gem_id
stringlengths 20
25
| id
stringlengths 24
24
| title
stringlengths 3
59
| context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
270
| target
stringlengths 1
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| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-106200
|
5725cad4271a42140099d1d4
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Antigonus II, a student of Zeno of Citium, spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece, first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War, and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon. Under the Antigonids, Macedonia was often short on funds, the Pangaeum mines were no longer as productive as under Philip II, the wealth from Alexander's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the Gallic invasion. A large number of the Macedonian population had also been resettled abroad by Alexander or had chosen to emigrate to the new eastern Greek cities. Up to two thirds of the population emigrated, and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men, a significantly smaller force than under Philip II.
|
Who taught Antigonus II?
|
Who taught Antigonus II?
|
[
"Who taught Antigonus II?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Zeno of Citium"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106201
|
5725cad4271a42140099d1d5
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Antigonus II, a student of Zeno of Citium, spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece, first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War, and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon. Under the Antigonids, Macedonia was often short on funds, the Pangaeum mines were no longer as productive as under Philip II, the wealth from Alexander's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the Gallic invasion. A large number of the Macedonian population had also been resettled abroad by Alexander or had chosen to emigrate to the new eastern Greek cities. Up to two thirds of the population emigrated, and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men, a significantly smaller force than under Philip II.
|
Who did Antigonus II defend against?
|
Who did Antigonus II defend against?
|
[
"Who did Antigonus II defend against?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Epirus"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106202
|
5725cb5eec44d21400f3d5ab
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Philip V, who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the "cloud rising in the west": the ever-increasing power of Rome. He was known as "the darling of Hellas". Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues (the social war 220-217) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum.
|
When did Doson die?
|
When did Doson die?
|
[
"When did Doson die?"
] |
{
"text": [
"221 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106203
|
5725cb5eec44d21400f3d5ac
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Philip V, who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the "cloud rising in the west": the ever-increasing power of Rome. He was known as "the darling of Hellas". Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues (the social war 220-217) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum.
|
Who took control when Doson died?
|
Who took control when Doson died?
|
[
"Who took control when Doson died?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Philip V"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106204
|
5725cb5eec44d21400f3d5ad
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Philip V, who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the "cloud rising in the west": the ever-increasing power of Rome. He was known as "the darling of Hellas". Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues (the social war 220-217) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum.
|
Which ruler had the last, best chance of uniting Greece?
|
Which ruler had the last, best chance of uniting Greece?
|
[
"Which ruler had the last, best chance of uniting Greece?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Philip V"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106205
|
5725cb5eec44d21400f3d5ae
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Philip V, who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the "cloud rising in the west": the ever-increasing power of Rome. He was known as "the darling of Hellas". Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues (the social war 220-217) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum.
|
What was Philip V known as?
|
What was Philip V known as?
|
[
"What was Philip V known as?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the darling of Hellas"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106206
|
5725cb5eec44d21400f3d5af
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Philip V, who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the "cloud rising in the west": the ever-increasing power of Rome. He was known as "the darling of Hellas". Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues (the social war 220-217) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum.
|
When was the Peace of Naupactus?
|
When was the Peace of Naupactus?
|
[
"When was the Peace of Naupactus?"
] |
{
"text": [
"217 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106207
|
5725cc0e89a1e219009abee2
|
Hellenistic_period
|
In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamon and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204-200 BCE) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper. Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence, though it retained nominal autonomy. The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BCE).
|
When did Philip form and alliance with Hannibal of Carthage?
|
When did Philip form and alliance with Hannibal of Carthage?
|
[
"When did Philip form and alliance with Hannibal of Carthage?"
] |
{
"text": [
"215 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106208
|
5725cc0e89a1e219009abee3
|
Hellenistic_period
|
In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamon and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204-200 BCE) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper. Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence, though it retained nominal autonomy. The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BCE).
|
When did the First Macedonian War begin?
|
When did the First Macedonian War begin?
|
[
"When did the First Macedonian War begin?"
] |
{
"text": [
"212 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106209
|
5725cc0e89a1e219009abee4
|
Hellenistic_period
|
In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamon and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204-200 BCE) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper. Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence, though it retained nominal autonomy. The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BCE).
|
When did the First Macedonian War end?
|
When did the First Macedonian War end?
|
[
"When did the First Macedonian War end?"
] |
{
"text": [
"205 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106210
|
5725cc0e89a1e219009abee5
|
Hellenistic_period
|
In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamon and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204-200 BCE) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper. Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence, though it retained nominal autonomy. The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BCE).
|
How did the First Macedonian War end?
|
How did the First Macedonian War end?
|
[
"How did the First Macedonian War end?"
] |
{
"text": [
"inconclusively"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106211
|
5725cc0e89a1e219009abee6
|
Hellenistic_period
|
In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamon and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204-200 BCE) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper. Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence, though it retained nominal autonomy. The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BCE).
|
Who defeated Philip?
|
Who defeated Philip?
|
[
"Who defeated Philip?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Titus Quinctius Flamininus"
],
"answer_start": [
548
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106212
|
5725cd5838643c19005acd35
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The west Balkan coast was inhabited by various Illyrian tribes and kingdoms such as the kingdom of the Dalmatae and of the Ardiaei, who often engaged in piracy under Queen Teuta (reigned 231 BC to 227 BCE). Further inland was the Illyrian Paeonian Kingdom and the tribe of the Agrianes which covers most of the modern republic of Macedonia. Illyrians on the coast of the Adriatic were under the effects and influence of Hellenisation and some tribes adopted Greek, becoming bilingual due to their proximity to the Greek colonies in Illyria. Illyrians imported weapons and armor from the Ancient Greeks (such as the Illyrian type helmet, originally a Greek type) and also adopted the ornamentation of Ancient Macedon on their shields and their war belts (a single one has been found, dated 3rd century BC at modern Selce e Poshtme part of Macedon at the time under Philip V of Macedon).
|
What years did Queen Teutra reign?
|
What years did Queen Teutra reign?
|
[
"What years did Queen Teutra reign?"
] |
{
"text": [
"231 BC to 227 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106213
|
5725cd5838643c19005acd36
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The west Balkan coast was inhabited by various Illyrian tribes and kingdoms such as the kingdom of the Dalmatae and of the Ardiaei, who often engaged in piracy under Queen Teuta (reigned 231 BC to 227 BCE). Further inland was the Illyrian Paeonian Kingdom and the tribe of the Agrianes which covers most of the modern republic of Macedonia. Illyrians on the coast of the Adriatic were under the effects and influence of Hellenisation and some tribes adopted Greek, becoming bilingual due to their proximity to the Greek colonies in Illyria. Illyrians imported weapons and armor from the Ancient Greeks (such as the Illyrian type helmet, originally a Greek type) and also adopted the ornamentation of Ancient Macedon on their shields and their war belts (a single one has been found, dated 3rd century BC at modern Selce e Poshtme part of Macedon at the time under Philip V of Macedon).
|
From where did Illyrians import there weapons and armor?
|
From where did Illyrians import there weapons and armor?
|
[
"From where did Illyrians import there weapons and armor?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ancient Greeks"
],
"answer_start": [
587
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106214
|
5725cd5838643c19005acd37
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The west Balkan coast was inhabited by various Illyrian tribes and kingdoms such as the kingdom of the Dalmatae and of the Ardiaei, who often engaged in piracy under Queen Teuta (reigned 231 BC to 227 BCE). Further inland was the Illyrian Paeonian Kingdom and the tribe of the Agrianes which covers most of the modern republic of Macedonia. Illyrians on the coast of the Adriatic were under the effects and influence of Hellenisation and some tribes adopted Greek, becoming bilingual due to their proximity to the Greek colonies in Illyria. Illyrians imported weapons and armor from the Ancient Greeks (such as the Illyrian type helmet, originally a Greek type) and also adopted the ornamentation of Ancient Macedon on their shields and their war belts (a single one has been found, dated 3rd century BC at modern Selce e Poshtme part of Macedon at the time under Philip V of Macedon).
|
What type or ornamentation was featured on the Illyrians shilds and war belts?
|
What type or ornamentation was featured on the Illyrians shilds and war belts?
|
[
"What type or ornamentation was featured on the Illyrians shilds and war belts?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ancient Macedon"
],
"answer_start": [
700
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106215
|
5725cd5838643c19005acd38
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The west Balkan coast was inhabited by various Illyrian tribes and kingdoms such as the kingdom of the Dalmatae and of the Ardiaei, who often engaged in piracy under Queen Teuta (reigned 231 BC to 227 BCE). Further inland was the Illyrian Paeonian Kingdom and the tribe of the Agrianes which covers most of the modern republic of Macedonia. Illyrians on the coast of the Adriatic were under the effects and influence of Hellenisation and some tribes adopted Greek, becoming bilingual due to their proximity to the Greek colonies in Illyria. Illyrians imported weapons and armor from the Ancient Greeks (such as the Illyrian type helmet, originally a Greek type) and also adopted the ornamentation of Ancient Macedon on their shields and their war belts (a single one has been found, dated 3rd century BC at modern Selce e Poshtme part of Macedon at the time under Philip V of Macedon).
|
What tribes inhabited the Balkan Coast?
|
What tribes inhabited the Balkan Coast?
|
[
"What tribes inhabited the Balkan Coast?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Illyrian"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106216
|
5725cd5838643c19005acd39
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The west Balkan coast was inhabited by various Illyrian tribes and kingdoms such as the kingdom of the Dalmatae and of the Ardiaei, who often engaged in piracy under Queen Teuta (reigned 231 BC to 227 BCE). Further inland was the Illyrian Paeonian Kingdom and the tribe of the Agrianes which covers most of the modern republic of Macedonia. Illyrians on the coast of the Adriatic were under the effects and influence of Hellenisation and some tribes adopted Greek, becoming bilingual due to their proximity to the Greek colonies in Illyria. Illyrians imported weapons and armor from the Ancient Greeks (such as the Illyrian type helmet, originally a Greek type) and also adopted the ornamentation of Ancient Macedon on their shields and their war belts (a single one has been found, dated 3rd century BC at modern Selce e Poshtme part of Macedon at the time under Philip V of Macedon).
|
What tribe covered most of the republic of Macedonia?
|
What tribe covered most of the republic of Macedonia?
|
[
"What tribe covered most of the republic of Macedonia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Agrianes"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106217
|
5725ce2e271a42140099d209
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Odrysian Kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes under the kings of the powerful Odrysian tribe centered around the region of Thrace. Various parts of Thrace were under Macedonian rule under Philip II of Macedon, Alexander the Great, Lysimachus, Ptolemy II, and Philip V but were also often ruled by their own kings. The Thracians and Agrianes were widely used by Alexander as peltasts and light cavalry, forming about one fifth of his army. The Diadochi also used Thracian mercenaries in their armies and they were also used as colonists. The Odrysians used Greek as the language of administration and of the nobility. The nobility also adopted Greek fashions in dress, ornament and military equipment, spreading it to the other tribes. Thracian kings were among the first to be Hellenized.
|
What region was the center of the Odrysian Kingdom?
|
What region was the center of the Odrysian Kingdom?
|
[
"What region was the center of the Odrysian Kingdom?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Thrace"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106218
|
5725ce2e271a42140099d20a
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Odrysian Kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes under the kings of the powerful Odrysian tribe centered around the region of Thrace. Various parts of Thrace were under Macedonian rule under Philip II of Macedon, Alexander the Great, Lysimachus, Ptolemy II, and Philip V but were also often ruled by their own kings. The Thracians and Agrianes were widely used by Alexander as peltasts and light cavalry, forming about one fifth of his army. The Diadochi also used Thracian mercenaries in their armies and they were also used as colonists. The Odrysians used Greek as the language of administration and of the nobility. The nobility also adopted Greek fashions in dress, ornament and military equipment, spreading it to the other tribes. Thracian kings were among the first to be Hellenized.
|
Who used Thracians and Agrianes as light cavalry?
|
Who used Thracians and Agrianes as light cavalry?
|
[
"Who used Thracians and Agrianes as light cavalry?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Alexander"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106219
|
5725ce2e271a42140099d20b
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Odrysian Kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes under the kings of the powerful Odrysian tribe centered around the region of Thrace. Various parts of Thrace were under Macedonian rule under Philip II of Macedon, Alexander the Great, Lysimachus, Ptolemy II, and Philip V but were also often ruled by their own kings. The Thracians and Agrianes were widely used by Alexander as peltasts and light cavalry, forming about one fifth of his army. The Diadochi also used Thracian mercenaries in their armies and they were also used as colonists. The Odrysians used Greek as the language of administration and of the nobility. The nobility also adopted Greek fashions in dress, ornament and military equipment, spreading it to the other tribes. Thracian kings were among the first to be Hellenized.
|
What fraction of Alexander's army was made up of Thracians and Agrianes?
|
What fraction of Alexander's army was made up of Thracians and Agrianes?
|
[
"What fraction of Alexander's army was made up of Thracians and Agrianes?"
] |
{
"text": [
"one fifth"
],
"answer_start": [
422
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106220
|
5725ce2e271a42140099d20c
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Odrysian Kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes under the kings of the powerful Odrysian tribe centered around the region of Thrace. Various parts of Thrace were under Macedonian rule under Philip II of Macedon, Alexander the Great, Lysimachus, Ptolemy II, and Philip V but were also often ruled by their own kings. The Thracians and Agrianes were widely used by Alexander as peltasts and light cavalry, forming about one fifth of his army. The Diadochi also used Thracian mercenaries in their armies and they were also used as colonists. The Odrysians used Greek as the language of administration and of the nobility. The nobility also adopted Greek fashions in dress, ornament and military equipment, spreading it to the other tribes. Thracian kings were among the first to be Hellenized.
|
What language was spoken by the Odrysians?
|
What language was spoken by the Odrysians?
|
[
"What language was spoken by the Odrysians?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
562
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106221
|
5725ce2e271a42140099d20d
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Odrysian Kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes under the kings of the powerful Odrysian tribe centered around the region of Thrace. Various parts of Thrace were under Macedonian rule under Philip II of Macedon, Alexander the Great, Lysimachus, Ptolemy II, and Philip V but were also often ruled by their own kings. The Thracians and Agrianes were widely used by Alexander as peltasts and light cavalry, forming about one fifth of his army. The Diadochi also used Thracian mercenaries in their armies and they were also used as colonists. The Odrysians used Greek as the language of administration and of the nobility. The nobility also adopted Greek fashions in dress, ornament and military equipment, spreading it to the other tribes. Thracian kings were among the first to be Hellenized.
|
Which kings wre among the first to be Hellenized?
|
Which kings wre among the first to be Hellenized?
|
[
"Which kings wre among the first to be Hellenized?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Thracian"
],
"answer_start": [
741
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106222
|
5725cf9089a1e219009abf14
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Southern Italy (Magna Graecia) and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century. In 4th century Sicily the leading Greek city and hegemon was Syracuse. During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was Agathocles of Syracuse (361 – 289 BCE) who seized the city with an army of mercenaries in 317 BCE. Agathocles extended his power throughout most of the Greek cities in Sicily, fought a long war with the Carthaginians, at one point invading Tunisia in 310 and defeating a Carthaginian army there. This was the first time a European force had invaded the region. After this war he controlled most of south-east Sicily and had himself proclaimed king, in imitation of the Hellenistic monarchs of the east. Agathocles then invaded Italy (c. 300 BCE) in defense of Tarentum against the Bruttians and Romans, but was unsuccessful.
|
What was Southern Italy refered to as?
|
What was Southern Italy refered to as?
|
[
"What was Southern Italy refered to as?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Magna Graecia"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106223
|
5725cf9089a1e219009abf15
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Southern Italy (Magna Graecia) and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century. In 4th century Sicily the leading Greek city and hegemon was Syracuse. During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was Agathocles of Syracuse (361 – 289 BCE) who seized the city with an army of mercenaries in 317 BCE. Agathocles extended his power throughout most of the Greek cities in Sicily, fought a long war with the Carthaginians, at one point invading Tunisia in 310 and defeating a Carthaginian army there. This was the first time a European force had invaded the region. After this war he controlled most of south-east Sicily and had himself proclaimed king, in imitation of the Hellenistic monarchs of the east. Agathocles then invaded Italy (c. 300 BCE) in defense of Tarentum against the Bruttians and Romans, but was unsuccessful.
|
Southern Italy and south-eastern Sicily were colonized by the Greeks in what century?
|
Southern Italy and south-eastern Sicily were colonized by the Greeks in what century?
|
[
"Southern Italy and south-eastern Sicily were colonized by the Greeks in what century?"
] |
{
"text": [
"8th"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106224
|
5725cf9089a1e219009abf16
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Southern Italy (Magna Graecia) and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century. In 4th century Sicily the leading Greek city and hegemon was Syracuse. During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was Agathocles of Syracuse (361 – 289 BCE) who seized the city with an army of mercenaries in 317 BCE. Agathocles extended his power throughout most of the Greek cities in Sicily, fought a long war with the Carthaginians, at one point invading Tunisia in 310 and defeating a Carthaginian army there. This was the first time a European force had invaded the region. After this war he controlled most of south-east Sicily and had himself proclaimed king, in imitation of the Hellenistic monarchs of the east. Agathocles then invaded Italy (c. 300 BCE) in defense of Tarentum against the Bruttians and Romans, but was unsuccessful.
|
Who was the leading figure in Sicily during the Hellenistic period?
|
Who was the leading figure in Sicily during the Hellenistic period?
|
[
"Who was the leading figure in Sicily during the Hellenistic period?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Agathocles of Syracuse"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106225
|
5725cf9089a1e219009abf17
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Southern Italy (Magna Graecia) and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century. In 4th century Sicily the leading Greek city and hegemon was Syracuse. During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was Agathocles of Syracuse (361 – 289 BCE) who seized the city with an army of mercenaries in 317 BCE. Agathocles extended his power throughout most of the Greek cities in Sicily, fought a long war with the Carthaginians, at one point invading Tunisia in 310 and defeating a Carthaginian army there. This was the first time a European force had invaded the region. After this war he controlled most of south-east Sicily and had himself proclaimed king, in imitation of the Hellenistic monarchs of the east. Agathocles then invaded Italy (c. 300 BCE) in defense of Tarentum against the Bruttians and Romans, but was unsuccessful.
|
In 310 Agathocles invaded Tunisia and defeated what army?
|
In 310 Agathocles invaded Tunisia and defeated what army?
|
[
"In 310 Agathocles invaded Tunisia and defeated what army?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Carthaginian"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106226
|
5725cf9089a1e219009abf18
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Southern Italy (Magna Graecia) and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century. In 4th century Sicily the leading Greek city and hegemon was Syracuse. During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was Agathocles of Syracuse (361 – 289 BCE) who seized the city with an army of mercenaries in 317 BCE. Agathocles extended his power throughout most of the Greek cities in Sicily, fought a long war with the Carthaginians, at one point invading Tunisia in 310 and defeating a Carthaginian army there. This was the first time a European force had invaded the region. After this war he controlled most of south-east Sicily and had himself proclaimed king, in imitation of the Hellenistic monarchs of the east. Agathocles then invaded Italy (c. 300 BCE) in defense of Tarentum against the Bruttians and Romans, but was unsuccessful.
|
In defense of Tarentum, when did Agathocles attack Italy?
|
In defense of Tarentum, when did Agathocles attack Italy?
|
[
"In defense of Tarentum, when did Agathocles attack Italy?"
] |
{
"text": [
"300 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
784
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106227
|
5725d04f89a1e219009abf30
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul were mostly limited to the Mediterranean coast of Provence. The first Greek colony in the region was Massalia, which became one of the largest trading ports of Mediterranean by the 4th century BCE with 6,000 inhabitants. Massalia was also the local hegemon, controlling various coastal Greek cities like Nice and Agde. The coins minted in Massalia have been found in all parts of Ligurian-Celtic Gaul. Celtic coinage was influenced by Greek designs, and Greek letters can be found on various Celtic coins, especially those of Southern France. Traders from Massalia ventured inland deep into France on the Rivers Durance and Rhône, and established overland trade routes deep into Gaul, and to Switzerland and Burgundy. The Hellenistic period saw the Greek alphabet spread into southern Gaul from Massalia (3rd and 2nd centuries BCE) and according to Strabo, Massalia was also a center of education, where Celts went to learn Greek. A staunch ally of Rome, Massalia retained its independence until it sided with Pompey in 49 BCE and was then taken by Caesar's forces.
|
What was the first Greek colony in the Mediterranean?
|
What was the first Greek colony in the Mediterranean?
|
[
"What was the first Greek colony in the Mediterranean?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Massalia"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106228
|
5725d04f89a1e219009abf31
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul were mostly limited to the Mediterranean coast of Provence. The first Greek colony in the region was Massalia, which became one of the largest trading ports of Mediterranean by the 4th century BCE with 6,000 inhabitants. Massalia was also the local hegemon, controlling various coastal Greek cities like Nice and Agde. The coins minted in Massalia have been found in all parts of Ligurian-Celtic Gaul. Celtic coinage was influenced by Greek designs, and Greek letters can be found on various Celtic coins, especially those of Southern France. Traders from Massalia ventured inland deep into France on the Rivers Durance and Rhône, and established overland trade routes deep into Gaul, and to Switzerland and Burgundy. The Hellenistic period saw the Greek alphabet spread into southern Gaul from Massalia (3rd and 2nd centuries BCE) and according to Strabo, Massalia was also a center of education, where Celts went to learn Greek. A staunch ally of Rome, Massalia retained its independence until it sided with Pompey in 49 BCE and was then taken by Caesar's forces.
|
How many inhabitants were in Massalia?
|
How many inhabitants were in Massalia?
|
[
"How many inhabitants were in Massalia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"6,000"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106229
|
5725d04f89a1e219009abf32
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul were mostly limited to the Mediterranean coast of Provence. The first Greek colony in the region was Massalia, which became one of the largest trading ports of Mediterranean by the 4th century BCE with 6,000 inhabitants. Massalia was also the local hegemon, controlling various coastal Greek cities like Nice and Agde. The coins minted in Massalia have been found in all parts of Ligurian-Celtic Gaul. Celtic coinage was influenced by Greek designs, and Greek letters can be found on various Celtic coins, especially those of Southern France. Traders from Massalia ventured inland deep into France on the Rivers Durance and Rhône, and established overland trade routes deep into Gaul, and to Switzerland and Burgundy. The Hellenistic period saw the Greek alphabet spread into southern Gaul from Massalia (3rd and 2nd centuries BCE) and according to Strabo, Massalia was also a center of education, where Celts went to learn Greek. A staunch ally of Rome, Massalia retained its independence until it sided with Pompey in 49 BCE and was then taken by Caesar's forces.
|
Who controlled Nice and Agde?
|
Who controlled Nice and Agde?
|
[
"Who controlled Nice and Agde?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Massalia"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106230
|
5725d04f89a1e219009abf33
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul were mostly limited to the Mediterranean coast of Provence. The first Greek colony in the region was Massalia, which became one of the largest trading ports of Mediterranean by the 4th century BCE with 6,000 inhabitants. Massalia was also the local hegemon, controlling various coastal Greek cities like Nice and Agde. The coins minted in Massalia have been found in all parts of Ligurian-Celtic Gaul. Celtic coinage was influenced by Greek designs, and Greek letters can be found on various Celtic coins, especially those of Southern France. Traders from Massalia ventured inland deep into France on the Rivers Durance and Rhône, and established overland trade routes deep into Gaul, and to Switzerland and Burgundy. The Hellenistic period saw the Greek alphabet spread into southern Gaul from Massalia (3rd and 2nd centuries BCE) and according to Strabo, Massalia was also a center of education, where Celts went to learn Greek. A staunch ally of Rome, Massalia retained its independence until it sided with Pompey in 49 BCE and was then taken by Caesar's forces.
|
Massalia was the center of education according to whom?
|
Massalia was the center of education according to whom?
|
[
"Massalia was the center of education according to whom?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Strabo"
],
"answer_start": [
874
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106231
|
5725d04f89a1e219009abf34
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul were mostly limited to the Mediterranean coast of Provence. The first Greek colony in the region was Massalia, which became one of the largest trading ports of Mediterranean by the 4th century BCE with 6,000 inhabitants. Massalia was also the local hegemon, controlling various coastal Greek cities like Nice and Agde. The coins minted in Massalia have been found in all parts of Ligurian-Celtic Gaul. Celtic coinage was influenced by Greek designs, and Greek letters can be found on various Celtic coins, especially those of Southern France. Traders from Massalia ventured inland deep into France on the Rivers Durance and Rhône, and established overland trade routes deep into Gaul, and to Switzerland and Burgundy. The Hellenistic period saw the Greek alphabet spread into southern Gaul from Massalia (3rd and 2nd centuries BCE) and according to Strabo, Massalia was also a center of education, where Celts went to learn Greek. A staunch ally of Rome, Massalia retained its independence until it sided with Pompey in 49 BCE and was then taken by Caesar's forces.
|
When did Massalia side with Pompey?
|
When did Massalia side with Pompey?
|
[
"When did Massalia side with Pompey?"
] |
{
"text": [
"49 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
1045
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106232
|
5725d315271a42140099d25d
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco-Macedonian settlers. Promotion of immigration from Greece was important in the establishment of this system. Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution. Macedonian and Hellenistic monarchs were expected to lead their armies on the field, along with a group of privileged aristocratic companions or friends (hetairoi, philoi) which dined and drank with the king and acted as his advisory council. Another role that was expected the monarch fill was that of charitable patron of his people, this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of Greek culture and religion.
|
Who ran the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?
|
Who ran the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?
|
[
"Who ran the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106233
|
5725d315271a42140099d25e
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco-Macedonian settlers. Promotion of immigration from Greece was important in the establishment of this system. Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution. Macedonian and Hellenistic monarchs were expected to lead their armies on the field, along with a group of privileged aristocratic companions or friends (hetairoi, philoi) which dined and drank with the king and acted as his advisory council. Another role that was expected the monarch fill was that of charitable patron of his people, this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of Greek culture and religion.
|
Where did Hellenistic monarchs put most of the tax revenues?
|
Where did Hellenistic monarchs put most of the tax revenues?
|
[
"Where did Hellenistic monarchs put most of the tax revenues?"
] |
{
"text": [
"military and paramilitary forces"
],
"answer_start": [
416
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106234
|
5725d315271a42140099d25f
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco-Macedonian settlers. Promotion of immigration from Greece was important in the establishment of this system. Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution. Macedonian and Hellenistic monarchs were expected to lead their armies on the field, along with a group of privileged aristocratic companions or friends (hetairoi, philoi) which dined and drank with the king and acted as his advisory council. Another role that was expected the monarch fill was that of charitable patron of his people, this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of Greek culture and religion.
|
Who handed out gifts in the promotion of Greek culture and religion?
|
Who handed out gifts in the promotion of Greek culture and religion?
|
[
"Who handed out gifts in the promotion of Greek culture and religion?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the monarch"
],
"answer_start": [
779
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106235
|
5725d315271a42140099d260
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco-Macedonian settlers. Promotion of immigration from Greece was important in the establishment of this system. Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution. Macedonian and Hellenistic monarchs were expected to lead their armies on the field, along with a group of privileged aristocratic companions or friends (hetairoi, philoi) which dined and drank with the king and acted as his advisory council. Another role that was expected the monarch fill was that of charitable patron of his people, this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of Greek culture and religion.
|
What type of estates did Hellenistic monarchs run their kingdoms?
|
What type of estates did Hellenistic monarchs run their kingdoms?
|
[
"What type of estates did Hellenistic monarchs run their kingdoms?"
] |
{
"text": [
"royal estates"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106236
|
5725d315271a42140099d261
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco-Macedonian settlers. Promotion of immigration from Greece was important in the establishment of this system. Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution. Macedonian and Hellenistic monarchs were expected to lead their armies on the field, along with a group of privileged aristocratic companions or friends (hetairoi, philoi) which dined and drank with the king and acted as his advisory council. Another role that was expected the monarch fill was that of charitable patron of his people, this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of Greek culture and religion.
|
Who were the small core in the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?
|
Who were the small core in the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?
|
[
"Who were the small core in the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Greco-Macedonian settlers"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106237
|
5725d3b8ec44d21400f3d651
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Ptolemy, a somatophylax, one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as "Soter" (saviour) for his role in helping the Rhodians during the siege of Rhodes. Ptolemy built new cities such as Ptolemais Hermiou in upper Egypt and settled his veterans throughout the country, especially in the region of the Faiyum. Alexandria, a major center of Greek culture and trade, became his capital city. As Egypt's first port city, it was the main grain exporter in the Mediterranean.
|
Who was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death?
|
Who was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death?
|
[
"Who was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ptolemy"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106238
|
5725d3b8ec44d21400f3d652
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Ptolemy, a somatophylax, one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as "Soter" (saviour) for his role in helping the Rhodians during the siege of Rhodes. Ptolemy built new cities such as Ptolemais Hermiou in upper Egypt and settled his veterans throughout the country, especially in the region of the Faiyum. Alexandria, a major center of Greek culture and trade, became his capital city. As Egypt's first port city, it was the main grain exporter in the Mediterranean.
|
When did Alexander die and Ptolemy assume his position?
|
When did Alexander die and Ptolemy assume his position?
|
[
"When did Alexander die and Ptolemy assume his position?"
] |
{
"text": [
"323 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106239
|
5725d3b8ec44d21400f3d653
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Ptolemy, a somatophylax, one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as "Soter" (saviour) for his role in helping the Rhodians during the siege of Rhodes. Ptolemy built new cities such as Ptolemais Hermiou in upper Egypt and settled his veterans throughout the country, especially in the region of the Faiyum. Alexandria, a major center of Greek culture and trade, became his capital city. As Egypt's first port city, it was the main grain exporter in the Mediterranean.
|
When did Ptolemy declare himself King Ptolemy I?
|
When did Ptolemy declare himself King Ptolemy I?
|
[
"When did Ptolemy declare himself King Ptolemy I?"
] |
{
"text": [
"305 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106240
|
5725d3b8ec44d21400f3d654
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Ptolemy, a somatophylax, one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as "Soter" (saviour) for his role in helping the Rhodians during the siege of Rhodes. Ptolemy built new cities such as Ptolemais Hermiou in upper Egypt and settled his veterans throughout the country, especially in the region of the Faiyum. Alexandria, a major center of Greek culture and trade, became his capital city. As Egypt's first port city, it was the main grain exporter in the Mediterranean.
|
What nickname did Rhodians give Ptolemy?
|
What nickname did Rhodians give Ptolemy?
|
[
"What nickname did Rhodians give Ptolemy?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Soter"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106241
|
5725d3b8ec44d21400f3d655
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Ptolemy, a somatophylax, one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as "Soter" (saviour) for his role in helping the Rhodians during the siege of Rhodes. Ptolemy built new cities such as Ptolemais Hermiou in upper Egypt and settled his veterans throughout the country, especially in the region of the Faiyum. Alexandria, a major center of Greek culture and trade, became his capital city. As Egypt's first port city, it was the main grain exporter in the Mediterranean.
|
Where did Ptolemy settle his most of his veterans?
|
Where did Ptolemy settle his most of his veterans?
|
[
"Where did Ptolemy settle his most of his veterans?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Faiyum"
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106242
|
5725d515ec44d21400f3d67d
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Egyptians begrudgingly accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt, though the kingdom went through several native revolts. The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs, such as marrying their siblings (Ptolemy II was the first to adopt this custom), having themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participating in Egyptian religious life. The Ptolemaic ruler cult portrayed the Ptolemies as gods, and temples to the Ptolemies were erected throughout the kingdom. Ptolemy I even created a new god, Serapis, who was combination of two Egyptian gods: Apis and Osiris, with attributes of Greek gods. Ptolemaic administration was, like the Ancient Egyptian bureaucracy, highly centralized and focused on squeezing as much revenue out of the population as possible though tariffs, excise duties, fines, taxes and so forth. A whole class of petty officials, tax farmers, clerks and overseers made this possible. The Egyptian countryside was directly administered by this royal bureaucracy. External possessions such as Cyprus and Cyrene were run by strategoi, military commanders appointed by the crown.
|
Whose tradition did Ptolemy take on as leader of Egypt?
|
Whose tradition did Ptolemy take on as leader of Egypt?
|
[
"Whose tradition did Ptolemy take on as leader of Egypt?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Egyptian Pharaohs"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106243
|
5725d515ec44d21400f3d67e
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Egyptians begrudgingly accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt, though the kingdom went through several native revolts. The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs, such as marrying their siblings (Ptolemy II was the first to adopt this custom), having themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participating in Egyptian religious life. The Ptolemaic ruler cult portrayed the Ptolemies as gods, and temples to the Ptolemies were erected throughout the kingdom. Ptolemy I even created a new god, Serapis, who was combination of two Egyptian gods: Apis and Osiris, with attributes of Greek gods. Ptolemaic administration was, like the Ancient Egyptian bureaucracy, highly centralized and focused on squeezing as much revenue out of the population as possible though tariffs, excise duties, fines, taxes and so forth. A whole class of petty officials, tax farmers, clerks and overseers made this possible. The Egyptian countryside was directly administered by this royal bureaucracy. External possessions such as Cyprus and Cyrene were run by strategoi, military commanders appointed by the crown.
|
What god did Ptolemy I create?
|
What god did Ptolemy I create?
|
[
"What god did Ptolemy I create?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Serapis"
],
"answer_start": [
587
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106244
|
5725d515ec44d21400f3d67f
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Egyptians begrudgingly accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt, though the kingdom went through several native revolts. The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs, such as marrying their siblings (Ptolemy II was the first to adopt this custom), having themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participating in Egyptian religious life. The Ptolemaic ruler cult portrayed the Ptolemies as gods, and temples to the Ptolemies were erected throughout the kingdom. Ptolemy I even created a new god, Serapis, who was combination of two Egyptian gods: Apis and Osiris, with attributes of Greek gods. Ptolemaic administration was, like the Ancient Egyptian bureaucracy, highly centralized and focused on squeezing as much revenue out of the population as possible though tariffs, excise duties, fines, taxes and so forth. A whole class of petty officials, tax farmers, clerks and overseers made this possible. The Egyptian countryside was directly administered by this royal bureaucracy. External possessions such as Cyprus and Cyrene were run by strategoi, military commanders appointed by the crown.
|
Cyprus and Cyrene were run by whom?
|
Cyprus and Cyrene were run by whom?
|
[
"Cyprus and Cyrene were run by whom?"
] |
{
"text": [
"strategoi"
],
"answer_start": [
1132
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106245
|
5725d515ec44d21400f3d680
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Egyptians begrudgingly accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt, though the kingdom went through several native revolts. The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs, such as marrying their siblings (Ptolemy II was the first to adopt this custom), having themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participating in Egyptian religious life. The Ptolemaic ruler cult portrayed the Ptolemies as gods, and temples to the Ptolemies were erected throughout the kingdom. Ptolemy I even created a new god, Serapis, who was combination of two Egyptian gods: Apis and Osiris, with attributes of Greek gods. Ptolemaic administration was, like the Ancient Egyptian bureaucracy, highly centralized and focused on squeezing as much revenue out of the population as possible though tariffs, excise duties, fines, taxes and so forth. A whole class of petty officials, tax farmers, clerks and overseers made this possible. The Egyptian countryside was directly administered by this royal bureaucracy. External possessions such as Cyprus and Cyrene were run by strategoi, military commanders appointed by the crown.
|
By using a central government that taxes heavily, Ptolemy ran his country akin to which bureaucracy?
|
By using a central government that taxes heavily, Ptolemy ran his country akin to which bureaucracy?
|
[
"By using a central government that taxes heavily, Ptolemy ran his country akin to which bureaucracy?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ancient Egyptian"
],
"answer_start": [
725
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106246
|
5725d515ec44d21400f3d681
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Egyptians begrudgingly accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt, though the kingdom went through several native revolts. The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs, such as marrying their siblings (Ptolemy II was the first to adopt this custom), having themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participating in Egyptian religious life. The Ptolemaic ruler cult portrayed the Ptolemies as gods, and temples to the Ptolemies were erected throughout the kingdom. Ptolemy I even created a new god, Serapis, who was combination of two Egyptian gods: Apis and Osiris, with attributes of Greek gods. Ptolemaic administration was, like the Ancient Egyptian bureaucracy, highly centralized and focused on squeezing as much revenue out of the population as possible though tariffs, excise duties, fines, taxes and so forth. A whole class of petty officials, tax farmers, clerks and overseers made this possible. The Egyptian countryside was directly administered by this royal bureaucracy. External possessions such as Cyprus and Cyrene were run by strategoi, military commanders appointed by the crown.
|
Apis and Osiris combined to make which god?
|
Apis and Osiris combined to make which god?
|
[
"Apis and Osiris combined to make which god?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Serapis"
],
"answer_start": [
587
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106247
|
5725d5a938643c19005acdc9
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Under Ptolemy II, Callimachus, Apollonius of Rhodes, Theocritus and a host of other poets made the city a center of Hellenistic literature. Ptolemy himself was eager to patronise the library, scientific research and individual scholars who lived on the grounds of the library. He and his successors also fought a series of wars with the Seleucids, known as the Syrian wars, over the region of Coele-Syria. Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia (217 BCE) against the Seleucids, using native Egyptians trained as phalangites. However these Egyptian soldiers revolted, eventually setting up a native breakaway Egyptian state in the Thebaid between 205-186/5 BCE, severely weakening the Ptolemaic state.
|
The Syrian was were fought between Ptolemy II and whom?
|
The Syrian was were fought between Ptolemy II and whom?
|
[
"The Syrian was were fought between Ptolemy II and whom?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Seleucids"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106248
|
5725d5a938643c19005acdca
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Under Ptolemy II, Callimachus, Apollonius of Rhodes, Theocritus and a host of other poets made the city a center of Hellenistic literature. Ptolemy himself was eager to patronise the library, scientific research and individual scholars who lived on the grounds of the library. He and his successors also fought a series of wars with the Seleucids, known as the Syrian wars, over the region of Coele-Syria. Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia (217 BCE) against the Seleucids, using native Egyptians trained as phalangites. However these Egyptian soldiers revolted, eventually setting up a native breakaway Egyptian state in the Thebaid between 205-186/5 BCE, severely weakening the Ptolemaic state.
|
What region was fought for during the Syrian wars?
|
What region was fought for during the Syrian wars?
|
[
"What region was fought for during the Syrian wars?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Coele-Syria"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106249
|
5725d5a938643c19005acdcb
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Under Ptolemy II, Callimachus, Apollonius of Rhodes, Theocritus and a host of other poets made the city a center of Hellenistic literature. Ptolemy himself was eager to patronise the library, scientific research and individual scholars who lived on the grounds of the library. He and his successors also fought a series of wars with the Seleucids, known as the Syrian wars, over the region of Coele-Syria. Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia (217 BCE) against the Seleucids, using native Egyptians trained as phalangites. However these Egyptian soldiers revolted, eventually setting up a native breakaway Egyptian state in the Thebaid between 205-186/5 BCE, severely weakening the Ptolemaic state.
|
Who won the great battle of Raphia?
|
Who won the great battle of Raphia?
|
[
"Who won the great battle of Raphia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ptolemy IV"
],
"answer_start": [
406
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106250
|
5725d5a938643c19005acdcc
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Under Ptolemy II, Callimachus, Apollonius of Rhodes, Theocritus and a host of other poets made the city a center of Hellenistic literature. Ptolemy himself was eager to patronise the library, scientific research and individual scholars who lived on the grounds of the library. He and his successors also fought a series of wars with the Seleucids, known as the Syrian wars, over the region of Coele-Syria. Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia (217 BCE) against the Seleucids, using native Egyptians trained as phalangites. However these Egyptian soldiers revolted, eventually setting up a native breakaway Egyptian state in the Thebaid between 205-186/5 BCE, severely weakening the Ptolemaic state.
|
When was the great battle of Raphia?
|
When was the great battle of Raphia?
|
[
"When was the great battle of Raphia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"217 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106251
|
5725d5a938643c19005acdcd
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Under Ptolemy II, Callimachus, Apollonius of Rhodes, Theocritus and a host of other poets made the city a center of Hellenistic literature. Ptolemy himself was eager to patronise the library, scientific research and individual scholars who lived on the grounds of the library. He and his successors also fought a series of wars with the Seleucids, known as the Syrian wars, over the region of Coele-Syria. Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia (217 BCE) against the Seleucids, using native Egyptians trained as phalangites. However these Egyptian soldiers revolted, eventually setting up a native breakaway Egyptian state in the Thebaid between 205-186/5 BCE, severely weakening the Ptolemaic state.
|
Who did Ptolemy IV defeat in the great battle of Raphia?
|
Who did Ptolemy IV defeat in the great battle of Raphia?
|
[
"Who did Ptolemy IV defeat in the great battle of Raphia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Seleucids"
],
"answer_start": [
470
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106252
|
5725d643271a42140099d285
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest.
|
Till what year did Ptolemy's family rule Egypt?
|
Till what year did Ptolemy's family rule Egypt?
|
[
"Till what year did Ptolemy's family rule Egypt?"
] |
{
"text": [
"30 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106253
|
5725d643271a42140099d286
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest.
|
All the male rulers of Egypt took what name during the Ptolemy dynasty?
|
All the male rulers of Egypt took what name during the Ptolemy dynasty?
|
[
"All the male rulers of Egypt took what name during the Ptolemy dynasty?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ptolemy"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106254
|
5725d643271a42140099d287
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest.
|
Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice were common names for whom?
|
Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice were common names for whom?
|
[
"Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice were common names for whom?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ptolemaic queens"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106255
|
5725d643271a42140099d288
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest.
|
Who was the last and most famous queen of the Ptolemy dynasty?
|
Who was the last and most famous queen of the Ptolemy dynasty?
|
[
"Who was the last and most famous queen of the Ptolemy dynasty?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Cleopatra VII"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106256
|
5725d643271a42140099d289
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest.
|
How did Cleoptra die?
|
How did Cleoptra die?
|
[
"How did Cleoptra die?"
] |
{
"text": [
"suicide"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106257
|
5725d76e38643c19005acdef
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Following division of Alexander's empire, Seleucus I Nicator received Babylonia. From there, he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander's near eastern territories. At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, today's Turkmenistan, Pamir, and parts of Pakistan. It included a diverse population estimated at fifty to sixty million people. Under Antiochus I (c. 324/3 – 261 BC), however, the unwieldy empire was already beginning to shed territories. Pergamum broke away under Eumenes I who defeated a Seleucid army sent against him. The kingdoms of Cappadocia, Bithynia and Pontus were all practically independent by this time as well. Like the Ptolemies, Antiochus I established a dynastic religious cult, deifying his father Seleucus I. Seleucus, officially said to be descended from Apollo, had his own priests and monthly sacrifices. The erosion of the empire continued under Seleucus II, who was forced to fight a civil war (239-236) against his brother Antiochus Hierax and was unable to keep Bactria, Sogdiana and Parthia from breaking away. Hierax carved off most of Seleucid Anatolia for himself, but was defeated, along with his Galatian allies, by Attalus I of Pergamon who now also claimed kingship.
|
After Alexander's empire was split, what region did Seleucus I Nicator receive?
|
After Alexander's empire was split, what region did Seleucus I Nicator receive?
|
[
"After Alexander's empire was split, what region did Seleucus I Nicator receive?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Babylonia"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106258
|
5725d76e38643c19005acdf0
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Following division of Alexander's empire, Seleucus I Nicator received Babylonia. From there, he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander's near eastern territories. At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, today's Turkmenistan, Pamir, and parts of Pakistan. It included a diverse population estimated at fifty to sixty million people. Under Antiochus I (c. 324/3 – 261 BC), however, the unwieldy empire was already beginning to shed territories. Pergamum broke away under Eumenes I who defeated a Seleucid army sent against him. The kingdoms of Cappadocia, Bithynia and Pontus were all practically independent by this time as well. Like the Ptolemies, Antiochus I established a dynastic religious cult, deifying his father Seleucus I. Seleucus, officially said to be descended from Apollo, had his own priests and monthly sacrifices. The erosion of the empire continued under Seleucus II, who was forced to fight a civil war (239-236) against his brother Antiochus Hierax and was unable to keep Bactria, Sogdiana and Parthia from breaking away. Hierax carved off most of Seleucid Anatolia for himself, but was defeated, along with his Galatian allies, by Attalus I of Pergamon who now also claimed kingship.
|
Pergamum was led by whom when they defeated a Seleucid army?
|
Pergamum was led by whom when they defeated a Seleucid army?
|
[
"Pergamum was led by whom when they defeated a Seleucid army?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Eumenes I"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106259
|
5725d76e38643c19005acdf1
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Following division of Alexander's empire, Seleucus I Nicator received Babylonia. From there, he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander's near eastern territories. At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, today's Turkmenistan, Pamir, and parts of Pakistan. It included a diverse population estimated at fifty to sixty million people. Under Antiochus I (c. 324/3 – 261 BC), however, the unwieldy empire was already beginning to shed territories. Pergamum broke away under Eumenes I who defeated a Seleucid army sent against him. The kingdoms of Cappadocia, Bithynia and Pontus were all practically independent by this time as well. Like the Ptolemies, Antiochus I established a dynastic religious cult, deifying his father Seleucus I. Seleucus, officially said to be descended from Apollo, had his own priests and monthly sacrifices. The erosion of the empire continued under Seleucus II, who was forced to fight a civil war (239-236) against his brother Antiochus Hierax and was unable to keep Bactria, Sogdiana and Parthia from breaking away. Hierax carved off most of Seleucid Anatolia for himself, but was defeated, along with his Galatian allies, by Attalus I of Pergamon who now also claimed kingship.
|
Who defied his father Seleucus I, and set up a religous cult?
|
Who defied his father Seleucus I, and set up a religous cult?
|
[
"Who defied his father Seleucus I, and set up a religous cult?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Antiochus I"
],
"answer_start": [
726
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106260
|
5725d76e38643c19005acdf2
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Following division of Alexander's empire, Seleucus I Nicator received Babylonia. From there, he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander's near eastern territories. At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, today's Turkmenistan, Pamir, and parts of Pakistan. It included a diverse population estimated at fifty to sixty million people. Under Antiochus I (c. 324/3 – 261 BC), however, the unwieldy empire was already beginning to shed territories. Pergamum broke away under Eumenes I who defeated a Seleucid army sent against him. The kingdoms of Cappadocia, Bithynia and Pontus were all practically independent by this time as well. Like the Ptolemies, Antiochus I established a dynastic religious cult, deifying his father Seleucus I. Seleucus, officially said to be descended from Apollo, had his own priests and monthly sacrifices. The erosion of the empire continued under Seleucus II, who was forced to fight a civil war (239-236) against his brother Antiochus Hierax and was unable to keep Bactria, Sogdiana and Parthia from breaking away. Hierax carved off most of Seleucid Anatolia for himself, but was defeated, along with his Galatian allies, by Attalus I of Pergamon who now also claimed kingship.
|
What was the name of Seleucus II brother, whom he fought in civil war?
|
What was the name of Seleucus II brother, whom he fought in civil war?
|
[
"What was the name of Seleucus II brother, whom he fought in civil war?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Antiochus Hierax"
],
"answer_start": [
1029
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106261
|
5725d76e38643c19005acdf3
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Following division of Alexander's empire, Seleucus I Nicator received Babylonia. From there, he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander's near eastern territories. At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, today's Turkmenistan, Pamir, and parts of Pakistan. It included a diverse population estimated at fifty to sixty million people. Under Antiochus I (c. 324/3 – 261 BC), however, the unwieldy empire was already beginning to shed territories. Pergamum broke away under Eumenes I who defeated a Seleucid army sent against him. The kingdoms of Cappadocia, Bithynia and Pontus were all practically independent by this time as well. Like the Ptolemies, Antiochus I established a dynastic religious cult, deifying his father Seleucus I. Seleucus, officially said to be descended from Apollo, had his own priests and monthly sacrifices. The erosion of the empire continued under Seleucus II, who was forced to fight a civil war (239-236) against his brother Antiochus Hierax and was unable to keep Bactria, Sogdiana and Parthia from breaking away. Hierax carved off most of Seleucid Anatolia for himself, but was defeated, along with his Galatian allies, by Attalus I of Pergamon who now also claimed kingship.
|
Who ultimately defeated Seleucid Anatolia?
|
Who ultimately defeated Seleucid Anatolia?
|
[
"Who ultimately defeated Seleucid Anatolia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Attalus I"
],
"answer_start": [
1229
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106262
|
5725d86eec44d21400f3d691
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite. The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from Greece. These cities included newly founded colonies such as Antioch, the other cities of the Syrian tetrapolis, Seleucia (north of Babylon) and Dura-Europos on the Euphrates. These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies, councils and elected magistrates, but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials. Apart from these cities, there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons (choria), military colonies (katoikiai) and Greek villages (komai) which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule. This 'Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of Antiochos III. The rest of the army was made up of native troops. Antiochus III the great conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus I. After being defeated by Ptolemy IV's forces at Raphia (217), Antiochus III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces (212-205) including Bactria, Parthia, Ariana, Sogdiana, Gedrosia and Drangiana. He was successful, bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal vassalage and receiving tribute from their rulers. After the death of Ptolemy IV (204), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the fifth Syrian war (202-195). He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe, fortifying Lysimachia on the hellespont, but his expansion into Anatolia and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BCE). In the Treaty of Apamea which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents.
|
The Seleucid Empire was mostly dominated by whom?
|
The Seleucid Empire was mostly dominated by whom?
|
[
"The Seleucid Empire was mostly dominated by whom?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Greco-Macedonian political elite"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106263
|
5725d86eec44d21400f3d692
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite. The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from Greece. These cities included newly founded colonies such as Antioch, the other cities of the Syrian tetrapolis, Seleucia (north of Babylon) and Dura-Europos on the Euphrates. These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies, councils and elected magistrates, but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials. Apart from these cities, there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons (choria), military colonies (katoikiai) and Greek villages (komai) which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule. This 'Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of Antiochos III. The rest of the army was made up of native troops. Antiochus III the great conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus I. After being defeated by Ptolemy IV's forces at Raphia (217), Antiochus III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces (212-205) including Bactria, Parthia, Ariana, Sogdiana, Gedrosia and Drangiana. He was successful, bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal vassalage and receiving tribute from their rulers. After the death of Ptolemy IV (204), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the fifth Syrian war (202-195). He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe, fortifying Lysimachia on the hellespont, but his expansion into Anatolia and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BCE). In the Treaty of Apamea which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents.
|
What are Seleucid garrisons called?
|
What are Seleucid garrisons called?
|
[
"What are Seleucid garrisons called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"choria"
],
"answer_start": [
658
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106264
|
5725d86eec44d21400f3d693
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite. The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from Greece. These cities included newly founded colonies such as Antioch, the other cities of the Syrian tetrapolis, Seleucia (north of Babylon) and Dura-Europos on the Euphrates. These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies, councils and elected magistrates, but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials. Apart from these cities, there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons (choria), military colonies (katoikiai) and Greek villages (komai) which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule. This 'Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of Antiochos III. The rest of the army was made up of native troops. Antiochus III the great conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus I. After being defeated by Ptolemy IV's forces at Raphia (217), Antiochus III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces (212-205) including Bactria, Parthia, Ariana, Sogdiana, Gedrosia and Drangiana. He was successful, bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal vassalage and receiving tribute from their rulers. After the death of Ptolemy IV (204), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the fifth Syrian war (202-195). He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe, fortifying Lysimachia on the hellespont, but his expansion into Anatolia and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BCE). In the Treaty of Apamea which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents.
|
What are Seleucid military colonies called?
|
What are Seleucid military colonies called?
|
[
"What are Seleucid military colonies called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"katoikiai"
],
"answer_start": [
686
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106265
|
5725d86eec44d21400f3d694
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite. The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from Greece. These cities included newly founded colonies such as Antioch, the other cities of the Syrian tetrapolis, Seleucia (north of Babylon) and Dura-Europos on the Euphrates. These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies, councils and elected magistrates, but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials. Apart from these cities, there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons (choria), military colonies (katoikiai) and Greek villages (komai) which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule. This 'Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of Antiochos III. The rest of the army was made up of native troops. Antiochus III the great conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus I. After being defeated by Ptolemy IV's forces at Raphia (217), Antiochus III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces (212-205) including Bactria, Parthia, Ariana, Sogdiana, Gedrosia and Drangiana. He was successful, bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal vassalage and receiving tribute from their rulers. After the death of Ptolemy IV (204), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the fifth Syrian war (202-195). He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe, fortifying Lysimachia on the hellespont, but his expansion into Anatolia and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BCE). In the Treaty of Apamea which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents.
|
Who defeated Antiochus III at Raphia?
|
Who defeated Antiochus III at Raphia?
|
[
"Who defeated Antiochus III at Raphia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ptolemy IV"
],
"answer_start": [
1230
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106266
|
5725d86eec44d21400f3d695
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite. The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from Greece. These cities included newly founded colonies such as Antioch, the other cities of the Syrian tetrapolis, Seleucia (north of Babylon) and Dura-Europos on the Euphrates. These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies, councils and elected magistrates, but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials. Apart from these cities, there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons (choria), military colonies (katoikiai) and Greek villages (komai) which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule. This 'Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of Antiochos III. The rest of the army was made up of native troops. Antiochus III the great conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus I. After being defeated by Ptolemy IV's forces at Raphia (217), Antiochus III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces (212-205) including Bactria, Parthia, Ariana, Sogdiana, Gedrosia and Drangiana. He was successful, bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal vassalage and receiving tribute from their rulers. After the death of Ptolemy IV (204), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the fifth Syrian war (202-195). He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe, fortifying Lysimachia on the hellespont, but his expansion into Anatolia and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BCE). In the Treaty of Apamea which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents.
|
What year did Ptolemy IV die?
|
What year did Ptolemy IV die?
|
[
"What year did Ptolemy IV die?"
] |
{
"text": [
"204"
],
"answer_start": [
1600
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106267
|
5725d957271a42140099d299
|
Hellenistic_period
|
After the death of Lysimachus, one of his officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city of Pergamum in 282 BC along with Lysimachus' war chest of 9,000 talents and declared himself loyal to Seleucus I while remaining de facto independent. His descendant, Attalus I, defeated the invading Galatians and proclaimed himself an independent king. Attalus I (241–197BC), was a staunch ally of Rome against Philip V of Macedon during the first and second Macedonian Wars. For his support against the Seleucids in 190 BCE, Eumenes II was rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor. Eumenes II turned Pergamon into a centre of culture and science by establishing the library of Pergamum which was said to be second only to the library of Alexandria with 200,000 volumes according to Plutarch. It included a reading room and a collection of paintings. Eumenes II also constructed the Pergamum Altar with friezes depicting the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city. Pergamum was also a center of parchment (charta pergamena) production. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.
|
Which officer took control of Pergamum in 282 BC?
|
Which officer took control of Pergamum in 282 BC?
|
[
"Which officer took control of Pergamum in 282 BC?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Philetaerus"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106268
|
5725d957271a42140099d29a
|
Hellenistic_period
|
After the death of Lysimachus, one of his officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city of Pergamum in 282 BC along with Lysimachus' war chest of 9,000 talents and declared himself loyal to Seleucus I while remaining de facto independent. His descendant, Attalus I, defeated the invading Galatians and proclaimed himself an independent king. Attalus I (241–197BC), was a staunch ally of Rome against Philip V of Macedon during the first and second Macedonian Wars. For his support against the Seleucids in 190 BCE, Eumenes II was rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor. Eumenes II turned Pergamon into a centre of culture and science by establishing the library of Pergamum which was said to be second only to the library of Alexandria with 200,000 volumes according to Plutarch. It included a reading room and a collection of paintings. Eumenes II also constructed the Pergamum Altar with friezes depicting the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city. Pergamum was also a center of parchment (charta pergamena) production. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.
|
Who did Philetaerus declare himself loyal to?
|
Who did Philetaerus declare himself loyal to?
|
[
"Who did Philetaerus declare himself loyal to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Seleucus I"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106269
|
5725d957271a42140099d29b
|
Hellenistic_period
|
After the death of Lysimachus, one of his officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city of Pergamum in 282 BC along with Lysimachus' war chest of 9,000 talents and declared himself loyal to Seleucus I while remaining de facto independent. His descendant, Attalus I, defeated the invading Galatians and proclaimed himself an independent king. Attalus I (241–197BC), was a staunch ally of Rome against Philip V of Macedon during the first and second Macedonian Wars. For his support against the Seleucids in 190 BCE, Eumenes II was rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor. Eumenes II turned Pergamon into a centre of culture and science by establishing the library of Pergamum which was said to be second only to the library of Alexandria with 200,000 volumes according to Plutarch. It included a reading room and a collection of paintings. Eumenes II also constructed the Pergamum Altar with friezes depicting the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city. Pergamum was also a center of parchment (charta pergamena) production. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.
|
Attalus I was a strong ally of Rome and which ruler?
|
Attalus I was a strong ally of Rome and which ruler?
|
[
"Attalus I was a strong ally of Rome and which ruler?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Philip V of Macedon"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106270
|
5725d957271a42140099d29c
|
Hellenistic_period
|
After the death of Lysimachus, one of his officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city of Pergamum in 282 BC along with Lysimachus' war chest of 9,000 talents and declared himself loyal to Seleucus I while remaining de facto independent. His descendant, Attalus I, defeated the invading Galatians and proclaimed himself an independent king. Attalus I (241–197BC), was a staunch ally of Rome against Philip V of Macedon during the first and second Macedonian Wars. For his support against the Seleucids in 190 BCE, Eumenes II was rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor. Eumenes II turned Pergamon into a centre of culture and science by establishing the library of Pergamum which was said to be second only to the library of Alexandria with 200,000 volumes according to Plutarch. It included a reading room and a collection of paintings. Eumenes II also constructed the Pergamum Altar with friezes depicting the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city. Pergamum was also a center of parchment (charta pergamena) production. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.
|
Where was the library of Pergamum located?
|
Where was the library of Pergamum located?
|
[
"Where was the library of Pergamum located?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Pergamon"
],
"answer_start": [
611
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106271
|
5725d957271a42140099d29d
|
Hellenistic_period
|
After the death of Lysimachus, one of his officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city of Pergamum in 282 BC along with Lysimachus' war chest of 9,000 talents and declared himself loyal to Seleucus I while remaining de facto independent. His descendant, Attalus I, defeated the invading Galatians and proclaimed himself an independent king. Attalus I (241–197BC), was a staunch ally of Rome against Philip V of Macedon during the first and second Macedonian Wars. For his support against the Seleucids in 190 BCE, Eumenes II was rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor. Eumenes II turned Pergamon into a centre of culture and science by establishing the library of Pergamum which was said to be second only to the library of Alexandria with 200,000 volumes according to Plutarch. It included a reading room and a collection of paintings. Eumenes II also constructed the Pergamum Altar with friezes depicting the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city. Pergamum was also a center of parchment (charta pergamena) production. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.
|
What depicts the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city?
|
What depicts the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city?
|
[
"What depicts the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Pergamum Altar"
],
"answer_start": [
893
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106272
|
5725da9f89a1e219009abfbe
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Celts who settled in Galatia came through Thrace under the leadership of Leotarios and Leonnorios circa 270 BC. They were defeated by Seleucus I in the 'battle of the Elephants', but were still able to establish a Celtic territory in central Anatolia. The Galatians were well respected as warriors and were widely used as mercenaries in the armies of the successor states. They continued to attack neighboring kingdoms such as Bithynia and Pergamon, plundering and extracting tribute. This came to an end when they sided with the renegade Seleucid prince Antiochus Hierax who tried to defeat Attalus, the ruler of Pergamon (241–197 BC). Attalus severely defeated the Gauls, forcing them to confine themselves to Galatia. The theme of the Dying Gaul (a famous statue displayed in Pergamon) remained a favorite in Hellenistic art for a generation signifying the victory of the Greeks over a noble enemy. In the early 2nd century BC, the Galatians became allies of Antiochus the Great, the last Seleucid king trying to regain suzerainty over Asia Minor. In 189 BC, Rome sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians. Galatia was henceforth dominated by Rome through regional rulers from 189 BC onward.
|
Where did the Celts who settled in Galatia pass through?
|
Where did the Celts who settled in Galatia pass through?
|
[
"Where did the Celts who settled in Galatia pass through?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Thrace"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106273
|
5725da9f89a1e219009abfbf
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Celts who settled in Galatia came through Thrace under the leadership of Leotarios and Leonnorios circa 270 BC. They were defeated by Seleucus I in the 'battle of the Elephants', but were still able to establish a Celtic territory in central Anatolia. The Galatians were well respected as warriors and were widely used as mercenaries in the armies of the successor states. They continued to attack neighboring kingdoms such as Bithynia and Pergamon, plundering and extracting tribute. This came to an end when they sided with the renegade Seleucid prince Antiochus Hierax who tried to defeat Attalus, the ruler of Pergamon (241–197 BC). Attalus severely defeated the Gauls, forcing them to confine themselves to Galatia. The theme of the Dying Gaul (a famous statue displayed in Pergamon) remained a favorite in Hellenistic art for a generation signifying the victory of the Greeks over a noble enemy. In the early 2nd century BC, the Galatians became allies of Antiochus the Great, the last Seleucid king trying to regain suzerainty over Asia Minor. In 189 BC, Rome sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians. Galatia was henceforth dominated by Rome through regional rulers from 189 BC onward.
|
What battle did the Celts lose to Seleucus I?
|
What battle did the Celts lose to Seleucus I?
|
[
"What battle did the Celts lose to Seleucus I?"
] |
{
"text": [
"battle of the Elephants"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106274
|
5725da9f89a1e219009abfc0
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Celts who settled in Galatia came through Thrace under the leadership of Leotarios and Leonnorios circa 270 BC. They were defeated by Seleucus I in the 'battle of the Elephants', but were still able to establish a Celtic territory in central Anatolia. The Galatians were well respected as warriors and were widely used as mercenaries in the armies of the successor states. They continued to attack neighboring kingdoms such as Bithynia and Pergamon, plundering and extracting tribute. This came to an end when they sided with the renegade Seleucid prince Antiochus Hierax who tried to defeat Attalus, the ruler of Pergamon (241–197 BC). Attalus severely defeated the Gauls, forcing them to confine themselves to Galatia. The theme of the Dying Gaul (a famous statue displayed in Pergamon) remained a favorite in Hellenistic art for a generation signifying the victory of the Greeks over a noble enemy. In the early 2nd century BC, the Galatians became allies of Antiochus the Great, the last Seleucid king trying to regain suzerainty over Asia Minor. In 189 BC, Rome sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians. Galatia was henceforth dominated by Rome through regional rulers from 189 BC onward.
|
What famous statue signified the victory of the Greeks over a worthy enemy?
|
What famous statue signified the victory of the Greeks over a worthy enemy?
|
[
"What famous statue signified the victory of the Greeks over a worthy enemy?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Dying Gaul"
],
"answer_start": [
742
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106275
|
5725da9f89a1e219009abfc1
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Celts who settled in Galatia came through Thrace under the leadership of Leotarios and Leonnorios circa 270 BC. They were defeated by Seleucus I in the 'battle of the Elephants', but were still able to establish a Celtic territory in central Anatolia. The Galatians were well respected as warriors and were widely used as mercenaries in the armies of the successor states. They continued to attack neighboring kingdoms such as Bithynia and Pergamon, plundering and extracting tribute. This came to an end when they sided with the renegade Seleucid prince Antiochus Hierax who tried to defeat Attalus, the ruler of Pergamon (241–197 BC). Attalus severely defeated the Gauls, forcing them to confine themselves to Galatia. The theme of the Dying Gaul (a famous statue displayed in Pergamon) remained a favorite in Hellenistic art for a generation signifying the victory of the Greeks over a noble enemy. In the early 2nd century BC, the Galatians became allies of Antiochus the Great, the last Seleucid king trying to regain suzerainty over Asia Minor. In 189 BC, Rome sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians. Galatia was henceforth dominated by Rome through regional rulers from 189 BC onward.
|
What century did the Galatians become allies of Antiochus the Great?
|
What century did the Galatians become allies of Antiochus the Great?
|
[
"What century did the Galatians become allies of Antiochus the Great?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2nd century BC"
],
"answer_start": [
919
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106276
|
5725da9f89a1e219009abfc2
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Celts who settled in Galatia came through Thrace under the leadership of Leotarios and Leonnorios circa 270 BC. They were defeated by Seleucus I in the 'battle of the Elephants', but were still able to establish a Celtic territory in central Anatolia. The Galatians were well respected as warriors and were widely used as mercenaries in the armies of the successor states. They continued to attack neighboring kingdoms such as Bithynia and Pergamon, plundering and extracting tribute. This came to an end when they sided with the renegade Seleucid prince Antiochus Hierax who tried to defeat Attalus, the ruler of Pergamon (241–197 BC). Attalus severely defeated the Gauls, forcing them to confine themselves to Galatia. The theme of the Dying Gaul (a famous statue displayed in Pergamon) remained a favorite in Hellenistic art for a generation signifying the victory of the Greeks over a noble enemy. In the early 2nd century BC, the Galatians became allies of Antiochus the Great, the last Seleucid king trying to regain suzerainty over Asia Minor. In 189 BC, Rome sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians. Galatia was henceforth dominated by Rome through regional rulers from 189 BC onward.
|
Who sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians?
|
Who sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians?
|
[
"Who sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Rome"
],
"answer_start": [
1066
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106277
|
5725dbd4ec44d21400f3d6cf
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia. After Alexander's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas, who defeated Calas, a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. His son, Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I, and assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BCE. His son and successor, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (c. 278 – c. 255 BCE), as well as those of his successors, the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Nicomedes also invited the Celtic Galatians into Anatolia as mercenaries, and they later turned on his son Prusias I, who defeated them in battle. Their last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and, after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic (74 BCE).
|
Who were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia?
|
Who were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia?
|
[
"Who were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The Bithynians"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106278
|
5725dbd4ec44d21400f3d6d0
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia. After Alexander's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas, who defeated Calas, a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. His son, Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I, and assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BCE. His son and successor, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (c. 278 – c. 255 BCE), as well as those of his successors, the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Nicomedes also invited the Celtic Galatians into Anatolia as mercenaries, and they later turned on his son Prusias I, who defeated them in battle. Their last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and, after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic (74 BCE).
|
King Bas defeated which general of Alexander?
|
King Bas defeated which general of Alexander?
|
[
"King Bas defeated which general of Alexander?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Calas"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106279
|
5725dbd4ec44d21400f3d6d1
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia. After Alexander's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas, who defeated Calas, a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. His son, Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I, and assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BCE. His son and successor, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (c. 278 – c. 255 BCE), as well as those of his successors, the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Nicomedes also invited the Celtic Galatians into Anatolia as mercenaries, and they later turned on his son Prusias I, who defeated them in battle. Their last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and, after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic (74 BCE).
|
Who assumed the title of king from Bas?
|
Who assumed the title of king from Bas?
|
[
"Who assumed the title of king from Bas?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Zipoetes I"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106280
|
5725dbd4ec44d21400f3d6d2
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia. After Alexander's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas, who defeated Calas, a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. His son, Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I, and assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BCE. His son and successor, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (c. 278 – c. 255 BCE), as well as those of his successors, the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Nicomedes also invited the Celtic Galatians into Anatolia as mercenaries, and they later turned on his son Prusias I, who defeated them in battle. Their last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and, after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic (74 BCE).
|
When did Zipoetes I assume the role of king?
|
When did Zipoetes I assume the role of king?
|
[
"When did Zipoetes I assume the role of king?"
] |
{
"text": [
"297 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106281
|
5725dbd4ec44d21400f3d6d3
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia. After Alexander's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas, who defeated Calas, a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. His son, Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I, and assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BCE. His son and successor, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (c. 278 – c. 255 BCE), as well as those of his successors, the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Nicomedes also invited the Celtic Galatians into Anatolia as mercenaries, and they later turned on his son Prusias I, who defeated them in battle. Their last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and, after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic (74 BCE).
|
Who founded Nicomedia?
|
Who founded Nicomedia?
|
[
"Who founded Nicomedia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Nicomedes I"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106282
|
5725dc6aec44d21400f3d6d9
|
Hellenistic_period
|
In 255 B.C., Ariarathes III took the title of king and married Stratonice, a daughter of Antiochus II, remaining an ally of the Seleucid kingdom. Under Ariarathes IV, Cappadocia came into relations with Rome, first as a foe espousing the cause of Antiochus the Great, then as an ally against Perseus of Macedon and finally in a war against the Seleucids. Ariarathes V also waged war with Rome against Aristonicus, a claimant to the throne of Pergamon, and their forces were annihilated in 130 BCE. This defeat allowed Pontus to invade and conquer the kingdom.
|
Who married Stratonice?
|
Who married Stratonice?
|
[
"Who married Stratonice?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ariarathes III"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106283
|
5725dc6aec44d21400f3d6da
|
Hellenistic_period
|
In 255 B.C., Ariarathes III took the title of king and married Stratonice, a daughter of Antiochus II, remaining an ally of the Seleucid kingdom. Under Ariarathes IV, Cappadocia came into relations with Rome, first as a foe espousing the cause of Antiochus the Great, then as an ally against Perseus of Macedon and finally in a war against the Seleucids. Ariarathes V also waged war with Rome against Aristonicus, a claimant to the throne of Pergamon, and their forces were annihilated in 130 BCE. This defeat allowed Pontus to invade and conquer the kingdom.
|
When did Stratonice marry Ariarathes III?
|
When did Stratonice marry Ariarathes III?
|
[
"When did Stratonice marry Ariarathes III?"
] |
{
"text": [
"255 B.C."
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106284
|
5725dc6aec44d21400f3d6db
|
Hellenistic_period
|
In 255 B.C., Ariarathes III took the title of king and married Stratonice, a daughter of Antiochus II, remaining an ally of the Seleucid kingdom. Under Ariarathes IV, Cappadocia came into relations with Rome, first as a foe espousing the cause of Antiochus the Great, then as an ally against Perseus of Macedon and finally in a war against the Seleucids. Ariarathes V also waged war with Rome against Aristonicus, a claimant to the throne of Pergamon, and their forces were annihilated in 130 BCE. This defeat allowed Pontus to invade and conquer the kingdom.
|
Who was Stratonice's father?
|
Who was Stratonice's father?
|
[
"Who was Stratonice's father?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Antiochus II"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106285
|
5725dc6aec44d21400f3d6dc
|
Hellenistic_period
|
In 255 B.C., Ariarathes III took the title of king and married Stratonice, a daughter of Antiochus II, remaining an ally of the Seleucid kingdom. Under Ariarathes IV, Cappadocia came into relations with Rome, first as a foe espousing the cause of Antiochus the Great, then as an ally against Perseus of Macedon and finally in a war against the Seleucids. Ariarathes V also waged war with Rome against Aristonicus, a claimant to the throne of Pergamon, and their forces were annihilated in 130 BCE. This defeat allowed Pontus to invade and conquer the kingdom.
|
Cappadocia began it's realtionship with Rome under whom?
|
Cappadocia began it's realtionship with Rome under whom?
|
[
"Cappadocia began it's realtionship with Rome under whom?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ariarathes IV"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106286
|
5725dc6aec44d21400f3d6dd
|
Hellenistic_period
|
In 255 B.C., Ariarathes III took the title of king and married Stratonice, a daughter of Antiochus II, remaining an ally of the Seleucid kingdom. Under Ariarathes IV, Cappadocia came into relations with Rome, first as a foe espousing the cause of Antiochus the Great, then as an ally against Perseus of Macedon and finally in a war against the Seleucids. Ariarathes V also waged war with Rome against Aristonicus, a claimant to the throne of Pergamon, and their forces were annihilated in 130 BCE. This defeat allowed Pontus to invade and conquer the kingdom.
|
What year was Ariarathes V defeated?
|
What year was Ariarathes V defeated?
|
[
"What year was Ariarathes V defeated?"
] |
{
"text": [
"130 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106287
|
5725dd34271a42140099d2bb
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Kingdom of Pontus was a Hellenistic kingdom on the southern coast of the Black Sea. It was founded by Mithridates I in 291 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC. Despite being ruled by a dynasty which was a descendant of the Persian Achaemenid Empire it became hellenized due to the influence of the Greek cities on the Black Sea and its neighboring kingdoms. Pontic culture was a mix of Greek and Iranian elements, the most hellenized parts of the kingdom were on the coast, populated by Greek colonies such as Trapezus and Sinope, which became the capital of the kingdom. Epigraphic evidence also shows extensive Hellenistic influence in the interior. During the reign of Mithridates II, Pontus was allied with the Seleucids through dynastic marriages. By the time of Mithridates VI Eupator, Greek was the official language of the kingdom though Anatolian languages continued to be spoken.
|
What kingdom was Hellenistic and on the southern coast of the Black Sea?
|
What kingdom was Hellenistic and on the southern coast of the Black Sea?
|
[
"What kingdom was Hellenistic and on the southern coast of the Black Sea?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Pontus"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106288
|
5725dd34271a42140099d2bc
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Kingdom of Pontus was a Hellenistic kingdom on the southern coast of the Black Sea. It was founded by Mithridates I in 291 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC. Despite being ruled by a dynasty which was a descendant of the Persian Achaemenid Empire it became hellenized due to the influence of the Greek cities on the Black Sea and its neighboring kingdoms. Pontic culture was a mix of Greek and Iranian elements, the most hellenized parts of the kingdom were on the coast, populated by Greek colonies such as Trapezus and Sinope, which became the capital of the kingdom. Epigraphic evidence also shows extensive Hellenistic influence in the interior. During the reign of Mithridates II, Pontus was allied with the Seleucids through dynastic marriages. By the time of Mithridates VI Eupator, Greek was the official language of the kingdom though Anatolian languages continued to be spoken.
|
Who founded the Kingdom of Pontus?
|
Who founded the Kingdom of Pontus?
|
[
"Who founded the Kingdom of Pontus?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Mithridates I"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106289
|
5725dd34271a42140099d2bd
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Kingdom of Pontus was a Hellenistic kingdom on the southern coast of the Black Sea. It was founded by Mithridates I in 291 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC. Despite being ruled by a dynasty which was a descendant of the Persian Achaemenid Empire it became hellenized due to the influence of the Greek cities on the Black Sea and its neighboring kingdoms. Pontic culture was a mix of Greek and Iranian elements, the most hellenized parts of the kingdom were on the coast, populated by Greek colonies such as Trapezus and Sinope, which became the capital of the kingdom. Epigraphic evidence also shows extensive Hellenistic influence in the interior. During the reign of Mithridates II, Pontus was allied with the Seleucids through dynastic marriages. By the time of Mithridates VI Eupator, Greek was the official language of the kingdom though Anatolian languages continued to be spoken.
|
When was the Kingdom of Pontus founded?
|
When was the Kingdom of Pontus founded?
|
[
"When was the Kingdom of Pontus founded?"
] |
{
"text": [
"291 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106290
|
5725dd34271a42140099d2be
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Kingdom of Pontus was a Hellenistic kingdom on the southern coast of the Black Sea. It was founded by Mithridates I in 291 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC. Despite being ruled by a dynasty which was a descendant of the Persian Achaemenid Empire it became hellenized due to the influence of the Greek cities on the Black Sea and its neighboring kingdoms. Pontic culture was a mix of Greek and Iranian elements, the most hellenized parts of the kingdom were on the coast, populated by Greek colonies such as Trapezus and Sinope, which became the capital of the kingdom. Epigraphic evidence also shows extensive Hellenistic influence in the interior. During the reign of Mithridates II, Pontus was allied with the Seleucids through dynastic marriages. By the time of Mithridates VI Eupator, Greek was the official language of the kingdom though Anatolian languages continued to be spoken.
|
When was the Kingdom of Pontus taken over by the Roman Republic?
|
When was the Kingdom of Pontus taken over by the Roman Republic?
|
[
"When was the Kingdom of Pontus taken over by the Roman Republic?"
] |
{
"text": [
"63 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106291
|
5725dd34271a42140099d2bf
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The Kingdom of Pontus was a Hellenistic kingdom on the southern coast of the Black Sea. It was founded by Mithridates I in 291 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC. Despite being ruled by a dynasty which was a descendant of the Persian Achaemenid Empire it became hellenized due to the influence of the Greek cities on the Black Sea and its neighboring kingdoms. Pontic culture was a mix of Greek and Iranian elements, the most hellenized parts of the kingdom were on the coast, populated by Greek colonies such as Trapezus and Sinope, which became the capital of the kingdom. Epigraphic evidence also shows extensive Hellenistic influence in the interior. During the reign of Mithridates II, Pontus was allied with the Seleucids through dynastic marriages. By the time of Mithridates VI Eupator, Greek was the official language of the kingdom though Anatolian languages continued to be spoken.
|
What was the official language of the Kingdom of Pontus during the reign of Mithridates VI Eupator?
|
What was the official language of the Kingdom of Pontus during the reign of Mithridates VI Eupator?
|
[
"What was the official language of the Kingdom of Pontus during the reign of Mithridates VI Eupator?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
824
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106292
|
5725de2a38643c19005ace0b
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Lesser Armenia, the Bosporan Kingdom, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia. Mithridates VI, himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry, presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the 'barbarians' of Rome styling himself as "King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus." and as the "great liberator". Mithridates also depicted himself with the anastole hairstyle of Alexander and used the symbolism of Herakles whom the Macedonian kings claimed descend from. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic wars, Pontus was defeated, part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province Bithynia and Pontus and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom.
|
Who ruled when the Kingdom of Pontus' was at it's biggest?
|
Who ruled when the Kingdom of Pontus' was at it's biggest?
|
[
"Who ruled when the Kingdom of Pontus' was at it's biggest?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Mithridates VI"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106293
|
5725de2a38643c19005ace0c
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Lesser Armenia, the Bosporan Kingdom, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia. Mithridates VI, himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry, presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the 'barbarians' of Rome styling himself as "King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus." and as the "great liberator". Mithridates also depicted himself with the anastole hairstyle of Alexander and used the symbolism of Herakles whom the Macedonian kings claimed descend from. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic wars, Pontus was defeated, part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province Bithynia and Pontus and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom.
|
Who called themselves King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus?
|
Who called themselves King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus?
|
[
"Who called themselves King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Mithridates VI"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106294
|
5725de2a38643c19005ace0d
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Lesser Armenia, the Bosporan Kingdom, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia. Mithridates VI, himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry, presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the 'barbarians' of Rome styling himself as "King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus." and as the "great liberator". Mithridates also depicted himself with the anastole hairstyle of Alexander and used the symbolism of Herakles whom the Macedonian kings claimed descend from. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic wars, Pontus was defeated, part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province Bithynia and Pontus and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom.
|
What hairstyle did Mithridates IV copy from Alexander?
|
What hairstyle did Mithridates IV copy from Alexander?
|
[
"What hairstyle did Mithridates IV copy from Alexander?"
] |
{
"text": [
"anastole"
],
"answer_start": [
523
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106295
|
5725de2a38643c19005ace0e
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Lesser Armenia, the Bosporan Kingdom, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia. Mithridates VI, himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry, presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the 'barbarians' of Rome styling himself as "King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus." and as the "great liberator". Mithridates also depicted himself with the anastole hairstyle of Alexander and used the symbolism of Herakles whom the Macedonian kings claimed descend from. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic wars, Pontus was defeated, part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province Bithynia and Pontus and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom.
|
Who did the Macedoniankings claim Mithridates IV descended from?
|
Who did the Macedoniankings claim Mithridates IV descended from?
|
[
"Who did the Macedoniankings claim Mithridates IV descended from?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Herakles"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106296
|
5725de2a38643c19005ace0f
|
Hellenistic_period
|
The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Lesser Armenia, the Bosporan Kingdom, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia. Mithridates VI, himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry, presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the 'barbarians' of Rome styling himself as "King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus." and as the "great liberator". Mithridates also depicted himself with the anastole hairstyle of Alexander and used the symbolism of Herakles whom the Macedonian kings claimed descend from. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic wars, Pontus was defeated, part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province Bithynia and Pontus and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom.
|
Pontus was defeated in what wars?
|
Pontus was defeated in what wars?
|
[
"Pontus was defeated in what wars?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Mithridatic"
],
"answer_start": [
677
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106297
|
5725df1cec44d21400f3d701
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Orontid Armenia formally passed to empire of Alexander the Great following his conquest of Persia. Alexander appointed an Orontid named Mithranes to govern Armenia. Armenia later became a vassal state of the Seleucid Empire, but it maintained a considerable degree of autonomy, retaining its native rulers. Towards the end 212 BC the country was divided into two kingdoms, Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene including Commagene or Armenia Minor. The kingdoms became so independent from Seleucid control that Antiochus III the Great waged war on them during his reign and replaced their rulers.
|
Orontid Armenia was given to Alexander the Great after he took control of what area?
|
Orontid Armenia was given to Alexander the Great after he took control of what area?
|
[
"Orontid Armenia was given to Alexander the Great after he took control of what area?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Persia"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106298
|
5725df1cec44d21400f3d702
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Orontid Armenia formally passed to empire of Alexander the Great following his conquest of Persia. Alexander appointed an Orontid named Mithranes to govern Armenia. Armenia later became a vassal state of the Seleucid Empire, but it maintained a considerable degree of autonomy, retaining its native rulers. Towards the end 212 BC the country was divided into two kingdoms, Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene including Commagene or Armenia Minor. The kingdoms became so independent from Seleucid control that Antiochus III the Great waged war on them during his reign and replaced their rulers.
|
Who did Alexander apoint to govern Armenia?
|
Who did Alexander apoint to govern Armenia?
|
[
"Who did Alexander apoint to govern Armenia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Mithranes"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-106299
|
5725df1cec44d21400f3d703
|
Hellenistic_period
|
Orontid Armenia formally passed to empire of Alexander the Great following his conquest of Persia. Alexander appointed an Orontid named Mithranes to govern Armenia. Armenia later became a vassal state of the Seleucid Empire, but it maintained a considerable degree of autonomy, retaining its native rulers. Towards the end 212 BC the country was divided into two kingdoms, Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene including Commagene or Armenia Minor. The kingdoms became so independent from Seleucid control that Antiochus III the Great waged war on them during his reign and replaced their rulers.
|
Armenia became a vassal state of what Empire?
|
Armenia became a vassal state of what Empire?
|
[
"Armenia became a vassal state of what Empire?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Seleucid"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
}
|
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