gem_id
stringlengths 20
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| id
stringlengths 24
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| title
stringlengths 3
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| context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
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| target
stringlengths 1
270
| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-106100
|
57262473271a42140099d4ed
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek (Hellenic) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, Africa and Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. For example, competitive public games took place, ideas in biology, and popular entertainment in theaters. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism. Greek Science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism.
|
d
|
d
|
[
"d"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Gre"
],
"answer_start": [
1090
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106101
|
5725b56a38643c19005acba5
|
Hellenistic_period
|
After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms through Greco-Macedonian colonization, spanning as far as modern-day Pakistan. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards "barbarian" cultures. The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th–6th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific "mother city". The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek colonies such as Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria and Ai-Khanoum. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.
|
What is a common Attic-based dialect?
|
What is a common Attic-based dialect?
|
[
"What is a common Attic-based dialect?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Koine Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
1376
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106102
|
5725b56a38643c19005acba6
|
Hellenistic_period
|
After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms through Greco-Macedonian colonization, spanning as far as modern-day Pakistan. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards "barbarian" cultures. The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th–6th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific "mother city". The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek colonies such as Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria and Ai-Khanoum. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.
|
Where is the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
|
Where is the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
|
[
"Where is the Ptolemaic Kingdom?"
] |
{
"text": [
"north-east Africa"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106103
|
5725b56a38643c19005acba7
|
Hellenistic_period
|
After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms through Greco-Macedonian colonization, spanning as far as modern-day Pakistan. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards "barbarian" cultures. The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th–6th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific "mother city". The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek colonies such as Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria and Ai-Khanoum. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.
|
Where is the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom?
|
Where is the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom?
|
[
"Where is the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom?"
] |
{
"text": [
"South Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106104
|
5725b56a38643c19005acba8
|
Hellenistic_period
|
After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms through Greco-Macedonian colonization, spanning as far as modern-day Pakistan. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards "barbarian" cultures. The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th–6th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific "mother city". The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek colonies such as Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria and Ai-Khanoum. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.
|
Where is the Indo-Greek Kingdom?
|
Where is the Indo-Greek Kingdom?
|
[
"Where is the Indo-Greek Kingdom?"
] |
{
"text": [
"South Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106105
|
5725b56a38643c19005acba9
|
Hellenistic_period
|
After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms through Greco-Macedonian colonization, spanning as far as modern-day Pakistan. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards "barbarian" cultures. The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th–6th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific "mother city". The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek colonies such as Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria and Ai-Khanoum. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.
|
Where is the Kingdom of Pergamon?
|
Where is the Kingdom of Pergamon?
|
[
"Where is the Kingdom of Pergamon?"
] |
{
"text": [
"south-west Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106106
|
5725b63f271a42140099d067
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. "Hellenistic" is distinguished from "Hellenic" in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself.
|
When was the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
|
When was the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
|
[
"When was the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?"
] |
{
"text": [
"31 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106107
|
5725b63f271a42140099d068
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. "Hellenistic" is distinguished from "Hellenic" in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself.
|
Who was the Roman emporer?
|
Who was the Roman emporer?
|
[
"Who was the Roman emporer?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Constantine the Great"
],
"answer_start": [
349
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106108
|
5725b63f271a42140099d069
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. "Hellenistic" is distinguished from "Hellenic" in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself.
|
When did the capital of the Roman Empire move to Constantinople?
|
When did the capital of the Roman Empire move to Constantinople?
|
[
"When did the capital of the Roman Empire move to Constantinople?"
] |
{
"text": [
"330 AD"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106109
|
5725b63f271a42140099d06a
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. "Hellenistic" is distinguished from "Hellenic" in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself.
|
What term defines the influence of Greek culture?
|
What term defines the influence of Greek culture?
|
[
"What term defines the influence of Greek culture?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Hellenistic"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106110
|
5725b63f271a42140099d06b
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. "Hellenistic" is distinguished from "Hellenic" in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself.
|
Where did the Roman Empire move to in 330 AD?
|
Where did the Roman Empire move to in 330 AD?
|
[
"Where did the Roman Empire move to in 330 AD?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Constantinople"
],
"answer_start": [
409
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106111
|
5725b74c271a42140099d087
|
Hellenistic_period
|
"Hellenistic" is a modern word and a 19th-century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece. Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. Hellenist (Ancient Greek: Ἑλληνιστής, Hellēnistēs), have been attested since ancient times, it was J. G. Droysen in the mid-19th century, who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus, i.e. History of Hellenism, coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander’s conquest. Following Droysen, Hellenistic and related terms, e.g. Hellenism, have been widely used in various contexts; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold, where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism.
|
Who wrote Geschichte des Hellenismus?
|
Who wrote Geschichte des Hellenismus?
|
[
"Who wrote Geschichte des Hellenismus?"
] |
{
"text": [
"J. G. Droysen"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106112
|
5725b74c271a42140099d088
|
Hellenistic_period
|
"Hellenistic" is a modern word and a 19th-century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece. Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. Hellenist (Ancient Greek: Ἑλληνιστής, Hellēnistēs), have been attested since ancient times, it was J. G. Droysen in the mid-19th century, who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus, i.e. History of Hellenism, coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander’s conquest. Following Droysen, Hellenistic and related terms, e.g. Hellenism, have been widely used in various contexts; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold, where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism.
|
What does Geschichte des Hellenismus mean?
|
What does Geschichte des Hellenismus mean?
|
[
"What does Geschichte des Hellenismus mean?"
] |
{
"text": [
"History of Hellenism"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106113
|
5725b74c271a42140099d089
|
Hellenistic_period
|
"Hellenistic" is a modern word and a 19th-century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece. Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. Hellenist (Ancient Greek: Ἑλληνιστής, Hellēnistēs), have been attested since ancient times, it was J. G. Droysen in the mid-19th century, who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus, i.e. History of Hellenism, coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander’s conquest. Following Droysen, Hellenistic and related terms, e.g. Hellenism, have been widely used in various contexts; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold, where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism.
|
Who wrote Culture and Anarchy?
|
Who wrote Culture and Anarchy?
|
[
"Who wrote Culture and Anarchy?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Matthew Arnold"
],
"answer_start": [
686
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106114
|
5725b74c271a42140099d08a
|
Hellenistic_period
|
"Hellenistic" is a modern word and a 19th-century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece. Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. Hellenist (Ancient Greek: Ἑλληνιστής, Hellēnistēs), have been attested since ancient times, it was J. G. Droysen in the mid-19th century, who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus, i.e. History of Hellenism, coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander’s conquest. Following Droysen, Hellenistic and related terms, e.g. Hellenism, have been widely used in various contexts; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold, where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism.
|
What century did Hellenistic become a concept?
|
What century did Hellenistic become a concept?
|
[
"What century did Hellenistic become a concept?"
] |
{
"text": [
"19th"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106115
|
5725b74c271a42140099d08b
|
Hellenistic_period
|
"Hellenistic" is a modern word and a 19th-century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece. Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. Hellenist (Ancient Greek: Ἑλληνιστής, Hellēnistēs), have been attested since ancient times, it was J. G. Droysen in the mid-19th century, who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus, i.e. History of Hellenism, coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander’s conquest. Following Droysen, Hellenistic and related terms, e.g. Hellenism, have been widely used in various contexts; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold, where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism.
|
In Culture and Anarchy, Hebraism is contrasted with what?
|
In Culture and Anarchy, Hebraism is contrasted with what?
|
[
"In Culture and Anarchy, Hebraism is contrasted with what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Hellenism"
],
"answer_start": [
708
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106116
|
5725b899ec44d21400f3d45d
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The major issue with the term Hellenistic lies in its convenience, as the spread of Greek culture was not the generalized phenomenon that the term implies. Some areas of the conquered world were more affected by Greek influences than others. The term Hellenistic also implies that the Greek populations were of majority in the areas in which they settled, while in many cases, the Greek settlers were actually the minority among the native populations. The Greek population and the native population did not always mix; the Greeks moved and brought their own culture, but interaction did not always occur.
|
How much of the conquered world was affected by Greek influences?
|
How much of the conquered world was affected by Greek influences?
|
[
"How much of the conquered world was affected by Greek influences?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Some"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106117
|
5725b899ec44d21400f3d45e
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The major issue with the term Hellenistic lies in its convenience, as the spread of Greek culture was not the generalized phenomenon that the term implies. Some areas of the conquered world were more affected by Greek influences than others. The term Hellenistic also implies that the Greek populations were of majority in the areas in which they settled, while in many cases, the Greek settlers were actually the minority among the native populations. The Greek population and the native population did not always mix; the Greeks moved and brought their own culture, but interaction did not always occur.
|
How often did Greek population and natives mix?
|
How often did Greek population and natives mix?
|
[
"How often did Greek population and natives mix?"
] |
{
"text": [
"not always"
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106118
|
5725b899ec44d21400f3d45f
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The major issue with the term Hellenistic lies in its convenience, as the spread of Greek culture was not the generalized phenomenon that the term implies. Some areas of the conquered world were more affected by Greek influences than others. The term Hellenistic also implies that the Greek populations were of majority in the areas in which they settled, while in many cases, the Greek settlers were actually the minority among the native populations. The Greek population and the native population did not always mix; the Greeks moved and brought their own culture, but interaction did not always occur.
|
What term implies that Greek populations were a majority in the regions they settled?
|
What term implies that Greek populations were a majority in the regions they settled?
|
[
"What term implies that Greek populations were a majority in the regions they settled?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Hellenistic"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106119
|
5725b96289a1e219009abd76
|
Hellenistic_period
|
While a few fragments exist, there is no surviving historical work which dates to the hundred years following Alexander's death. The works of the major Hellenistic historians Hieronymus of Cardia (who worked under Alexander, Antigonus I and other successors), Duris of Samos and Phylarchus which were used by surviving sources are all lost. The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis (c. 200-118), a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BCE when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage. His Histories eventually grew to a length of forty books, covering the years 220 to 167 BCE.
|
What is the earliest, most credible source of the Hellenistic period?
|
What is the earliest, most credible source of the Hellenistic period?
|
[
"What is the earliest, most credible source of the Hellenistic period?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Polybius"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106120
|
5725b96289a1e219009abd77
|
Hellenistic_period
|
While a few fragments exist, there is no surviving historical work which dates to the hundred years following Alexander's death. The works of the major Hellenistic historians Hieronymus of Cardia (who worked under Alexander, Antigonus I and other successors), Duris of Samos and Phylarchus which were used by surviving sources are all lost. The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis (c. 200-118), a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BCE when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage. His Histories eventually grew to a length of forty books, covering the years 220 to 167 BCE.
|
Where was Polybius from?
|
Where was Polybius from?
|
[
"Where was Polybius from?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Megalopolis"
],
"answer_start": [
431
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106121
|
5725b96289a1e219009abd78
|
Hellenistic_period
|
While a few fragments exist, there is no surviving historical work which dates to the hundred years following Alexander's death. The works of the major Hellenistic historians Hieronymus of Cardia (who worked under Alexander, Antigonus I and other successors), Duris of Samos and Phylarchus which were used by surviving sources are all lost. The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis (c. 200-118), a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BCE when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage. His Histories eventually grew to a length of forty books, covering the years 220 to 167 BCE.
|
Where was Polybius forced to go as hostage?
|
Where was Polybius forced to go as hostage?
|
[
"Where was Polybius forced to go as hostage?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Rome"
],
"answer_start": [
533
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106122
|
5725b96289a1e219009abd79
|
Hellenistic_period
|
While a few fragments exist, there is no surviving historical work which dates to the hundred years following Alexander's death. The works of the major Hellenistic historians Hieronymus of Cardia (who worked under Alexander, Antigonus I and other successors), Duris of Samos and Phylarchus which were used by surviving sources are all lost. The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis (c. 200-118), a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BCE when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage. His Histories eventually grew to a length of forty books, covering the years 220 to 167 BCE.
|
What years do Polybius books cover?
|
What years do Polybius books cover?
|
[
"What years do Polybius books cover?"
] |
{
"text": [
"220 to 167 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
629
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106123
|
5725b96289a1e219009abd7a
|
Hellenistic_period
|
While a few fragments exist, there is no surviving historical work which dates to the hundred years following Alexander's death. The works of the major Hellenistic historians Hieronymus of Cardia (who worked under Alexander, Antigonus I and other successors), Duris of Samos and Phylarchus which were used by surviving sources are all lost. The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis (c. 200-118), a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BCE when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage. His Histories eventually grew to a length of forty books, covering the years 220 to 167 BCE.
|
What League was Polybius a statesman?
|
What League was Polybius a statesman?
|
[
"What League was Polybius a statesman?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Achaean"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106124
|
5725ba4d89a1e219009abd86
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The most important source after Polybius is Diodorus Siculus who wrote his Bibliotheca historica between 60 and 30 BCE and reproduced some important earlier sources such as Hieronymus, but his account of the Hellenistic period breaks off after the battle of Ipsus (301). Another important source, Plutarch's (c.50—c.120) Parallel Lives though more preoccupied with issues of personal character and morality, outlines the history of important Hellenistic figures. Appian of Alexandria (late first century CE-before 165 CE) wrote a history of the Roman empire that includes information of some Hellenistic kingdoms.
|
When did Diodorus Siculus write Bibliotheca historica?
|
When did Diodorus Siculus write Bibliotheca historica?
|
[
"When did Diodorus Siculus write Bibliotheca historica?"
] |
{
"text": [
"60 and 30 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106125
|
5725ba4d89a1e219009abd87
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The most important source after Polybius is Diodorus Siculus who wrote his Bibliotheca historica between 60 and 30 BCE and reproduced some important earlier sources such as Hieronymus, but his account of the Hellenistic period breaks off after the battle of Ipsus (301). Another important source, Plutarch's (c.50—c.120) Parallel Lives though more preoccupied with issues of personal character and morality, outlines the history of important Hellenistic figures. Appian of Alexandria (late first century CE-before 165 CE) wrote a history of the Roman empire that includes information of some Hellenistic kingdoms.
|
What battle marks the end of Diodorus Siculus' work?
|
What battle marks the end of Diodorus Siculus' work?
|
[
"What battle marks the end of Diodorus Siculus' work?"
] |
{
"text": [
"battle of Ipsus"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106126
|
5725ba4d89a1e219009abd88
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The most important source after Polybius is Diodorus Siculus who wrote his Bibliotheca historica between 60 and 30 BCE and reproduced some important earlier sources such as Hieronymus, but his account of the Hellenistic period breaks off after the battle of Ipsus (301). Another important source, Plutarch's (c.50—c.120) Parallel Lives though more preoccupied with issues of personal character and morality, outlines the history of important Hellenistic figures. Appian of Alexandria (late first century CE-before 165 CE) wrote a history of the Roman empire that includes information of some Hellenistic kingdoms.
|
Who wrote Parallel Lives?
|
Who wrote Parallel Lives?
|
[
"Who wrote Parallel Lives?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Plutarch"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106127
|
5725ba4d89a1e219009abd89
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The most important source after Polybius is Diodorus Siculus who wrote his Bibliotheca historica between 60 and 30 BCE and reproduced some important earlier sources such as Hieronymus, but his account of the Hellenistic period breaks off after the battle of Ipsus (301). Another important source, Plutarch's (c.50—c.120) Parallel Lives though more preoccupied with issues of personal character and morality, outlines the history of important Hellenistic figures. Appian of Alexandria (late first century CE-before 165 CE) wrote a history of the Roman empire that includes information of some Hellenistic kingdoms.
|
Where was Apprian from?
|
Where was Apprian from?
|
[
"Where was Apprian from?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Alexandria"
],
"answer_start": [
473
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106128
|
5725ba4d89a1e219009abd8a
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The most important source after Polybius is Diodorus Siculus who wrote his Bibliotheca historica between 60 and 30 BCE and reproduced some important earlier sources such as Hieronymus, but his account of the Hellenistic period breaks off after the battle of Ipsus (301). Another important source, Plutarch's (c.50—c.120) Parallel Lives though more preoccupied with issues of personal character and morality, outlines the history of important Hellenistic figures. Appian of Alexandria (late first century CE-before 165 CE) wrote a history of the Roman empire that includes information of some Hellenistic kingdoms.
|
Which writer outlined the history of important Hellenistic figures?
|
Which writer outlined the history of important Hellenistic figures?
|
[
"Which writer outlined the history of important Hellenistic figures?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Plutarch"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106129
|
5725bb0989a1e219009abd96
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Ancient Greece had traditionally been a fractious collection of fiercely independent city-states. After the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony, in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all-powerful. Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), but after the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC), all of Greece was so weakened that no one state could claim pre-eminence. It was against this backdrop, that the ascendancy of Macedon began, under king Philip II. Macedon was located at the periphery of the Greek world, and although its royal family claimed Greek descent, the Macedonians themselves were looked down upon as semi-barbaric by the rest of the Greeks. However, Macedon had a relatively strong and centralised government, and compared to most Greek states, directly controlled a large area.
|
When was the Peloponnesian War?
|
When was the Peloponnesian War?
|
[
"When was the Peloponnesian War?"
] |
{
"text": [
"431–404 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106130
|
5725bb0989a1e219009abd97
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Ancient Greece had traditionally been a fractious collection of fiercely independent city-states. After the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony, in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all-powerful. Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), but after the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC), all of Greece was so weakened that no one state could claim pre-eminence. It was against this backdrop, that the ascendancy of Macedon began, under king Philip II. Macedon was located at the periphery of the Greek world, and although its royal family claimed Greek descent, the Macedonians themselves were looked down upon as semi-barbaric by the rest of the Greeks. However, Macedon had a relatively strong and centralised government, and compared to most Greek states, directly controlled a large area.
|
What hegemoney replaced Sparta after the Battle of Leuctra?
|
What hegemoney replaced Sparta after the Battle of Leuctra?
|
[
"What hegemoney replaced Sparta after the Battle of Leuctra?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Theban"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106131
|
5725bb0989a1e219009abd98
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Ancient Greece had traditionally been a fractious collection of fiercely independent city-states. After the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony, in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all-powerful. Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), but after the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC), all of Greece was so weakened that no one state could claim pre-eminence. It was against this backdrop, that the ascendancy of Macedon began, under king Philip II. Macedon was located at the periphery of the Greek world, and although its royal family claimed Greek descent, the Macedonians themselves were looked down upon as semi-barbaric by the rest of the Greeks. However, Macedon had a relatively strong and centralised government, and compared to most Greek states, directly controlled a large area.
|
When was the Battle of Leuctra?
|
When was the Battle of Leuctra?
|
[
"When was the Battle of Leuctra?"
] |
{
"text": [
"371 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106132
|
5725bb0989a1e219009abd99
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Ancient Greece had traditionally been a fractious collection of fiercely independent city-states. After the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony, in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all-powerful. Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), but after the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC), all of Greece was so weakened that no one state could claim pre-eminence. It was against this backdrop, that the ascendancy of Macedon began, under king Philip II. Macedon was located at the periphery of the Greek world, and although its royal family claimed Greek descent, the Macedonians themselves were looked down upon as semi-barbaric by the rest of the Greeks. However, Macedon had a relatively strong and centralised government, and compared to most Greek states, directly controlled a large area.
|
When was the Battle of Mantinea?
|
When was the Battle of Mantinea?
|
[
"When was the Battle of Mantinea?"
] |
{
"text": [
"362 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106133
|
5725bb0989a1e219009abd9a
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Ancient Greece had traditionally been a fractious collection of fiercely independent city-states. After the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony, in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all-powerful. Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), but after the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC), all of Greece was so weakened that no one state could claim pre-eminence. It was against this backdrop, that the ascendancy of Macedon began, under king Philip II. Macedon was located at the periphery of the Greek world, and although its royal family claimed Greek descent, the Macedonians themselves were looked down upon as semi-barbaric by the rest of the Greeks. However, Macedon had a relatively strong and centralised government, and compared to most Greek states, directly controlled a large area.
|
Which king lend the rise of Macedon?
|
Which king lend the rise of Macedon?
|
[
"Which king lend the rise of Macedon?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Philip II"
],
"answer_start": [
519
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106134
|
5725bbb1ec44d21400f3d48f
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Philip II was a strong and expansionist king and he took every opportunity to expand Macedonian territory. In 352 BC he annexed Thessaly and Magnesia. In 338 BC, Philip defeated a combined Theban and Athenian army at the Battle of Chaeronea after a decade of desultory conflict. In the aftermath, Philip formed the League of Corinth, effectively bringing the majority of Greece under his direct sway. He was elected Hegemon of the league, and a campaign against the Achaemenid Empire of Persia was planned. However, while this campaign was in its early stages, he was assassinated.
|
When did King Philip the II annex Thessaly and Magnesia?
|
When did King Philip the II annex Thessaly and Magnesia?
|
[
"When did King Philip the II annex Thessaly and Magnesia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"352 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106135
|
5725bbb1ec44d21400f3d490
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Philip II was a strong and expansionist king and he took every opportunity to expand Macedonian territory. In 352 BC he annexed Thessaly and Magnesia. In 338 BC, Philip defeated a combined Theban and Athenian army at the Battle of Chaeronea after a decade of desultory conflict. In the aftermath, Philip formed the League of Corinth, effectively bringing the majority of Greece under his direct sway. He was elected Hegemon of the league, and a campaign against the Achaemenid Empire of Persia was planned. However, while this campaign was in its early stages, he was assassinated.
|
Who annexed Thessaly and Magnesia?
|
Who annexed Thessaly and Magnesia?
|
[
"Who annexed Thessaly and Magnesia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Philip II"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106136
|
5725bbb1ec44d21400f3d491
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Philip II was a strong and expansionist king and he took every opportunity to expand Macedonian territory. In 352 BC he annexed Thessaly and Magnesia. In 338 BC, Philip defeated a combined Theban and Athenian army at the Battle of Chaeronea after a decade of desultory conflict. In the aftermath, Philip formed the League of Corinth, effectively bringing the majority of Greece under his direct sway. He was elected Hegemon of the league, and a campaign against the Achaemenid Empire of Persia was planned. However, while this campaign was in its early stages, he was assassinated.
|
When was the Battle of Chaeronea?
|
When was the Battle of Chaeronea?
|
[
"When was the Battle of Chaeronea?"
] |
{
"text": [
"338 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106137
|
5725bbb1ec44d21400f3d492
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Philip II was a strong and expansionist king and he took every opportunity to expand Macedonian territory. In 352 BC he annexed Thessaly and Magnesia. In 338 BC, Philip defeated a combined Theban and Athenian army at the Battle of Chaeronea after a decade of desultory conflict. In the aftermath, Philip formed the League of Corinth, effectively bringing the majority of Greece under his direct sway. He was elected Hegemon of the league, and a campaign against the Achaemenid Empire of Persia was planned. However, while this campaign was in its early stages, he was assassinated.
|
Who formed the League of Corinth?
|
Who formed the League of Corinth?
|
[
"Who formed the League of Corinth?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Philip"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106138
|
5725bbb1ec44d21400f3d493
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Philip II was a strong and expansionist king and he took every opportunity to expand Macedonian territory. In 352 BC he annexed Thessaly and Magnesia. In 338 BC, Philip defeated a combined Theban and Athenian army at the Battle of Chaeronea after a decade of desultory conflict. In the aftermath, Philip formed the League of Corinth, effectively bringing the majority of Greece under his direct sway. He was elected Hegemon of the league, and a campaign against the Achaemenid Empire of Persia was planned. However, while this campaign was in its early stages, he was assassinated.
|
Who was Philip II planning a campaign against when he was assasinated?
|
Who was Philip II planning a campaign against when he was assasinated?
|
[
"Who was Philip II planning a campaign against when he was assasinated?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Achaemenid Empire of Persia"
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106139
|
5725bcdc89a1e219009abdb6
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus, while Perdiccas, the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's unborn child by Roxana. After the infantry stormed the palace of Babylon, a compromise was arranged – Arrhidaeus (as Philip III) should become king, and should rule jointly with Roxana's child, assuming that it was a boy (as it was, becoming Alexander IV). Perdiccas himself would become regent (epimeletes) of the empire, and Meleager his lieutenant. Soon, however, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered, and assumed full control. The generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the empire, but Perdiccas' position was shaky, because, as Arrian writes, "everyone was suspicious of him, and he of them".
|
Who was Philip Arrhidaues' half brother?
|
Who was Philip Arrhidaues' half brother?
|
[
"Who was Philip Arrhidaues' half brother?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Alexander"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106140
|
5725bcdc89a1e219009abdb7
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus, while Perdiccas, the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's unborn child by Roxana. After the infantry stormed the palace of Babylon, a compromise was arranged – Arrhidaeus (as Philip III) should become king, and should rule jointly with Roxana's child, assuming that it was a boy (as it was, becoming Alexander IV). Perdiccas himself would become regent (epimeletes) of the empire, and Meleager his lieutenant. Soon, however, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered, and assumed full control. The generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the empire, but Perdiccas' position was shaky, because, as Arrian writes, "everyone was suspicious of him, and he of them".
|
Who was the leading calvary commander?
|
Who was the leading calvary commander?
|
[
"Who was the leading calvary commander?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Perdiccas"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106141
|
5725bcdc89a1e219009abdb8
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus, while Perdiccas, the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's unborn child by Roxana. After the infantry stormed the palace of Babylon, a compromise was arranged – Arrhidaeus (as Philip III) should become king, and should rule jointly with Roxana's child, assuming that it was a boy (as it was, becoming Alexander IV). Perdiccas himself would become regent (epimeletes) of the empire, and Meleager his lieutenant. Soon, however, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered, and assumed full control. The generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the empire, but Perdiccas' position was shaky, because, as Arrian writes, "everyone was suspicious of him, and he of them".
|
Who order the death of Meleager?
|
Who order the death of Meleager?
|
[
"Who order the death of Meleager?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Perdiccas"
],
"answer_start": [
562
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106142
|
5725bcdc89a1e219009abdb9
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus, while Perdiccas, the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's unborn child by Roxana. After the infantry stormed the palace of Babylon, a compromise was arranged – Arrhidaeus (as Philip III) should become king, and should rule jointly with Roxana's child, assuming that it was a boy (as it was, becoming Alexander IV). Perdiccas himself would become regent (epimeletes) of the empire, and Meleager his lieutenant. Soon, however, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered, and assumed full control. The generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the empire, but Perdiccas' position was shaky, because, as Arrian writes, "everyone was suspicious of him, and he of them".
|
What city was partitioned to the generals who supported Perdiccas?
|
What city was partitioned to the generals who supported Perdiccas?
|
[
"What city was partitioned to the generals who supported Perdiccas?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Babylon"
],
"answer_start": [
727
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106143
|
5725bcdc89a1e219009abdba
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus, while Perdiccas, the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's unborn child by Roxana. After the infantry stormed the palace of Babylon, a compromise was arranged – Arrhidaeus (as Philip III) should become king, and should rule jointly with Roxana's child, assuming that it was a boy (as it was, becoming Alexander IV). Perdiccas himself would become regent (epimeletes) of the empire, and Meleager his lieutenant. Soon, however, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered, and assumed full control. The generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the empire, but Perdiccas' position was shaky, because, as Arrian writes, "everyone was suspicious of him, and he of them".
|
Who documented that Perdiccas' was under suspicion?
|
Who documented that Perdiccas' was under suspicion?
|
[
"Who documented that Perdiccas' was under suspicion? "
] |
{
"text": [
"Arrian"
],
"answer_start": [
838
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106144
|
5725bd9f271a42140099d0ff
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus' leadership in Asia Minor. Antigonus fled for Greece, and then, together with Antipater and Craterus (the satrap of Cilicia who had been in Greece fighting the Lamian war) invaded Anatolia. The rebels were supported by Lysimachus, the satrap of Thrace and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt. Although Eumenes, satrap of Cappadocia, defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes (possibly with Ptolemy's aid) during his invasion of Egypt (c. 21 May to 19 June, 320). Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Asia minor, Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace and Seleucus I controlled Babylon.
|
Who did Diadochi plan to marry?
|
Who did Diadochi plan to marry?
|
[
"Who did Diadochi plan to marry?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Cleopatra"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106145
|
5725bd9f271a42140099d100
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus' leadership in Asia Minor. Antigonus fled for Greece, and then, together with Antipater and Craterus (the satrap of Cilicia who had been in Greece fighting the Lamian war) invaded Anatolia. The rebels were supported by Lysimachus, the satrap of Thrace and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt. Although Eumenes, satrap of Cappadocia, defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes (possibly with Ptolemy's aid) during his invasion of Egypt (c. 21 May to 19 June, 320). Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Asia minor, Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace and Seleucus I controlled Babylon.
|
Who was Alexander's sister?
|
Who was Alexander's sister?
|
[
"Who was Alexander's sister?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Cleopatra"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106146
|
5725bd9f271a42140099d101
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus' leadership in Asia Minor. Antigonus fled for Greece, and then, together with Antipater and Craterus (the satrap of Cilicia who had been in Greece fighting the Lamian war) invaded Anatolia. The rebels were supported by Lysimachus, the satrap of Thrace and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt. Although Eumenes, satrap of Cappadocia, defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes (possibly with Ptolemy's aid) during his invasion of Egypt (c. 21 May to 19 June, 320). Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Asia minor, Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace and Seleucus I controlled Babylon.
|
Who was the leader in Asia Minor?
|
Who was the leader in Asia Minor?
|
[
"Who was the leader in Asia Minor?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Antigonus I Monophthalmus"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106147
|
5725bd9f271a42140099d102
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus' leadership in Asia Minor. Antigonus fled for Greece, and then, together with Antipater and Craterus (the satrap of Cilicia who had been in Greece fighting the Lamian war) invaded Anatolia. The rebels were supported by Lysimachus, the satrap of Thrace and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt. Although Eumenes, satrap of Cappadocia, defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes (possibly with Ptolemy's aid) during his invasion of Egypt (c. 21 May to 19 June, 320). Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Asia minor, Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace and Seleucus I controlled Babylon.
|
Along with Antipater and Craterus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus invaded which region?
|
Along with Antipater and Craterus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus invaded which region?
|
[
"Along with Antipater and Craterus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus invaded which region?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Anatolia"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106148
|
5725bd9f271a42140099d103
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus' leadership in Asia Minor. Antigonus fled for Greece, and then, together with Antipater and Craterus (the satrap of Cilicia who had been in Greece fighting the Lamian war) invaded Anatolia. The rebels were supported by Lysimachus, the satrap of Thrace and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt. Although Eumenes, satrap of Cappadocia, defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes (possibly with Ptolemy's aid) during his invasion of Egypt (c. 21 May to 19 June, 320). Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Asia minor, Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace and Seleucus I controlled Babylon.
|
Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes murdered whom?
|
Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes murdered whom?
|
[
"Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes murdered whom?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Perdiccas"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106149
|
5725c00938643c19005acc55
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The second Diadochi war began following the death of Antipater in 319 BC. Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon (who was joined by Eumenes) and was supported by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy. In 317, Cassander invaded Macedonia, attaining control of Macedon, sentencing Olympias to death and capturing the boy king Alexander IV, and his mother. In Asia, Eumenes was betrayed by his own men after years of campaign and was given up to Antigonus who had him executed.
|
When did Antipater die?
|
When did Antipater die?
|
[
"When did Antipater die?"
] |
{
"text": [
"319 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106150
|
5725c00938643c19005acc56
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The second Diadochi war began following the death of Antipater in 319 BC. Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon (who was joined by Eumenes) and was supported by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy. In 317, Cassander invaded Macedonia, attaining control of Macedon, sentencing Olympias to death and capturing the boy king Alexander IV, and his mother. In Asia, Eumenes was betrayed by his own men after years of campaign and was given up to Antigonus who had him executed.
|
Who did Antipater declar as his successor?
|
Who did Antipater declar as his successor?
|
[
"Who did Antipater declar as his successor?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Polyperchon"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106151
|
5725c00938643c19005acc57
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The second Diadochi war began following the death of Antipater in 319 BC. Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon (who was joined by Eumenes) and was supported by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy. In 317, Cassander invaded Macedonia, attaining control of Macedon, sentencing Olympias to death and capturing the boy king Alexander IV, and his mother. In Asia, Eumenes was betrayed by his own men after years of campaign and was given up to Antigonus who had him executed.
|
When did Cassander invade Macedonia?
|
When did Cassander invade Macedonia?
|
[
"When did Cassander invade Macedonia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"317"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106152
|
5725c00938643c19005acc58
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The second Diadochi war began following the death of Antipater in 319 BC. Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon (who was joined by Eumenes) and was supported by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy. In 317, Cassander invaded Macedonia, attaining control of Macedon, sentencing Olympias to death and capturing the boy king Alexander IV, and his mother. In Asia, Eumenes was betrayed by his own men after years of campaign and was given up to Antigonus who had him executed.
|
Who ordered Eumenes' execution?
|
Who ordered Eumenes' execution?
|
[
"Who ordered Eumenes' execution?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Antigonus"
],
"answer_start": [
542
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106153
|
5725c00938643c19005acc59
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The second Diadochi war began following the death of Antipater in 319 BC. Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon (who was joined by Eumenes) and was supported by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy. In 317, Cassander invaded Macedonia, attaining control of Macedon, sentencing Olympias to death and capturing the boy king Alexander IV, and his mother. In Asia, Eumenes was betrayed by his own men after years of campaign and was given up to Antigonus who had him executed.
|
Who sentenced Olympias to death?
|
Who sentenced Olympias to death?
|
[
"Who sentenced Olympias to death?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Cassander"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106154
|
5725c0cfec44d21400f3d4cd
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The third war of the Diadochi broke out because of the growing power and ambition of Antigonus. He began removing and appointing satraps as if he were king and also raided the royal treasuries in Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa, making off with 25,000 talents. Seleucus was forced to flee to Egypt and Antigonus was soon at war with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. He then invaded Phoenicia, laid siege to Tyre, stormed Gaza and began building a fleet. Ptolemy invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus' son, Demetrius Poliorcetes, in the Battle of Gaza of 312 BC which allowed Seleucus to secure control of Babylonia, and the eastern satrapies. In 310, Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered, ending the Argead Dynasty which had ruled Macedon for several centuries.
|
How many talents did Diadochi steal from Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa?
|
How many talents did Diadochi steal from Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa?
|
[
"How many talents did Diadochi steal from Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa?"
] |
{
"text": [
"25,000"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106155
|
5725c0cfec44d21400f3d4ce
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The third war of the Diadochi broke out because of the growing power and ambition of Antigonus. He began removing and appointing satraps as if he were king and also raided the royal treasuries in Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa, making off with 25,000 talents. Seleucus was forced to flee to Egypt and Antigonus was soon at war with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. He then invaded Phoenicia, laid siege to Tyre, stormed Gaza and began building a fleet. Ptolemy invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus' son, Demetrius Poliorcetes, in the Battle of Gaza of 312 BC which allowed Seleucus to secure control of Babylonia, and the eastern satrapies. In 310, Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered, ending the Argead Dynasty which had ruled Macedon for several centuries.
|
Who defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes?
|
Who defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes?
|
[
"Who defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ptolemy"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106156
|
5725c0cfec44d21400f3d4cf
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The third war of the Diadochi broke out because of the growing power and ambition of Antigonus. He began removing and appointing satraps as if he were king and also raided the royal treasuries in Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa, making off with 25,000 talents. Seleucus was forced to flee to Egypt and Antigonus was soon at war with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. He then invaded Phoenicia, laid siege to Tyre, stormed Gaza and began building a fleet. Ptolemy invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus' son, Demetrius Poliorcetes, in the Battle of Gaza of 312 BC which allowed Seleucus to secure control of Babylonia, and the eastern satrapies. In 310, Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered, ending the Argead Dynasty which had ruled Macedon for several centuries.
|
When was the Battle of Gaza?
|
When was the Battle of Gaza?
|
[
"When was the Battle of Gaza?"
] |
{
"text": [
"312 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
554
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106157
|
5725c0cfec44d21400f3d4d0
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The third war of the Diadochi broke out because of the growing power and ambition of Antigonus. He began removing and appointing satraps as if he were king and also raided the royal treasuries in Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa, making off with 25,000 talents. Seleucus was forced to flee to Egypt and Antigonus was soon at war with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. He then invaded Phoenicia, laid siege to Tyre, stormed Gaza and began building a fleet. Ptolemy invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus' son, Demetrius Poliorcetes, in the Battle of Gaza of 312 BC which allowed Seleucus to secure control of Babylonia, and the eastern satrapies. In 310, Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered, ending the Argead Dynasty which had ruled Macedon for several centuries.
|
Who ordered the death of King Alexander IV?
|
Who ordered the death of King Alexander IV?
|
[
"Who ordered the death of King Alexander IV?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Cassander"
],
"answer_start": [
651
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106158
|
5725c0cfec44d21400f3d4d1
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The third war of the Diadochi broke out because of the growing power and ambition of Antigonus. He began removing and appointing satraps as if he were king and also raided the royal treasuries in Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa, making off with 25,000 talents. Seleucus was forced to flee to Egypt and Antigonus was soon at war with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. He then invaded Phoenicia, laid siege to Tyre, stormed Gaza and began building a fleet. Ptolemy invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus' son, Demetrius Poliorcetes, in the Battle of Gaza of 312 BC which allowed Seleucus to secure control of Babylonia, and the eastern satrapies. In 310, Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered, ending the Argead Dynasty which had ruled Macedon for several centuries.
|
What year did the Argead Dynasty end?
|
What year did the Argead Dynasty end?
|
[
"What year did the Argead Dynasty end?"
] |
{
"text": [
"310"
],
"answer_start": [
646
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106159
|
5725c1b9ec44d21400f3d4dd
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Antigonus then sent his son Demetrius to regain control of Greece. In 307 he took Athens, expelling Demetrius of Phaleron, Cassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy, defeating his fleet at the Battle of Salamis and taking control of Cyprus. In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus took the title of king (basileus) and bestowed it on his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, the rest of the Diadochi soon followed suit. Demetrius continued his campaigns by laying siege to Rhodes and conquering most of Greece in 302, creating a league against Cassander's Macedon.
|
Which son did Antigonus send to regain control of Greece?
|
Which son did Antigonus send to regain control of Greece?
|
[
"Which son did Antigonus send to regain control of Greece?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Demetrius"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106160
|
5725c1b9ec44d21400f3d4de
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Antigonus then sent his son Demetrius to regain control of Greece. In 307 he took Athens, expelling Demetrius of Phaleron, Cassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy, defeating his fleet at the Battle of Salamis and taking control of Cyprus. In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus took the title of king (basileus) and bestowed it on his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, the rest of the Diadochi soon followed suit. Demetrius continued his campaigns by laying siege to Rhodes and conquering most of Greece in 302, creating a league against Cassander's Macedon.
|
When did Demetrius take control of Athens?
|
When did Demetrius take control of Athens?
|
[
"When did Demetrius take control of Athens?"
] |
{
"text": [
"307"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106161
|
5725c1b9ec44d21400f3d4df
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Antigonus then sent his son Demetrius to regain control of Greece. In 307 he took Athens, expelling Demetrius of Phaleron, Cassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy, defeating his fleet at the Battle of Salamis and taking control of Cyprus. In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus took the title of king (basileus) and bestowed it on his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, the rest of the Diadochi soon followed suit. Demetrius continued his campaigns by laying siege to Rhodes and conquering most of Greece in 302, creating a league against Cassander's Macedon.
|
Who bestowed the title of king to Demetrius Poliorcetes?
|
Who bestowed the title of king to Demetrius Poliorcetes?
|
[
"Who bestowed the title of king to Demetrius Poliorcetes?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Antigonus"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106162
|
5725c1b9ec44d21400f3d4e0
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Antigonus then sent his son Demetrius to regain control of Greece. In 307 he took Athens, expelling Demetrius of Phaleron, Cassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy, defeating his fleet at the Battle of Salamis and taking control of Cyprus. In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus took the title of king (basileus) and bestowed it on his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, the rest of the Diadochi soon followed suit. Demetrius continued his campaigns by laying siege to Rhodes and conquering most of Greece in 302, creating a league against Cassander's Macedon.
|
What battle did Demetrius Poliorcetes defeat the fleet of Ptolemy?
|
What battle did Demetrius Poliorcetes defeat the fleet of Ptolemy?
|
[
"What battle did Demetrius Poliorcetes defeat the fleet of Ptolemy?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Battle of Salamis"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106163
|
5725c1b9ec44d21400f3d4e1
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Antigonus then sent his son Demetrius to regain control of Greece. In 307 he took Athens, expelling Demetrius of Phaleron, Cassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy, defeating his fleet at the Battle of Salamis and taking control of Cyprus. In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus took the title of king (basileus) and bestowed it on his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, the rest of the Diadochi soon followed suit. Demetrius continued his campaigns by laying siege to Rhodes and conquering most of Greece in 302, creating a league against Cassander's Macedon.
|
What region was fought over in the Battle of Salamis?
|
What region was fought over in the Battle of Salamis?
|
[
"What region was fought over in the Battle of Salamis?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Cyprus"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106164
|
5725c25489a1e219009abe02
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The decisive engagement of the war came when Lysimachus invaded and overran much of western Anatolia, but was soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus in Phrygia. Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. Seleucus' war elephants proved decisive, Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule there by recapturing a rebellious Athens. Meanwhile, Lysimachus took over Ionia, Seleucus took Cilicia, and Ptolemy captured Cyprus.
|
Who saved Lysimachus in Phrygia?
|
Who saved Lysimachus in Phrygia?
|
[
"Who saved Lysimachus in Phrygia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Seleucus"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106165
|
5725c25489a1e219009abe03
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The decisive engagement of the war came when Lysimachus invaded and overran much of western Anatolia, but was soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus in Phrygia. Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. Seleucus' war elephants proved decisive, Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule there by recapturing a rebellious Athens. Meanwhile, Lysimachus took over Ionia, Seleucus took Cilicia, and Ptolemy captured Cyprus.
|
Who lost in the Battle of Ipsus?
|
Who lost in the Battle of Ipsus?
|
[
"Who lost in the Battle of Ipsus?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Antigonus"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106166
|
5725c25489a1e219009abe04
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The decisive engagement of the war came when Lysimachus invaded and overran much of western Anatolia, but was soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus in Phrygia. Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. Seleucus' war elephants proved decisive, Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule there by recapturing a rebellious Athens. Meanwhile, Lysimachus took over Ionia, Seleucus took Cilicia, and Ptolemy captured Cyprus.
|
When was the Battle of Ipsus?
|
When was the Battle of Ipsus?
|
[
"When was the Battle of Ipsus?"
] |
{
"text": [
"301 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106167
|
5725c25489a1e219009abe05
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The decisive engagement of the war came when Lysimachus invaded and overran much of western Anatolia, but was soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus in Phrygia. Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. Seleucus' war elephants proved decisive, Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule there by recapturing a rebellious Athens. Meanwhile, Lysimachus took over Ionia, Seleucus took Cilicia, and Ptolemy captured Cyprus.
|
After Antigonus was killed, what region did Seleucus take over?
|
After Antigonus was killed, what region did Seleucus take over?
|
[
"After Antigonus was killed, what region did Seleucus take over?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Cilicia"
],
"answer_start": [
523
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106168
|
5725c25489a1e219009abe06
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The decisive engagement of the war came when Lysimachus invaded and overran much of western Anatolia, but was soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus in Phrygia. Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. Seleucus' war elephants proved decisive, Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule there by recapturing a rebellious Athens. Meanwhile, Lysimachus took over Ionia, Seleucus took Cilicia, and Ptolemy captured Cyprus.
|
After Antigonus was killed, what region did Ptolemy take over?
|
After Antigonus was killed, what region did Ptolemy take over?
|
[
"After Antigonus was killed, what region did Ptolemy take over?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Cyprus"
],
"answer_start": [
553
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106169
|
5725c33f38643c19005acc7b
|
Hellenistic_period
|
After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus ("the thunderbolt"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.
|
When did Cassander die?
|
When did Cassander die?
|
[
"When did Cassander die?"
] |
{
"text": [
"298 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106170
|
5725c33f38643c19005acc7c
|
Hellenistic_period
|
After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus ("the thunderbolt"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.
|
When did Demetrius seize the Macedonian throne?
|
When did Demetrius seize the Macedonian throne?
|
[
"When did Demetrius seize the Macedonian throne?"
] |
{
"text": [
"294"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106171
|
5725c33f38643c19005acc7d
|
Hellenistic_period
|
After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus ("the thunderbolt"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.
|
Who captured Demetrius?
|
Who captured Demetrius?
|
[
"Who captured Demetrius?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Seleucus"
],
"answer_start": [
808
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106172
|
5725c33f38643c19005acc7e
|
Hellenistic_period
|
After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus ("the thunderbolt"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.
|
What year was Seleucus killed?
|
What year was Seleucus killed?
|
[
"What year was Seleucus killed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"281 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
1017
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106173
|
5725c33f38643c19005acc7f
|
Hellenistic_period
|
After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus ("the thunderbolt"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.
|
At what battle was Seleucus killed ?
|
At what battle was Seleucus killed ?
|
[
"At what battle was Seleucus killed ?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Battle of Corupedium"
],
"answer_start": [
1032
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106174
|
5725c50489a1e219009abe4a
|
Hellenistic_period
|
During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as modern Afghanistan and Pakistan.
|
What was the capital of the Ptolemaic Egypt?
|
What was the capital of the Ptolemaic Egypt?
|
[
"What was the capital of the Ptolemaic Egypt?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Alexandria"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106175
|
5725c50489a1e219009abe4b
|
Hellenistic_period
|
During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as modern Afghanistan and Pakistan.
|
What was the capital of Seleucid Syria?
|
What was the capital of Seleucid Syria?
|
[
"What was the capital of Seleucid Syria?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Antioch"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106176
|
5725c50489a1e219009abe4c
|
Hellenistic_period
|
During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as modern Afghanistan and Pakistan.
|
Alexander and Antioch were centers of what culture?
|
Alexander and Antioch were centers of what culture?
|
[
"Alexander and Antioch were centers of what culture?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Hellenistic"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106177
|
5725c50489a1e219009abe4d
|
Hellenistic_period
|
During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as modern Afghanistan and Pakistan.
|
What leaders conquests widened the horizons of the Greek world?
|
What leaders conquests widened the horizons of the Greek world?
|
[
"What leaders conquests widened the horizons of the Greek world?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Alexander"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106178
|
5725c50489a1e219009abe4e
|
Hellenistic_period
|
During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as modern Afghanistan and Pakistan.
|
What particular demographic emigrated to the new Greek empires?
|
What particular demographic emigrated to the new Greek empires?
|
[
"What particular demographic emigrated to the new Greek empires?"
] |
{
"text": [
"young and ambitious"
],
"answer_start": [
492
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106179
|
5725c5dd89a1e219009abe68
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Independent city states were unable to compete with Hellenistic kingdoms and were usually forced to ally themselves to one of them for defense, giving honors to Hellenistic rulers in return for protection. One example is Athens, which had been decisively defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war (323-322) and had its port in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative oligarchy. After Demetrius Poliorcetes captured Athens in 307 and restored the democracy, the Athenians honored him and his father Antigonus by placing gold statues of them on the agora and granting them the title of king. Athens later allied itself to Ptolemaic Egypt to throw off Macedonian rule, eventually setting up a religious cult for the Ptolemaic kings and naming one of the city phyles in honor of Ptolemy for his aid against Macedon. In spite of the Ptolemaic monies and fleets backing their endeavors, Athens and Sparta were defeated by Antigonus II during the Chremonidean War (267-61). Athens was then occupied by Macedonian troops, and run by Macedonian officials.
|
When was the Lamian war?
|
When was the Lamian war?
|
[
"When was the Lamian war?"
] |
{
"text": [
"323-322"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106180
|
5725c5dd89a1e219009abe69
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Independent city states were unable to compete with Hellenistic kingdoms and were usually forced to ally themselves to one of them for defense, giving honors to Hellenistic rulers in return for protection. One example is Athens, which had been decisively defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war (323-322) and had its port in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative oligarchy. After Demetrius Poliorcetes captured Athens in 307 and restored the democracy, the Athenians honored him and his father Antigonus by placing gold statues of them on the agora and granting them the title of king. Athens later allied itself to Ptolemaic Egypt to throw off Macedonian rule, eventually setting up a religious cult for the Ptolemaic kings and naming one of the city phyles in honor of Ptolemy for his aid against Macedon. In spite of the Ptolemaic monies and fleets backing their endeavors, Athens and Sparta were defeated by Antigonus II during the Chremonidean War (267-61). Athens was then occupied by Macedonian troops, and run by Macedonian officials.
|
When did Demetrius Poliorcetes capture Athens?
|
When did Demetrius Poliorcetes capture Athens?
|
[
"When did Demetrius Poliorcetes capture Athens?"
] |
{
"text": [
"307"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106181
|
5725c5dd89a1e219009abe6a
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Independent city states were unable to compete with Hellenistic kingdoms and were usually forced to ally themselves to one of them for defense, giving honors to Hellenistic rulers in return for protection. One example is Athens, which had been decisively defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war (323-322) and had its port in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative oligarchy. After Demetrius Poliorcetes captured Athens in 307 and restored the democracy, the Athenians honored him and his father Antigonus by placing gold statues of them on the agora and granting them the title of king. Athens later allied itself to Ptolemaic Egypt to throw off Macedonian rule, eventually setting up a religious cult for the Ptolemaic kings and naming one of the city phyles in honor of Ptolemy for his aid against Macedon. In spite of the Ptolemaic monies and fleets backing their endeavors, Athens and Sparta were defeated by Antigonus II during the Chremonidean War (267-61). Athens was then occupied by Macedonian troops, and run by Macedonian officials.
|
Who was Demetrius Poliorcetes' father?
|
Who was Demetrius Poliorcetes' father?
|
[
"Who was Demetrius Poliorcetes' father?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Antigonus"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106182
|
5725c5dd89a1e219009abe6b
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Independent city states were unable to compete with Hellenistic kingdoms and were usually forced to ally themselves to one of them for defense, giving honors to Hellenistic rulers in return for protection. One example is Athens, which had been decisively defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war (323-322) and had its port in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative oligarchy. After Demetrius Poliorcetes captured Athens in 307 and restored the democracy, the Athenians honored him and his father Antigonus by placing gold statues of them on the agora and granting them the title of king. Athens later allied itself to Ptolemaic Egypt to throw off Macedonian rule, eventually setting up a religious cult for the Ptolemaic kings and naming one of the city phyles in honor of Ptolemy for his aid against Macedon. In spite of the Ptolemaic monies and fleets backing their endeavors, Athens and Sparta were defeated by Antigonus II during the Chremonidean War (267-61). Athens was then occupied by Macedonian troops, and run by Macedonian officials.
|
Athens allied with what region to eliminate Macedonian rule?
|
Athens allied with what region to eliminate Macedonian rule?
|
[
"Athens allied with what region to eliminate Macedonian rule?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ptolemaic Egypt"
],
"answer_start": [
651
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106183
|
5725c5dd89a1e219009abe6c
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Independent city states were unable to compete with Hellenistic kingdoms and were usually forced to ally themselves to one of them for defense, giving honors to Hellenistic rulers in return for protection. One example is Athens, which had been decisively defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war (323-322) and had its port in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative oligarchy. After Demetrius Poliorcetes captured Athens in 307 and restored the democracy, the Athenians honored him and his father Antigonus by placing gold statues of them on the agora and granting them the title of king. Athens later allied itself to Ptolemaic Egypt to throw off Macedonian rule, eventually setting up a religious cult for the Ptolemaic kings and naming one of the city phyles in honor of Ptolemy for his aid against Macedon. In spite of the Ptolemaic monies and fleets backing their endeavors, Athens and Sparta were defeated by Antigonus II during the Chremonidean War (267-61). Athens was then occupied by Macedonian troops, and run by Macedonian officials.
|
When was the Chremonidean War?
|
When was the Chremonidean War?
|
[
"When was the Chremonidean War?"
] |
{
"text": [
"267-61"
],
"answer_start": [
989
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106184
|
5725c6e189a1e219009abe80
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Sparta remained independent, but it was no longer the leading military power in the Peloponnese. The Spartan king Cleomenes III (235–222 BCE) staged a military coup against the conservative ephors and pushed through radical social and land reforms in order to increase the size of the shrinking Spartan citizenry able to provide military service and restore Spartan power. Sparta's bid for supremacy was crushed at the Battle of Sellasia (222) by the Achaean league and Macedon, who restored the power of the ephors.
|
What years did Cleomenes III rule?
|
What years did Cleomenes III rule?
|
[
"What years did Cleomenes III rule?"
] |
{
"text": [
"235–222 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106185
|
5725c6e189a1e219009abe81
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Sparta remained independent, but it was no longer the leading military power in the Peloponnese. The Spartan king Cleomenes III (235–222 BCE) staged a military coup against the conservative ephors and pushed through radical social and land reforms in order to increase the size of the shrinking Spartan citizenry able to provide military service and restore Spartan power. Sparta's bid for supremacy was crushed at the Battle of Sellasia (222) by the Achaean league and Macedon, who restored the power of the ephors.
|
In 222 BCE, Sparta lost what Battle?
|
In 222 BCE, Sparta lost what Battle?
|
[
"In 222 BCE, Sparta lost what Battle?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Battle of Sellasia"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106186
|
5725c6e189a1e219009abe82
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Sparta remained independent, but it was no longer the leading military power in the Peloponnese. The Spartan king Cleomenes III (235–222 BCE) staged a military coup against the conservative ephors and pushed through radical social and land reforms in order to increase the size of the shrinking Spartan citizenry able to provide military service and restore Spartan power. Sparta's bid for supremacy was crushed at the Battle of Sellasia (222) by the Achaean league and Macedon, who restored the power of the ephors.
|
Who was defeated at the Battle of Sellasia?
|
Who was defeated at the Battle of Sellasia?
|
[
"Who was defeated at the Battle of Sellasia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Sparta"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106187
|
5725c6e189a1e219009abe83
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Sparta remained independent, but it was no longer the leading military power in the Peloponnese. The Spartan king Cleomenes III (235–222 BCE) staged a military coup against the conservative ephors and pushed through radical social and land reforms in order to increase the size of the shrinking Spartan citizenry able to provide military service and restore Spartan power. Sparta's bid for supremacy was crushed at the Battle of Sellasia (222) by the Achaean league and Macedon, who restored the power of the ephors.
|
What was Sparta's afilliation in the Peloponnese?
|
What was Sparta's afilliation in the Peloponnese?
|
[
"What was Sparta's afilliation in the Peloponnese?"
] |
{
"text": [
"independent"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106188
|
5725c85738643c19005acce1
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Other city states formed federated states in self-defense, such as the Aetolian League (est. 370 BCE), the Achaean League (est. 280 BCE), the Boeotian league, the "Northern League" (Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium) and the "Nesiotic League" of the Cyclades. These federations involved a central government which controlled foreign policy and military affairs, while leaving most of the local governing to the city states, a system termed sympoliteia. In states such as the Achaean league, this also involved the admission of other ethnic groups into the federation with equal rights, in this case, non-Achaeans. The Achean league was able to drive out the Macedonians from the Peloponnese and free Corinth, which duly joined the league.
|
When was the Aetolian League formed?
|
When was the Aetolian League formed?
|
[
"When was the Aetolian League formed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"370 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106189
|
5725c85738643c19005acce2
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Other city states formed federated states in self-defense, such as the Aetolian League (est. 370 BCE), the Achaean League (est. 280 BCE), the Boeotian league, the "Northern League" (Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium) and the "Nesiotic League" of the Cyclades. These federations involved a central government which controlled foreign policy and military affairs, while leaving most of the local governing to the city states, a system termed sympoliteia. In states such as the Achaean league, this also involved the admission of other ethnic groups into the federation with equal rights, in this case, non-Achaeans. The Achean league was able to drive out the Macedonians from the Peloponnese and free Corinth, which duly joined the league.
|
When was the Achaean League formed?
|
When was the Achaean League formed?
|
[
"When was the Achaean League formed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"280 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106190
|
5725c85738643c19005acce3
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Other city states formed federated states in self-defense, such as the Aetolian League (est. 370 BCE), the Achaean League (est. 280 BCE), the Boeotian league, the "Northern League" (Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium) and the "Nesiotic League" of the Cyclades. These federations involved a central government which controlled foreign policy and military affairs, while leaving most of the local governing to the city states, a system termed sympoliteia. In states such as the Achaean league, this also involved the admission of other ethnic groups into the federation with equal rights, in this case, non-Achaeans. The Achean league was able to drive out the Macedonians from the Peloponnese and free Corinth, which duly joined the league.
|
Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium formed what league?
|
Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium formed what league?
|
[
"Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium formed what league?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Northern League"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106191
|
5725c85738643c19005acce4
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Other city states formed federated states in self-defense, such as the Aetolian League (est. 370 BCE), the Achaean League (est. 280 BCE), the Boeotian league, the "Northern League" (Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium) and the "Nesiotic League" of the Cyclades. These federations involved a central government which controlled foreign policy and military affairs, while leaving most of the local governing to the city states, a system termed sympoliteia. In states such as the Achaean league, this also involved the admission of other ethnic groups into the federation with equal rights, in this case, non-Achaeans. The Achean league was able to drive out the Macedonians from the Peloponnese and free Corinth, which duly joined the league.
|
What system delegates military and foreign affairs to the central government and local affairs to the city states?
|
What system delegates military and foreign affairs to the central government and local affairs to the city states?
|
[
"What system delegates military and foreign affairs to the central government and local affairs to the city states?"
] |
{
"text": [
"sympoliteia"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106192
|
5725c85738643c19005acce5
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Other city states formed federated states in self-defense, such as the Aetolian League (est. 370 BCE), the Achaean League (est. 280 BCE), the Boeotian league, the "Northern League" (Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium) and the "Nesiotic League" of the Cyclades. These federations involved a central government which controlled foreign policy and military affairs, while leaving most of the local governing to the city states, a system termed sympoliteia. In states such as the Achaean league, this also involved the admission of other ethnic groups into the federation with equal rights, in this case, non-Achaeans. The Achean league was able to drive out the Macedonians from the Peloponnese and free Corinth, which duly joined the league.
|
What league freed Corinth?
|
What league freed Corinth?
|
[
"What league freed Corinth?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Achean"
],
"answer_start": [
632
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106193
|
5725c97d89a1e219009abea4
|
Hellenistic_period
|
One of the few city states who managed to maintain full independence from the control of any Hellenistic kingdom was Rhodes. With a skilled navy to protect its trade fleets from pirates and an ideal strategic position covering the routes from the east into the Aegean, Rhodes prospered during the Hellenistic period. It became a center of culture and commerce, its coins were widely circulated and its philosophical schools became one of the best in the mediterranean. After holding out for one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes (304-305 BCE), the Rhodians built the Colossus of Rhodes to commemorate their victory. They retained their independence by the maintenance of a powerful navy, by maintaining a carefully neutral posture and acting to preserve the balance of power between the major Hellenistic kingdoms.
|
What did Rhodians build to commemorate their victory over Demetrius Poliorcetes?
|
What did Rhodians build to commemorate their victory over Demetrius Poliorcetes?
|
[
"What did Rhodians build to commemorate their victory over Demetrius Poliorcetes?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Colossus of Rhodes"
],
"answer_start": [
575
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106194
|
5725c97d89a1e219009abea5
|
Hellenistic_period
|
One of the few city states who managed to maintain full independence from the control of any Hellenistic kingdom was Rhodes. With a skilled navy to protect its trade fleets from pirates and an ideal strategic position covering the routes from the east into the Aegean, Rhodes prospered during the Hellenistic period. It became a center of culture and commerce, its coins were widely circulated and its philosophical schools became one of the best in the mediterranean. After holding out for one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes (304-305 BCE), the Rhodians built the Colossus of Rhodes to commemorate their victory. They retained their independence by the maintenance of a powerful navy, by maintaining a carefully neutral posture and acting to preserve the balance of power between the major Hellenistic kingdoms.
|
What period did Rhodes prosper?
|
What period did Rhodes prosper?
|
[
"What period did Rhodes prosper?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Hellenistic"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106195
|
5725c97d89a1e219009abea6
|
Hellenistic_period
|
One of the few city states who managed to maintain full independence from the control of any Hellenistic kingdom was Rhodes. With a skilled navy to protect its trade fleets from pirates and an ideal strategic position covering the routes from the east into the Aegean, Rhodes prospered during the Hellenistic period. It became a center of culture and commerce, its coins were widely circulated and its philosophical schools became one of the best in the mediterranean. After holding out for one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes (304-305 BCE), the Rhodians built the Colossus of Rhodes to commemorate their victory. They retained their independence by the maintenance of a powerful navy, by maintaining a carefully neutral posture and acting to preserve the balance of power between the major Hellenistic kingdoms.
|
What military force helped Rhodes maintain their independence?
|
What military force helped Rhodes maintain their independence?
|
[
"What military force helped Rhodes maintain their independence?"
] |
{
"text": [
"navy"
],
"answer_start": [
690
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106196
|
5725c97d89a1e219009abea7
|
Hellenistic_period
|
One of the few city states who managed to maintain full independence from the control of any Hellenistic kingdom was Rhodes. With a skilled navy to protect its trade fleets from pirates and an ideal strategic position covering the routes from the east into the Aegean, Rhodes prospered during the Hellenistic period. It became a center of culture and commerce, its coins were widely circulated and its philosophical schools became one of the best in the mediterranean. After holding out for one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes (304-305 BCE), the Rhodians built the Colossus of Rhodes to commemorate their victory. They retained their independence by the maintenance of a powerful navy, by maintaining a carefully neutral posture and acting to preserve the balance of power between the major Hellenistic kingdoms.
|
What years were Rhodes under attack by Demetrius Poliorcetes?
|
What years were Rhodes under attack by Demetrius Poliorcetes?
|
[
"What years were Rhodes under attack by Demetrius Poliorcetes?"
] |
{
"text": [
"304-305 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106197
|
5725cad4271a42140099d1d1
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Antigonus II, a student of Zeno of Citium, spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece, first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War, and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon. Under the Antigonids, Macedonia was often short on funds, the Pangaeum mines were no longer as productive as under Philip II, the wealth from Alexander's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the Gallic invasion. A large number of the Macedonian population had also been resettled abroad by Alexander or had chosen to emigrate to the new eastern Greek cities. Up to two thirds of the population emigrated, and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men, a significantly smaller force than under Philip II.
|
What war did Antigonus II fight Athenians?
|
What war did Antigonus II fight Athenians?
|
[
"What war did Antigonus II fight Athenians?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Chremonidean War"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106198
|
5725cad4271a42140099d1d2
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Antigonus II, a student of Zeno of Citium, spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece, first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War, and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon. Under the Antigonids, Macedonia was often short on funds, the Pangaeum mines were no longer as productive as under Philip II, the wealth from Alexander's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the Gallic invasion. A large number of the Macedonian population had also been resettled abroad by Alexander or had chosen to emigrate to the new eastern Greek cities. Up to two thirds of the population emigrated, and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men, a significantly smaller force than under Philip II.
|
What mines decreased in production under the Antigonids?
|
What mines decreased in production under the Antigonids?
|
[
"What mines decreased in production under the Antigonids?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Pangaeum"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106199
|
5725cad4271a42140099d1d3
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Antigonus II, a student of Zeno of Citium, spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece, first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War, and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon. Under the Antigonids, Macedonia was often short on funds, the Pangaeum mines were no longer as productive as under Philip II, the wealth from Alexander's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the Gallic invasion. A large number of the Macedonian population had also been resettled abroad by Alexander or had chosen to emigrate to the new eastern Greek cities. Up to two thirds of the population emigrated, and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men, a significantly smaller force than under Philip II.
|
How large was the Macedonian army under the Antigonids?
|
How large was the Macedonian army under the Antigonids?
|
[
"How large was the Macedonian army under the Antigonids?"
] |
{
"text": [
"25,000 men"
],
"answer_start": [
732
]
}
|
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