gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-15600 | 570713c490286e26004fc8c9 | Black_people | Critics note that people of color have limited media visibility. The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations. For example, the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than actors of the more prevalent Southern European features) and light-skinned mulatto and mestizo appearance. (Pardos may achieve "white" status if they have attained the middle-class or higher social status). | What do critics claim people of color have? | What do critics claim people of color have? | [
"What do critics claim people of color have?"
] | {
"text": [
"limited media visibility"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15601 | 570713c490286e26004fc8ca | Black_people | Critics note that people of color have limited media visibility. The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations. For example, the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than actors of the more prevalent Southern European features) and light-skinned mulatto and mestizo appearance. (Pardos may achieve "white" status if they have attained the middle-class or higher social status). | What has the Brazilian media been accused of? | What has the Brazilian media been accused of? | [
"What has the Brazilian media been accused of?"
] | {
"text": [
"hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations."
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15602 | 570713c490286e26004fc8cb | Black_people | Critics note that people of color have limited media visibility. The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations. For example, the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than actors of the more prevalent Southern European features) and light-skinned mulatto and mestizo appearance. (Pardos may achieve "white" status if they have attained the middle-class or higher social status). | What ethnicity of actors are mainly used for shows in Brazil? | What ethnicity of actors are mainly used for shows in Brazil? | [
"What ethnicity of actors are mainly used for shows in Brazil?"
] | {
"text": [
"northern Europeans"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15603 | 570713c490286e26004fc8cc | Black_people | Critics note that people of color have limited media visibility. The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations. For example, the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than actors of the more prevalent Southern European features) and light-skinned mulatto and mestizo appearance. (Pardos may achieve "white" status if they have attained the middle-class or higher social status). | What is another word for "Light Skinned" | What is another word for "Light Skinned" | [
"What is another word for \"Light Skinned\""
] | {
"text": [
"mulatto"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15604 | 5707142a90286e26004fc8d1 | Black_people | These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a "black" consciousness and identity. This proposal has been criticized since the term pardo is considered to include a wide range of multiracial people, such as caboclos (mestizos), assimilated Amerindians and tri-racials, not only people of partial African and European descent. Trying to identify this entire group as "black" would be a false imposition of a different identity from outside the culture and deny people their other, equally valid, ancestries and cultures. It seems a one-drop rule in reverse. | What would scholars like the term "Negro" to include? | What would scholars like the term "Negro" to include? | [
"What would scholars like the term \"Negro\" to include?"
] | {
"text": [
"all African-descended people"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15605 | 5707142a90286e26004fc8d2 | Black_people | These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a "black" consciousness and identity. This proposal has been criticized since the term pardo is considered to include a wide range of multiracial people, such as caboclos (mestizos), assimilated Amerindians and tri-racials, not only people of partial African and European descent. Trying to identify this entire group as "black" would be a false imposition of a different identity from outside the culture and deny people their other, equally valid, ancestries and cultures. It seems a one-drop rule in reverse. | What does this aim to stimulate? | What does this aim to stimulate? | [
"What does this aim to stimulate?"
] | {
"text": [
"a \"black\" consciousness and identity."
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15606 | 5707142a90286e26004fc8d3 | Black_people | These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a "black" consciousness and identity. This proposal has been criticized since the term pardo is considered to include a wide range of multiracial people, such as caboclos (mestizos), assimilated Amerindians and tri-racials, not only people of partial African and European descent. Trying to identify this entire group as "black" would be a false imposition of a different identity from outside the culture and deny people their other, equally valid, ancestries and cultures. It seems a one-drop rule in reverse. | What does the term "pardo" include? | What does the term "pardo" include? | [
"What does the term \"pardo\" include?"
] | {
"text": [
"a wide range of multiracial people"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15607 | 5707142a90286e26004fc8d4 | Black_people | These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a "black" consciousness and identity. This proposal has been criticized since the term pardo is considered to include a wide range of multiracial people, such as caboclos (mestizos), assimilated Amerindians and tri-racials, not only people of partial African and European descent. Trying to identify this entire group as "black" would be a false imposition of a different identity from outside the culture and deny people their other, equally valid, ancestries and cultures. It seems a one-drop rule in reverse. | What does caboclos mean? | What does caboclos mean? | [
"What does caboclos mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"mestizos"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15608 | 5726b6e6f1498d1400e8e896 | Chinese_characters | Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and some other Asian languages. In Standard Chinese they are called Hanzi (simplified Chinese: 汉字; traditional Chinese: 漢字). They have been adapted to write a number of other languages including: Japanese, where they are known as kanji, Korean, where they are known as hanja, and Vietnamese in a system known as chữ Nôm. Collectively, they are known as CJKV characters. In English, they are sometimes called Han characters. Chinese characters constitute the oldest continuously used system of writing in the world. By virtue of their widespread current use in East Asia, and historic use throughout the Sinosphere, Chinese characters are among the most widely adopted writing systems in the world. | What are logograms used in the writing of Chinese? | What are logograms used in the writing of Chinese? | [
"What are logograms used in the writing of Chinese?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese characters"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15609 | 5726b6e6f1498d1400e8e897 | Chinese_characters | Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and some other Asian languages. In Standard Chinese they are called Hanzi (simplified Chinese: 汉字; traditional Chinese: 漢字). They have been adapted to write a number of other languages including: Japanese, where they are known as kanji, Korean, where they are known as hanja, and Vietnamese in a system known as chữ Nôm. Collectively, they are known as CJKV characters. In English, they are sometimes called Han characters. Chinese characters constitute the oldest continuously used system of writing in the world. By virtue of their widespread current use in East Asia, and historic use throughout the Sinosphere, Chinese characters are among the most widely adopted writing systems in the world. | What are Chinese characters called in standard Chinese? | What are Chinese characters called in standard Chinese? | [
"What are Chinese characters called in standard Chinese?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hanzi"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15610 | 5726b6e6f1498d1400e8e898 | Chinese_characters | Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and some other Asian languages. In Standard Chinese they are called Hanzi (simplified Chinese: 汉字; traditional Chinese: 漢字). They have been adapted to write a number of other languages including: Japanese, where they are known as kanji, Korean, where they are known as hanja, and Vietnamese in a system known as chữ Nôm. Collectively, they are known as CJKV characters. In English, they are sometimes called Han characters. Chinese characters constitute the oldest continuously used system of writing in the world. By virtue of their widespread current use in East Asia, and historic use throughout the Sinosphere, Chinese characters are among the most widely adopted writing systems in the world. | What have been adapted to write in a number of other languages? | What have been adapted to write in a number of other languages? | [
"What have been adapted to write in a number of other languages?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese characters"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15611 | 5726b794708984140094cedd | Chinese_characters | Chinese characters number in the tens of thousands, though most of them are minor graphic variants encountered only in historical texts. Studies in China have shown that functional literacy in written Chinese requires a knowledge of between three and four thousand characters. In Japan, 2,136 are taught through secondary school (the Jōyō kanji); hundreds more are in everyday use. There are various national standard lists of characters, forms, and pronunciations. Simplified forms of certain characters are used in China, Singapore, and Malaysia; the corresponding traditional characters are used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and to a limited extent in South Korea. In Japan, common characters are written in post-WWII Japan-specific simplified forms (shinjitai), which are closer to traditional forms than Chinese simplifications, while uncommon characters are written in Japanese traditional forms (kyūjitai), which are virtually identical to Chinese traditional forms. In South Korea, when Chinese characters are used they are of the traditional variant and are almost identical to those used in places like Taiwan and Hong Kong. Teaching of Chinese characters in South Korea starts in the 7th grade and continues until the 12th grade where 1,800 total characters are taught albeit these characters are only used in certain cases (on signs, academic papers, historical writings, etc.) and are slowly declining in use. | What number in the tens of thousands? | What number in the tens of thousands? | [
"What number in the tens of thousands?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese characters"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15612 | 5726b794708984140094cede | Chinese_characters | Chinese characters number in the tens of thousands, though most of them are minor graphic variants encountered only in historical texts. Studies in China have shown that functional literacy in written Chinese requires a knowledge of between three and four thousand characters. In Japan, 2,136 are taught through secondary school (the Jōyō kanji); hundreds more are in everyday use. There are various national standard lists of characters, forms, and pronunciations. Simplified forms of certain characters are used in China, Singapore, and Malaysia; the corresponding traditional characters are used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and to a limited extent in South Korea. In Japan, common characters are written in post-WWII Japan-specific simplified forms (shinjitai), which are closer to traditional forms than Chinese simplifications, while uncommon characters are written in Japanese traditional forms (kyūjitai), which are virtually identical to Chinese traditional forms. In South Korea, when Chinese characters are used they are of the traditional variant and are almost identical to those used in places like Taiwan and Hong Kong. Teaching of Chinese characters in South Korea starts in the 7th grade and continues until the 12th grade where 1,800 total characters are taught albeit these characters are only used in certain cases (on signs, academic papers, historical writings, etc.) and are slowly declining in use. | What requires a knowledge of three to four thousand characters? | What requires a knowledge of three to four thousand characters? | [
"What requires a knowledge of three to four thousand characters?"
] | {
"text": [
"literacy in written Chinese"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15613 | 5726b794708984140094cedf | Chinese_characters | Chinese characters number in the tens of thousands, though most of them are minor graphic variants encountered only in historical texts. Studies in China have shown that functional literacy in written Chinese requires a knowledge of between three and four thousand characters. In Japan, 2,136 are taught through secondary school (the Jōyō kanji); hundreds more are in everyday use. There are various national standard lists of characters, forms, and pronunciations. Simplified forms of certain characters are used in China, Singapore, and Malaysia; the corresponding traditional characters are used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and to a limited extent in South Korea. In Japan, common characters are written in post-WWII Japan-specific simplified forms (shinjitai), which are closer to traditional forms than Chinese simplifications, while uncommon characters are written in Japanese traditional forms (kyūjitai), which are virtually identical to Chinese traditional forms. In South Korea, when Chinese characters are used they are of the traditional variant and are almost identical to those used in places like Taiwan and Hong Kong. Teaching of Chinese characters in South Korea starts in the 7th grade and continues until the 12th grade where 1,800 total characters are taught albeit these characters are only used in certain cases (on signs, academic papers, historical writings, etc.) and are slowly declining in use. | Which are identical to Chinese forms? | Which are identical to Chinese forms? | [
"Which are identical to Chinese forms?"
] | {
"text": [
"kyūjitai"
],
"answer_start": [
903
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15614 | 5726ba5f708984140094cf6b | Chinese_characters | Most modern Chinese dictionaries and Chinese dictionaries sold to English speakers use the traditional radical-based character index in a section at the front, while the main body of the dictionary arranges the main character entries alphabetically according to their pinyin spelling. To find a character with unknown sound using one of these dictionaries, the reader finds the radical and stroke number of the character, as before, and locates the character in the radical index. The character's entry will have the character's pronunciation in pinyin written down; the reader then turns to the main dictionary section and looks up the pinyin spelling alphabetically. | What use the traditional radical-based character index? | What use the traditional radical-based character index? | [
"What use the traditional radical-based character index?"
] | {
"text": [
"modern Chinese dictionaries"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15615 | 5726ba5f708984140094cf6c | Chinese_characters | Most modern Chinese dictionaries and Chinese dictionaries sold to English speakers use the traditional radical-based character index in a section at the front, while the main body of the dictionary arranges the main character entries alphabetically according to their pinyin spelling. To find a character with unknown sound using one of these dictionaries, the reader finds the radical and stroke number of the character, as before, and locates the character in the radical index. The character's entry will have the character's pronunciation in pinyin written down; the reader then turns to the main dictionary section and looks up the pinyin spelling alphabetically. | What will have the character's pronunciation in pinyin? | What will have the character's pronunciation in pinyin? | [
"What will have the character's pronunciation in pinyin?"
] | {
"text": [
"character's entry"
],
"answer_start": [
485
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15616 | 5726ba5f708984140094cf6d | Chinese_characters | Most modern Chinese dictionaries and Chinese dictionaries sold to English speakers use the traditional radical-based character index in a section at the front, while the main body of the dictionary arranges the main character entries alphabetically according to their pinyin spelling. To find a character with unknown sound using one of these dictionaries, the reader finds the radical and stroke number of the character, as before, and locates the character in the radical index. The character's entry will have the character's pronunciation in pinyin written down; the reader then turns to the main dictionary section and looks up the pinyin spelling alphabetically. | What is at the front of most modern Chinese dictionaries? | What is at the front of most modern Chinese dictionaries? | [
"What is at the front of most modern Chinese dictionaries?"
] | {
"text": [
"traditional radical-based character index"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15617 | 5726bb01f1498d1400e8e936 | Chinese_characters | In Old Chinese, (e.g. Classical Chinese) most words were monosyllabic and there was a close correspondence between characters and words. In modern Chinese (esp. Mandarin Chinese), characters do not necessarily correspond to words; indeed the majority of Chinese words today consist of two or more characters due to the merging and loss of sounds in the Chinese language over time. Rather, a character almost always corresponds to a single syllable that is also a morpheme. However, there are a few exceptions to this general correspondence, including bisyllabic morphemes (written with two characters), bimorphemic syllables (written with two characters) and cases where a single character represents a polysyllabic word or phrase. | What are most words in Old Chinese? | What are most words in Old Chinese? | [
"What are most words in Old Chinese?"
] | {
"text": [
"monosyllabic"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15618 | 5726bb01f1498d1400e8e937 | Chinese_characters | In Old Chinese, (e.g. Classical Chinese) most words were monosyllabic and there was a close correspondence between characters and words. In modern Chinese (esp. Mandarin Chinese), characters do not necessarily correspond to words; indeed the majority of Chinese words today consist of two or more characters due to the merging and loss of sounds in the Chinese language over time. Rather, a character almost always corresponds to a single syllable that is also a morpheme. However, there are a few exceptions to this general correspondence, including bisyllabic morphemes (written with two characters), bimorphemic syllables (written with two characters) and cases where a single character represents a polysyllabic word or phrase. | What almost always corresponds to a single syllable? | What almost always corresponds to a single syllable? | [
"What almost always corresponds to a single syllable?"
] | {
"text": [
"character"
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15619 | 5726bb01f1498d1400e8e938 | Chinese_characters | In Old Chinese, (e.g. Classical Chinese) most words were monosyllabic and there was a close correspondence between characters and words. In modern Chinese (esp. Mandarin Chinese), characters do not necessarily correspond to words; indeed the majority of Chinese words today consist of two or more characters due to the merging and loss of sounds in the Chinese language over time. Rather, a character almost always corresponds to a single syllable that is also a morpheme. However, there are a few exceptions to this general correspondence, including bisyllabic morphemes (written with two characters), bimorphemic syllables (written with two characters) and cases where a single character represents a polysyllabic word or phrase. | What is written with two characters? | What is written with two characters? | [
"What is written with two characters?"
] | {
"text": [
"bisyllabic morphemes"
],
"answer_start": [
551
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15620 | 5726bb7e5951b619008f7c4f | Chinese_characters | Modern Chinese has many homophones; thus the same spoken syllable may be represented by many characters, depending on meaning. A single character may also have a range of meanings, or sometimes quite distinct meanings; occasionally these correspond to different pronunciations. Cognates in the several varieties of Chinese are generally written with the same character. They typically have similar meanings, but often quite different pronunciations. In other languages, most significantly today in Japanese and sometimes in Korean, characters are used to represent Chinese loanwords, to represent native words independent of the Chinese pronunciation, and as purely phonetic elements based on their pronunciation in the historical variety of Chinese from which they were acquired. These foreign adaptations of Chinese pronunciation are known as Sino-Xenic pronunciations, and have been useful in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese. | What has many homophones? | What has many homophones? | [
"What has many homophones?"
] | {
"text": [
"Modern Chinese"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15621 | 5726bb7e5951b619008f7c50 | Chinese_characters | Modern Chinese has many homophones; thus the same spoken syllable may be represented by many characters, depending on meaning. A single character may also have a range of meanings, or sometimes quite distinct meanings; occasionally these correspond to different pronunciations. Cognates in the several varieties of Chinese are generally written with the same character. They typically have similar meanings, but often quite different pronunciations. In other languages, most significantly today in Japanese and sometimes in Korean, characters are used to represent Chinese loanwords, to represent native words independent of the Chinese pronunciation, and as purely phonetic elements based on their pronunciation in the historical variety of Chinese from which they were acquired. These foreign adaptations of Chinese pronunciation are known as Sino-Xenic pronunciations, and have been useful in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese. | What may have a wide range of meanings? | What may have a wide range of meanings? | [
"What may have a wide range of meanings?"
] | {
"text": [
"single character"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15622 | 5726bb7e5951b619008f7c51 | Chinese_characters | Modern Chinese has many homophones; thus the same spoken syllable may be represented by many characters, depending on meaning. A single character may also have a range of meanings, or sometimes quite distinct meanings; occasionally these correspond to different pronunciations. Cognates in the several varieties of Chinese are generally written with the same character. They typically have similar meanings, but often quite different pronunciations. In other languages, most significantly today in Japanese and sometimes in Korean, characters are used to represent Chinese loanwords, to represent native words independent of the Chinese pronunciation, and as purely phonetic elements based on their pronunciation in the historical variety of Chinese from which they were acquired. These foreign adaptations of Chinese pronunciation are known as Sino-Xenic pronunciations, and have been useful in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese. | What have been beneficial in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese? | What have been beneficial in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese? | [
"What have been beneficial in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sino-Xenic pronunciations"
],
"answer_start": [
845
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15623 | 5726bd02dd62a815002e8ed4 | Chinese_characters | Chinese characters represent words of the language using several strategies. A few characters, including some of the most commonly used, were originally pictograms, which depicted the objects denoted, or simple ideograms, in which meaning was expressed iconically. Some other words were expressed by compound ideograms, but the vast majority were written using the rebus principle, in which a character for a similarly sounding word was either simply borrowed or (more commonly) extended with a disambiguating semantic marker to form a phono-semantic compound character. | What represent words of the language using several strategies? | What represent words of the language using several strategies? | [
"What represent words of the language using several strategies?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese characters"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15624 | 5726bd02dd62a815002e8ed5 | Chinese_characters | Chinese characters represent words of the language using several strategies. A few characters, including some of the most commonly used, were originally pictograms, which depicted the objects denoted, or simple ideograms, in which meaning was expressed iconically. Some other words were expressed by compound ideograms, but the vast majority were written using the rebus principle, in which a character for a similarly sounding word was either simply borrowed or (more commonly) extended with a disambiguating semantic marker to form a phono-semantic compound character. | What are some words expressed in? | What are some words expressed in? | [
"What are some words expressed in?"
] | {
"text": [
"compound ideograms"
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15625 | 5726bd02dd62a815002e8ed6 | Chinese_characters | Chinese characters represent words of the language using several strategies. A few characters, including some of the most commonly used, were originally pictograms, which depicted the objects denoted, or simple ideograms, in which meaning was expressed iconically. Some other words were expressed by compound ideograms, but the vast majority were written using the rebus principle, in which a character for a similarly sounding word was either simply borrowed or (more commonly) extended with a disambiguating semantic marker to form a phono-semantic compound character. | What were most words written in? | What were most words written in? | [
"What were most words written in?"
] | {
"text": [
"rebus principle"
],
"answer_start": [
365
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15626 | 5726bd86f1498d1400e8e9b0 | Chinese_characters | Semantic-phonetic compounds or pictophonetic compounds are by far the most numerous characters. These characters are composed of two parts: one of a limited set of characters (the semantic indicator, often graphically simplified) which suggests the general meaning of the compound character, and another character (the phonetic indicator) whose pronunciation suggests the pronunciation of the compound character. In most cases the semantic indicator is also the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries. | What are the most numerous characters? | What are the most numerous characters? | [
"What are the most numerous characters?"
] | {
"text": [
"Semantic-phonetic compounds"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15627 | 5726bd86f1498d1400e8e9b1 | Chinese_characters | Semantic-phonetic compounds or pictophonetic compounds are by far the most numerous characters. These characters are composed of two parts: one of a limited set of characters (the semantic indicator, often graphically simplified) which suggests the general meaning of the compound character, and another character (the phonetic indicator) whose pronunciation suggests the pronunciation of the compound character. In most cases the semantic indicator is also the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries. | What is the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries? | What is the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries? | [
"What is the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries?"
] | {
"text": [
"semantic indicator"
],
"answer_start": [
431
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15628 | 5726bd86f1498d1400e8e9b2 | Chinese_characters | Semantic-phonetic compounds or pictophonetic compounds are by far the most numerous characters. These characters are composed of two parts: one of a limited set of characters (the semantic indicator, often graphically simplified) which suggests the general meaning of the compound character, and another character (the phonetic indicator) whose pronunciation suggests the pronunciation of the compound character. In most cases the semantic indicator is also the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries. | What suggests the general meaning of a compound character? | What suggests the general meaning of a compound character? | [
"What suggests the general meaning of a compound character? "
] | {
"text": [
"semantic indicator"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15629 | 5726be17708984140094d001 | Chinese_characters | Examples are 河 hé "river", 湖 hú "lake", 流 liú "stream", 沖 chōng "riptide" (or "flush"), 滑 huá "slippery". All these characters have on the left a radical of three short strokes (氵), which is a reduced form of the character 水 shuǐ meaning "water", indicating that the character has a semantic connection with water. The right-hand side in each case is a phonetic indicator. For example, in the case of 沖 chōng (Old Chinese *ɡ-ljuŋ), the phonetic indicator is 中 zhōng (Old Chinese *k-ljuŋ), which by itself means "middle". In this case it can be seen that the pronunciation of the character is slightly different from that of its phonetic indicator; the process of historical phonetic change means that the composition of such characters can sometimes seem arbitrary today. | What side is a phonetic indicator located on? | What side is a phonetic indicator located on? | [
"What side is a phonetic indicator located on?"
] | {
"text": [
"right-hand side"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15630 | 5726be17708984140094d002 | Chinese_characters | Examples are 河 hé "river", 湖 hú "lake", 流 liú "stream", 沖 chōng "riptide" (or "flush"), 滑 huá "slippery". All these characters have on the left a radical of three short strokes (氵), which is a reduced form of the character 水 shuǐ meaning "water", indicating that the character has a semantic connection with water. The right-hand side in each case is a phonetic indicator. For example, in the case of 沖 chōng (Old Chinese *ɡ-ljuŋ), the phonetic indicator is 中 zhōng (Old Chinese *k-ljuŋ), which by itself means "middle". In this case it can be seen that the pronunciation of the character is slightly different from that of its phonetic indicator; the process of historical phonetic change means that the composition of such characters can sometimes seem arbitrary today. | What is the process of historical phonetic change? | What is the process of historical phonetic change? | [
"What is the process of historical phonetic change?"
] | {
"text": [
"phonetic indicator"
],
"answer_start": [
628
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15631 | 5726be17708984140094d003 | Chinese_characters | Examples are 河 hé "river", 湖 hú "lake", 流 liú "stream", 沖 chōng "riptide" (or "flush"), 滑 huá "slippery". All these characters have on the left a radical of three short strokes (氵), which is a reduced form of the character 水 shuǐ meaning "water", indicating that the character has a semantic connection with water. The right-hand side in each case is a phonetic indicator. For example, in the case of 沖 chōng (Old Chinese *ɡ-ljuŋ), the phonetic indicator is 中 zhōng (Old Chinese *k-ljuŋ), which by itself means "middle". In this case it can be seen that the pronunciation of the character is slightly different from that of its phonetic indicator; the process of historical phonetic change means that the composition of such characters can sometimes seem arbitrary today. | What process can sometimes seem arbitrary today? | What process can sometimes seem arbitrary today? | [
"What process can sometimes seem arbitrary today?"
] | {
"text": [
"phonetic change"
],
"answer_start": [
674
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15632 | 5726cac25951b619008f7e45 | Chinese_characters | Occasionally a bisyllabic word is written with two characters that contain the same radical, as in 蝴蝶 húdié "butterfly", where both characters have the insect radical 虫. A notable example is pipa (a Chinese lute, also a fruit, the loquat, of similar shape) – originally written as 批把 with the hand radical, referring to the down and up strokes when playing this instrument, which was then changed to 枇杷 (tree radical), which is still used for the fruit, while the character was changed to 琵琶 when referring to the instrument. In other cases a compound word may coincidentally share a radical without this being meaningful. | What is occasionally written with two characters that contain the same radical? | What is occasionally written with two characters that contain the same radical? | [
"What is occasionally written with two characters that contain the same radical?"
] | {
"text": [
"bisyllabic word"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15633 | 5726cac25951b619008f7e46 | Chinese_characters | Occasionally a bisyllabic word is written with two characters that contain the same radical, as in 蝴蝶 húdié "butterfly", where both characters have the insect radical 虫. A notable example is pipa (a Chinese lute, also a fruit, the loquat, of similar shape) – originally written as 批把 with the hand radical, referring to the down and up strokes when playing this instrument, which was then changed to 枇杷 (tree radical), which is still used for the fruit, while the character was changed to 琵琶 when referring to the instrument. In other cases a compound word may coincidentally share a radical without this being meaningful. | What is also a fruit? | What is also a fruit? | [
"What is also a fruit?"
] | {
"text": [
"pipa"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15634 | 5726cac25951b619008f7e47 | Chinese_characters | Occasionally a bisyllabic word is written with two characters that contain the same radical, as in 蝴蝶 húdié "butterfly", where both characters have the insect radical 虫. A notable example is pipa (a Chinese lute, also a fruit, the loquat, of similar shape) – originally written as 批把 with the hand radical, referring to the down and up strokes when playing this instrument, which was then changed to 枇杷 (tree radical), which is still used for the fruit, while the character was changed to 琵琶 when referring to the instrument. In other cases a compound word may coincidentally share a radical without this being meaningful. | What may share a radical without being meaningful? | What may share a radical without being meaningful? | [
"What may share a radical without being meaningful?"
] | {
"text": [
"compound word"
],
"answer_start": [
543
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15635 | 5726cb77708984140094d18b | Chinese_characters | In recent decades, a series of inscribed graphs and pictures have been found at Neolithic sites in China, including Jiahu (c. 6500 BC), Dadiwan and Damaidi from the 6th millennium BC, and Banpo (5th millennium BC). Often these finds are accompanied by media reports that push back the purported beginnings of Chinese writing by thousands of years. However, because these marks occur singly, without any implied context, and are made crudely and simply, Qiu Xigui concluded that "we do not have any basis for stating that these constituted writing nor is there reason to conclude that they were ancestral to Shang dynasty Chinese characters." They do however demonstrate a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period. | What may have been found at Neolithic sites in China in recent decades? | What may have been found at Neolithic sites in China in recent decades? | [
"What may have been found at Neolithic sites in China in recent decades? "
] | {
"text": [
"series of inscribed graphs and pictures"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15636 | 5726cb77708984140094d18c | Chinese_characters | In recent decades, a series of inscribed graphs and pictures have been found at Neolithic sites in China, including Jiahu (c. 6500 BC), Dadiwan and Damaidi from the 6th millennium BC, and Banpo (5th millennium BC). Often these finds are accompanied by media reports that push back the purported beginnings of Chinese writing by thousands of years. However, because these marks occur singly, without any implied context, and are made crudely and simply, Qiu Xigui concluded that "we do not have any basis for stating that these constituted writing nor is there reason to conclude that they were ancestral to Shang dynasty Chinese characters." They do however demonstrate a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period. | What has demonstrated a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley? | What has demonstrated a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley? | [
"What has demonstrated a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese characters"
],
"answer_start": [
621
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15637 | 5726cb77708984140094d18d | Chinese_characters | In recent decades, a series of inscribed graphs and pictures have been found at Neolithic sites in China, including Jiahu (c. 6500 BC), Dadiwan and Damaidi from the 6th millennium BC, and Banpo (5th millennium BC). Often these finds are accompanied by media reports that push back the purported beginnings of Chinese writing by thousands of years. However, because these marks occur singly, without any implied context, and are made crudely and simply, Qiu Xigui concluded that "we do not have any basis for stating that these constituted writing nor is there reason to conclude that they were ancestral to Shang dynasty Chinese characters." They do however demonstrate a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period. | What color was the famous valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period? | What color was the famous valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period? | [
"What color was the famous valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period?"
] | {
"text": [
"Yellow"
],
"answer_start": [
699
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15638 | 5726d6265951b619008f7f7d | Chinese_characters | The earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script yet discovered is the body of inscriptions on oracle bones from the late Shang dynasty (c. 1200–1050 BC). These symbols, carved on pieces of bone and turtle shell being sold as "dragon bones" for medicinal purposes, were identified as Chinese writing by scholars in 1899. By 1928, the source of the oracle bones had been traced to a village near Anyang in Henan Province, which was excavated by the Academia Sinica between 1928 and 1937. Over 150,000 fragments have been found. | What was the earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script? | What was the earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script? | [
"What was the earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script?"
] | {
"text": [
"oracle bones"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15639 | 5726d6265951b619008f7f7e | Chinese_characters | The earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script yet discovered is the body of inscriptions on oracle bones from the late Shang dynasty (c. 1200–1050 BC). These symbols, carved on pieces of bone and turtle shell being sold as "dragon bones" for medicinal purposes, were identified as Chinese writing by scholars in 1899. By 1928, the source of the oracle bones had been traced to a village near Anyang in Henan Province, which was excavated by the Academia Sinica between 1928 and 1937. Over 150,000 fragments have been found. | Where were the symbols carved on? | Where were the symbols carved on? | [
"Where were the symbols carved on?"
] | {
"text": [
"pieces of bone and turtle shell"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15640 | 5726d6265951b619008f7f7f | Chinese_characters | The earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script yet discovered is the body of inscriptions on oracle bones from the late Shang dynasty (c. 1200–1050 BC). These symbols, carved on pieces of bone and turtle shell being sold as "dragon bones" for medicinal purposes, were identified as Chinese writing by scholars in 1899. By 1928, the source of the oracle bones had been traced to a village near Anyang in Henan Province, which was excavated by the Academia Sinica between 1928 and 1937. Over 150,000 fragments have been found. | Where was the source of Oracle bones traced to? | Where was the source of Oracle bones traced to? | [
"Where was the source of Oracle bones traced to?"
] | {
"text": [
"village near Anyang in Henan Province"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15641 | 5726d6b4708984140094d2ef | Chinese_characters | The traditional picture of an orderly series of scripts, each one invented suddenly and then completely displacing the previous one, has been conclusively demonstrated to be fiction by the archaeological finds and scholarly research of the later 20th and early 21st centuries. Gradual evolution and the coexistence of two or more scripts was more often the case. As early as the Shang dynasty, oracle-bone script coexisted as a simplified form alongside the normal script of bamboo books (preserved in typical bronze inscriptions), as well as the extra-elaborate pictorial forms (often clan emblems) found on many bronzes. | What existed as early as the Shang dynasty? | What existed as early as the Shang dynasty? | [
"What existed as early as the Shang dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"oracle-bone script"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15642 | 5726d6b4708984140094d2f0 | Chinese_characters | The traditional picture of an orderly series of scripts, each one invented suddenly and then completely displacing the previous one, has been conclusively demonstrated to be fiction by the archaeological finds and scholarly research of the later 20th and early 21st centuries. Gradual evolution and the coexistence of two or more scripts was more often the case. As early as the Shang dynasty, oracle-bone script coexisted as a simplified form alongside the normal script of bamboo books (preserved in typical bronze inscriptions), as well as the extra-elaborate pictorial forms (often clan emblems) found on many bronzes. | What did the oracle-bone script coexist alongside? | What did the oracle-bone script coexist alongside? | [
"What did the oracle-bone script coexist alongside?"
] | {
"text": [
"bamboo books"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15643 | 5726d6b4708984140094d2f1 | Chinese_characters | The traditional picture of an orderly series of scripts, each one invented suddenly and then completely displacing the previous one, has been conclusively demonstrated to be fiction by the archaeological finds and scholarly research of the later 20th and early 21st centuries. Gradual evolution and the coexistence of two or more scripts was more often the case. As early as the Shang dynasty, oracle-bone script coexisted as a simplified form alongside the normal script of bamboo books (preserved in typical bronze inscriptions), as well as the extra-elaborate pictorial forms (often clan emblems) found on many bronzes. | What were preserved in typical bronze inscriptions? | What were preserved in typical bronze inscriptions? | [
"What were preserved in typical bronze inscriptions?"
] | {
"text": [
"bamboo books"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15644 | 5726d7d4708984140094d32b | Chinese_characters | Based on studies of these bronze inscriptions, it is clear that, from the Shang dynasty writing to that of the Western Zhou and early Eastern Zhou, the mainstream script evolved in a slow, unbroken fashion, until assuming the form that is now known as seal script in the late Eastern Zhou in the state of Qin, without any clear line of division. Meanwhile, other scripts had evolved, especially in the eastern and southern areas during the late Zhou dynasty, including regional forms, such as the gǔwén ("ancient forms") of the eastern Warring States preserved as variant forms in the Han dynasty character dictionary Shuowen Jiezi, as well as decorative forms such as bird and insect scripts. | What has evolved over time? | What has evolved over time? | [
"What has evolved over time?"
] | {
"text": [
"scripts"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15645 | 5726d7d4708984140094d32c | Chinese_characters | Based on studies of these bronze inscriptions, it is clear that, from the Shang dynasty writing to that of the Western Zhou and early Eastern Zhou, the mainstream script evolved in a slow, unbroken fashion, until assuming the form that is now known as seal script in the late Eastern Zhou in the state of Qin, without any clear line of division. Meanwhile, other scripts had evolved, especially in the eastern and southern areas during the late Zhou dynasty, including regional forms, such as the gǔwén ("ancient forms") of the eastern Warring States preserved as variant forms in the Han dynasty character dictionary Shuowen Jiezi, as well as decorative forms such as bird and insect scripts. | What type of forms are bird and insect scripts considered? | What type of forms are bird and insect scripts considered? | [
"What type of forms are bird and insect scripts considered?"
] | {
"text": [
"decorative"
],
"answer_start": [
644
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15646 | 5726d7d4708984140094d32d | Chinese_characters | Based on studies of these bronze inscriptions, it is clear that, from the Shang dynasty writing to that of the Western Zhou and early Eastern Zhou, the mainstream script evolved in a slow, unbroken fashion, until assuming the form that is now known as seal script in the late Eastern Zhou in the state of Qin, without any clear line of division. Meanwhile, other scripts had evolved, especially in the eastern and southern areas during the late Zhou dynasty, including regional forms, such as the gǔwén ("ancient forms") of the eastern Warring States preserved as variant forms in the Han dynasty character dictionary Shuowen Jiezi, as well as decorative forms such as bird and insect scripts. | What is guwen considered as? | What is guwen considered as? | [
"What is guwen considered as?"
] | {
"text": [
"ancient forms"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15647 | 5726d8815951b619008f7fc3 | Chinese_characters | Seal script, which had evolved slowly in the state of Qin during the Eastern Zhou dynasty, became standardized and adopted as the formal script for all of China in the Qin dynasty (leading to a popular misconception that it was invented at that time), and was still widely used for decorative engraving and seals (name chops, or signets) in the Han dynasty period. However, despite the Qin script standardization, more than one script remained in use at the time. For example, a little-known, rectilinear and roughly executed kind of common (vulgar) writing had for centuries coexisted with the more formal seal script in the Qin state, and the popularity of this vulgar writing grew as the use of writing itself became more widespread. By the Warring States period, an immature form of clerical script called "early clerical" or "proto-clerical" had already developed in the state of Qin based upon this vulgar writing, and with influence from seal script as well. The coexistence of the three scripts – small seal, vulgar and proto-clerical, with the latter evolving gradually in the Qin to early Han dynasties into clerical script – runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only, and that clerical script was suddenly invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script. | What has evolved slowly in the State of of Qin? | What has evolved slowly in the State of of Qin? | [
"What has evolved slowly in the State of of Qin?"
] | {
"text": [
"Seal script"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15648 | 5726d8815951b619008f7fc4 | Chinese_characters | Seal script, which had evolved slowly in the state of Qin during the Eastern Zhou dynasty, became standardized and adopted as the formal script for all of China in the Qin dynasty (leading to a popular misconception that it was invented at that time), and was still widely used for decorative engraving and seals (name chops, or signets) in the Han dynasty period. However, despite the Qin script standardization, more than one script remained in use at the time. For example, a little-known, rectilinear and roughly executed kind of common (vulgar) writing had for centuries coexisted with the more formal seal script in the Qin state, and the popularity of this vulgar writing grew as the use of writing itself became more widespread. By the Warring States period, an immature form of clerical script called "early clerical" or "proto-clerical" had already developed in the state of Qin based upon this vulgar writing, and with influence from seal script as well. The coexistence of the three scripts – small seal, vulgar and proto-clerical, with the latter evolving gradually in the Qin to early Han dynasties into clerical script – runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only, and that clerical script was suddenly invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script. | What script runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only? | What script runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only? | [
"What script runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only?"
] | {
"text": [
"clerical"
],
"answer_start": [
1118
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15649 | 5726d8815951b619008f7fc5 | Chinese_characters | Seal script, which had evolved slowly in the state of Qin during the Eastern Zhou dynasty, became standardized and adopted as the formal script for all of China in the Qin dynasty (leading to a popular misconception that it was invented at that time), and was still widely used for decorative engraving and seals (name chops, or signets) in the Han dynasty period. However, despite the Qin script standardization, more than one script remained in use at the time. For example, a little-known, rectilinear and roughly executed kind of common (vulgar) writing had for centuries coexisted with the more formal seal script in the Qin state, and the popularity of this vulgar writing grew as the use of writing itself became more widespread. By the Warring States period, an immature form of clerical script called "early clerical" or "proto-clerical" had already developed in the state of Qin based upon this vulgar writing, and with influence from seal script as well. The coexistence of the three scripts – small seal, vulgar and proto-clerical, with the latter evolving gradually in the Qin to early Han dynasties into clerical script – runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only, and that clerical script was suddenly invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script. | What was invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script? | What was invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script? | [
"What was invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script?"
] | {
"text": [
"clerical script"
],
"answer_start": [
1118
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15650 | 5726d94d708984140094d379 | Chinese_characters | Contrary to the popular belief of there being only one script per period, there were in fact multiple scripts in use during the Han period. Although mature clerical script, also called 八分 (bāfēn) script, was dominant at that time, an early type of cursive script was also in use by the Han by at least as early as 24 BC (during the very late Western Han period),[b] incorporating cursive forms popular at the time, well as many elements from the vulgar writing of the Warring State of Qin. By around the time of the Eastern Jin dynasty, this Han cursive became known as 章草 zhāngcǎo (also known as 隶草 / 隸草 lìcǎo today), or in English sometimes clerical cursive, ancient cursive, or draft cursive. Some believe that the name, based on 章 zhāng meaning "orderly", arose because the script was a more orderly form of cursive than the modern form, which emerged during the Eastern Jin dynasty and is still in use today, called 今草 jīncǎo or "modern cursive". | Were multiple scripts used during the Han period? | Were multiple scripts used during the Han period? | [
"Were multiple scripts used during the Han period?"
] | {
"text": [
"there were in fact multiple scripts in use"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15651 | 5726d94d708984140094d37a | Chinese_characters | Contrary to the popular belief of there being only one script per period, there were in fact multiple scripts in use during the Han period. Although mature clerical script, also called 八分 (bāfēn) script, was dominant at that time, an early type of cursive script was also in use by the Han by at least as early as 24 BC (during the very late Western Han period),[b] incorporating cursive forms popular at the time, well as many elements from the vulgar writing of the Warring State of Qin. By around the time of the Eastern Jin dynasty, this Han cursive became known as 章草 zhāngcǎo (also known as 隶草 / 隸草 lìcǎo today), or in English sometimes clerical cursive, ancient cursive, or draft cursive. Some believe that the name, based on 章 zhāng meaning "orderly", arose because the script was a more orderly form of cursive than the modern form, which emerged during the Eastern Jin dynasty and is still in use today, called 今草 jīncǎo or "modern cursive". | What was one of the more dominant scripts during the time? | What was one of the more dominant scripts during the time? | [
"What was one of the more dominant scripts during the time?"
] | {
"text": [
"bāfēn"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15652 | 5726d94d708984140094d37b | Chinese_characters | Contrary to the popular belief of there being only one script per period, there were in fact multiple scripts in use during the Han period. Although mature clerical script, also called 八分 (bāfēn) script, was dominant at that time, an early type of cursive script was also in use by the Han by at least as early as 24 BC (during the very late Western Han period),[b] incorporating cursive forms popular at the time, well as many elements from the vulgar writing of the Warring State of Qin. By around the time of the Eastern Jin dynasty, this Han cursive became known as 章草 zhāngcǎo (also known as 隶草 / 隸草 lìcǎo today), or in English sometimes clerical cursive, ancient cursive, or draft cursive. Some believe that the name, based on 章 zhāng meaning "orderly", arose because the script was a more orderly form of cursive than the modern form, which emerged during the Eastern Jin dynasty and is still in use today, called 今草 jīncǎo or "modern cursive". | What name stood for "orderly"? | What name stood for "orderly"? | [
"What name stood for \"orderly\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"zhāng"
],
"answer_start": [
735
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15653 | 5726da9b708984140094d3a5 | Chinese_characters | By the late Eastern Han period, an early form of semi-cursive script appeared, developing out of a cursively written form of neo-clerical script[c] and simple cursive. This semi-cursive script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng c. 147–188 AD,[d] although such attributions refer to early masters of a script rather than to their actual inventors, since the scripts generally evolved into being over time. Qiu gives examples of early semi-cursive script, showing that it had popular origins rather than being purely Liu’s invention. | What appeared at the end of the late Eastern Han period? | What appeared at the end of the late Eastern Han period? | [
"What appeared at the end of the late Eastern Han period?"
] | {
"text": [
"early form of semi-cursive script"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15654 | 5726da9b708984140094d3a6 | Chinese_characters | By the late Eastern Han period, an early form of semi-cursive script appeared, developing out of a cursively written form of neo-clerical script[c] and simple cursive. This semi-cursive script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng c. 147–188 AD,[d] although such attributions refer to early masters of a script rather than to their actual inventors, since the scripts generally evolved into being over time. Qiu gives examples of early semi-cursive script, showing that it had popular origins rather than being purely Liu’s invention. | What script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng? | What script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng? | [
"What script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng?"
] | {
"text": [
"semi-cursive"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15655 | 5726da9b708984140094d3a7 | Chinese_characters | By the late Eastern Han period, an early form of semi-cursive script appeared, developing out of a cursively written form of neo-clerical script[c] and simple cursive. This semi-cursive script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng c. 147–188 AD,[d] although such attributions refer to early masters of a script rather than to their actual inventors, since the scripts generally evolved into being over time. Qiu gives examples of early semi-cursive script, showing that it had popular origins rather than being purely Liu’s invention. | Who showed examples of early semi-cursive script? | Who showed examples of early semi-cursive script? | [
"Who showed examples of early semi-cursive script?"
] | {
"text": [
"Qiu"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15656 | 5726db305951b619008f8027 | Chinese_characters | Regular script has been attributed to Zhong Yao, of the Eastern Han to Cao Wei period (c. 151–230 AD), who has been called the "father of regular script". However, some scholars postulate that one person alone could not have developed a new script which was universally adopted, but could only have been a contributor to its gradual formation. The earliest surviving pieces written in regular script are copies of Yao's works, including at least one copied by Wang Xizhi. This new script, which is the dominant modern Chinese script, developed out of a neatly written form of early semi-cursive, with addition of the pause (頓/顿 dùn) technique to end horizontal strokes, plus heavy tails on strokes which are written to the downward-right diagonal. Thus, early regular script emerged from a neat, formal form of semi-cursive, which had itself emerged from neo-clerical (a simplified, convenient form of clerical script). It then matured further in the Eastern Jin dynasty in the hands of the "Sage of Calligraphy", Wang Xizhi, and his son Wang Xianzhi. It was not, however, in widespread use at that time, and most writers continued using neo-clerical, or a somewhat semi-cursive form of it, for daily writing, while the conservative bafen clerical script remained in use on some stelae, alongside some semi-cursive, but primarily neo-clerical. | What had been linked to Zhong Yao? | What had been linked to Zhong Yao? | [
"What had been linked to Zhong Yao?"
] | {
"text": [
"Regular script"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15657 | 5726db305951b619008f8028 | Chinese_characters | Regular script has been attributed to Zhong Yao, of the Eastern Han to Cao Wei period (c. 151–230 AD), who has been called the "father of regular script". However, some scholars postulate that one person alone could not have developed a new script which was universally adopted, but could only have been a contributor to its gradual formation. The earliest surviving pieces written in regular script are copies of Yao's works, including at least one copied by Wang Xizhi. This new script, which is the dominant modern Chinese script, developed out of a neatly written form of early semi-cursive, with addition of the pause (頓/顿 dùn) technique to end horizontal strokes, plus heavy tails on strokes which are written to the downward-right diagonal. Thus, early regular script emerged from a neat, formal form of semi-cursive, which had itself emerged from neo-clerical (a simplified, convenient form of clerical script). It then matured further in the Eastern Jin dynasty in the hands of the "Sage of Calligraphy", Wang Xizhi, and his son Wang Xianzhi. It was not, however, in widespread use at that time, and most writers continued using neo-clerical, or a somewhat semi-cursive form of it, for daily writing, while the conservative bafen clerical script remained in use on some stelae, alongside some semi-cursive, but primarily neo-clerical. | What was Zhong Yao known for? | What was Zhong Yao known for? | [
"What was Zhong Yao known for?"
] | {
"text": [
"father of regular script"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15658 | 5726db305951b619008f8029 | Chinese_characters | Regular script has been attributed to Zhong Yao, of the Eastern Han to Cao Wei period (c. 151–230 AD), who has been called the "father of regular script". However, some scholars postulate that one person alone could not have developed a new script which was universally adopted, but could only have been a contributor to its gradual formation. The earliest surviving pieces written in regular script are copies of Yao's works, including at least one copied by Wang Xizhi. This new script, which is the dominant modern Chinese script, developed out of a neatly written form of early semi-cursive, with addition of the pause (頓/顿 dùn) technique to end horizontal strokes, plus heavy tails on strokes which are written to the downward-right diagonal. Thus, early regular script emerged from a neat, formal form of semi-cursive, which had itself emerged from neo-clerical (a simplified, convenient form of clerical script). It then matured further in the Eastern Jin dynasty in the hands of the "Sage of Calligraphy", Wang Xizhi, and his son Wang Xianzhi. It was not, however, in widespread use at that time, and most writers continued using neo-clerical, or a somewhat semi-cursive form of it, for daily writing, while the conservative bafen clerical script remained in use on some stelae, alongside some semi-cursive, but primarily neo-clerical. | Who was the son of Wang Zishi? | Who was the son of Wang Zishi? | [
"Who was the son of Wang Zishi?"
] | {
"text": [
"Wang Xianzhi"
],
"answer_start": [
1038
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15659 | 5726db92708984140094d3cf | Chinese_characters | It was not until the Northern and Southern dynasties that regular script rose to dominant status. During that period, regular script continued evolving stylistically, reaching full maturity in the early Tang dynasty. Some call the writing of the early Tang calligrapher Ouyang Xun (557–641) the first mature regular script. After this point, although developments in the art of calligraphy and in character simplification still lay ahead, there were no more major stages of evolution for the mainstream script. | What were the North and South considered as? | What were the North and South considered as? | [
"What were the North and South considered as?"
] | {
"text": [
"dynasties"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15660 | 5726db92708984140094d3d0 | Chinese_characters | It was not until the Northern and Southern dynasties that regular script rose to dominant status. During that period, regular script continued evolving stylistically, reaching full maturity in the early Tang dynasty. Some call the writing of the early Tang calligrapher Ouyang Xun (557–641) the first mature regular script. After this point, although developments in the art of calligraphy and in character simplification still lay ahead, there were no more major stages of evolution for the mainstream script. | What continued to evolve stylistically? | What continued to evolve stylistically? | [
"What continued to evolve stylistically?"
] | {
"text": [
"regular script"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15661 | 5726db92708984140094d3d1 | Chinese_characters | It was not until the Northern and Southern dynasties that regular script rose to dominant status. During that period, regular script continued evolving stylistically, reaching full maturity in the early Tang dynasty. Some call the writing of the early Tang calligrapher Ouyang Xun (557–641) the first mature regular script. After this point, although developments in the art of calligraphy and in character simplification still lay ahead, there were no more major stages of evolution for the mainstream script. | What script saw no more stages of evolution? | What script saw no more stages of evolution? | [
"What script saw no more stages of evolution?"
] | {
"text": [
"mainstream"
],
"answer_start": [
492
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15662 | 5726dc26708984140094d3e5 | Chinese_characters | For instance, to look up the character where the sound is not known, e.g., 松 (pine tree), the user first determines which part of the character is the radical (here 木), then counts the number of strokes in the radical (four), and turns to the radical index (usually located on the inside front or back cover of the dictionary). Under the number "4" for radical stroke count, the user locates 木, then turns to the page number listed, which is the start of the listing of all the characters containing this radical. This page will have a sub-index giving remainder stroke numbers (for the non-radical portions of characters) and page numbers. The right half of the character also contains four strokes, so the user locates the number 4, and turns to the page number given. From there, the user must scan the entries to locate the character he or she is seeking. Some dictionaries have a sub-index which lists every character containing each radical, and if the user knows the number of strokes in the non-radical portion of the character, he or she can locate the correct page directly. | What contains four strokes? | What contains four strokes? | [
"What contains four strokes?"
] | {
"text": [
"right half of the character"
],
"answer_start": [
645
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15663 | 5726dc26708984140094d3e6 | Chinese_characters | For instance, to look up the character where the sound is not known, e.g., 松 (pine tree), the user first determines which part of the character is the radical (here 木), then counts the number of strokes in the radical (four), and turns to the radical index (usually located on the inside front or back cover of the dictionary). Under the number "4" for radical stroke count, the user locates 木, then turns to the page number listed, which is the start of the listing of all the characters containing this radical. This page will have a sub-index giving remainder stroke numbers (for the non-radical portions of characters) and page numbers. The right half of the character also contains four strokes, so the user locates the number 4, and turns to the page number given. From there, the user must scan the entries to locate the character he or she is seeking. Some dictionaries have a sub-index which lists every character containing each radical, and if the user knows the number of strokes in the non-radical portion of the character, he or she can locate the correct page directly. | What do some dictionaries have? | What do some dictionaries have? | [
"What do some dictionaries have?"
] | {
"text": [
"sub-index"
],
"answer_start": [
885
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15664 | 5726dc26708984140094d3e7 | Chinese_characters | For instance, to look up the character where the sound is not known, e.g., 松 (pine tree), the user first determines which part of the character is the radical (here 木), then counts the number of strokes in the radical (four), and turns to the radical index (usually located on the inside front or back cover of the dictionary). Under the number "4" for radical stroke count, the user locates 木, then turns to the page number listed, which is the start of the listing of all the characters containing this radical. This page will have a sub-index giving remainder stroke numbers (for the non-radical portions of characters) and page numbers. The right half of the character also contains four strokes, so the user locates the number 4, and turns to the page number given. From there, the user must scan the entries to locate the character he or she is seeking. Some dictionaries have a sub-index which lists every character containing each radical, and if the user knows the number of strokes in the non-radical portion of the character, he or she can locate the correct page directly. | What gives remaining stroke numbers? | What gives remaining stroke numbers? | [
"What gives remaining stroke numbers?"
] | {
"text": [
"sub-index"
],
"answer_start": [
536
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15665 | 5726dc90dd62a815002e931a | Chinese_characters | Chinese character dictionaries often allow users to locate entries in several ways. Many Chinese, Japanese, and Korean dictionaries of Chinese characters list characters in radical order: characters are grouped together by radical, and radicals containing fewer strokes come before radicals containing more strokes (radical-and-stroke sorting). Under each radical, characters are listed by their total number of strokes. It is often also possible to search for characters by sound, using pinyin (in Chinese dictionaries), zhuyin (in Taiwanese dictionaries), kana (in Japanese dictionaries) or hangul (in Korean dictionaries). Most dictionaries also allow searches by total number of strokes, and individual dictionaries often allow other search methods as well. | What often allow users to locate entries in several ways? | What often allow users to locate entries in several ways? | [
"What often allow users to locate entries in several ways?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese character dictionaries"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15666 | 5726dc90dd62a815002e931b | Chinese_characters | Chinese character dictionaries often allow users to locate entries in several ways. Many Chinese, Japanese, and Korean dictionaries of Chinese characters list characters in radical order: characters are grouped together by radical, and radicals containing fewer strokes come before radicals containing more strokes (radical-and-stroke sorting). Under each radical, characters are listed by their total number of strokes. It is often also possible to search for characters by sound, using pinyin (in Chinese dictionaries), zhuyin (in Taiwanese dictionaries), kana (in Japanese dictionaries) or hangul (in Korean dictionaries). Most dictionaries also allow searches by total number of strokes, and individual dictionaries often allow other search methods as well. | What lists Chinese characters in radical order? | What lists Chinese characters in radical order? | [
"What lists Chinese characters in radical order?"
] | {
"text": [
"Korean dictionaries"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15667 | 5726dc90dd62a815002e931c | Chinese_characters | Chinese character dictionaries often allow users to locate entries in several ways. Many Chinese, Japanese, and Korean dictionaries of Chinese characters list characters in radical order: characters are grouped together by radical, and radicals containing fewer strokes come before radicals containing more strokes (radical-and-stroke sorting). Under each radical, characters are listed by their total number of strokes. It is often also possible to search for characters by sound, using pinyin (in Chinese dictionaries), zhuyin (in Taiwanese dictionaries), kana (in Japanese dictionaries) or hangul (in Korean dictionaries). Most dictionaries also allow searches by total number of strokes, and individual dictionaries often allow other search methods as well. | What is grouped together by radicals? | What is grouped together by radicals? | [
"What is grouped together by radicals?"
] | {
"text": [
"characters"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15668 | 5726dd13f1498d1400e8edb8 | Chinese_characters | While new characters can be easily coined by writing on paper, they are difficult to represent on a computer – they must generally be represented as a picture, rather than as text – which presents a significant barrier to their use or widespread adoption. Compare this with the use of symbols as names in 20th century musical albums such as Led Zeppelin IV (1971) and Love Symbol Album (1993); an album cover may potentially contain any graphics, but in writing and other computation these symbols are difficult to use. | What can be easily coined by writing on paper? | What can be easily coined by writing on paper? | [
"What can be easily coined by writing on paper?"
] | {
"text": [
"characters"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15669 | 5726dd13f1498d1400e8edb9 | Chinese_characters | While new characters can be easily coined by writing on paper, they are difficult to represent on a computer – they must generally be represented as a picture, rather than as text – which presents a significant barrier to their use or widespread adoption. Compare this with the use of symbols as names in 20th century musical albums such as Led Zeppelin IV (1971) and Love Symbol Album (1993); an album cover may potentially contain any graphics, but in writing and other computation these symbols are difficult to use. | What can be difficult to represent on a computer? | What can be difficult to represent on a computer? | [
"What can be difficult to represent on a computer?"
] | {
"text": [
"characters"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15670 | 5726dd13f1498d1400e8edba | Chinese_characters | While new characters can be easily coined by writing on paper, they are difficult to represent on a computer – they must generally be represented as a picture, rather than as text – which presents a significant barrier to their use or widespread adoption. Compare this with the use of symbols as names in 20th century musical albums such as Led Zeppelin IV (1971) and Love Symbol Album (1993); an album cover may potentially contain any graphics, but in writing and other computation these symbols are difficult to use. | What has their been a prominent supply of in the 20th century? | What has their been a prominent supply of in the 20th century? | [
"What has their been a prominent supply of in the 20th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"symbols"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15671 | 5726dd7fdd62a815002e9334 | Chinese_characters | New characters can in principle be coined at any time, just as new words can be, but they may not be adopted. Significant historically recent coinages date to scientific terms of the 19th century. Specifically, Chinese coined new characters for chemical elements – see chemical elements in East Asian languages – which continue to be used and taught in schools in China and Taiwan. In Japan, in the Meiji era (specifically, late 19th century), new characters were coined for some (but not all) SI units, such as 粁 (米 "meter" + 千 "thousand, kilo-") for kilometer. These kokuji (Japanese-coinages) have found use in China as well – see Chinese characters for SI units for details. | What can be coined at any time? | What can be coined at any time? | [
"What can be coined at any time?"
] | {
"text": [
"New characters"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15672 | 5726dd7fdd62a815002e9335 | Chinese_characters | New characters can in principle be coined at any time, just as new words can be, but they may not be adopted. Significant historically recent coinages date to scientific terms of the 19th century. Specifically, Chinese coined new characters for chemical elements – see chemical elements in East Asian languages – which continue to be used and taught in schools in China and Taiwan. In Japan, in the Meiji era (specifically, late 19th century), new characters were coined for some (but not all) SI units, such as 粁 (米 "meter" + 千 "thousand, kilo-") for kilometer. These kokuji (Japanese-coinages) have found use in China as well – see Chinese characters for SI units for details. | What may not be adopted? | What may not be adopted? | [
"What may not be adopted?"
] | {
"text": [
"new words"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15673 | 5726dd7fdd62a815002e9336 | Chinese_characters | New characters can in principle be coined at any time, just as new words can be, but they may not be adopted. Significant historically recent coinages date to scientific terms of the 19th century. Specifically, Chinese coined new characters for chemical elements – see chemical elements in East Asian languages – which continue to be used and taught in schools in China and Taiwan. In Japan, in the Meiji era (specifically, late 19th century), new characters were coined for some (but not all) SI units, such as 粁 (米 "meter" + 千 "thousand, kilo-") for kilometer. These kokuji (Japanese-coinages) have found use in China as well – see Chinese characters for SI units for details. | What are also known as Japanese-coinages? | What are also known as Japanese-coinages? | [
"What are also known as Japanese-coinages?"
] | {
"text": [
"kokuji"
],
"answer_start": [
569
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15674 | 5726ddf1f1498d1400e8edfe | Chinese_characters | In addition, there are a number of dialect characters (方言字) that are not used in formal written Chinese but represent colloquial terms in non-Mandarin varieties of Chinese. One such variety is Written Cantonese, in widespread use in Hong Kong even for certain formal documents, due to the former British colonial administration's recognition of Cantonese for use for official purposes. In Taiwan, there is also an informal body of characters used to represent Hokkien Chinese. Many varieties have specific characters for words exclusive to them. For example, the vernacular character 㓾, pronounced cii11 in Hakka, means "to kill". Furthermore, Shanghainese and Sichuanese also have their own series of written text, but these are not widely used in actual texts, Mandarin being the preference for all mainland regions. | What are not used in formal written Chinese? | What are not used in formal written Chinese? | [
"What are not used in formal written Chinese?"
] | {
"text": [
"dialect characters"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15675 | 5726ddf1f1498d1400e8edff | Chinese_characters | In addition, there are a number of dialect characters (方言字) that are not used in formal written Chinese but represent colloquial terms in non-Mandarin varieties of Chinese. One such variety is Written Cantonese, in widespread use in Hong Kong even for certain formal documents, due to the former British colonial administration's recognition of Cantonese for use for official purposes. In Taiwan, there is also an informal body of characters used to represent Hokkien Chinese. Many varieties have specific characters for words exclusive to them. For example, the vernacular character 㓾, pronounced cii11 in Hakka, means "to kill". Furthermore, Shanghainese and Sichuanese also have their own series of written text, but these are not widely used in actual texts, Mandarin being the preference for all mainland regions. | What contains a block of characters used to showcase Hokkien Chinese? | What contains a block of characters used to showcase Hokkien Chinese? | [
"What contains a block of characters used to showcase Hokkien Chinese?"
] | {
"text": [
"Taiwan"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15676 | 5726ddf1f1498d1400e8ee00 | Chinese_characters | In addition, there are a number of dialect characters (方言字) that are not used in formal written Chinese but represent colloquial terms in non-Mandarin varieties of Chinese. One such variety is Written Cantonese, in widespread use in Hong Kong even for certain formal documents, due to the former British colonial administration's recognition of Cantonese for use for official purposes. In Taiwan, there is also an informal body of characters used to represent Hokkien Chinese. Many varieties have specific characters for words exclusive to them. For example, the vernacular character 㓾, pronounced cii11 in Hakka, means "to kill". Furthermore, Shanghainese and Sichuanese also have their own series of written text, but these are not widely used in actual texts, Mandarin being the preference for all mainland regions. | What was the preference for all mainland regions? | What was the preference for all mainland regions? | [
"What was the preference for all mainland regions?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mandarin"
],
"answer_start": [
763
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15677 | 5726def0f1498d1400e8ee34 | Chinese_characters | In the Republic of China (Taiwan), which uses traditional Chinese characters, the Ministry of Education's Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters) lists 4,808 characters; the Cì Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (次常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Less-Than-Common National Characters) lists another 6,341 characters. The Chinese Standard Interchange Code (CNS11643)—the official national encoding standard—supports 48,027 characters, while the most widely used encoding scheme, BIG-5, supports only 13,053. | What supports 48,027 characters? | What supports 48,027 characters? | [
"What supports 48,027 characters?"
] | {
"text": [
"the official national encoding standard"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15678 | 5726def0f1498d1400e8ee35 | Chinese_characters | In the Republic of China (Taiwan), which uses traditional Chinese characters, the Ministry of Education's Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters) lists 4,808 characters; the Cì Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (次常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Less-Than-Common National Characters) lists another 6,341 characters. The Chinese Standard Interchange Code (CNS11643)—the official national encoding standard—supports 48,027 characters, while the most widely used encoding scheme, BIG-5, supports only 13,053. | What supports 13,053 characters? | What supports 13,053 characters? | [
"What supports 13,053 characters?"
] | {
"text": [
"BIG-5"
],
"answer_start": [
545
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15679 | 5726def0f1498d1400e8ee36 | Chinese_characters | In the Republic of China (Taiwan), which uses traditional Chinese characters, the Ministry of Education's Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters) lists 4,808 characters; the Cì Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (次常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Less-Than-Common National Characters) lists another 6,341 characters. The Chinese Standard Interchange Code (CNS11643)—the official national encoding standard—supports 48,027 characters, while the most widely used encoding scheme, BIG-5, supports only 13,053. | What area uses traditional Chinese characters? | What area uses traditional Chinese characters? | [
"What area uses traditional Chinese characters?"
] | {
"text": [
"Taiwan"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15680 | 5726dfbbf1498d1400e8ee40 | Chinese_characters | In China, which uses simplified Chinese characters, the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Chángyòng Zìbiǎo (现代汉语常用字表, Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese) lists 2,500 common characters and 1,000 less-than-common characters, while the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Tōngyòng Zìbiǎo (现代汉语通用字表, Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese) lists 7,000 characters, including the 3,500 characters already listed above. GB2312, an early version of the national encoding standard used in the People's Republic of China, has 6,763 code points. GB18030, the modern, mandatory standard, has a much higher number. The New Hànyǔ Shuǐpíng Kǎoshì (汉语水平考试, Chinese Proficiency Test) covers approximately 2,600 characters at its highest level (level six). | What country uses simplified Chinese characters? | What country uses simplified Chinese characters? | [
"What country uses simplified Chinese characters?"
] | {
"text": [
"China"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15681 | 5726dfbbf1498d1400e8ee41 | Chinese_characters | In China, which uses simplified Chinese characters, the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Chángyòng Zìbiǎo (现代汉语常用字表, Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese) lists 2,500 common characters and 1,000 less-than-common characters, while the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Tōngyòng Zìbiǎo (现代汉语通用字表, Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese) lists 7,000 characters, including the 3,500 characters already listed above. GB2312, an early version of the national encoding standard used in the People's Republic of China, has 6,763 code points. GB18030, the modern, mandatory standard, has a much higher number. The New Hànyǔ Shuǐpíng Kǎoshì (汉语水平考试, Chinese Proficiency Test) covers approximately 2,600 characters at its highest level (level six). | What lists 2,500 common characters? | What lists 2,500 common characters? | [
"What lists 2,500 common characters?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15682 | 5726dfbbf1498d1400e8ee42 | Chinese_characters | In China, which uses simplified Chinese characters, the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Chángyòng Zìbiǎo (现代汉语常用字表, Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese) lists 2,500 common characters and 1,000 less-than-common characters, while the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Tōngyòng Zìbiǎo (现代汉语通用字表, Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese) lists 7,000 characters, including the 3,500 characters already listed above. GB2312, an early version of the national encoding standard used in the People's Republic of China, has 6,763 code points. GB18030, the modern, mandatory standard, has a much higher number. The New Hànyǔ Shuǐpíng Kǎoshì (汉语水平考试, Chinese Proficiency Test) covers approximately 2,600 characters at its highest level (level six). | What is an early version of the national encoding standard used in the people's public of China? | What is an early version of the national encoding standard used in the people's public of China? | [
"What is an early version of the national encoding standard used in the people's public of China?"
] | {
"text": [
"GB2312"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15683 | 5726e058f1498d1400e8ee4c | Chinese_characters | Modified radicals and new variants are two common reasons for the ever-increasing number of characters. There are about 300 radicals and 100 are in common use. Creating a new character by modifying the radical is an easy way to disambiguate homographs among xíngshēngzì pictophonetic compounds. This practice began long before the standardization of Chinese script by Qin Shi Huang and continues to the present day. The traditional 3rd-person pronoun tā (他 "he, she, it"), which is written with the "person radical", illustrates modifying significs to form new characters. In modern usage, there is a graphic distinction between tā (她 "she") with the "woman radical", tā (牠 "it") with the "animal radical", tā (它 "it") with the "roof radical", and tā (祂 "He") with the "deity radical", One consequence of modifying radicals is the fossilization of rare and obscure variant logographs, some of which are not even used in Classical Chinese. For instance, he 和 "harmony, peace", which combines the "grain radical" with the "mouth radical", has infrequent variants 咊 with the radicals reversed and 龢 with the "flute radical". | What is written in modern usage? | What is written in modern usage? | [
"What is written in modern usage?"
] | {
"text": [
"new characters"
],
"answer_start": [
557
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15684 | 5726e058f1498d1400e8ee4d | Chinese_characters | Modified radicals and new variants are two common reasons for the ever-increasing number of characters. There are about 300 radicals and 100 are in common use. Creating a new character by modifying the radical is an easy way to disambiguate homographs among xíngshēngzì pictophonetic compounds. This practice began long before the standardization of Chinese script by Qin Shi Huang and continues to the present day. The traditional 3rd-person pronoun tā (他 "he, she, it"), which is written with the "person radical", illustrates modifying significs to form new characters. In modern usage, there is a graphic distinction between tā (她 "she") with the "woman radical", tā (牠 "it") with the "animal radical", tā (它 "it") with the "roof radical", and tā (祂 "He") with the "deity radical", One consequence of modifying radicals is the fossilization of rare and obscure variant logographs, some of which are not even used in Classical Chinese. For instance, he 和 "harmony, peace", which combines the "grain radical" with the "mouth radical", has infrequent variants 咊 with the radicals reversed and 龢 with the "flute radical". | What is one consequence of modifying radicals? | What is one consequence of modifying radicals? | [
"What is one consequence of modifying radicals?"
] | {
"text": [
"fossilization"
],
"answer_start": [
831
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15685 | 5726e058f1498d1400e8ee4e | Chinese_characters | Modified radicals and new variants are two common reasons for the ever-increasing number of characters. There are about 300 radicals and 100 are in common use. Creating a new character by modifying the radical is an easy way to disambiguate homographs among xíngshēngzì pictophonetic compounds. This practice began long before the standardization of Chinese script by Qin Shi Huang and continues to the present day. The traditional 3rd-person pronoun tā (他 "he, she, it"), which is written with the "person radical", illustrates modifying significs to form new characters. In modern usage, there is a graphic distinction between tā (她 "she") with the "woman radical", tā (牠 "it") with the "animal radical", tā (它 "it") with the "roof radical", and tā (祂 "He") with the "deity radical", One consequence of modifying radicals is the fossilization of rare and obscure variant logographs, some of which are not even used in Classical Chinese. For instance, he 和 "harmony, peace", which combines the "grain radical" with the "mouth radical", has infrequent variants 咊 with the radicals reversed and 龢 with the "flute radical". | What combines "grain radical" with the "mouth radical"? | What combines "grain radical" with the "mouth radical"? | [
"What combines \"grain radical\" with the \"mouth radical\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"harmony, peace\""
],
"answer_start": [
958
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15686 | 5726e0b8f1498d1400e8ee5c | Chinese_characters | Even the Zhonghua Zihai does not include characters in the Chinese family of scripts created to represent non-Chinese languages. Characters formed by Chinese principles in other languages include the roughly 1,500 Japanese-made kokuji given in the Kokuji no Jiten, the Korean-made gukja, the over 10,000 Sawndip characters still in use in Guangxi, and the almost 20,000 Nôm characters formerly used in Vietnam.[citation needed] More divergent descendents of Chinese script include Tangut script, which created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes but different formation principles to Chinese characters. | What does not include characters in the Chinese family? | What does not include characters in the Chinese family? | [
"What does not include characters in the Chinese family?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zhonghua Zihai"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15687 | 5726e0b8f1498d1400e8ee5d | Chinese_characters | Even the Zhonghua Zihai does not include characters in the Chinese family of scripts created to represent non-Chinese languages. Characters formed by Chinese principles in other languages include the roughly 1,500 Japanese-made kokuji given in the Kokuji no Jiten, the Korean-made gukja, the over 10,000 Sawndip characters still in use in Guangxi, and the almost 20,000 Nôm characters formerly used in Vietnam.[citation needed] More divergent descendents of Chinese script include Tangut script, which created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes but different formation principles to Chinese characters. | What is formed by Chinese principles? | What is formed by Chinese principles? | [
"What is formed by Chinese principles? "
] | {
"text": [
"Characters"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15688 | 5726e0b8f1498d1400e8ee5e | Chinese_characters | Even the Zhonghua Zihai does not include characters in the Chinese family of scripts created to represent non-Chinese languages. Characters formed by Chinese principles in other languages include the roughly 1,500 Japanese-made kokuji given in the Kokuji no Jiten, the Korean-made gukja, the over 10,000 Sawndip characters still in use in Guangxi, and the almost 20,000 Nôm characters formerly used in Vietnam.[citation needed] More divergent descendents of Chinese script include Tangut script, which created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes but different formation principles to Chinese characters. | What created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes? | What created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes? | [
"What created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tangut script"
],
"answer_start": [
481
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15689 | 5726e1275951b619008f8137 | Chinese_characters | The total number of Chinese characters from past to present remains unknowable because new ones are developed all the time – for instance, brands may create new characters when none of the existing ones allow for the intended meaning. Chinese characters are theoretically an open set and anyone can create new characters, though such inventions are rarely included in official character sets. The number of entries in major Chinese dictionaries is the best means of estimating the historical growth of character inventory. | What remains unknowable? | What remains unknowable? | [
"What remains unknowable?"
] | {
"text": [
"The total number of Chinese characters from past to present"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15690 | 5726e1275951b619008f8138 | Chinese_characters | The total number of Chinese characters from past to present remains unknowable because new ones are developed all the time – for instance, brands may create new characters when none of the existing ones allow for the intended meaning. Chinese characters are theoretically an open set and anyone can create new characters, though such inventions are rarely included in official character sets. The number of entries in major Chinese dictionaries is the best means of estimating the historical growth of character inventory. | What becomes developed all the time? | What becomes developed all the time? | [
"What becomes developed all the time?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese characters"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15691 | 5726e1275951b619008f8139 | Chinese_characters | The total number of Chinese characters from past to present remains unknowable because new ones are developed all the time – for instance, brands may create new characters when none of the existing ones allow for the intended meaning. Chinese characters are theoretically an open set and anyone can create new characters, though such inventions are rarely included in official character sets. The number of entries in major Chinese dictionaries is the best means of estimating the historical growth of character inventory. | What is the best means of estimating the historical growth of character inventory? | What is the best means of estimating the historical growth of character inventory? | [
"What is the best means of estimating the historical growth of character inventory?"
] | {
"text": [
"number of entries in major Chinese dictionaries"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15692 | 5726e1b9dd62a815002e93be | Chinese_characters | One of the most complex characters found in modern Chinese dictionaries[g] is 齉 (U+9F49) (nàng, listen (help·info), pictured below, middle image), meaning "snuffle" (that is, a pronunciation marred by a blocked nose), with "just" thirty-six strokes. However, this is not in common use. The most complex character that can be input using the Microsoft New Phonetic IME 2002a for traditional Chinese is 龘 (dá, "the appearance of a dragon flying"). It is composed of the dragon radical represented three times, for a total of 16 × 3 = 48 strokes. Among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries and also in frequent modern use are 籲 (yù, "to implore"), with 32 strokes; 鬱 (yù, "luxuriant, lush; gloomy"), with 29 strokes, as in 憂鬱 (yōuyù, "depressed"); 豔 (yàn, "colorful"), with 28 strokes; and 釁 (xìn, "quarrel"), with 25 strokes, as in 挑釁 (tiǎoxìn, "to pick a fight"). Also in occasional modern use is 鱻 (xiān "fresh"; variant of 鮮 xiān) with 33 strokes. | What is one of the most complex characters in modern Chinese dictionaries? | What is one of the most complex characters in modern Chinese dictionaries? | [
"What is one of the most complex characters in modern Chinese dictionaries?"
] | {
"text": [
"U+9F49"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15693 | 5726e1b9dd62a815002e93bf | Chinese_characters | One of the most complex characters found in modern Chinese dictionaries[g] is 齉 (U+9F49) (nàng, listen (help·info), pictured below, middle image), meaning "snuffle" (that is, a pronunciation marred by a blocked nose), with "just" thirty-six strokes. However, this is not in common use. The most complex character that can be input using the Microsoft New Phonetic IME 2002a for traditional Chinese is 龘 (dá, "the appearance of a dragon flying"). It is composed of the dragon radical represented three times, for a total of 16 × 3 = 48 strokes. Among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries and also in frequent modern use are 籲 (yù, "to implore"), with 32 strokes; 鬱 (yù, "luxuriant, lush; gloomy"), with 29 strokes, as in 憂鬱 (yōuyù, "depressed"); 豔 (yàn, "colorful"), with 28 strokes; and 釁 (xìn, "quarrel"), with 25 strokes, as in 挑釁 (tiǎoxìn, "to pick a fight"). Also in occasional modern use is 鱻 (xiān "fresh"; variant of 鮮 xiān) with 33 strokes. | What features 33 strokes? | What features 33 strokes? | [
"What features 33 strokes?"
] | {
"text": [
"xiān"
],
"answer_start": [
914
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15694 | 5726e1b9dd62a815002e93c0 | Chinese_characters | One of the most complex characters found in modern Chinese dictionaries[g] is 齉 (U+9F49) (nàng, listen (help·info), pictured below, middle image), meaning "snuffle" (that is, a pronunciation marred by a blocked nose), with "just" thirty-six strokes. However, this is not in common use. The most complex character that can be input using the Microsoft New Phonetic IME 2002a for traditional Chinese is 龘 (dá, "the appearance of a dragon flying"). It is composed of the dragon radical represented three times, for a total of 16 × 3 = 48 strokes. Among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries and also in frequent modern use are 籲 (yù, "to implore"), with 32 strokes; 鬱 (yù, "luxuriant, lush; gloomy"), with 29 strokes, as in 憂鬱 (yōuyù, "depressed"); 豔 (yàn, "colorful"), with 28 strokes; and 釁 (xìn, "quarrel"), with 25 strokes, as in 挑釁 (tiǎoxìn, "to pick a fight"). Also in occasional modern use is 鱻 (xiān "fresh"; variant of 鮮 xiān) with 33 strokes. | What are among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries? | What are among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries? | [
"What are among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries? "
] | {
"text": [
"yù"
],
"answer_start": [
641
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15695 | 5726e208f1498d1400e8ee92 | Chinese_characters | There are also some extremely complex characters which have understandably become rather rare. According to Joël Bellassen (1989), the most complex Chinese character is /𪚥 (U+2A6A5) zhé listen (help·info), meaning "verbose" and containing sixty-four strokes; this character fell from use around the 5th century. It might be argued, however, that while containing the most strokes, it is not necessarily the most complex character (in terms of difficulty), as it simply requires writing the same sixteen-stroke character 龍 lóng (lit. "dragon") four times in the space for one. Another 64-stroke character is /𠔻 (U+2053B) zhèng composed of 興 xīng/xìng (lit. "flourish") four times. | What have become more rare? | What have become more rare? | [
"What have become more rare?"
] | {
"text": [
"complex characters"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15696 | 5726e208f1498d1400e8ee93 | Chinese_characters | There are also some extremely complex characters which have understandably become rather rare. According to Joël Bellassen (1989), the most complex Chinese character is /𪚥 (U+2A6A5) zhé listen (help·info), meaning "verbose" and containing sixty-four strokes; this character fell from use around the 5th century. It might be argued, however, that while containing the most strokes, it is not necessarily the most complex character (in terms of difficulty), as it simply requires writing the same sixteen-stroke character 龍 lóng (lit. "dragon") four times in the space for one. Another 64-stroke character is /𠔻 (U+2053B) zhèng composed of 興 xīng/xìng (lit. "flourish") four times. | What is the most complex Chinese character? | What is the most complex Chinese character? | [
"What is the most complex Chinese character?"
] | {
"text": [
"zhé"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15697 | 5726e208f1498d1400e8ee94 | Chinese_characters | There are also some extremely complex characters which have understandably become rather rare. According to Joël Bellassen (1989), the most complex Chinese character is /𪚥 (U+2A6A5) zhé listen (help·info), meaning "verbose" and containing sixty-four strokes; this character fell from use around the 5th century. It might be argued, however, that while containing the most strokes, it is not necessarily the most complex character (in terms of difficulty), as it simply requires writing the same sixteen-stroke character 龍 lóng (lit. "dragon") four times in the space for one. Another 64-stroke character is /𠔻 (U+2053B) zhèng composed of 興 xīng/xìng (lit. "flourish") four times. | What is one 64-stroke character? | What is one 64-stroke character? | [
"What is one 64-stroke character?"
] | {
"text": [
"zhèng"
],
"answer_start": [
621
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15698 | 5726e27e708984140094d4bd | Chinese_characters | One man who has encountered this problem is Taiwanese politician Yu Shyi-kun, due to the rarity of the last character in his name. Newspapers have dealt with this problem in varying ways, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters, including a picture of the personality, or, especially as is the case with Yu Shyi-kun, simply substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would be able to make the correct inference. Taiwanese political posters, movie posters etc. will often add the bopomofo phonetic symbols next to such a character. Japanese newspapers may render such names and words in katakana instead of kanji, and it is accepted practice for people to write names for which they are unsure of the correct kanji in katakana instead. | Who is a Taiwanese politician? | Who is a Taiwanese politician? | [
"Who is a Taiwanese politician?"
] | {
"text": [
"Yu Shyi-kun"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15699 | 5726e27e708984140094d4be | Chinese_characters | One man who has encountered this problem is Taiwanese politician Yu Shyi-kun, due to the rarity of the last character in his name. Newspapers have dealt with this problem in varying ways, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters, including a picture of the personality, or, especially as is the case with Yu Shyi-kun, simply substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would be able to make the correct inference. Taiwanese political posters, movie posters etc. will often add the bopomofo phonetic symbols next to such a character. Japanese newspapers may render such names and words in katakana instead of kanji, and it is accepted practice for people to write names for which they are unsure of the correct kanji in katakana instead. | What will often add bopomofo phonetic symbols? | What will often add bopomofo phonetic symbols? | [
"What will often add bopomofo phonetic symbols?"
] | {
"text": [
"movie posters"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} |
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