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stringlengths 24
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| title
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| context
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| question
stringlengths 1
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| references
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dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-113500
|
5a878fa71d3cee001a6a124e
|
Vacuum
|
Stars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 6998320000000000000♠3.2×10−2 Pa at 100 kilometres (62 mi) of altitude, the Kármán line, which is a common definition of the boundary with outer space. Beyond this line, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret. The thermosphere in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to space weather. Astrophysicists prefer to use number density to describe these environments, in units of particles per cubic centimetre.
|
In what units do astrophysicists use to describe sun radiation?
|
In what units do astrophysicists use to describe sun radiation?
|
[
"In what units do astrophysicists use to describe sun radiation?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113501
|
5a878fa71d3cee001a6a124f
|
Vacuum
|
Stars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 6998320000000000000♠3.2×10−2 Pa at 100 kilometres (62 mi) of altitude, the Kármán line, which is a common definition of the boundary with outer space. Beyond this line, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret. The thermosphere in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to space weather. Astrophysicists prefer to use number density to describe these environments, in units of particles per cubic centimetre.
|
What does the Sun's atmospheric pressure drop to at 100 km of altitude?
|
What does the Sun's atmospheric pressure drop to at 100 km of altitude?
|
[
"What does the Sun's atmospheric pressure drop to at 100 km of altitude?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113502
|
5a878fa71d3cee001a6a1250
|
Vacuum
|
Stars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 6998320000000000000♠3.2×10−2 Pa at 100 kilometres (62 mi) of altitude, the Kármán line, which is a common definition of the boundary with outer space. Beyond this line, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret. The thermosphere in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to space weather. Astrophysicists prefer to use number density to describe these environments, in units of particles per cubic centimetre.
|
What becomes insidgnificant when it reaches the surface of the moon?
|
What becomes insidgnificant when it reaches the surface of the moon?
|
[
"What becomes insidgnificant when it reaches the surface of the moon?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113503
|
572ed1f3dfa6aa1500f8d411
|
Vacuum
|
Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges.
|
What was the object to use first in widespread manner process of vacuum?
|
What was the object to use first in widespread manner process of vacuum?
|
[
"What was the object to use first in widespread manner process of vacuum?"
] |
{
"text": [
"incandescent light bulb"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113504
|
572ed1f3dfa6aa1500f8d412
|
Vacuum
|
Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges.
|
What is produced by a vacuum and used in electron beam welding and vacuum frying?
|
What is produced by a vacuum and used in electron beam welding and vacuum frying?
|
[
"What is produced by a vacuum and used in electron beam welding and vacuum frying?"
] |
{
"text": [
"chemical inertness"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113505
|
572ed1f3dfa6aa1500f8d413
|
Vacuum
|
Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges.
|
Hight to ultra-high vacuums removes what obstruction?
|
Hight to ultra-high vacuums removes what obstruction?
|
[
"Hight to ultra-high vacuums removes what obstruction?"
] |
{
"text": [
"obstruction of air,"
],
"answer_start": [
537
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113506
|
572ed1f3dfa6aa1500f8d414
|
Vacuum
|
Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges.
|
How does freeze drying, distillation and metallurgy benefit from a deep vacuum?
|
How does freeze drying, distillation and metallurgy benefit from a deep vacuum?
|
[
"How does freeze drying, distillation and metallurgy benefit from a deep vacuum?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing"
],
"answer_start": [
917
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113507
|
572ed1f3dfa6aa1500f8d415
|
Vacuum
|
Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges.
|
What are two things made possible by the electrical properties of vacuum?
|
What are two things made possible by the electrical properties of vacuum?
|
[
"What are two things made possible by the electrical properties of vacuum?"
] |
{
"text": [
"electron microscopes and vacuum tubes"
],
"answer_start": [
1147
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113508
|
5a87aee11d3cee001a6a12e2
|
Vacuum
|
Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges.
|
What three things are light bulbs useful for?
|
What three things are light bulbs useful for?
|
[
"What three things are light bulbs useful for?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113509
|
5a87aee11d3cee001a6a12e3
|
Vacuum
|
Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges.
|
What are lightbulbs used to study?
|
What are lightbulbs used to study?
|
[
"What are lightbulbs used to study?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113510
|
5a87aee11d3cee001a6a12e4
|
Vacuum
|
Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges.
|
What do lightbulbs allow particle beams to do without contamination?
|
What do lightbulbs allow particle beams to do without contamination?
|
[
"What do lightbulbs allow particle beams to do without contamination?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113511
|
5a87aee11d3cee001a6a12e5
|
Vacuum
|
Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges.
|
What method of preserving food is dependant on using lightbulbs?
|
What method of preserving food is dependant on using lightbulbs?
|
[
"What method of preserving food is dependant on using lightbulbs?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113512
|
5a87aee11d3cee001a6a12e6
|
Vacuum
|
Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges.
|
What are lightbulbs able to lower the boiling point of?
|
What are lightbulbs able to lower the boiling point of?
|
[
"What are lightbulbs able to lower the boiling point of?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113513
|
572ed2ee03f9891900756a5d
|
Vacuum
|
Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indicator (HI)) are typically vacuum-powered, as protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments, since early aircraft often did not have electrical systems, and since there are two readily available sources of vacuum on a moving aircraft—the engine and an external venturi. Vacuum induction melting uses electromagnetic induction within a vacuum.
|
What provides power assistance for auto brakes?
|
What provides power assistance for auto brakes?
|
[
"What provides power assistance for auto brakes?"
] |
{
"text": [
"vacuum servo"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113514
|
572ed2ee03f9891900756a5e
|
Vacuum
|
Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indicator (HI)) are typically vacuum-powered, as protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments, since early aircraft often did not have electrical systems, and since there are two readily available sources of vacuum on a moving aircraft—the engine and an external venturi. Vacuum induction melting uses electromagnetic induction within a vacuum.
|
What are two available sources of vacuum on a moving airplane?
|
What are two available sources of vacuum on a moving airplane?
|
[
"What are two available sources of vacuum on a moving airplane?"
] |
{
"text": [
"engine and an external venturi"
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113515
|
572ed2ee03f9891900756a5f
|
Vacuum
|
Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indicator (HI)) are typically vacuum-powered, as protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments, since early aircraft often did not have electrical systems, and since there are two readily available sources of vacuum on a moving aircraft—the engine and an external venturi. Vacuum induction melting uses electromagnetic induction within a vacuum.
|
Why are the Attitude indicator and heading indicator vacuum-powered?
|
Why are the Attitude indicator and heading indicator vacuum-powered?
|
[
"Why are the Attitude indicator and heading indicator vacuum-powered?"
] |
{
"text": [
"protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments,"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113516
|
572ed2ee03f9891900756a60
|
Vacuum
|
Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indicator (HI)) are typically vacuum-powered, as protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments, since early aircraft often did not have electrical systems, and since there are two readily available sources of vacuum on a moving aircraft—the engine and an external venturi. Vacuum induction melting uses electromagnetic induction within a vacuum.
|
What does a manifold vacuum do on a car?
|
What does a manifold vacuum do on a car?
|
[
"What does a manifold vacuum do on a car?"
] |
{
"text": [
"drive accessories"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113517
|
572ed2ee03f9891900756a61
|
Vacuum
|
Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indicator (HI)) are typically vacuum-powered, as protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments, since early aircraft often did not have electrical systems, and since there are two readily available sources of vacuum on a moving aircraft—the engine and an external venturi. Vacuum induction melting uses electromagnetic induction within a vacuum.
|
What no longer used accessories were powered by vacuum?
|
What no longer used accessories were powered by vacuum?
|
[
"What no longer used accessories were powered by vacuum?"
] |
{
"text": [
"vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113518
|
5a87b5c11d3cee001a6a1314
|
Vacuum
|
Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indicator (HI)) are typically vacuum-powered, as protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments, since early aircraft often did not have electrical systems, and since there are two readily available sources of vacuum on a moving aircraft—the engine and an external venturi. Vacuum induction melting uses electromagnetic induction within a vacuum.
|
What do electrical systems use within a vacuum?
|
What do electrical systems use within a vacuum?
|
[
"What do electrical systems use within a vacuum?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113519
|
5a87b5c11d3cee001a6a1315
|
Vacuum
|
Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indicator (HI)) are typically vacuum-powered, as protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments, since early aircraft often did not have electrical systems, and since there are two readily available sources of vacuum on a moving aircraft—the engine and an external venturi. Vacuum induction melting uses electromagnetic induction within a vacuum.
|
What can electrical systems be used to drive on automobiles?
|
What can electrical systems be used to drive on automobiles?
|
[
"What can electrical systems be used to drive on automobiles?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113520
|
5a87b5c11d3cee001a6a1316
|
Vacuum
|
Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indicator (HI)) are typically vacuum-powered, as protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments, since early aircraft often did not have electrical systems, and since there are two readily available sources of vacuum on a moving aircraft—the engine and an external venturi. Vacuum induction melting uses electromagnetic induction within a vacuum.
|
What are electrical systems used to provide power assistance for on a car?
|
What are electrical systems used to provide power assistance for on a car?
|
[
"What are electrical systems used to provide power assistance for on a car?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113521
|
5a87b5c11d3cee001a6a1317
|
Vacuum
|
Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indicator (HI)) are typically vacuum-powered, as protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments, since early aircraft often did not have electrical systems, and since there are two readily available sources of vacuum on a moving aircraft—the engine and an external venturi. Vacuum induction melting uses electromagnetic induction within a vacuum.
|
What two instruments do electrical systems usually power on some aircraft?
|
What two instruments do electrical systems usually power on some aircraft?
|
[
"What two instruments do electrical systems usually power on some aircraft?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113522
|
5a87b5c11d3cee001a6a1318
|
Vacuum
|
Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indicator (HI)) are typically vacuum-powered, as protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments, since early aircraft often did not have electrical systems, and since there are two readily available sources of vacuum on a moving aircraft—the engine and an external venturi. Vacuum induction melting uses electromagnetic induction within a vacuum.
|
Why are the AI and the HI usually powered by autovac fuel pumps?
|
Why are the AI and the HI usually powered by autovac fuel pumps?
|
[
"Why are the AI and the HI usually powered by autovac fuel pumps?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113523
|
572ed3f1cb0c0d14000f15f0
|
Vacuum
|
Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on nearby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or react with other materials. This is of great concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission.
|
what is evaporation and sublimation in a vacuum?
|
what is evaporation and sublimation in a vacuum?
|
[
"what is evaporation and sublimation in a vacuum?"
] |
{
"text": [
"outgassing"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113524
|
572ed3f1cb0c0d14000f15f1
|
Vacuum
|
Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on nearby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or react with other materials. This is of great concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission.
|
When does outgassing become important in all solid or liquid materials?
|
When does outgassing become important in all solid or liquid materials?
|
[
"When does outgassing become important in all solid or liquid materials?"
] |
{
"text": [
"vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113525
|
572ed3f1cb0c0d14000f15f2
|
Vacuum
|
Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on nearby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or react with other materials. This is of great concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission.
|
Why can outgassing products ruin a space mission?
|
Why can outgassing products ruin a space mission?
|
[
"Why can outgassing products ruin a space mission?"
] |
{
"text": [
"obscure optical instruments"
],
"answer_start": [
416
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113526
|
5a87bcd31d3cee001a6a1332
|
Vacuum
|
Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on nearby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or react with other materials. This is of great concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission.
|
What does liquid have the same effect as in a telescope?
|
What does liquid have the same effect as in a telescope?
|
[
"What does liquid have the same effect as in a telescope?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113527
|
5a87bcd31d3cee001a6a1333
|
Vacuum
|
Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on nearby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or react with other materials. This is of great concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission.
|
What can solar cells limit the achievement of?
|
What can solar cells limit the achievement of?
|
[
"What can solar cells limit the achievement of?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113528
|
5a87bcd31d3cee001a6a1334
|
Vacuum
|
Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on nearby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or react with other materials. This is of great concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission.
|
On what kind of surfaces can space missions happen?
|
On what kind of surfaces can space missions happen?
|
[
"On what kind of surfaces can space missions happen?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113529
|
5a87bcd31d3cee001a6a1335
|
Vacuum
|
Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on nearby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or react with other materials. This is of great concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission.
|
What is the cost of a telescope for a space mission?
|
What is the cost of a telescope for a space mission?
|
[
"What is the cost of a telescope for a space mission?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113530
|
5a87bcd31d3cee001a6a1336
|
Vacuum
|
Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on nearby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or react with other materials. This is of great concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission.
|
What is a solid touching a cold surface called?
|
What is a solid touching a cold surface called?
|
[
"What is a solid touching a cold surface called?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113531
|
572ed67403f9891900756a71
|
Vacuum
|
To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to create a vacuum. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then sealed from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size.
|
Repeatedly closing off a compartment of a vacuum allows what?
|
Repeatedly closing off a compartment of a vacuum allows what?
|
[
"Repeatedly closing off a compartment of a vacuum allows what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113532
|
572ed67403f9891900756a72
|
Vacuum
|
To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to create a vacuum. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then sealed from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size.
|
How is a vacuum created inside of a manual water pump?
|
How is a vacuum created inside of a manual water pump?
|
[
"How is a vacuum created inside of a manual water pump?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113533
|
572ed67403f9891900756a73
|
Vacuum
|
To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to create a vacuum. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then sealed from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size.
|
Why is fluid in a manual pump pushed into the pumps cavity when a small sealed cavity is expanded?
|
Why is fluid in a manual pump pushed into the pumps cavity when a small sealed cavity is expanded?
|
[
"Why is fluid in a manual pump pushed into the pumps cavity when a small sealed cavity is expanded?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Because of the pressure differential"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113534
|
572ed67403f9891900756a74
|
Vacuum
|
To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to create a vacuum. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then sealed from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size.
|
What are pumps based off principle of sealed compartment pulling,pushing and expanding called?
|
What are pumps based off principle of sealed compartment pulling,pushing and expanding called?
|
[
"What are pumps based off principle of sealed compartment pulling,pushing and expanding called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"displacement pumps"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113535
|
5a87c70d19b91f001a626db1
|
Vacuum
|
To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to create a vacuum. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then sealed from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size.
|
What does repeatedly putting water into the atmosphere manually allow?
|
What does repeatedly putting water into the atmosphere manually allow?
|
[
"What does repeatedly putting water into the atmosphere manually allow?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113536
|
5a87c70d19b91f001a626db2
|
Vacuum
|
To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to create a vacuum. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then sealed from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size.
|
How is a vacuum created in the atmosphere?
|
How is a vacuum created in the atmosphere?
|
[
"How is a vacuum created in the atmosphere?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113537
|
5a87c70d19b91f001a626db3
|
Vacuum
|
To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to create a vacuum. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then sealed from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size.
|
What kind of growth happens when fluid enters the atmosphere?
|
What kind of growth happens when fluid enters the atmosphere?
|
[
"What kind of growth happens when fluid enters the atmosphere?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113538
|
5a87c70d19b91f001a626db4
|
Vacuum
|
To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to create a vacuum. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then sealed from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size.
|
What expands outside the pump?
|
What expands outside the pump?
|
[
"What expands outside the pump?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113539
|
5a87c70d19b91f001a626db5
|
Vacuum
|
To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to create a vacuum. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then sealed from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size.
|
What size is the vacuum in the pump?
|
What size is the vacuum in the pump?
|
[
"What size is the vacuum in the pump?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113540
|
572ed7a0c246551400ce4716
|
Vacuum
|
The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, which bear some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures, can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps. Entrapment pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state, often with no moving parts, no seals and no vibration. None of these pumps are universal; each type has important performance limitations. They all share a difficulty in pumping low molecular weight gases, especially hydrogen, helium, and neon.
|
What pump can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state?
|
What pump can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state?
|
[
"What pump can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Entrapment pumps"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113541
|
572ed7a0c246551400ce4717
|
Vacuum
|
The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, which bear some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures, can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps. Entrapment pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state, often with no moving parts, no seals and no vibration. None of these pumps are universal; each type has important performance limitations. They all share a difficulty in pumping low molecular weight gases, especially hydrogen, helium, and neon.
|
Entrapment pumps often work without seals, moving parts and what else?
|
Entrapment pumps often work without seals, moving parts and what else?
|
[
"Entrapment pumps often work without seals, moving parts and what else?"
] |
{
"text": [
"no vibration."
],
"answer_start": [
556
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113542
|
572ed7a0c246551400ce4718
|
Vacuum
|
The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, which bear some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures, can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps. Entrapment pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state, often with no moving parts, no seals and no vibration. None of these pumps are universal; each type has important performance limitations. They all share a difficulty in pumping low molecular weight gases, especially hydrogen, helium, and neon.
|
What pump has a higher quality vacuum than a positive displacement pump?
|
What pump has a higher quality vacuum than a positive displacement pump?
|
[
"What pump has a higher quality vacuum than a positive displacement pump?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Momentum transfer pumps"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113543
|
5a87c9a319b91f001a626dbb
|
Vacuum
|
The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, which bear some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures, can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps. Entrapment pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state, often with no moving parts, no seals and no vibration. None of these pumps are universal; each type has important performance limitations. They all share a difficulty in pumping low molecular weight gases, especially hydrogen, helium, and neon.
|
What can positive displacement pumps achieve more than entrapment pumps?
|
What can positive displacement pumps achieve more than entrapment pumps?
|
[
"What can positive displacement pumps achieve more than entrapment pumps?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113544
|
5a87c9a319b91f001a626dbc
|
Vacuum
|
The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, which bear some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures, can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps. Entrapment pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state, often with no moving parts, no seals and no vibration. None of these pumps are universal; each type has important performance limitations. They all share a difficulty in pumping low molecular weight gases, especially hydrogen, helium, and neon.
|
What can momentum transfer pumps capture?
|
What can momentum transfer pumps capture?
|
[
"What can momentum transfer pumps capture?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113545
|
5a87c9a319b91f001a626dbd
|
Vacuum
|
The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, which bear some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures, can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps. Entrapment pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state, often with no moving parts, no seals and no vibration. None of these pumps are universal; each type has important performance limitations. They all share a difficulty in pumping low molecular weight gases, especially hydrogen, helium, and neon.
|
Dynamic pumps often work without moving parts, seals and what?
|
Dynamic pumps often work without moving parts, seals and what?
|
[
"Dynamic pumps often work without moving parts, seals and what?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113546
|
5a87c9a319b91f001a626dbe
|
Vacuum
|
The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, which bear some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures, can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps. Entrapment pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state, often with no moving parts, no seals and no vibration. None of these pumps are universal; each type has important performance limitations. They all share a difficulty in pumping low molecular weight gases, especially hydrogen, helium, and neon.
|
What are entrapment pumps usually considered above all of the others?
|
What are entrapment pumps usually considered above all of the others?
|
[
"What are entrapment pumps usually considered above all of the others?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113547
|
5a87c9a319b91f001a626dbf
|
Vacuum
|
The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, which bear some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures, can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps. Entrapment pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state, often with no moving parts, no seals and no vibration. None of these pumps are universal; each type has important performance limitations. They all share a difficulty in pumping low molecular weight gases, especially hydrogen, helium, and neon.
|
What other pump do entrapment pumps have similarities to?
|
What other pump do entrapment pumps have similarities to?
|
[
"What other pump do entrapment pumps have similarities to?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113548
|
572ed90fdfa6aa1500f8d44b
|
Vacuum
|
The lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of seals, chamber geometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact. Collectively, these are called vacuum technique. And sometimes, the final pressure is not the only relevant characteristic. Pumping systems differ in oil contamination, vibration, preferential pumping of certain gases, pump-down speeds, intermittent duty cycle, reliability, or tolerance to high leakage rates.
|
When multiple pumps are connected in series to produce higher vacuum it is called what?
|
When multiple pumps are connected in series to produce higher vacuum it is called what?
|
[
"When multiple pumps are connected in series to produce higher vacuum it is called what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"stages"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113549
|
572ed90fdfa6aa1500f8d44c
|
Vacuum
|
The lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of seals, chamber geometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact. Collectively, these are called vacuum technique. And sometimes, the final pressure is not the only relevant characteristic. Pumping systems differ in oil contamination, vibration, preferential pumping of certain gases, pump-down speeds, intermittent duty cycle, reliability, or tolerance to high leakage rates.
|
The choice of seals, or chamber geometry ,for example impact a pump. Together these are options are called what?
|
The choice of seals, or chamber geometry ,for example impact a pump. Together these are options are called what?
|
[
"The choice of seals, or chamber geometry ,for example impact a pump. Together these are options are called what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"vacuum technique"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113550
|
572ed90fdfa6aa1500f8d44d
|
Vacuum
|
The lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of seals, chamber geometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact. Collectively, these are called vacuum technique. And sometimes, the final pressure is not the only relevant characteristic. Pumping systems differ in oil contamination, vibration, preferential pumping of certain gases, pump-down speeds, intermittent duty cycle, reliability, or tolerance to high leakage rates.
|
What are two other relevant characteristics of a pumping system along with final pressure?
|
What are two other relevant characteristics of a pumping system along with final pressure?
|
[
"What are two other relevant characteristics of a pumping system along with final pressure?"
] |
{
"text": [
"oil contamination, vibration"
],
"answer_start": [
457
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113551
|
5a87cb6019b91f001a626dd9
|
Vacuum
|
The lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of seals, chamber geometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact. Collectively, these are called vacuum technique. And sometimes, the final pressure is not the only relevant characteristic. Pumping systems differ in oil contamination, vibration, preferential pumping of certain gases, pump-down speeds, intermittent duty cycle, reliability, or tolerance to high leakage rates.
|
How can chamber geometry be connected?
|
How can chamber geometry be connected?
|
[
"How can chamber geometry be connected?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113552
|
5a87cb6019b91f001a626dda
|
Vacuum
|
The lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of seals, chamber geometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact. Collectively, these are called vacuum technique. And sometimes, the final pressure is not the only relevant characteristic. Pumping systems differ in oil contamination, vibration, preferential pumping of certain gases, pump-down speeds, intermittent duty cycle, reliability, or tolerance to high leakage rates.
|
What can oil contamination be dependent on instead of pump nature?
|
What can oil contamination be dependent on instead of pump nature?
|
[
"What can oil contamination be dependent on instead of pump nature?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113553
|
5a87cb6019b91f001a626ddb
|
Vacuum
|
The lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of seals, chamber geometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact. Collectively, these are called vacuum technique. And sometimes, the final pressure is not the only relevant characteristic. Pumping systems differ in oil contamination, vibration, preferential pumping of certain gases, pump-down speeds, intermittent duty cycle, reliability, or tolerance to high leakage rates.
|
How do leakage rates usually happen?
|
How do leakage rates usually happen?
|
[
"How do leakage rates usually happen?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113554
|
5a87cb6019b91f001a626ddc
|
Vacuum
|
The lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of seals, chamber geometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact. Collectively, these are called vacuum technique. And sometimes, the final pressure is not the only relevant characteristic. Pumping systems differ in oil contamination, vibration, preferential pumping of certain gases, pump-down speeds, intermittent duty cycle, reliability, or tolerance to high leakage rates.
|
What do certain gases usually help a pump achieve?
|
What do certain gases usually help a pump achieve?
|
[
"What do certain gases usually help a pump achieve?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113555
|
5a87cb6019b91f001a626ddd
|
Vacuum
|
The lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of seals, chamber geometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact. Collectively, these are called vacuum technique. And sometimes, the final pressure is not the only relevant characteristic. Pumping systems differ in oil contamination, vibration, preferential pumping of certain gases, pump-down speeds, intermittent duty cycle, reliability, or tolerance to high leakage rates.
|
What are two other characteristics of a seal?
|
What are two other characteristics of a seal?
|
[
"What are two other characteristics of a seal?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113556
|
5a87c33f19b91f001a626d93
|
Vacuum
|
Fluids cannot generally be pulled, so a vacuum cannot be created by suction. Suction can spread and dilute a vacuum by letting a higher pressure push fluids into it, but the vacuum has to be created first before suction can occur. The easiest way to create an artificial vacuum is to expand the volume of a container. For example, the diaphragm muscle expands the chest cavity, which causes the volume of the lungs to increase. This expansion reduces the pressure and creates a partial vacuum, which is soon filled by air pushed in by atmospheric pressure.
|
What can be measured in the atmosphere?
|
What can be measured in the atmosphere?
|
[
"What can be measured in the atmosphere?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113557
|
5a87c33f19b91f001a626d94
|
Vacuum
|
Fluids cannot generally be pulled, so a vacuum cannot be created by suction. Suction can spread and dilute a vacuum by letting a higher pressure push fluids into it, but the vacuum has to be created first before suction can occur. The easiest way to create an artificial vacuum is to expand the volume of a container. For example, the diaphragm muscle expands the chest cavity, which causes the volume of the lungs to increase. This expansion reduces the pressure and creates a partial vacuum, which is soon filled by air pushed in by atmospheric pressure.
|
What can a container spread and dilute?
|
What can a container spread and dilute?
|
[
"What can a container spread and dilute?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113558
|
5a87c33f19b91f001a626d95
|
Vacuum
|
Fluids cannot generally be pulled, so a vacuum cannot be created by suction. Suction can spread and dilute a vacuum by letting a higher pressure push fluids into it, but the vacuum has to be created first before suction can occur. The easiest way to create an artificial vacuum is to expand the volume of a container. For example, the diaphragm muscle expands the chest cavity, which causes the volume of the lungs to increase. This expansion reduces the pressure and creates a partial vacuum, which is soon filled by air pushed in by atmospheric pressure.
|
What does fluid push into the lungs?
|
What does fluid push into the lungs?
|
[
"What does fluid push into the lungs?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113559
|
5a87c33f19b91f001a626d96
|
Vacuum
|
Fluids cannot generally be pulled, so a vacuum cannot be created by suction. Suction can spread and dilute a vacuum by letting a higher pressure push fluids into it, but the vacuum has to be created first before suction can occur. The easiest way to create an artificial vacuum is to expand the volume of a container. For example, the diaphragm muscle expands the chest cavity, which causes the volume of the lungs to increase. This expansion reduces the pressure and creates a partial vacuum, which is soon filled by air pushed in by atmospheric pressure.
|
What moves high pressure in the atmosphere?
|
What moves high pressure in the atmosphere?
|
[
"What moves high pressure in the atmosphere?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113560
|
5a87c33f19b91f001a626d97
|
Vacuum
|
Fluids cannot generally be pulled, so a vacuum cannot be created by suction. Suction can spread and dilute a vacuum by letting a higher pressure push fluids into it, but the vacuum has to be created first before suction can occur. The easiest way to create an artificial vacuum is to expand the volume of a container. For example, the diaphragm muscle expands the chest cavity, which causes the volume of the lungs to increase. This expansion reduces the pressure and creates a partial vacuum, which is soon filled by air pushed in by atmospheric pressure.
|
What can be used in a chest cavity during surgery?
|
What can be used in a chest cavity during surgery?
|
[
"What can be used in a chest cavity during surgery?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113561
|
57060dce52bb891400689816
|
Immunology
|
Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.
|
In general, what does immunology study?
|
In general, what does immunology study?
|
[
"In general, what does immunology study?"
] |
{
"text": [
"immune systems in all organisms"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113562
|
57060dce52bb891400689817
|
Immunology
|
Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.
|
Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being?
|
Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being?
|
[
"Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being?"
] |
{
"text": [
"both health and diseases"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113563
|
57060dce52bb891400689818
|
Immunology
|
Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.
|
Name three types of immunological disorders?
|
Name three types of immunological disorders?
|
[
"Name three types of immunological disorders?"
] |
{
"text": [
"autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection"
],
"answer_start": [
304
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113564
|
57060dce52bb891400689819
|
Immunology
|
Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.
|
Immunology studies the immune system in which three stages of existence?
|
Immunology studies the immune system in which three stages of existence?
|
[
"Immunology studies the immune system in which three stages of existence?"
] |
{
"text": [
"in vitro, in situ, and in vivo"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113565
|
57060dce52bb89140068981a
|
Immunology
|
Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.
|
What disciplines in medicine have particularly strong immunology applications?
|
What disciplines in medicine have particularly strong immunology applications?
|
[
"What disciplines in medicine have particularly strong immunology applications?"
] |
{
"text": [
"organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology"
],
"answer_start": [
614
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113566
|
57061a3352bb8914006898a4
|
Immunology
|
Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver. When health conditions worsen to emergency status, portions of immune system organs including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive.
|
The term immunology is derived from a Latin word that means what?
|
The term immunology is derived from a Latin word that means what?
|
[
"The term immunology is derived from a Latin word that means what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"exempt"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113567
|
57061a3352bb8914006898a5
|
Immunology
|
Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver. When health conditions worsen to emergency status, portions of immune system organs including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive.
|
What are the major organs of the immune system?
|
What are the major organs of the immune system?
|
[
"What are the major organs of the immune system?"
] |
{
"text": [
"thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113568
|
57061a3352bb8914006898a6
|
Immunology
|
Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver. When health conditions worsen to emergency status, portions of immune system organs including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive.
|
Who originally discovered these parts of the immune system?
|
Who originally discovered these parts of the immune system?
|
[
"Who originally discovered these parts of the immune system?"
] |
{
"text": [
"early physicians"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113569
|
57061a3352bb8914006898a7
|
Immunology
|
Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver. When health conditions worsen to emergency status, portions of immune system organs including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive.
|
How do physicians study a patient's immune system organs in emergency situations?
|
How do physicians study a patient's immune system organs in emergency situations?
|
[
"How do physicians study a patient's immune system organs in emergency situations?"
] |
{
"text": [
"surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive"
],
"answer_start": [
572
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113570
|
57061a3352bb8914006898a8
|
Immunology
|
Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver. When health conditions worsen to emergency status, portions of immune system organs including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive.
|
Which portions of the immune system can be safely removed in these emergency cases?
|
Which portions of the immune system can be safely removed in these emergency cases?
|
[
"Which portions of the immune system can be safely removed in these emergency cases?"
] |
{
"text": [
"thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues"
],
"answer_start": [
496
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113571
|
57061c5c52bb8914006898b8
|
Immunology
|
Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body.
|
The structure of immune system components can be described as what?
|
The structure of immune system components can be described as what?
|
[
"The structure of immune system components can be described as what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"typically cellular in nature"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113572
|
57061c5c52bb8914006898b9
|
Immunology
|
Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body.
|
Are immune tissues typically fixed with specific organs usually?
|
Are immune tissues typically fixed with specific organs usually?
|
[
"Are immune tissues typically fixed with specific organs usually?"
] |
{
"text": [
"not associated with any specific organ"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113573
|
57061c5c52bb8914006898ba
|
Immunology
|
Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body.
|
What is one way the cellular structures of the immune system are housed in the body?
|
What is one way the cellular structures of the immune system are housed in the body?
|
[
"What is one way the cellular structures of the immune system are housed in the body?"
] |
{
"text": [
"embedded"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113574
|
57061c5c52bb8914006898bb
|
Immunology
|
Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body.
|
What is another way these tissues are housed within the body?
|
What is another way these tissues are housed within the body?
|
[
"What is another way these tissues are housed within the body?"
] |
{
"text": [
"circulating"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113575
|
57061fb875f01819005e79c0
|
Immunology
|
Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries before the concept developed into scientific theory.
|
Which two fields of study are associated with immunology?
|
Which two fields of study are associated with immunology?
|
[
"Which two fields of study are associated with immunology?"
] |
{
"text": [
"epidemiology and medicine"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113576
|
57061fb875f01819005e79c1
|
Immunology
|
Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries before the concept developed into scientific theory.
|
Immunology studies how which three areas impact one another?
|
Immunology studies how which three areas impact one another?
|
[
"Immunology studies how which three areas impact one another?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the body systems, pathogens, and immunity"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113577
|
57061fb875f01819005e79c2
|
Immunology
|
Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries before the concept developed into scientific theory.
|
When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body?
|
When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body?
|
[
"When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body?"
] |
{
"text": [
"430 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113578
|
57061fb875f01819005e79c3
|
Immunology
|
Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries before the concept developed into scientific theory.
|
Which Greek historian made that notation?
|
Which Greek historian made that notation?
|
[
"Which Greek historian made that notation?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Thucydides"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113579
|
57061fb875f01819005e79c4
|
Immunology
|
Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries before the concept developed into scientific theory.
|
When did immunology start to become codified as a scientific theory?
|
When did immunology start to become codified as a scientific theory?
|
[
"When did immunology start to become codified as a scientific theory?"
] |
{
"text": [
"19th and 20th centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113580
|
5706265075f01819005e79f6
|
Immunology
|
The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is further divided into humoral (or antibody) and cell-mediated components.
|
What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as?
|
What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as?
|
[
"What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as?"
] |
{
"text": [
"innate immune system"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113581
|
5706265075f01819005e79f7
|
Immunology
|
The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is further divided into humoral (or antibody) and cell-mediated components.
|
Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component?
|
Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component?
|
[
"Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component?"
] |
{
"text": [
"acquired or adaptive immune system"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113582
|
5706265075f01819005e79f8
|
Immunology
|
The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is further divided into humoral (or antibody) and cell-mediated components.
|
What is one type of adaptive immune system component?
|
What is one type of adaptive immune system component?
|
[
"What is one type of adaptive immune system component?"
] |
{
"text": [
"humoral (or antibody)"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113583
|
5706265075f01819005e79f9
|
Immunology
|
The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is further divided into humoral (or antibody) and cell-mediated components.
|
Name the other type of adaptive immune system component?
|
Name the other type of adaptive immune system component?
|
[
"Name the other type of adaptive immune system component?"
] |
{
"text": [
"cell-mediated"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113584
|
5706265075f01819005e79fa
|
Immunology
|
The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is further divided into humoral (or antibody) and cell-mediated components.
|
The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures?
|
The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures?
|
[
"The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures?"
] |
{
"text": [
"molecular and cellular components"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113585
|
57062eba75f01819005e7a3c
|
Immunology
|
The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities and the cellular response to both.
|
Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements?
|
Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements?
|
[
"Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements?"
] |
{
"text": [
"antibodies and antigens"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113586
|
57062eba75f01819005e7a3d
|
Immunology
|
The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities and the cellular response to both.
|
What are antibodies comprised of?
|
What are antibodies comprised of?
|
[
"What are antibodies comprised of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"specific proteins"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113587
|
57062eba75f01819005e7a3e
|
Immunology
|
The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities and the cellular response to both.
|
What cells produce antibodies?
|
What cells produce antibodies?
|
[
"What cells produce antibodies?"
] |
{
"text": [
"B lymphocytes"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113588
|
57062eba75f01819005e7a3f
|
Immunology
|
The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities and the cellular response to both.
|
The term "antigen" is rooted in what two words?
|
The term "antigen" is rooted in what two words?
|
[
"The term \"antigen\" is rooted in what two words?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"anti\"body \"gen\"erators"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113589
|
57062eba75f01819005e7a40
|
Immunology
|
The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities and the cellular response to both.
|
Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens?
|
Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens?
|
[
"Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens?"
] |
{
"text": [
"cellular response"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113590
|
570632d275f01819005e7a74
|
Immunology
|
Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010).
|
In the field of immunology, what aspect is becoming more specialized?
|
In the field of immunology, what aspect is becoming more specialized?
|
[
"In the field of immunology, what aspect is becoming more specialized?"
] |
{
"text": [
"research"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113591
|
570632d275f01819005e7a75
|
Immunology
|
Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010).
|
What new areas are immunologists studying with more frequency?
|
What new areas are immunologists studying with more frequency?
|
[
"What new areas are immunologists studying with more frequency?"
] |
{
"text": [
"non-classical models of immunity"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113592
|
570632d275f01819005e7a76
|
Immunology
|
Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010).
|
The latest research into newer aspects of immunology is focused on what three elements of the body?
|
The latest research into newer aspects of immunology is focused on what three elements of the body?
|
[
"The latest research into newer aspects of immunology is focused on what three elements of the body?"
] |
{
"text": [
"cells, organs and systems"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113593
|
570632d275f01819005e7a77
|
Immunology
|
Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010).
|
These three elements of the body are of new interest for what reason?
|
These three elements of the body are of new interest for what reason?
|
[
"These three elements of the body are of new interest for what reason?"
] |
{
"text": [
"not previously associated with the immune system"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113594
|
5706a57852bb891400689b1a
|
Immunology
|
Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.
|
The study of diseases caused by immune system disorders is called?
|
The study of diseases caused by immune system disorders is called?
|
[
"The study of diseases caused by immune system disorders is called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Clinical immunology"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113595
|
5706a57852bb891400689b1b
|
Immunology
|
Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.
|
What are three problems of the immune system studied by clinical immunology?
|
What are three problems of the immune system studied by clinical immunology?
|
[
"What are three problems of the immune system studied by clinical immunology?"
] |
{
"text": [
"failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113596
|
5706a57852bb891400689b1c
|
Immunology
|
Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.
|
Where can these three elements occur in the immune system?
|
Where can these three elements occur in the immune system?
|
[
"Where can these three elements occur in the immune system?"
] |
{
"text": [
"cellular elements"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113597
|
5706a57852bb891400689b1d
|
Immunology
|
Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.
|
What else does clinical immunology concern itself with?
|
What else does clinical immunology concern itself with?
|
[
"What else does clinical immunology concern itself with?"
] |
{
"text": [
"diseases of other systems"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113598
|
5706a57852bb891400689b1e
|
Immunology
|
Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.
|
Why does clinical immunology extend to those areas?
|
Why does clinical immunology extend to those areas?
|
[
"Why does clinical immunology extend to those areas?"
] |
{
"text": [
"immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113599
|
5706aa0a75f01819005e7ce6
|
Immunology
|
Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in asthma and other allergies) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds.
|
What is a type of immune system disorder?
|
What is a type of immune system disorder?
|
[
"What is a type of immune system disorder?"
] |
{
"text": [
"hypersensitivities"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
}
|
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