in complexion.
|
When did European women start marrying Hawaiian men?
|
When did European women start marrying Hawaiian men?
|
[
"When did European women start marrying Hawaiian men?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103282
|
571de5e2556973190063909a
|
Multiracial_American
|
Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens.
|
Who are blamed in this paragraph for Jim Crow laws?
|
Who are blamed in this paragraph for Jim Crow laws?
|
[
"Who are blamed in this paragraph for Jim Crow laws?"
] |
{
"text": [
"white Democrats"
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103283
|
571de5e2556973190063909b
|
Multiracial_American
|
Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens.
|
When did Virginia add the one drop rule to their laws?
|
When did Virginia add the one drop rule to their laws?
|
[
"When did Virginia add the one drop rule to their laws?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1924"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103284
|
571de5e2556973190063909c
|
Multiracial_American
|
Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens.
|
What fact was ignored by enacting one-drop rule laws?
|
What fact was ignored by enacting one-drop rule laws?
|
[
"What fact was ignored by enacting one-drop rule laws?"
] |
{
"text": [
"that many whites had multiracial ancestry."
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103285
|
571de5e2556973190063909d
|
Multiracial_American
|
Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens.
|
Why were laws limiting people of color passed?
|
Why were laws limiting people of color passed?
|
[
"Why were laws limiting people of color passed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"to restore white supremacy"
],
"answer_start": [
646
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103286
|
571de5e2556973190063909e
|
Multiracial_American
|
Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens.
|
What had popularity in the early 20th century that caused rising racial discrimination?
|
What had popularity in the early 20th century that caused rising racial discrimination?
|
[
"What had popularity in the early 20th century that caused rising racial discrimination?"
] |
{
"text": [
"eugenics and ideas of racial purity"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103287
|
5ad29f56d7d075001a429c68
|
Multiracial_American
|
Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens.
|
What continued to be enacted in new laws in the 21st century?
|
What continued to be enacted in new laws in the 21st century?
|
[
"What continued to be enacted in new laws in the 21st century?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103288
|
5ad29f56d7d075001a429c69
|
Multiracial_American
|
Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens.
|
What state enacted the two-drop rule?
|
What state enacted the two-drop rule?
|
[
"What state enacted the two-drop rule?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103289
|
5ad29f56d7d075001a429c6a
|
Multiracial_American
|
Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens.
|
What kind of laws had been proposed and passed in the late 19th century in South Carolina?
|
What kind of laws had been proposed and passed in the late 19th century in South Carolina?
|
[
"What kind of laws had been proposed and passed in the late 19th century in South Carolina?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103290
|
5ad29f56d7d075001a429c6b
|
Multiracial_American
|
Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens.
|
Who gained political power in the south by enfranchising blacks?
|
Who gained political power in the south by enfranchising blacks?
|
[
"Who gained political power in the south by enfranchising blacks?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103291
|
5ad29f56d7d075001a429c6c
|
Multiracial_American
|
Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens.
|
In what years did democrats pass laws to impose Jim Crow?
|
In what years did democrats pass laws to impose Jim Crow?
|
[
"In what years did democrats pass laws to impose Jim Crow?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103292
|
571de6c155697319006390a4
|
Multiracial_American
|
The phenomenon known as "passing as white" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: "Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white is white, or nearly all white, and has previously been passing as black?" or "To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden. ... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites, and therefore are less threatening to whites. ... [W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group.
|
A person is not a member of a racial minority if ancetry does not what?
|
A person is not a member of a racial minority if ancetry does not what?
|
[
"A person is not a member of a racial minority if ancetry does not what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"exceed one-fourth"
],
"answer_start": [
926
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103293
|
571de6c155697319006390a5
|
Multiracial_American
|
The phenomenon known as "passing as white" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: "Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white is white, or nearly all white, and has previously been passing as black?" or "To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden. ... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites, and therefore are less threatening to whites. ... [W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group.
|
Who are consdered to have the most physical differences?
|
Who are consdered to have the most physical differences?
|
[
"Who are consdered to have the most physical differences?"
] |
{
"text": [
"African blacks and whites"
],
"answer_start": [
785
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103294
|
571de6c155697319006390a6
|
Multiracial_American
|
The phenomenon known as "passing as white" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: "Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white is white, or nearly all white, and has previously been passing as black?" or "To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden. ... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites, and therefore are less threatening to whites. ... [W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group.
|
What are groups other than blacks considered to be?
|
What are groups other than blacks considered to be?
|
[
"What are groups other than blacks considered to be?"
] |
{
"text": [
"less threatening to whites"
],
"answer_start": [
830
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103295
|
5ad2d491d7d075001a42a3d4
|
Multiracial_American
|
The phenomenon known as "passing as white" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: "Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white is white, or nearly all white, and has previously been passing as black?" or "To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden. ... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites, and therefore are less threatening to whites. ... [W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group.
|
What is easy to explain to people in other countries?
|
What is easy to explain to people in other countries?
|
[
"What is easy to explain to people in other countries?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103296
|
5ad2d491d7d075001a42a3d5
|
Multiracial_American
|
The phenomenon known as "passing as white" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: "Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white is white, or nearly all white, and has previously been passing as black?" or "To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden. ... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites, and therefore are less threatening to whites. ... [W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group.
|
What is considered more threatening to African blacks?
|
What is considered more threatening to African blacks?
|
[
"What is considered more threatening to African blacks?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103297
|
5ad2d491d7d075001a42a3d6
|
Multiracial_American
|
The phenomenon known as "passing as white" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: "Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white is white, or nearly all white, and has previously been passing as black?" or "To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden. ... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites, and therefore are less threatening to whites. ... [W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group.
|
When is a person defined solely as a member of a racial minority?
|
When is a person defined solely as a member of a racial minority?
|
[
"When is a person defined solely as a member of a racial minority?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103298
|
5ad2d491d7d075001a42a3d7
|
Multiracial_American
|
The phenomenon known as "passing as white" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: "Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white is white, or nearly all white, and has previously been passing as black?" or "To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden. ... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites, and therefore are less threatening to whites. ... [W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group.
|
Who is it easy to explain "passing as white" to?
|
Who is it easy to explain "passing as white" to?
|
[
"Who is it easy to explain \"passing as white\" to?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103299
|
571de760b64a571400c71de0
|
Multiracial_American
|
Population testing is still being done. Some Native American groups that have been sampled may not have shared the pattern of markers being searched for. Geneticists acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations. There is genetic evidence for three major migrations into North America, but not for more recent historic differentiation. In addition, not all Native Americans have been tested, so scientists do not know for sure that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified.
|
Who says genetic tests can't tell the difference between different Native American nations?
|
Who says genetic tests can't tell the difference between different Native American nations?
|
[
"Who says genetic tests can't tell the difference between different Native American nations?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Geneticists"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
}
|
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