gem_id
stringlengths 20
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| id
stringlengths 24
24
| title
stringlengths 3
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| context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
270
| target
stringlengths 1
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| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-103900
|
573425f84776f4190066196c
|
Montana
|
Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into Montana. Surveys in 1874, 1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876. The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at Gold Creek.
|
What year was the Great White Sioux War?
|
What year was the Great White Sioux War?
|
[
"What year was the Great White Sioux War?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1876"
],
"answer_start": [
572
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103901
|
573425f84776f4190066196d
|
Montana
|
Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into Montana. Surveys in 1874, 1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876. The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at Gold Creek.
|
When was the transcontinental National Pacific Railroad finished?
|
When was the transcontinental National Pacific Railroad finished?
|
[
"When was the transcontinental National Pacific Railroad finished?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1883"
],
"answer_start": [
633
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103902
|
573426864776f4190066197d
|
Montana
|
Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.
|
When was the first constitutional convention held in Montana?
|
When was the first constitutional convention held in Montana?
|
[
"When was the first constitutional convention held in Montana?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1866"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103903
|
573426864776f4190066197e
|
Montana
|
Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.
|
Why was this constitutional convention held?
|
Why was this constitutional convention held?
|
[
"Why was this constitutional convention held?"
] |
{
"text": [
"bid for statehood"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103904
|
573426864776f4190066197f
|
Montana
|
Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.
|
When was the second constitutional convention held?
|
When was the second constitutional convention held?
|
[
"When was the second constitutional convention held?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1884"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103905
|
573426864776f41900661980
|
Montana
|
Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.
|
What year was Montana's statehood approved?
|
What year was Montana's statehood approved?
|
[
"What year was Montana's statehood approved?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1889"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103906
|
573426864776f41900661981
|
Montana
|
Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.
|
What other three states were approved in the same year?
|
What other three states were approved in the same year?
|
[
"What other three states were approved in the same year?"
] |
{
"text": [
"North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103907
|
573426e6d058e614000b6a20
|
Montana
|
The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and "prove-up" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Miss Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana Pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains.
|
What year did the Homestead Act provide land to settlers?
|
What year did the Homestead Act provide land to settlers?
|
[
"What year did the Homestead Act provide land to settlers?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1862"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103908
|
573426e6d058e614000b6a21
|
Montana
|
The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and "prove-up" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Miss Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana Pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains.
|
How much land did the Homestead Act allow?
|
How much land did the Homestead Act allow?
|
[
"How much land did the Homestead Act allow?"
] |
{
"text": [
"160 acres"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103909
|
573426e6d058e614000b6a22
|
Montana
|
The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and "prove-up" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Miss Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana Pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains.
|
What year was the first homestead claim claimed?
|
What year was the first homestead claim claimed?
|
[
"What year was the first homestead claim claimed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1868"
],
"answer_start": [
410
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103910
|
57342785d058e614000b6a2e
|
Montana
|
The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres (2.6 km2) to settlers for a fee of $.25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land. After three years, a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler. This act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into Montana, many of whom grazed their herds on the Montana prairie for three years, did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees. Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s, though in relatively small numbers.
|
When was the Desert Land Act passed?
|
When was the Desert Land Act passed?
|
[
"When was the Desert Land Act passed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1877"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103911
|
57342785d058e614000b6a2f
|
Montana
|
The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres (2.6 km2) to settlers for a fee of $.25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land. After three years, a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler. This act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into Montana, many of whom grazed their herds on the Montana prairie for three years, did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees. Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s, though in relatively small numbers.
|
How much land did the Desert Land Act allot?
|
How much land did the Desert Land Act allot?
|
[
"How much land did the Desert Land Act allot?"
] |
{
"text": [
"640 acres"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103912
|
57342785d058e614000b6a30
|
Montana
|
The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres (2.6 km2) to settlers for a fee of $.25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land. After three years, a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler. This act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into Montana, many of whom grazed their herds on the Montana prairie for three years, did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees. Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s, though in relatively small numbers.
|
How much was the charge per acre at first?
|
How much was the charge per acre at first?
|
[
"How much was the charge per acre at first?"
] |
{
"text": [
"$.25"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103913
|
57342802d058e614000b6a40
|
Montana
|
In the early 1900s, James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres (0.6 to 1.3 km2) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to "prove up" on a claim to three years. In 1916, the Stock-Raising Homestead Act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation. This combination of advertising and changes in the Homestead Act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders, lured by free land, with World War I bringing particularly high wheat prices. In addition, Montana was going through a temporary period of higher-than-average precipitation. Homesteaders arriving in this period were known as "Honyockers", or "scissorbills." Though the word "honyocker", possibly derived from the ethnic slur "hunyak," was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being "greenhorns", "new at his business" or "unprepared", the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience, though there were also many who did not.
|
Who promoted settlement in Montana in the early 1900s
|
Who promoted settlement in Montana in the early 1900s
|
[
"Who promoted settlement in Montana in the early 1900s"
] |
{
"text": [
"James J. Hill"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103914
|
57342802d058e614000b6a41
|
Montana
|
In the early 1900s, James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres (0.6 to 1.3 km2) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to "prove up" on a claim to three years. In 1916, the Stock-Raising Homestead Act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation. This combination of advertising and changes in the Homestead Act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders, lured by free land, with World War I bringing particularly high wheat prices. In addition, Montana was going through a temporary period of higher-than-average precipitation. Homesteaders arriving in this period were known as "Honyockers", or "scissorbills." Though the word "honyocker", possibly derived from the ethnic slur "hunyak," was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being "greenhorns", "new at his business" or "unprepared", the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience, though there were also many who did not.
|
In what year was the Reclamation Act passed?
|
In what year was the Reclamation Act passed?
|
[
"In what year was the Reclamation Act passed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1902"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103915
|
57342802d058e614000b6a42
|
Montana
|
In the early 1900s, James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres (0.6 to 1.3 km2) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to "prove up" on a claim to three years. In 1916, the Stock-Raising Homestead Act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation. This combination of advertising and changes in the Homestead Act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders, lured by free land, with World War I bringing particularly high wheat prices. In addition, Montana was going through a temporary period of higher-than-average precipitation. Homesteaders arriving in this period were known as "Honyockers", or "scissorbills." Though the word "honyocker", possibly derived from the ethnic slur "hunyak," was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being "greenhorns", "new at his business" or "unprepared", the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience, though there were also many who did not.
|
What year was the Enlarged Homestead Act passed?
|
What year was the Enlarged Homestead Act passed?
|
[
"What year was the Enlarged Homestead Act passed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1909"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103916
|
57342802d058e614000b6a43
|
Montana
|
In the early 1900s, James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres (0.6 to 1.3 km2) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to "prove up" on a claim to three years. In 1916, the Stock-Raising Homestead Act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation. This combination of advertising and changes in the Homestead Act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders, lured by free land, with World War I bringing particularly high wheat prices. In addition, Montana was going through a temporary period of higher-than-average precipitation. Homesteaders arriving in this period were known as "Honyockers", or "scissorbills." Though the word "honyocker", possibly derived from the ethnic slur "hunyak," was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being "greenhorns", "new at his business" or "unprepared", the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience, though there were also many who did not.
|
How much land was alloted in the new Enlarged Homestead Act?
|
How much land was alloted in the new Enlarged Homestead Act?
|
[
"How much land was alloted in the new Enlarged Homestead Act?"
] |
{
"text": [
"320 acres"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103917
|
5734288c4776f419006619bf
|
Montana
|
In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.
|
When did Congress pass the Espionage Act?
|
When did Congress pass the Espionage Act?
|
[
"When did Congress pass the Espionage Act?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1917"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103918
|
5734288c4776f419006619c0
|
Montana
|
In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.
|
When was the Sedition Act passed?
|
When was the Sedition Act passed?
|
[
"When was the Sedition Act passed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1918"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103919
|
5734288c4776f419006619c1
|
Montana
|
In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.
|
What were these acts make do to laws?
|
What were these acts make do to laws?
|
[
"What were these acts make do to laws?"
] |
{
"text": [
"criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103920
|
5734288c4776f419006619c2
|
Montana
|
In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.
|
How many people were arrested from the Montana Act?
|
How many people were arrested from the Montana Act?
|
[
"How many people were arrested from the Montana Act?"
] |
{
"text": [
"200"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103921
|
5734288c4776f419006619c3
|
Montana
|
In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.
|
How many of the 200 arrested in the Montana Act were convicted?
|
How many of the 200 arrested in the Montana Act were convicted?
|
[
"How many of the 200 arrested in the Montana Act were convicted?"
] |
{
"text": [
"78"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103922
|
5734296dd058e614000b6a6e
|
Montana
|
When the U.S. entered World War II on December 8, 1941, many Montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended. These numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state's total population, and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state. Many Native Americans were among those who served, including soldiers from the Crow Nation who became Code Talkers. At least 1500 Montanans died in the war. Montana also was the training ground for the First Special Service Force or "Devil's Brigade," a joint U.S-Canadian commando-style force that trained at Fort William Henry Harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment. Air bases were built in Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow, some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the Soviet Union. During the war, about 30 Japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in Montana, though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them.
|
How many Montanans entered the miltary in the first year of the war?
|
How many Montanans entered the miltary in the first year of the war?
|
[
"How many Montanans entered the miltary in the first year of the war?"
] |
{
"text": [
"40,000-plus"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103923
|
5734296dd058e614000b6a6f
|
Montana
|
When the U.S. entered World War II on December 8, 1941, many Montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended. These numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state's total population, and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state. Many Native Americans were among those who served, including soldiers from the Crow Nation who became Code Talkers. At least 1500 Montanans died in the war. Montana also was the training ground for the First Special Service Force or "Devil's Brigade," a joint U.S-Canadian commando-style force that trained at Fort William Henry Harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment. Air bases were built in Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow, some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the Soviet Union. During the war, about 30 Japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in Montana, though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them.
|
How many Montanans joined the military in the war total?
|
How many Montanans joined the military in the war total?
|
[
"How many Montanans joined the military in the war total?"
] |
{
"text": [
"over 57,000"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103924
|
5734296dd058e614000b6a70
|
Montana
|
When the U.S. entered World War II on December 8, 1941, many Montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended. These numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state's total population, and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state. Many Native Americans were among those who served, including soldiers from the Crow Nation who became Code Talkers. At least 1500 Montanans died in the war. Montana also was the training ground for the First Special Service Force or "Devil's Brigade," a joint U.S-Canadian commando-style force that trained at Fort William Henry Harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment. Air bases were built in Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow, some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the Soviet Union. During the war, about 30 Japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in Montana, though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them.
|
About how many Montanans died in the war?
|
About how many Montanans died in the war?
|
[
"About how many Montanans died in the war?"
] |
{
"text": [
"At least 1500"
],
"answer_start": [
609
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103925
|
5734296dd058e614000b6a71
|
Montana
|
When the U.S. entered World War II on December 8, 1941, many Montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended. These numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state's total population, and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state. Many Native Americans were among those who served, including soldiers from the Crow Nation who became Code Talkers. At least 1500 Montanans died in the war. Montana also was the training ground for the First Special Service Force or "Devil's Brigade," a joint U.S-Canadian commando-style force that trained at Fort William Henry Harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment. Air bases were built in Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow, some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the Soviet Union. During the war, about 30 Japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in Montana, though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them.
|
Who trained at the military grounds in Montana?
|
Who trained at the military grounds in Montana?
|
[
"Who trained at the military grounds in Montana?"
] |
{
"text": [
"First Special Service Force or \"Devil's Brigade,\""
],
"answer_start": [
695
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103926
|
5734296dd058e614000b6a72
|
Montana
|
When the U.S. entered World War II on December 8, 1941, many Montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended. These numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state's total population, and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state. Many Native Americans were among those who served, including soldiers from the Crow Nation who became Code Talkers. At least 1500 Montanans died in the war. Montana also was the training ground for the First Special Service Force or "Devil's Brigade," a joint U.S-Canadian commando-style force that trained at Fort William Henry Harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment. Air bases were built in Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow, some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the Soviet Union. During the war, about 30 Japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in Montana, though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them.
|
Where were air bases built in Montana?
|
Where were air bases built in Montana?
|
[
"Where were air bases built in Montana?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow"
],
"answer_start": [
926
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103927
|
570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6c
|
Infrared
|
Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.
|
Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared radiation used?
|
Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared radiation used?
|
[
"Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared radiation used?"
] |
{
"text": [
"scientific"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103928
|
570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6d
|
Infrared
|
Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.
|
What technology is used by night-vision devices?
|
What technology is used by night-vision devices?
|
[
"What technology is used by night-vision devices?"
] |
{
"text": [
"active near-infrared illumination"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103929
|
570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6e
|
Infrared
|
Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.
|
What discipline uses infrared telescopes to see through molecular clouds?
|
What discipline uses infrared telescopes to see through molecular clouds?
|
[
"What discipline uses infrared telescopes to see through molecular clouds?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Infrared astronomy"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103930
|
570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6f
|
Infrared
|
Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.
|
What color shift indicates that space objects date from the early days of the universe?
|
What color shift indicates that space objects date from the early days of the universe?
|
[
"What color shift indicates that space objects date from the early days of the universe?"
] |
{
"text": [
"red"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103931
|
570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba70
|
Infrared
|
Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.
|
What devices are used to observe insulated system heat loss?
|
What devices are used to observe insulated system heat loss?
|
[
"What devices are used to observe insulated system heat loss?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Infrared thermal-imaging cameras"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103932
|
5a07bed60ff9ab00181693ac
|
Infrared
|
Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.
|
What technology allows infrared thermal imaging cameras to observe people or animals without being detected?
|
What technology allows infrared thermal imaging cameras to observe people or animals without being detected?
|
[
"What technology allows infrared thermal imaging cameras to observe people or animals without being detected?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103933
|
5a07bed60ff9ab00181693ad
|
Infrared
|
Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.
|
What technology is used by night vision devices to observe changing blood flow in the skin?
|
What technology is used by night vision devices to observe changing blood flow in the skin?
|
[
"What technology is used by night vision devices to observe changing blood flow in the skin?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103934
|
5a07bed60ff9ab00181693ae
|
Infrared
|
Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.
|
What science discipline uses infrared thermal-imaging cameras to penetrate dusty regions of space?
|
What science discipline uses infrared thermal-imaging cameras to penetrate dusty regions of space?
|
[
"What science discipline uses infrared thermal-imaging cameras to penetrate dusty regions of space?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103935
|
5a07bed60ff9ab00181693af
|
Infrared
|
Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.
|
Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared astronomy used?
|
Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared astronomy used?
|
[
"Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared astronomy used?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103936
|
5a07bed60ff9ab00181693b0
|
Infrared
|
Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.
|
What type of radiation is used to detect heat loss in insulated systems?
|
What type of radiation is used to detect heat loss in insulated systems?
|
[
"What type of radiation is used to detect heat loss in insulated systems?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103937
|
570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba76
|
Infrared
|
The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. However, particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from IR lasers, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow in intense sources, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage.
|
At what wavelength does the human eye become significantly less sensitive to light?
|
At what wavelength does the human eye become significantly less sensitive to light?
|
[
"At what wavelength does the human eye become significantly less sensitive to light?"
] |
{
"text": [
"700 nm"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103938
|
570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba77
|
Infrared
|
The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. However, particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from IR lasers, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow in intense sources, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage.
|
What sort of light is generated by IR lasers?
|
What sort of light is generated by IR lasers?
|
[
"What sort of light is generated by IR lasers?"
] |
{
"text": [
"near-IR"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103939
|
570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba78
|
Infrared
|
The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. However, particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from IR lasers, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow in intense sources, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage.
|
Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive IR LED sources as red?
|
Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive IR LED sources as red?
|
[
"Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive IR LED sources as red?"
] |
{
"text": [
"780 nm"
],
"answer_start": [
569
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103940
|
570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba79
|
Infrared
|
The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. However, particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from IR lasers, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow in intense sources, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage.
|
Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive certain intense lights as being dull red in color?
|
Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive certain intense lights as being dull red in color?
|
[
"Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive certain intense lights as being dull red in color?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1050 nm"
],
"answer_start": [
654
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103941
|
570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba7a
|
Infrared
|
The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. However, particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from IR lasers, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow in intense sources, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage.
|
What objects are notably bright in near IR?
|
What objects are notably bright in near IR?
|
[
"What objects are notably bright in near IR?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Leaves"
],
"answer_start": [
852
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103942
|
5a07c6570ff9ab00181693c0
|
Infrared
|
The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. However, particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from IR lasers, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow in intense sources, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage.
|
What is the defined boundary between visible and infrared light?
|
What is the defined boundary between visible and infrared light?
|
[
"What is the defined boundary between visible and infrared light?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103943
|
5a07c6570ff9ab00181693c1
|
Infrared
|
The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. However, particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from IR lasers, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow in intense sources, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage.
|
At what wavelength does the human eye perceive red light?
|
At what wavelength does the human eye perceive red light?
|
[
"At what wavelength does the human eye perceive red light?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103944
|
5a07c6570ff9ab00181693c2
|
Infrared
|
The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. However, particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from IR lasers, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow in intense sources, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage.
|
What light is generated by an IR-passing photographic filter?
|
What light is generated by an IR-passing photographic filter?
|
[
"What light is generated by an IR-passing photographic filter?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103945
|
5a07c6570ff9ab00181693c3
|
Infrared
|
The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. However, particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from IR lasers, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow in intense sources, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage.
|
What objects are hard to see if all visible light leaks are blocked?
|
What objects are hard to see if all visible light leaks are blocked?
|
[
"What objects are hard to see if all visible light leaks are blocked?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103946
|
5a07c6570ff9ab00181693c4
|
Infrared
|
The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. However, particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from IR lasers, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow in intense sources, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage.
|
What value measures wavelengths as long as 1050?
|
What value measures wavelengths as long as 1050?
|
[
"What value measures wavelengths as long as 1050?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103947
|
570b9002ec8fbc190045ba80
|
Infrared
|
The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers.
|
What is the term for the property that describes how a surface's thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body?
|
What is the term for the property that describes how a surface's thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body?
|
[
"What is the term for the property that describes how a surface's thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body?"
] |
{
"text": [
"emissivity"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103948
|
570b9002ec8fbc190045ba81
|
Infrared
|
The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers.
|
How will the infrared image of an object with a higher emissivity appear in relation to one with lower emissivity?
|
How will the infrared image of an object with a higher emissivity appear in relation to one with lower emissivity?
|
[
"How will the infrared image of an object with a higher emissivity appear in relation to one with lower emissivity?"
] |
{
"text": [
"hotter"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103949
|
570b9002ec8fbc190045ba82
|
Infrared
|
The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers.
|
Along with pyrometers, what devices can receive inaccurate results if emissivity is not set correctly?
|
Along with pyrometers, what devices can receive inaccurate results if emissivity is not set correctly?
|
[
"Along with pyrometers, what devices can receive inaccurate results if emissivity is not set correctly?"
] |
{
"text": [
"infrared cameras"
],
"answer_start": [
585
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103950
|
5a07d2a20ff9ab00181693dc
|
Infrared
|
The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers.
|
What property describes how a surfaces thermal emissions give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers?
|
What property describes how a surfaces thermal emissions give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers?
|
[
"What property describes how a surfaces thermal emissions give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103951
|
5a07d2a20ff9ab00181693dd
|
Infrared
|
The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers.
|
What shows the same image of two objects with differing emissivity?
|
What shows the same image of two objects with differing emissivity?
|
[
"What shows the same image of two objects with differing emissivity?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103952
|
5a07d2a20ff9ab00181693de
|
Infrared
|
The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers.
|
What ideal shows inaccurate results when using infrared cameras?
|
What ideal shows inaccurate results when using infrared cameras?
|
[
"What ideal shows inaccurate results when using infrared cameras?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103953
|
5a07d2a20ff9ab00181693df
|
Infrared
|
The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers.
|
How does pre-set emissivity help infrared cameras give accurate results?
|
How does pre-set emissivity help infrared cameras give accurate results?
|
[
"How does pre-set emissivity help infrared cameras give accurate results?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103954
|
5a07d2a20ff9ab00181693e0
|
Infrared
|
The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers.
|
How does comparing two differing objects to a black body give you accurate results?
|
How does comparing two differing objects to a black body give you accurate results?
|
[
"How does comparing two differing objects to a black body give you accurate results?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103955
|
570b909a6b8089140040f982
|
Infrared
|
Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the mid-infrared. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1).
|
What is the technique that analyzes the constituent bonds of molecules to identify them?
|
What is the technique that analyzes the constituent bonds of molecules to identify them?
|
[
"What is the technique that analyzes the constituent bonds of molecules to identify them?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Infrared vibrational spectroscopy"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103956
|
570b909a6b8089140040f983
|
Infrared
|
Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the mid-infrared. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1).
|
What happens to a molecule if an oscillation results in a dipole being changed?
|
What happens to a molecule if an oscillation results in a dipole being changed?
|
[
"What happens to a molecule if an oscillation results in a dipole being changed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103957
|
570b909a6b8089140040f984
|
Infrared
|
Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the mid-infrared. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1).
|
What do the vibrational frequencies of molecules usually correspond to?
|
What do the vibrational frequencies of molecules usually correspond to?
|
[
"What do the vibrational frequencies of molecules usually correspond to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the frequencies of infrared light"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103958
|
570b909a6b8089140040f985
|
Infrared
|
Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the mid-infrared. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1).
|
What is the term for light radiation in the 4000–400 cm−1 spectrum?
|
What is the term for light radiation in the 4000–400 cm−1 spectrum?
|
[
"What is the term for light radiation in the 4000–400 cm−1 spectrum?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the mid-infrared"
],
"answer_start": [
721
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103959
|
5a07ec283fc874001820705f
|
Infrared
|
Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the mid-infrared. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1).
|
What technique can be used to identify organic compounds by analysis of their constituent bonds?
|
What technique can be used to identify organic compounds by analysis of their constituent bonds?
|
[
"What technique can be used to identify organic compounds by analysis of their constituent bonds?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103960
|
5a07ec283fc8740018207060
|
Infrared
|
Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the mid-infrared. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1).
|
A group of chemical bonds in a molecule may have how many modes of oscillation?
|
A group of chemical bonds in a molecule may have how many modes of oscillation?
|
[
"A group of chemical bonds in a molecule may have how many modes of oscillation?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103961
|
5a07ec283fc8740018207061
|
Infrared
|
Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the mid-infrared. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1).
|
What do most vibrations correspond to the frequencies of?
|
What do most vibrations correspond to the frequencies of?
|
[
"What do most vibrations correspond to the frequencies of?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103962
|
5a07ec283fc8740018207062
|
Infrared
|
Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the mid-infrared. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1).
|
What are multiple modes of oscillation in a spectrum caused by?
|
What are multiple modes of oscillation in a spectrum caused by?
|
[
"What are multiple modes of oscillation in a spectrum caused by?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103963
|
5a07ec283fc8740018207063
|
Infrared
|
Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the mid-infrared. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1).
|
What is the amount of absorption a group of atoms will show in cm?
|
What is the amount of absorption a group of atoms will show in cm?
|
[
"What is the amount of absorption a group of atoms will show in cm?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103964
|
570b91106b8089140040f98a
|
Infrared
|
In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.
|
What is used in infrared photography to capture the near-infrared spectrum?
|
What is used in infrared photography to capture the near-infrared spectrum?
|
[
"What is used in infrared photography to capture the near-infrared spectrum?"
] |
{
"text": [
"infrared filters"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103965
|
570b91106b8089140040f98b
|
Infrared
|
In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.
|
What devices are often equipped with infrared blockers?
|
What devices are often equipped with infrared blockers?
|
[
"What devices are often equipped with infrared blockers?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Digital cameras"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103966
|
570b91106b8089140040f98c
|
Infrared
|
In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.
|
What is the technique that involves imaging with terahertz radiation?
|
What is the technique that involves imaging with terahertz radiation?
|
[
"What is the technique that involves imaging with terahertz radiation?"
] |
{
"text": [
"'T-ray' imaging"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103967
|
570b91106b8089140040f98d
|
Infrared
|
In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.
|
What is another name for terahertz radiation?
|
What is another name for terahertz radiation?
|
[
"What is another name for terahertz radiation?"
] |
{
"text": [
"far-infrared"
],
"answer_start": [
530
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103968
|
570b91106b8089140040f98e
|
Infrared
|
In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.
|
What is a notable recent development in T-ray imaging?
|
What is a notable recent development in T-ray imaging?
|
[
"What is a notable recent development in T-ray imaging?"
] |
{
"text": [
"terahertz time-domain spectroscopy"
],
"answer_start": [
784
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103969
|
5a07dcd73fc8740018207023
|
Infrared
|
In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.
|
What does T-ray imaging use to capture the near-infrared spectrum?
|
What does T-ray imaging use to capture the near-infrared spectrum?
|
[
"What does T-ray imaging use to capture the near-infrared spectrum?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103970
|
5a07dcd73fc8740018207024
|
Infrared
|
In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.
|
What is a recent development in infrared photography?
|
What is a recent development in infrared photography?
|
[
"What is a recent development in infrared photography?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103971
|
5a07dcd73fc8740018207025
|
Infrared
|
In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.
|
What is another name for IR bright areas?
|
What is another name for IR bright areas?
|
[
"What is another name for IR bright areas?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103972
|
5a07dcd73fc8740018207026
|
Infrared
|
In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.
|
What device uses far-infrared or terahertz radiation?
|
What device uses far-infrared or terahertz radiation?
|
[
"What device uses far-infrared or terahertz radiation?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103973
|
5a07dcd73fc8740018207027
|
Infrared
|
In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.
|
How do infrared blockers wash out an image?
|
How do infrared blockers wash out an image?
|
[
"How do infrared blockers wash out an image?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103974
|
570b92316b8089140040f994
|
Infrared
|
Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. Art conservators are looking to see whether the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between – such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist. This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices.
|
What technique is used in art to examine underlying layers of a painting without damaging it?
|
What technique is used in art to examine underlying layers of a painting without damaging it?
|
[
"What technique is used in art to examine underlying layers of a painting without damaging it?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Infrared reflectography"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103975
|
570b92316b8089140040f995
|
Infrared
|
Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. Art conservators are looking to see whether the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between – such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist. This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices.
|
What shows up particularly well in reflectograms?
|
What shows up particularly well in reflectograms?
|
[
"What shows up particularly well in reflectograms?"
] |
{
"text": [
"carbon black"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103976
|
570b92316b8089140040f996
|
Infrared
|
Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. Art conservators are looking to see whether the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between – such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist. This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices.
|
What is the term for differences in the painting and underdrawing made by the original artist?
|
What is the term for differences in the painting and underdrawing made by the original artist?
|
[
"What is the term for differences in the painting and underdrawing made by the original artist?"
] |
{
"text": [
"pentimenti"
],
"answer_start": [
564
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103977
|
5a07ff1a3fc87400182070f3
|
Infrared
|
Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. Art conservators are looking to see whether the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between – such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist. This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices.
|
What painting technique is used to reveal working practices?
|
What painting technique is used to reveal working practices?
|
[
"What painting technique is used to reveal working practices?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103978
|
5a07ff1a3fc87400182070f4
|
Infrared
|
Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. Art conservators are looking to see whether the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between – such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist. This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices.
|
What is visible in alterations of paintings?
|
What is visible in alterations of paintings?
|
[
"What is visible in alterations of paintings?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103979
|
5a07ff1a3fc87400182070f5
|
Infrared
|
Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. Art conservators are looking to see whether the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between – such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist. This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices.
|
What is it called when visible layers differ from the reflectogram?
|
What is it called when visible layers differ from the reflectogram?
|
[
"What is it called when visible layers differ from the reflectogram?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103980
|
5a07ff1a3fc87400182070f6
|
Infrared
|
Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. Art conservators are looking to see whether the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between – such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist. This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices.
|
What is useful to show if a painting is original or part of a reflectogram?
|
What is useful to show if a painting is original or part of a reflectogram?
|
[
"What is useful to show if a painting is original or part of a reflectogram?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103981
|
5a07ff1a3fc87400182070f7
|
Infrared
|
Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. Art conservators are looking to see whether the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between – such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist. This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices.
|
With carbon black what is the painting more likely to be?
|
With carbon black what is the painting more likely to be?
|
[
"With carbon black what is the painting more likely to be?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103982
|
570b92846b8089140040f99a
|
Infrared
|
The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century.
|
Who discovered infrared radiation?
|
Who discovered infrared radiation?
|
[
"Who discovered infrared radiation?"
] |
{
"text": [
"William Herschel"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103983
|
570b92846b8089140040f99b
|
Infrared
|
The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century.
|
In what year did Herschel publish his work on infrared radiation?
|
In what year did Herschel publish his work on infrared radiation?
|
[
"In what year did Herschel publish his work on infrared radiation?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1800"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103984
|
570b92846b8089140040f99c
|
Infrared
|
The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century.
|
To whom did Herschel present his work on infrared radiation?
|
To whom did Herschel present his work on infrared radiation?
|
[
"To whom did Herschel present his work on infrared radiation?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Royal Society of London"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103985
|
570b92846b8089140040f99d
|
Infrared
|
The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century.
|
What device did Herschel use to discover the infrared?
|
What device did Herschel use to discover the infrared?
|
[
"What device did Herschel use to discover the infrared?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a prism"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103986
|
570b92846b8089140040f99e
|
Infrared
|
The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century.
|
What did Herschel call the infrared spectrum?
|
What did Herschel call the infrared spectrum?
|
[
"What did Herschel call the infrared spectrum?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Calorific Rays"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103987
|
5a0809c63fc874001820712f
|
Infrared
|
The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century.
|
Who discovered spectrum radiation?
|
Who discovered spectrum radiation?
|
[
"Who discovered spectrum radiation?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103988
|
5a0809c63fc8740018207130
|
Infrared
|
The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century.
|
When did the term Calorific Rays start to be used?
|
When did the term Calorific Rays start to be used?
|
[
"When did the term Calorific Rays start to be used?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103989
|
5a0809c63fc8740018207131
|
Infrared
|
The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century.
|
What did Herschel use to detect light from the sun?
|
What did Herschel use to detect light from the sun?
|
[
"What did Herschel use to detect light from the sun?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103990
|
5a0809c63fc8740018207132
|
Infrared
|
The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century.
|
What did Herschel refract from Calorific Rays?
|
What did Herschel refract from Calorific Rays?
|
[
"What did Herschel refract from Calorific Rays?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103991
|
5a0809c63fc8740018207133
|
Infrared
|
The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century.
|
What society did Herschel present his work on the red spectrum?
|
What society did Herschel present his work on the red spectrum?
|
[
"What society did Herschel present his work on the red spectrum?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103992
|
570b933d6b8089140040f9a4
|
Infrared
|
Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 µm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law).
|
What is a commonly used term for infrared radiation?
|
What is a commonly used term for infrared radiation?
|
[
"What is a commonly used term for infrared radiation?"
] |
{
"text": [
"heat radiation"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103993
|
570b933d6b8089140040f9a5
|
Infrared
|
Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 µm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law).
|
What percentage of the Earth's heat is derived from the Sun's infrared light?
|
What percentage of the Earth's heat is derived from the Sun's infrared light?
|
[
"What percentage of the Earth's heat is derived from the Sun's infrared light?"
] |
{
"text": [
"49%"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103994
|
570b933d6b8089140040f9a6
|
Infrared
|
Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 µm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law).
|
What is the common range of emitted radiation of room temperature objects, in micrometers?
|
What is the common range of emitted radiation of room temperature objects, in micrometers?
|
[
"What is the common range of emitted radiation of room temperature objects, in micrometers? "
] |
{
"text": [
"8 to 25"
],
"answer_start": [
527
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103995
|
570b933d6b8089140040f9a7
|
Infrared
|
Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 µm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law).
|
Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for heating the Earth?
|
Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for heating the Earth?
|
[
"Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for heating the Earth?"
] |
{
"text": [
"visible"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103996
|
5a07c82b0ff9ab00181693ca
|
Infrared
|
Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 µm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law).
|
What radiation is responsible for 49% of the heating of the Earth?
|
What radiation is responsible for 49% of the heating of the Earth?
|
[
"What radiation is responsible for 49% of the heating of the Earth?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103997
|
5a07c82b0ff9ab00181693cb
|
Infrared
|
Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 µm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law).
|
Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for emitting visible radiation?
|
Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for emitting visible radiation?
|
[
"Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for emitting visible radiation?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103998
|
5a07c82b0ff9ab00181693cc
|
Infrared
|
Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 µm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law).
|
What type of light or laser will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 um band?
|
What type of light or laser will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 um band?
|
[
"What type of light or laser will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 um band?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103999
|
5a07c82b0ff9ab00181693cd
|
Infrared
|
Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 µm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law).
|
What type of waves will char paper?
|
What type of waves will char paper?
|
[
"What type of waves will char paper?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
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