gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-12700 | 5ad2da65d7d075001a42a4aa | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | A cardinal (Latin: sanctae romanae ecclesiae cardinalis, literally cardinal of the Holy Roman Church) is a senior ecclesiastical leader, an ecclesiastical prince, and usually (now always for those created when still within the voting age-range) an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. The cardinals of the Church are collectively known as the College of Cardinals. The duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and making themselves available individually or in groups to the Pope as requested. Most have additional duties, such as leading a diocese or archdiocese or managing a department of the Roman Curia. A cardinal's primary duty is electing the pope when the see becomes vacant. During the sede vacante (the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor), the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to enter the conclave of cardinals where the pope is elected is limited to those who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs. | Who does not oversee the day-to-day governance during the sede vacante? | Who does not oversee the day-to-day governance during the sede vacante? | [
"Who does not oversee the day-to-day governance during the sede vacante?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12701 | 56def8cbc65bf219000b3e5f | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinals have in canon law a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court, even the Roman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. Cardinals are, however, subject to the civil and criminal law like everybody else. | Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church? | Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church? | [
"Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church?"
] | {
"text": [
"the pope"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12702 | 5ad31a2e604f3c001a3fdb69 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinals have in canon law a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court, even the Roman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. Cardinals are, however, subject to the civil and criminal law like everybody else. | What does the privilege of democracy guarantee cardinals and popes? | What does the privilege of democracy guarantee cardinals and popes? | [
"What does the privilege of democracy guarantee cardinals and popes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12703 | 5ad31a2e604f3c001a3fdb6a | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinals have in canon law a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court, even the Roman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. Cardinals are, however, subject to the civil and criminal law like everybody else. | Who is forbidden to judge cardinals in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction? | Who is forbidden to judge cardinals in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction? | [
"Who is forbidden to judge cardinals in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12704 | 5ad31a2e604f3c001a3fdb6b | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinals have in canon law a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court, even the Roman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. Cardinals are, however, subject to the civil and criminal law like everybody else. | What does the pope either decide or delegates the decision to the the College of Cardinals? | What does the pope either decide or delegates the decision to the the College of Cardinals? | [
"What does the pope either decide or delegates the decision to the the College of Cardinals?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12705 | 5ad31a2e604f3c001a3fdb6c | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinals have in canon law a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court, even the Roman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. Cardinals are, however, subject to the civil and criminal law like everybody else. | What are cardinals not subject to like everybody else? | What are cardinals not subject to like everybody else? | [
"What are cardinals not subject to like everybody else?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12706 | 56def9503277331400b4d857 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.[citation needed] | What does the pope give to a new Cardinal? | What does the pope give to a new Cardinal? | [
"What does the pope give to a new Cardinal?"
] | {
"text": [
"a gold ring"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12707 | 56def9503277331400b4d858 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.[citation needed] | Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals? | Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals? | [
"Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals?"
] | {
"text": [
"the pope"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12708 | 5ad3183e604f3c001a3fdb5f | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.[citation needed] | What does the pope give to each retiring cardinal? | What does the pope give to each retiring cardinal? | [
"What does the pope give to each retiring cardinal?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12709 | 5ad3183e604f3c001a3fdb60 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.[citation needed] | What does the silver ring symbolize? | What does the silver ring symbolize? | [
"What does the silver ring symbolize?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12710 | 5ad3183e604f3c001a3fdb61 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.[citation needed] | What is traditionally kissed by Athiests when greeting a cardinal? | What is traditionally kissed by Athiests when greeting a cardinal? | [
"What is traditionally kissed by Athiests when greeting a cardinal?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12711 | 5ad3183e604f3c001a3fdb62 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.[citation needed] | What includes the cardinal's coat of arms? | What includes the cardinal's coat of arms? | [
"What includes the cardinal's coat of arms?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12712 | 5ad3183e604f3c001a3fdb63 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.[citation needed] | What image did Pope John Paul II depict on the outside of the ring? | What image did Pope John Paul II depict on the outside of the ring? | [
"What image did Pope John Paul II depict on the outside of the ring?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12713 | 56defa09c65bf219000b3e6b | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.[citation needed] | What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal? | What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal? | [
"What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal?"
] | {
"text": [
"a galero."
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12714 | 56defa09c65bf219000b3e6c | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.[citation needed] | In what year did the practice of donning this item stop? | In what year did the practice of donning this item stop? | [
"In what year did the practice of donning this item stop?"
] | {
"text": [
"1969"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12715 | 56defa09c65bf219000b3e6d | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.[citation needed] | What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal? | What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal? | [
"What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal?"
] | {
"text": [
"scarlet biretta"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12716 | 5ad31741604f3c001a3fdb55 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.[citation needed] | What was the name of the hat bestowed upon a pope upon his naming? | What was the name of the hat bestowed upon a pope upon his naming? | [
"What was the name of the hat bestowed upon a pope upon his naming?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12717 | 5ad31741604f3c001a3fdb56 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.[citation needed] | What custom was discontinued in 1959? | What custom was discontinued in 1959? | [
"What custom was discontinued in 1959?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12718 | 5ad31741604f3c001a3fdb57 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.[citation needed] | What do cardinals not have the right to display in their cathedral? | What do cardinals not have the right to display in their cathedral? | [
"What do cardinals not have the right to display in their cathedral?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12719 | 5ad31741604f3c001a3fdb58 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.[citation needed] | What would happen to a pope's gelero when he dies? | What would happen to a pope's gelero when he dies? | [
"What would happen to a pope's gelero when he dies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12720 | 5ad31741604f3c001a3fdb59 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.[citation needed] | What is officially part of a cardinals apparel? | What is officially part of a cardinals apparel? | [
"What is officially part of a cardinals apparel?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12721 | 56defa45c65bf219000b3e71 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet. | Which Cardinals still wear traditional clothing? | Which Cardinals still wear traditional clothing? | [
"Which Cardinals still wear traditional clothing?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eastern Catholic cardinals"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12722 | 5ad31659604f3c001a3fdb4d | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet. | What do Western Catholic cardinals continue to wear? | What do Western Catholic cardinals continue to wear? | [
"What do Western Catholic cardinals continue to wear?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12723 | 5ad31659604f3c001a3fdb4e | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet. | What do Western Catholic cardinals sometimes line? | What do Western Catholic cardinals sometimes line? | [
"What do Western Catholic cardinals sometimes line?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12724 | 5ad31659604f3c001a3fdb4f | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet. | What color are Western style cassocks made entirely of? | What color are Western style cassocks made entirely of? | [
"What color are Western style cassocks made entirely of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12725 | 5ad31659604f3c001a3fdb50 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet. | What traditional dress do eastern Catholic deacons continue to wear? | What traditional dress do eastern Catholic deacons continue to wear? | [
"What traditional dress do eastern Catholic deacons continue to wear?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12726 | 56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7d | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed] | What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals? | What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals? | [
"What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals?"
] | {
"text": [
"willingness to die for his faith"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12727 | 56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7e | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed] | Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white? | Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white? | [
"Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white?"
] | {
"text": [
"rochet"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12728 | 56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7f | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed] | The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church? | The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church? | [
"The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church?"
] | {
"text": [
"the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture"
],
"answer_start": [
928
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12729 | 56defb6dc65bf219000b3e80 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed] | When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes? | When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes? | [
"When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes?"
] | {
"text": [
"1460s"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12730 | 5ad31566604f3c001a3fdb43 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed] | What color is worn by popes when in choir dress? | What color is worn by popes when in choir dress? | [
"What color is worn by popes when in choir dress?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12731 | 5ad31566604f3c001a3fdb44 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed] | What does the blood like red not symbolize for a cardinal? | What does the blood like red not symbolize for a cardinal? | [
"What does the blood like red not symbolize for a cardinal?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12732 | 5ad31566604f3c001a3fdb45 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed] | What was customary for cardinals to wear until the 1700's? | What was customary for cardinals to wear until the 1700's? | [
"What was customary for cardinals to wear until the 1700's?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12733 | 5ad31566604f3c001a3fdb46 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed] | What is not distinctive about the biretta of a cardinal? | What is not distinctive about the biretta of a cardinal? | [
"What is not distinctive about the biretta of a cardinal?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12734 | 5ad31566604f3c001a3fdb47 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed] | What color ferrailo does a pope occasionally wear? | What color ferrailo does a pope occasionally wear? | [
"What color ferrailo does a pope occasionally wear?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12735 | 56defc6dc65bf219000b3e8f | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | If conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the cardinalate expires. | What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies? | What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies? | [
"What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies?"
] | {
"text": [
"the cardinalate expires"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12736 | 5ad31430604f3c001a3fdb3b | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | If conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the cardinalate expires. | What does the Pope do if conditions do not change? | What does the Pope do if conditions do not change? | [
"What does the Pope do if conditions do not change?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12737 | 5ad31430604f3c001a3fdb3c | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | If conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the cardinalate expires. | What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore and the president dies? | What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore and the president dies? | [
"What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore and the president dies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12738 | 5ad31430604f3c001a3fdb3d | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | If conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the cardinalate expires. | Whose identity is not revealed if the pope dies? | Whose identity is not revealed if the pope dies? | [
"Whose identity is not revealed if the pope dies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12739 | 5ad31430604f3c001a3fdb3e | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | If conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the cardinalate expires. | Who ranks secondary to those raised in the cardinalate at the time of his appointment? | Who ranks secondary to those raised in the cardinalate at the time of his appointment? | [
"Who ranks secondary to those raised in the cardinalate at the time of his appointment?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12740 | 56defd5e3277331400b4d86c | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore. | Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore? | Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore? | [
"Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pope Martin V"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12741 | 5ad311b9604f3c001a3fdb2b | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore. | How were many Cardinals created during the Eastern Schism>? | How were many Cardinals created during the Eastern Schism>? | [
"How were many Cardinals created during the Eastern Schism>?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12742 | 5ad311b9604f3c001a3fdb2c | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore. | What was published during the reign of Pope Martin V? | What was published during the reign of Pope Martin V? | [
"What was published during the reign of Pope Martin V?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12743 | 5ad311b9604f3c001a3fdb2d | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore. | What did Pope Pious V begin using? | What did Pope Pious V begin using? | [
"What did Pope Pious V begin using?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12744 | 5ad311b9604f3c001a3fdb2e | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore. | What position was not being contended during the Western Schism? | What position was not being contended during the Western Schism? | [
"What position was not being contended during the Western Schism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12745 | 56defedf3277331400b4d870 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation. | What was a "lay cardinal" allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal? | What was a "lay cardinal" allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal? | [
"What was a \"lay cardinal\" allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal?"
] | {
"text": [
"marry"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12746 | 56defedf3277331400b4d871 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation. | In what year did Pope Benedict XV revise the Code of Canon Law? | In what year did Pope Benedict XV revise the Code of Canon Law? | [
"In what year did Pope Benedict XV revise the Code of Canon Law?"
] | {
"text": [
"1917"
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12747 | 56defedf3277331400b4d872 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation. | What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals? | What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals? | [
"What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals?"
] | {
"text": [
"only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals"
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12748 | 5ad3102b604f3c001a3fdb23 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation. | What was a lay cardinal not allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal? | What was a lay cardinal not allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal? | [
"What was a lay cardinal not allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12749 | 5ad3102b604f3c001a3fdb24 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation. | Who was among the first lay cardinal? | Who was among the first lay cardinal? | [
"Who was among the first lay cardinal?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12750 | 5ad3102b604f3c001a3fdb25 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation. | What year did Pope Benedict X revise the Code of Canon Law? | What year did Pope Benedict X revise the Code of Canon Law? | [
"What year did Pope Benedict X revise the Code of Canon Law?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12751 | 5ad3102b604f3c001a3fdb26 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation. | Who may not be appointed cardinals according the revision of Code of Cannon Law? | Who may not be appointed cardinals according the revision of Code of Cannon Law? | [
"Who may not be appointed cardinals according the revision of Code of Cannon Law?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12752 | 56deffe0c65bf219000b3ebb | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals, but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination. The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves. | A cardinal who does not hold the title of "bishop" may not do what? | A cardinal who does not hold the title of "bishop" may not do what? | [
"A cardinal who does not hold the title of \"bishop\" may not do what?"
] | {
"text": [
"perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12753 | 56deffe0c65bf219000b3ebc | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals, but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination. The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves. | Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year? | Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year? | [
"Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year?"
] | {
"text": [
"1962"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12754 | 5ad30f62604f3c001a3fdb1b | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals, but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination. The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves. | What is a cardinal who is a bishop entitles to wear and use? | What is a cardinal who is a bishop entitles to wear and use? | [
"What is a cardinal who is a bishop entitles to wear and use?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12755 | 5ad30f62604f3c001a3fdb1c | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals, but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination. The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves. | What six items make up the episcopal regalia? | What six items make up the episcopal regalia? | [
"What six items make up the episcopal regalia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12756 | 5ad30f62604f3c001a3fdb1d | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals, but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination. The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves. | What may a cardinal who does not hold the title of "bishop" do? | What may a cardinal who does not hold the title of "bishop" do? | [
"What may a cardinal who does not hold the title of \"bishop\" do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12757 | 5ad30f62604f3c001a3fdb1e | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals, but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination. The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves. | What year were cardinals were were bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80? | What year were cardinals were were bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80? | [
"What year were cardinals were were bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12758 | 56df009f3277331400b4d887 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but one of them, Roberto Tucci, lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. | In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop? | In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop? | [
"In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop?"
] | {
"text": [
"1917"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12759 | 56df009f3277331400b4d888 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but one of them, Roberto Tucci, lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. | In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops? | In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops? | [
"In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops?"
] | {
"text": [
"1962"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12760 | 5ad30e3b604f3c001a3fdb11 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but one of them, Roberto Tucci, lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. | What was possible for someone to become who was not a priest, but only in major orders? | What was possible for someone to become who was not a priest, but only in major orders? | [
"What was possible for someone to become who was not a priest, but only in major orders?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12761 | 5ad30e3b604f3c001a3fdb12 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but one of them, Roberto Tucci, lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. | Who was enrolled only in the order of cardinal laymen? | Who was enrolled only in the order of cardinal laymen? | [
"Who was enrolled only in the order of cardinal laymen?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12762 | 5ad30e3b604f3c001a3fdb13 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but one of them, Roberto Tucci, lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. | What year did Pope John XX set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops? | What year did Pope John XX set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops? | [
"What year did Pope John XX set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12763 | 5ad30e3b604f3c001a3fdb14 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but one of them, Roberto Tucci, lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. | What canon does not require that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment? | What canon does not require that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment? | [
"What canon does not require that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12764 | 5ad30e3b604f3c001a3fdb15 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but one of them, Roberto Tucci, lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. | What year did the practice of allowing nuns to become Cardinals stop? | What year did the practice of allowing nuns to become Cardinals stop? | [
"What year did the practice of allowing nuns to become Cardinals stop?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12765 | 56df00ebc65bf219000b3ec3 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave. | In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal? | In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal? | [
"In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal?"
] | {
"text": [
"collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12766 | 5ad30d26604f3c001a3fdb09 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave. | What four entities make up the Apostolic Camera? | What four entities make up the Apostolic Camera? | [
"What four entities make up the Apostolic Camera?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12767 | 5ad30d26604f3c001a3fdb0a | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave. | Who has functions that are not limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy? | Who has functions that are not limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy? | [
"Who has functions that are not limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12768 | 5ad30d26604f3c001a3fdb0b | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave. | Who does nor collate information about the financial situation of all dependent administrations of the Holy See? | Who does nor collate information about the financial situation of all dependent administrations of the Holy See? | [
"Who does nor collate information about the financial situation of all dependent administrations of the Holy See?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12769 | 5ad30d26604f3c001a3fdb0c | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave. | Who does not have the responsibility of presenting results to the College of Cardinals? | Who does not have the responsibility of presenting results to the College of Cardinals? | [
"Who does not have the responsibility of presenting results to the College of Cardinals?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12770 | 56df0174c65bf219000b3ec5 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.” The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino. | Who announces the election of a new pope? | Who announces the election of a new pope? | [
"Who announces the election of a new pope?"
] | {
"text": [
"The cardinal protodeacon"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12771 | 56df0174c65bf219000b3ec6 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.” The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino. | Where does this person announce the election of the new pope? | Where does this person announce the election of the new pope? | [
"Where does this person announce the election of the new pope?"
] | {
"text": [
"from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12772 | 56df0174c65bf219000b3ec7 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.” The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino. | Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned? | Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned? | [
"Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pope John Paul I"
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12773 | 5ad30c5b604f3c001a3fdaff | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.” The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino. | Who does not have the privilege of announcing a new pope's election? | Who does not have the privilege of announcing a new pope's election? | [
"Who does not have the privilege of announcing a new pope's election?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12774 | 5ad30c5b604f3c001a3fdb00 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.” The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino. | What is the junior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals also known as? | What is the junior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals also known as? | [
"What is the junior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals also known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12775 | 5ad30c5b604f3c001a3fdb01 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.” The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino. | Who announced Pope John Paul I coronation in 1976? | Who announced Pope John Paul I coronation in 1976? | [
"Who announced Pope John Paul I coronation in 1976?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12776 | 5ad30c5b604f3c001a3fdb02 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.” The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino. | What Cardinal protodeacon's privilege was continued after the election of Pope John Paul I? | What Cardinal protodeacon's privilege was continued after the election of Pope John Paul I? | [
"What Cardinal protodeacon's privilege was continued after the election of Pope John Paul I?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12777 | 5ad30c5b604f3c001a3fdb03 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.” The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino. | What position does Renato Raffaele Martinez currently hold? | What position does Renato Raffaele Martinez currently hold? | [
"What position does Renato Raffaele Martinez currently hold?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12778 | 56df0244c65bf219000b3ecc | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex). | What color is the hat? | What color is the hat? | [
"What color is the hat?"
] | {
"text": [
"white"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12779 | 5ad30ab4604f3c001a3fdaf7 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex). | How are Cardinal deacons recognized at Masses? | How are Cardinal deacons recognized at Masses? | [
"How are Cardinal deacons recognized at Masses?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12780 | 5ad30ab4604f3c001a3fdaf8 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex). | How are Cardinal deacons recognized at Ecumenical Meetings? | How are Cardinal deacons recognized at Ecumenical Meetings? | [
"How are Cardinal deacons recognized at Ecumenical Meetings?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12781 | 5ad30ab4604f3c001a3fdaf9 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex). | How are Cardinal deacons recognized at quarterly Urbi et Orbi papal blessings? | How are Cardinal deacons recognized at quarterly Urbi et Orbi papal blessings? | [
"How are Cardinal deacons recognized at quarterly Urbi et Orbi papal blessings?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12782 | 5ad30ab4604f3c001a3fdafa | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex). | What do nuns wear in addition to the simple white mitre? | What do nuns wear in addition to the simple white mitre? | [
"What do nuns wear in addition to the simple white mitre?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12783 | 56df02b23277331400b4d8a7 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "title" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order). | How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005? | How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005? | [
"How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005?"
] | {
"text": [
"30"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12784 | 56df02b23277331400b4d8a8 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "title" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order). | How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests? | How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests? | [
"How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests?"
] | {
"text": [
"10 years"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12785 | 5ad308c3604f3c001a3fdaed | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "title" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order). | How many churches are recognized as cardinalatial deaconries in 2000? | How many churches are recognized as cardinalatial deaconries in 2000? | [
"How many churches are recognized as cardinalatial deaconries in 2000?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12786 | 5ad308c3604f3c001a3fdaee | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "title" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order). | How many cardinals were there in the order of popes? | How many cardinals were there in the order of popes? | [
"How many cardinals were there in the order of popes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12787 | 5ad308c3604f3c001a3fdaef | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "title" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order). | What have Cardinal deacons not had the right to do? | What have Cardinal deacons not had the right to do? | [
"What have Cardinal deacons not had the right to do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12788 | 5ad308c3604f3c001a3fdaf0 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "title" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order). | Who may not take a vacant title? | Who may not take a vacant title? | [
"Who may not take a vacant title?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12789 | 5ad308c3604f3c001a3fdaf1 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "title" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order). | Who may opt for the order of cardinal priests after they have been deacons for 30 years? | Who may opt for the order of cardinal priests after they have been deacons for 30 years? | [
"Who may opt for the order of cardinal priests after they have been deacons for 30 years?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12790 | 56df03d9c65bf219000b3ecf | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio. | In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian? | In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian? | [
"In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian?"
] | {
"text": [
"about half"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12791 | 56df03d9c65bf219000b3ed0 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio. | In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian? | In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian? | [
"In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian?"
] | {
"text": [
"third"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12792 | 5ad307c0604f3c001a3fdae3 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio. | Where are priests that are elevated to the diaconal order mainly officials of? | Where are priests that are elevated to the diaconal order mainly officials of? | [
"Where are priests that are elevated to the diaconal order mainly officials of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12793 | 5ad307c0604f3c001a3fdae4 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio. | How many Cardinals were French in 1939? | How many Cardinals were French in 1939? | [
"How many Cardinals were French in 1939?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12794 | 5ad307c0604f3c001a3fdae5 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio. | How many Cardinals were French in 1994? | How many Cardinals were French in 1994? | [
"How many Cardinals were French in 1994?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12795 | 5ad307c0604f3c001a3fdae6 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio. | How many cardinals were members of the curia in 1929? | How many cardinals were members of the curia in 1929? | [
"How many cardinals were members of the curia in 1929?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12796 | 5ad307c0604f3c001a3fdae7 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio. | What year did Pope Sixtus I fix the maximum size of the College of Cardinals? | What year did Pope Sixtus I fix the maximum size of the College of Cardinals? | [
"What year did Pope Sixtus I fix the maximum size of the College of Cardinals?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12797 | 56df04563277331400b4d8b1 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries. | What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from? | What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from? | [
"What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from?"
] | {
"text": [
"seven deacons in the Papal Household"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12798 | 5ad30688604f3c001a3fdad9 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries. | Where do Cardinal deacons not originally derive from? | Where do Cardinal deacons not originally derive from? | [
"Where do Cardinal deacons not originally derive from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12799 | 5ad30688604f3c001a3fdada | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries. | Who is originally from the six deacons in the Papal Household? | Who is originally from the six deacons in the Papal Household? | [
"Who is originally from the six deacons in the Papal Household?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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