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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-113600
|
5706aa0a75f01819005e7ce7
|
Immunology
|
Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in asthma and other allergies) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds.
|
What are some examples of hypersensitivities?
|
What are some examples of hypersensitivities?
|
[
"What are some examples of hypersensitivities?"
] |
{
"text": [
"asthma and other allergies"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113601
|
5706aa0a75f01819005e7ce8
|
Immunology
|
Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in asthma and other allergies) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds.
|
What characterizes a hypersensitivity?
|
What characterizes a hypersensitivity?
|
[
"What characterizes a hypersensitivity?"
] |
{
"text": [
"respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds."
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113602
|
5706ac3452bb891400689b54
|
Immunology
|
The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
|
What is the most famous immune system disease?
|
What is the most famous immune system disease?
|
[
"What is the most famous immune system disease?"
] |
{
"text": [
"AIDS"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113603
|
5706ac3452bb891400689b55
|
Immunology
|
The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
|
What kind of disease is AIDS?
|
What kind of disease is AIDS?
|
[
"What kind of disease is AIDS?"
] |
{
"text": [
"an immunodeficiency"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113604
|
5706ac3452bb891400689b56
|
Immunology
|
The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
|
Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS?
|
Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS?
|
[
"Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS?"
] |
{
"text": [
"CD4+ (\"helper\") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113605
|
5706ac3452bb891400689b57
|
Immunology
|
The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
|
What virus specifically suppresses those cells?
|
What virus specifically suppresses those cells?
|
[
"What virus specifically suppresses those cells?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113606
|
5706e1209e06ca38007e91d7
|
Immunology
|
The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child’s immune system responds favorably to protein antigens while not as well to glycoproteins and polysaccharides. In fact, many of the infections acquired by neonates are caused by low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. In neonates, opsonic activity and the ability to activate the complement cascade is very limited. For example, the mean level of C3 in a newborn is approximately 65% of that found in the adult. Phagocytic activity is also greatly impaired in newborns. This is due to lower opsonic activity, as well as diminished up-regulation of integrin and selectin receptors, which limit the ability of neutrophils to interact with adhesion molecules in the endothelium. Their monocytes are slow and have a reduced ATP production, which also limits the newborn's phagocytic activity. Although, the number of total lymphocytes is significantly higher than in adults, the cellular and humoral immunity is also impaired. Antigen-presenting cells in newborns have a reduced capability to activate T cells. Also, T cells of a newborn proliferate poorly and produce very small amounts of cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, and IFN-g which limits their capacity to activate the humoral response as well as the phagocitic activity of macrophage. B cells develop early during gestation but are not fully active.
|
What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen?
|
What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen?
|
[
"What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen?"
] |
{
"text": [
"person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113607
|
5706e1209e06ca38007e91d8
|
Immunology
|
The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child’s immune system responds favorably to protein antigens while not as well to glycoproteins and polysaccharides. In fact, many of the infections acquired by neonates are caused by low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. In neonates, opsonic activity and the ability to activate the complement cascade is very limited. For example, the mean level of C3 in a newborn is approximately 65% of that found in the adult. Phagocytic activity is also greatly impaired in newborns. This is due to lower opsonic activity, as well as diminished up-regulation of integrin and selectin receptors, which limit the ability of neutrophils to interact with adhesion molecules in the endothelium. Their monocytes are slow and have a reduced ATP production, which also limits the newborn's phagocytic activity. Although, the number of total lymphocytes is significantly higher than in adults, the cellular and humoral immunity is also impaired. Antigen-presenting cells in newborns have a reduced capability to activate T cells. Also, T cells of a newborn proliferate poorly and produce very small amounts of cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, and IFN-g which limits their capacity to activate the humoral response as well as the phagocitic activity of macrophage. B cells develop early during gestation but are not fully active.
|
Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient?
|
Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient?
|
[
"Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient?"
] |
{
"text": [
"both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113608
|
5706e1209e06ca38007e91d9
|
Immunology
|
The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child’s immune system responds favorably to protein antigens while not as well to glycoproteins and polysaccharides. In fact, many of the infections acquired by neonates are caused by low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. In neonates, opsonic activity and the ability to activate the complement cascade is very limited. For example, the mean level of C3 in a newborn is approximately 65% of that found in the adult. Phagocytic activity is also greatly impaired in newborns. This is due to lower opsonic activity, as well as diminished up-regulation of integrin and selectin receptors, which limit the ability of neutrophils to interact with adhesion molecules in the endothelium. Their monocytes are slow and have a reduced ATP production, which also limits the newborn's phagocytic activity. Although, the number of total lymphocytes is significantly higher than in adults, the cellular and humoral immunity is also impaired. Antigen-presenting cells in newborns have a reduced capability to activate T cells. Also, T cells of a newborn proliferate poorly and produce very small amounts of cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, and IFN-g which limits their capacity to activate the humoral response as well as the phagocitic activity of macrophage. B cells develop early during gestation but are not fully active.
|
Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by?
|
Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by?
|
[
"Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by?"
] |
{
"text": [
"low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113609
|
5706e1209e06ca38007e91da
|
Immunology
|
The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child’s immune system responds favorably to protein antigens while not as well to glycoproteins and polysaccharides. In fact, many of the infections acquired by neonates are caused by low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. In neonates, opsonic activity and the ability to activate the complement cascade is very limited. For example, the mean level of C3 in a newborn is approximately 65% of that found in the adult. Phagocytic activity is also greatly impaired in newborns. This is due to lower opsonic activity, as well as diminished up-regulation of integrin and selectin receptors, which limit the ability of neutrophils to interact with adhesion molecules in the endothelium. Their monocytes are slow and have a reduced ATP production, which also limits the newborn's phagocytic activity. Although, the number of total lymphocytes is significantly higher than in adults, the cellular and humoral immunity is also impaired. Antigen-presenting cells in newborns have a reduced capability to activate T cells. Also, T cells of a newborn proliferate poorly and produce very small amounts of cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, and IFN-g which limits their capacity to activate the humoral response as well as the phagocitic activity of macrophage. B cells develop early during gestation but are not fully active.
|
What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants?
|
What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants?
|
[
"What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants?"
] |
{
"text": [
"phagocytic"
],
"answer_start": [
1110
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113610
|
5706e1209e06ca38007e91db
|
Immunology
|
The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child’s immune system responds favorably to protein antigens while not as well to glycoproteins and polysaccharides. In fact, many of the infections acquired by neonates are caused by low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. In neonates, opsonic activity and the ability to activate the complement cascade is very limited. For example, the mean level of C3 in a newborn is approximately 65% of that found in the adult. Phagocytic activity is also greatly impaired in newborns. This is due to lower opsonic activity, as well as diminished up-regulation of integrin and selectin receptors, which limit the ability of neutrophils to interact with adhesion molecules in the endothelium. Their monocytes are slow and have a reduced ATP production, which also limits the newborn's phagocytic activity. Although, the number of total lymphocytes is significantly higher than in adults, the cellular and humoral immunity is also impaired. Antigen-presenting cells in newborns have a reduced capability to activate T cells. Also, T cells of a newborn proliferate poorly and produce very small amounts of cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, and IFN-g which limits their capacity to activate the humoral response as well as the phagocitic activity of macrophage. B cells develop early during gestation but are not fully active.
|
Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this?
|
Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this?
|
[
"Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this?"
] |
{
"text": [
"activate T cells"
],
"answer_start": [
1331
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113611
|
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e1
|
Immunology
|
Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn for up to 18 months, but their response is usually short-lived and of low affinity. These antibodies can also produce a negative response. If a child is exposed to the antibody for a particular antigen before being exposed to the antigen itself then the child will produce a dampened response. Passively acquired maternal antibodies can suppress the antibody response to active immunization. Similarly the response of T-cells to vaccination differs in children compared to adults, and vaccines that induce Th1 responses in adults do not readily elicit these same responses in neonates. Between six to nine months after birth, a child’s immune system begins to respond more strongly to glycoproteins, but there is usually no marked improvement in their response to polysaccharides until they are at least one year old. This can be the reason for distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules.
|
In babies, what is another element impacting immune response?
|
In babies, what is another element impacting immune response?
|
[
"In babies, what is another element impacting immune response?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Maternal factors"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113612
|
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e2
|
Immunology
|
Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn for up to 18 months, but their response is usually short-lived and of low affinity. These antibodies can also produce a negative response. If a child is exposed to the antibody for a particular antigen before being exposed to the antigen itself then the child will produce a dampened response. Passively acquired maternal antibodies can suppress the antibody response to active immunization. Similarly the response of T-cells to vaccination differs in children compared to adults, and vaccines that induce Th1 responses in adults do not readily elicit these same responses in neonates. Between six to nine months after birth, a child’s immune system begins to respond more strongly to glycoproteins, but there is usually no marked improvement in their response to polysaccharides until they are at least one year old. This can be the reason for distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules.
|
Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means?
|
Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means?
|
[
"Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means?"
] |
{
"text": [
"breast milk"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113613
|
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e3
|
Immunology
|
Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn for up to 18 months, but their response is usually short-lived and of low affinity. These antibodies can also produce a negative response. If a child is exposed to the antibody for a particular antigen before being exposed to the antigen itself then the child will produce a dampened response. Passively acquired maternal antibodies can suppress the antibody response to active immunization. Similarly the response of T-cells to vaccination differs in children compared to adults, and vaccines that induce Th1 responses in adults do not readily elicit these same responses in neonates. Between six to nine months after birth, a child’s immune system begins to respond more strongly to glycoproteins, but there is usually no marked improvement in their response to polysaccharides until they are at least one year old. This can be the reason for distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules.
|
For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants?
|
For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants?
|
[
"For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants?"
] |
{
"text": [
"up to 18 months"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113614
|
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e4
|
Immunology
|
Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn for up to 18 months, but their response is usually short-lived and of low affinity. These antibodies can also produce a negative response. If a child is exposed to the antibody for a particular antigen before being exposed to the antigen itself then the child will produce a dampened response. Passively acquired maternal antibodies can suppress the antibody response to active immunization. Similarly the response of T-cells to vaccination differs in children compared to adults, and vaccines that induce Th1 responses in adults do not readily elicit these same responses in neonates. Between six to nine months after birth, a child’s immune system begins to respond more strongly to glycoproteins, but there is usually no marked improvement in their response to polysaccharides until they are at least one year old. This can be the reason for distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules.
|
At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins?
|
At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins?
|
[
"At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins?"
] |
{
"text": [
"glycoproteins"
],
"answer_start": [
1004
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113615
|
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e5
|
Immunology
|
Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn for up to 18 months, but their response is usually short-lived and of low affinity. These antibodies can also produce a negative response. If a child is exposed to the antibody for a particular antigen before being exposed to the antigen itself then the child will produce a dampened response. Passively acquired maternal antibodies can suppress the antibody response to active immunization. Similarly the response of T-cells to vaccination differs in children compared to adults, and vaccines that induce Th1 responses in adults do not readily elicit these same responses in neonates. Between six to nine months after birth, a child’s immune system begins to respond more strongly to glycoproteins, but there is usually no marked improvement in their response to polysaccharides until they are at least one year old. This can be the reason for distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules.
|
The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what?
|
The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what?
|
[
"The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules"
],
"answer_start": [
1164
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113616
|
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9205
|
Immunology
|
During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone some months later. There is evidence that these steroids act directly not only on the primary and secondary sexual characteristics but also have an effect on the development and regulation of the immune system, including an increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity. There is also some evidence that cell surface receptors on B cells and macrophages may detect sex hormones in the system.
|
What is the primary trigger for immunological changes in teens?
|
What is the primary trigger for immunological changes in teens?
|
[
"What is the primary trigger for immunological changes in teens?"
] |
{
"text": [
"hormones"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113617
|
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9206
|
Immunology
|
During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone some months later. There is evidence that these steroids act directly not only on the primary and secondary sexual characteristics but also have an effect on the development and regulation of the immune system, including an increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity. There is also some evidence that cell surface receptors on B cells and macrophages may detect sex hormones in the system.
|
What specific hormone catalyzes these changes in females?
|
What specific hormone catalyzes these changes in females?
|
[
"What specific hormone catalyzes these changes in females?"
] |
{
"text": [
"17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen)"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113618
|
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9207
|
Immunology
|
During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone some months later. There is evidence that these steroids act directly not only on the primary and secondary sexual characteristics but also have an effect on the development and regulation of the immune system, including an increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity. There is also some evidence that cell surface receptors on B cells and macrophages may detect sex hormones in the system.
|
Which specific hormone precipitates the change in immunology in males?
|
Which specific hormone precipitates the change in immunology in males?
|
[
"Which specific hormone precipitates the change in immunology in males?"
] |
{
"text": [
"testosterone"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113619
|
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9208
|
Immunology
|
During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone some months later. There is evidence that these steroids act directly not only on the primary and secondary sexual characteristics but also have an effect on the development and regulation of the immune system, including an increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity. There is also some evidence that cell surface receptors on B cells and macrophages may detect sex hormones in the system.
|
Adolescent immunological changes can also result in what?
|
Adolescent immunological changes can also result in what?
|
[
"Adolescent immunological changes can also result in what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity"
],
"answer_start": [
541
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113620
|
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9209
|
Immunology
|
During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone some months later. There is evidence that these steroids act directly not only on the primary and secondary sexual characteristics but also have an effect on the development and regulation of the immune system, including an increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity. There is also some evidence that cell surface receptors on B cells and macrophages may detect sex hormones in the system.
|
Evidence suggests that receptors on B cells may do what?
|
Evidence suggests that receptors on B cells may do what?
|
[
"Evidence suggests that receptors on B cells may do what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"detect sex hormones in the system"
],
"answer_start": [
700
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113621
|
5706f5de90286e26004fc763
|
Immunology
|
Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, among others, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells.
|
The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as?
|
The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as?
|
[
"The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as?"
] |
{
"text": [
"strongly experimental"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113622
|
5706f5de90286e26004fc764
|
Immunology
|
Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, among others, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells.
|
What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology?
|
What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology?
|
[
"What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"cellular\" and \"humoral\""
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113623
|
5706f5de90286e26004fc765
|
Immunology
|
Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, among others, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells.
|
Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses?
|
Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses?
|
[
"Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses?"
] |
{
"text": [
"phagocytes"
],
"answer_start": [
488
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113624
|
5706f5de90286e26004fc766
|
Immunology
|
Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, among others, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells.
|
Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what?
|
Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what?
|
[
"Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"soluble components (molecules)"
],
"answer_start": [
688
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113625
|
5706f5de90286e26004fc767
|
Immunology
|
Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, among others, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells.
|
Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside?
|
Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside?
|
[
"Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the organism’s “humors”"
],
"answer_start": [
728
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113626
|
5706f93b9e06ca38007e9267
|
Immunology
|
In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response. The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells. The self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized, but remain very influential.
|
What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology?
|
What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology?
|
[
"What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Frank Burnet"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113627
|
5706f93b9e06ca38007e9268
|
Immunology
|
In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response. The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells. The self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized, but remain very influential.
|
What triggers an immune response according to CST?
|
What triggers an immune response according to CST?
|
[
"What triggers an immune response according to CST?"
] |
{
"text": [
"self/nonself distinction"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113628
|
5706f93b9e06ca38007e9269
|
Immunology
|
In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response. The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells. The self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized, but remain very influential.
|
In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response?
|
In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response?
|
[
"In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"nonself\" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft)"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113629
|
5706f93b9e06ca38007e926a
|
Immunology
|
In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response. The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells. The self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized, but remain very influential.
|
What property of T cells caused modification of CST?
|
What property of T cells caused modification of CST?
|
[
"What property of T cells caused modification of CST?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the complex \"two-signal\" activation"
],
"answer_start": [
542
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113630
|
5706f93b9e06ca38007e926b
|
Immunology
|
In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response. The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells. The self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized, but remain very influential.
|
When was clonal selection theory first proposed?
|
When was clonal selection theory first proposed?
|
[
"When was clonal selection theory first proposed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"In the mid-1950s"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113631
|
5706facf9e06ca38007e927b
|
Immunology
|
Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of humans and animals through effective yet consistent research, (AAAAI, 2013). The most important thing about being immunologists is the research because it is the biggest portion of their jobs.
|
What discipline can undergraduate students interested in general health study?
|
What discipline can undergraduate students interested in general health study?
|
[
"What discipline can undergraduate students interested in general health study?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Bioscience"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113632
|
5706facf9e06ca38007e927c
|
Immunology
|
Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of humans and animals through effective yet consistent research, (AAAAI, 2013). The most important thing about being immunologists is the research because it is the biggest portion of their jobs.
|
Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study?
|
Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study?
|
[
"Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study?"
] |
{
"text": [
"bioscience"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113633
|
5706facf9e06ca38007e927d
|
Immunology
|
Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of humans and animals through effective yet consistent research, (AAAAI, 2013). The most important thing about being immunologists is the research because it is the biggest portion of their jobs.
|
The goal of an immunologist is to study what beings?
|
The goal of an immunologist is to study what beings?
|
[
"The goal of an immunologist is to study what beings?"
] |
{
"text": [
"humans and animals"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113634
|
5706facf9e06ca38007e927e
|
Immunology
|
Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of humans and animals through effective yet consistent research, (AAAAI, 2013). The most important thing about being immunologists is the research because it is the biggest portion of their jobs.
|
The biggest part of an immunologist's job is what?
|
The biggest part of an immunologist's job is what?
|
[
"The biggest part of an immunologist's job is what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"research"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113635
|
5706facf9e06ca38007e927f
|
Immunology
|
Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of humans and animals through effective yet consistent research, (AAAAI, 2013). The most important thing about being immunologists is the research because it is the biggest portion of their jobs.
|
What two conditions apply to good immunological study?
|
What two conditions apply to good immunological study?
|
[
"What two conditions apply to good immunological study?"
] |
{
"text": [
"effective yet consistent research"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113636
|
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a5
|
Immunology
|
Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York University Langone Medical Center, University at Albany (SUNY), University at Buffalo (SUNY), University of Rochester Medical Center and Upstate Medical University (SUNY). The AAI immunology courses include an Introductory Course and an Advance Course. The Introductory Course is a course that gives students an overview of the basics of immunology.
|
Most graduate schools specializing in immunology follow what organization's parameters?
|
Most graduate schools specializing in immunology follow what organization's parameters?
|
[
"Most graduate schools specializing in immunology follow what organization's parameters?"
] |
{
"text": [
"AAI courses"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113637
|
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a6
|
Immunology
|
Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York University Langone Medical Center, University at Albany (SUNY), University at Buffalo (SUNY), University of Rochester Medical Center and Upstate Medical University (SUNY). The AAI immunology courses include an Introductory Course and an Advance Course. The Introductory Course is a course that gives students an overview of the basics of immunology.
|
What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai?
|
What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai?
|
[
"What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Icahn School of Medicine"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113638
|
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a7
|
Immunology
|
Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York University Langone Medical Center, University at Albany (SUNY), University at Buffalo (SUNY), University of Rochester Medical Center and Upstate Medical University (SUNY). The AAI immunology courses include an Introductory Course and an Advance Course. The Introductory Course is a course that gives students an overview of the basics of immunology.
|
AAI immunology courses include what two components?
|
AAI immunology courses include what two components?
|
[
"AAI immunology courses include what two components?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Introductory Course and an Advance Course"
],
"answer_start": [
541
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113639
|
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a8
|
Immunology
|
Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York University Langone Medical Center, University at Albany (SUNY), University at Buffalo (SUNY), University of Rochester Medical Center and Upstate Medical University (SUNY). The AAI immunology courses include an Introductory Course and an Advance Course. The Introductory Course is a course that gives students an overview of the basics of immunology.
|
What does the introductory AAI immunology course do?
|
What does the introductory AAI immunology course do?
|
[
"What does the introductory AAI immunology course do?"
] |
{
"text": [
"gives students an overview of the basics of immunology"
],
"answer_start": [
625
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113640
|
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a9
|
Immunology
|
Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York University Langone Medical Center, University at Albany (SUNY), University at Buffalo (SUNY), University of Rochester Medical Center and Upstate Medical University (SUNY). The AAI immunology courses include an Introductory Course and an Advance Course. The Introductory Course is a course that gives students an overview of the basics of immunology.
|
The Langone Medical Center is part of what college?
|
The Langone Medical Center is part of what college?
|
[
"The Langone Medical Center is part of what college?"
] |
{
"text": [
"New York University"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113641
|
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7af
|
Immunology
|
In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another course for those who are willing to expand or update their understanding of immunology. It is advised for students who want to attend the Advanced Course to have a background of the principles of immunology. Most schools require students to take electives in other to complete their degrees. A Master’s degree requires two years of study following the attainment of a bachelor's degree. For a doctoral programme it is required to take two additional years of study.
|
Part 1 of the AAI introductory immunology course is meant to be what?
|
Part 1 of the AAI introductory immunology course is meant to be what?
|
[
"Part 1 of the AAI introductory immunology course is meant to be what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"an introduction to the basic principles of immunology"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113642
|
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b0
|
Immunology
|
In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another course for those who are willing to expand or update their understanding of immunology. It is advised for students who want to attend the Advanced Course to have a background of the principles of immunology. Most schools require students to take electives in other to complete their degrees. A Master’s degree requires two years of study following the attainment of a bachelor's degree. For a doctoral programme it is required to take two additional years of study.
|
Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what?
|
Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what?
|
[
"Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"clinically-oriented lecture series"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113643
|
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b1
|
Immunology
|
In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another course for those who are willing to expand or update their understanding of immunology. It is advised for students who want to attend the Advanced Course to have a background of the principles of immunology. Most schools require students to take electives in other to complete their degrees. A Master’s degree requires two years of study following the attainment of a bachelor's degree. For a doctoral programme it is required to take two additional years of study.
|
What pre-requisite should enrollees in the advanced immunology course have?
|
What pre-requisite should enrollees in the advanced immunology course have?
|
[
"What pre-requisite should enrollees in the advanced immunology course have?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a background of the principles of immunology"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113644
|
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b2
|
Immunology
|
In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another course for those who are willing to expand or update their understanding of immunology. It is advised for students who want to attend the Advanced Course to have a background of the principles of immunology. Most schools require students to take electives in other to complete their degrees. A Master’s degree requires two years of study following the attainment of a bachelor's degree. For a doctoral programme it is required to take two additional years of study.
|
How long does it typically take to earn a Master's degree?
|
How long does it typically take to earn a Master's degree?
|
[
"How long does it typically take to earn a Master's degree?"
] |
{
"text": [
"two years of study"
],
"answer_start": [
640
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113645
|
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b3
|
Immunology
|
In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another course for those who are willing to expand or update their understanding of immunology. It is advised for students who want to attend the Advanced Course to have a background of the principles of immunology. Most schools require students to take electives in other to complete their degrees. A Master’s degree requires two years of study following the attainment of a bachelor's degree. For a doctoral programme it is required to take two additional years of study.
|
What program requires an additional two years of study?
|
What program requires an additional two years of study?
|
[
"What program requires an additional two years of study?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a doctoral programme"
],
"answer_start": [
712
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113646
|
572f4a7a947a6a140053c866
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which is a domestic security service, CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on overseas intelligence gathering, with only limited domestic collection. Though it is not the only U.S. government agency specializing in HUMINT, CIA serves as the national manager for coordination and deconfliction of HUMINT activities across the entire intelligence community. Moreover, CIA is the only agency authorized by law to carry out and oversee covert action on behalf of the President, unless the President determines that another agency is better suited for carrying out such action. It can, for example, exert foreign political influence through its tactical divisions, such as the Special Activities Division.
|
What is the CIA's main focus?
|
What is the CIA's main focus?
|
[
"What is the CIA's main focus?"
] |
{
"text": [
"overseas intelligence gathering"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113647
|
572f4a7a947a6a140053c867
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which is a domestic security service, CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on overseas intelligence gathering, with only limited domestic collection. Though it is not the only U.S. government agency specializing in HUMINT, CIA serves as the national manager for coordination and deconfliction of HUMINT activities across the entire intelligence community. Moreover, CIA is the only agency authorized by law to carry out and oversee covert action on behalf of the President, unless the President determines that another agency is better suited for carrying out such action. It can, for example, exert foreign political influence through its tactical divisions, such as the Special Activities Division.
|
What does FBI stand for?
|
What does FBI stand for?
|
[
"What does FBI stand for?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Federal Bureau of Investigation"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113648
|
572f4a7a947a6a140053c868
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which is a domestic security service, CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on overseas intelligence gathering, with only limited domestic collection. Though it is not the only U.S. government agency specializing in HUMINT, CIA serves as the national manager for coordination and deconfliction of HUMINT activities across the entire intelligence community. Moreover, CIA is the only agency authorized by law to carry out and oversee covert action on behalf of the President, unless the President determines that another agency is better suited for carrying out such action. It can, for example, exert foreign political influence through its tactical divisions, such as the Special Activities Division.
|
What is the only agency that is authorized to carry out action on behalf of the president?
|
What is the only agency that is authorized to carry out action on behalf of the president?
|
[
"What is the only agency that is authorized to carry out action on behalf of the president?"
] |
{
"text": [
"CIA"
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113649
|
572f4bcd04bcaa1900d76821
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The Executive Office also supports the U.S. military by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on field activities. The Executive Director is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA, and each branch of the service has its own Director. The Associate Director of military affairs, a senior military officer, manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands, who produce regional/operational intelligence and consume national intelligence.
|
Who is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA?
|
Who is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA?
|
[
"Who is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The Executive Director"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113650
|
572f4bcd04bcaa1900d76822
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The Executive Office also supports the U.S. military by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on field activities. The Executive Director is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA, and each branch of the service has its own Director. The Associate Director of military affairs, a senior military officer, manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands, who produce regional/operational intelligence and consume national intelligence.
|
What is the title of the person who manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands?
|
What is the title of the person who manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands?
|
[
"What is the title of the person who manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The Associate Director of military affairs"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113651
|
572f4bcd04bcaa1900d76823
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The Executive Office also supports the U.S. military by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on field activities. The Executive Director is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA, and each branch of the service has its own Director. The Associate Director of military affairs, a senior military officer, manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands, who produce regional/operational intelligence and consume national intelligence.
|
What three ways does the Executive office support the U.S. military?
|
What three ways does the Executive office support the U.S. military?
|
[
"What three ways does the Executive office support the U.S. military?"
] |
{
"text": [
"providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on field activities"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113652
|
572f4d2d04bcaa1900d76827
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The Directorate of Analysis produces all-source intelligence investigation on key foreign and intercontinental issues relating to powerful and sometimes anti-government sensitive topics. It has four regional analytic groups, six groups for transnational issues, and three focus on policy, collection, and staff support. There is an office dedicated to Iraq, and regional analytical Offices covering the Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis, the Office of Russian and European Analysis, and the Office of Asian Pacific, Asian Pacific, Latin American, and African Analysis and African Analysis.
|
Who produces all source intelligence investigations?
|
Who produces all source intelligence investigations?
|
[
"Who produces all source intelligence investigations?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The Directorate of Analysis"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113653
|
572f4d2d04bcaa1900d76828
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The Directorate of Analysis produces all-source intelligence investigation on key foreign and intercontinental issues relating to powerful and sometimes anti-government sensitive topics. It has four regional analytic groups, six groups for transnational issues, and three focus on policy, collection, and staff support. There is an office dedicated to Iraq, and regional analytical Offices covering the Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis, the Office of Russian and European Analysis, and the Office of Asian Pacific, Asian Pacific, Latin American, and African Analysis and African Analysis.
|
How many regional analytic groups does the Directorate of Analysis have?
|
How many regional analytic groups does the Directorate of Analysis have?
|
[
"How many regional analytic groups does the Directorate of Analysis have?"
] |
{
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113654
|
572f4d2d04bcaa1900d76829
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The Directorate of Analysis produces all-source intelligence investigation on key foreign and intercontinental issues relating to powerful and sometimes anti-government sensitive topics. It has four regional analytic groups, six groups for transnational issues, and three focus on policy, collection, and staff support. There is an office dedicated to Iraq, and regional analytical Offices covering the Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis, the Office of Russian and European Analysis, and the Office of Asian Pacific, Asian Pacific, Latin American, and African Analysis and African Analysis.
|
How many groups does the Directorate of Analysis have for transnational issues?
|
How many groups does the Directorate of Analysis have for transnational issues?
|
[
"How many groups does the Directorate of Analysis have for transnational issues?"
] |
{
"text": [
"six"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113655
|
572f4d2d04bcaa1900d7682a
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The Directorate of Analysis produces all-source intelligence investigation on key foreign and intercontinental issues relating to powerful and sometimes anti-government sensitive topics. It has four regional analytic groups, six groups for transnational issues, and three focus on policy, collection, and staff support. There is an office dedicated to Iraq, and regional analytical Offices covering the Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis, the Office of Russian and European Analysis, and the Office of Asian Pacific, Asian Pacific, Latin American, and African Analysis and African Analysis.
|
The Directorate of Analysis has an office dedicated to what country?
|
The Directorate of Analysis has an office dedicated to what country?
|
[
"The Directorate of Analysis has an office dedicated to what country?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Iraq"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113656
|
572f4d2d04bcaa1900d7682b
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The Directorate of Analysis produces all-source intelligence investigation on key foreign and intercontinental issues relating to powerful and sometimes anti-government sensitive topics. It has four regional analytic groups, six groups for transnational issues, and three focus on policy, collection, and staff support. There is an office dedicated to Iraq, and regional analytical Offices covering the Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis, the Office of Russian and European Analysis, and the Office of Asian Pacific, Asian Pacific, Latin American, and African Analysis and African Analysis.
|
How many groups of the Directorate of Analysis focus on policy, collection and staff support?
|
How many groups of the Directorate of Analysis focus on policy, collection and staff support?
|
[
"How many groups of the Directorate of Analysis focus on policy, collection and staff support?"
] |
{
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113657
|
572f4e74947a6a140053c86c
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence, mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources, and covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities among other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy and budget between the United States Department of Defense (DOD) and the CIA. In spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service (DCS), under the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).
|
What office is in charge of collecting foreign intelligence?
|
What office is in charge of collecting foreign intelligence?
|
[
"What office is in charge of collecting foreign intelligence?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The Directorate of Operations"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113658
|
572f4e74947a6a140053c86d
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence, mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources, and covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities among other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy and budget between the United States Department of Defense (DOD) and the CIA. In spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service (DCS), under the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).
|
What is the main reason the Directorate of Operations was created?
|
What is the main reason the Directorate of Operations was created?
|
[
"What is the main reason the Directorate of Operations was created?"
] |
{
"text": [
"to end years of rivalry"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113659
|
572f4e74947a6a140053c86e
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence, mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources, and covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities among other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy and budget between the United States Department of Defense (DOD) and the CIA. In spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service (DCS), under the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).
|
What intelligence service did the Department of Defense recently create?
|
What intelligence service did the Department of Defense recently create?
|
[
"What intelligence service did the Department of Defense recently create?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Defense Clandestine Service"
],
"answer_start": [
600
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113660
|
572f4e74947a6a140053c86f
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence, mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources, and covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities among other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy and budget between the United States Department of Defense (DOD) and the CIA. In spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service (DCS), under the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).
|
What does DIA stand for?
|
What does DIA stand for?
|
[
"What does DIA stand for?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Defense Intelligence Agency"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113661
|
572f4e74947a6a140053c870
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence, mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources, and covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities among other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy and budget between the United States Department of Defense (DOD) and the CIA. In spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service (DCS), under the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).
|
What is DOD short for?
|
What is DOD short for?
|
[
"What is DOD short for?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Department of Defense"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113662
|
572f4f74a23a5019007fc517
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the Cold War, the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on employee retention. In response, Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet established CIA University in 2002. CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers, as well as CIA support staff. The facility works in partnership with the National Intelligence University, and includes the Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis, the Directorate of Analysis' component of the university.
|
In what year did the CIA establish its first training facility?
|
In what year did the CIA establish its first training facility?
|
[
"In what year did the CIA establish its first training facility?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1950"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113663
|
572f4f74a23a5019007fc518
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the Cold War, the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on employee retention. In response, Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet established CIA University in 2002. CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers, as well as CIA support staff. The facility works in partnership with the National Intelligence University, and includes the Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis, the Directorate of Analysis' component of the university.
|
What was the name of the first training facility that was established by the CIA?
|
What was the name of the first training facility that was established by the CIA?
|
[
"What was the name of the first training facility that was established by the CIA?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Office of Training and Education"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113664
|
572f4f74a23a5019007fc519
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the Cold War, the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on employee retention. In response, Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet established CIA University in 2002. CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers, as well as CIA support staff. The facility works in partnership with the National Intelligence University, and includes the Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis, the Directorate of Analysis' component of the university.
|
What event decreased the CIA's training budget?
|
What event decreased the CIA's training budget?
|
[
"What event decreased the CIA's training budget?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Cold War"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113665
|
572f4f74a23a5019007fc51a
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the Cold War, the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on employee retention. In response, Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet established CIA University in 2002. CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers, as well as CIA support staff. The facility works in partnership with the National Intelligence University, and includes the Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis, the Directorate of Analysis' component of the university.
|
Who was the Director of Central Intelligence in 2002?
|
Who was the Director of Central Intelligence in 2002?
|
[
"Who was the Director of Central Intelligence in 2002?"
] |
{
"text": [
"George Tenet"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113666
|
572f4f74a23a5019007fc51b
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the Cold War, the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on employee retention. In response, Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet established CIA University in 2002. CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers, as well as CIA support staff. The facility works in partnership with the National Intelligence University, and includes the Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis, the Directorate of Analysis' component of the university.
|
How many annual courses does the CIA University have?
|
How many annual courses does the CIA University have?
|
[
"How many annual courses does the CIA University have?"
] |
{
"text": [
"between 200 and 300"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113667
|
572f508fa23a5019007fc521
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
Details of the overall United States intelligence budget are classified. Under the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend "un-vouchered" government money. The government has disclosed a total figure for all non-military intelligence spending since 2007; the fiscal 2013 figure is $52.6 billion. According to the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures, the CIA's fiscal 2013 budget is $14.7 billion, 28% of the total and almost 50% more than the budget of the National Security Agency. CIA's HUMINT budget is $2.3 billion, the SIGINT budget is $1.7 billion, and spending for security and logistics of CIA missions is $2.5 billion. "Covert action programs", including a variety of activities such as the CIA's drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities, accounts for $2.6 billion.
|
What year was the Central Intelligence Agency Act created?
|
What year was the Central Intelligence Agency Act created?
|
[
"What year was the Central Intelligence Agency Act created?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1949"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113668
|
572f508fa23a5019007fc522
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
Details of the overall United States intelligence budget are classified. Under the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend "un-vouchered" government money. The government has disclosed a total figure for all non-military intelligence spending since 2007; the fiscal 2013 figure is $52.6 billion. According to the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures, the CIA's fiscal 2013 budget is $14.7 billion, 28% of the total and almost 50% more than the budget of the National Security Agency. CIA's HUMINT budget is $2.3 billion, the SIGINT budget is $1.7 billion, and spending for security and logistics of CIA missions is $2.5 billion. "Covert action programs", including a variety of activities such as the CIA's drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities, accounts for $2.6 billion.
|
Who is the only federal employee that can spend un-vouched for money?
|
Who is the only federal employee that can spend un-vouched for money?
|
[
"Who is the only federal employee that can spend un-vouched for money?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Director of Central Intelligence"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113669
|
572f508fa23a5019007fc523
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
Details of the overall United States intelligence budget are classified. Under the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend "un-vouchered" government money. The government has disclosed a total figure for all non-military intelligence spending since 2007; the fiscal 2013 figure is $52.6 billion. According to the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures, the CIA's fiscal 2013 budget is $14.7 billion, 28% of the total and almost 50% more than the budget of the National Security Agency. CIA's HUMINT budget is $2.3 billion, the SIGINT budget is $1.7 billion, and spending for security and logistics of CIA missions is $2.5 billion. "Covert action programs", including a variety of activities such as the CIA's drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities, accounts for $2.6 billion.
|
How much money was spent on non-military intelligence in 2013?
|
How much money was spent on non-military intelligence in 2013?
|
[
"How much money was spent on non-military intelligence in 2013?"
] |
{
"text": [
"$52.6 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113670
|
572f508fa23a5019007fc524
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
Details of the overall United States intelligence budget are classified. Under the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend "un-vouchered" government money. The government has disclosed a total figure for all non-military intelligence spending since 2007; the fiscal 2013 figure is $52.6 billion. According to the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures, the CIA's fiscal 2013 budget is $14.7 billion, 28% of the total and almost 50% more than the budget of the National Security Agency. CIA's HUMINT budget is $2.3 billion, the SIGINT budget is $1.7 billion, and spending for security and logistics of CIA missions is $2.5 billion. "Covert action programs", including a variety of activities such as the CIA's drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities, accounts for $2.6 billion.
|
What was the 2013 annual budget for the CIA's HUMINT?
|
What was the 2013 annual budget for the CIA's HUMINT?
|
[
"What was the 2013 annual budget for the CIA's HUMINT?"
] |
{
"text": [
"$2.3 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
597
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113671
|
572f508fa23a5019007fc525
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
Details of the overall United States intelligence budget are classified. Under the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend "un-vouchered" government money. The government has disclosed a total figure for all non-military intelligence spending since 2007; the fiscal 2013 figure is $52.6 billion. According to the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures, the CIA's fiscal 2013 budget is $14.7 billion, 28% of the total and almost 50% more than the budget of the National Security Agency. CIA's HUMINT budget is $2.3 billion, the SIGINT budget is $1.7 billion, and spending for security and logistics of CIA missions is $2.5 billion. "Covert action programs", including a variety of activities such as the CIA's drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities, accounts for $2.6 billion.
|
What two major things does the CIA's "Covert action programs" include?
|
What two major things does the CIA's "Covert action programs" include?
|
[
"What two major things does the CIA's \"Covert action programs\" include?"
] |
{
"text": [
"drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities"
],
"answer_start": [
797
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113672
|
572f51a8a23a5019007fc52b
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
There were numerous previous attempts to obtain general information about the budget. As a result, it was revealed that CIA's annual budget in Fiscal Year 1963 was US $550 million (inflation-adjusted US$ 4.3 billion in 2016), and the overall intelligence budget in FY 1997 was US $26.6 billion (inflation-adjusted US$ 39.2 billion in 2016). There have been accidental disclosures; for instance, Mary Margaret Graham, a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005, said that the annual intelligence budget was $44 billion, and in 1994 Congress accidentally published a budget of $43.4 billion (in 2012 dollars) in 1994 for the non-military National Intelligence Program, including $4.8 billion for the CIA. After the Marshall Plan was approved, appropriating $13.7 billion over five years, 5% of those funds or $685 million were made available to the CIA.
|
What was the first year the CIA's budget was disclosed?
|
What was the first year the CIA's budget was disclosed?
|
[
"What was the first year the CIA's budget was disclosed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1963"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113673
|
572f51a8a23a5019007fc52c
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
There were numerous previous attempts to obtain general information about the budget. As a result, it was revealed that CIA's annual budget in Fiscal Year 1963 was US $550 million (inflation-adjusted US$ 4.3 billion in 2016), and the overall intelligence budget in FY 1997 was US $26.6 billion (inflation-adjusted US$ 39.2 billion in 2016). There have been accidental disclosures; for instance, Mary Margaret Graham, a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005, said that the annual intelligence budget was $44 billion, and in 1994 Congress accidentally published a budget of $43.4 billion (in 2012 dollars) in 1994 for the non-military National Intelligence Program, including $4.8 billion for the CIA. After the Marshall Plan was approved, appropriating $13.7 billion over five years, 5% of those funds or $685 million were made available to the CIA.
|
Who disclosed the CIA's budget for 2005?
|
Who disclosed the CIA's budget for 2005?
|
[
"Who disclosed the CIA's budget for 2005?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Mary Margaret Graham"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113674
|
572f51a8a23a5019007fc52d
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
There were numerous previous attempts to obtain general information about the budget. As a result, it was revealed that CIA's annual budget in Fiscal Year 1963 was US $550 million (inflation-adjusted US$ 4.3 billion in 2016), and the overall intelligence budget in FY 1997 was US $26.6 billion (inflation-adjusted US$ 39.2 billion in 2016). There have been accidental disclosures; for instance, Mary Margaret Graham, a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005, said that the annual intelligence budget was $44 billion, and in 1994 Congress accidentally published a budget of $43.4 billion (in 2012 dollars) in 1994 for the non-military National Intelligence Program, including $4.8 billion for the CIA. After the Marshall Plan was approved, appropriating $13.7 billion over five years, 5% of those funds or $685 million were made available to the CIA.
|
What group accidentally published the non CIA budget in 1994?
|
What group accidentally published the non CIA budget in 1994?
|
[
"What group accidentally published the non CIA budget in 1994?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113675
|
572f51a8a23a5019007fc52e
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
There were numerous previous attempts to obtain general information about the budget. As a result, it was revealed that CIA's annual budget in Fiscal Year 1963 was US $550 million (inflation-adjusted US$ 4.3 billion in 2016), and the overall intelligence budget in FY 1997 was US $26.6 billion (inflation-adjusted US$ 39.2 billion in 2016). There have been accidental disclosures; for instance, Mary Margaret Graham, a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005, said that the annual intelligence budget was $44 billion, and in 1994 Congress accidentally published a budget of $43.4 billion (in 2012 dollars) in 1994 for the non-military National Intelligence Program, including $4.8 billion for the CIA. After the Marshall Plan was approved, appropriating $13.7 billion over five years, 5% of those funds or $685 million were made available to the CIA.
|
What plan appropriated $13.7 billion over five years?
|
What plan appropriated $13.7 billion over five years?
|
[
"What plan appropriated $13.7 billion over five years?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Marshall Plan"
],
"answer_start": [
756
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113676
|
572f51a8a23a5019007fc52f
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
There were numerous previous attempts to obtain general information about the budget. As a result, it was revealed that CIA's annual budget in Fiscal Year 1963 was US $550 million (inflation-adjusted US$ 4.3 billion in 2016), and the overall intelligence budget in FY 1997 was US $26.6 billion (inflation-adjusted US$ 39.2 billion in 2016). There have been accidental disclosures; for instance, Mary Margaret Graham, a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005, said that the annual intelligence budget was $44 billion, and in 1994 Congress accidentally published a budget of $43.4 billion (in 2012 dollars) in 1994 for the non-military National Intelligence Program, including $4.8 billion for the CIA. After the Marshall Plan was approved, appropriating $13.7 billion over five years, 5% of those funds or $685 million were made available to the CIA.
|
What percent of the $13.7 billion did the CIA receive?
|
What percent of the $13.7 billion did the CIA receive?
|
[
"What percent of the $13.7 billion did the CIA receive?"
] |
{
"text": [
"5%"
],
"answer_start": [
833
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113677
|
572f52b1947a6a140053c876
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (the SIS or MI6), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), the Egyptian General Intelligence Service, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki) (SVR), the Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the French foreign intelligence service Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) and Israel's Mossad. While the preceding agencies both collect and analyze information, some like the U.S. State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are purely analytical agencies.[citation needed]
|
What is the UK's equivalent to the CIA?
|
What is the UK's equivalent to the CIA?
|
[
"What is the UK's equivalent to the CIA?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Secret Intelligence Service"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113678
|
572f52b1947a6a140053c877
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (the SIS or MI6), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), the Egyptian General Intelligence Service, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki) (SVR), the Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the French foreign intelligence service Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) and Israel's Mossad. While the preceding agencies both collect and analyze information, some like the U.S. State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are purely analytical agencies.[citation needed]
|
What does ASIS stand for?
|
What does ASIS stand for?
|
[
"What does ASIS stand for?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Australian Secret Intelligence Service"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113679
|
572f52b1947a6a140053c878
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (the SIS or MI6), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), the Egyptian General Intelligence Service, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki) (SVR), the Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the French foreign intelligence service Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) and Israel's Mossad. While the preceding agencies both collect and analyze information, some like the U.S. State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are purely analytical agencies.[citation needed]
|
What is the name of Israel's intelligence agency?
|
What is the name of Israel's intelligence agency?
|
[
"What is the name of Israel's intelligence agency?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Mossad"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113680
|
572f52b1947a6a140053c879
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (the SIS or MI6), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), the Egyptian General Intelligence Service, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki) (SVR), the Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the French foreign intelligence service Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) and Israel's Mossad. While the preceding agencies both collect and analyze information, some like the U.S. State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are purely analytical agencies.[citation needed]
|
What is the acronym for French's intelligence service?
|
What is the acronym for French's intelligence service?
|
[
"What is the acronym for French's intelligence service?"
] |
{
"text": [
"DGSE"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113681
|
572f52b1947a6a140053c87a
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (the SIS or MI6), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), the Egyptian General Intelligence Service, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki) (SVR), the Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the French foreign intelligence service Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) and Israel's Mossad. While the preceding agencies both collect and analyze information, some like the U.S. State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are purely analytical agencies.[citation needed]
|
What is the acronym for India's Research and Analysis Wing?
|
What is the acronym for India's Research and Analysis Wing?
|
[
"What is the acronym for India's Research and Analysis Wing?"
] |
{
"text": [
"RAW"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113682
|
572f554ea23a5019007fc565
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The closest links of the U.S. IC to other foreign intelligence agencies are to Anglophone countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. There is a special communications marking that signals that intelligence-related messages can be shared with these four countries. An indication of the United States' close operational cooperation is the creation of a new message distribution label within the main U.S. military communications network. Previously, the marking of NOFORN (i.e., No Foreign Nationals) required the originator to specify which, if any, non-U.S. countries could receive the information. A new handling caveat, USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes, used primarily on intelligence messages, gives an easier way to indicate that the material can be shared with Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, and New Zealand.
|
Which four countries can share communications with the U.S. IC?
|
Which four countries can share communications with the U.S. IC?
|
[
"Which four countries can share communications with the U.S. IC?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113683
|
572f554ea23a5019007fc566
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The closest links of the U.S. IC to other foreign intelligence agencies are to Anglophone countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. There is a special communications marking that signals that intelligence-related messages can be shared with these four countries. An indication of the United States' close operational cooperation is the creation of a new message distribution label within the main U.S. military communications network. Previously, the marking of NOFORN (i.e., No Foreign Nationals) required the originator to specify which, if any, non-U.S. countries could receive the information. A new handling caveat, USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes, used primarily on intelligence messages, gives an easier way to indicate that the material can be shared with Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, and New Zealand.
|
What does NOFORN stand for?
|
What does NOFORN stand for?
|
[
"What does NOFORN stand for?"
] |
{
"text": [
"No Foreign Nationals"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113684
|
572f554ea23a5019007fc567
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The closest links of the U.S. IC to other foreign intelligence agencies are to Anglophone countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. There is a special communications marking that signals that intelligence-related messages can be shared with these four countries. An indication of the United States' close operational cooperation is the creation of a new message distribution label within the main U.S. military communications network. Previously, the marking of NOFORN (i.e., No Foreign Nationals) required the originator to specify which, if any, non-U.S. countries could receive the information. A new handling caveat, USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes, used primarily on intelligence messages, gives an easier way to indicate that the material can be shared with Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, and New Zealand.
|
What is the special marking that shows messages can be shared with these other five countries?
|
What is the special marking that shows messages can be shared with these other five countries?
|
[
"What is the special marking that shows messages can be shared with these other five countries?"
] |
{
"text": [
"USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes"
],
"answer_start": [
646
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113685
|
572f5607b2c2fd1400568035
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations Executive. This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). On September 20, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Harry S. Truman signed an executive order dissolving the OSS, and by October 1945 its functions had been divided between the Departments of State and War. The division lasted only a few months. The first public mention of the "Central Intelligence Agency" appeared on a command-restructuring proposal presented by Jim Forrestal and Arthur Radford to the U.S. Senate Military Affairs Committee at the end of 1945. Despite opposition from the military establishment, the United States Department of State and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Truman established the National Intelligence Authority in January 1946, which was the direct predecessor of the CIA. Its operational extension was known as the Central Intelligence Group (CIG)
|
What president authorized the creation of the intelligence service?
|
What president authorized the creation of the intelligence service?
|
[
"What president authorized the creation of the intelligence service?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Franklin D. Roosevelt"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113686
|
572f5607b2c2fd1400568036
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations Executive. This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). On September 20, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Harry S. Truman signed an executive order dissolving the OSS, and by October 1945 its functions had been divided between the Departments of State and War. The division lasted only a few months. The first public mention of the "Central Intelligence Agency" appeared on a command-restructuring proposal presented by Jim Forrestal and Arthur Radford to the U.S. Senate Military Affairs Committee at the end of 1945. Despite opposition from the military establishment, the United States Department of State and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Truman established the National Intelligence Authority in January 1946, which was the direct predecessor of the CIA. Its operational extension was known as the Central Intelligence Group (CIG)
|
Who's secret intelligence service was the US's modeled after?
|
Who's secret intelligence service was the US's modeled after?
|
[
"Who's secret intelligence service was the US's modeled after?"
] |
{
"text": [
"British"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113687
|
572f5607b2c2fd1400568037
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations Executive. This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). On September 20, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Harry S. Truman signed an executive order dissolving the OSS, and by October 1945 its functions had been divided between the Departments of State and War. The division lasted only a few months. The first public mention of the "Central Intelligence Agency" appeared on a command-restructuring proposal presented by Jim Forrestal and Arthur Radford to the U.S. Senate Military Affairs Committee at the end of 1945. Despite opposition from the military establishment, the United States Department of State and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Truman established the National Intelligence Authority in January 1946, which was the direct predecessor of the CIA. Its operational extension was known as the Central Intelligence Group (CIG)
|
What does OSS stand for?
|
What does OSS stand for?
|
[
"What does OSS stand for?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Office of Strategic Services"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113688
|
572f5607b2c2fd1400568038
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations Executive. This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). On September 20, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Harry S. Truman signed an executive order dissolving the OSS, and by October 1945 its functions had been divided between the Departments of State and War. The division lasted only a few months. The first public mention of the "Central Intelligence Agency" appeared on a command-restructuring proposal presented by Jim Forrestal and Arthur Radford to the U.S. Senate Military Affairs Committee at the end of 1945. Despite opposition from the military establishment, the United States Department of State and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Truman established the National Intelligence Authority in January 1946, which was the direct predecessor of the CIA. Its operational extension was known as the Central Intelligence Group (CIG)
|
Who signed the order to get rid of the OSS?
|
Who signed the order to get rid of the OSS?
|
[
"Who signed the order to get rid of the OSS?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Harry S. Truman"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113689
|
572f5607b2c2fd1400568039
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations Executive. This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). On September 20, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Harry S. Truman signed an executive order dissolving the OSS, and by October 1945 its functions had been divided between the Departments of State and War. The division lasted only a few months. The first public mention of the "Central Intelligence Agency" appeared on a command-restructuring proposal presented by Jim Forrestal and Arthur Radford to the U.S. Senate Military Affairs Committee at the end of 1945. Despite opposition from the military establishment, the United States Department of State and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Truman established the National Intelligence Authority in January 1946, which was the direct predecessor of the CIA. Its operational extension was known as the Central Intelligence Group (CIG)
|
In what year was the OSS dissolved?
|
In what year was the OSS dissolved?
|
[
"In what year was the OSS dissolved?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1945"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113690
|
572f570b04bcaa1900d7685d
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
Lawrence Houston, head counsel of the SSU, CIG, and, later CIA, was a principle draftsman of the National Security Act of 1947 which dissolved the NIA and the CIG, and established both the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1949, Houston would help draft the Central Intelligence Agency Act, (Public law 81-110) which authorized the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and exempted it from most limitations on the use of Federal funds. It also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its "organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed." It created the program "PL-110", to handle defectors and other "essential aliens" who fell outside normal immigration procedures.
|
Which act got rid of the NIA and the CIG?
|
Which act got rid of the NIA and the CIG?
|
[
"Which act got rid of the NIA and the CIG?"
] |
{
"text": [
"National Security Act"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113691
|
572f570b04bcaa1900d7685e
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
Lawrence Houston, head counsel of the SSU, CIG, and, later CIA, was a principle draftsman of the National Security Act of 1947 which dissolved the NIA and the CIG, and established both the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1949, Houston would help draft the Central Intelligence Agency Act, (Public law 81-110) which authorized the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and exempted it from most limitations on the use of Federal funds. It also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its "organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed." It created the program "PL-110", to handle defectors and other "essential aliens" who fell outside normal immigration procedures.
|
What program handled "essential aliens" that did not fall under normal immigration policies?
|
What program handled "essential aliens" that did not fall under normal immigration policies?
|
[
"What program handled \"essential aliens\" that did not fall under normal immigration policies?"
] |
{
"text": [
"PL-110"
],
"answer_start": [
663
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113692
|
572f570b04bcaa1900d7685f
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
Lawrence Houston, head counsel of the SSU, CIG, and, later CIA, was a principle draftsman of the National Security Act of 1947 which dissolved the NIA and the CIG, and established both the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1949, Houston would help draft the Central Intelligence Agency Act, (Public law 81-110) which authorized the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and exempted it from most limitations on the use of Federal funds. It also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its "organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed." It created the program "PL-110", to handle defectors and other "essential aliens" who fell outside normal immigration procedures.
|
Lawrence Houston helped to draft what act in 1949?
|
Lawrence Houston helped to draft what act in 1949?
|
[
"Lawrence Houston helped to draft what act in 1949?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Central Intelligence Agency Act"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113693
|
572f580c947a6a140053c894
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
At the outset of the Korean War the CIA still only had a few thousand employees, a thousand of whom worked in analysis. Intelligence primarily came from the Office of Reports and Estimates, which drew its reports from a daily take of State Department telegrams, military dispatches, and other public documents. The CIA still lacked its own intelligence gathering abilities. On 21 August 1950, shortly after the invasion of South Korea, Truman announced Walter Bedell Smith as the new Director of the CIA to correct what was seen as a grave failure of Intelligence.[clarification needed]
|
Who was appointed to be the new Director of the CIA in 1950?
|
Who was appointed to be the new Director of the CIA in 1950?
|
[
"Who was appointed to be the new Director of the CIA in 1950?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Walter Bedell Smith"
],
"answer_start": [
453
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113694
|
572f580c947a6a140053c895
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
At the outset of the Korean War the CIA still only had a few thousand employees, a thousand of whom worked in analysis. Intelligence primarily came from the Office of Reports and Estimates, which drew its reports from a daily take of State Department telegrams, military dispatches, and other public documents. The CIA still lacked its own intelligence gathering abilities. On 21 August 1950, shortly after the invasion of South Korea, Truman announced Walter Bedell Smith as the new Director of the CIA to correct what was seen as a grave failure of Intelligence.[clarification needed]
|
Where was most of the CIA's intelligence coming from before 1950?
|
Where was most of the CIA's intelligence coming from before 1950?
|
[
"Where was most of the CIA's intelligence coming from before 1950?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Office of Reports and Estimates"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113695
|
572f580c947a6a140053c896
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
At the outset of the Korean War the CIA still only had a few thousand employees, a thousand of whom worked in analysis. Intelligence primarily came from the Office of Reports and Estimates, which drew its reports from a daily take of State Department telegrams, military dispatches, and other public documents. The CIA still lacked its own intelligence gathering abilities. On 21 August 1950, shortly after the invasion of South Korea, Truman announced Walter Bedell Smith as the new Director of the CIA to correct what was seen as a grave failure of Intelligence.[clarification needed]
|
What president announced the new CIA director?
|
What president announced the new CIA director?
|
[
"What president announced the new CIA director?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Truman"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113696
|
572f58d704bcaa1900d76881
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The CIA had different demands placed on it by the different bodies overseeing it. Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him, the Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action, and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the US. Thus the two areas of responsibility for the CIA were covert action and covert intelligence. One of the main targets for intelligence gathering was the Soviet Union, which had also been a priority of the CIA's predecessors.
|
Who wanted the CIA to have a central group that organized information for him?
|
Who wanted the CIA to have a central group that organized information for him?
|
[
"Who wanted the CIA to have a central group that organized information for him?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Truman"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113697
|
572f58d704bcaa1900d76882
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The CIA had different demands placed on it by the different bodies overseeing it. Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him, the Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action, and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the US. Thus the two areas of responsibility for the CIA were covert action and covert intelligence. One of the main targets for intelligence gathering was the Soviet Union, which had also been a priority of the CIA's predecessors.
|
What did the Department of defense want from the CIA?
|
What did the Department of defense want from the CIA?
|
[
"What did the Department of defense want from the CIA?"
] |
{
"text": [
"military intelligence and covert action"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113698
|
572f58d704bcaa1900d76883
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The CIA had different demands placed on it by the different bodies overseeing it. Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him, the Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action, and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the US. Thus the two areas of responsibility for the CIA were covert action and covert intelligence. One of the main targets for intelligence gathering was the Soviet Union, which had also been a priority of the CIA's predecessors.
|
What was the State Department hoping for the CIA to do?
|
What was the State Department hoping for the CIA to do?
|
[
"What was the State Department hoping for the CIA to do?"
] |
{
"text": [
"create global political change favorable to the US"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113699
|
572f58d704bcaa1900d76884
|
Central_Intelligence_Agency
|
The CIA had different demands placed on it by the different bodies overseeing it. Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him, the Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action, and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the US. Thus the two areas of responsibility for the CIA were covert action and covert intelligence. One of the main targets for intelligence gathering was the Soviet Union, which had also been a priority of the CIA's predecessors.
|
What was one of the main targets of intelligence gathering?
|
What was one of the main targets of intelligence gathering?
|
[
"What was one of the main targets of intelligence gathering?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Soviet Union"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
}
|
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