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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-113300
|
572e97a3dfa6aa1500f8d1a0
|
Vacuum
|
Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract concept of a featureless void faced considerable skepticism: it could not be apprehended by the senses, it could not, itself, provide additional explanatory power beyond the physical volume with which it was commensurate and, by definition, it was quite literally nothing at all, which cannot rightly be said to exist. Aristotle believed that no void could occur naturally, because the denser surrounding material continuum would immediately fill any incipient rarity that might give rise to a void.
|
What was historically disputed about vacuums?
|
What was historically disputed about vacuums?
|
[
"What was historically disputed about vacuums?"
] |
{
"text": [
"whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist."
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113301
|
572e97a3dfa6aa1500f8d1a1
|
Vacuum
|
Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract concept of a featureless void faced considerable skepticism: it could not be apprehended by the senses, it could not, itself, provide additional explanatory power beyond the physical volume with which it was commensurate and, by definition, it was quite literally nothing at all, which cannot rightly be said to exist. Aristotle believed that no void could occur naturally, because the denser surrounding material continuum would immediately fill any incipient rarity that might give rise to a void.
|
What did something that was literally nothing at all,According to Plato, mean?
|
What did something that was literally nothing at all,According to Plato, mean?
|
[
"What did something that was literally nothing at all,According to Plato, mean?"
] |
{
"text": [
"cannot rightly be said to exist"
],
"answer_start": [
590
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113302
|
572e97a3dfa6aa1500f8d1a2
|
Vacuum
|
Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract concept of a featureless void faced considerable skepticism: it could not be apprehended by the senses, it could not, itself, provide additional explanatory power beyond the physical volume with which it was commensurate and, by definition, it was quite literally nothing at all, which cannot rightly be said to exist. Aristotle believed that no void could occur naturally, because the denser surrounding material continuum would immediately fill any incipient rarity that might give rise to a void.
|
Aristotle thought what would fill any rarity that might give rise to a void?
|
Aristotle thought what would fill any rarity that might give rise to a void?
|
[
"Aristotle thought what would fill any rarity that might give rise to a void?"
] |
{
"text": [
"denser surrounding material continuum"
],
"answer_start": [
690
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113303
|
5a87732f1d3cee001a6a11b6
|
Vacuum
|
Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract concept of a featureless void faced considerable skepticism: it could not be apprehended by the senses, it could not, itself, provide additional explanatory power beyond the physical volume with which it was commensurate and, by definition, it was quite literally nothing at all, which cannot rightly be said to exist. Aristotle believed that no void could occur naturally, because the denser surrounding material continuum would immediately fill any incipient rarity that might give rise to a void.
|
What did Greek philosophers believe could not occur naturally?
|
What did Greek philosophers believe could not occur naturally?
|
[
"What did Greek philosophers believe could not occur naturally?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113304
|
5a87732f1d3cee001a6a11b7
|
Vacuum
|
Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract concept of a featureless void faced considerable skepticism: it could not be apprehended by the senses, it could not, itself, provide additional explanatory power beyond the physical volume with which it was commensurate and, by definition, it was quite literally nothing at all, which cannot rightly be said to exist. Aristotle believed that no void could occur naturally, because the denser surrounding material continuum would immediately fill any incipient rarity that might give rise to a void.
|
What language was spoken by Plato?
|
What language was spoken by Plato?
|
[
"What language was spoken by Plato?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113305
|
5a87732f1d3cee001a6a11b8
|
Vacuum
|
Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract concept of a featureless void faced considerable skepticism: it could not be apprehended by the senses, it could not, itself, provide additional explanatory power beyond the physical volume with which it was commensurate and, by definition, it was quite literally nothing at all, which cannot rightly be said to exist. Aristotle believed that no void could occur naturally, because the denser surrounding material continuum would immediately fill any incipient rarity that might give rise to a void.
|
What did Aristotle believe were the fundamental elements of understanding physics?
|
What did Aristotle believe were the fundamental elements of understanding physics?
|
[
"What did Aristotle believe were the fundamental elements of understanding physics?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113306
|
5a87732f1d3cee001a6a11b9
|
Vacuum
|
Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract concept of a featureless void faced considerable skepticism: it could not be apprehended by the senses, it could not, itself, provide additional explanatory power beyond the physical volume with which it was commensurate and, by definition, it was quite literally nothing at all, which cannot rightly be said to exist. Aristotle believed that no void could occur naturally, because the denser surrounding material continuum would immediately fill any incipient rarity that might give rise to a void.
|
What can an atom not be understood by according to Greek philosophers?
|
What can an atom not be understood by according to Greek philosophers?
|
[
"What can an atom not be understood by according to Greek philosophers?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113307
|
5a87732f1d3cee001a6a11ba
|
Vacuum
|
Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract concept of a featureless void faced considerable skepticism: it could not be apprehended by the senses, it could not, itself, provide additional explanatory power beyond the physical volume with which it was commensurate and, by definition, it was quite literally nothing at all, which cannot rightly be said to exist. Aristotle believed that no void could occur naturally, because the denser surrounding material continuum would immediately fill any incipient rarity that might give rise to a void.
|
What did Ancient Greek philosophers believe atoms could not do?
|
What did Ancient Greek philosophers believe atoms could not do?
|
[
"What did Ancient Greek philosophers believe atoms could not do?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113308
|
572e99b7dfa6aa1500f8d1cf
|
Vacuum
|
In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the first century BC and Hero of Alexandria tried unsuccessfully to create an artificial vacuum in the first century AD, it was European scholars such as Roger Bacon, Blasius of Parma and Walter Burley in the 13th and 14th century who focused considerable attention on these issues. Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance, scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself, a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century, which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns.
|
In what century did believes start to move away from Aristotle's idea regarding a void?
|
In what century did believes start to move away from Aristotle's idea regarding a void?
|
[
"In what century did believes start to move away from Aristotle's idea regarding a void?"
] |
{
"text": [
"14th century"
],
"answer_start": [
670
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113309
|
572e99b7dfa6aa1500f8d1d0
|
Vacuum
|
In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the first century BC and Hero of Alexandria tried unsuccessfully to create an artificial vacuum in the first century AD, it was European scholars such as Roger Bacon, Blasius of Parma and Walter Burley in the 13th and 14th century who focused considerable attention on these issues. Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance, scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself, a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century, which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns.
|
What thought process was used in the beginning belief of the existence of vacuums?
|
What thought process was used in the beginning belief of the existence of vacuums?
|
[
"What thought process was used in the beginning belief of the existence of vacuums?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Stoic physics"
],
"answer_start": [
620
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113310
|
572e99b7dfa6aa1500f8d1d1
|
Vacuum
|
In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the first century BC and Hero of Alexandria tried unsuccessfully to create an artificial vacuum in the first century AD, it was European scholars such as Roger Bacon, Blasius of Parma and Walter Burley in the 13th and 14th century who focused considerable attention on these issues. Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance, scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself, a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century, which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns.
|
What belief regarding a cosmic void was accepted by most in the 17th century?
|
What belief regarding a cosmic void was accepted by most in the 17th century?
|
[
"What belief regarding a cosmic void was accepted by most in the 17th century?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself"
],
"answer_start": [
758
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113311
|
572e99b7dfa6aa1500f8d1d2
|
Vacuum
|
In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the first century BC and Hero of Alexandria tried unsuccessfully to create an artificial vacuum in the first century AD, it was European scholars such as Roger Bacon, Blasius of Parma and Walter Burley in the 13th and 14th century who focused considerable attention on these issues. Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance, scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself, a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century, which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns.
|
Roger Bacon,Walter Burley and Blasius of Parma were from what century?
|
Roger Bacon,Walter Burley and Blasius of Parma were from what century?
|
[
"Roger Bacon,Walter Burley and Blasius of Parma were from what century?"
] |
{
"text": [
"13th and 14th"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113312
|
5a8774dd1d3cee001a6a11ca
|
Vacuum
|
In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the first century BC and Hero of Alexandria tried unsuccessfully to create an artificial vacuum in the first century AD, it was European scholars such as Roger Bacon, Blasius of Parma and Walter Burley in the 13th and 14th century who focused considerable attention on these issues. Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance, scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself, a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century, which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns.
|
What book was written by Lucretius?
|
What book was written by Lucretius?
|
[
"What book was written by Lucretius?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113313
|
5a8774dd1d3cee001a6a11cb
|
Vacuum
|
In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the first century BC and Hero of Alexandria tried unsuccessfully to create an artificial vacuum in the first century AD, it was European scholars such as Roger Bacon, Blasius of Parma and Walter Burley in the 13th and 14th century who focused considerable attention on these issues. Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance, scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself, a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century, which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns.
|
How many arguments against the void did Lucretius give in his Physics, book IV?
|
How many arguments against the void did Lucretius give in his Physics, book IV?
|
[
"How many arguments against the void did Lucretius give in his Physics, book IV?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113314
|
5a8774dd1d3cee001a6a11cc
|
Vacuum
|
In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the first century BC and Hero of Alexandria tried unsuccessfully to create an artificial vacuum in the first century AD, it was European scholars such as Roger Bacon, Blasius of Parma and Walter Burley in the 13th and 14th century who focused considerable attention on these issues. Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance, scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself, a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century, which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns.
|
In what year did Aristotle first study physics?
|
In what year did Aristotle first study physics?
|
[
"In what year did Aristotle first study physics?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113315
|
5a8774dd1d3cee001a6a11cd
|
Vacuum
|
In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the first century BC and Hero of Alexandria tried unsuccessfully to create an artificial vacuum in the first century AD, it was European scholars such as Roger Bacon, Blasius of Parma and Walter Burley in the 13th and 14th century who focused considerable attention on these issues. Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance, scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself, a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century, which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns.
|
What did Lucretuis try to unsuccessfully create in the 14th century?
|
What did Lucretuis try to unsuccessfully create in the 14th century?
|
[
"What did Lucretuis try to unsuccessfully create in the 14th century?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113316
|
5a8774dd1d3cee001a6a11ce
|
Vacuum
|
In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the first century BC and Hero of Alexandria tried unsuccessfully to create an artificial vacuum in the first century AD, it was European scholars such as Roger Bacon, Blasius of Parma and Walter Burley in the 13th and 14th century who focused considerable attention on these issues. Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance, scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself, a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century, which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns.
|
What belief about a void was accepted by most in the first cenury AD?
|
What belief about a void was accepted by most in the first cenury AD?
|
[
"What belief about a void was accepted by most in the first cenury AD?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113317
|
572e9d48cb0c0d14000f136c
|
Vacuum
|
Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption leading to hypoxia. Injuries caused by rapid decompression are called barotrauma. A pressure drop of 13 kPa (100 Torr), which produces no symptoms if it is gradual, may be fatal if it occurs suddenly.
|
What does Rapid decompression do to the lungs?
|
What does Rapid decompression do to the lungs?
|
[
"What does Rapid decompression do to the lungs?"
] |
{
"text": [
"rupture of the delicate alveoli"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113318
|
572e9d48cb0c0d14000f136d
|
Vacuum
|
Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption leading to hypoxia. Injuries caused by rapid decompression are called barotrauma. A pressure drop of 13 kPa (100 Torr), which produces no symptoms if it is gradual, may be fatal if it occurs suddenly.
|
What causes barotrauma?
|
What causes barotrauma?
|
[
"What causes barotrauma?"
] |
{
"text": [
"rapid decompression"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113319
|
572e9d48cb0c0d14000f136e
|
Vacuum
|
Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption leading to hypoxia. Injuries caused by rapid decompression are called barotrauma. A pressure drop of 13 kPa (100 Torr), which produces no symptoms if it is gradual, may be fatal if it occurs suddenly.
|
What amount of pressure drop can kill you if it occurs suddenly?
|
What amount of pressure drop can kill you if it occurs suddenly?
|
[
"What amount of pressure drop can kill you if it occurs suddenly?"
] |
{
"text": [
"13 kPa (100 Torr),"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113320
|
572e9d48cb0c0d14000f136f
|
Vacuum
|
Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption leading to hypoxia. Injuries caused by rapid decompression are called barotrauma. A pressure drop of 13 kPa (100 Torr), which produces no symptoms if it is gradual, may be fatal if it occurs suddenly.
|
What does acceleration of oxygen consumption do?
|
What does acceleration of oxygen consumption do?
|
[
"What does acceleration of oxygen consumption do?"
] |
{
"text": [
"hypoxia"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113321
|
572e9d48cb0c0d14000f1370
|
Vacuum
|
Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption leading to hypoxia. Injuries caused by rapid decompression are called barotrauma. A pressure drop of 13 kPa (100 Torr), which produces no symptoms if it is gradual, may be fatal if it occurs suddenly.
|
rapid decompression is more dangerous than what?
|
rapid decompression is more dangerous than what?
|
[
"rapid decompression is more dangerous than what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"vacuum exposure"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113322
|
5a87d4d219b91f001a626e47
|
Vacuum
|
Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption leading to hypoxia. Injuries caused by rapid decompression are called barotrauma. A pressure drop of 13 kPa (100 Torr), which produces no symptoms if it is gradual, may be fatal if it occurs suddenly.
|
What can tissues seeping blood be more dangerous than?
|
What can tissues seeping blood be more dangerous than?
|
[
"What can tissues seeping blood be more dangerous than?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113323
|
5a87d4d219b91f001a626e48
|
Vacuum
|
Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption leading to hypoxia. Injuries caused by rapid decompression are called barotrauma. A pressure drop of 13 kPa (100 Torr), which produces no symptoms if it is gradual, may be fatal if it occurs suddenly.
|
What does increasing oxygen consumption do to the lungs?
|
What does increasing oxygen consumption do to the lungs?
|
[
"What does increasing oxygen consumption do to the lungs?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113324
|
5a87d4d219b91f001a626e49
|
Vacuum
|
Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption leading to hypoxia. Injuries caused by rapid decompression are called barotrauma. A pressure drop of 13 kPa (100 Torr), which produces no symptoms if it is gradual, may be fatal if it occurs suddenly.
|
Venting through the windpipe may end up rupturing eardrums and what?
|
Venting through the windpipe may end up rupturing eardrums and what?
|
[
"Venting through the windpipe may end up rupturing eardrums and what?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113325
|
5a87d4d219b91f001a626e4a
|
Vacuum
|
Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption leading to hypoxia. Injuries caused by rapid decompression are called barotrauma. A pressure drop of 13 kPa (100 Torr), which produces no symptoms if it is gradual, may be fatal if it occurs suddenly.
|
What will seep out of the windpipe if you hold your breath?
|
What will seep out of the windpipe if you hold your breath?
|
[
"What will seep out of the windpipe if you hold your breath?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113326
|
5a87d4d219b91f001a626e4b
|
Vacuum
|
Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption leading to hypoxia. Injuries caused by rapid decompression are called barotrauma. A pressure drop of 13 kPa (100 Torr), which produces no symptoms if it is gradual, may be fatal if it occurs suddenly.
|
What is venting through the windpipe also called?
|
What is venting through the windpipe also called?
|
[
"What is venting through the windpipe also called?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113327
|
572eaab5cb0c0d14000f1428
|
Vacuum
|
Almost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of his namesake coordinate system and more implicitly, the spatial–corporeal component of his metaphysics would come to define the philosophically modern notion of empty space as a quantified extension of volume. By the ancient definition however, directional information and magnitude were conceptually distinct. With the acquiescence of Cartesian mechanical philosophy to the "brute fact" of action at a distance, and at length, its successful reification by force fields and ever more sophisticated geometric structure, the anachronism of empty space widened until "a seething ferment" of quantum activity in the 20th century filled the vacuum with a virtual pleroma.
|
What did Descartes believe about vacuums in nature?
|
What did Descartes believe about vacuums in nature?
|
[
"What did Descartes believe about vacuums in nature?"
] |
{
"text": [
"that a vacuum does not occur in nature"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113328
|
572eaab5cb0c0d14000f1429
|
Vacuum
|
Almost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of his namesake coordinate system and more implicitly, the spatial–corporeal component of his metaphysics would come to define the philosophically modern notion of empty space as a quantified extension of volume. By the ancient definition however, directional information and magnitude were conceptually distinct. With the acquiescence of Cartesian mechanical philosophy to the "brute fact" of action at a distance, and at length, its successful reification by force fields and ever more sophisticated geometric structure, the anachronism of empty space widened until "a seething ferment" of quantum activity in the 20th century filled the vacuum with a virtual pleroma.
|
Whose work with metaphysics would come to define the notion of empty space?
|
Whose work with metaphysics would come to define the notion of empty space?
|
[
"Whose work with metaphysics would come to define the notion of empty space?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Descartes"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113329
|
572eaab5cb0c0d14000f142a
|
Vacuum
|
Almost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of his namesake coordinate system and more implicitly, the spatial–corporeal component of his metaphysics would come to define the philosophically modern notion of empty space as a quantified extension of volume. By the ancient definition however, directional information and magnitude were conceptually distinct. With the acquiescence of Cartesian mechanical philosophy to the "brute fact" of action at a distance, and at length, its successful reification by force fields and ever more sophisticated geometric structure, the anachronism of empty space widened until "a seething ferment" of quantum activity in the 20th century filled the vacuum with a virtual pleroma.
|
What philosophy combined with Descartes to push quantum activity in the 20th century?
|
What philosophy combined with Descartes to push quantum activity in the 20th century?
|
[
"What philosophy combined with Descartes to push quantum activity in the 20th century?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Cartesian mechanical philosophy"
],
"answer_start": [
641
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113330
|
5a8776ee1d3cee001a6a11d4
|
Vacuum
|
Almost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of his namesake coordinate system and more implicitly, the spatial–corporeal component of his metaphysics would come to define the philosophically modern notion of empty space as a quantified extension of volume. By the ancient definition however, directional information and magnitude were conceptually distinct. With the acquiescence of Cartesian mechanical philosophy to the "brute fact" of action at a distance, and at length, its successful reification by force fields and ever more sophisticated geometric structure, the anachronism of empty space widened until "a seething ferment" of quantum activity in the 20th century filled the vacuum with a virtual pleroma.
|
What dichotomy did Descartes center his theory around?
|
What dichotomy did Descartes center his theory around?
|
[
"What dichotomy did Descartes center his theory around?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113331
|
5a8776ee1d3cee001a6a11d5
|
Vacuum
|
Almost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of his namesake coordinate system and more implicitly, the spatial–corporeal component of his metaphysics would come to define the philosophically modern notion of empty space as a quantified extension of volume. By the ancient definition however, directional information and magnitude were conceptually distinct. With the acquiescence of Cartesian mechanical philosophy to the "brute fact" of action at a distance, and at length, its successful reification by force fields and ever more sophisticated geometric structure, the anachronism of empty space widened until "a seething ferment" of quantum activity in the 20th century filled the vacuum with a virtual pleroma.
|
What position did Plato agree with?
|
What position did Plato agree with?
|
[
"What position did Plato agree with?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113332
|
5a8776ee1d3cee001a6a11d6
|
Vacuum
|
Almost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of his namesake coordinate system and more implicitly, the spatial–corporeal component of his metaphysics would come to define the philosophically modern notion of empty space as a quantified extension of volume. By the ancient definition however, directional information and magnitude were conceptually distinct. With the acquiescence of Cartesian mechanical philosophy to the "brute fact" of action at a distance, and at length, its successful reification by force fields and ever more sophisticated geometric structure, the anachronism of empty space widened until "a seething ferment" of quantum activity in the 20th century filled the vacuum with a virtual pleroma.
|
Where did Plato believe a vaccuum did not occur?
|
Where did Plato believe a vaccuum did not occur?
|
[
"Where did Plato believe a vaccuum did not occur?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113333
|
5a8776ee1d3cee001a6a11d7
|
Vacuum
|
Almost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of his namesake coordinate system and more implicitly, the spatial–corporeal component of his metaphysics would come to define the philosophically modern notion of empty space as a quantified extension of volume. By the ancient definition however, directional information and magnitude were conceptually distinct. With the acquiescence of Cartesian mechanical philosophy to the "brute fact" of action at a distance, and at length, its successful reification by force fields and ever more sophisticated geometric structure, the anachronism of empty space widened until "a seething ferment" of quantum activity in the 20th century filled the vacuum with a virtual pleroma.
|
What philosophy was behind Plato's understanding of a vacuum?
|
What philosophy was behind Plato's understanding of a vacuum?
|
[
"What philosophy was behind Plato's understanding of a vacuum?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113334
|
5a8776ee1d3cee001a6a11d8
|
Vacuum
|
Almost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of his namesake coordinate system and more implicitly, the spatial–corporeal component of his metaphysics would come to define the philosophically modern notion of empty space as a quantified extension of volume. By the ancient definition however, directional information and magnitude were conceptually distinct. With the acquiescence of Cartesian mechanical philosophy to the "brute fact" of action at a distance, and at length, its successful reification by force fields and ever more sophisticated geometric structure, the anachronism of empty space widened until "a seething ferment" of quantum activity in the 20th century filled the vacuum with a virtual pleroma.
|
What did Plato's discoveries about atomism come to define about empty space?
|
What did Plato's discoveries about atomism come to define about empty space?
|
[
"What did Plato's discoveries about atomism come to define about empty space?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113335
|
572eac6adfa6aa1500f8d295
|
Vacuum
|
In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle formulated in 1927, predict a fundamental limit within which instantaneous position and momentum, or energy and time can be measured. This has far reaching consequences on the "emptiness" of space between particles. In the late 20th century, so-called virtual particles that arise spontaneously from empty space were confirmed.
|
An infinite sea of particles with negative energy was a model propesed by whom?
|
An infinite sea of particles with negative energy was a model propesed by whom?
|
[
"An infinite sea of particles with negative energy was a model propesed by whom?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Paul Dirac"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113336
|
572eac6adfa6aa1500f8d296
|
Vacuum
|
In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle formulated in 1927, predict a fundamental limit within which instantaneous position and momentum, or energy and time can be measured. This has far reaching consequences on the "emptiness" of space between particles. In the late 20th century, so-called virtual particles that arise spontaneously from empty space were confirmed.
|
What year was the Dirac sea modeled?
|
What year was the Dirac sea modeled?
|
[
"What year was the Dirac sea modeled?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1930"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113337
|
572eac6adfa6aa1500f8d297
|
Vacuum
|
In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle formulated in 1927, predict a fundamental limit within which instantaneous position and momentum, or energy and time can be measured. This has far reaching consequences on the "emptiness" of space between particles. In the late 20th century, so-called virtual particles that arise spontaneously from empty space were confirmed.
|
When werer virtual particles confirmed?
|
When werer virtual particles confirmed?
|
[
"When werer virtual particles confirmed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"late 20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113338
|
572eac6adfa6aa1500f8d298
|
Vacuum
|
In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle formulated in 1927, predict a fundamental limit within which instantaneous position and momentum, or energy and time can be measured. This has far reaching consequences on the "emptiness" of space between particles. In the late 20th century, so-called virtual particles that arise spontaneously from empty space were confirmed.
|
What year was the uncertainty principle formed?
|
What year was the uncertainty principle formed?
|
[
"What year was the uncertainty principle formed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1927,"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113339
|
572eac6adfa6aa1500f8d299
|
Vacuum
|
In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle formulated in 1927, predict a fundamental limit within which instantaneous position and momentum, or energy and time can be measured. This has far reaching consequences on the "emptiness" of space between particles. In the late 20th century, so-called virtual particles that arise spontaneously from empty space were confirmed.
|
What theorized that time and energy can be measured?
|
What theorized that time and energy can be measured?
|
[
"What theorized that time and energy can be measured?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113340
|
5a8783441d3cee001a6a1206
|
Vacuum
|
In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle formulated in 1927, predict a fundamental limit within which instantaneous position and momentum, or energy and time can be measured. This has far reaching consequences on the "emptiness" of space between particles. In the late 20th century, so-called virtual particles that arise spontaneously from empty space were confirmed.
|
What kind of energy did Werner Heisenberg believe a vacuum held?
|
What kind of energy did Werner Heisenberg believe a vacuum held?
|
[
"What kind of energy did Werner Heisenberg believe a vacuum held?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113341
|
5a8783441d3cee001a6a1207
|
Vacuum
|
In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle formulated in 1927, predict a fundamental limit within which instantaneous position and momentum, or energy and time can be measured. This has far reaching consequences on the "emptiness" of space between particles. In the late 20th century, so-called virtual particles that arise spontaneously from empty space were confirmed.
|
What did Heisenberg call the particles with negative energy inside a vacuum?
|
What did Heisenberg call the particles with negative energy inside a vacuum?
|
[
"What did Heisenberg call the particles with negative energy inside a vacuum?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113342
|
5a8783441d3cee001a6a1208
|
Vacuum
|
In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle formulated in 1927, predict a fundamental limit within which instantaneous position and momentum, or energy and time can be measured. This has far reaching consequences on the "emptiness" of space between particles. In the late 20th century, so-called virtual particles that arise spontaneously from empty space were confirmed.
|
What did Heisenberg predict the existence of in 1930?
|
What did Heisenberg predict the existence of in 1930?
|
[
"What did Heisenberg predict the existence of in 1930?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113343
|
5a8783441d3cee001a6a1209
|
Vacuum
|
In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle formulated in 1927, predict a fundamental limit within which instantaneous position and momentum, or energy and time can be measured. This has far reaching consequences on the "emptiness" of space between particles. In the late 20th century, so-called virtual particles that arise spontaneously from empty space were confirmed.
|
How long did it take for the uncertainty principle by Dirac to be confirmed?
|
How long did it take for the uncertainty principle by Dirac to be confirmed?
|
[
"How long did it take for the uncertainty principle by Dirac to be confirmed?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113344
|
5a8783441d3cee001a6a120a
|
Vacuum
|
In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle formulated in 1927, predict a fundamental limit within which instantaneous position and momentum, or energy and time can be measured. This has far reaching consequences on the "emptiness" of space between particles. In the late 20th century, so-called virtual particles that arise spontaneously from empty space were confirmed.
|
What in the late 20th century did Dirac theorize can be measured?
|
What in the late 20th century did Dirac theorize can be measured?
|
[
"What in the late 20th century did Dirac theorize can be measured?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113345
|
572ead9cc246551400ce44de
|
Vacuum
|
In general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the form of tidal forces and gravitational waves (technically, these phenomena are the components of the Weyl tensor). The black hole (with zero electric charge) is an elegant example of a region completely "filled" with vacuum, but still showing a strong curvature.
|
what is a perfect example of a filled vacuum showing a curvature?
|
what is a perfect example of a filled vacuum showing a curvature?
|
[
"what is a perfect example of a filled vacuum showing a curvature?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The black hole"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113346
|
572ead9cc246551400ce44df
|
Vacuum
|
In general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the form of tidal forces and gravitational waves (technically, these phenomena are the components of the Weyl tensor). The black hole (with zero electric charge) is an elegant example of a region completely "filled" with vacuum, but still showing a strong curvature.
|
Who's equations helped to imply vanishing of the Ricci tensor?
|
Who's equations helped to imply vanishing of the Ricci tensor?
|
[
"Who's equations helped to imply vanishing of the Ricci tensor?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Einstein"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113347
|
572ead9cc246551400ce44e0
|
Vacuum
|
In general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the form of tidal forces and gravitational waves (technically, these phenomena are the components of the Weyl tensor). The black hole (with zero electric charge) is an elegant example of a region completely "filled" with vacuum, but still showing a strong curvature.
|
what produces curvature in a vacuum?
|
what produces curvature in a vacuum?
|
[
"what produces curvature in a vacuum?"
] |
{
"text": [
"tidal forces and gravitational waves"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113348
|
572ead9cc246551400ce44e1
|
Vacuum
|
In general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the form of tidal forces and gravitational waves (technically, these phenomena are the components of the Weyl tensor). The black hole (with zero electric charge) is an elegant example of a region completely "filled" with vacuum, but still showing a strong curvature.
|
What has no electric charge?
|
What has no electric charge?
|
[
"What has no electric charge?"
] |
{
"text": [
"black hole"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113349
|
5a8785871d3cee001a6a1210
|
Vacuum
|
In general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the form of tidal forces and gravitational waves (technically, these phenomena are the components of the Weyl tensor). The black hole (with zero electric charge) is an elegant example of a region completely "filled" with vacuum, but still showing a strong curvature.
|
What kind of electric charge does a vanishing stress-energy tensor have?
|
What kind of electric charge does a vanishing stress-energy tensor have?
|
[
"What kind of electric charge does a vanishing stress-energy tensor have?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113350
|
5a8785871d3cee001a6a1211
|
Vacuum
|
In general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the form of tidal forces and gravitational waves (technically, these phenomena are the components of the Weyl tensor). The black hole (with zero electric charge) is an elegant example of a region completely "filled" with vacuum, but still showing a strong curvature.
|
What is a black hole a part of?
|
What is a black hole a part of?
|
[
"What is a black hole a part of?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113351
|
5a8785871d3cee001a6a1212
|
Vacuum
|
In general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the form of tidal forces and gravitational waves (technically, these phenomena are the components of the Weyl tensor). The black hole (with zero electric charge) is an elegant example of a region completely "filled" with vacuum, but still showing a strong curvature.
|
What field around the Earth was discovered by Einstein?
|
What field around the Earth was discovered by Einstein?
|
[
"What field around the Earth was discovered by Einstein?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113352
|
5a8785871d3cee001a6a1213
|
Vacuum
|
In general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the form of tidal forces and gravitational waves (technically, these phenomena are the components of the Weyl tensor). The black hole (with zero electric charge) is an elegant example of a region completely "filled" with vacuum, but still showing a strong curvature.
|
Tidal forces and gravitational waves can produce zero what?
|
Tidal forces and gravitational waves can produce zero what?
|
[
"Tidal forces and gravitational waves can produce zero what?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113353
|
5a8785871d3cee001a6a1214
|
Vacuum
|
In general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the form of tidal forces and gravitational waves (technically, these phenomena are the components of the Weyl tensor). The black hole (with zero electric charge) is an elegant example of a region completely "filled" with vacuum, but still showing a strong curvature.
|
What is the shape of a gravitational field?
|
What is the shape of a gravitational field?
|
[
"What is the shape of a gravitational field?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113354
|
572eaf28dfa6aa1500f8d2c1
|
Vacuum
|
But although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit.[citation needed] The drag here is low enough that it could theoretically be overcome by radiation pressure on solar sails, a proposed propulsion system for interplanetary travel.[citation needed] Planets are too massive for their trajectories to be significantly affected by these forces, although their atmospheres are eroded by the solar winds.
|
Where do most satellites operate?
|
Where do most satellites operate?
|
[
"Where do most satellites operate?"
] |
{
"text": [
"low Earth orbit"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113355
|
572eaf28dfa6aa1500f8d2c2
|
Vacuum
|
But although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit.[citation needed] The drag here is low enough that it could theoretically be overcome by radiation pressure on solar sails, a proposed propulsion system for interplanetary travel.[citation needed] Planets are too massive for their trajectories to be significantly affected by these forces, although their atmospheres are eroded by the solar winds.
|
What system could possibly be used for interplanetary travel?
|
What system could possibly be used for interplanetary travel?
|
[
"What system could possibly be used for interplanetary travel?"
] |
{
"text": [
"solar sails"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113356
|
572eaf28dfa6aa1500f8d2c3
|
Vacuum
|
But although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit.[citation needed] The drag here is low enough that it could theoretically be overcome by radiation pressure on solar sails, a proposed propulsion system for interplanetary travel.[citation needed] Planets are too massive for their trajectories to be significantly affected by these forces, although their atmospheres are eroded by the solar winds.
|
why do satellites need to fire engines every few day to keep orbit?
|
why do satellites need to fire engines every few day to keep orbit?
|
[
"why do satellites need to fire engines every few day to keep orbit?"
] |
{
"text": [
"atmospheric density"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113357
|
572eaf28dfa6aa1500f8d2c4
|
Vacuum
|
But although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit.[citation needed] The drag here is low enough that it could theoretically be overcome by radiation pressure on solar sails, a proposed propulsion system for interplanetary travel.[citation needed] Planets are too massive for their trajectories to be significantly affected by these forces, although their atmospheres are eroded by the solar winds.
|
above what line location in outer space to satellites orbit?
|
above what line location in outer space to satellites orbit?
|
[
"above what line location in outer space to satellites orbit?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Kármán line"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113358
|
5a8791371d3cee001a6a1256
|
Vacuum
|
But although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit.[citation needed] The drag here is low enough that it could theoretically be overcome by radiation pressure on solar sails, a proposed propulsion system for interplanetary travel.[citation needed] Planets are too massive for their trajectories to be significantly affected by these forces, although their atmospheres are eroded by the solar winds.
|
How often does Earth's orbit position change?
|
How often does Earth's orbit position change?
|
[
"How often does Earth's orbit position change?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113359
|
5a8791371d3cee001a6a1257
|
Vacuum
|
But although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit.[citation needed] The drag here is low enough that it could theoretically be overcome by radiation pressure on solar sails, a proposed propulsion system for interplanetary travel.[citation needed] Planets are too massive for their trajectories to be significantly affected by these forces, although their atmospheres are eroded by the solar winds.
|
What are satellites eroded by?
|
What are satellites eroded by?
|
[
"What are satellites eroded by?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113360
|
5a8791371d3cee001a6a1258
|
Vacuum
|
But although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit.[citation needed] The drag here is low enough that it could theoretically be overcome by radiation pressure on solar sails, a proposed propulsion system for interplanetary travel.[citation needed] Planets are too massive for their trajectories to be significantly affected by these forces, although their atmospheres are eroded by the solar winds.
|
What are satellites too large for their engines to be affected by?
|
What are satellites too large for their engines to be affected by?
|
[
"What are satellites too large for their engines to be affected by?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113361
|
5a8791371d3cee001a6a1259
|
Vacuum
|
But although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit.[citation needed] The drag here is low enough that it could theoretically be overcome by radiation pressure on solar sails, a proposed propulsion system for interplanetary travel.[citation needed] Planets are too massive for their trajectories to be significantly affected by these forces, although their atmospheres are eroded by the solar winds.
|
How long is the Karman line?
|
How long is the Karman line?
|
[
"How long is the Karman line?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113362
|
5a8791371d3cee001a6a125a
|
Vacuum
|
But although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit.[citation needed] The drag here is low enough that it could theoretically be overcome by radiation pressure on solar sails, a proposed propulsion system for interplanetary travel.[citation needed] Planets are too massive for their trajectories to be significantly affected by these forces, although their atmospheres are eroded by the solar winds.
|
What have satellite engines been suggested to be used for?
|
What have satellite engines been suggested to be used for?
|
[
"What have satellite engines been suggested to be used for?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113363
|
572eb66fdfa6aa1500f8d2ef
|
Vacuum
|
In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent. However, according to Nader El-Bizri, the physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965–1039) and the Mu'tazili theologians disagreed with Aristotle and Al-Farabi, and they supported the existence of a void. Using geometry, Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. According to Ahmad Dallal, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī also states that "there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum". The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century.
|
Al-Farabi concluded a perfect vacuum was incoherent using what?
|
Al-Farabi concluded a perfect vacuum was incoherent using what?
|
[
"Al-Farabi concluded a perfect vacuum was incoherent using what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"handheld plungers in water."
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113364
|
572eb66fdfa6aa1500f8d2f0
|
Vacuum
|
In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent. However, according to Nader El-Bizri, the physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965–1039) and the Mu'tazili theologians disagreed with Aristotle and Al-Farabi, and they supported the existence of a void. Using geometry, Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. According to Ahmad Dallal, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī also states that "there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum". The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century.
|
Ibn al-Haytham used geometry to demonstrate what?
|
Ibn al-Haytham used geometry to demonstrate what?
|
[
"Ibn al-Haytham used geometry to demonstrate what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body"
],
"answer_start": [
645
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113365
|
572eb66fdfa6aa1500f8d2f1
|
Vacuum
|
In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent. However, according to Nader El-Bizri, the physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965–1039) and the Mu'tazili theologians disagreed with Aristotle and Al-Farabi, and they supported the existence of a void. Using geometry, Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. According to Ahmad Dallal, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī also states that "there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum". The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century.
|
who stated that there was no evidence to rule out a vacuum?
|
who stated that there was no evidence to rule out a vacuum?
|
[
"who stated that there was no evidence to rule out a vacuum?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī"
],
"answer_start": [
777
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113366
|
572eb66fdfa6aa1500f8d2f2
|
Vacuum
|
In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent. However, according to Nader El-Bizri, the physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965–1039) and the Mu'tazili theologians disagreed with Aristotle and Al-Farabi, and they supported the existence of a void. Using geometry, Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. According to Ahmad Dallal, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī also states that "there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum". The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century.
|
what did Al-Farabi say expanded to fill available space
|
what did Al-Farabi say expanded to fill available space
|
[
"what did Al-Farabi say expanded to fill available space"
] |
{
"text": [
"air's volume"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113367
|
572eb66fdfa6aa1500f8d2f3
|
Vacuum
|
In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent. However, according to Nader El-Bizri, the physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965–1039) and the Mu'tazili theologians disagreed with Aristotle and Al-Farabi, and they supported the existence of a void. Using geometry, Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. According to Ahmad Dallal, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī also states that "there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum". The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century.
|
What type of pump appeared in the 15th century?
|
What type of pump appeared in the 15th century?
|
[
"What type of pump appeared in the 15th century?"
] |
{
"text": [
"suction pump"
],
"answer_start": [
895
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113368
|
5a87783e1d3cee001a6a11de
|
Vacuum
|
In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent. However, according to Nader El-Bizri, the physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965–1039) and the Mu'tazili theologians disagreed with Aristotle and Al-Farabi, and they supported the existence of a void. Using geometry, Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. According to Ahmad Dallal, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī also states that "there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum". The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century.
|
What was Aristotle able to demonstrate about place?
|
What was Aristotle able to demonstrate about place?
|
[
"What was Aristotle able to demonstrate about place?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113369
|
5a87783e1d3cee001a6a11df
|
Vacuum
|
In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent. However, according to Nader El-Bizri, the physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965–1039) and the Mu'tazili theologians disagreed with Aristotle and Al-Farabi, and they supported the existence of a void. Using geometry, Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. According to Ahmad Dallal, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī also states that "there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum". The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century.
|
In what century did Aristotle develop the suction pump?
|
In what century did Aristotle develop the suction pump?
|
[
"In what century did Aristotle develop the suction pump?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113370
|
5a87783e1d3cee001a6a11e0
|
Vacuum
|
In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent. However, according to Nader El-Bizri, the physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965–1039) and the Mu'tazili theologians disagreed with Aristotle and Al-Farabi, and they supported the existence of a void. Using geometry, Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. According to Ahmad Dallal, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī also states that "there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum". The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century.
|
What did Aristotle investigate to test the existence of a vacuum?
|
What did Aristotle investigate to test the existence of a vacuum?
|
[
"What did Aristotle investigate to test the existence of a vacuum?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113371
|
5a87783e1d3cee001a6a11e1
|
Vacuum
|
In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent. However, according to Nader El-Bizri, the physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965–1039) and the Mu'tazili theologians disagreed with Aristotle and Al-Farabi, and they supported the existence of a void. Using geometry, Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. According to Ahmad Dallal, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī also states that "there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum". The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century.
|
What did Aristotle suggest about the concept of a perfect vacuum after his experiment?
|
What did Aristotle suggest about the concept of a perfect vacuum after his experiment?
|
[
"What did Aristotle suggest about the concept of a perfect vacuum after his experiment?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113372
|
5a87783e1d3cee001a6a11e2
|
Vacuum
|
In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent. However, according to Nader El-Bizri, the physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965–1039) and the Mu'tazili theologians disagreed with Aristotle and Al-Farabi, and they supported the existence of a void. Using geometry, Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. According to Ahmad Dallal, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī also states that "there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum". The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century.
|
What did Aristotle state there was no evidence to rule out?
|
What did Aristotle state there was no evidence to rule out?
|
[
"What did Aristotle state there was no evidence to rule out?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113373
|
572ebaa3cb0c0d14000f14d4
|
Vacuum
|
Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed.
|
Who required no restrictions regarding God's power?
|
Who required no restrictions regarding God's power?
|
[
"Who required no restrictions regarding God's power?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Bishop Etienne Tempier"
],
"answer_start": [
585
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113374
|
572ebaa3cb0c0d14000f14d5
|
Vacuum
|
Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed.
|
When did Buridan state that teams of ten horses could not open a bellow with a sealed port?
|
When did Buridan state that teams of ten horses could not open a bellow with a sealed port?
|
[
"When did Buridan state that teams of ten horses could not open a bellow with a sealed port?"
] |
{
"text": [
"14th century"
],
"answer_start": [
779
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113375
|
572ebaa3cb0c0d14000f14d6
|
Vacuum
|
Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed.
|
the 1277 Paris Condemnations led to what conclusion?
|
the 1277 Paris Condemnations led to what conclusion?
|
[
"the 1277 Paris Condemnations led to what conclusion?"
] |
{
"text": [
"God could create a vacuum if he so wished."
],
"answer_start": [
707
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113376
|
572ebaa3cb0c0d14000f14d7
|
Vacuum
|
Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed.
|
What was a common belief about vacuums and nature?
|
What was a common belief about vacuums and nature?
|
[
"What was a common belief about vacuums and nature?"
] |
{
"text": [
"nature abhorred a vacuum"
],
"answer_start": [
396
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113377
|
572ebaa3cb0c0d14000f14d8
|
Vacuum
|
Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed.
|
what was the belief that nature abhorred a vaccuum called?
|
what was the belief that nature abhorred a vaccuum called?
|
[
"what was the belief that nature abhorred a vaccuum called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"horror vacui"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113378
|
5a877a511d3cee001a6a11e8
|
Vacuum
|
Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed.
|
What did Bishop Etienne Tempier believe prevented a vacuum from forming?
|
What did Bishop Etienne Tempier believe prevented a vacuum from forming?
|
[
"What did Bishop Etienne Tempier believe prevented a vacuum from forming?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113379
|
5a877a511d3cee001a6a11e9
|
Vacuum
|
Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed.
|
What was the commonly held view in the medieval period that God could not create a vacuum called?
|
What was the commonly held view in the medieval period that God could not create a vacuum called?
|
[
"What was the commonly held view in the medieval period that God could not create a vacuum called?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113380
|
5a877a511d3cee001a6a11ea
|
Vacuum
|
Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed.
|
What point of view regarding God became popular in the 14th century?
|
What point of view regarding God became popular in the 14th century?
|
[
"What point of view regarding God became popular in the 14th century?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113381
|
5a877a511d3cee001a6a11eb
|
Vacuum
|
Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed.
|
According to Walter Burley in the 14th century, what could teams of ten horses not pull open?
|
According to Walter Burley in the 14th century, what could teams of ten horses not pull open?
|
[
"According to Walter Burley in the 14th century, what could teams of ten horses not pull open?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113382
|
5a877a511d3cee001a6a11ec
|
Vacuum
|
Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed.
|
What did Walter Burley require there be no restrictions on in the 14th century?
|
What did Walter Burley require there be no restrictions on in the 14th century?
|
[
"What did Walter Burley require there be no restrictions on in the 14th century?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113383
|
572ebcb4c246551400ce45b8
|
Vacuum
|
In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further developed vacuum pump technology. Thereafter, research into the partial vacuum lapsed until 1850 when August Toepler invented the Toepler Pump and Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump in 1855, achieving a partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, which renewed interest in further research.
|
What was the vacuum created by the mercury displacement pump?
|
What was the vacuum created by the mercury displacement pump?
|
[
"What was the vacuum created by the mercury displacement pump?"
] |
{
"text": [
"partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr)."
],
"answer_start": [
537
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113384
|
572ebcb4c246551400ce45b9
|
Vacuum
|
In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further developed vacuum pump technology. Thereafter, research into the partial vacuum lapsed until 1850 when August Toepler invented the Toepler Pump and Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump in 1855, achieving a partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, which renewed interest in further research.
|
What year was the Toepler Pump invented?
|
What year was the Toepler Pump invented?
|
[
"What year was the Toepler Pump invented?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1850"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113385
|
572ebcb4c246551400ce45ba
|
Vacuum
|
In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further developed vacuum pump technology. Thereafter, research into the partial vacuum lapsed until 1850 when August Toepler invented the Toepler Pump and Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump in 1855, achieving a partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, which renewed interest in further research.
|
What was first invented by Otto von Guericke ?
|
What was first invented by Otto von Guericke ?
|
[
"What was first invented by Otto von Guericke ?"
] |
{
"text": [
"vacuum pump"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113386
|
572ebcb4c246551400ce45bb
|
Vacuum
|
In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further developed vacuum pump technology. Thereafter, research into the partial vacuum lapsed until 1850 when August Toepler invented the Toepler Pump and Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump in 1855, achieving a partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, which renewed interest in further research.
|
Who conducted the Magdeburg experiment?
|
Who conducted the Magdeburg experiment?
|
[
"Who conducted the Magdeburg experiment?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Otto von Guericke"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113387
|
572ebcb4c246551400ce45bc
|
Vacuum
|
In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further developed vacuum pump technology. Thereafter, research into the partial vacuum lapsed until 1850 when August Toepler invented the Toepler Pump and Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump in 1855, achieving a partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, which renewed interest in further research.
|
What was made visible at a partial vacuum of 10 Pa?
|
What was made visible at a partial vacuum of 10 Pa?
|
[
"What was made visible at a partial vacuum of 10 Pa?"
] |
{
"text": [
"A number of electrical properties"
],
"answer_start": [
579
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113388
|
5a877c5f1d3cee001a6a11f2
|
Vacuum
|
In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further developed vacuum pump technology. Thereafter, research into the partial vacuum lapsed until 1850 when August Toepler invented the Toepler Pump and Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump in 1855, achieving a partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, which renewed interest in further research.
|
What was invented by Robert Boyle in 1654?
|
What was invented by Robert Boyle in 1654?
|
[
"What was invented by Robert Boyle in 1654?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113389
|
5a877c5f1d3cee001a6a11f3
|
Vacuum
|
In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further developed vacuum pump technology. Thereafter, research into the partial vacuum lapsed until 1850 when August Toepler invented the Toepler Pump and Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump in 1855, achieving a partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, which renewed interest in further research.
|
What was the famous experiment called that Robert Boyle conducted?
|
What was the famous experiment called that Robert Boyle conducted?
|
[
"What was the famous experiment called that Robert Boyle conducted?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113390
|
5a877c5f1d3cee001a6a11f4
|
Vacuum
|
In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further developed vacuum pump technology. Thereafter, research into the partial vacuum lapsed until 1850 when August Toepler invented the Toepler Pump and Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump in 1855, achieving a partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, which renewed interest in further research.
|
What type of vacuum did Robert Boyle achieve in 1855?
|
What type of vacuum did Robert Boyle achieve in 1855?
|
[
"What type of vacuum did Robert Boyle achieve in 1855?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113391
|
5a877c5f1d3cee001a6a11f5
|
Vacuum
|
In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further developed vacuum pump technology. Thereafter, research into the partial vacuum lapsed until 1850 when August Toepler invented the Toepler Pump and Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump in 1855, achieving a partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, which renewed interest in further research.
|
What did Heinrich Geissler help Otto von Guericke further develop?
|
What did Heinrich Geissler help Otto von Guericke further develop?
|
[
"What did Heinrich Geissler help Otto von Guericke further develop?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113392
|
5a877c5f1d3cee001a6a11f6
|
Vacuum
|
In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further developed vacuum pump technology. Thereafter, research into the partial vacuum lapsed until 1850 when August Toepler invented the Toepler Pump and Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump in 1855, achieving a partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, which renewed interest in further research.
|
In what year did Otto von Guericke invent the mercury displacement pump?
|
In what year did Otto von Guericke invent the mercury displacement pump?
|
[
"In what year did Otto von Guericke invent the mercury displacement pump?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113393
|
572ebe0a03f98919007569d1
|
Vacuum
|
While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air from which it took its name, (see Aether (mythology)). Early theories of light posited a ubiquitous terrestrial and celestial medium through which light propagated. Additionally, the concept informed Isaac Newton's explanations of both refraction and of radiant heat. 19th century experiments into this luminiferous aether attempted to detect a minute drag on the Earth's orbit. While the Earth does, in fact, move through a relatively dense medium in comparison to that of interstellar space, the drag is so minuscule that it could not be detected. In 1912, astronomer Henry Pickering commented: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteristic of a gas, and free gaseous molecules are certainly there".
|
What was originally believed the heavens were filled with?
|
What was originally believed the heavens were filled with?
|
[
"What was originally believed the heavens were filled with?"
] |
{
"text": [
"aether"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113394
|
572ebe0a03f98919007569d2
|
Vacuum
|
While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air from which it took its name, (see Aether (mythology)). Early theories of light posited a ubiquitous terrestrial and celestial medium through which light propagated. Additionally, the concept informed Isaac Newton's explanations of both refraction and of radiant heat. 19th century experiments into this luminiferous aether attempted to detect a minute drag on the Earth's orbit. While the Earth does, in fact, move through a relatively dense medium in comparison to that of interstellar space, the drag is so minuscule that it could not be detected. In 1912, astronomer Henry Pickering commented: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteristic of a gas, and free gaseous molecules are certainly there".
|
Why were experiments done on luminiferous aether in the 19 Century?
|
Why were experiments done on luminiferous aether in the 19 Century?
|
[
"Why were experiments done on luminiferous aether in the 19 Century?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteris"
],
"answer_start": [
901
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113395
|
572ebe0a03f98919007569d3
|
Vacuum
|
While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air from which it took its name, (see Aether (mythology)). Early theories of light posited a ubiquitous terrestrial and celestial medium through which light propagated. Additionally, the concept informed Isaac Newton's explanations of both refraction and of radiant heat. 19th century experiments into this luminiferous aether attempted to detect a minute drag on the Earth's orbit. While the Earth does, in fact, move through a relatively dense medium in comparison to that of interstellar space, the drag is so minuscule that it could not be detected. In 1912, astronomer Henry Pickering commented: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteristic of a gas, and free gaseous molecules are certainly there".
|
Who stated that the character of a gas and free molecule were in ether?
|
Who stated that the character of a gas and free molecule were in ether?
|
[
"Who stated that the character of a gas and free molecule were in ether?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Henry Pickering"
],
"answer_start": [
874
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113396
|
572ebe0a03f98919007569d4
|
Vacuum
|
While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air from which it took its name, (see Aether (mythology)). Early theories of light posited a ubiquitous terrestrial and celestial medium through which light propagated. Additionally, the concept informed Isaac Newton's explanations of both refraction and of radiant heat. 19th century experiments into this luminiferous aether attempted to detect a minute drag on the Earth's orbit. While the Earth does, in fact, move through a relatively dense medium in comparison to that of interstellar space, the drag is so minuscule that it could not be detected. In 1912, astronomer Henry Pickering commented: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteristic of a gas, and free gaseous molecules are certainly there".
|
Where are the highest amounts of naturally occurring partial vacuums?
|
Where are the highest amounts of naturally occurring partial vacuums?
|
[
"Where are the highest amounts of naturally occurring partial vacuums?"
] |
{
"text": [
"outer space"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113397
|
572ebe0a03f98919007569d5
|
Vacuum
|
While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air from which it took its name, (see Aether (mythology)). Early theories of light posited a ubiquitous terrestrial and celestial medium through which light propagated. Additionally, the concept informed Isaac Newton's explanations of both refraction and of radiant heat. 19th century experiments into this luminiferous aether attempted to detect a minute drag on the Earth's orbit. While the Earth does, in fact, move through a relatively dense medium in comparison to that of interstellar space, the drag is so minuscule that it could not be detected. In 1912, astronomer Henry Pickering commented: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteristic of a gas, and free gaseous molecules are certainly there".
|
What was ether originally thought to be made of?
|
What was ether originally thought to be made of?
|
[
"What was ether originally thought to be made of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"rigid indestructible material"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113398
|
5a87817f1d3cee001a6a11fc
|
Vacuum
|
While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air from which it took its name, (see Aether (mythology)). Early theories of light posited a ubiquitous terrestrial and celestial medium through which light propagated. Additionally, the concept informed Isaac Newton's explanations of both refraction and of radiant heat. 19th century experiments into this luminiferous aether attempted to detect a minute drag on the Earth's orbit. While the Earth does, in fact, move through a relatively dense medium in comparison to that of interstellar space, the drag is so minuscule that it could not be detected. In 1912, astronomer Henry Pickering commented: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteristic of a gas, and free gaseous molecules are certainly there".
|
What did Issac Newton believe existed in space in 1912?
|
What did Issac Newton believe existed in space in 1912?
|
[
"What did Issac Newton believe existed in space in 1912?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113399
|
5a87817f1d3cee001a6a11fd
|
Vacuum
|
While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air from which it took its name, (see Aether (mythology)). Early theories of light posited a ubiquitous terrestrial and celestial medium through which light propagated. Additionally, the concept informed Isaac Newton's explanations of both refraction and of radiant heat. 19th century experiments into this luminiferous aether attempted to detect a minute drag on the Earth's orbit. While the Earth does, in fact, move through a relatively dense medium in comparison to that of interstellar space, the drag is so minuscule that it could not be detected. In 1912, astronomer Henry Pickering commented: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteristic of a gas, and free gaseous molecules are certainly there".
|
What were molecules originally thought to be made of?
|
What were molecules originally thought to be made of?
|
[
"What were molecules originally thought to be made of?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
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