gem_id
stringlengths 20
25
| id
stringlengths 24
24
| title
stringlengths 3
59
| context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
270
| target
stringlengths 1
270
| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-103400
|
571df47eb64a571400c71e26
|
Multiracial_American
|
Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.
|
What cause wives to be unable to move to the US with their Chinese husbands after 1882?
|
What cause wives to be unable to move to the US with their Chinese husbands after 1882?
|
[
"What cause wives to be unable to move to the US with their Chinese husbands after 1882?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Chinese Exclusion Act"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103401
|
571df47eb64a571400c71e27
|
Multiracial_American
|
Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.
|
What did racial bias generally mean for Chinese people?
|
What did racial bias generally mean for Chinese people?
|
[
"What did racial bias generally mean for Chinese people?"
] |
{
"text": [
"they did not take white spouses"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103402
|
571df47eb64a571400c71e28
|
Multiracial_American
|
Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.
|
What did Chinese laborers do after they left that line of work?
|
What did Chinese laborers do after they left that line of work?
|
[
"What did Chinese laborers do after they left that line of work?"
] |
{
"text": [
"set up groceries in small towns throughout the South"
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103403
|
5ad2d2c4d7d075001a42a390
|
Multiracial_American
|
Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.
|
Who entered the United States as intellectuals?
|
Who entered the United States as intellectuals?
|
[
"Who entered the United States as intellectuals?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103404
|
5ad2d2c4d7d075001a42a391
|
Multiracial_American
|
Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.
|
Who did white planters import before the Reconstruction era?
|
Who did white planters import before the Reconstruction era?
|
[
"Who did white planters import before the Reconstruction era?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103405
|
5ad2d2c4d7d075001a42a392
|
Multiracial_American
|
Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.
|
What act allowed Chinese workers in the U.S. to have their wives join them?
|
What act allowed Chinese workers in the U.S. to have their wives join them?
|
[
"What act allowed Chinese workers in the U.S. to have their wives join them?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103406
|
5ad2d2c4d7d075001a42a393
|
Multiracial_American
|
Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.
|
Where did Chinese men take white spouses?
|
Where did Chinese men take white spouses?
|
[
"Where did Chinese men take white spouses?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103407
|
5ad2d2c4d7d075001a42a394
|
Multiracial_American
|
Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.
|
What did Chinese men set up in cities throughout the North?
|
What did Chinese men set up in cities throughout the North?
|
[
"What did Chinese men set up in cities throughout the North?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103408
|
571df51db64a571400c71e2e
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: "White," "Black or African American," "Asian," "American Indian or Alaskan Native," "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander," and "Other." Further details are given in the article: Race (U.S. census). The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003.
|
What office is responsible for the census form changes?
|
What office is responsible for the census form changes?
|
[
"What office is responsible for the census form changes?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103409
|
571df51db64a571400c71e2f
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: "White," "Black or African American," "Asian," "American Indian or Alaskan Native," "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander," and "Other." Further details are given in the article: Race (U.S. census). The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003.
|
When did the OMB change racial guidelines for the census form?
|
When did the OMB change racial guidelines for the census form?
|
[
"When did the OMB change racial guidelines for the census form?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1997"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103410
|
571df51db64a571400c71e30
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: "White," "Black or African American," "Asian," "American Indian or Alaskan Native," "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander," and "Other." Further details are given in the article: Race (U.S. census). The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003.
|
When were the OMB racial directive made mandatory for every government form?
|
When were the OMB racial directive made mandatory for every government form?
|
[
"When were the OMB racial directive made mandatory for every government form?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2003"
],
"answer_start": [
661
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103411
|
571df51db64a571400c71e31
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: "White," "Black or African American," "Asian," "American Indian or Alaskan Native," "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander," and "Other." Further details are given in the article: Race (U.S. census). The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003.
|
What did the OMB vote to allow on the 2000 census?
|
What did the OMB vote to allow on the 2000 census?
|
[
"What did the OMB vote to allow on the 2000 census?"
] |
{
"text": [
"participants to select more than one of the six available categories"
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103412
|
5ad2aeffd7d075001a429efe
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: "White," "Black or African American," "Asian," "American Indian or Alaskan Native," "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander," and "Other." Further details are given in the article: Race (U.S. census). The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003.
|
When did the OMB change federal regulations of racial categories to bar multiple responses?
|
When did the OMB change federal regulations of racial categories to bar multiple responses?
|
[
"When did the OMB change federal regulations of racial categories to bar multiple responses?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103413
|
5ad2aeffd7d075001a429eff
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: "White," "Black or African American," "Asian," "American Indian or Alaskan Native," "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander," and "Other." Further details are given in the article: Race (U.S. census). The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003.
|
In what year were participants no longer allowed to choose more than one of the six available categories?
|
In what year were participants no longer allowed to choose more than one of the six available categories?
|
[
"In what year were participants no longer allowed to choose more than one of the six available categories?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103414
|
5ad2aeffd7d075001a429f00
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: "White," "Black or African American," "Asian," "American Indian or Alaskan Native," "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander," and "Other." Further details are given in the article: Race (U.S. census). The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003.
|
What was not one of the categories participants could choose on the 2000 United States Census?
|
What was not one of the categories participants could choose on the 2000 United States Census?
|
[
"What was not one of the categories participants could choose on the 2000 United States Census?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103415
|
5ad2aeffd7d075001a429f01
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: "White," "Black or African American," "Asian," "American Indian or Alaskan Native," "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander," and "Other." Further details are given in the article: Race (U.S. census). The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003.
|
When did the OMB directive stop being mandatory on government forms?
|
When did the OMB directive stop being mandatory on government forms?
|
[
"When did the OMB directive stop being mandatory on government forms?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103416
|
5ad2aeffd7d075001a429f02
|
Multiracial_American
|
Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: "White," "Black or African American," "Asian," "American Indian or Alaskan Native," "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander," and "Other." Further details are given in the article: Race (U.S. census). The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003.
|
What office is barred from making changes to the census form?
|
What office is barred from making changes to the census form?
|
[
"What office is barred from making changes to the census form?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103417
|
571df5db55697319006390ca
|
Multiracial_American
|
Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.
|
What was the result of a child having an African mother?
|
What was the result of a child having an African mother?
|
[
"What was the result of a child having an African mother?"
] |
{
"text": [
"born into slavery"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103418
|
571df5db55697319006390cb
|
Multiracial_American
|
Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.
|
What is the rule that allows children with white fathers to be slaves?
|
What is the rule that allows children with white fathers to be slaves?
|
[
"What is the rule that allows children with white fathers to be slaves?"
] |
{
"text": [
"partus sequitur ventrem"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103419
|
571df5db55697319006390cc
|
Multiracial_American
|
Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.
|
Who was the first African American to gradute from Vassar College?
|
Who was the first African American to gradute from Vassar College?
|
[
"Who was the first African American to gradute from Vassar College?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Anita Florence Hemmings"
],
"answer_start": [
902
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103420
|
571df5db55697319006390cd
|
Multiracial_American
|
Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.
|
What makes a person mulatto?
|
What makes a person mulatto?
|
[
"What makes a person mulatto?"
] |
{
"text": [
"parents were black and white"
],
"answer_start": [
1033
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103421
|
571df5db55697319006390ce
|
Multiracial_American
|
Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.
|
What does a person have to have to be an octoroon?
|
What does a person have to have to be an octoroon?
|
[
"What does a person have to have to be an octoroon?"
] |
{
"text": [
"one black great-grandparent and the remainder white"
],
"answer_start": [
1154
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103422
|
5ad2d54dd7d075001a42a3e6
|
Multiracial_American
|
Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.
|
What did laws from the 16th century define children of African slave mothers as?
|
What did laws from the 16th century define children of African slave mothers as?
|
[
"What did laws from the 16th century define children of African slave mothers as?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103423
|
5ad2d54dd7d075001a42a3e7
|
Multiracial_American
|
Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.
|
Who was not born into slavery?
|
Who was not born into slavery?
|
[
"Who was not born into slavery?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103424
|
5ad2d54dd7d075001a42a3e8
|
Multiracial_American
|
Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.
|
Who were free people of color in New York descended from?
|
Who were free people of color in New York descended from?
|
[
"Who were free people of color in New York descended from?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103425
|
5ad2d54dd7d075001a42a3e9
|
Multiracial_American
|
Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.
|
Who took advantage of slave men?
|
Who took advantage of slave men?
|
[
"Who took advantage of slave men?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103426
|
5ad2d54dd7d075001a42a3ea
|
Multiracial_American
|
Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.
|
What did African Americans not use passing to do?
|
What did African Americans not use passing to do?
|
[
"What did African Americans not use passing to do?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103427
|
571df6a455697319006390d4
|
Multiracial_American
|
Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election, Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr., CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference said, "Why are they attacking Michelle Obama, and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him." He later claimed his comment was intended to be "provocative" but declined to expand on the subject. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy), said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that." She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African Americans and instead prefers the term "black" or "white" .
|
Why did Steele think people were not attacking Barrack Obama?
|
Why did Steele think people were not attacking Barrack Obama?
|
[
"Why did Steele think people were not attacking Barrack Obama?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Because he has no slave blood in him"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103428
|
571df6a455697319006390d5
|
Multiracial_American
|
Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election, Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr., CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference said, "Why are they attacking Michelle Obama, and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him." He later claimed his comment was intended to be "provocative" but declined to expand on the subject. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy), said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that." She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African Americans and instead prefers the term "black" or "white" .
|
What does Condoleeza Rice prefer to term people as?
|
What does Condoleeza Rice prefer to term people as?
|
[
"What does Condoleeza Rice prefer to term people as?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"black\" or \"white\""
],
"answer_start": [
770
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103429
|
571df6a455697319006390d6
|
Multiracial_American
|
Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election, Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr., CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference said, "Why are they attacking Michelle Obama, and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him." He later claimed his comment was intended to be "provocative" but declined to expand on the subject. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy), said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that." She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African Americans and instead prefers the term "black" or "white" .
|
What did President Sarkozy think Secretary of State Rice was?
|
What did President Sarkozy think Secretary of State Rice was?
|
[
"What did President Sarkozy think Secretary of State Rice was?"
] |
{
"text": [
"recent American immigrant"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103430
|
571df6a455697319006390d7
|
Multiracial_American
|
Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election, Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr., CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference said, "Why are they attacking Michelle Obama, and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him." He later claimed his comment was intended to be "provocative" but declined to expand on the subject. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy), said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that." She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African Americans and instead prefers the term "black" or "white" .
|
Who is Charles Kenzie Steele Jr?
|
Who is Charles Kenzie Steele Jr?
|
[
"Who is Charles Kenzie Steele Jr?"
] |
{
"text": [
"CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103431
|
571df6a455697319006390d8
|
Multiracial_American
|
Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election, Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr., CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference said, "Why are they attacking Michelle Obama, and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him." He later claimed his comment was intended to be "provocative" but declined to expand on the subject. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy), said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that." She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African Americans and instead prefers the term "black" or "white" .
|
Why did Steele say what he did?
|
Why did Steele say what he did?
|
[
"Why did Steele say what he did?"
] |
{
"text": [
"to be \"provocative\""
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103432
|
5ad2c590d7d075001a42a194
|
Multiracial_American
|
Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election, Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr., CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference said, "Why are they attacking Michelle Obama, and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him." He later claimed his comment was intended to be "provocative" but declined to expand on the subject. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy), said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that." She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African Americans and instead prefers the term "black" or "white" .
|
Who accused people of attacking Barack Obama more than Michelle Obama?
|
Who accused people of attacking Barack Obama more than Michelle Obama?
|
[
"Who accused people of attacking Barack Obama more than Michelle Obama?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103433
|
5ad2c590d7d075001a42a195
|
Multiracial_American
|
Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election, Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr., CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference said, "Why are they attacking Michelle Obama, and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him." He later claimed his comment was intended to be "provocative" but declined to expand on the subject. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy), said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that." She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African Americans and instead prefers the term "black" or "white" .
|
What year did Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr. accuse the media of attacking Barack Obama?
|
What year did Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr. accuse the media of attacking Barack Obama?
|
[
"What year did Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr. accuse the media of attacking Barack Obama?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103434
|
5ad2c590d7d075001a42a196
|
Multiracial_American
|
Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election, Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr., CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference said, "Why are they attacking Michelle Obama, and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him." He later claimed his comment was intended to be "provocative" but declined to expand on the subject. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy), said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that." She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African Americans and instead prefers the term "black" or "white" .
|
Who was mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by the German Prime Minister?
|
Who was mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by the German Prime Minister?
|
[
"Who was mistaken for a \"recent American immigrant\" by the German Prime Minister?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103435
|
5ad2c590d7d075001a42a197
|
Multiracial_American
|
Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election, Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr., CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference said, "Why are they attacking Michelle Obama, and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him." He later claimed his comment was intended to be "provocative" but declined to expand on the subject. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy), said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that." She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African Americans and instead prefers the term "black" or "white" .
|
What designation for African Americans does Condoleezza Rice prefer over "black" and "white"?
|
What designation for African Americans does Condoleezza Rice prefer over "black" and "white"?
|
[
"What designation for African Americans does Condoleezza Rice prefer over \"black\" and \"white\"?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103436
|
5ad2c590d7d075001a42a198
|
Multiracial_American
|
Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election, Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr., CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference said, "Why are they attacking Michelle Obama, and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him." He later claimed his comment was intended to be "provocative" but declined to expand on the subject. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy), said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that." She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African Americans and instead prefers the term "black" or "white" .
|
Who claimed that descendants of slaves had a good head start?
|
Who claimed that descendants of slaves had a good head start?
|
[
"Who claimed that descendants of slaves had a good head start?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103437
|
571df84ab64a571400c71e36
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia, married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown. Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia. As a result, English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white.
|
When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas?
|
When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas?
|
[
"When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas?"
] |
{
"text": [
"April 5, 1614"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103438
|
571df84ab64a571400c71e37
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia, married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown. Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia. As a result, English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white.
|
What did English laws not exclude people with some native blood from being?
|
What did English laws not exclude people with some native blood from being?
|
[
"What did English laws not exclude people with some native blood from being?"
] |
{
"text": [
"considered English or white"
],
"answer_start": [
664
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103439
|
571df84ab64a571400c71e38
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia, married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown. Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia. As a result, English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white.
|
Who married Indigenous women early on?
|
Who married Indigenous women early on?
|
[
"Who married Indigenous women early on?"
] |
{
"text": [
"male settlers"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103440
|
571df84ab64a571400c71e39
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia, married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown. Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia. As a result, English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white.
|
Where did Rolfe marry Pocahontas?
|
Where did Rolfe marry Pocahontas?
|
[
"Where did Rolfe marry Pocahontas?"
] |
{
"text": [
"present-day Virginia"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103441
|
571df84ab64a571400c71e3a
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia, married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown. Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia. As a result, English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white.
|
Who was an ancestor of the First Families of Virginia?
|
Who was an ancestor of the First Families of Virginia?
|
[
"Who was an ancestor of the First Families of Virginia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Thomas Rolfe"
],
"answer_start": [
485
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103442
|
5ad2c7e1d7d075001a42a1e4
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia, married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown. Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia. As a result, English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white.
|
Who did some early female settlers marry?
|
Who did some early female settlers marry?
|
[
"Who did some early female settlers marry?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103443
|
5ad2c7e1d7d075001a42a1e5
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia, married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown. Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia. As a result, English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white.
|
What was later contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans like?
|
What was later contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans like?
|
[
"What was later contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans like?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103444
|
5ad2c7e1d7d075001a42a1e6
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia, married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown. Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia. As a result, English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white.
|
Where did no marriages take place between European men and Native women?
|
Where did no marriages take place between European men and Native women?
|
[
"Where did no marriages take place between European men and Native women?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103445
|
5ad2c7e1d7d075001a42a1e7
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia, married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown. Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia. As a result, English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white.
|
When was John Rolfe divorced from Pocahontas?
|
When was John Rolfe divorced from Pocahontas?
|
[
"When was John Rolfe divorced from Pocahontas?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103446
|
5ad2c7e1d7d075001a42a1e8
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia, married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown. Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia. As a result, English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white.
|
Who was an ancestor to many First Families of North Carolina?
|
Who was an ancestor to many First Families of North Carolina?
|
[
"Who was an ancestor to many First Families of North Carolina?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103447
|
571dfb4e55697319006390de
|
Multiracial_American
|
Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.
|
What has helped geneologists researching slaves?
|
What has helped geneologists researching slaves?
|
[
"What has helped geneologists researching slaves?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103448
|
571dfb4e55697319006390df
|
Multiracial_American
|
Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.
|
What were slaves usually not allowed to do?
|
What were slaves usually not allowed to do?
|
[
"What were slaves usually not allowed to do?"
] |
{
"text": [
"learn to read and write"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103449
|
571dfb4e55697319006390e0
|
Multiracial_American
|
Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.
|
What replaced written records for black families?
|
What replaced written records for black families?
|
[
"What replaced written records for black families?"
] |
{
"text": [
"oral histories"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103450
|
571dfb4e55697319006390e1
|
Multiracial_American
|
Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.
|
Who caused the Census Burea to drop the terms free people of color and mulatto?
|
Who caused the Census Burea to drop the terms free people of color and mulatto?
|
[
"Who caused the Census Burea to drop the terms free people of color and mulatto?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Southern Congressional bloc"
],
"answer_start": [
839
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103451
|
571dfb4e55697319006390e2
|
Multiracial_American
|
Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.
|
When were the terms mulatto and free people of color taken off the census?
|
When were the terms mulatto and free people of color taken off the census?
|
[
"When were the terms mulatto and free people of color taken off the census?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1930"
],
"answer_start": [
657
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103452
|
5ad2b797d7d075001a42a036
|
Multiracial_American
|
Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.
|
What do colonial records of German slave ships often have?
|
What do colonial records of German slave ships often have?
|
[
"What do colonial records of German slave ships often have?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103453
|
5ad2b797d7d075001a42a037
|
Multiracial_American
|
Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.
|
What do genealogists use to trace African American families after 1870?
|
What do genealogists use to trace African American families after 1870?
|
[
"What do genealogists use to trace African American families after 1870?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103454
|
5ad2b797d7d075001a42a039
|
Multiracial_American
|
Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.
|
What did Asians generally not learn to read and write?
|
What did Asians generally not learn to read and write?
|
[
"What did Asians generally not learn to read and write?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103455
|
5ad2b797d7d075001a42a03a
|
Multiracial_American
|
Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.
|
When did the Census Bureau drop the binary classifications of black and white?
|
When did the Census Bureau drop the binary classifications of black and white?
|
[
"When did the Census Bureau drop the binary classifications of black and white?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103456
|
571dfc31b64a571400c71e40
|
Multiracial_American
|
European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.
|
Who did colonists ask for help in returning runaway slaves?
|
Who did colonists ask for help in returning runaway slaves?
|
[
"Who did colonists ask for help in returning runaway slaves?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Indigenous American tribes"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103457
|
571dfc31b64a571400c71e41
|
Multiracial_American
|
European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.
|
When was a treaty with the Iroquis made to return slaves?
|
When was a treaty with the Iroquis made to return slaves?
|
[
"When was a treaty with the Iroquis made to return slaves?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1726"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103458
|
571dfc31b64a571400c71e42
|
Multiracial_American
|
European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.
|
What asked for the return of slaves who married indigenous americans or spoke their language?
|
What asked for the return of slaves who married indigenous americans or spoke their language?
|
[
"What asked for the return of slaves who married indigenous americans or spoke their language?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Numerous advertisements"
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103459
|
571dfc31b64a571400c71e43
|
Multiracial_American
|
European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.
|
How did natives and Africans come to know each other?
|
How did natives and Africans come to know each other?
|
[
"How did natives and Africans come to know each other?"
] |
{
"text": [
"through the institution of slavery"
],
"answer_start": [
644
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103460
|
571dfc31b64a571400c71e44
|
Multiracial_American
|
European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.
|
Why did natives consider Africans to have a 'Great Medicine'?
|
Why did natives consider Africans to have a 'Great Medicine'?
|
[
"Why did natives consider Africans to have a 'Great Medicine'?"
] |
{
"text": [
"because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases"
],
"answer_start": [
797
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103461
|
5ad2cd3ed7d075001a42a2ba
|
Multiracial_American
|
European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.
|
Who never created a treaty with the Indigenous American tribes?
|
Who never created a treaty with the Indigenous American tribes?
|
[
"Who never created a treaty with the Indigenous American tribes?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103462
|
5ad2cd3ed7d075001a42a2bb
|
Multiracial_American
|
European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.
|
When did the governor of South Carolina make the Iroquois promise to return runaway slaves?
|
When did the governor of South Carolina make the Iroquois promise to return runaway slaves?
|
[
"When did the governor of South Carolina make the Iroquois promise to return runaway slaves? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103463
|
5ad2cd3ed7d075001a42a2bc
|
Multiracial_American
|
European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.
|
What were Indigenous Americans immune to?
|
What were Indigenous Americans immune to?
|
[
"What were Indigenous Americans immune to?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103464
|
5ad2cd3ed7d075001a42a2bd
|
Multiracial_American
|
European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.
|
Why did the tribes encourage marriage between Indigenous Americans and whites?
|
Why did the tribes encourage marriage between Indigenous Americans and whites?
|
[
"Why did the tribes encourage marriage between Indigenous Americans and whites?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103465
|
5ad2cd3ed7d075001a42a2be
|
Multiracial_American
|
European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.
|
What Indigenous American tribe returned slaves to the European colonists?
|
What Indigenous American tribe returned slaves to the European colonists?
|
[
"What Indigenous American tribe returned slaves to the European colonists?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103466
|
571dfcde55697319006390e8
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery.
|
What did the laws passed in the 17th century do?
|
What did the laws passed in the 17th century do?
|
[
"What did the laws passed in the 17th century do?"
] |
{
"text": [
"gave children the social status of their mother"
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103467
|
571dfcde55697319006390e9
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery.
|
What is the rule called that causes a father's race to not matter?
|
What is the rule called that causes a father's race to not matter?
|
[
"What is the rule called that causes a father's race to not matter?"
] |
{
"text": [
"partus sequitur ventrem"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103468
|
571dfcde55697319006390ea
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery.
|
What did white fathers do after the American Revolution to provide for mixed children?
|
What did white fathers do after the American Revolution to provide for mixed children?
|
[
"What did white fathers do after the American Revolution to provide for mixed children?"
] |
{
"text": [
"paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them"
],
"answer_start": [
993
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103469
|
571dfcde55697319006390eb
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery.
|
English common law generally said what?
|
English common law generally said what?
|
[
"English common law generally said what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a man gave his status to his children"
],
"answer_start": [
513
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103470
|
5ad29708d7d075001a429b16
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery.
|
What did not occur during the earliest colonial years?
|
What did not occur during the earliest colonial years?
|
[
"What did not occur during the earliest colonial years?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103471
|
5ad29708d7d075001a429b17
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery.
|
What was a racial caste associated with people of British descent in African colonies?
|
What was a racial caste associated with people of British descent in African colonies?
|
[
"What was a racial caste associated with people of British descent in African colonies?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103472
|
5ad29708d7d075001a429b18
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery.
|
What English colony passed laws that gave children the social status of the father?
|
What English colony passed laws that gave children the social status of the father?
|
[
"What English colony passed laws that gave children the social status of the father?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103473
|
5ad29708d7d075001a429b19
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery.
|
Who did many white mothers abandon?
|
Who did many white mothers abandon?
|
[
"Who did many white mothers abandon?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103474
|
5ad29708d7d075001a429b1a
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery.
|
Where was the practice of providing for the children less common?
|
Where was the practice of providing for the children less common?
|
[
"Where was the practice of providing for the children less common?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103475
|
571dfdc5b64a571400c71e4a
|
Multiracial_American
|
Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas.
|
What are many Latin American migrants?
|
What are many Latin American migrants?
|
[
"What are many Latin American migrants?"
] |
{
"text": [
"mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103476
|
571dfdc5b64a571400c71e4b
|
Multiracial_American
|
Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas.
|
What do latinos consider a light skinned mulatto to be?
|
What do latinos consider a light skinned mulatto to be?
|
[
"What do latinos consider a light skinned mulatto to be?"
] |
{
"text": [
"white"
],
"answer_start": [
622
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103477
|
571dfdc5b64a571400c71e4c
|
Multiracial_American
|
Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas.
|
Who is overlooking darker skinned latino multiracial people?
|
Who is overlooking darker skinned latino multiracial people?
|
[
"Who is overlooking darker skinned latino multiracial people?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the U.S. Hispanic media"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103478
|
571dfdc5b64a571400c71e4d
|
Multiracial_American
|
Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas.
|
What does the typical latino in media look like?
|
What does the typical latino in media look like?
|
[
"What does the typical latino in media look like?"
] |
{
"text": [
"blond and blue/green-eyed white"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103479
|
5ad2d3dbd7d075001a42a3b8
|
Multiracial_American
|
Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas.
|
What are many European American migrants?
|
What are many European American migrants?
|
[
"What are many European American migrants?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103480
|
5ad2d3dbd7d075001a42a3b9
|
Multiracial_American
|
Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas.
|
Who has a large amount of media representation?
|
Who has a large amount of media representation?
|
[
"Who has a large amount of media representation?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103481
|
5ad2d3dbd7d075001a42a3ba
|
Multiracial_American
|
Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas.
|
What do white Americans consider a light skinned mulatto to be?
|
What do white Americans consider a light skinned mulatto to be?
|
[
"What do white Americans consider a light skinned mulatto to be?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103482
|
5ad2d3dbd7d075001a42a3bb
|
Multiracial_American
|
Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas.
|
Who is not overlooking darker skinned Latinos?
|
Who is not overlooking darker skinned Latinos?
|
[
"Who is not overlooking darker skinned Latinos?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103483
|
5ad2d3dbd7d075001a42a3bc
|
Multiracial_American
|
Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas.
|
Who has accused the media of ignoring blonde Hispanic Americans?
|
Who has accused the media of ignoring blonde Hispanic Americans?
|
[
"Who has accused the media of ignoring blonde Hispanic Americans?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103484
|
571dfe3fb64a571400c71e52
|
Multiracial_American
|
In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.
|
Before 1920, how would a person be white by law?
|
Before 1920, how would a person be white by law?
|
[
"Before 1920, how would a person be white by law?"
] |
{
"text": [
"if having seven-eights or more white ancestry"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103485
|
571dfe3fb64a571400c71e53
|
Multiracial_American
|
In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.
|
What year was mulatto left off the US Census?
|
What year was mulatto left off the US Census?
|
[
"What year was mulatto left off the US Census?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1920"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103486
|
571dfe3fb64a571400c71e54
|
Multiracial_American
|
In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.
|
Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category?
|
Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category?
|
[
"Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Southern-dominated Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103487
|
5ad2c01fd7d075001a42a0de
|
Multiracial_American
|
In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.
|
When was a person legally white in South Carolina before 1920?
|
When was a person legally white in South Carolina before 1920?
|
[
"When was a person legally white in South Carolina before 1920?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103488
|
5ad2c01fd7d075001a42a0df
|
Multiracial_American
|
In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.
|
When was the one-drop rule ended?
|
When was the one-drop rule ended?
|
[
"When was the one-drop rule ended?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103489
|
5ad2c01fd7d075001a42a0e0
|
Multiracial_American
|
In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.
|
What was an attempt to increase black political power?
|
What was an attempt to increase black political power?
|
[
"What was an attempt to increase black political power?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103490
|
5ad2c01fd7d075001a42a0e1
|
Multiracial_American
|
In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.
|
What was the first year the U.S. Census used the mulatto category?
|
What was the first year the U.S. Census used the mulatto category?
|
[
"What was the first year the U.S. Census used the mulatto category?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103491
|
5ad2c01fd7d075001a42a0e2
|
Multiracial_American
|
In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.
|
What was the result of a Northern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules?
|
What was the result of a Northern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules?
|
[
"What was the result of a Northern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103492
|
571dfedcb64a571400c71e58
|
Multiracial_American
|
Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece "Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan," in a column entitled "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a "Magic Negro", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."
|
Who wrote an article in the New York Dail News about Obama?
|
Who wrote an article in the New York Dail News about Obama?
|
[
"Who wrote an article in the New York Dail News about Obama?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Stanley Crouch"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103493
|
571dfedcb64a571400c71e59
|
Multiracial_American
|
Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece "Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan," in a column entitled "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a "Magic Negro", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."
|
What did David Ehrenstein call Obama in 2008?
|
What did David Ehrenstein call Obama in 2008?
|
[
"What did David Ehrenstein call Obama in 2008?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"Magic Negro\","
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103494
|
571dfedcb64a571400c71e5a
|
Multiracial_American
|
Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece "Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan," in a column entitled "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a "Magic Negro", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."
|
What did Ehrenstein say Obama does for white people?
|
What did Ehrenstein say Obama does for white people?
|
[
"What did Ehrenstein say Obama does for white people?"
] |
{
"text": [
"assuage white 'guilt'"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103495
|
571dfedcb64a571400c71e5b
|
Multiracial_American
|
Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece "Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan," in a column entitled "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a "Magic Negro", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."
|
What was the title of Crouch's article?
|
What was the title of Crouch's article?
|
[
"What was the title of Crouch's article?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me.\""
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103496
|
5ad2c44ed7d075001a42a15c
|
Multiracial_American
|
Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece "Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan," in a column entitled "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a "Magic Negro", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."
|
Who wrote about Obama in a Time Magazine piece?
|
Who wrote about Obama in a Time Magazine piece?
|
[
"Who wrote about Obama in a Time Magazine piece?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103497
|
5ad2c44ed7d075001a42a15d
|
Multiracial_American
|
Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece "Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan," in a column entitled "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a "Magic Negro", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."
|
What LA Times columnist accused liberals of avoiding Obama?
|
What LA Times columnist accused liberals of avoiding Obama?
|
[
"What LA Times columnist accused liberals of avoiding Obama?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103498
|
5ad2c44ed7d075001a42a15e
|
Multiracial_American
|
Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece "Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan," in a column entitled "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a "Magic Negro", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."
|
What is a term for a black person who does not help the mainstream white agenda?
|
What is a term for a black person who does not help the mainstream white agenda?
|
[
"What is a term for a black person who does not help the mainstream white agenda?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103499
|
5ad2c44ed7d075001a42a15f
|
Multiracial_American
|
Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece "Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan," in a column entitled "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a "Magic Negro", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."
|
What year did David Ehrenstein write a piece accusing liberals of avoiding Obama?
|
What year did David Ehrenstein write a piece accusing liberals of avoiding Obama?
|
[
"What year did David Ehrenstein write a piece accusing liberals of avoiding Obama?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.