gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-113400 | 5a87817f1d3cee001a6a11fe | Vacuum | While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air from which it to... | What is another name for mythology? | What is another name for mythology? | [
"What is another name for mythology?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113401 | 5a87817f1d3cee001a6a11ff | Vacuum | While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air from which it to... | Where did the ideas about the properties of molecules come from? | Where did the ideas about the properties of molecules come from? | [
"Where did the ideas about the properties of molecules come from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113402 | 5a87817f1d3cee001a6a1200 | Vacuum | While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air from which it to... | What did experiments with molecules attempt to detect on the Earths orbit? | What did experiments with molecules attempt to detect on the Earths orbit? | [
"What did experiments with molecules attempt to detect on the Earths orbit?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113403 | 572ebf10c246551400ce45e6 | Vacuum | The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemical composition.... | What indicated the quality of a vacuum? | What indicated the quality of a vacuum? | [
"What indicated the quality of a vacuum?"
] | {
"text": [
"amount of matter remaining in the system"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113404 | 572ebf10c246551400ce45e7 | Vacuum | The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemical composition.... | How is vacuum generally measured? | How is vacuum generally measured? | [
"How is vacuum generally measured?"
] | {
"text": [
"its absolute pressure"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113405 | 572ebf10c246551400ce45e8 | Vacuum | The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemical composition.... | What does the MFP of residual gases show? | What does the MFP of residual gases show? | [
"What does the MFP of residual gases show?"
] | {
"text": [
"average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with each other."
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113406 | 572ebf10c246551400ce45e9 | Vacuum | The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemical composition.... | What is particle gas dynamics? | What is particle gas dynamics? | [
"What is particle gas dynamics?"
] | {
"text": [
"study of fluid flows"
],
"answer_start": [
751
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113407 | 5a8793d01d3cee001a6a126a | Vacuum | The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemical composition.... | What indicates the quality of residual gases? | What indicates the quality of residual gases? | [
"What indicates the quality of residual gases?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113408 | 5a8793d01d3cee001a6a126b | Vacuum | The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemical composition.... | How much matter is left in residual gases? | How much matter is left in residual gases? | [
"How much matter is left in residual gases?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113409 | 5a8793d01d3cee001a6a126c | Vacuum | The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemical composition.... | How are residual gases measured? | How are residual gases measured? | [
"How are residual gases measured?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113410 | 5a8793d01d3cee001a6a126d | Vacuum | The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemical composition.... | What other factors are necessary to measure residual gases? | What other factors are necessary to measure residual gases? | [
"What other factors are necessary to measure residual gases?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113411 | 5a8793d01d3cee001a6a126e | Vacuum | The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemical composition.... | What is the study of residual gases in a spacecraft called? | What is the study of residual gases in a spacecraft called? | [
"What is the study of residual gases in a spacecraft called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113412 | 572ec078c246551400ce460a | Vacuum | The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (symbol Pa), but vacuum is often measured in torrs, named for Torricelli, an early Italian physicist (1608–1647). A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury (mmHg) in a manometer with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressure. Vacuum is of... | Absolute pressure being equal to current atmospheric pressure means what? | Absolute pressure being equal to current atmospheric pressure means what? | [
"Absolute pressure being equal to current atmospheric pressure means what?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"Below atmospheric\""
],
"answer_start": [
544
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113413 | 572ec078c246551400ce460b | Vacuum | The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (symbol Pa), but vacuum is often measured in torrs, named for Torricelli, an early Italian physicist (1608–1647). A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury (mmHg) in a manometer with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressure. Vacuum is of... | What is a torr equal to? | What is a torr equal to? | [
"What is a torr equal to?"
] | {
"text": [
"displacement of a millimeter of mercury"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113414 | 572ec078c246551400ce460c | Vacuum | The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (symbol Pa), but vacuum is often measured in torrs, named for Torricelli, an early Italian physicist (1608–1647). A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury (mmHg) in a manometer with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressure. Vacuum is of... | What is another often used options to measure vacuum? | What is another often used options to measure vacuum? | [
"What is another often used options to measure vacuum?"
] | {
"text": [
"barometric scale"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113415 | 5a8797e11d3cee001a6a127e | Vacuum | The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (symbol Pa), but vacuum is often measured in torrs, named for Torricelli, an early Italian physicist (1608–1647). A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury (mmHg) in a manometer with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressure. Vacuum is of... | During what years was mercury commonly in use? | During what years was mercury commonly in use? | [
"During what years was mercury commonly in use?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113416 | 5a8797e11d3cee001a6a127f | Vacuum | The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (symbol Pa), but vacuum is often measured in torrs, named for Torricelli, an early Italian physicist (1608–1647). A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury (mmHg) in a manometer with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressure. Vacuum is of... | What is the barometric scale equal to? | What is the barometric scale equal to? | [
"What is the barometric scale equal to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113417 | 5a8797e11d3cee001a6a1280 | Vacuum | The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (symbol Pa), but vacuum is often measured in torrs, named for Torricelli, an early Italian physicist (1608–1647). A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury (mmHg) in a manometer with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressure. Vacuum is of... | What element did Torricelli discover in 1608? | What element did Torricelli discover in 1608? | [
"What element did Torricelli discover in 1608?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113418 | 5a8797e11d3cee001a6a1281 | Vacuum | The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (symbol Pa), but vacuum is often measured in torrs, named for Torricelli, an early Italian physicist (1608–1647). A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury (mmHg) in a manometer with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressure. Vacuum is of... | How many pascals does the barometric scale equal? | How many pascals does the barometric scale equal? | [
"How many pascals does the barometric scale equal?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113419 | 5a8797e11d3cee001a6a1282 | Vacuum | The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (symbol Pa), but vacuum is often measured in torrs, named for Torricelli, an early Italian physicist (1608–1647). A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury (mmHg) in a manometer with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressure. Vacuum is of... | What is another way to measure the state of being below atmospheric? | What is another way to measure the state of being below atmospheric? | [
"What is another way to measure the state of being below atmospheric?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113420 | 572ec1b6c246551400ce461a | Vacuum | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U... | Why is mercury the better option for liquid used in a Hydrostatic gauge? | Why is mercury the better option for liquid used in a Hydrostatic gauge? | [
"Why is mercury the better option for liquid used in a Hydrostatic gauge?"
] | {
"text": [
"its high density and low vapour pressure"
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113421 | 572ec1b6c246551400ce461b | Vacuum | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U... | What is a vertical column of liquid in a tube which has different pressures at each end called? | What is a vertical column of liquid in a tube which has different pressures at each end called? | [
"What is a vertical column of liquid in a tube which has different pressures at each end called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hydrostatic gauges"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113422 | 572ec1b6c246551400ce461c | Vacuum | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U... | What is a hydrostatic gauge used for? | What is a hydrostatic gauge used for? | [
"What is a hydrostatic gauge used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113423 | 572ec1b6c246551400ce461d | Vacuum | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U... | Why is the McLeod gauge special? | Why is the McLeod gauge special? | [
"Why is the McLeod gauge special?"
] | {
"text": [
"can measure vacuums as high as 10−6 torr"
],
"answer_start": [
758
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113424 | 572ec1b6c246551400ce461e | Vacuum | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U... | An indirect measurement of pressure is most often calibrated by what? | An indirect measurement of pressure is most often calibrated by what? | [
"An indirect measurement of pressure is most often calibrated by what?"
] | {
"text": [
"McLeod gauge"
],
"answer_start": [
1117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113425 | 5a87a0cc1d3cee001a6a129c | Vacuum | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U... | What is the level of mercury in the air calibrated by? | What is the level of mercury in the air calibrated by? | [
"What is the level of mercury in the air calibrated by?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113426 | 5a87a0cc1d3cee001a6a129d | Vacuum | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U... | What is the density level of mercury in the air? | What is the density level of mercury in the air? | [
"What is the density level of mercury in the air?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113427 | 5a87a0cc1d3cee001a6a129e | Vacuum | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U... | What is used to measure mercury in the air? | What is used to measure mercury in the air? | [
"What is used to measure mercury in the air?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113428 | 5a87a0cc1d3cee001a6a129f | Vacuum | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U... | What is the lowest amount of mercury that can be measured in the air? | What is the lowest amount of mercury that can be measured in the air? | [
"What is the lowest amount of mercury that can be measured in the air?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113429 | 5a87a0cc1d3cee001a6a12a0 | Vacuum | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U... | What measurements are used to measure mercury in the air? | What measurements are used to measure mercury in the air? | [
"What measurements are used to measure mercury in the air?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113430 | 572ec300c246551400ce4624 | Vacuum | Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temper... | The fact that gases ability to conduct heat decreases with pressure is used by what form of measurement? | The fact that gases ability to conduct heat decreases with pressure is used by what form of measurement? | [
"The fact that gases ability to conduct heat decreases with pressure is used by what form of measurement?"
] | {
"text": [
"Thermal conductivity gauges"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113431 | 572ec300c246551400ce4625 | Vacuum | Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temper... | How is the wire filament in a Thermal conductivity gauge heated? | How is the wire filament in a Thermal conductivity gauge heated? | [
"How is the wire filament in a Thermal conductivity gauge heated?"
] | {
"text": [
"by running current through it"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113432 | 572ec300c246551400ce4626 | Vacuum | Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temper... | What is a Pirani gauge sensitive to? | What is a Pirani gauge sensitive to? | [
"What is a Pirani gauge sensitive to?"
] | {
"text": [
"chemical composition of the gases being measured"
],
"answer_start": [
645
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113433 | 572ec300c246551400ce4627 | Vacuum | Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temper... | What is a RTD used for on a Thermal Conductivity gauge? | What is a RTD used for on a Thermal Conductivity gauge? | [
"What is a RTD used for on a Thermal Conductivity gauge?"
] | {
"text": [
"to measure the temperature of the filament"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113434 | 572ec300c246551400ce4628 | Vacuum | Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temper... | A Pirani gauge is accurate within what ranges? | A Pirani gauge is accurate within what ranges? | [
"A Pirani gauge is accurate within what ranges?"
] | {
"text": [
"10 torr to 10−3 torr"
],
"answer_start": [
593
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113435 | 5a87aa881d3cee001a6a12c4 | Vacuum | Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temper... | How does plantinums ability to conduct heat decrease? | How does plantinums ability to conduct heat decrease? | [
"How does plantinums ability to conduct heat decrease?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113436 | 5a87aa881d3cee001a6a12c5 | Vacuum | Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temper... | What kind of filament does the RTD use? | What kind of filament does the RTD use? | [
"What kind of filament does the RTD use?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113437 | 5a87aa881d3cee001a6a12c6 | Vacuum | Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temper... | How do thermal conductivity gauges use a single platinum filament as? | How do thermal conductivity gauges use a single platinum filament as? | [
"How do thermal conductivity gauges use a single platinum filament as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113438 | 5a87aa881d3cee001a6a12c7 | Vacuum | Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temper... | How quickly does a filament lose heat? | How quickly does a filament lose heat? | [
"How quickly does a filament lose heat?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113439 | 5a87aa881d3cee001a6a12c8 | Vacuum | Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temper... | Pressure is sensitive to the heated element of what? | Pressure is sensitive to the heated element of what? | [
"Pressure is sensitive to the heated element of what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113440 | 572ec42ecb0c0d14000f151a | Vacuum | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | What are the two types of Ion gauges? | What are the two types of Ion gauges? | [
"What are the two types of Ion gauges?"
] | {
"text": [
"hot cathode and cold cathode."
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113441 | 572ec42ecb0c0d14000f151b | Vacuum | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | What affects the number of ions in a gauge? | What affects the number of ions in a gauge? | [
"What affects the number of ions in a gauge?"
] | {
"text": [
"the pressure in the gauge"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113442 | 572ec42ecb0c0d14000f151c | Vacuum | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | What gauge is accurate from 10-2 torr to 10-9 torr? | What gauge is accurate from 10-2 torr to 10-9 torr? | [
"What gauge is accurate from 10-2 torr to 10-9 torr?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cold cathode gauges"
],
"answer_start": [
618
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113443 | 572ec42ecb0c0d14000f151d | Vacuum | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | What must be used for accurate measurement on the composition of gases at a high vacuums? | What must be used for accurate measurement on the composition of gases at a high vacuums? | [
"What must be used for accurate measurement on the composition of gases at a high vacuums?"
] | {
"text": [
"mass spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge"
],
"answer_start": [
998
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113444 | 572ec42ecb0c0d14000f151e | Vacuum | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | Why does a mass spectrometer need to be used with gauge to be accurate at high vacuum gas measurement? | Why does a mass spectrometer need to be used with gauge to be accurate at high vacuum gas measurement? | [
"Why does a mass spectrometer need to be used with gauge to be accurate at high vacuum gas measurement?"
] | {
"text": [
"composition of gases at high vacuums will usually be unpredictable"
],
"answer_start": [
925
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113445 | 5a87ad601d3cee001a6a12ce | Vacuum | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | What are the two types of mass spectrometers? | What are the two types of mass spectrometers? | [
"What are the two types of mass spectrometers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113446 | 5a87ad601d3cee001a6a12cf | Vacuum | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | In the hot cathode version what does corrosion produce? | In the hot cathode version what does corrosion produce? | [
"In the hot cathode version what does corrosion produce?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113447 | 5a87ad601d3cee001a6a12d0 | Vacuum | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | What is ionized when electrodes travel through a mass spectrometer? | What is ionized when electrodes travel through a mass spectrometer? | [
"What is ionized when electrodes travel through a mass spectrometer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113448 | 5a87ad601d3cee001a6a12d1 | Vacuum | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | What is the accuracy of a mass spectrometer? | What is the accuracy of a mass spectrometer? | [
"What is the accuracy of a mass spectrometer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113449 | 5a87ad601d3cee001a6a12d2 | Vacuum | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | What is the nature of electrically heated filaments at high vacuums? | What is the nature of electrically heated filaments at high vacuums? | [
"What is the nature of electrically heated filaments at high vacuums?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113450 | 572ec82acb0c0d14000f1558 | Vacuum | Cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres can sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric, as long as the density of oxygen is similar to that of standard sea-level atmosphere. The colder air temperatures found at altitudes of up to 3 km generally compensate for the lower pressures there. Above this altitude, oxygen en... | density of oxygen like that of sea-level atmosphere is needed to do what? | density of oxygen like that of sea-level atmosphere is needed to do what? | [
"density of oxygen like that of sea-level atmosphere is needed to do what?"
] | {
"text": [
"sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric,"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113451 | 572ec82acb0c0d14000f1559 | Vacuum | Cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres can sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric, as long as the density of oxygen is similar to that of standard sea-level atmosphere. The colder air temperatures found at altitudes of up to 3 km generally compensate for the lower pressures there. Above this altitude, oxygen en... | What is the lowest altitude where acclimatization or a suit is not needed to prevent sickness in humans? | What is the lowest altitude where acclimatization or a suit is not needed to prevent sickness in humans? | [
"What is the lowest altitude where acclimatization or a suit is not needed to prevent sickness in humans?"
] | {
"text": [
"of up to 3 km"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113452 | 5a87d2c819b91f001a626e33 | Vacuum | Cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres can sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric, as long as the density of oxygen is similar to that of standard sea-level atmosphere. The colder air temperatures found at altitudes of up to 3 km generally compensate for the lower pressures there. Above this altitude, oxygen en... | What do colder air temperatures found at altitudes above 19km compensate for? | What do colder air temperatures found at altitudes above 19km compensate for? | [
"What do colder air temperatures found at altitudes above 19km compensate for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113453 | 5a87d2c819b91f001a626e34 | Vacuum | Cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres can sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric, as long as the density of oxygen is similar to that of standard sea-level atmosphere. The colder air temperatures found at altitudes of up to 3 km generally compensate for the lower pressures there. Above this altitude, oxygen en... | What is needed at altitudes of up to 3km to prevent altitiude sickness? | What is needed at altitudes of up to 3km to prevent altitiude sickness? | [
"What is needed at altitudes of up to 3km to prevent altitiude sickness?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113454 | 5a87d2c819b91f001a626e35 | Vacuum | Cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres can sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric, as long as the density of oxygen is similar to that of standard sea-level atmosphere. The colder air temperatures found at altitudes of up to 3 km generally compensate for the lower pressures there. Above this altitude, oxygen en... | What do cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres usuall cause? | What do cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres usuall cause? | [
"What do cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres usuall cause?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113455 | 5a87d2c819b91f001a626e36 | Vacuum | Cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres can sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric, as long as the density of oxygen is similar to that of standard sea-level atmosphere. The colder air temperatures found at altitudes of up to 3 km generally compensate for the lower pressures there. Above this altitude, oxygen en... | How much pure oxygen is in the atmosphere? | How much pure oxygen is in the atmosphere? | [
"How much pure oxygen is in the atmosphere?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113456 | 5a87d2c819b91f001a626e37 | Vacuum | Cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres can sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric, as long as the density of oxygen is similar to that of standard sea-level atmosphere. The colder air temperatures found at altitudes of up to 3 km generally compensate for the lower pressures there. Above this altitude, oxygen en... | When people are acclimated to the altitude, gas embolisms and what can happen? | When people are acclimated to the altitude, gas embolisms and what can happen? | [
"When people are acclimated to the altitude, gas embolisms and what can happen?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113457 | 572ec989dfa6aa1500f8d3bd | Vacuum | Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but the elastic pr... | When will a person or animal lose consciousness when exposed to a vacuum? | When will a person or animal lose consciousness when exposed to a vacuum? | [
"When will a person or animal lose consciousness when exposed to a vacuum?"
] | {
"text": [
"after a few seconds"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113458 | 572ec989dfa6aa1500f8d3be | Vacuum | Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but the elastic pr... | A shuttle astronauts prevents ebullism at 2 kPa with what item? | A shuttle astronauts prevents ebullism at 2 kPa with what item? | [
"A shuttle astronauts prevents ebullism at 2 kPa with what item?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS)"
],
"answer_start": [
836
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113459 | 572ec989dfa6aa1500f8d3bf | Vacuum | Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but the elastic pr... | What is the forming of gas bubbles in body fluids at a lowered pressure called? | What is the forming of gas bubbles in body fluids at a lowered pressure called? | [
"What is the forming of gas bubbles in body fluids at a lowered pressure called?"
] | {
"text": [
"ebullism"
],
"answer_start": [
720
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113460 | 572ec989dfa6aa1500f8d3c0 | Vacuum | Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but the elastic pr... | What prevents body rupture at low altitude when human body is bloated by gas bubbles? | What prevents body rupture at low altitude when human body is bloated by gas bubbles? | [
"What prevents body rupture at low altitude when human body is bloated by gas bubbles?"
] | {
"text": [
"tissues are elastic and porous"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113461 | 5a87cf7419b91f001a626e15 | Vacuum | Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but the elastic pr... | At what temperature does frost usually occur in space? | At what temperature does frost usually occur in space? | [
"At what temperature does frost usually occur in space?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113462 | 5a87cf7419b91f001a626e16 | Vacuum | Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but the elastic pr... | When exposed to frost who will die from ebullism within minutes? | When exposed to frost who will die from ebullism within minutes? | [
"When exposed to frost who will die from ebullism within minutes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113463 | 5a87cf7419b91f001a626e17 | Vacuum | Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but the elastic pr... | What will frost cause in body fluids at reduced pressures? | What will frost cause in body fluids at reduced pressures? | [
"What will frost cause in body fluids at reduced pressures?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113464 | 5a87cf7419b91f001a626e18 | Vacuum | Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but the elastic pr... | What can a person wear to prevent frost on the skin? | What can a person wear to prevent frost on the skin? | [
"What can a person wear to prevent frost on the skin?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113465 | 5a87cf7419b91f001a626e19 | Vacuum | Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but the elastic pr... | What does a CAPS suit prevent frost at pressures as low as? | What does a CAPS suit prevent frost at pressures as low as? | [
"What does a CAPS suit prevent frost at pressures as low as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113466 | 572eca8ccb0c0d14000f1576 | Vacuum | In ultra high vacuum systems, some very "odd" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and greases will... | What can boil away in extreme vaccum exposure? | What can boil away in extreme vaccum exposure? | [
"What can boil away in extreme vaccum exposure?"
] | {
"text": [
"Some oils and greases"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113467 | 572eca8ccb0c0d14000f1577 | Vacuum | In ultra high vacuum systems, some very "odd" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and greases will... | How should the grain direct of metallic flanges run to flange faces? | How should the grain direct of metallic flanges run to flange faces? | [
"How should the grain direct of metallic flanges run to flange faces?"
] | {
"text": [
"parallel"
],
"answer_start": [
482
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113468 | 572eca8ccb0c0d14000f1578 | Vacuum | In ultra high vacuum systems, some very "odd" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and greases will... | What are 2 metals that can be absorbed in an ultra high vacuum system? | What are 2 metals that can be absorbed in an ultra high vacuum system? | [
"What are 2 metals that can be absorbed in an ultra high vacuum system?"
] | {
"text": [
"stainless steel or titanium"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113469 | 572eca8ccb0c0d14000f1579 | Vacuum | In ultra high vacuum systems, some very "odd" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and greases will... | What becomes a concern in an ultra high vacuum system regarding aluminum or palladium? | What becomes a concern in an ultra high vacuum system regarding aluminum or palladium? | [
"What becomes a concern in an ultra high vacuum system regarding aluminum or palladium?"
] | {
"text": [
"water absorption"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113470 | 5a87cd0419b91f001a626df7 | Vacuum | In ultra high vacuum systems, some very "odd" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and greases will... | What will boil off when aluminum absorbs water? | What will boil off when aluminum absorbs water? | [
"What will boil off when aluminum absorbs water?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113471 | 5a87cd0419b91f001a626df8 | Vacuum | In ultra high vacuum systems, some very "odd" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and greases will... | How should palladium be placed when it has oil on it? | How should palladium be placed when it has oil on it? | [
"How should palladium be placed when it has oil on it?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113472 | 5a87cd0419b91f001a626df9 | Vacuum | In ultra high vacuum systems, some very "odd" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and greases will... | What are two metals that can be absorbed in an metallic flange? | What are two metals that can be absorbed in an metallic flange? | [
"What are two metals that can be absorbed in an metallic flange?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113473 | 5a87cd0419b91f001a626dfa | Vacuum | In ultra high vacuum systems, some very "odd" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and greases will... | In what area will water boil off? | In what area will water boil off? | [
"In what area will water boil off?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113474 | 5a87cd0419b91f001a626dfb | Vacuum | In ultra high vacuum systems, some very "odd" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and greases will... | What will grease usually run parallel to? | What will grease usually run parallel to? | [
"What will grease usually run parallel to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113475 | 572ecbdddfa6aa1500f8d3cb | Vacuum | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | The state with the lowest possible energy in quantum mechanics defines what ? | The state with the lowest possible energy in quantum mechanics defines what ? | [
"The state with the lowest possible energy in quantum mechanics defines what ?"
] | {
"text": [
"vacuum"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113476 | 572ecbdddfa6aa1500f8d3cc | Vacuum | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | A vacuum state with no matter particles or photons is called what? | A vacuum state with no matter particles or photons is called what? | [
"A vacuum state with no matter particles or photons is called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"QED"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113477 | 572ecbdddfa6aa1500f8d3cd | Vacuum | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | why is a QED vacuum impossible to achieve ? | why is a QED vacuum impossible to achieve ? | [
"why is a QED vacuum impossible to achieve ?"
] | {
"text": [
"impossible to eliminate all the blackbody photons"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113478 | 572ecbdddfa6aa1500f8d3ce | Vacuum | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | What is a QCD? | What is a QCD? | [
"What is a QCD?"
] | {
"text": [
"vacuum of quantum chromodynamics,"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113479 | 5a878b751d3cee001a6a1224 | Vacuum | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | What are blackbody photons in quantum mechanics? | What are blackbody photons in quantum mechanics? | [
"What are blackbody photons in quantum mechanics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113480 | 5a878b751d3cee001a6a1225 | Vacuum | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | What do blackbody photons with no matter particles or photons form? | What do blackbody photons with no matter particles or photons form? | [
"What do blackbody photons with no matter particles or photons form?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113481 | 5a878b751d3cee001a6a1226 | Vacuum | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | Why is a blackbody field impossible to achieve? | Why is a blackbody field impossible to achieve? | [
"Why is a blackbody field impossible to achieve?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113482 | 5a878b751d3cee001a6a1227 | Vacuum | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | What would you need to remove to create a blackbody field? | What would you need to remove to create a blackbody field? | [
"What would you need to remove to create a blackbody field?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113483 | 5a878b751d3cee001a6a1228 | Vacuum | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | What is a blackbody photon referred to in quantum mechanics? | What is a blackbody photon referred to in quantum mechanics? | [
"What is a blackbody photon referred to in quantum mechanics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113484 | 572ecd51c246551400ce46ae | Vacuum | QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum flu... | When are electric and magnetic fields with zero average values, but their variances are not at zero? | When are electric and magnetic fields with zero average values, but their variances are not at zero? | [
"When are electric and magnetic fields with zero average values, but their variances are not at zero?"
] | {
"text": [
"In QED vacuum"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113485 | 572ecd51c246551400ce46af | Vacuum | QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum flu... | What is a verified effect of vacuum fluctuation? | What is a verified effect of vacuum fluctuation? | [
"What is a verified effect of vacuum fluctuation?"
] | {
"text": [
"spontaneous emission"
],
"answer_start": [
460
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113486 | 572ecd51c246551400ce46b0 | Vacuum | QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum flu... | what is vacuum fluctuation? | what is vacuum fluctuation? | [
"what is vacuum fluctuation?"
] | {
"text": [
"virtual particles that hop into and out of existence"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113487 | 572ecd51c246551400ce46b1 | Vacuum | QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum flu... | Finite energy in a QED is called what? | Finite energy in a QED is called what? | [
"Finite energy in a QED is called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"vacuum energy"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113488 | 572ecd51c246551400ce46b2 | Vacuum | QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum flu... | What modifies can Coulomb's Law in a vacuum? | What modifies can Coulomb's Law in a vacuum? | [
"What modifies can Coulomb's Law in a vacuum?"
] | {
"text": [
"vacuum near an electric charge"
],
"answer_start": [
545
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113489 | 5a878e111d3cee001a6a1242 | Vacuum | QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum flu... | What part of quantum field theory are electric and magnetic fields? | What part of quantum field theory are electric and magnetic fields? | [
"What part of quantum field theory are electric and magnetic fields?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113490 | 5a878e111d3cee001a6a1243 | Vacuum | QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum flu... | What kind of properties does Coulomb's law have? | What kind of properties does Coulomb's law have? | [
"What kind of properties does Coulomb's law have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113491 | 5a878e111d3cee001a6a1244 | Vacuum | QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum flu... | What values does vacuum energy have under Coulomb's law? | What values does vacuum energy have under Coulomb's law? | [
"What values does vacuum energy have under Coulomb's law?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113492 | 5a878e111d3cee001a6a1245 | Vacuum | QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum flu... | What are the variances of vacuum energy according to Coulomb's law? | What are the variances of vacuum energy according to Coulomb's law? | [
"What are the variances of vacuum energy according to Coulomb's law?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113493 | 5a878e111d3cee001a6a1246 | Vacuum | QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum flu... | What do particles defined in Colombo's law do? | What do particles defined in Colombo's law do? | [
"What do particles defined in Colombo's law do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113494 | 572ece9bcb0c0d14000f15ac | Vacuum | Stars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 6998320000000000000♠3.2×10−2 Pa at 100 kilometres (62... | `Why does thermosphere past the Karman line vary so greatly? | `Why does thermosphere past the Karman line vary so greatly? | [
"`Why does thermosphere past the Karman line vary so greatly?"
] | {
"text": [
"due to space weather"
],
"answer_start": [
757
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113495 | 572ece9bcb0c0d14000f15ad | Vacuum | Stars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 6998320000000000000♠3.2×10−2 Pa at 100 kilometres (62... | What is commonly known as the boundary of outer space? | What is commonly known as the boundary of outer space? | [
"What is commonly known as the boundary of outer space?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Kármán line"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113496 | 572ece9bcb0c0d14000f15ae | Vacuum | Stars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 6998320000000000000♠3.2×10−2 Pa at 100 kilometres (62... | What do Astrophysicists use to describe outer space beyond the karman line? | What do Astrophysicists use to describe outer space beyond the karman line? | [
"What do Astrophysicists use to describe outer space beyond the karman line?"
] | {
"text": [
"number density"
],
"answer_start": [
809
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113497 | 572ece9bcb0c0d14000f15af | Vacuum | Stars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 6998320000000000000♠3.2×10−2 Pa at 100 kilometres (62... | What is more significant than isotropic gas pressure past the Karman line? | What is more significant than isotropic gas pressure past the Karman line? | [
"What is more significant than isotropic gas pressure past the Karman line?"
] | {
"text": [
"radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113498 | 5a878fa71d3cee001a6a124c | Vacuum | Stars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 6998320000000000000♠3.2×10−2 Pa at 100 kilometres (62... | What is commonly known as the boundary of the Sun? | What is commonly known as the boundary of the Sun? | [
"What is commonly known as the boundary of the Sun?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113499 | 5a878fa71d3cee001a6a124d | Vacuum | Stars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 6998320000000000000♠3.2×10−2 Pa at 100 kilometres (62... | What do astrophysicists use to describe sun radiation? | What do astrophysicists use to describe sun radiation? | [
"What do astrophysicists use to describe sun radiation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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