gem_id
stringlengths 20
25
| id
stringlengths 24
24
| title
stringlengths 3
59
| context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
270
| target
stringlengths 1
270
| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-111500
|
573222f30fdd8d15006c67ec
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “contemporaries were predisposed to decode any crisis in religious terms”, regardless of their allegiance to particular practices or belief systems. Christianity drew its traditional base of support from the powerless, who seemed to have no religious stake in the well-being of the Roman State, and therefore threatened its existence. The majority of Rome’s elite continued to observe various forms of inclusive Hellenistic monism; Neoplatonism in particular accommodated the miraculous and the ascetic within a traditional Graeco-Roman cultic framework. Christians saw these ungodly practices as a primary cause of economic and political crisis.
|
Who made the accusation that the Christians had started the Great Fire?
|
Who made the accusation that the Christians had started the Great Fire?
|
[
"Who made the accusation that the Christians had started the Great Fire?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Emperor Nero"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111501
|
573222f30fdd8d15006c67ed
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “contemporaries were predisposed to decode any crisis in religious terms”, regardless of their allegiance to particular practices or belief systems. Christianity drew its traditional base of support from the powerless, who seemed to have no religious stake in the well-being of the Roman State, and therefore threatened its existence. The majority of Rome’s elite continued to observe various forms of inclusive Hellenistic monism; Neoplatonism in particular accommodated the miraculous and the ascetic within a traditional Graeco-Roman cultic framework. Christians saw these ungodly practices as a primary cause of economic and political crisis.
|
What outcome did the accusations against the Christians produce?
|
What outcome did the accusations against the Christians produce?
|
[
"What outcome did the accusations against the Christians produce? "
] |
{
"text": [
"persecution"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111502
|
573222f30fdd8d15006c67ee
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “contemporaries were predisposed to decode any crisis in religious terms”, regardless of their allegiance to particular practices or belief systems. Christianity drew its traditional base of support from the powerless, who seemed to have no religious stake in the well-being of the Roman State, and therefore threatened its existence. The majority of Rome’s elite continued to observe various forms of inclusive Hellenistic monism; Neoplatonism in particular accommodated the miraculous and the ascetic within a traditional Graeco-Roman cultic framework. Christians saw these ungodly practices as a primary cause of economic and political crisis.
|
What was the persecution of the Christians by Rome?
|
What was the persecution of the Christians by Rome?
|
[
"What was the persecution of the Christians by Rome?"
] |
{
"text": [
"official policy"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111503
|
573222f30fdd8d15006c67ef
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “contemporaries were predisposed to decode any crisis in religious terms”, regardless of their allegiance to particular practices or belief systems. Christianity drew its traditional base of support from the powerless, who seemed to have no religious stake in the well-being of the Roman State, and therefore threatened its existence. The majority of Rome’s elite continued to observe various forms of inclusive Hellenistic monism; Neoplatonism in particular accommodated the miraculous and the ascetic within a traditional Graeco-Roman cultic framework. Christians saw these ungodly practices as a primary cause of economic and political crisis.
|
How did early Christians view traditional Roman cultism?
|
How did early Christians view traditional Roman cultism?
|
[
"How did early Christians view traditional Roman cultism?"
] |
{
"text": [
"ungodly practices"
],
"answer_start": [
861
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111504
|
57322474e99e3014001e654e
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a politically and socially fractured Empire and its multitude of cults; no ancestral gods were specified by name. The fulfillment of sacrificial obligation by loyal subjects would define them and their gods as Roman. Roman oaths of loyalty were traditionally collective; the Decian oath has been interpreted as a design to root out individual subversives and suppress their cults, but apostasy was sought, rather than capital punishment. A year after its due deadline, the edict expired.
|
Which emperor decreed that all Romans must sacrifice to traditional gods?
|
Which emperor decreed that all Romans must sacrifice to traditional gods?
|
[
"Which emperor decreed that all Romans must sacrifice to traditional gods?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Decius"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111505
|
57322474e99e3014001e654f
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a politically and socially fractured Empire and its multitude of cults; no ancestral gods were specified by name. The fulfillment of sacrificial obligation by loyal subjects would define them and their gods as Roman. Roman oaths of loyalty were traditionally collective; the Decian oath has been interpreted as a design to root out individual subversives and suppress their cults, but apostasy was sought, rather than capital punishment. A year after its due deadline, the edict expired.
|
What religious group was exempt from sacrifices?
|
What religious group was exempt from sacrifices?
|
[
"What religious group was exempt from sacrifices?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Jews"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111506
|
57322474e99e3014001e6550
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a politically and socially fractured Empire and its multitude of cults; no ancestral gods were specified by name. The fulfillment of sacrificial obligation by loyal subjects would define them and their gods as Roman. Roman oaths of loyalty were traditionally collective; the Decian oath has been interpreted as a design to root out individual subversives and suppress their cults, but apostasy was sought, rather than capital punishment. A year after its due deadline, the edict expired.
|
What oath was a requirement of the emperor's decree?
|
What oath was a requirement of the emperor's decree?
|
[
"What oath was a requirement of the emperor's decree?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Decian oath"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111507
|
57322474e99e3014001e6551
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a politically and socially fractured Empire and its multitude of cults; no ancestral gods were specified by name. The fulfillment of sacrificial obligation by loyal subjects would define them and their gods as Roman. Roman oaths of loyalty were traditionally collective; the Decian oath has been interpreted as a design to root out individual subversives and suppress their cults, but apostasy was sought, rather than capital punishment. A year after its due deadline, the edict expired.
|
What was the Decian decree meant to root out?
|
What was the Decian decree meant to root out?
|
[
"What was the Decian decree meant to root out?"
] |
{
"text": [
"subversives"
],
"answer_start": [
657
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111508
|
57322474e99e3014001e6552
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a politically and socially fractured Empire and its multitude of cults; no ancestral gods were specified by name. The fulfillment of sacrificial obligation by loyal subjects would define them and their gods as Roman. Roman oaths of loyalty were traditionally collective; the Decian oath has been interpreted as a design to root out individual subversives and suppress their cults, but apostasy was sought, rather than capital punishment. A year after its due deadline, the edict expired.
|
What happened to the decree after a year?
|
What happened to the decree after a year?
|
[
"What happened to the decree after a year?"
] |
{
"text": [
"edict expired."
],
"answer_start": [
787
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111509
|
573226e1b9d445190005e83d
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system – not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome’s equites and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his disgraceful capture and death as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence. Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference – he had written to Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein – and Hippolytus recognised a “pagan” basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited; Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 for "dogmatic reasons – his doctrine on the human nature of Christ was rejected – and for his lifestyle, which reminded his brethren of the habits of the administrative elite". The reasons for his deposition were widely circulated among the churches. Meanwhile, Aurelian (270-75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers (concordia militum), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome's Campus Martius.
|
What did Valerian call the Christian religion?
|
What did Valerian call the Christian religion?
|
[
"What did Valerian call the Christian religion?"
] |
{
"text": [
"subversive foreign cult"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111510
|
573226e1b9d445190005e83e
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system – not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome’s equites and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his disgraceful capture and death as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence. Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference – he had written to Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein – and Hippolytus recognised a “pagan” basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited; Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 for "dogmatic reasons – his doctrine on the human nature of Christ was rejected – and for his lifestyle, which reminded his brethren of the habits of the administrative elite". The reasons for his deposition were widely circulated among the churches. Meanwhile, Aurelian (270-75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers (concordia militum), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome's Campus Martius.
|
What Christian events did Valerian outlaw?
|
What Christian events did Valerian outlaw?
|
[
"What Christian events did Valerian outlaw?"
] |
{
"text": [
"assemblies"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111511
|
573226e1b9d445190005e83f
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system – not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome’s equites and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his disgraceful capture and death as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence. Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference – he had written to Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein – and Hippolytus recognised a “pagan” basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited; Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 for "dogmatic reasons – his doctrine on the human nature of Christ was rejected – and for his lifestyle, which reminded his brethren of the habits of the administrative elite". The reasons for his deposition were widely circulated among the churches. Meanwhile, Aurelian (270-75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers (concordia militum), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome's Campus Martius.
|
To what gods did Valerian tell the Christians to sacrifice?
|
To what gods did Valerian tell the Christians to sacrifice?
|
[
"To what gods did Valerian tell the Christians to sacrifice?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Rome's traditional"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111512
|
573226e1b9d445190005e840
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system – not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome’s equites and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his disgraceful capture and death as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence. Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference – he had written to Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein – and Hippolytus recognised a “pagan” basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited; Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 for "dogmatic reasons – his doctrine on the human nature of Christ was rejected – and for his lifestyle, which reminded his brethren of the habits of the administrative elite". The reasons for his deposition were widely circulated among the churches. Meanwhile, Aurelian (270-75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers (concordia militum), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome's Campus Martius.
|
What did Valerian's second edict call the Christians' presence in the empire?
|
What did Valerian's second edict call the Christians' presence in the empire?
|
[
"What did Valerian's second edict call the Christians' presence in the empire?"
] |
{
"text": [
"threat"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111513
|
573226e1b9d445190005e841
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system – not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome’s equites and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his disgraceful capture and death as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence. Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference – he had written to Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein – and Hippolytus recognised a “pagan” basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited; Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 for "dogmatic reasons – his doctrine on the human nature of Christ was rejected – and for his lifestyle, which reminded his brethren of the habits of the administrative elite". The reasons for his deposition were widely circulated among the churches. Meanwhile, Aurelian (270-75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers (concordia militum), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome's Campus Martius.
|
What did the Christian church become in the years after Valerian's death?
|
What did the Christian church become in the years after Valerian's death?
|
[
"What did the Christian church become in the years after Valerian's death?"
] |
{
"text": [
"stronger"
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111514
|
573228d1b9d445190005e865
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
In 295, a certain Maximilian refused military service; in 298 Marcellus renounced his military oath. Both were executed for treason; both were Christians. At some time around 302, a report of ominous haruspicy in Diocletian's domus and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military triggered a series of edicts against Christianity. The first (303 AD) "ordered the destruction of church buildings and Christian texts, forbade services to be held, degraded officials who were Christians, re-enslaved imperial freedmen who were Christians, and reduced the legal rights of all Christians... [Physical] or capital punishments were not imposed on them" but soon after, several Christians suspected of attempted arson in the palace were executed. The second edict threatened Christian priests with imprisonment and the third offered them freedom if they performed sacrifice. An edict of 304 enjoined universal sacrifice to traditional gods, in terms that recall the Decian edict.
|
For what reason were Maximillian and Marcellus executed?
|
For what reason were Maximillian and Marcellus executed?
|
[
"For what reason were Maximillian and Marcellus executed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"treason"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111515
|
573228d1b9d445190005e866
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
In 295, a certain Maximilian refused military service; in 298 Marcellus renounced his military oath. Both were executed for treason; both were Christians. At some time around 302, a report of ominous haruspicy in Diocletian's domus and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military triggered a series of edicts against Christianity. The first (303 AD) "ordered the destruction of church buildings and Christian texts, forbade services to be held, degraded officials who were Christians, re-enslaved imperial freedmen who were Christians, and reduced the legal rights of all Christians... [Physical] or capital punishments were not imposed on them" but soon after, several Christians suspected of attempted arson in the palace were executed. The second edict threatened Christian priests with imprisonment and the third offered them freedom if they performed sacrifice. An edict of 304 enjoined universal sacrifice to traditional gods, in terms that recall the Decian edict.
|
In what year did Diocletian's edict order the destruction of Christian churches and texts?
|
In what year did Diocletian's edict order the destruction of Christian churches and texts?
|
[
"In what year did Diocletian's edict order the destruction of Christian churches and texts?"
] |
{
"text": [
"303 AD"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111516
|
573228d1b9d445190005e867
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
In 295, a certain Maximilian refused military service; in 298 Marcellus renounced his military oath. Both were executed for treason; both were Christians. At some time around 302, a report of ominous haruspicy in Diocletian's domus and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military triggered a series of edicts against Christianity. The first (303 AD) "ordered the destruction of church buildings and Christian texts, forbade services to be held, degraded officials who were Christians, re-enslaved imperial freedmen who were Christians, and reduced the legal rights of all Christians... [Physical] or capital punishments were not imposed on them" but soon after, several Christians suspected of attempted arson in the palace were executed. The second edict threatened Christian priests with imprisonment and the third offered them freedom if they performed sacrifice. An edict of 304 enjoined universal sacrifice to traditional gods, in terms that recall the Decian edict.
|
In 303 AD what did Christians begin losing?
|
In 303 AD what did Christians begin losing?
|
[
"In 303 AD what did Christians begin losing?"
] |
{
"text": [
"legal rights"
],
"answer_start": [
587
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111517
|
573228d1b9d445190005e868
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
In 295, a certain Maximilian refused military service; in 298 Marcellus renounced his military oath. Both were executed for treason; both were Christians. At some time around 302, a report of ominous haruspicy in Diocletian's domus and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military triggered a series of edicts against Christianity. The first (303 AD) "ordered the destruction of church buildings and Christian texts, forbade services to be held, degraded officials who were Christians, re-enslaved imperial freedmen who were Christians, and reduced the legal rights of all Christians... [Physical] or capital punishments were not imposed on them" but soon after, several Christians suspected of attempted arson in the palace were executed. The second edict threatened Christian priests with imprisonment and the third offered them freedom if they performed sacrifice. An edict of 304 enjoined universal sacrifice to traditional gods, in terms that recall the Decian edict.
|
With what were Christian priests threatened in the second edict?
|
With what were Christian priests threatened in the second edict?
|
[
"With what were Christian priests threatened in the second edict?"
] |
{
"text": [
"imprisonment"
],
"answer_start": [
825
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111518
|
573228d1b9d445190005e869
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
In 295, a certain Maximilian refused military service; in 298 Marcellus renounced his military oath. Both were executed for treason; both were Christians. At some time around 302, a report of ominous haruspicy in Diocletian's domus and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military triggered a series of edicts against Christianity. The first (303 AD) "ordered the destruction of church buildings and Christian texts, forbade services to be held, degraded officials who were Christians, re-enslaved imperial freedmen who were Christians, and reduced the legal rights of all Christians... [Physical] or capital punishments were not imposed on them" but soon after, several Christians suspected of attempted arson in the palace were executed. The second edict threatened Christian priests with imprisonment and the third offered them freedom if they performed sacrifice. An edict of 304 enjoined universal sacrifice to traditional gods, in terms that recall the Decian edict.
|
To what did the edict of 304 admonish Christians to sacrifice?
|
To what did the edict of 304 admonish Christians to sacrifice?
|
[
"To what did the edict of 304 admonish Christians to sacrifice?"
] |
{
"text": [
"traditional gods"
],
"answer_start": [
950
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111519
|
57322ed7b9d445190005e8a3
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced: some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred. Others complied. Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian, but powerful and influential; and some provincial authorities were lenient, notably the Caesar in Gaul, Constantius Chlorus, the father of Constantine I. Diocletian's successor Galerius maintained anti-Christian policy until his deathbed revocation in 311, when he asked Christians to pray for him. "This meant an official recognition of their importance in the religious world of the Roman empire, although one of the tetrarchs, Maximinus Daia, still oppressed Christians in his part of the empire up to 313."
|
How were the Roman edicts handled in some areas?
|
How were the Roman edicts handled in some areas?
|
[
"How were the Roman edicts handled in some areas?"
] |
{
"text": [
"strictly enforced"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111520
|
57322ed7b9d445190005e8a4
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced: some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred. Others complied. Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian, but powerful and influential; and some provincial authorities were lenient, notably the Caesar in Gaul, Constantius Chlorus, the father of Constantine I. Diocletian's successor Galerius maintained anti-Christian policy until his deathbed revocation in 311, when he asked Christians to pray for him. "This meant an official recognition of their importance in the religious world of the Roman empire, although one of the tetrarchs, Maximinus Daia, still oppressed Christians in his part of the empire up to 313."
|
In areas of strict enforcement, what happened to Christians?
|
In areas of strict enforcement, what happened to Christians?
|
[
"In areas of strict enforcement, what happened to Christians?"
] |
{
"text": [
"imprisoned or martyred"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111521
|
57322ed7b9d445190005e8a5
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced: some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred. Others complied. Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian, but powerful and influential; and some provincial authorities were lenient, notably the Caesar in Gaul, Constantius Chlorus, the father of Constantine I. Diocletian's successor Galerius maintained anti-Christian policy until his deathbed revocation in 311, when he asked Christians to pray for him. "This meant an official recognition of their importance in the religious world of the Roman empire, although one of the tetrarchs, Maximinus Daia, still oppressed Christians in his part of the empire up to 313."
|
What were some Christian communities?
|
What were some Christian communities?
|
[
"What were some Christian communities?"
] |
{
"text": [
"powerful and influential"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111522
|
57322ed7b9d445190005e8a6
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced: some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred. Others complied. Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian, but powerful and influential; and some provincial authorities were lenient, notably the Caesar in Gaul, Constantius Chlorus, the father of Constantine I. Diocletian's successor Galerius maintained anti-Christian policy until his deathbed revocation in 311, when he asked Christians to pray for him. "This meant an official recognition of their importance in the religious world of the Roman empire, although one of the tetrarchs, Maximinus Daia, still oppressed Christians in his part of the empire up to 313."
|
What were some provincial governors in enforcement of the Roman edicts?
|
What were some provincial governors in enforcement of the Roman edicts?
|
[
"What were some provincial governors in enforcement of the Roman edicts?"
] |
{
"text": [
"lenient"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111523
|
57322ed7b9d445190005e8a7
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced: some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred. Others complied. Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian, but powerful and influential; and some provincial authorities were lenient, notably the Caesar in Gaul, Constantius Chlorus, the father of Constantine I. Diocletian's successor Galerius maintained anti-Christian policy until his deathbed revocation in 311, when he asked Christians to pray for him. "This meant an official recognition of their importance in the religious world of the Roman empire, although one of the tetrarchs, Maximinus Daia, still oppressed Christians in his part of the empire up to 313."
|
When did Galerius revoke the anti-Christian policies?
|
When did Galerius revoke the anti-Christian policies?
|
[
"When did Galerius revoke the anti-Christian policies?"
] |
{
"text": [
"311"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111524
|
57323080e17f3d14004226ff
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because:
|
Who said the imperial honors were against Christian teachings?
|
Who said the imperial honors were against Christian teachings?
|
[
"Who said the imperial honors were against Christian teachings?"
] |
{
"text": [
"St. Jerome"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111525
|
57323080e17f3d1400422700
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because:
|
With what veneration did most Christians have little trouble?
|
With what veneration did most Christians have little trouble?
|
[
"With what veneration did most Christians have little trouble?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"pagan\" emperors"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111526
|
57323080e17f3d1400422701
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because:
|
To what did the Christian church equate the peace of the emperors?
|
To what did the Christian church equate the peace of the emperors?
|
[
"To what did the Christian church equate the peace of the emperors?"
] |
{
"text": [
"peace of God"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111527
|
57323080e17f3d1400422702
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because:
|
What pontifax maximus favored the Catholic church?
|
What pontifax maximus favored the Catholic church?
|
[
"What pontifax maximus favored the Catholic church? "
] |
{
"text": [
"Constantine I"
],
"answer_start": [
513
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111528
|
57323080e17f3d1400422703
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because:
|
What Christian group did Constantine I disapprove?
|
What Christian group did Constantine I disapprove?
|
[
"What Christian group did Constantine I disapprove?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Donatists"
],
"answer_start": [
588
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111529
|
5732321ce17f3d1400422717
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the pax deorum with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was (in traditional Roman terms) auspicious - or in Christian terms, what was orthodox. The edict of Milan (313) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration. Constantine had triumphed under the signum (sign) of the Christ: Christianity was therefore officially embraced along with traditional religions and from his new Eastern capital, Constantine could be seen to embody both Christian and Hellenic religious interests. He may have officially ended – or attempted to end – blood sacrifices to the genius of living emperors but his Imperial iconography and court ceremonial outstripped Diocletian's in their supra-human elevation of the Imperial hierarch. His later direct intervention in Church affairs proved a political masterstroke. Constantine united the empire as an absolute head of state, and on his death, he was honored as a Christian, Imperial, and "divus".
|
What edict defined imperial ideas as being those of toleration?
|
What edict defined imperial ideas as being those of toleration?
|
[
"What edict defined imperial ideas as being those of toleration?"
] |
{
"text": [
"edict of Milan"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111530
|
5732321ce17f3d1400422718
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the pax deorum with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was (in traditional Roman terms) auspicious - or in Christian terms, what was orthodox. The edict of Milan (313) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration. Constantine had triumphed under the signum (sign) of the Christ: Christianity was therefore officially embraced along with traditional religions and from his new Eastern capital, Constantine could be seen to embody both Christian and Hellenic religious interests. He may have officially ended – or attempted to end – blood sacrifices to the genius of living emperors but his Imperial iconography and court ceremonial outstripped Diocletian's in their supra-human elevation of the Imperial hierarch. His later direct intervention in Church affairs proved a political masterstroke. Constantine united the empire as an absolute head of state, and on his death, he was honored as a Christian, Imperial, and "divus".
|
How did Constantine accept Christianity?
|
How did Constantine accept Christianity?
|
[
"How did Constantine accept Christianity?"
] |
{
"text": [
"officially"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111531
|
5732321ce17f3d1400422719
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the pax deorum with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was (in traditional Roman terms) auspicious - or in Christian terms, what was orthodox. The edict of Milan (313) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration. Constantine had triumphed under the signum (sign) of the Christ: Christianity was therefore officially embraced along with traditional religions and from his new Eastern capital, Constantine could be seen to embody both Christian and Hellenic religious interests. He may have officially ended – or attempted to end – blood sacrifices to the genius of living emperors but his Imperial iconography and court ceremonial outstripped Diocletian's in their supra-human elevation of the Imperial hierarch. His later direct intervention in Church affairs proved a political masterstroke. Constantine united the empire as an absolute head of state, and on his death, he was honored as a Christian, Imperial, and "divus".
|
Besides the acceptance of Christianity, what other religious cults were tolerated?
|
Besides the acceptance of Christianity, what other religious cults were tolerated?
|
[
"Besides the acceptance of Christianity, what other religious cults were tolerated?"
] |
{
"text": [
"traditional religions"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111532
|
5732321ce17f3d140042271a
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the pax deorum with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was (in traditional Roman terms) auspicious - or in Christian terms, what was orthodox. The edict of Milan (313) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration. Constantine had triumphed under the signum (sign) of the Christ: Christianity was therefore officially embraced along with traditional religions and from his new Eastern capital, Constantine could be seen to embody both Christian and Hellenic religious interests. He may have officially ended – or attempted to end – blood sacrifices to the genius of living emperors but his Imperial iconography and court ceremonial outstripped Diocletian's in their supra-human elevation of the Imperial hierarch. His later direct intervention in Church affairs proved a political masterstroke. Constantine united the empire as an absolute head of state, and on his death, he was honored as a Christian, Imperial, and "divus".
|
As what type of ruler did Constantine unite the empire and church?
|
As what type of ruler did Constantine unite the empire and church?
|
[
"As what type of ruler did Constantine unite the empire and church?"
] |
{
"text": [
"absolute head of state"
],
"answer_start": [
932
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111533
|
5732321ce17f3d140042271b
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the pax deorum with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was (in traditional Roman terms) auspicious - or in Christian terms, what was orthodox. The edict of Milan (313) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration. Constantine had triumphed under the signum (sign) of the Christ: Christianity was therefore officially embraced along with traditional religions and from his new Eastern capital, Constantine could be seen to embody both Christian and Hellenic religious interests. He may have officially ended – or attempted to end – blood sacrifices to the genius of living emperors but his Imperial iconography and court ceremonial outstripped Diocletian's in their supra-human elevation of the Imperial hierarch. His later direct intervention in Church affairs proved a political masterstroke. Constantine united the empire as an absolute head of state, and on his death, he was honored as a Christian, Imperial, and "divus".
|
As what was Constantine honored when he died?
|
As what was Constantine honored when he died?
|
[
"As what was Constantine honored when he died?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Christian, Imperial, and \"divus\""
],
"answer_start": [
994
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111534
|
573233c1b9d445190005e8bd
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
At the time, there were many varying opinions about Christian doctrine, and no centralized way of enforcing orthodoxy. Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting, and some 318 bishops (very few from the Western Empire) attended the First Council of Nicaea. The purpose of this meeting was to define Christian orthodoxy and clearly differentiate it from Christian heresies. The meeting reached consensus on the Nicene Creed and other statements. Later, Philostorgius criticized Christians who offered sacrifice at statues of the divus Constantine. Constantine nevertheless took great pains to assuage traditionalist and Christian anxieties.
|
What group did Constantine call to a meeting?
|
What group did Constantine call to a meeting?
|
[
"What group did Constantine call to a meeting?"
] |
{
"text": [
"First Council of Nicaea"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111535
|
573233c1b9d445190005e8be
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
At the time, there were many varying opinions about Christian doctrine, and no centralized way of enforcing orthodoxy. Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting, and some 318 bishops (very few from the Western Empire) attended the First Council of Nicaea. The purpose of this meeting was to define Christian orthodoxy and clearly differentiate it from Christian heresies. The meeting reached consensus on the Nicene Creed and other statements. Later, Philostorgius criticized Christians who offered sacrifice at statues of the divus Constantine. Constantine nevertheless took great pains to assuage traditionalist and Christian anxieties.
|
How many bishops attended the First Council?
|
How many bishops attended the First Council?
|
[
"How many bishops attended the First Council?"
] |
{
"text": [
"318"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111536
|
573233c1b9d445190005e8bf
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
At the time, there were many varying opinions about Christian doctrine, and no centralized way of enforcing orthodoxy. Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting, and some 318 bishops (very few from the Western Empire) attended the First Council of Nicaea. The purpose of this meeting was to define Christian orthodoxy and clearly differentiate it from Christian heresies. The meeting reached consensus on the Nicene Creed and other statements. Later, Philostorgius criticized Christians who offered sacrifice at statues of the divus Constantine. Constantine nevertheless took great pains to assuage traditionalist and Christian anxieties.
|
From where were the bishops in attendance at the Council few in number?
|
From where were the bishops in attendance at the Council few in number?
|
[
"From where were the bishops in attendance at the Council few in number?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Western Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111537
|
573233c1b9d445190005e8c0
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
At the time, there were many varying opinions about Christian doctrine, and no centralized way of enforcing orthodoxy. Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting, and some 318 bishops (very few from the Western Empire) attended the First Council of Nicaea. The purpose of this meeting was to define Christian orthodoxy and clearly differentiate it from Christian heresies. The meeting reached consensus on the Nicene Creed and other statements. Later, Philostorgius criticized Christians who offered sacrifice at statues of the divus Constantine. Constantine nevertheless took great pains to assuage traditionalist and Christian anxieties.
|
What was the Council of Nicaea meant to define?
|
What was the Council of Nicaea meant to define?
|
[
"What was the Council of Nicaea meant to define?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Christian orthodoxy"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111538
|
573233c1b9d445190005e8c1
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
At the time, there were many varying opinions about Christian doctrine, and no centralized way of enforcing orthodoxy. Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting, and some 318 bishops (very few from the Western Empire) attended the First Council of Nicaea. The purpose of this meeting was to define Christian orthodoxy and clearly differentiate it from Christian heresies. The meeting reached consensus on the Nicene Creed and other statements. Later, Philostorgius criticized Christians who offered sacrifice at statues of the divus Constantine. Constantine nevertheless took great pains to assuage traditionalist and Christian anxieties.
|
What agreement was reached a the Council of Nicaea ?
|
What agreement was reached a the Council of Nicaea ?
|
[
"What agreement was reached a the Council of Nicaea ?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Nicene Creed"
],
"answer_start": [
453
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111539
|
5732354ce17f3d140042272b
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions.
|
What emperor tried to revive traditional religious practices?
|
What emperor tried to revive traditional religious practices?
|
[
"What emperor tried to revive traditional religious practices?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Julian"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111540
|
5732354ce17f3d140042272c
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions.
|
What was proclaimed the state religion under Theodosius I?
|
What was proclaimed the state religion under Theodosius I?
|
[
"What was proclaimed the state religion under Theodosius I?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Nicene Christianity"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111541
|
5732354ce17f3d140042272d
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions.
|
What pleas were rejected by the empire?
|
What pleas were rejected by the empire?
|
[
"What pleas were rejected by the empire?"
] |
{
"text": [
"religious tolerance"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111542
|
5732354ce17f3d140042272e
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions.
|
What group was excluded or persecuted by the empire?
|
What group was excluded or persecuted by the empire?
|
[
"What group was excluded or persecuted by the empire?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Heretics"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111543
|
5732354ce17f3d140042272f
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions.
|
What aspects of Roman religion influenced Christian forms?
|
What aspects of Roman religion influenced Christian forms?
|
[
"What aspects of Roman religion influenced Christian forms?"
] |
{
"text": [
"ritual"
],
"answer_start": [
550
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111544
|
573236d2e17f3d1400422735
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices and rights. He proposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem's temple as an Imperial project and argued against the "irrational impieties" of Christian doctrine. His attempt to restore an Augustan form of principate, with himself as primus inter pares ended with his death in 363 in Persia, after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned. The empire once again fell under Christian control, this time permanently.
|
Who rejected the Christian religion?
|
Who rejected the Christian religion?
|
[
"Who rejected the Christian religion?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Julian"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111545
|
573236d2e17f3d1400422736
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices and rights. He proposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem's temple as an Imperial project and argued against the "irrational impieties" of Christian doctrine. His attempt to restore an Augustan form of principate, with himself as primus inter pares ended with his death in 363 in Persia, after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned. The empire once again fell under Christian control, this time permanently.
|
When did Julian become Augustus?
|
When did Julian become Augustus?
|
[
"When did Julian become Augustus?"
] |
{
"text": [
"361"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111546
|
573236d2e17f3d1400422737
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices and rights. He proposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem's temple as an Imperial project and argued against the "irrational impieties" of Christian doctrine. His attempt to restore an Augustan form of principate, with himself as primus inter pares ended with his death in 363 in Persia, after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned. The empire once again fell under Christian control, this time permanently.
|
What did Julian try to restore to the empire?
|
What did Julian try to restore to the empire?
|
[
"What did Julian try to restore to the empire?"
] |
{
"text": [
"non-Christian practices"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111547
|
573236d2e17f3d1400422738
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices and rights. He proposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem's temple as an Imperial project and argued against the "irrational impieties" of Christian doctrine. His attempt to restore an Augustan form of principate, with himself as primus inter pares ended with his death in 363 in Persia, after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned. The empire once again fell under Christian control, this time permanently.
|
What building did Julian want to rebuild?
|
What building did Julian want to rebuild?
|
[
"What building did Julian want to rebuild?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Jerusalem's temple"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111548
|
573236d2e17f3d1400422739
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices and rights. He proposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem's temple as an Imperial project and argued against the "irrational impieties" of Christian doctrine. His attempt to restore an Augustan form of principate, with himself as primus inter pares ended with his death in 363 in Persia, after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned. The empire once again fell under Christian control, this time permanently.
|
After Julian's death, under to what type of religion did the empire return?
|
After Julian's death, under to what type of religion did the empire return?
|
[
"After Julian's death, under to what type of religion did the empire return?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Christian control"
],
"answer_start": [
688
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111549
|
573238630fdd8d15006c685f
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, and against the protests of the senate, removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals. Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religion and ended official support for all other creeds and cults. He not only refused to restore Victory to the senate-house, but extinguished the Sacred fire of the Vestals and vacated their temple: the senatorial protest was expressed in a letter by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus to the Western and Eastern emperors. Ambrose, the influential Bishop of Milan and future saint, wrote urging the rejection of Symmachus's request for tolerance. Yet Theodosius accepted comparison with Hercules and Jupiter as a living divinity in the panegyric of Pacatus, and despite his active dismantling of Rome's traditional cults and priesthoods could commend his heirs to its overwhelmingly Hellenic senate in traditional Hellenic terms.[clarification needed] He was the last emperor of both East and West.
|
What office did Western emperor Gratian decline?
|
What office did Western emperor Gratian decline?
|
[
"What office did Western emperor Gratian decline?"
] |
{
"text": [
"pontifex maximus"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111550
|
573238630fdd8d15006c6860
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, and against the protests of the senate, removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals. Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religion and ended official support for all other creeds and cults. He not only refused to restore Victory to the senate-house, but extinguished the Sacred fire of the Vestals and vacated their temple: the senatorial protest was expressed in a letter by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus to the Western and Eastern emperors. Ambrose, the influential Bishop of Milan and future saint, wrote urging the rejection of Symmachus's request for tolerance. Yet Theodosius accepted comparison with Hercules and Jupiter as a living divinity in the panegyric of Pacatus, and despite his active dismantling of Rome's traditional cults and priesthoods could commend his heirs to its overwhelmingly Hellenic senate in traditional Hellenic terms.[clarification needed] He was the last emperor of both East and West.
|
What group did Gratian seek the abolish?
|
What group did Gratian seek the abolish?
|
[
"What group did Gratian seek the abolish?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Vestals"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111551
|
573238630fdd8d15006c6861
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, and against the protests of the senate, removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals. Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religion and ended official support for all other creeds and cults. He not only refused to restore Victory to the senate-house, but extinguished the Sacred fire of the Vestals and vacated their temple: the senatorial protest was expressed in a letter by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus to the Western and Eastern emperors. Ambrose, the influential Bishop of Milan and future saint, wrote urging the rejection of Symmachus's request for tolerance. Yet Theodosius accepted comparison with Hercules and Jupiter as a living divinity in the panegyric of Pacatus, and despite his active dismantling of Rome's traditional cults and priesthoods could commend his heirs to its overwhelmingly Hellenic senate in traditional Hellenic terms.[clarification needed] He was the last emperor of both East and West.
|
Which emperor briefly united the empire again?
|
Which emperor briefly united the empire again?
|
[
"Which emperor briefly united the empire again?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Theodosius I"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111552
|
573238630fdd8d15006c6862
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, and against the protests of the senate, removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals. Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religion and ended official support for all other creeds and cults. He not only refused to restore Victory to the senate-house, but extinguished the Sacred fire of the Vestals and vacated their temple: the senatorial protest was expressed in a letter by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus to the Western and Eastern emperors. Ambrose, the influential Bishop of Milan and future saint, wrote urging the rejection of Symmachus's request for tolerance. Yet Theodosius accepted comparison with Hercules and Jupiter as a living divinity in the panegyric of Pacatus, and despite his active dismantling of Rome's traditional cults and priesthoods could commend his heirs to its overwhelmingly Hellenic senate in traditional Hellenic terms.[clarification needed] He was the last emperor of both East and West.
|
What flame did Theodosius extinguish to remove the Vestals from power?
|
What flame did Theodosius extinguish to remove the Vestals from power?
|
[
"What flame did Theodosius extinguish to remove the Vestals from power?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Sacred fire"
],
"answer_start": [
463
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111553
|
573238630fdd8d15006c6863
|
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
|
The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, and against the protests of the senate, removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals. Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religion and ended official support for all other creeds and cults. He not only refused to restore Victory to the senate-house, but extinguished the Sacred fire of the Vestals and vacated their temple: the senatorial protest was expressed in a letter by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus to the Western and Eastern emperors. Ambrose, the influential Bishop of Milan and future saint, wrote urging the rejection of Symmachus's request for tolerance. Yet Theodosius accepted comparison with Hercules and Jupiter as a living divinity in the panegyric of Pacatus, and despite his active dismantling of Rome's traditional cults and priesthoods could commend his heirs to its overwhelmingly Hellenic senate in traditional Hellenic terms.[clarification needed] He was the last emperor of both East and West.
|
Of what was Theodosius the last emperor?
|
Of what was Theodosius the last emperor?
|
[
"Of what was Theodosius the last emperor?"
] |
{
"text": [
"East and West"
],
"answer_start": [
1093
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111554
|
572b713d34ae481900deae15
|
Education
|
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.
|
What makes up Education?
|
What makes up Education?
|
[
"What makes up Education?"
] |
{
"text": [
"knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111555
|
572b713d34ae481900deae16
|
Education
|
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.
|
What methods make up Education?
|
What methods make up Education?
|
[
"What methods make up Education?"
] |
{
"text": [
"storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111556
|
572b713d34ae481900deae17
|
Education
|
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.
|
Where does education usually take place under?
|
Where does education usually take place under?
|
[
"Where does education usually take place under?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the guidance of educators"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111557
|
5acd707407355d001abf4248
|
Education
|
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.
|
What does not make up education?
|
What does not make up education?
|
[
"What does not make up education?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111558
|
5acd707407355d001abf4249
|
Education
|
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.
|
What methods do not make up Education?
|
What methods do not make up Education?
|
[
" What methods do not make up Education?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111559
|
5acd707407355d001abf424a
|
Education
|
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.
|
Where does education never take place under?
|
Where does education never take place under?
|
[
"Where does education never take place under?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111560
|
5acd707407355d001abf424b
|
Education
|
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.
|
What only happens in a formal setting?
|
What only happens in a formal setting?
|
[
"What only happens in a formal setting?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111561
|
5acd707407355d001abf424c
|
Education
|
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.
|
What only happens in an informal setting?
|
What only happens in an informal setting?
|
[
"What only happens in an informal setting?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111562
|
572b7304f75d5e190021fdde
|
Education
|
After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation, and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research. Founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university.
|
What occurred after the Fall of Rome with literature?
|
What occurred after the Fall of Rome with literature?
|
[
"What occurred after the Fall of Rome with literature?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Catholic Church became the sole preserver"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111563
|
572b7304f75d5e190021fddf
|
Education
|
After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation, and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research. Founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university.
|
What happened with education during the Early Middle Ages?
|
What happened with education during the Early Middle Ages?
|
[
"What happened with education during the Early Middle Ages?"
] |
{
"text": [
"church established cathedral schools"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111564
|
572b7304f75d5e190021fde0
|
Education
|
After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation, and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research. Founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university.
|
What did these early schools during the Middle Ages evolve into?
|
What did these early schools during the Middle Ages evolve into?
|
[
"What did these early schools during the Middle Ages evolve into?"
] |
{
"text": [
"medieval universities"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111565
|
572b7304f75d5e190021fde1
|
Education
|
After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation, and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research. Founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university.
|
What was the name of the famous school during the high middle ages?
|
What was the name of the famous school during the high middle ages?
|
[
"What was the name of the famous school during the high middle ages?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Chartres Cathedral School"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111566
|
5acd70dd07355d001abf425c
|
Education
|
After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation, and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research. Founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university.
|
What occurred before the Fall of Rome with literature?
|
What occurred before the Fall of Rome with literature?
|
[
"What occurred before the Fall of Rome with literature?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111567
|
5acd70dd07355d001abf425d
|
Education
|
After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation, and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research. Founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university.
|
What happened with education during the Late Middle Ages?
|
What happened with education during the Late Middle Ages?
|
[
" What happened with education during the Late Middle Ages?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111568
|
5acd70dd07355d001abf425e
|
Education
|
After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation, and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research. Founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university.
|
What did these early schools during the Middle Ages evolve from?
|
What did these early schools during the Middle Ages evolve from?
|
[
" What did these early schools during the Middle Ages evolve from?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111569
|
5acd70dd07355d001abf425f
|
Education
|
After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation, and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research. Founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university.
|
What was the name of the famous school during the low middle ages?
|
What was the name of the famous school during the low middle ages?
|
[
"What was the name of the famous school during the low middle ages?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111570
|
5acd70dd07355d001abf4260
|
Education
|
After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation, and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research. Founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university.
|
What was founded in 1089?
|
What was founded in 1089?
|
[
"What was founded in 1089?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111571
|
572b827ff75d5e190021fe12
|
Education
|
Formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system. Such choices include curriculum, organizational models, design of the physical learning spaces (e.g. classrooms), student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more.
|
Where does formal education take place?
|
Where does formal education take place?
|
[
"Where does formal education take place?"
] |
{
"text": [
"school environment"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111572
|
572b827ff75d5e190021fe13
|
Education
|
Formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system. Such choices include curriculum, organizational models, design of the physical learning spaces (e.g. classrooms), student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more.
|
What are some of the sets or ideals most school systems follow?
|
What are some of the sets or ideals most school systems follow?
|
[
"What are some of the sets or ideals most school systems follow?"
] |
{
"text": [
"student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size,"
],
"answer_start": [
496
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111573
|
572b827ff75d5e190021fe14
|
Education
|
Formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system. Such choices include curriculum, organizational models, design of the physical learning spaces (e.g. classrooms), student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more.
|
Who guides the students in a formal environment?
|
Who guides the students in a formal environment?
|
[
"Who guides the students in a formal environment?"
] |
{
"text": [
"certified teacher"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111574
|
5acd72b107355d001abf42b6
|
Education
|
Formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system. Such choices include curriculum, organizational models, design of the physical learning spaces (e.g. classrooms), student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more.
|
Where does informal education take place?
|
Where does informal education take place?
|
[
" Where does informal education take place?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111575
|
5acd72b107355d001abf42b7
|
Education
|
Formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system. Such choices include curriculum, organizational models, design of the physical learning spaces (e.g. classrooms), student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more.
|
What is the implicit purpose of a structured environment?
|
What is the implicit purpose of a structured environment?
|
[
"What is the implicit purpose of a structured environment? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111576
|
5acd72b107355d001abf42b8
|
Education
|
Formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system. Such choices include curriculum, organizational models, design of the physical learning spaces (e.g. classrooms), student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more.
|
What system is not designed around values and ideals?
|
What system is not designed around values and ideals?
|
[
"What system is not designed around values and ideals?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111577
|
5acd72b107355d001abf42b9
|
Education
|
Formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system. Such choices include curriculum, organizational models, design of the physical learning spaces (e.g. classrooms), student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more.
|
What doesn't guide students in formal environments?
|
What doesn't guide students in formal environments?
|
[
"What doesn't guide students in formal environments?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111578
|
5acd72b107355d001abf42ba
|
Education
|
Formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system. Such choices include curriculum, organizational models, design of the physical learning spaces (e.g. classrooms), student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more.
|
Who guides the students in an informal environment?
|
Who guides the students in an informal environment?
|
[
"Who guides the students in an informal environment?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111579
|
572b83adbe1ee31400cb83f5
|
Education
|
Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven, depending on the country, when children enter primary education. These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten, except in the US, where kindergarten is a term used for primary education.[citation needed] Kindergarten "provide[s] a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three- to seven-year-old children that aim[s] at unfolding the child's physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them."
|
Whats the typical age range for pre-school?
|
Whats the typical age range for pre-school?
|
[
"Whats the typical age range for pre-school?"
] |
{
"text": [
"three to seven"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111580
|
572b83adbe1ee31400cb83f6
|
Education
|
Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven, depending on the country, when children enter primary education. These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten, except in the US, where kindergarten is a term used for primary education.[citation needed] Kindergarten "provide[s] a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three- to seven-year-old children that aim[s] at unfolding the child's physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them."
|
What are pre-schools also known as?
|
What are pre-schools also known as?
|
[
"What are pre-schools also known as?"
] |
{
"text": [
"nursery schools and as kindergarten,"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111581
|
572b83adbe1ee31400cb83f7
|
Education
|
Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven, depending on the country, when children enter primary education. These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten, except in the US, where kindergarten is a term used for primary education.[citation needed] Kindergarten "provide[s] a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three- to seven-year-old children that aim[s] at unfolding the child's physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them."
|
In what country is Kindergarten a term used for primary education?
|
In what country is Kindergarten a term used for primary education?
|
[
"In what country is Kindergarten a term used for primary education?"
] |
{
"text": [
"US"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111582
|
5acd730d07355d001abf42d4
|
Education
|
Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven, depending on the country, when children enter primary education. These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten, except in the US, where kindergarten is a term used for primary education.[citation needed] Kindergarten "provide[s] a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three- to seven-year-old children that aim[s] at unfolding the child's physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them."
|
Whats the atypical age range for pre-school?
|
Whats the atypical age range for pre-school?
|
[
"Whats the atypical age range for pre-school?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111583
|
5acd730d07355d001abf42d5
|
Education
|
Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven, depending on the country, when children enter primary education. These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten, except in the US, where kindergarten is a term used for primary education.[citation needed] Kindergarten "provide[s] a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three- to seven-year-old children that aim[s] at unfolding the child's physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them."
|
What are pre-schools not known as?
|
What are pre-schools not known as?
|
[
" What are pre-schools not known as?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111584
|
5acd730d07355d001abf42d6
|
Education
|
Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven, depending on the country, when children enter primary education. These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten, except in the US, where kindergarten is a term used for primary education.[citation needed] Kindergarten "provide[s] a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three- to seven-year-old children that aim[s] at unfolding the child's physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them."
|
In what country is kindergarten not a term used for primary education?
|
In what country is kindergarten not a term used for primary education?
|
[
" In what country is kindergarten not a term used for primary education?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111585
|
5acd730d07355d001abf42d7
|
Education
|
Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven, depending on the country, when children enter primary education. These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten, except in the US, where kindergarten is a term used for primary education.[citation needed] Kindergarten "provide[s] a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three- to seven-year-old children that aim[s] at unfolding the child's physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them."
|
What ages are not included in Kindergarten?
|
What ages are not included in Kindergarten?
|
[
"What ages are not included in Kindergarten?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111586
|
5acd730d07355d001abf42d8
|
Education
|
Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven, depending on the country, when children enter primary education. These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten, except in the US, where kindergarten is a term used for primary education.[citation needed] Kindergarten "provide[s] a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three- to seven-year-old children that aim[s] at unfolding the child's physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them."
|
What facets are not included in education?
|
What facets are not included in education?
|
[
"What facets are not included in education?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111587
|
572b858934ae481900deae63
|
Education
|
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first five to seven years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six to eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of children aged six to twelve are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools or elementary schools. Primary schools are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school.
|
What is another term used for Primary education?
|
What is another term used for Primary education?
|
[
"What is another term used for Primary education?"
] |
{
"text": [
"elementary"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111588
|
572b858934ae481900deae64
|
Education
|
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first five to seven years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six to eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of children aged six to twelve are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools or elementary schools. Primary schools are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school.
|
What does primary school consist of?
|
What does primary school consist of?
|
[
"What does primary school consist of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"first five to seven years of formal, structured education"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111589
|
572b858934ae481900deae65
|
Education
|
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first five to seven years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six to eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of children aged six to twelve are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools or elementary schools. Primary schools are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school.
|
What is the name of the orgination who is striving to get all the countries on the same path with primary education?
|
What is the name of the orgination who is striving to get all the countries on the same path with primary education?
|
[
"What is the name of the orgination who is striving to get all the countries on the same path with primary education?"
] |
{
"text": [
"UNESCO"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111590
|
5acd735607355d001abf42e8
|
Education
|
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first five to seven years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six to eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of children aged six to twelve are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools or elementary schools. Primary schools are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school.
|
What is not another term used for Primary education?
|
What is not another term used for Primary education?
|
[
"What is not another term used for Primary education?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111591
|
5acd735607355d001abf42e9
|
Education
|
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first five to seven years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six to eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of children aged six to twelve are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools or elementary schools. Primary schools are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school.
|
What is not another term for elementary?
|
What is not another term for elementary?
|
[
"What is not another term for elementary?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111592
|
5acd735607355d001abf42ea
|
Education
|
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first five to seven years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six to eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of children aged six to twelve are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools or elementary schools. Primary schools are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school.
|
What education is the first 4 years of formal education?
|
What education is the first 4 years of formal education?
|
[
"What education is the first 4 years of formal education?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111593
|
5acd735607355d001abf42eb
|
Education
|
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first five to seven years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six to eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of children aged six to twelve are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools or elementary schools. Primary schools are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school.
|
What happened in 2014?
|
What happened in 2014?
|
[
"What happened in 2014?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111594
|
5acd735607355d001abf42ec
|
Education
|
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first five to seven years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six to eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of children aged six to twelve are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools or elementary schools. Primary schools are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school.
|
What occurs at age 10?
|
What occurs at age 10?
|
[
"What occurs at age 10?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111595
|
572b8669111d821400f38eda
|
Education
|
In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, "postsecondary", or "higher" education (e.g. university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada and Australia, primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1–13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession.
|
What does secondary education comprise of?
|
What does secondary education comprise of?
|
[
"What does secondary education comprise of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"formal education that occurs during adolescence"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111596
|
572b8669111d821400f38edb
|
Education
|
In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, "postsecondary", or "higher" education (e.g. university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada and Australia, primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1–13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession.
|
What two examples were given of what "postsecondary" or "higher" education?
|
What two examples were given of what "postsecondary" or "higher" education?
|
[
"What two examples were given of what \"postsecondary\" or \"higher\" education?"
] |
{
"text": [
"university, vocational school"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111597
|
572b8669111d821400f38edc
|
Education
|
In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, "postsecondary", or "higher" education (e.g. university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada and Australia, primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1–13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession.
|
When does secondary schooling typically take place?
|
When does secondary schooling typically take place?
|
[
"When does secondary schooling typically take place?"
] |
{
"text": [
"teenage years"
],
"answer_start": [
855
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111598
|
572b8669111d821400f38edd
|
Education
|
In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, "postsecondary", or "higher" education (e.g. university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada and Australia, primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1–13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession.
|
What is the purpose of secondary education?
|
What is the purpose of secondary education?
|
[
"What is the purpose of secondary education?"
] |
{
"text": [
"to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession."
],
"answer_start": [
1106
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111599
|
572b86f8111d821400f38ee2
|
Education
|
Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910, with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories, which required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved beneficial for both employers and employees, since the improved human capital lowered costs for the employer, while skilled employees received a higher wages.
|
When did secondary education emerge in the United States?
|
When did secondary education emerge in the United States?
|
[
"When did secondary education emerge in the United States?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1910"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.