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gem-squad_v2-train-114400
570a58de6d058f1900182d7c
Emotion
Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. The physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emotions. Emotion is also linked to behavioral tendency. Extroverted people are more likely to be social and express their emotions, while introverted people are more likely to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions. Emotion is often the driving force behind motivation, positive or negative. Definition has been described as is a "positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity." According to other theories, emotions are not causal forces but simply syndromes of components, which might include motivation, feeling, behavior, and physiological changes, but no one of these components is the emotion. Nor is the emotion an entity that causes these components
What type of people hide their emotions?
What type of people hide their emotions?
[ "What type of people hide their emotions?" ]
{ "text": [ "introverted" ], "answer_start": [ 455 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114401
570a58de6d058f1900182d7d
Emotion
Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. The physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emotions. Emotion is also linked to behavioral tendency. Extroverted people are more likely to be social and express their emotions, while introverted people are more likely to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions. Emotion is often the driving force behind motivation, positive or negative. Definition has been described as is a "positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity." According to other theories, emotions are not causal forces but simply syndromes of components, which might include motivation, feeling, behavior, and physiological changes, but no one of these components is the emotion. Nor is the emotion an entity that causes these components
What is emotion frequently responsible for driving?
What is emotion frequently responsible for driving?
[ "What is emotion frequently responsible for driving?" ]
{ "text": [ "motivation" ], "answer_start": [ 590 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114402
570a58de6d058f1900182d7e
Emotion
Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. The physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emotions. Emotion is also linked to behavioral tendency. Extroverted people are more likely to be social and express their emotions, while introverted people are more likely to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions. Emotion is often the driving force behind motivation, positive or negative. Definition has been described as is a "positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity." According to other theories, emotions are not causal forces but simply syndromes of components, which might include motivation, feeling, behavior, and physiological changes, but no one of these components is the emotion. Nor is the emotion an entity that causes these components
Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions sometimes cause?
Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions sometimes cause?
[ "Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions sometimes cause?" ]
{ "text": [ "psychological" ], "answer_start": [ 107 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114403
5ad23dbbd7d075001a4288a0
Emotion
Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. The physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emotions. Emotion is also linked to behavioral tendency. Extroverted people are more likely to be social and express their emotions, while introverted people are more likely to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions. Emotion is often the driving force behind motivation, positive or negative. Definition has been described as is a "positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity." According to other theories, emotions are not causal forces but simply syndromes of components, which might include motivation, feeling, behavior, and physiological changes, but no one of these components is the emotion. Nor is the emotion an entity that causes these components
What system of the body is not related to emotion's physiology?
What system of the body is not related to emotion's physiology?
[ " What system of the body is not related to emotion's physiology?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114404
5ad23dbbd7d075001a4288a1
Emotion
Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. The physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emotions. Emotion is also linked to behavioral tendency. Extroverted people are more likely to be social and express their emotions, while introverted people are more likely to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions. Emotion is often the driving force behind motivation, positive or negative. Definition has been described as is a "positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity." According to other theories, emotions are not causal forces but simply syndromes of components, which might include motivation, feeling, behavior, and physiological changes, but no one of these components is the emotion. Nor is the emotion an entity that causes these components
What sorts of people are less likely to be emotionally expressive?
What sorts of people are less likely to be emotionally expressive?
[ " What sorts of people are less likely to be emotionally expressive?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114405
5ad23dbbd7d075001a4288a2
Emotion
Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. The physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emotions. Emotion is also linked to behavioral tendency. Extroverted people are more likely to be social and express their emotions, while introverted people are more likely to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions. Emotion is often the driving force behind motivation, positive or negative. Definition has been described as is a "positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity." According to other theories, emotions are not causal forces but simply syndromes of components, which might include motivation, feeling, behavior, and physiological changes, but no one of these components is the emotion. Nor is the emotion an entity that causes these components
What type of people show their emotions?
What type of people show their emotions?
[ " What type of people show their emotions?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114406
5ad23dbbd7d075001a4288a3
Emotion
Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. The physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emotions. Emotion is also linked to behavioral tendency. Extroverted people are more likely to be social and express their emotions, while introverted people are more likely to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions. Emotion is often the driving force behind motivation, positive or negative. Definition has been described as is a "positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity." According to other theories, emotions are not causal forces but simply syndromes of components, which might include motivation, feeling, behavior, and physiological changes, but no one of these components is the emotion. Nor is the emotion an entity that causes these components
What is emotion infrequently responsible for driving?
What is emotion infrequently responsible for driving?
[ " What is emotion infrequently responsible for driving?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114407
5ad23dbbd7d075001a4288a4
Emotion
Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. The physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emotions. Emotion is also linked to behavioral tendency. Extroverted people are more likely to be social and express their emotions, while introverted people are more likely to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions. Emotion is often the driving force behind motivation, positive or negative. Definition has been described as is a "positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity." According to other theories, emotions are not causal forces but simply syndromes of components, which might include motivation, feeling, behavior, and physiological changes, but no one of these components is the emotion. Nor is the emotion an entity that causes these components
Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions never cause?
Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions never cause?
[ "Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions never cause?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114408
570a597e4103511400d5963c
Emotion
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way primary colors combine, primary emotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.
What is the name of the theory Plutchik created?
What is the name of the theory Plutchik created?
[ "What is the name of the theory Plutchik created?" ]
{ "text": [ "wheel of emotions" ], "answer_start": [ 87 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114409
570a597e4103511400d5963d
Emotion
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way primary colors combine, primary emotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.
How many main emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?
How many main emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?
[ "How many main emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?" ]
{ "text": [ "eight" ], "answer_start": [ 118 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114410
570a597e4103511400d5963e
Emotion
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way primary colors combine, primary emotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.
In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the opposite of anticipation?
In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the opposite of anticipation?
[ "In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the opposite of anticipation?" ]
{ "text": [ "surprise" ], "answer_start": [ 247 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114411
570a597e4103511400d5963f
Emotion
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way primary colors combine, primary emotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.
What emotion can be perceived as a combination of disgust and anger?
What emotion can be perceived as a combination of disgust and anger?
[ "What emotion can be perceived as a combination of disgust and anger?" ]
{ "text": [ "contempt" ], "answer_start": [ 657 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114412
570a597e4103511400d59640
Emotion
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way primary colors combine, primary emotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.
What does Plutchik see as the positive equivalent of disgust?
What does Plutchik see as the positive equivalent of disgust?
[ "What does Plutchik see as the positive equivalent of disgust?" ]
{ "text": [ "trust" ], "answer_start": [ 221 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114413
5ad24432d7d075001a428a46
Emotion
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way primary colors combine, primary emotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.
What isn't the name of the theory Plutchik created?
What isn't the name of the theory Plutchik created?
[ " What isn't the name of the theory Plutchik created?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114414
5ad24432d7d075001a428a47
Emotion
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way primary colors combine, primary emotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.
How many nonmain emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?
How many nonmain emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?
[ " How many nonmain emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114415
5ad24432d7d075001a428a48
Emotion
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way primary colors combine, primary emotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.
In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the same as anticipation?
In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the same as anticipation?
[ " In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the same as anticipation?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114416
5ad24432d7d075001a428a49
Emotion
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way primary colors combine, primary emotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.
What does Plutchik see as the negative equivalent of disgust?
What does Plutchik see as the negative equivalent of disgust?
[ " What does Plutchik see as the negative equivalent of disgust?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114417
570a59da4103511400d59646
Emotion
Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.
What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote on emotions?
What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote on emotions?
[ "What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote on emotions?" ]
{ "text": [ "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals" ], "answer_start": [ 117 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114418
570a59da4103511400d59647
Emotion
Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.
Along with survival, what did Darwin see as the role of emotions in humans?
Along with survival, what did Darwin see as the role of emotions in humans?
[ "Along with survival, what did Darwin see as the role of emotions in humans?" ]
{ "text": [ "communication" ], "answer_start": [ 237 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114419
570a59da4103511400d59648
Emotion
Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.
Through what process did Darwin believe emotions developed?
Through what process did Darwin believe emotions developed?
[ "Through what process did Darwin believe emotions developed?" ]
{ "text": [ "natural selection" ], "answer_start": [ 338 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114420
570a59da4103511400d59649
Emotion
Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.
In what century did Darwin write?
In what century did Darwin write?
[ "In what century did Darwin write?" ]
{ "text": [ "19th" ], "answer_start": [ 77 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114421
5ad245c7d7d075001a428ab0
Emotion
Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.
What was the name of the book that Darwin drew on emotions?
What was the name of the book that Darwin drew on emotions?
[ "What was the name of the book that Darwin drew on emotions?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114422
5ad245c7d7d075001a428ab1
Emotion
Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.
Along with survival, what did Darwin not see as the role of emotions in humans?
Along with survival, what did Darwin not see as the role of emotions in humans?
[ "Along with survival, what did Darwin not see as the role of emotions in humans?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114423
5ad245c7d7d075001a428ab2
Emotion
Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.
Through what process did Darwin not believe emotions developed?
Through what process did Darwin not believe emotions developed?
[ " Through what process did Darwin not believe emotions developed?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114424
5ad245c7d7d075001a428ab3
Emotion
Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.
In what century did Darwin read?
In what century did Darwin read?
[ " In what century did Darwin read?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114425
570a5a736d058f1900182d8e
Emotion
An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state. Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions: e.g. "I'm crying because I'm sad," or "I ran away because I was scared." The issue with the James–Lange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).
In this theory, what action evokes an emotion?
In this theory, what action evokes an emotion?
[ "In this theory, what action evokes an emotion?" ]
{ "text": [ "stimulus" ], "answer_start": [ 76 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114426
570a5a736d058f1900182d8f
Emotion
An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state. Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions: e.g. "I'm crying because I'm sad," or "I ran away because I was scared." The issue with the James–Lange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).
What sort of response does the stimulus cause?
What sort of response does the stimulus cause?
[ "What sort of response does the stimulus cause?" ]
{ "text": [ "physiological" ], "answer_start": [ 115 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114427
570a5a736d058f1900182d90
Emotion
An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state. Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions: e.g. "I'm crying because I'm sad," or "I ran away because I was scared." The issue with the James–Lange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).
How is the stimulus interpreted by the mind?
How is the stimulus interpreted by the mind?
[ "How is the stimulus interpreted by the mind?" ]
{ "text": [ "as a particular emotion" ], "answer_start": [ 207 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114428
570a5a736d058f1900182d91
Emotion
An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state. Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions: e.g. "I'm crying because I'm sad," or "I ran away because I was scared." The issue with the James–Lange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).
In the James-Lange theory, what causes emotions?
In the James-Lange theory, what causes emotions?
[ "In the James-Lange theory, what causes emotions?" ]
{ "text": [ "bodily states" ], "answer_start": [ 566 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114429
5ad24701d7d075001a428b1a
Emotion
An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state. Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions: e.g. "I'm crying because I'm sad," or "I ran away because I was scared." The issue with the James–Lange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).
In this theory, what action doesn't evoke an emotion?
In this theory, what action doesn't evoke an emotion?
[ "In this theory, what action doesn't evoke an emotion?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114430
5ad24701d7d075001a428b1b
Emotion
An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state. Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions: e.g. "I'm crying because I'm sad," or "I ran away because I was scared." The issue with the James–Lange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).
What sort of response doesn't the stimulus cause?
What sort of response doesn't the stimulus cause?
[ " What sort of response doesn't the stimulus cause?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114431
5ad24701d7d075001a428b1c
Emotion
An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state. Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions: e.g. "I'm crying because I'm sad," or "I ran away because I was scared." The issue with the James–Lange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).
How is the stimulus not interpreted by the mind?
How is the stimulus not interpreted by the mind?
[ " How is the stimulus not interpreted by the mind?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114432
5ad24701d7d075001a428b1d
Emotion
An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state. Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions: e.g. "I'm crying because I'm sad," or "I ran away because I was scared." The issue with the James–Lange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).
In the James-Lange theory, what doesn't cause emotions?
In the James-Lange theory, what doesn't cause emotions?
[ " In the James-Lange theory, what doesn't cause emotions?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114433
570a5afd6d058f1900182d96
Emotion
With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur. One of the main proponents of this view was Richard Lazarus who argued that emotions must have some cognitive intentionality. The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing.
Who argued that emotions arise from cognitive intentionality?
Who argued that emotions arise from cognitive intentionality?
[ "Who argued that emotions arise from cognitive intentionality?" ]
{ "text": [ "Richard Lazarus" ], "answer_start": [ 256 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114434
570a5afd6d058f1900182d97
Emotion
With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur. One of the main proponents of this view was Richard Lazarus who argued that emotions must have some cognitive intentionality. The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing.
Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists believe to be required for emotion?
Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists believe to be required for emotion?
[ "Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists believe to be required for emotion?" ]
{ "text": [ "judgments" ], "answer_start": [ 127 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114435
570a5afd6d058f1900182d98
Emotion
With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur. One of the main proponents of this view was Richard Lazarus who argued that emotions must have some cognitive intentionality. The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing.
In Lazarus' view, what could the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?
In Lazarus' view, what could the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?
[ "In Lazarus' view, what could the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?" ]
{ "text": [ "unconscious" ], "answer_start": [ 436 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114436
5ad24963d7d075001a428b9e
Emotion
With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur. One of the main proponents of this view was Richard Lazarus who argued that emotions must have some cognitive intentionality. The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing.
Who argued that emotions don't come from cognitive intentionality?
Who argued that emotions don't come from cognitive intentionality?
[ " Who argued that emotions don't come from cognitive intentionality?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114437
5ad24963d7d075001a428b9f
Emotion
With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur. One of the main proponents of this view was Richard Lazarus who argued that emotions must have some cognitive intentionality. The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing.
Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists not believe to be required for emotion?
Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists not believe to be required for emotion?
[ "Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists not believe to be required for emotion?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114438
5ad24963d7d075001a428ba0
Emotion
With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur. One of the main proponents of this view was Richard Lazarus who argued that emotions must have some cognitive intentionality. The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing.
In Lazarus' view, what couldn't the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?
In Lazarus' view, what couldn't the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?
[ "In Lazarus' view, what couldn't the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114439
570a5b9a4103511400d5964e
Emotion
Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings.
What theory argues that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning?
What theory argues that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning?
[ "What theory argues that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning?" ]
{ "text": [ "the perceptual theory" ], "answer_start": [ 184 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114440
570a5b9a4103511400d5964f
Emotion
Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings.
What book by Prinz defended the perceptual theory?
What book by Prinz defended the perceptual theory?
[ "What book by Prinz defended the perceptual theory?" ]
{ "text": [ "Gut Reactions" ], "answer_start": [ 938 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114441
570a5b9a4103511400d59650
Emotion
Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings.
What book on the perceptual theory was written by James Laird?
What book on the perceptual theory was written by James Laird?
[ "What book on the perceptual theory was written by James Laird?" ]
{ "text": [ "Feelings" ], "answer_start": [ 989 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114442
570a5b9a4103511400d59651
Emotion
Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings.
What is Laird's job title?
What is Laird's job title?
[ "What is Laird's job title?" ]
{ "text": [ "psychologist" ], "answer_start": [ 957 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114443
570a5b9a4103511400d59652
Emotion
Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings.
What is Jesse Prinz's profession?
What is Jesse Prinz's profession?
[ "What is Jesse Prinz's profession?" ]
{ "text": [ "philosopher" ], "answer_start": [ 907 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114444
5ad2531dd7d075001a428d14
Emotion
Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings.
What theory doesn't argue that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning?
What theory doesn't argue that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning?
[ "What theory doesn't argue that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114445
5ad2531dd7d075001a428d15
Emotion
Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings.
What book by Prinz didn't defend the perceptual theory?
What book by Prinz didn't defend the perceptual theory?
[ " What book by Prinz didn't defend the perceptual theory?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114446
5ad2531dd7d075001a428d16
Emotion
Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings.
What book on the perceptual theory wasn't written by James Laird?
What book on the perceptual theory wasn't written by James Laird?
[ " What book on the perceptual theory wasn't written by James Laird?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114447
5ad2531dd7d075001a428d17
Emotion
Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings.
What is Laird's mother's name?
What is Laird's mother's name?
[ "What is Laird's mother's name?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114448
570a5c404103511400d59662
Emotion
Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of communication sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's concept of emotional labor. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet, an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.
What discipline examines the role emotions play in culture?
What discipline examines the role emotions play in culture?
[ "What discipline examines the role emotions play in culture?" ]
{ "text": [ "sociology" ], "answer_start": [ 110 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114449
570a5c404103511400d59663
Emotion
Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of communication sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's concept of emotional labor. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet, an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.
What discipline makes use of ethnography?
What discipline makes use of ethnography?
[ "What discipline makes use of ethnography?" ]
{ "text": [ "anthropology" ], "answer_start": [ 234 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114450
570a5c404103511400d59664
Emotion
Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of communication sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's concept of emotional labor. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet, an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.
What field of study studies the organizational role of emotions?
What field of study studies the organizational role of emotions?
[ "What field of study studies the organizational role of emotions?" ]
{ "text": [ "communication sciences" ], "answer_start": [ 484 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114451
570a5c404103511400d59665
Emotion
Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of communication sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's concept of emotional labor. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet, an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.
Who developed the concept of emotional labor?
Who developed the concept of emotional labor?
[ "Who developed the concept of emotional labor?" ]
{ "text": [ "Arlie Russell Hochschild" ], "answer_start": [ 716 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114452
570a5c404103511400d59666
Emotion
Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of communication sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's concept of emotional labor. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet, an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.
Roughly how many people are part of EmoNet?
Roughly how many people are part of EmoNet?
[ "Roughly how many people are part of EmoNet?" ]
{ "text": [ "700" ], "answer_start": [ 1046 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114453
5ad25f6bd7d075001a428f7c
Emotion
Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of communication sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's concept of emotional labor. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet, an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.
What discipline doesn't examine the role emotions play in culture?
What discipline doesn't examine the role emotions play in culture?
[ "What discipline doesn't examine the role emotions play in culture?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114454
5ad25f6bd7d075001a428f7d
Emotion
Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of communication sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's concept of emotional labor. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet, an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.
What discipline doesn't make use of ethnography?
What discipline doesn't make use of ethnography?
[ " What discipline doesn't make use of ethnography?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114455
5ad25f6bd7d075001a428f7e
Emotion
Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of communication sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's concept of emotional labor. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet, an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.
What field of study doesn't study the organizational role of emotions?
What field of study doesn't study the organizational role of emotions?
[ " What field of study doesn't study the organizational role of emotions?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114456
5ad25f6bd7d075001a428f7f
Emotion
Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of communication sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's concept of emotional labor. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet, an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.
Who rejected the concept of emotional labor?
Who rejected the concept of emotional labor?
[ " Who rejected the concept of emotional labor?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114457
570a60076d058f1900182de2
Emotion
A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.
Along with anger, pride and happiness, what is an example of an emotional label?
Along with anger, pride and happiness, what is an example of an emotional label?
[ "Along with anger, pride and happiness, what is an example of an emotional label?" ]
{ "text": [ "fear" ], "answer_start": [ 175 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114458
570a60076d058f1900182de3
Emotion
A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.
Aside from increased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?
Aside from increased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?
[ "Aside from increased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?" ]
{ "text": [ "changes in pulse rate" ], "answer_start": [ 246 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114459
570a60076d058f1900182de4
Emotion
A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.
Along with smiling and frowning, what is an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?
Along with smiling and frowning, what is an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?
[ "Along with smiling and frowning, what is an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?" ]
{ "text": [ "baring teeth" ], "answer_start": [ 333 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114460
570a60076d058f1900182de5
Emotion
A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.
Who developed a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?
Who developed a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?
[ "Who developed a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?" ]
{ "text": [ "Jonathan Turner" ], "answer_start": [ 462 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114461
570a60076d058f1900182de6
Emotion
A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.
How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as being founded on human neurology?
How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as being founded on human neurology?
[ "How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as being founded on human neurology?" ]
{ "text": [ "four" ], "answer_start": [ 1197 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114462
5ad26126d7d075001a429004
Emotion
A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.
Along with anger, pride and happiness, what isn't an example of an emotional label?
Along with anger, pride and happiness, what isn't an example of an emotional label?
[ "Along with anger, pride and happiness, what isn't an example of an emotional label?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114463
5ad26126d7d075001a429005
Emotion
A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.
Aside from decreased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?
Aside from decreased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?
[ " Aside from decreased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114464
5ad26126d7d075001a429006
Emotion
A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.
Along with smiling and frowning, what is not an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?
Along with smiling and frowning, what is not an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?
[ "Along with smiling and frowning, what is not an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114465
5ad26126d7d075001a429007
Emotion
A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.
Who didn't develop a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?
Who didn't develop a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?
[ "Who didn't develop a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114466
5ad26126d7d075001a429008
Emotion
A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.
How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as not being founded on human neurology?
How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as not being founded on human neurology?
[ " How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as not being founded on human neurology?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114467
570a604f6d058f1900182dec
Emotion
In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James–Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.
Along with William James, who was an influential 19th century theorist?
Along with William James, who was an influential 19th century theorist?
[ "Along with William James, who was an influential 19th century theorist?" ]
{ "text": [ "Carl Lange" ], "answer_start": [ 92 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114468
570a604f6d058f1900182ded
Emotion
In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James–Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.
What was William James' nationality?
What was William James' nationality?
[ "What was William James' nationality?" ]
{ "text": [ "American" ], "answer_start": [ 129 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114469
570a604f6d058f1900182dee
Emotion
In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James–Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.
What was the nationality of Carl Lange?
What was the nationality of Carl Lange?
[ "What was the nationality of Carl Lange?" ]
{ "text": [ "Danish" ], "answer_start": [ 299 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114470
570a604f6d058f1900182def
Emotion
In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James–Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.
What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently?
What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently?
[ "What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently?" ]
{ "text": [ "the James–Lange theory" ], "answer_start": [ 372 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114471
570a604f6d058f1900182df0
Emotion
In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James–Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.
In what year did Lange die?
In what year did Lange die?
[ "In what year did Lange die?" ]
{ "text": [ "1900" ], "answer_start": [ 109 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114472
5ad2790bd7d075001a4295a0
Emotion
In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James–Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.
Along with William James, who wasn't an influential 19th century theorist?
Along with William James, who wasn't an influential 19th century theorist?
[ "Along with William James, who wasn't an influential 19th century theorist?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114473
5ad2790bd7d075001a4295a1
Emotion
In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James–Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.
What was William James' religion?
What was William James' religion?
[ " What was William James' religion?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114474
5ad2790bd7d075001a4295a2
Emotion
In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James–Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.
What was the age of Carl Lange?
What was the age of Carl Lange?
[ " What was the age of Carl Lange?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114475
5ad2790bd7d075001a4295a3
Emotion
In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James–Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.
What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed dependently?
What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed dependently?
[ "What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed dependently?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114476
570a61844103511400d5969c
Emotion
Research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history, sociology, and even computer science. The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, neurobiology, experience, and function of emotions have only fostered more intense research on this topic. Current areas of research in the concept of emotion include the development of materials that stimulate and elicit emotion. In addition PET scans and fMRI scans help study the affective processes in the brain. It also is influenced by hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, oxytocin, cortisol and GABA.
Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has engaged in research on emotion?
Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has engaged in research on emotion?
[ "Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has engaged in research on emotion?" ]
{ "text": [ "computer science" ], "answer_start": [ 194 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114477
570a61844103511400d5969d
Emotion
Research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history, sociology, and even computer science. The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, neurobiology, experience, and function of emotions have only fostered more intense research on this topic. Current areas of research in the concept of emotion include the development of materials that stimulate and elicit emotion. In addition PET scans and fMRI scans help study the affective processes in the brain. It also is influenced by hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, oxytocin, cortisol and GABA.
Along with dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin, what neurotransmitter or hormone influences emotion?
Along with dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin, what neurotransmitter or hormone influences emotion?
[ "Along with dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin, what neurotransmitter or hormone influences emotion?" ]
{ "text": [ "GABA" ], "answer_start": [ 710 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114478
570a61844103511400d5969e
Emotion
Research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history, sociology, and even computer science. The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, neurobiology, experience, and function of emotions have only fostered more intense research on this topic. Current areas of research in the concept of emotion include the development of materials that stimulate and elicit emotion. In addition PET scans and fMRI scans help study the affective processes in the brain. It also is influenced by hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, oxytocin, cortisol and GABA.
Along with the experience, function and origin of emotion, what aspect of emotion does current research attempt to explain?
Along with the experience, function and origin of emotion, what aspect of emotion does current research attempt to explain?
[ "Along with the experience, function and origin of emotion, what aspect of emotion does current research attempt to explain?" ]
{ "text": [ "neurobiology" ], "answer_start": [ 270 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114479
5ad23e52d7d075001a4288be
Emotion
Research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history, sociology, and even computer science. The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, neurobiology, experience, and function of emotions have only fostered more intense research on this topic. Current areas of research in the concept of emotion include the development of materials that stimulate and elicit emotion. In addition PET scans and fMRI scans help study the affective processes in the brain. It also is influenced by hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, oxytocin, cortisol and GABA.
Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has disengaged in research on emotion?
Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has disengaged in research on emotion?
[ "Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has disengaged in research on emotion?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114480
5ad23e52d7d075001a4288bf
Emotion
Research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history, sociology, and even computer science. The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, neurobiology, experience, and function of emotions have only fostered more intense research on this topic. Current areas of research in the concept of emotion include the development of materials that stimulate and elicit emotion. In addition PET scans and fMRI scans help study the affective processes in the brain. It also is influenced by hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, oxytocin, cortisol and GABA.
Besides dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin, what neurotransmitter or hormone do not influence emotion?
Besides dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin, what neurotransmitter or hormone do not influence emotion?
[ "Besides dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin, what neurotransmitter or hormone do not influence emotion?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114481
5ad23e52d7d075001a4288c0
Emotion
Research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history, sociology, and even computer science. The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, neurobiology, experience, and function of emotions have only fostered more intense research on this topic. Current areas of research in the concept of emotion include the development of materials that stimulate and elicit emotion. In addition PET scans and fMRI scans help study the affective processes in the brain. It also is influenced by hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, oxytocin, cortisol and GABA.
Along with the experience, function and origin of emotion, what aspect of emotion does current research not attempt to explain?
Along with the experience, function and origin of emotion, what aspect of emotion does current research not attempt to explain?
[ "Along with the experience, function and origin of emotion, what aspect of emotion does current research not attempt to explain?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114482
570a61f14103511400d596a2
Emotion
A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists place emotions within a more general category of "affective states" where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as pleasure and pain, motivational states (for example, hunger or curiosity), moods, dispositions and traits.
What are emotional episodes defined in contrast to?
What are emotional episodes defined in contrast to?
[ "What are emotional episodes defined in contrast to?" ]
{ "text": [ "emotional dispositions" ], "answer_start": [ 57 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114483
570a61f14103511400d596a3
Emotion
A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists place emotions within a more general category of "affective states" where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as pleasure and pain, motivational states (for example, hunger or curiosity), moods, dispositions and traits.
What other traits are emotional dispositions similar to?
What other traits are emotional dispositions similar to?
[ "What other traits are emotional dispositions similar to?" ]
{ "text": [ "character traits" ], "answer_start": [ 127 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114484
570a61f14103511400d596a4
Emotion
A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists place emotions within a more general category of "affective states" where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as pleasure and pain, motivational states (for example, hunger or curiosity), moods, dispositions and traits.
What category is defined to contain pleasure, pain, motivation, moods and dispositions?
What category is defined to contain pleasure, pain, motivation, moods and dispositions?
[ "What category is defined to contain pleasure, pain, motivation, moods and dispositions?" ]
{ "text": [ "affective states" ], "answer_start": [ 415 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114485
5ad2438fd7d075001a428a00
Emotion
A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists place emotions within a more general category of "affective states" where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as pleasure and pain, motivational states (for example, hunger or curiosity), moods, dispositions and traits.
What are unemotional episodes defined in contrast to?
What are unemotional episodes defined in contrast to?
[ " What are unemotional episodes defined in contrast to?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114486
5ad2438fd7d075001a428a01
Emotion
A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists place emotions within a more general category of "affective states" where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as pleasure and pain, motivational states (for example, hunger or curiosity), moods, dispositions and traits.
What other traits are emotional dispositions not similar to?
What other traits are emotional dispositions not similar to?
[ " What other traits are emotional dispositions not similar to?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114487
5ad2438fd7d075001a428a02
Emotion
A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists place emotions within a more general category of "affective states" where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as pleasure and pain, motivational states (for example, hunger or curiosity), moods, dispositions and traits.
What category is not defined to contain pleasure, pain, motivation, moods and dispositions?
What category is not defined to contain pleasure, pain, motivation, moods and dispositions?
[ "What category is not defined to contain pleasure, pain, motivation, moods and dispositions?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114488
570a628a4103511400d596a8
Emotion
The idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called “psychological construction.” According to this theory, an emotional episode consists of a set of components, each of which is an ongoing process and none of which is necessary or sufficient for the emotion to be instantiated. The set of components is not fixed, either by human evolutionary history or by social norms and roles. Instead, the emotional episode is assembled at the moment of its occurrence to suit its specific circumstances. One implication is that all cases of, for example, fear are not identical but instead bear a family resemblance to one another.
What theory sees an emotional episode as consisting of components?
What theory sees an emotional episode as consisting of components?
[ "What theory sees an emotional episode as consisting of components?" ]
{ "text": [ "psychological construction" ], "answer_start": [ 86 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114489
570a628a4103511400d596a9
Emotion
The idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called “psychological construction.” According to this theory, an emotional episode consists of a set of components, each of which is an ongoing process and none of which is necessary or sufficient for the emotion to be instantiated. The set of components is not fixed, either by human evolutionary history or by social norms and roles. Instead, the emotional episode is assembled at the moment of its occurrence to suit its specific circumstances. One implication is that all cases of, for example, fear are not identical but instead bear a family resemblance to one another.
At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of an emotion are put together?
At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of an emotion are put together?
[ "At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of an emotion are put together?" ]
{ "text": [ "at the moment of its occurrence" ], "answer_start": [ 459 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114490
570a628a4103511400d596aa
Emotion
The idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called “psychological construction.” According to this theory, an emotional episode consists of a set of components, each of which is an ongoing process and none of which is necessary or sufficient for the emotion to be instantiated. The set of components is not fixed, either by human evolutionary history or by social norms and roles. Instead, the emotional episode is assembled at the moment of its occurrence to suit its specific circumstances. One implication is that all cases of, for example, fear are not identical but instead bear a family resemblance to one another.
What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is not the same from one case to another?
What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is not the same from one case to another?
[ "What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is not the same from one case to another?" ]
{ "text": [ "fear" ], "answer_start": [ 578 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114491
5ad244e8d7d075001a428a7a
Emotion
The idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called “psychological construction.” According to this theory, an emotional episode consists of a set of components, each of which is an ongoing process and none of which is necessary or sufficient for the emotion to be instantiated. The set of components is not fixed, either by human evolutionary history or by social norms and roles. Instead, the emotional episode is assembled at the moment of its occurrence to suit its specific circumstances. One implication is that all cases of, for example, fear are not identical but instead bear a family resemblance to one another.
What theory sees an non-emotional episode as consisting of components?
What theory sees an non-emotional episode as consisting of components?
[ "What theory sees an non-emotional episode as consisting of components?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114492
5ad244e8d7d075001a428a7b
Emotion
The idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called “psychological construction.” According to this theory, an emotional episode consists of a set of components, each of which is an ongoing process and none of which is necessary or sufficient for the emotion to be instantiated. The set of components is not fixed, either by human evolutionary history or by social norms and roles. Instead, the emotional episode is assembled at the moment of its occurrence to suit its specific circumstances. One implication is that all cases of, for example, fear are not identical but instead bear a family resemblance to one another.
At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of a non-emotion are put together?
At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of a non-emotion are put together?
[ "At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of a non-emotion are put together?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114493
5ad244e8d7d075001a428a7c
Emotion
The idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called “psychological construction.” According to this theory, an emotional episode consists of a set of components, each of which is an ongoing process and none of which is necessary or sufficient for the emotion to be instantiated. The set of components is not fixed, either by human evolutionary history or by social norms and roles. Instead, the emotional episode is assembled at the moment of its occurrence to suit its specific circumstances. One implication is that all cases of, for example, fear are not identical but instead bear a family resemblance to one another.
What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is the same from one case to another?
What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is the same from one case to another?
[ "What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is the same from one case to another?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114494
570a631b6d058f1900182df6
Emotion
Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion. He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses. An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion.
Who argued that physiological responses were insufficient to explain emotional experiences?
Who argued that physiological responses were insufficient to explain emotional experiences?
[ "Who argued that physiological responses were insufficient to explain emotional experiences?" ]
{ "text": [ "Walter Bradford Cannon" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114495
570a631b6d058f1900182df7
Emotion
Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion. He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses. An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion.
Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe was triggered by an emotional event?
Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe was triggered by an emotional event?
[ "Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe was triggered by an emotional event?" ]
{ "text": [ "a conscious experience of an emotion" ], "answer_start": [ 714 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114496
570a631b6d058f1900182df8
Emotion
Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion. He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses. An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion.
Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses were insufficient cause for emotions?
Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses were insufficient cause for emotions?
[ "Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses were insufficient cause for emotions?" ]
{ "text": [ "too slow and often imperceptible" ], "answer_start": [ 241 ] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114497
5ad2474fd7d075001a428b2c
Emotion
Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion. He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses. An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion.
Who argued that physiological responses were sufficient to explain emotional experiences?
Who argued that physiological responses were sufficient to explain emotional experiences?
[ "Who argued that physiological responses were sufficient to explain emotional experiences?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114498
5ad2474fd7d075001a428b2d
Emotion
Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion. He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses. An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion.
Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe wasn't triggered by an emotional event?
Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe wasn't triggered by an emotional event?
[ "Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe wasn't triggered by an emotional event?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
gem-squad_v2-train-114499
5ad2474fd7d075001a428b2e
Emotion
Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion. He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses. An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion.
Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses weren't insufficient cause for emotions?
Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses weren't insufficient cause for emotions?
[ "Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses weren't insufficient cause for emotions?" ]
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }