gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-12800 | 5ad30688604f3c001a3fdadb | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries. | Who does not supervise the Church's works in the districts of Rome? | Who does not supervise the Church's works in the districts of Rome? | [
"Who does not supervise the Church's works in the districts of Rome?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12801 | 5ad30688604f3c001a3fdadc | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries. | Who did not provide all social services in Rome during the early Middle Ages? | Who did not provide all social services in Rome during the early Middle Ages? | [
"Who did not provide all social services in Rome during the early Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12802 | 5ad30688604f3c001a3fdadd | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries. | Who is not given title to one of these seven deacons? | Who is not given title to one of these seven deacons? | [
"Who is not given title to one of these seven deacons?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12803 | 56df04ab3277331400b4d8b5 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests. | Which cardinals are ranked lowest? | Which cardinals are ranked lowest? | [
"Which cardinals are ranked lowest?"
] | {
"text": [
"cardinal deacons"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12804 | 5ad3057d604f3c001a3fdad1 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests. | What title is given to the highest ranking cardinals? | What title is given to the highest ranking cardinals? | [
"What title is given to the highest ranking cardinals?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12805 | 5ad3057d604f3c001a3fdad2 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests. | What position do cardinal deacons not hold? | What position do cardinal deacons not hold? | [
"What position do cardinal deacons not hold?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12806 | 5ad3057d604f3c001a3fdad3 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests. | What do bishops become that are without diocesan responsibilities? | What do bishops become that are without diocesan responsibilities? | [
"What do bishops become that are without diocesan responsibilities?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12807 | 5ad3057d604f3c001a3fdad4 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests. | What are cardinals who are not elevated to the diaconal order? | What are cardinals who are not elevated to the diaconal order? | [
"What are cardinals who are not elevated to the diaconal order?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12808 | 56df05323277331400b4d8c1 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil. | Who can become the cardinal protopriest? | Who can become the cardinal protopriest? | [
"Who can become the cardinal protopriest?"
] | {
"text": [
"The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12809 | 56df05323277331400b4d8c2 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil. | Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time? | Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time? | [
"Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time?"
] | {
"text": [
"Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12810 | 5ad3047d604f3c001a3fdac9 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil. | What title is given to the newest member of the order of cardinal priests? | What title is given to the newest member of the order of cardinal priests? | [
"What title is given to the newest member of the order of cardinal priests?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12811 | 5ad3047d604f3c001a3fdaca | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil. | What position does Paulo Evaristo Arns of Columbia currently hold? | What position does Paulo Evaristo Arns of Columbia currently hold? | [
"What position does Paulo Evaristo Arns of Columbia currently hold?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12812 | 5ad3047d604f3c001a3fdacb | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil. | Whose ceremonial duties in the conclave continued after the age of 80? | Whose ceremonial duties in the conclave continued after the age of 80? | [
"Whose ceremonial duties in the conclave continued after the age of 80?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12813 | 5ad3047d604f3c001a3fdacc | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil. | Who was accepted into the conclave after the age of 80? | Who was accepted into the conclave after the age of 80? | [
"Who was accepted into the conclave after the age of 80?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12814 | 56df0c1a3277331400b4d91b | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-serving of the cardinal bishops. | In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who? | In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who? | [
"In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Pope"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12815 | 5ad2fda5604f3c001a3fda8f | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-serving of the cardinal bishops. | Who does not need the approval of the Pope? | Who does not need the approval of the Pope? | [
"Who does not need the approval of the Pope?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12816 | 5ad2fda5604f3c001a3fda90 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-serving of the cardinal bishops. | What is the Dean of the College of Humanities also known as? | What is the Dean of the College of Humanities also known as? | [
"What is the Dean of the College of Humanities also known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12817 | 5ad2fda5604f3c001a3fda91 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-serving of the cardinal bishops. | Who does not act as the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals? | Who does not act as the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals? | [
"Who does not act as the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12818 | 5ad2fda5604f3c001a3fda92 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-serving of the cardinal bishops. | Who approves the appointment of the Cardinal-dean by the Pope? | Who approves the appointment of the Cardinal-dean by the Pope? | [
"Who approves the appointment of the Cardinal-dean by the Pope? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12819 | 5ad2fda5604f3c001a3fda93 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-serving of the cardinal bishops. | What position belonged by right to the shortest-serving of the cardinal bishops? | What position belonged by right to the shortest-serving of the cardinal bishops? | [
"What position belonged by right to the shortest-serving of the cardinal bishops?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12820 | 56df0c8fc65bf219000b3f04 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who had been relieved of direct responsibilities for those sees by Pope John XXIII three years earlier). Patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see, and as such they cannot elect the dean or become dean. There are currently three Eastern Patriarchs who are cardinal bishops: | Patriarch cardinals are not given what title? | Patriarch cardinals are not given what title? | [
"Patriarch cardinals are not given what title?"
] | {
"text": [
"a suburbicarian see"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12821 | 5ad2ff52604f3c001a3fda99 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who had been relieved of direct responsibilities for those sees by Pope John XXIII three years earlier). Patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see, and as such they cannot elect the dean or become dean. There are currently three Eastern Patriarchs who are cardinal bishops: | What did Pope Paul VI decree in 1965 about the patriarchs of the Western Catholic Churches? | What did Pope Paul VI decree in 1965 about the patriarchs of the Western Catholic Churches? | [
"What did Pope Paul VI decree in 1965 about the patriarchs of the Western Catholic Churches?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12822 | 5ad2ff52604f3c001a3fda9a | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who had been relieved of direct responsibilities for those sees by Pope John XXIII three years earlier). Patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see, and as such they cannot elect the dean or become dean. There are currently three Eastern Patriarchs who are cardinal bishops: | Who ranked after the seven cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees? | Who ranked after the seven cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees? | [
"Who ranked after the seven cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12823 | 5ad2ff52604f3c001a3fda9b | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who had been relieved of direct responsibilities for those sees by Pope John XXIII three years earlier). Patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see, and as such they cannot elect the dean or become dean. There are currently three Eastern Patriarchs who are cardinal bishops: | What title did patriarch cardinals receive? | What title did patriarch cardinals receive? | [
"What title did patriarch cardinals receive?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12824 | 5ad2ff52604f3c001a3fda9c | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who had been relieved of direct responsibilities for those sees by Pope John XXIII three years earlier). Patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see, and as such they cannot elect the dean or become dean. There are currently three Eastern Patriarchs who are cardinal bishops: | How many Western Patriarchs are currently cardinal bishops? | How many Western Patriarchs are currently cardinal bishops? | [
"How many Western Patriarchs are currently cardinal bishops?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12825 | 5ad2ff52604f3c001a3fda9d | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who had been relieved of direct responsibilities for those sees by Pope John XXIII three years earlier). Patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see, and as such they cannot elect the dean or become dean. There are currently three Eastern Patriarchs who are cardinal bishops: | Who can elect the dean or become dean? | Who can elect the dean or become dean? | [
"Who can elect the dean or become dean?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12826 | 56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0a | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions. | Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church? | Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church? | [
"Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church?"
] | {
"text": [
"cardinal deacons"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12827 | 56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0b | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions. | Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church? | Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church? | [
"Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church?"
] | {
"text": [
"cardinal bishops"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12828 | 56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0c | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions. | Which rank has the most cardinals? | Which rank has the most cardinals? | [
"Which rank has the most cardinals?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cardinal priests"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12829 | 5ad30079604f3c001a3fdaa3 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions. | Who are the highest ranking priests in the Catholic church? | Who are the highest ranking priests in the Catholic church? | [
"Who are the highest ranking priests in the Catholic church?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12830 | 5ad30079604f3c001a3fdaa4 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions. | Who are the most numerous of the four orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church? | Who are the most numerous of the four orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church? | [
"Who are the most numerous of the four orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12831 | 5ad30079604f3c001a3fdaa5 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions. | Who is the lowest ranking priest in the Catholic Church? | Who is the lowest ranking priest in the Catholic Church? | [
"Who is the lowest ranking priest in the Catholic Church?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12832 | 5ad30079604f3c001a3fdaa6 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions. | What are those named cardinal popes today generally bishops of? | What are those named cardinal popes today generally bishops of? | [
"What are those named cardinal popes today generally bishops of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12833 | 5ad30079604f3c001a3fdaa7 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions. | What position do some popes currently hold? | What position do some popes currently hold? | [
"What position do some popes currently hold?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12834 | 56df0d723277331400b4d91d | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel — the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope. | What was the original definition of a cardinal priest? | What was the original definition of a cardinal priest? | [
"What was the original definition of a cardinal priest?"
] | {
"text": [
"priests chosen by the pope"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12835 | 5ad30171604f3c001a3fdaad | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel — the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope. | What name was interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of popes? | What name was interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of popes? | [
"What name was interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of popes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12836 | 5ad30171604f3c001a3fdaae | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel — the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope. | What does the name "cardinal popes" originally refer to? | What does the name "cardinal popes" originally refer to? | [
"What does the name \"cardinal popes\" originally refer to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12837 | 5ad30171604f3c001a3fdaaf | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel — the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope. | What is the name of the important nuns that are chosen by the pope to advice him? | What is the name of the important nuns that are chosen by the pope to advice him? | [
"What is the name of the important nuns that are chosen by the pope to advice him?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12838 | 5ad30171604f3c001a3fdab0 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel — the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope. | Who holds the title Cardinal of Rome? | Who holds the title Cardinal of Rome? | [
"Who holds the title Cardinal of Rome?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12839 | 5ad30171604f3c001a3fdab1 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel — the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope. | What term did not gradually become exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the pope? | What term did not gradually become exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the pope? | [
"What term did not gradually become exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the pope?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12840 | 56df0de63277331400b4d921 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome. | Each cardinal priest has what? | Each cardinal priest has what? | [
"Each cardinal priest has what?"
] | {
"text": [
"a titular church in Rome"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12841 | 5ad30248604f3c001a3fdab7 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome. | What does every cardinal priest not have? | What does every cardinal priest not have? | [
"What does every cardinal priest not have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12842 | 5ad30248604f3c001a3fdab8 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome. | What has not been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia? | What has not been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia? | [
"What has not been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12843 | 5ad30248604f3c001a3fdab9 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome. | What did Pope Paul V abolish? | What did Pope Paul V abolish? | [
"What did Pope Paul V abolish?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12844 | 5ad30248604f3c001a3fdaba | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome. | What is not still posted in the church after Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights? | What is not still posted in the church after Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights? | [
"What is not still posted in the church after Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12845 | 5ad30248604f3c001a3fdabb | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome. | What are cardinals not expected to do? | What are cardinals not expected to do? | [
"What are cardinals not expected to do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12846 | 56df0e673277331400b4d925 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome. | In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals? | In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals? | [
"In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals?"
] | {
"text": [
"1587"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12847 | 56df0e673277331400b4d926 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome. | What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V? | What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V? | [
"What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V?"
] | {
"text": [
"70"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12848 | 56df0e673277331400b4d927 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome. | Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals? | Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals? | [
"Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pope John XXIII"
],
"answer_start": [
561
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12849 | 5ad303da604f3c001a3fdac1 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome. | Who had a large number from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance? | Who had a large number from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance? | [
"Who had a large number from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12850 | 5ad303da604f3c001a3fdac2 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome. | What happened to the College of the Cardinals in the 3rd century? | What happened to the College of the Cardinals in the 3rd century? | [
"What happened to the College of the Cardinals in the 3rd century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12851 | 5ad303da604f3c001a3fdac3 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome. | Who sought to cap the number of the College at 50? | Who sought to cap the number of the College at 50? | [
"Who sought to cap the number of the College at 50?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12852 | 5ad303da604f3c001a3fdac4 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome. | Who upheld the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals? | Who upheld the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals? | [
"Who upheld the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12853 | 5ad2fb70604f3c001a3fda85 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | For a period ending in the mid-20th century, long-serving cardinal priests were entitled to fill vacancies that arose among the cardinal bishops, just as cardinal deacons of ten years' standing are still entitled to become cardinal priests. Since then, cardinals have been advanced to cardinal bishop exclusively by papal appointment. | What were long-serving cardinal priests entitled to do ending in the mid-fifteenth century? | What were long-serving cardinal priests entitled to do ending in the mid-fifteenth century? | [
"What were long-serving cardinal priests entitled to do ending in the mid-fifteenth century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12854 | 5ad2fb70604f3c001a3fda86 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | For a period ending in the mid-20th century, long-serving cardinal priests were entitled to fill vacancies that arose among the cardinal bishops, just as cardinal deacons of ten years' standing are still entitled to become cardinal priests. Since then, cardinals have been advanced to cardinal bishop exclusively by papal appointment. | What are cardinal deacons of eight years standing still entitled to become? | What are cardinal deacons of eight years standing still entitled to become? | [
"What are cardinal deacons of eight years standing still entitled to become?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12855 | 5ad2fb70604f3c001a3fda87 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | For a period ending in the mid-20th century, long-serving cardinal priests were entitled to fill vacancies that arose among the cardinal bishops, just as cardinal deacons of ten years' standing are still entitled to become cardinal priests. Since then, cardinals have been advanced to cardinal bishop exclusively by papal appointment. | Who has not been advanced to cardinal bishop exclusively by papal appointment? | Who has not been advanced to cardinal bishop exclusively by papal appointment? | [
"Who has not been advanced to cardinal bishop exclusively by papal appointment?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12856 | 5ad2fb70604f3c001a3fda88 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | For a period ending in the mid-20th century, long-serving cardinal priests were entitled to fill vacancies that arose among the cardinal bishops, just as cardinal deacons of ten years' standing are still entitled to become cardinal priests. Since then, cardinals have been advanced to cardinal bishop exclusively by papal appointment. | How have cardinals been advance to cardinal priests? | How have cardinals been advance to cardinal priests? | [
"How have cardinals been advance to cardinal priests?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12857 | 5ad2fb70604f3c001a3fda89 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | For a period ending in the mid-20th century, long-serving cardinal priests were entitled to fill vacancies that arose among the cardinal bishops, just as cardinal deacons of ten years' standing are still entitled to become cardinal priests. Since then, cardinals have been advanced to cardinal bishop exclusively by papal appointment. | Who filled vacancies that arose among the cardinal priests? | Who filled vacancies that arose among the cardinal priests? | [
"Who filled vacancies that arose among the cardinal priests?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12858 | 5ad312ca604f3c001a3fdb33 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope; not even the cardinal so named is necessarily aware of his elevation, and in any event cannot function as a cardinal while his appointment is in pectore. Today, cardinals are named in pectore to protect them or their congregations from reprisals if their identities were known. | Which cardinal is known by all the Catholic Church? | Which cardinal is known by all the Catholic Church? | [
"Which cardinal is known by all the Catholic Church?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12859 | 5ad312ca604f3c001a3fdb34 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope; not even the cardinal so named is necessarily aware of his elevation, and in any event cannot function as a cardinal while his appointment is in pectore. Today, cardinals are named in pectore to protect them or their congregations from reprisals if their identities were known. | What does the cardinal named pectore know? | What does the cardinal named pectore know? | [
"What does the cardinal named pectore know?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12860 | 5ad312ca604f3c001a3fdb35 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope; not even the cardinal so named is necessarily aware of his elevation, and in any event cannot function as a cardinal while his appointment is in pectore. Today, cardinals are named in pectore to protect them or their congregations from reprisals if their identities were known. | What can a cardinal in pectore continue to function as? | What can a cardinal in pectore continue to function as? | [
"What can a cardinal in pectore continue to function as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12861 | 5ad312ca604f3c001a3fdb36 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope; not even the cardinal so named is necessarily aware of his elevation, and in any event cannot function as a cardinal while his appointment is in pectore. Today, cardinals are named in pectore to protect them or their congregations from reprisals if their identities were known. | What is done to cardinals that does not protect them or their congregations? | What is done to cardinals that does not protect them or their congregations? | [
"What is done to cardinals that does not protect them or their congregations?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12862 | 56dcd9ef9a695914005b944a | Republic_of_the_Congo | The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest. | What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo? | What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo? | [
"What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo?"
] | {
"text": [
"République du Congo"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12863 | 56dcd9ef9a695914005b944b | Republic_of_the_Congo | The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest. | Which country lies on Congo's northeast border? | Which country lies on Congo's northeast border? | [
"Which country lies on Congo's northeast border?"
] | {
"text": [
"Central African Republic"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12864 | 56dcd9ef9a695914005b944c | Republic_of_the_Congo | The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest. | Whic country lies on Congo's western border? | Whic country lies on Congo's western border? | [
"Whic country lies on Congo's western border?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gabon"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12865 | 56dcd9ef9a695914005b944d | Republic_of_the_Congo | The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest. | Which country lies on Congo's northwest border? | Which country lies on Congo's northwest border? | [
"Which country lies on Congo's northwest border?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cameroon"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12866 | 56dcd9ef9a695914005b944e | Republic_of_the_Congo | The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest. | In what part of Africa is the Congo located? | In what part of Africa is the Congo located? | [
"In what part of Africa is the Congo located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Central Africa"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12867 | 5acff47177cf76001a68660a | Republic_of_the_Congo | The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest. | What is the Angolan name for The Republic of the Congo? | What is the Angolan name for The Republic of the Congo? | [
"What is the Angolan name for The Republic of the Congo?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12868 | 5acff47177cf76001a68660b | Republic_of_the_Congo | The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest. | What country borders the west of Gabon? | What country borders the west of Gabon? | [
"What country borders the west of Gabon?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12869 | 5acff47177cf76001a68660c | Republic_of_the_Congo | The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest. | What borders northwest Cameroon? | What borders northwest Cameroon? | [
"What borders northwest Cameroon?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12870 | 5acff47177cf76001a68660d | Republic_of_the_Congo | The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest. | What is the French name for Gabon? | What is the French name for Gabon? | [
"What is the French name for Gabon?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12871 | 5acff47177cf76001a68660e | Republic_of_the_Congo | The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest. | What is the Central African Republic also known as? | What is the Central African Republic also known as? | [
"What is the Central African Republic also known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12872 | 56dcda7b9a695914005b9454 | Republic_of_the_Congo | The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years. | What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo? | What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo? | [
"What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bantu"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12873 | 56dcda7b9a695914005b9455 | Republic_of_the_Congo | The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years. | When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule? | When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule? | [
"When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule?"
] | {
"text": [
"1960"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12874 | 56dcda7b9a695914005b9457 | Republic_of_the_Congo | The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years. | Who is the ruler of the Congo? | Who is the ruler of the Congo? | [
"Who is the ruler of the Congo?"
] | {
"text": [
"Denis Sassou Nguesso"
],
"answer_start": [
539
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12875 | 56dcda7b9a695914005b9458 | Republic_of_the_Congo | The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years. | What title does Nguesso hold? | What title does Nguesso hold? | [
"What title does Nguesso hold?"
] | {
"text": [
"President"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12876 | 5acff5ca77cf76001a686632 | Republic_of_the_Congo | The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years. | What language dominated Equatorial Africa? | What language dominated Equatorial Africa? | [
"What language dominated Equatorial Africa?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12877 | 5acff5ca77cf76001a686633 | Republic_of_the_Congo | The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years. | When did the Congo lose its independence from colonial rule? | When did the Congo lose its independence from colonial rule? | [
"When did the Congo lose its independence from colonial rule?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12878 | 5acff5ca77cf76001a686634 | Republic_of_the_Congo | The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years. | What year was President Denis Sassou Nguesso ousted? | What year was President Denis Sassou Nguesso ousted? | [
"What year was President Denis Sassou Nguesso ousted? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12879 | 5acff5ca77cf76001a686635 | Republic_of_the_Congo | The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years. | What conflict removed President Denis Sassou Nguesso from power? | What conflict removed President Denis Sassou Nguesso from power? | [
"What conflict removed President Denis Sassou Nguesso from power?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12880 | 5acff5ca77cf76001a686636 | Republic_of_the_Congo | The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years. | How many years did President Denis Sassou Nguesso rule the democratically elected government? | How many years did President Denis Sassou Nguesso rule the democratically elected government? | [
"How many years did President Denis Sassou Nguesso rule the democratically elected government?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12881 | 56dcdb2e66d3e219004dab30 | Republic_of_the_Congo | The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues. | What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea? | What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea? | [
"What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea?"
] | {
"text": [
"fourth"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12882 | 56dcdb2e66d3e219004dab31 | Republic_of_the_Congo | The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues. | What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo? | What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo? | [
"What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo?"
] | {
"text": [
"oil revenues"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12883 | 5acff6cc77cf76001a686676 | Republic_of_the_Congo | The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues. | What factors led to the Republic of Congo being the third largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea? | What factors led to the Republic of Congo being the third largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea? | [
"What factors led to the Republic of Congo being the third largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12884 | 5acff6cc77cf76001a686677 | Republic_of_the_Congo | The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues. | What is the Congo's rank among all the oil generating nations of the world? | What is the Congo's rank among all the oil generating nations of the world? | [
"What is the Congo's rank among all the oil generating nations of the world?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12885 | 5acff6cc77cf76001a686678 | Republic_of_the_Congo | The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues. | What income is evenly distributed in the Congo? | What income is evenly distributed in the Congo? | [
"What income is evenly distributed in the Congo?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12886 | 5acff6cc77cf76001a686679 | Republic_of_the_Congo | The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues. | What economic status did oil revenue fail to provide for the Congo? | What economic status did oil revenue fail to provide for the Congo? | [
"What economic status did oil revenue fail to provide for the Congo?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12887 | 5acff6cc77cf76001a68667a | Republic_of_the_Congo | The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues. | What kind of services in the Congo are in good shape? | What kind of services in the Congo are in good shape? | [
"What kind of services in the Congo are in good shape?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12888 | 56dcdbe566d3e219004dab35 | Republic_of_the_Congo | Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. | What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes? | What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes? | [
"What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pygmy"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12889 | 56dcdbe566d3e219004dab36 | Republic_of_the_Congo | Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. | When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people? | When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people? | [
"When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people?"
] | {
"text": [
"1500 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12890 | 56dcdbe566d3e219004dab37 | Republic_of_the_Congo | Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. | The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes? | The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes? | [
"The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bantu"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12891 | 5acff76f77cf76001a686694 | Republic_of_the_Congo | Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. | What language did the Pygmy people speak? | What language did the Pygmy people speak? | [
"What language did the Pygmy people speak?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12892 | 5acff76f77cf76001a686695 | Republic_of_the_Congo | Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. | When did the Pygmy people displace the Bantu? | When did the Pygmy people displace the Bantu? | [
"When did the Pygmy people displace the Bantu?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12893 | 5acff76f77cf76001a686696 | Republic_of_the_Congo | Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. | What did the Pygmy people form a basis for? | What did the Pygmy people form a basis for? | [
"What did the Pygmy people form a basis for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12894 | 5acff76f77cf76001a686697 | Republic_of_the_Congo | Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. | What Bantu kingdom never traded with the Congo River basin? | What Bantu kingdom never traded with the Congo River basin? | [
"What Bantu kingdom never traded with the Congo River basin?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12895 | 5acff76f77cf76001a686698 | Republic_of_the_Congo | Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. | What Pygmy kingdom built trade links with the Congo River basin? | What Pygmy kingdom built trade links with the Congo River basin? | [
"What Pygmy kingdom built trade links with the Congo River basin?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12896 | 56dcdca466d3e219004dab3d | Republic_of_the_Congo | The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region. | Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484? | Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484? | [
"Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484?"
] | {
"text": [
"Diogo Cão"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12897 | 56dcdca466d3e219004dab3e | Republic_of_the_Congo | The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region. | What was Diogo Cao's nationality? | What was Diogo Cao's nationality? | [
"What was Diogo Cao's nationality?"
] | {
"text": [
"Portuguese"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12898 | 56dcdca466d3e219004dab3f | Republic_of_the_Congo | The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region. | What did European traders exchange with Bantu people? | What did European traders exchange with Bantu people? | [
"What did European traders exchange with Bantu people?"
] | {
"text": [
"commodities, manufactured goods, and people"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12899 | 56dcdca466d3e219004dab40 | Republic_of_the_Congo | The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region. | When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin? | When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin? | [
"When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"late 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
386
]
} |
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